Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Talk:Liberal trick

2010-01-19T05:06:20Z

TrondE:

Do we really need separate articles on "Liberal trick" and "Liberal tricks"? Also, is there an appreciable difference between "a deceitful ploy used by liberals in an attempt to draw an opponent in to saying or doing something which can then be dishonestly twisted to show the opponent in a bad light" (Liberal trick) and "a deceptive, and often dimwitted, question designed to elicit a response that can be taken out of context in order to criticize someone, for liberal gain" (Liberal trap)? [[User:AlexWD|AlexWD]] 23:14, 18 January 2010 (EST)
:I think we do. Liberals attempt to trick people in to falling in to their traps. This is a common tactic used by liberals, are you trying to defend it? This article describes the method of the trickery, the [[Liberal tricks]] article provides examples of such behaviour, the [[Liberal trap]] article describes how these are used. Why are you so worried about exposing [[liberal deceit]]? [[User:TrondE|TrondE]] 23:43, 18 January 2010 (EST)
::Don't start that nonsense accusatory tone with me, especially considering how many more contributions I have made to this project than you and how few of them are on talk pages. I'm looking to help create a better online learning resource--very few encyclopedias, dictionaries, etc, have separate articles for the singular and plural of the same term. If you can explain what exactly is efficient and concise about that arrangement, I have an open mind. [[User:AlexWD|AlexWD]] 23:55, 18 January 2010 (EST)
:::Besides which it would seem that [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Liberal_trick&curid=99608&diff=746285&oldid=746258 Uncle Ed] has an opinion on the subject. Do you want to call him out as a crypto-liberal too? [[User:AlexWD|AlexWD]] 23:58, 18 January 2010 (EST)

::::Let it go, I've warned [[User:TrondE]]. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 23:59, 18 January 2010 (EST)

:My apologies, Alex. I did not realize you were a respected editor here. I am so used to seeing liberals trying to cause needless arguments on this wiki... I still feel that this article should remain, for the reasons mentioned above, however if it is decided to merge then that's also good. [[User:TrondE|TrondE]] 00:06, 19 January 2010 (EST)

Talk:Liberal trick

2010-01-19T04:43:38Z

TrondE:

Moral relativity

2010-01-19T04:31:15Z

TrondE: "Relativity vs Bible" insight

Moral relativity is the wrongheaded idea that there is no absolute Right or Wrong, and that anyone can freely use his own conscience to decide what is moral. A moral relativist will not say that [[theft]] or [[murder]] is wrong, because he believes it is up to the murderer or thief to decide whether his behavior is justified.

Unsurprisingly, moral relativity is exclusively a [[liberal]] belief, as conservatives believe that God is the ultimate arbiter of Good and Evil:

'''"There is a way that seems right to a man, but in the end it leads to death."''' (Proverbs 14:12)

Moral relativity and related foolish thinking is what allows liberals to support [[abortion]], [[gay rights]], and [[drug abuse]]. Moral relativity erodes principled [[self-defense]] and thereby leads to misguided demands for [[gun control]] as well as psychiatric problems resulting from a lack of mental self-defense.

The [[Theory of Relativity]] has generated a huge following by advocates of moral relativism. The idea of moral relativity exists independently of (and substantially predates) the theory of relativity, but some moral relativists irrelevantly invoke the theory in attempts to lend legitimacy to this version of morality. Due to this conflation, the Theory of Relativity often draws followers away from the [[Bible]], and is for this reason heavily supported by [[Professor values|liberal professors]].

Advocates of moral relativity seized on the theory of relativity to legitimize their views. Historians such as Paul Johnson wrote about how the theory of relativity caused a sea change, justified or not, in 20th century thought.
[[category:philosophy]]

==See Also==
[[Nihilism]]

{{relativity}}

Liberal trick

2010-01-19T04:00:38Z

TrondE: Formatting

A [[Liberal trick]] is a deceitful ploy used by liberals in an attempt to draw an opponent in to saying or doing something which can then be dishonestly twisted to show the opponent in a bad light.

