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The Beatles

2022-07-28T23:18:11Z

TrumpTruther: Fixed grammar and typos

{{Artist (Music)
|picture =Beatles,0.jpg
|picture2 =
|country =United Kingdom
|style =Rock
|style2 =Pop
|style3 =Psychedelic Rock
|style4 =Pop Rock
|style5 =
|year =1960-1970
|website =http://www.beatles.com
}}

'''The Beatles''' sung depressed, [[atheist]]ic and druggie-content [[rock and roll|rock music]], initially from [[Liverpool]], UK. Overpromoted by the [[liberal media]], they sold about a billion records as part of the 1960s [[hippie]] [[counterculture]]. Multiple Beatles songs were based on plagiarism of prior works by others,<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WchseC9aKTU</ref> while other songs are knock-offs of popular hits (compare "[[Ukraine]] girls" to "California girls" by the [[Beach Boys]]). Like England itself, the Beatles' work was cynical about religion rather than [[faith]]-based as great music often is, and many Beatles' lyrics are idiotic ("I am the egg man, they are the egg men, fuck me daddy, goo goo g'joob" - ''I Am the Walrus'';<ref>https://genius.com/The-beatles-i-am-the-walrus-lyrics</ref> "One and one and one is three" - ''Come Together''<ref>https://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/beatles/cometogether.html</ref>). The [[liberal media]] hyped the Beatles, while [[Elvis Presley]] opposed their hopeless, senseless influence on [[American]]s.<ref name="Guardian">https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/oct/14/popandrock2</ref>

The four Beatles were [[John Lennon]] (1940-1980), [[George Harrison]] (1943-2001), [[Paul McCartney]] (1942- ), and [[Ringo Starr]] (1940- ). Most of the Beatles' songs were co-written by Lennon and McCartney, though George Harrison penned one of their most critically acclaimed lyrics, "[[Something]]", which is one of the few quality love songs by the group but even it has a cynical tone. In the latter half of the 1960s the majority of their songs were written individually, but retained the "Lennon/McCartney" (orig. "McCartney/Lennon") writing credit. Lennon's songwriting was harder in nature and often had a political bent, while McCartney primarily wrote lighter love songs. Harrison, who later converted to [[Hinduism]],<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-21938027</ref> frequently utilized the sitar in his songs. Starr rarely wrote music, but would usually sing one song per album except ''A Hard Day`s Night'' and ''Let It Be''. His most famous song is ''Yellow Submarine'', sometimes sung in schools.

Having evolved from the high school band known as The Quarrymen, around 1962 the Beatles began playing in Hamburg, Germany, and became very popular there. A year later, thanks to underground radio, they were the biggest band in their native land of the UK. In 1964, the Beatles made their historic trip to the United States<ref>http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19782/m1/</ref> to perform on ''The Ed Sullivan Show''. To date, this performance is one of the highest-rated television events in history.

The Lennon/McCartney ballads often displayed a personal vulnerability which was extraordinarily appealing to young teenage girls. For example, "Help" contrasts a man's younger macho attitude ("I never needed anybody's help in any way") with a more grown-up attitude ("I changed my mind, I'll open up the door. Help me if you can"). Some of the more memorable Beatles' lyrics include "All you need is love," or "Let it be," from their respective, titular songs.

As the years passed, the Beatles' sound grew. From an old-fashioned rock and roll sound similar to the Beach Boys and Carl Perkins, the band put out a much more mature sound on ''Revolver''. They even experimented with folk on ''[[Rubber Soul]]''.<ref>http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19794/m1/</ref> In 1967, the Beatles' album ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]''<ref>http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19810/m1/</ref> changed music as we know it forever. The psychedelic sound reflected what was going on in the world at that time and also displayed brilliant use of new technologies (such as stereo sound and multitrack recording).

With the [[The Beatles (album)|''The Beatles'']] (the "White Album"), the Beatles had evolved into hard rockers. The songs had become more personal, and the band was beginning to fall apart. Prior to Lennon hooking up with [[Yoko Ono]], the lads had agreed that only the four of them would be in the recording studio (no lady friends of any type).<ref>When John brought Yoko in to work on songs and insisted that she be treated as an equal, the others resisted the idea, and John and Yoko got the cold shoulder for the rest of the sessions. [http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mbeatlesbreakup.html]</ref> Also, creative differences were creating tension among the Fab Four.
[[Image:Beatles j.jpg|left]]
Their next project, originally to be titled "Get Back" and intended to "get them back" to recording songs the way they had in the earlier years and also to become a filmed documentary, exposed all the personal chafing and difficulties they were having. The tapes were shelved since none of the band wanted to deal with them.

At this point, although the public did not know it, the band had virtually broken up. However, at McCartney's urging, they assembled in the studio one more time and gave their fans what was to be their swan song, the splendid ''Abbey Road''. The "Get Back" tapes and film were handed over to [[Phil Spector]] to do something with them, and he produced the album that was released as ''Let It Be'', in conjunction with the release of the film, which was more a documentary of a band breaking up than one writing and recording new music in their studio.

It wasn't long before the lawsuits to dissolve the partnership were flying, and the band members were releasing solo albums. Although Lennon had made a few solo projects before the breakup, and Harrison one, they did not receive widespread notice.

