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User:TsarNicholas

2007-05-30T23:47:31Z

TsarNicholas: Talk page for talk.

Abstinence

2007-05-30T02:58:52Z

TsarNicholas: Reverting to earlier version by TsarNicholas. Use the discussion page in future!

The word '''abstinence''' means refraining from indulging in an appetite.

In the 1800s and 1900s, the word "abstinence," used without other explanation, almost always meant abstinence from alcohol. The "abstinence movement," for example, led to the establishment of [[prohibition]]. ''Teetotaler'' mean someone who advocated "total abstinence," rather than just moderation.

Starting in about the 1990s, "abstinence" has been more commonly used in the context of abstinence from [[sexual]] intercourse, particularly in the United States in the context of [[sex]] education for adolescents. Thus, for example, we read in a 2002 White House policy statement:
:..."the goal of Federal policy should be to emphasize abstinence as the only certain way to avoid both unintended pregnancies and STDs."<ref>[http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/02/welfare-book-06.html WORKING TOWARD INDEPENDENCE] Encourage Abstinence and Prevent Teen Pregnancy, White House News and Policies, February 2002</ref>

However, the abstinence policy of the Bush administration has been criticized as being unrealistic, ignoring the real issues and misleading. <ref>Bush "abstinence only" program lies to kids about sex, HIV dangers[http://www.unknownnews.org/04121402abstinence.html]</ref>

Studies of the effectiveness of abstinence programs have yielded differing conclusions. A 2004 study by the Heritage Foundation (a self-described "conservative think-tank")<ref>[http://www.heritage.org/about/ The Heritage Foundation: Our Mission] "Founded in 1973, The Heritage Foundation is a research and educational institute - a think tank - whose mission is to formulate and promote conservative public policies based on the principles of free enterprise, limited government, individual freedom, traditional American values, and a strong national defense."</ref> found that virginity pledges significantly reduce premarital sex without putting backsliders at risk.<ref> Teens Who Make Virginity Pledges Have Substantially Improved Life Outcomes
by Robert E. Rector, Kirk A. Johnson, Ph.D., and Jennifer A. Marshall
Center for Data Analysis Report #04-07 [http://www.heritage.org/Research/Abstinence/cda04-07.cfm] </ref> A 2007 study by Mathematica Policy Research (a self-described "nonpartisan research firm") found that "the programs had no effect on the sexual abstinence of youth." But, like Heritage, it found that "youth in these programs were no more likely to have unprotected sex."<ref>[http://www.mathematica-mpr.com/abstinencereport.asp Impacts of Four Abstinence Education Programs]</ref><ref>
$1bn 'don't have sex' campaign a flop as research shows teenagers ignore lessons, The Guardian [http://www.guardian.co.uk/usa/story/0,,2058066,00.html]</ref>

The resignation of [[Randall Tobias]], appointed by [[President of the United States|President]] [[George W Bush]] to promote abstinence education and responsible for enforcing a U.S. global [[AIDS]] policy requiring recipients to swear they oppose prostitution and sex trafficking, after it was discovered he had been a customer of an escort service in Washington, D.C. whose owner has been charged by federal prosecutors with running a [[prostitution]] operation, shows how challenging abstinence can be. <ref> http://blogs.abcnews.com/theblotter/2007/04/senior_official.html</ref>

==Notes and references==
<references/>

Abstinence

2007-05-30T02:14:28Z

TsarNicholas: Removed POV

Nathan Hale

2007-05-29T05:39:04Z

TsarNicholas:

Nathan Hale was born on June 6, 1775. Nathan Hale was the son of a prosperous farmer. In 1769, after studying under a village pastor, Hale entered Yale College. In 1775, Hale was commissioned a lieutenant. When Hale offered to go as a spy to the British troops, he disguised himself as a teacher, carrying his Yale diploma. Hale gathered much information and prepared to return to American troops. On the night of September 21, 1776, Hale was captured by the British when attempting to return to American lines. He was carrying all the information he had collected during his stay with the British. When he saw the maps and information carried by Hale, General Howe ordered that he be hanged. Although no record was made at the time, Hale is said to have uttered the inspirational final words, "I regret that I have but one life to give for my country" before being hanged. He is famous for those last words, which are thought to have been inspired by Joseph Addison's "Cato," a play which Hale learned while in college.

Critical legal studies

2007-05-29T05:19:34Z

TsarNicholas:

Critical legal studies (CLS) is a liberal movement of law professors founded in 1977 at a conference at the [[University of Wisconsin-Madison]].<ref>http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/index.php/Critical_legal_theory</ref> Its central belief is that the logic and structure of law actually is no more than attempts by the powerful in society to oppress the lower classes. The law simply perpetuates and legitimizes societal injustices, and the rich use the law as an instrument for oppression. CLS advocates view law as politics, and insist that it is absurd to view the law as being neutral or value free. CLS supporters seek to change the law in order to remake the structures of society.

CLS theorists include Roberto Mangabeira Unger, Robert W. Gordon, Morton J. Horwitz, Duncan Kennedy, and Katharine A. MacKinnon. The movement was thriving at Harvard Law School in the late 1980s until traditional faculty members succeeded in denying tenure to at least one member of the CLS movement.

CLS is an American movement but cites as authority the German social theorists Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Max Weber, Max Horkheimer and Herbert Marcuse, and the Italian marxist Antonio Gramsci. The work of French theorists Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida have also been influential in the movement.

The [[Legal Realism]] movement in the 1920s and 1930s is seen by some as a precursor to the CLS movement, because legal realists also urged analyzing the law within a broader social context.

Today there are splinter groups within or without CLS that include feminist legal theory and critical race theory (CRT).<ref>http://www.pages.drexel.edu/~jp49/</ref>

== References ==

<references/>

Queen

2007-05-29T05:16:44Z

TsarNicholas:

Can refer to:

*A female ruler of an independent state.
*A [[King|king's]] wife (queen consort).
*A female ant or insect.
*A British rock band.
*A playing card in a standard deck of cards which carries a picture of a queen .
*The most powerful piece in the game of [[chess]].
*A flamboyantly effeminate male homosexual.

Czar Nicholas II of Russia

2007-05-29T04:51:12Z

TsarNicholas:

[[Image:NicholasII.jpg|right|thumb|Nicholas II]]
Czar Nicholas II (1868 - 1918) was the last Czar of Russia. In March of 1917 he was forced to abdicate and was thereafter placed under house arrest with his family. The Bolsheviks came to power in Russia in October 1917 and the royal family was executed on 17 July 1918 along with their physician and three servants.

Czar Nicholas and his family were canonized by the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] in 1981. Also commemorated are those who faithfully served them: General Elias Tatishchev; Prince Basil Dolgorukov; the physician Eugene Dotkin; the lady-in-waiting Countess Anastasia Hendrikova; the serving-maid Anna Demidova; the cook John Kharitonov; and the sailors Clement Nagorny and John Sednev. Their Feast Day is July 4th.

During his reign Nicholas continued the attempt to industrialize Russia. His regime built the [[Trans-Siberian Railroad]].

== References ==

[http://www.goarch.org Greek Orthodox Ardiocese of America]

[[Category:Heads of state|Nicholas II, Czar]]