It is commonly used by [[leftist]] politicians and journalists as an attempt to discredit [[conservative]]s, when unable to argue against conservative views with logic alone.

== See also ==

[[Liberal trap]]

[[Liberal tricks]]
{{liberalism}}
[[category:liberalism]]

Liberal trick

2010-01-18T04:48:56Z

TrondE: Started article, will expand tomorrow...

Animal

2010-01-17T00:36:10Z

TrondE: Apes

{{Taxonomy
|image=Vulpes vulpes.jpg
|kingdom=Animalia}}
An '''animal''' is any creature which is a member of the [[Animalia]] kingdom, except [[human being]]s. As [[God]] created man in His image, it is of primary importance to distinguish the characteristics of people from animals, such as the eternal spirit, the right to "take dominion" over the natural world of animals and plants, and the prospect of enjoying [[eternal life]]. Liberals say that these things are of secondary importance and insist that humans are merely apes.

Animals must eat [[plant]]s or other organisms to survive. The plants are called "producers" and the animals are "consumers". Animals have complex [[eukaryotic cell]]s, unlike bacteria which have much simpler [[prokaryote|prokaryotic]] cells. Animal cells do not have [[cell wall]]s, only structural [[protein]]s in the [[cell membrane]]; this allows the animal cell a degree of flexibility.

The simplest of all animals are [[sponge]]s, which do not move. Sponges have different cells for different tasks, but these cells are not organized further into [[tissue]]s or [[organ]]s. Sponges also do not exhibit [[symmetry]], unlike all other animals.

The next simplest animals comprise a single species, which fall somewhere between sponges and all other animals. This species, ''Trichoplax adhaerans'', is very small, yet has cells organized into different tissues, though it does not have organs.

True Animals are grouped into a sub-kingdom called Eumetazoa. All True Animals have tissues and organs, except for one type called Myxozoa. These have regressed to a single-celled form.

The simplest eumetazons are the Radiata, a loose group that includes jellyfish, corals, and comb jellies. Most of them belong in the phylum Cnidaria, except for the comb jellies, which comprise the phylum Ctenophora. Radiatans have what is called radial symmetry, where they can be divided into two even halves in many planes, like a wheel or a circle. All cnidarians have special cells called cnidocytes, which produce the sting. Comb jellies have no such cells and are harmless to humans.

==Biblical origin of animals==
The Book of [[Genesis]] specifies both when and why [[God]] created animals. The "when" is found in the following passage from Genesis ch. 1, which states that God created aquatic creatures and birds on the fifth day and that on the sixth day He created land animals and then man:
{{Bible quote|And God said, Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life, and fowl [that] may fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven. And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after his kind: and God saw that [it was] good. And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let fowl multiply in the earth. And the evening and the morning were the fifth day. And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his kind: and it was so. And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that [it was] good. And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. So God created man in his [own] image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them. And God blessed them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth.|book=Genesis|chap=1|verses=20-28|version=KJV}}
The "why" is found in the following passage from Genesis ch. 2, which states that after God had created man, He created land animals and [[birds]] in an attempt (ultimately unsuccessful) to provide one of the animals as a help mate for [[man]]. In the second chapter of Genesis the alternate creation myth offered then has God creating [[Woman]] only after He did not find a helpful mate for man in all the animals. This is different from the first chapter in which the animals were created first and then [[Man]] and [[Woman]] were both created on the same day:
{{Bible quote|And the LORD God said, [It is] not good that the man should be alone; I will make him an help meet for him. And out of the ground the LORD God formed every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air; and brought [them] unto Adam to see what he would call them: and whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that [was] the name thereof. And Adam gave names to all cattle, and to the fowl of the air, and to every beast of the field; but for Adam there was not found an help meet for him.|book=Genesis|chap=2|verses=18-20|version=KJV}}