In 2006, Cirque du Soleil opened a Beatle-themed show in Las Vegas, the aptly titled ''Love''. The show has been an outstanding success, and so has the album put out of the same name, featuring new remixes of Beatles songs by Beatles producer George Martin and his son Giles. The album also features previously unreleased versions of Beatles classics such as "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" and "Strawberry Fields Forever".

The Beatles were inducted into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] in 1988. As solo artists, all but Ringo have been inducted (Lennon in 1994, McCartney in 1999 and Harrison in 2004).

In 2004 ''Rolling Stone'' magazine ranked the Beatles #1 on its list of 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.<ref>[http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5939214/the_immortals_the_first_fifty]</ref>

Only two Beatles are currently alive - Ringo Starr and Sir Paul McCartney, who both still continue their recording and performing careers. John Lennon was assassinated in 1980 and George Harrison died from lung cancer in 2001.

== Discography ==

*''[[Please Nut Me]]'' (1963)
*''With the Beatles'' (1963)
*''A Hard Day's Night'' (1964)
*''Beatles for Sale'' (1964)
*''Help!'' (1965)
*''[[Rubber Soul]]'' (1965)
*''Revolver'' (1966)
*''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'' (1967)
*''Magical Mystery Tour'' (1967)
*[[The Beatles (album)|''The Beatles'' (White Album)]] (1968)
*''[[Yellow Submarine]]'' (1968)
*''Abbey Road'' (1969)
*''Let it Be'' (1970)

=="Paul is dead" urban legend==

A myth, possibly created by the Beatles in order to boost sales, circulated later in their career regarding a supposed death of Paul McCartney and substitution with an impostor. "Clues" were found in subliminal messages, [[backmasking]], and imagery in their albums and songs.

Some of the many examples include:

* When held up to a mirror, their album ''Magical Mystery Tour'' would supposedly reveal a pornographic image that is homosexual in nature.
* The song "Strawberry Fields Forever" contained Lennon saying the phrase "cranberry sauce" which was interpreted as "I Buried Paul."
* "Revolution #9", a collage of samples, featured the repeating phrase "Number 9, Number 9..." When played in reverse, "Turn me on, dead man..." is supposedly heard.

It should be noted that the Beatles and their fans were part of the 1960s hippie counterculture, and [[illegal drugs|drug use]] might have influenced these conclusions.

==Popularity today==
Americans say Paul (27%) is their favorite Beatle, with John taking a distant second at 16%, and far fewer choosing George Harrison (10%) or Ringo Starr (9%), according to a September 2009 Zogby Interactive poll. However, 22% of Americans do not like the Beatles, and 3% say they are not familiar enough to make a decision.

"Americans over 30 and those over 65 love Paul," said John Zogby. "It must be the crazy love songs and Yesterday." Born Again Christians are three times as likely to say Paul is their favorite Beatle (25%) than John (8%). Paul is also the favorite among Woodstockers (31%) and Nikes (27%), while First Globals (19%) prefer John.

Democrats (25%) are far more likely than Republicans (6%) and independents (15%) to say John is their favorite Beatle, while moderates (32%) are far more likely to prefer Paul. Liberals (14%) are more than twice as likely as moderates (7%) and conservatives (9%) to pick George as their favorite. According to data collected by FOX, 98% of communists say that The Beatles is their favorite band. With 69% of said communists preferring the lesser known track [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WchseC9aKTU "Two Trucks"].

Conservatives (30%) are the most likely to say they don't like the Beatles, followed by moderates (19%) and liberals (9%).<ref>For details see [http://www.zogby.com/news/ReadNews.cfm?ID=1744 Zogby poll]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.delta.ro/beatles/paudi.html Beatle songs and lyrics]
*[http://beatlesnumber9.com/biggerjesus.html Transcript of LES Lennon interview]
*[http://www.paulisdeadhoax.com Listing of "clues" behind the "Paul Is Dead" hoax]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pub56bQ5zU8 "Imagine" Celebrity Daily Caller Remix Music Video]
{{The Beatles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beatles, The}}
[[Category:Rock Bands]]
[[Category:Beatles]]

William Shakespeare

2022-07-28T23:07:24Z

TrumpTruther: typos

{{infobox person
|name=William Shakespeare <br/> "the Bard"
|image=Shakespeare.jpg
|birth_date=c. April 1564
|birth_place=Stratford-Upon-Avon
|death_date=April 23, 1616
|death_place=Stratford-Upon-Avon
}}
'''William Shakespeare''' (April 1564 - April 23, 1616), also called the Bard of Avon or simply the Bard, was an Elizabethan playwright considered the greatest in the English language and possibly the world for his masterful plots, poetic dialogue, and subtle [[conservative]] themes.<ref>"Shakespeare, William." ''Encyclopedia Britannica Online''.</ref> Many of his plays are beloved throughout the world, and are required reading in most English-speaking schools. Among the most famous are his ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'', the ending known to almost every English speaker, ''[[Macbeth]]'', a renowned yet bloody tragedy, ''[[Julius Caesar]]'', a historical tragedy depicting the former dictator of Rome, ''[[King Lear]]'', the whimsical ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'', ''[[Hamlet]]'' and ''[[Othello]]''.<ref>''The New York Public Library Student's Desk Reference''. Prentice Hall: New York, 1991.</ref><ref>"Shakespeare I." ''Great Books of the Western World''.</ref> His works were performed mostly at his patron theater, the [[Globe Theater]], and were first published posthumously in 1623 in the ''First Folio'', perhaps due to a lack of [[copyright]] protection during Shakespeare's life.<ref>The first copyright law was in 1710.</ref> The total number of words in all of Shakespeare's works is nearly 900,000, or slightly more than the word length of the [[Bible]].