==External Links==
*[http://www.aim.org/wls/category/animals/ What Liberals Say - Category: Animals], [[Accuracy In Media]]

[[Category:Animals]]

Animal

2010-01-17T00:27:01Z

TrondE: in God's image

{{Taxonomy
|image=Vulpes vulpes.jpg
|kingdom=Animalia}}
An '''animal''' is any creature which is a member of the [[Animalia]] kingdom, except [[human being]]s. As [[God]] created man in His image, it is of primary importance to distinguish the characteristics of people from animals, such as the eternal spirit, the right to "take dominion" over the natural world of animals and plants, and the prospect of enjoying [[eternal life]]. Liberals say that these things are of secondary importance.

Animals must eat [[plant]]s or other organisms to survive. The plants are called "producers" and the animals are "consumers". Animals have complex [[eukaryotic cell]]s, unlike bacteria which have much simpler [[prokaryote|prokaryotic]] cells. Animal cells do not have [[cell wall]]s, only structural [[protein]]s in the [[cell membrane]]; this allows the animal cell a degree of flexibility.

The simplest of all animals are [[sponge]]s, which do not move. Sponges have different cells for different tasks, but these cells are not organized further into [[tissue]]s or [[organ]]s. Sponges also do not exhibit [[symmetry]], unlike all other animals.

The next simplest animals comprise a single species, which fall somewhere between sponges and all other animals. This species, ''Trichoplax adhaerans'', is very small, yet has cells organized into different tissues, though it does not have organs.

True Animals are grouped into a sub-kingdom called Eumetazoa. All True Animals have tissues and organs, except for one type called Myxozoa. These have regressed to a single-celled form.

The simplest eumetazons are the Radiata, a loose group that includes jellyfish, corals, and comb jellies. Most of them belong in the phylum Cnidaria, except for the comb jellies, which comprise the phylum Ctenophora. Radiatans have what is called radial symmetry, where they can be divided into two even halves in many planes, like a wheel or a circle. All cnidarians have special cells called cnidocytes, which produce the sting. Comb jellies have no such cells and are harmless to humans.

==Biblical origin of animals==
The Book of [[Genesis]] specifies both when and why [[God]] created animals. The "when" is found in the following passage from Genesis ch. 1, which states that God created aquatic creatures and birds on the fifth day and that on the sixth day He created land animals and then man:
{{Bible quote|And God said, Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life, and fowl [that] may fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven. And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after his kind: and God saw that [it was] good. And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let fowl multiply in the earth. And the evening and the morning were the fifth day. And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his kind: and it was so. And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that [it was] good. And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. So God created man in his [own] image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them. And God blessed them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth.|book=Genesis|chap=1|verses=20-28|version=KJV}}
The "why" is found in the following passage from Genesis ch. 2, which states that after God had created man, He created land animals and [[birds]] in an attempt (ultimately unsuccessful) to provide one of the animals as a help mate for [[man]]. In the second chapter of Genesis the alternate creation myth offered then has God creating [[Woman]] only after He did not find a helpful mate for man in all the animals. This is different from the first chapter in which the animals were created first and then [[Man]] and [[Woman]] were both created on the same day:
{{Bible quote|And the LORD God said, [It is] not good that the man should be alone; I will make him an help meet for him. And out of the ground the LORD God formed every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air; and brought [them] unto Adam to see what he would call them: and whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that [was] the name thereof. And Adam gave names to all cattle, and to the fowl of the air, and to every beast of the field; but for Adam there was not found an help meet for him.|book=Genesis|chap=2|verses=18-20|version=KJV}}

==External Links==
*[http://www.aim.org/wls/category/animals/ What Liberals Say - Category: Animals], [[Accuracy In Media]]

[[Category:Animals]]