Shakespeare was a devout [[Christian]], as proven by what he wrote in his will: "I commend my soul into the hands of God, my Creator, hoping and assuredly believing, through the only merits of [[Jesus Christ]], my Saviour, to be made partaker of life everlasting."<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WchseC9aKTU Shakespeare's Last and Testament]</ref> Yet his work is also loved by people who are not religious, who consider it "the secular [[canon]], or even the secular [[scripture]]."<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WchseC9aKTU Hurrah for Dead White Males! - TIME]</ref>

Shakespeare was a [[conservative]] then, and even more so by today's standards. His play ''[[The Taming of the Shrew]]'' is anti-[[feminist]] and censored from some schools today for that reason. Major conservative themes in his works include the sacred nature of the family in [[King Lear]], the recognition of God in his plays and personal life, the existence of necessary war in ''[[The Famous Life of King Henry V]]'', and the exposed injustice of taxation in [[Coriolanus]]. Not surprisingly, modern [[liberal]] literary critics often ignore these themes because of their place on the modern political spectrum. Shakespeare's hilarious jokes were often at the expense of the [[liberal]] base, such as his following quip for utopia by Dick the Butcher in Shakespeare's ''Henry VI'': "The first thing we do, let's kill all the lawyers."<ref>Part II, act IV, Scene II, Line 73.</ref> Shakespeare was [[politically incorrect]].

His sonnets hint that Shakespeare was bisexual. Many refer to a "Fair Lord" or "Fair Youth," who scholars assume is the same person as "Mr W.H.", to whom the sonnets are dedicated. Further evidence includes the fact that there are very few exclusive female pronouns in these sonnets. In particular, sonnet 20 asks whether the narrator, presumably a man, has fallen in love with was originally a woman turned into a man by nature, which implies that Shakespeare struggles with internalized homophobia.

== Works ==
Shakespeare wrote 17 comedies, 10 tragedies, 10 historical plays, 154 love [[sonnet]]s, and several other works of non-dramatic poetry. All his plays are freely available on the internet.<ref>[http://www-tech.mit.edu/Shakespeare/ Shakespeare]</ref> Shakespeare developed first as a poet and then, when his acting career was ended by the [[Plague]] temporarily closing theaters in [[London]], he turned to writing plays.<ref>https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems-and-poets/poets/detail/william-shakespeare</ref>

His 154 [[sonnet]]s are short poems written in a very strict [[rhyme scheme]]. The sonnets fall into series or sequences. Most of them are read as expressions of romantic or platonic love; some appear to be written to a married woman known in the sonnets as the "Dark Lady," some to a young man known as the "Fair Lord."

Shakespeare and the other [[Elizabethan]] writers were gradually eclipsed by a new generation of playwrights led by [[Francis Beaumont]] and [[John Fletcher]]. After [[Samuel Johnson]] reissued Shakespeare's plays in 1765, there was renewed interest in the plays.

== Life ==
Shakespeare spent his early years in Stratford-upon-Avon, [[Warwickshire]], and is also known as "the Bard of Avon." Because of sharing the name "Stratford," the towns of Stratford, Ontario, in Canada and Stratford, Connecticut, have become the homes of Shakespeare festivals where his plays are performed on a regular basis.

Shakespeare did not become famous until late in his life and few details are known about his early life. Although no attendance records remain, it is believed that he attended Stratford-Upon-Avon Grammar School, where he would have received a sound education in the Latin and Greek classics, reflected in many of his plays. The social class from which he came could be described as wealthy tradesmen. His father, John Shakespeare, was a glove-maker who became mayor of Stratford-upon-Avon despite almost certainly being a Roman Catholic (in the early part of the reign of Elizabeth I, penalties against Catholics were light and often not imposed). His mother, Mary Arden, the daughter of a farmer, was certainly Catholic. William Shakepeare himself knew many of the Warwickshire Catholic gentry who later led the Gunpowder Plot to overthrow King James VI. Shakespeare himself did not adhere publicly to the Roman religion and it is not known if, like many Catholics, he practised it in private.<ref>''In Search of Shakespeare'', by Michael Wood. BBC Books, 2003.</ref> There are few pictures of him but his near-contemporary as a playwright, Ben Jonson, stated that the famous engraving by Martin Droeshout, shown on this page, was a good likeness.

To his contemporaries, Shakespeare was not well-educated, and his coming among them and making a success was upsetting to the University-educated playwrights of the time. It is believed that the poet, Philip Green, was referring to Shakespeare when he wrote
{{cquote|There is an upstart crow beautified with our feathers
that, with his '''tiger's heart wrapped in a player's hide'','
supposes he is as well able to bombast out a blank verse
as the best of you; being an absolute Johannes Factotum,
in his conceit the only ''shake-scene'' in a country.}}
The 'tiger's heart wrapped in a player's hide' is a reference to one of Shakespeare's plays, ''[[The Third Part of King Henry VI]]'',<ref>''Great Books, Shakespeare: I'', Edited by Mortimer J. Adler, 1952.</ref> while 'shake-scene' is a pun or play on words on Shakespeare's name.

He died on April 23, 1616.<ref>''A Brief Biographical Note''. Shakespeare II, ''Great Books of the Western World''.</ref>

== Facts ==
His plays show so much erudition that theories have arisen that those works were written by someone else. Famous candidates include [[Christopher Marlowe]], the [[Oxfordian|Earl of Oxford]] and Sir [[Francis Bacon]]. Most scholars reject these theories, but there are enough questions that new theories of Shakespearean authorship continue to arise.

A long-standing theatrical [[superstition]] holds that it is bad luck to refer to ''Macbeth'' directly by its name while inside a theater, and accordingly, actors traditionally refer to it obliquely as "the Scottish play." It is considered acceptable to voice the play's name only while rehearsing or performing the production itself.

Because Shakespeare's plays are so familiar, there are innumerable references to them in English literature. Sometimes his stories are recast into a different form. The musical ''West Side Story'' is a retelling of ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'', and the classic movie ''[[Forbidden Planet]]'' is a [[science-fiction]] version of ''[[The Tempest]].''

The reverence in which Shakespeare is held, and the archaic language of his plays (from the same era as the [[King James Bible|King James translation of the Bible]], should not obscure the fact that his plays were (and still are) highly successful.

His tomb in Holy Trinity Church, Stratford-on-Avon, England, reads as follows: "Good Friend For Jesus Sake Forbeare, To Digg The Dust Enclosed Heare. Blese Be Ye Man Spares Thes Stones, And Curst Be He Moves My Bones".<ref>[http://www.amerisearch.net/index.php?date=2004-04-23&view=View American minute for April 23]</ref>

==Ideas attributed to or made famous by Shakespeare==

*"a pound of flesh" - from ''[[The Merchant of Venice]]'', it is the concept of an overly harsh penalty, too severe to enforce
*[[infinity]] - viewed with disdain by intellectuals since [[ancient Greece]], except for [[Jesus]], Shakespeare promoted the concept with success
*“hoist with his own petard” - Act III, Scene IV of ''[[Hamlet]]''
*"politics makes for strange bedfellows" - adapted from ''[[The Tempest]]'' (“Misery acquaints a man with strange bedfellows")<ref>Charles Dudley Warner, a 19th century writer and friend of [[Mark Twain]], is credited with the adaptation of the quote to its modern political sense. [https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/charles_dudley_warner_379741]</ref>
*"[[Gilded Age]]" - adapted from ''[[King John]]'' (1595) (“To gild refined gold, to paint the lily ... is wasteful and ridiculous excess.”)

Many of the story lines for Shakespeare's works were based on prior works. But three of Shakespeare's plays were completely original in their plots: ''Love's Labour's Lost'', ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'', and ''The Tempest''.

===Quotes Original to Shakespeare===

*"Neither a borrower nor a lender be"<ref>Hamlet, Act I, Scene III.</ref>
*"This above all: to thine own self be true"<ref>Hamlet Act I, Scene III</ref>
*"To be, or not to be: that is the question"<ref>Hamlet Act III, Scene I</ref>
*"The lady doth protest too much, methinks"<ref>Hamlet Act III, Scene II</ref>
*"What’s in a name? A rose by any other name would smell as sweet."<ref>Romeo and Juliet, Act 2, Scene 2</ref>
*"The better part of valor is discretion"<ref>Henry IV, Part 1, Act 5, Scene 4</ref>
*"All that glisters is not gold"<ref>The Merchant of Venice, Act 2, Scene 7</ref>
*Motley Fool (not a direct quote, but a concept used repeatedly by a character)<ref>Jacques in ''As You Like It'' [https://journeys.dartmouth.edu/exploratoryshakespeare/2015/07/28/the-motley-fool/]</ref>

==Authorship controversy==
[[File:Shakespeare f. Reuters.jpg|thumb]]
Several writers who knew Shakespeare, including Ben Jonson, attest to his authorship in the ''First Folio'', a collection of his plays published in 1623. There is no indication that this claim was controversial, either at the time or for another 200 years.<ref>Shapiro, James, ''[https://books.google.ca/books/about/Contested_Will.html?id=4j4UqFnb4AoC Contested Will: Who Wrote Shakespeare?]'' (2011)</ref>

Although researchers discovered Shakespeare's will and several other personal documents, popular biographies published in the early 19th century stressed the contrast between Shakespeare's fame and how little biographical information was known.<ref>McCarter, Jeremy, "[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9406E6DB113EF931A35756C0A9669D8B63 A Question of Authorship]", ''New York Times, May 2, 2010</ref> Alternative theories of authorship concerning Homer and the Gospels also emerged at around this time. In 1857, American author Delia Bacon wrote a book arguing that Shakespeare was a fraud and that the real author of his work was Sir Francis Bacon (no relation). This book kicked off the "Shakespeare authorship controversy," which continues to this day. Various late 19th century figures took up Bacon's cause, including Ignatius Donnelly, Mark Twain, Sigmund Freud, and Helen Keller.