Swaziland

2010-01-13T22:58:49Z

TrondE: Spread of HIV/AIDS

{{Country
|name =''Umbuso weSwatini''
|map =Swaziland rel90.jpg
|map2 =Location of Swaziland.png
|flag =Flag of Swaziland.png
|arms =Arms of Swaziland.png
|capital =Lobamba (royalty, legislature); Mbabane (administration)
|capital-raw =
|government =Monarchy
|government-raw =
|language =English, SiSwati
|king =Mswati III
|queen =
|monarch-raw =
|president =
|president-raw =
|chancellor =
|chancellor-raw =
|pm =A. T. Dlamini
|pm-raw =
|area =6,704 sq mi
|pop =1,128,814
|pop-basis =2008
|gdp =$2.9 billion
|gdp-year =2007
|gdp-pc =$4,800
|currency =Lilangeni
|idd =
|tld =
}}
The '''Kingdom of Swaziland''' is a small, [[landlocked]] country, bordering [[South Africa]] and [[Mozambique]]. Swaziland is the last [[Absolute Monarchy|absolute monarchy]] in Africa, ruled by King Mswati III. Swaziland has two capital cities: the seat of royalty and legislation at Lobamba, and administration at [[Mbabane]]. Swaziland gained independence from the [[United Kingdom]] on September 6, 1968.

Owing to [[liberal]]s promoting ineffective methods of [[Condom|prevention]], Swaziland has been plagued by [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]] for the past quarter-century, giving it the lowest life expectancy in the world; 31.84 years for males, and 32.62 years for females. As of 2003, approximately 39% of the population suffered from HIV/AIDS.

==Geography==
*Area: 17,363 sq. km. (6,704 sq. miles); slightly smaller than New Jersey.
*Major cities: Mbabane (capital, pop. 60,000), Manzini (principal commercial city, pop. 65,000).
*Terrain: Mountainous plateau to savanna.
*Climate: Near temperate to tropical.

==People==
The majority of the population is ethnic Swazi, mixed with a small number of Zulus and non-Africans. Traditionally Swazis have been subsistence farmers and herders, but some now work in the growing urban formal economy and in government. Some Swazis work in the mines in South Africa. Christianity in Swaziland is sometimes mixed with traditional beliefs and practices. Most Swazis ascribe a special spiritual role to the monarch.

The country's official languages are SiSwati (a language related to Zulu) and English. Government and commercial business is conducted mainly in English.
*Population: 1,128,814.
*Annual growth rate: -0.41%.
*Ethnic groups: African 97%, European 3%.
*Religion: Zionist 40% (a blend of Christianity and indigenous ancestral worship), Roman Catholic 20%, Muslim 10%, other (includes Anglican, Baha'i, Methodist, Mormon, Jewish) 30%.
*Education: Years compulsory--none. Attendance--65% primary and 44% secondary. Literacy--81.6%.
*Health: Infant mortality rate (2007)--70/1,000. Life expectancy--40 years. The prevalence of HIV in Swaziland's adult population is 39%, the highest in the world.
*Work force: Agriculture and forestry--21.4%; construction--6.1%; distribution--10.5%; finance--8.3%; manufacturing--20.1%; mining and quarry--1%; services--32.6%; transport--2.9%.

==Government and Political Conditions==
On July 26, 2005 King Mswati III ratified Swaziland's constitution. It went into effect February 8, 2006. This is Swaziland's first constitution in over 30 years.

According to Swazi law and custom, the monarch holds supreme executive, legislative, and judicial powers. In general practice, however, the monarch's power is delegated through a dualistic system: modern, statutory bodies, like the cabinet; and less formal traditional government structures. The king must approve legislation passed by parliament before it becomes law. The prime minister, who is head of government, and the cabinet, which is recommended by the prime minister and approved by the king, exercise executive authority. At present, parliament consists of a 65-seat House of Assembly (55 members are elected through popular vote; 10 are appointed by the king) and 30-seat Senate (10 members are appointed by the House of Assembly, and 20 are appointed by the king). House of Assembly elections were last held October 2003.

For local administration Swaziland is divided into four regions, each with an administrator appointed by the king. Parallel to the government structure is the traditional system consisting of the king and his advisers, traditional courts, 55 tinkhundla (sub regional districts in which traditional chiefs are grouped), and approximately 360 chiefdoms.

Swaziland is a member of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU), with which the U.S. began negotiating a free trade agreement in May 2003. The other members of SACU are Botswana, Namibia, Lesotho, and South Africa.

===Principal Government Officials===
*Head of State--King Mswati III
*Head of Government--Prime Minister A. T. Dlamini
*Deputy Prime Minister--Constance Simelane
*Permanent Representative to the UN--Phesheya Dlamini
*Central Bank Governor--Martin Dlamini

===Foreign Relations===
Swaziland is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), and Southern African Development Community (SADC). Ten accredited ambassadors or honorary consuls are resident in the country. Swaziland maintains diplomatic missions in Brussels, Copenhagen, Kuala Lumpur, London, Maputo, Nairobi, Pretoria, Taipei, the United Nations, and Washington.

==Economy==
Swaziland ranks as a lower middle income country, but it's estimated that 69% of the population lives in poverty. Most of the high-level economic activity is in the hands of non-Africans, but ethnic Swazis are becoming more active. Small entrepreneurs are moving into middle management positions. Although 70% of Swazis live in rural areas, nearly every homestead has a wage earner. The past few years have seen wavering economic growth, which has been exacerbated by the economy's inability to create new jobs at the same rate that new job seekers enter the market. This is due in part to the country's population growth rate, which strains the natural heritage and the country's ability to provide adequate social services, such as health care and education. Overgrazing, soil depletion, drought, and floods are persistent problems.
*GDP (2007 est.): $2.9 billion.
*GDP real growth rate (2007): 2.4%.
*Per capita income (2007, PPP): $4,800.
*Inflation (2007): 8.2%.
*Natural resources: Coal, diamonds, quarry stone, timber, talc.
*Agriculture (11.8% of GDP): Products--sugarcane, corn, citrus fruits, livestock, wood, pineapple, tobacco, rice, peanuts.
Manufacturing (45.7% of GDP): Types--sugar refining, light manufactured goods, wood pulp, textiles, processed foods, consumer goods.
*Trade (2006): Exports--$1.93 billion: soft drink concentrates, sugar, pulp, canned fruits, cotton yarn. Major markets--South Africa, EU, Mozambique, U.S. Imports--$1.91 billion: chemicals, clothing, foodstuffs, machinery, motor vehicles, petroleum products.

Nearly 60% of Swazi territory is held by the Crown in trust of the Swazi nation. The balance is privately owned, much of it by foreigners. The question of land use and ownership remains a very sensitive one. For Swazis living on rural homesteads, the principal occupation is either subsistence farming or livestock herding. Culturally, cattle are important symbols of wealth and status, but they are being used increasingly for milk, meat, and profit.

Swaziland enjoys well-developed road links with South Africa. It also has railroads running east to west and north to south. The older east-west link, called the Goba line, makes it possible to export bulk goods from Swaziland through the Port of Maputo in Mozambique. Most of Swaziland's imports were shipped through this port. Conflict in Mozambique in the 1980s diverted many Swazi exports to ports in South Africa. Swaziland mainly uses the port today for exports of sugar, citrus, and forest products, with future usage of the port expected to increase. A north-south rail link, completed in 1986, provides a connection between the Eastern Transvaal rail network and the South African ports of Richard's Bay and Durban.

The sugar industry, based solely on irrigated cane, is Swaziland's leading export earner and private-sector employer. Soft drink concentrate (a U.S. investment) is another large export earner, followed by wood pulp and lumber from cultivated pine forests. Pineapple and citrus fruit are other important agricultural exports.

Swaziland mines coal and diamonds for export. There also is a quarry industry for domestic consumption. In 2005, mining contributed about 0.6% of Swaziland's GDP, and predictions for the industry are mixed as coal mining is expected to increase but quarried stone production is expected to decrease.