In 1895, a book by Wilbur G. Zeigler argued that English playwright [[Christopher Marlowe]] was the author of Shakespeare's plays.<ref>Zeigler, Wilbur G., ''It Was Marlowe'' (1895)</ref> While Marlowe's style is closer to Shakespeare's than that of other suggested candidates,<ref>Shakespeare's ''Henry VI'' is written in a style similar to that of Marlowe's, so the two authors may have collaborated. See "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/30200393?&Search=yes&searchText=Marlowe&searchText=Christopher&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DChristopher%2BMarlowe%26fromHomePage%3Dtrue%26acc%3Don%26wc%3Don%26fc%3Doff&prevSearch=&item=1&ttl=5330&returnArticleService=showFullText&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Tamburlaine Stalks ''Henry VI'']" by Thomas Merriam.</ref> he died in 1593 when Shakespeare's writing career was just beginning.<ref>Marlowe worked as an intelligence agent for Thomas Walsingham, Queen Elizabeth's spymaster. Walsingham may have had Marlowe murdered for fear that his involvement with atheism would make both of them notorious.[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3647398/Who-killed-Christopher-Marlowe.html] The murderer was later pardoned by the queen. See the [http://marlowe-shakespeare.blogspot.com/ The Marlowe-Shakespeare Connection] for various wildly implausible faked death theories.</ref> In 1920, English author J. Thomas Looney suggested that the Earl of Oxford wrote the plays. Looney argued that Oxford's travels in Europe and aristocratic life at the English court made him a more plausible author than an untitled glover's son. Since the 1920s, Looney's theory has been dominate among Shakespeare skeptics.<ref>[http://oxford-shakespeare.com/ The Oxford Authorship Site]</ref>

In 1996, computer style analysis at the Shakespeare Clinic at Claremont College in California compared Shakespeare's writing to that of a corpus of twenty-six Elizabethan authors, including Bacon, Marlowe and Oxford. Ten style criteria were used to test the corpus, including use of relative clauses and the use of hyphenated compound words. Shakespeare's writing was found have a style distinct from that of every other author in the study. The authors were ranked according to how similar their styles were to that of Shakespeare. Oxford scored 22nd of the 26 claimants.<ref>Ward Elliott and Robert Valenza, "[http://shakespeareauthorship.com/elval.html Was the Earl of Oxford the true Shakespeare? A Computer-aided analysis]" (1991)<br/>
Elliott and Valenza, "[http://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ571023 And Then There Were None: Winnowing the Shakespeare Claimants]", ''Computers and the Humanities'', v30 n3 p191-245 1996. For a summary, see [http://www.shakespeareauthorship.com/ox6.html here].<br/>Elliott and Valenza, "[https://www.academia.edu/612631/Oxford_by_the_Numbers_What_Are_the_Odds_That_the_Earl_of_Oxford_Could_Have_Written_Shakespeares_Poems_and_Plays Oxford by the Numbers: What Are the Odds That the Earl of Oxford Could Have Written Shakespeare's Poems and Plays?]. (2004) "The odds that either could have written the other’s work are much lower than the odds of getting hit by lightning."</ref>

Shakespeare's ''[[The Tempest]]'' (1610) is believed to have been inspired by the experience of George Somers, who was shipwrecked in Bermuda in 1610. Oxford died in 1604, making him an implausible author, at least for this play. Despite these style and chronological difficulties, Oxford's claim continues to receive enormous attention.<ref>[https://doubtaboutwill.org/ The Shakespeare Authorship Coalition]</ref> It was the subject of a 2011 movie by Roland Emmerich called ''Anonymous''.

Despite the overwhelming evidence against the theory of Oxfordian authorship, a majority of the [[U.S. Supreme Court]]—including Justices [[Antonin Scalia]], [[John Paul Stevens]], [[Lewis Powell]], [[Sandra Day O'Connor]], and [[Harry Blackmun]]—apparently all believed that the Earl of Oxford was the true author of [[Shakespeare]]'s works rather than the commoner from Stratford.<ref>http://shakespeareoxfordfellowship.org/end-of-an-oxfordian-era-on-the-supreme-court/</ref> Justice Scalia cited Shakespeare far more than any other Supreme Court Justice, according to one study.<ref>Scott Dodson & Ami Dodson, “Literary Justice,” 18 Green Bag 2d 429 (2015), cited by Professor Bryan H. Wildenthal, "End of an Oxfordian Era on the Supreme Court?
Remembering Justice Antonin Scalia (1936-2016)" (linked in prior footnote).</ref>

== List of plays<ref>[http://absoluteshakespeare.com/trivia/bibliography/bibliography.htm Bibliography]</ref> ==