A number of industrial firms have located at the industrial estate at Matsapha near Manzini. In addition to processed agricultural and forestry products, the industrial sector at Matsapha also produces garments, textiles, and a variety of light manufactured products. The Swaziland Industrial Development Company (SIDC) and the Swaziland Investment Promotion Authority (SIPA) have assisted in bringing many of these industries to the country. Government programs encourage Swazi entrepreneurs to run small and medium-sized firms. Tourism also is important, attracting more than 424,000 visitors annually, mostly from Europe and South Africa.

From the mid-1980s, foreign investment in the manufacturing sector boosted economic growth rates significantly. Beginning in mid-1985, the depreciated value of the currency increased the competitiveness of Swazi exports and moderated the growth of imports, generating trade surpluses. During the 1990s, the country often ran small trade deficits. South Africa and the European Union are major customers for Swazi exports.

Swaziland became eligible for the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) in 2000 and qualified for the apparel provision in 2001. AGOA created over 30,000 jobs, mostly for women, in Swaziland's apparel industry. However, the industry suffered in 2005-2006, due to both increased global competition as a result of the end of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) on January 1, 2005, and the strong Rand (Swaziland's currency is linked to the South African Rand at par), which reduced exports. There are an estimated 16,000 people employed in the apparel industry.

Swaziland, Lesotho, Botswana, Namibia, and the Republic of South Africa form the Southern African Customs Union (SACU), where import duties apply uniformly to member countries. Swaziland, Lesotho, Namibia, and South Africa also are members of the Common Monetary Area (CMA) in which repatriation and unrestricted funds are permitted. Swaziland issues its own currency, the ''lilangeni'' (plural: ''emalangeni'').

==History==
According to tradition, the people of the present Swazi nation migrated south before the 16th century from what is now Mozambique. Following a series of conflicts with people living in the area of modern Maputo, the Swazis settled in northern [[Zululand]] in about 1750. Unable to match the growing Zulu strength, the Swazis moved gradually northward in the 1800s and established themselves in the area of modern or present Swaziland.

They consolidated their hold under several able leaders. The most important was Mswati II, from whom the Swazis derive their name. Under his leadership in the 1840s, the Swazis expanded their territory to the northwest and stabilized the southern frontier with the Zulus.

Contact with the British came early in Mswati's reign, when he asked British authorities in South Africa for assistance against Zulu raids into Swaziland. It also was during Mswati's reign that the first whites settled in the country. Following Mswati's death, the Swazis reached agreements with British and South African authorities over a range of issues, including independence, claims on resources by Europeans, administrative authority, and security. South Africans administered the Swazi interests from 1894 to 1902. In 1902 the British assumed control.

In 1921, after more than 20 years of rule by Queen Regent Lobatsibeni, Sobhuza II became Ngwenyama (lion) or head of the Swazi nation. The same year, Swaziland established its first legislative body--an advisory council of elected European representatives mandated to advise the British high commissioner on non-Swazi affairs. In 1944, the high commissioner conceded that the council had no official status and recognized the paramount chief, or king, as the native authority for the territory to issue legally enforceable orders to the Swazis.

In the early years of colonial rule, the British had expected that Swaziland would eventually be incorporated into South Africa. After World War II, however, South Africa's intensification of racial discrimination induced the United Kingdom to prepare Swaziland for independence. Political activity intensified in the early 1960s. Several political parties were formed and jostled for independence and economic development. The largely urban parties had few ties to the rural areas, where the majority of Swazis lived. The traditional Swazi leaders, including King Sobhuza II and his Inner Council, formed the Imbokodvo National Movement (INM), a political group that capitalized on its close identification with the Swazi way of life. Responding to pressure for political change, the colonial government scheduled an election in mid-1964 for the first legislative council in which the Swazis would participate. In the election, the INM and four other parties, most having more radical platforms, competed in the election. The INM won all 24 elective seats.

Having solidified its political base, INM incorporated many demands of the more radical parties, especially that of immediate independence. In 1966, the U.K. Government agreed to discuss a new constitution. A constitutional committee agreed on a constitutional monarchy for Swaziland, with self-government to follow parliamentary elections in 1967. Swaziland became independent on September 6, 1968. Swaziland's post-independence elections were held in May 1972. The INM received close to 75% of the vote. The Ngwane National Liberatory Congress (NNLC) received slightly more than 20% of the vote, which gained the party three seats in parliament.

In response to the NNLC's showing, King Sobhuza repealed the 1968 constitution on April 12, 1973 and dissolved parliament. He assumed all powers of government and prohibited all political activities and trade unions from operating. He justified his actions as having removed alien and divisive political practices incompatible with the Swazi way of life. In January 1979, a new parliament was convened, chosen partly through indirect elections and partly through direct appointment by the King.

King Sobhuza II died in August 1982, and Queen Regent Dzeliwe assumed the duties of the head of state. In 1984, an internal dispute led to the replacement of the Prime Minister and eventual replacement of Dzeliwe by a new Queen Regent Ntombi. Ntombi's only child, Prince Makhosetive, was named heir to the Swazi throne. Real power at this time was concentrated in the Liqoqo, a supreme traditional advisory body that claimed to give binding advice to the Queen Regent. In October 1985, Queen Regent Ntombi demonstrated her power by dismissing the leading figures of the Liqoqo. Prince Makhosetive returned from school in England to ascend to the throne and help end the continuing internal disputes. He was enthroned as Mswati III on April 25, 1986. Shortly afterwards he abolished the Liqoqo. In November 1987, a new parliament was elected and a new cabinet appointed.

In 1988 and 1989, an underground political party, the People's United Democratic Movement (PUDEMO) criticized the King and his government, calling for democratic reforms. In response to this political threat and to growing popular calls for greater accountability within government, the King and the Prime Minister initiated an ongoing national debate on the constitutional and political future of Swaziland. This debate produced a handful of political reforms, approved by the King, including direct and indirect voting, in the 1993 national elections.

Although domestic groups and international observers criticized the government in late 2002 for interfering with the independence of the judiciary, parliament, and freedom of the press, significant improvements have been made concerning rule of law over the past few years. Swaziland's Court of Appeals resumed hearing cases in late 2004 after a two-year absence in protest of the government's refusal to abide by the court's decisions in two important rulings. In addition, the new constitution went into effect in early 2006, and the 1973 proclamation, which, among other measures, banned political parties, lapsed at that time.

==External Links==
[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wz.html CIA World Factbook - Swaziland]

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|-
!style="background-color: #000088; color:white;"|License:
|style=" background-color: none;"| This work is in the [[Public Domain]] in the United States because it is a work of the United States Federal Government under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the U.S. Code
|-
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[[Category:African Countries]]
[[Category:Landlocked Countries]]
[[Category:African Kingdoms]]

Talk:Neo-Paganism

2009-12-24T23:29:12Z

TrondE: Undo revision 736960 by Caketown81 (Talk) Reverted liberal vandalism

{{Wikiproject Religion}}

"Neo-paganism is prohibited by the Bible."

Cant remember reading that anywhere in the bible...reference please?--[[User:Sachaztan|Sachaztan]] 20:58, 17 August 2007 (EDT)

Cylindrical coordinates

2009-12-24T23:00:50Z

TrondE: remove redlink

'''Cylindrical coordinates''' refers to a three-dimensional coordinate system used to describe the location of a point in space based on the distance from the origin in the x-y plane "r", the angle measured in the x-y plane between the point and the x axis "θ", the distance perpendicular to the x-y plane: (r,θ,z).

In a sense, cylindrical coordinates are polar coordinates with a third dimension added: (r,θ) correspond to the polar coordinates for (x,y). This is in contrast to [[spherical coordinates]], where z is replaced by an angle, just like x and y are in polar coordinates.