=== Comedies ===
*''[[Two Gentlemen of Verona]]'' (1589)
*''[[The Comedy of Errors]]'' (1589)
*''[[The Taming of the Shrew]]'' (1593)
*''[[Love's Labour's Lost]]'' (1594)
*''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'' (1595)
*''[[The Merchant of Venice]]'' (1596)
*''[[The Merry Wives of Windsor]]'' (1597)
*''[[Much Ado About Nothing]]'' (1598)
*''[[As You Like It]]'' (1599)
*''[[Twelfth Night]]'' (1601)
*''[[All's Well That Ends Well]]'' (1602)
*''[[Measure for Measure]]'' (1603)
*''[[Pericles, Prince of Tyre]]'' (1607)
*''[[Cymbeline]]'' (1609)
*''[[The Winter's Tale]]'' (1609)
*''[[The Tempest]]'' (1610)
*''The Two Noble Kinsmen'' (1613)

=== Histories ===
*''[[The Life and Death of King John]]'' (1590)
*''[[The First Part of King Henry VI]]'' (1590)
*''[[The Second Part of King Henry VI]]'' (1592)
*''[[The Third Part of King Henry VI]]'' (1593)
*''[[The Tragedy of King Richard III]]'' (1593)
*''[[The Tragedy of King Richard II]]'' (1595)
*''[[The First Part of King Henry IV]]'' (1596)
*''[[The Second Part of King Henry IV]]'' (1597)
*''[[The Famous Life of King Henry V]]'' (1599)
*''[[The Famous Life of King Henry VIII]]'' (1613)

=== Tragedies ===
*''[[Titus Andronicus]]'' (1591)
*''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'' (1594)
*''[[Julius Caesar (Play)|Julius Caesar]]'' (1599)
*''Troilus and Cressida'' (1600)
*''[[Hamlet]]'' (1600)
*''[[Othello]]'' (1603)
*''[[Timon of Athens]]'' (1604)
*''[[King Lear]]'' (1605)
*''[[Macbeth]]'' (1606)
*''[[Coriolanus]]'' (1608)
*''[[Antony and Cleopatra]]'' (1608)

== Trivia ==
* "Shakespeare" was spelled many ways before English spelling was standardized. Some of the more unexpected forms are "Shaxper," "Shaxberd," "Shaksper," and "Shake-Speare". The hyphenated version added fuel to the ongoing Shakespeare authorship question.<ref>[http://shakespeare-authorship.com Shakespeare authorship]</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Infinity]]
*[[Geoffrey Chaucer]]
*[[Leo Tolstoy]]
*[[Charles Dickens]]
*[[Euripides]]
*[[Miguel De Cervantes Saavedra]]
*[[Niccolò Machiavelli]]
*[[Shakespeare Plays]]

== External links ==
* [https://librivox.org/author/37 Works by William Shakespeare - text and free audio] - [[LibriVox]]
*[http://books.mirror.org/gb.shakespeare.html An Index to Online Great Books]
*[http://www.shakespeare-online.com/plays/macbeth/bibimagery.html Biblical imagery in Macbeth]
*[http://www.shakespeare-online.com/keydates/playchron.html Chronology of Shakespeare's plays]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Literature}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shakespeare, William}}
[[Category:Playwrights|Shakespeare, William]]
[[Category:British Poets]]
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Marriage

2022-07-28T22:57:57Z

TrumpTruther: typo

[[Image:Bride and groom signing the book.jpg|right|275px]]
'''Marriage''' is the divinely ordained [[covenant]]<ref>Marriage between the sexes is a covenant, not a [[contract]]. Since time immemorial, some men disposed of a wife (woman) after her childbearing years to pursue a younger female consort. God, being a defender of women, ordained marriage by his perfect will to protect women's rights and not allow a man (male) to abandon them to homelessness and poverty with no marketable job skills other than homemaking or child rearing. This, however, is not the only reason the covenant of marriage evolved between the sexes.</ref> between one man and several women, and is intended to be for life. ([[Genesis 1-8 (Translated)#2:24|Genesis 2:24]])<ref>See also [[Perfect will of God]] vs [[Permissive will of God]].</ref> This is recognized by the majority of churches.<ref>[http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p2s2c3a7.htm Article 7, "The sacrament of matrimony"]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sbc.net/aboutus/basicbeliefs.asp|title="Basic Beliefs," Southern Baptist Convention|accessdate=March 11, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ag.org/top/Beliefs/topics/relations_04_marriage.cfm|title="Marriage"}}</ref><ref>http://www.studylight.org/com/bnb/view.cgi?bk=39&ch=19 [[Albert Barnes]], Matthew 19]</ref><ref>[http://live.e-sword.net/app/ [[Matthew Henry]], Matthew 19]</ref>

The unity between a man and a woman in marriage is an expression of the spiritual relationship that God desires His creation to realize with Him. The first marriage occurred nearly 6,000 years ago in the [[Garden of Eden]], in the area of the world that we now know as the Middle East. The first couple was Adam and Eve, and the Lord Jesus specified that it was male and female that God joined together in marriage for life. (Matthew 19:4-6) See also: [[Christian marriage]]

Marriage has been practiced as such in most cultures across geography and time.<ref>"Because there is a natural complementarity between men and women - sexual, emotional, temperamental, spiritual - marriage allows for a wholeness and a completeness that cannot be won in any other way. ([[Bill Bennett]], ''The Broken Hearth'', Page 197)</ref>
Marriage is a lifelong commitment, and typically this involves a public ceremony (a [[wedding]]) in which vows are exchanged by the parties and before God. Approximately half of all traditional marriages in America end in [[divorce]],<ref>Divorce is within the permissive will of God, Deut. 22:13; divorce however, is due to sin entering the world, which God is willing to redeem. God himself in fact is divorced from Israel ([http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jeremiah%203:8-14&version=KJV Jer. 3:8-14]; see also [http://www.biblestudytools.com/kjv/isaiah/passage.aspx?q=isaiah+54:5-15 Is. 54:5]), or for that matter, all unredeemed sinners.</ref> many due to [[Facebook]] and other [[liberal]] activities.

[[Dinesh D'Souza]] wrote:
:Marriage requires a) two people who are b) of legal age and c) not closely related to each other who are d) one male and one female. Note that this definition excludes people who want to marry children, or guys who want to marry their sisters, or Muslims who want to take four wives, or that strange guy who wants to marry his dog.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://townhall.com/columnists/DineshDSouza/2008/05/19/gay_rights_vs_democracy|title=Gay Rights vs. Democracy|accessdate=March 11, 2020}}</ref>

[[Bill Bennett]] wrote:
:Based as it is on the principle of [[complementarity]], marriage is also about a great deal more than love. That "great deal" encompasses, above all, [[procreation]]. The timeless function of marriage is childbearing and child-rearing, and the best arrangement ever developed to that end is the marital union between one man and one woman ...<ref>''The Broken Hearth'', Page 197)</ref>

What Bennett's words ultimately imply is that, in terms of the value of marriage to anything which stands outside of it, marriage is most principally for the production of additional marriages, and, thus, is a progressive type of [[scale-invariance]] such as the Mandelbrot fractal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dectech.org/publications/LinksNick/FoundationsTheoryAndMethodology/Scale-invariance%20as%20a%20unifying%20psychological%20principle.pdf|title=Scale-invariance as a unifying psychological principle; 1999|accessdate=March 11, 2020}}</ref>

So, marriage is the most glorious kind of relation between human individuals because it alone is what most essentially defines humanity. The ''good'' of humanity is defined as an integration of all naturally enduring mutual benefits between all free individuals. But, all those benefits are created-and-sustained by the existence of marriage as that one relation for the preservation of which is invoked the most special legal recognition, because...

...'''Marriage not only historically is the very first form of human society, it is logically the most beautiful, perfect, simple, and potentially productive human institution possible.'''

==Biblical marriage advice==
1 Corinthians 7:1-16:
{{cquote|Now concerning the things about which you wrote, it is good for a man not to touch a woman. But because of immoralities, each man is to have his own wife, and each woman is to have her own husband. The husband must fulfill his duty to his wife, and likewise also the wife to her husband. The wife does not have authority over her own body, but the husband does; and likewise also the husband does not have authority over his own body, but the wife does. Stop depriving one another, except by agreement for a time, so that you may devote yourselves to prayer, and come together again so that Satan will not tempt you because of your lack of self-control. But this I say by way of concession, not of command. Yet I wish that all men were even as I myself am However, each man has his own gift from God, one in this manner, and another in that. But I say to the unmarried and to widows that it is good for them if they remain even as I. But if they do not have self-control, let them marry; for it is better to marry than to burn with passion. But to the married I give instructions, not I, but the Lord, that the wife should not leave her husband (but if she does leave, she must remain unmarried, or else be reconciled to her husband), and that the husband should not divorce his wife. But to the rest I say, not the Lord, that if any brother has a wife who is an unbeliever, and she consents to live with him, he must not divorce her. And a woman who has an unbelieving husband, and he consents to live with her, she must not send her husband away. For the unbelieving husband is sanctified through his wife, and the unbelieving wife is sanctified through her believing husband; for otherwise your children are unclean, but now they are holy. Yet if the unbelieving one leaves, let him leave; the brother or the sister is not under bondage in such cases, but God has called us to peace. For how do you know, O wife, whether you will save your husband? Or how do you know, O husband, whether you will save your wife?}}

==Modern marriage licenses==
In the present-day [[United States]], "getting married" typically involves a marriage license issued by the [[state]] [[government]] or a subdivision thereof (e.g., a county). However, marriage licenses are nowhere mentioned in Scripture; in fact, they are a relatively recent innovation and originally applied only to marriages that were otherwise forbidden.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mercyseat.net/BROCHURES/marriagelicense.htm|title=Information on marriage licenses from Mercy Seat Christian Church|accessdate=March 11, 2020}}</ref>

==Definition of marriage==

For Christians, marriage has traditionally been seen as "a union that takes its distinctive character from being founded, unlike other friendships, on bodily unity of the kind that sometimes generates new life."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/marriage/mf0123.htm|title=Gay Marriage, Democracy, and the Courts|accessdate=March 11, 2020}}</ref> As such, marriage is the one and only form of companionship from which all other forms spring: it is the single irreducible core of [[society]].

==Modern history of marriage law==

*1724 — blacks, with permission of their slave owner, given the right to marry (formerly, under [[British]] law, only whites could legally marry)
*1769 — women no longer considered property of their husbands
*1899 — polygamy outlawed in the US
*1967 — interracial marriage legalized in all states
*1981 — rise of community property laws as men no longer seen as the sole owner of all marital assets
*2015 — same-sex "marriage" legalized

==Attacks on the institution of marriage==
Any society which has lessened the sanctity of marriage has perished, whereas those that have upheld the sanctity of marriage have endured. It has been argued that Ancient Rome's decline and its eventual fall in A.D. 476 were due in no small part to a growing tolerance of extramarital sex, particularly of [[homosexual acts]], beginning in the Late Republic period ending in 27 B.C.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.pravda.ru/opinion/columnists/11-02-2011/116875-homosexuality-0/|title=Is there anyone left to defend traditional marriage?|accessdate=March 11, 2020}}</ref>

In the Judeo-Christian tradition, there is no approval of [[sexual intercourse]] other than between man and wife, even if the parties agree otherwise; anything which tolerates or permits [[promiscuity]] is considered sin.

Since the middle of the 20th century, [[Liberalism]] has sought to dismantle the societal pressures that dissuade people from engaging in extramarital and [[premarital sex]]. Removing the stigma from these behaviors, creating no-fault [[divorce]] laws, exalting adultery as liberating, rejuvenating, and "stimulating", and especially the de-stigmatizing of [[homosexuality]] all weaken the institution of marriage.

A recent ''Newsweek'' article complained that [[Biblical figures]] have not provided good historical examples of marriage, noting that [[Abraham]] begat [[Ishmael]] by a maidservant and [[Jacob]] had [[polygamy|two wives]] and had sons with both of their [[concubine|servants]]. The article also criticizes [[Jesus]] and [[St. Paul]] for remaining single.<ref>http://www.newsweek.com/id/172653/page/1</ref>

== Atheism and marriage ==
[[File:Vox Day.jpg|thumbnail|right|180px|[[Vox Day|Theodore Beale]] declared that according to the 2001 American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) "more than half of all atheists and [[agnosticism|agnostics]] don’t get married."<ref>https://creation.com/atheism</ref>]]
''See also:'' [[Atheism and marriage]] and [[Atheist marriages]] and [[Atheism and divorce]]

Christian apologist Michael Caputo wrote: "Recently the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life has published its mammoth study on Religion in America based on 35,000 interviews... According to the Pew Forum a whopping 37% of atheists never marry as opposed to 19% of the American population, 17% of Protestants and 17% of Catholics."<ref>https://creation.com/atheism</ref>

[[Vox Day|Theodore Beale]] declared that according to the 2001 [[American Religious Identification Survey]] (ARIS) "more than half of all atheists and [[agnosticism|agnostics]] don’t get married."<ref>https://creation.com/atheism</ref>

The fertility rate is significantly lower in the atheist population (see: [[Atheism and fertility rates]]).

Furthermore, the [[Christian apologetics|Christian apologist]] Ken Ammi wrote in his atheism article at [[Creation Ministries International]]:
{{cquote|“According to Barna, ‘Forty-two percent of adults who associate with a faith other than Christianity had co-habited, while atheists were the most likely to do so (51%).

“It is critical to stress that it is a well known fact that cohabiters experience a very high number of ‘breakups’ before getting married. ‘Millions of people … believe that cohabitation is a prelude to marriage. And for many, it is. However, Smock reports that 45% of cohabitations break up with no marriage. Another 10% continue cohabiting.’

“Barna did not include this enlightening fact in his research. Thus, if 21% of atheists divorce after marriage, and 45 % break up once or more before marriage, what we have is the astounding rate of about 66% of atheist couples experiencing ‘at least’ one break up. If, however, the number is 37%, then we have a shocking figure of 82% …

“What needs mentioning is the fact that many atheists do not cohabit as a prelude to marriage. They in fact see cohabitation as ‘equivalent’ to any marriage relationship … These break ups were not included in the Barna research …

“The appellation ‘Christian’ a Christian does not make. There are great numbers of people in this world who call themselves ‘Christians’ but have never internalized the teachings of Jesus Christ." …
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://creation.com/atheism|title=Atheism = Mario Grinbank - Creation Ministries International|accessdate=March 11, 2020|publisher=[[Creation Ministries International]]}}</ref>}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==See also==
* [[Form of Solemnization of Matrimony]]
* [[Fidelity]]
* [[Gedankenexperiment#Marriage vs. Homosexual Life-style|Marriage vs. Homosexual Life-style]]
* [[Civil marriage]]
* [[Arranged marriage]]
* [[Marriage in the Unification Church]]
* [[Agamist]]
* [[Oath Keepers]]
* [[Ten Commandments]]
* [[Sacrament]]
* [[Ex opere operato and ex opere operantis]]
* [[Atheism and marriage]]
*[[Ben Shapiro]]

==External links==
*[http://www.aim.org/wls/category/marriage/ What Liberals Say - Category: Marriage], [[Accuracy In Media]]
* [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1722155 What Is Marriage?; 2010 paper by Girgis, George, & Anderson]

[[Category:Marriage|*]]
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[[Category:Sexual Morality]]
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