The equations converting the parameters are as follows:

:r2 = x2 + y2

:tan(θ) = y/x

:x = r*cos(θ)

:y = r*sin(θ)

[[Category:mathematics]]
[[Category:Geometry]]

Cylindrical coordinates

2009-12-24T22:49:31Z

TrondE: reword

'''Cylindrical coordinates''' refers to a three-dimensional coordinate system used to describe the location of a point in space based on "r" in the x-y plane, the distance measured from the origin "θ", in addition to the angular measurement from the origin in the x-y plane, and z, the distance perpendicular to the x-y plane: (r,θ,z).

In a sense, cylindrical coordinates are [[polar coordinates]] with a third dimension added: (r,θ) correspond to the polar coordinates for (x,y). This is in contrast to [[spherical coordinates]], where z is replaced by an angle, just like x and y are in polar coordinates.

The equations converting the parameters are as follows:

:r2 = x2 + y2

:tan(θ) = y/x

:x = r*cos(θ)

:y = r*sin(θ)

[[Category:mathematics]]
[[Category:Geometry]]

Talk:Expert Error

2009-12-24T22:19:42Z

TrondE: climategate?

Should we mention the rejection of [[Semmelweiss]] and his notion that an "invisible substance" carried on doctor's hands was causing [[childbed fever]]?

Or the resistance of [[climate change]] theorists to acknowledge the flaws in the [[hockey stick graph]]? --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 15:36, 24 December 2009 (EST)
:I think the whole climategate scandal has exposed all the climate 'experts', but the question is whether this was down to error or deceit. [[User:TrondE|TrondE]] 17:19, 24 December 2009 (EST)

The Decemberists

2009-12-17T00:38:17Z

TrondE: copyedit

'''The Decemberists''' are an immoral, liberal, Indie-rock band from [[Portland]], [[Oregon]]. Their members include Colin Meloy, Chris Funk, Jenny Conlee, Nate Query, and John Moen.<ref>[http://www.decemberists.com/ Decemberists Official Site]</ref> They played a concert for [[Barack Obama]], and endorsed him for the presidency. <ref>[http://elbo.ws/post/1073585/news-conservative-critics-raise-stink-over-decemberistsbarack-obama-rally/]</ref>

They are known for glorifying [[rape]], [[suicide]] (most often by [[drowning]], and some songs simply involve death by drowning, without suicide being involved<ref>[http://www.songmeanings.net/songs/view/3530822107858618440/]</ref>), and various other sinful acts in their music; the songs "We Both Go Down Together" (rape and double-suicide)<ref>[http://www.sing365.com/music/lyric.nsf/We-Both-Go-Down-Together-lyrics-The-Decemberists/390818DB0383F62248256F940029D818]</ref>, "The Landlord's Daughter/You'll Not Feel the Drowning" (rape and apparent [[homicide]] by drowning, in the respective parts of the song<ref>[http://www.songmeanings.net/songs/view/3530822107858618544/]</ref>), and the entire story arc of the latest album, "The Hazards of Love," is based around rape, intercourse, homicide, infanticide (although at least the character who so gleefully sings of his childrens' murders is the villain, although lead singer Meloy takes undue joy in the song) and the eventual double-suicide of the main characters by drowning<ref>[http://www.decemberists.com/downloads/Dcmbr_WebPDFBook.pdf]</ref>. Apparently they also suffer from a severe lack of originality, as well as a severe lack of morals.

When asked whether he felt his music could corrupt those who listened to by glorifying rape, homicide and suicide, leader singer Colin Meloy said that he "didn't care".

===Decemberists Songs with Potentially Negative Influences===
*Mariner's Revenge: Glorifies obsessive revenge and murder.
*July, July: Encourages fleeting entanglement over true romance.
*Legionnaire's Lament: Encourages alcoholism.
*We Both Go Down Together: Encourages rape against a unrequited love.
*O Valencia!: Pro-gang message.
*Yankee Bayonet: Glorifies the Confederate cause in the [[American Civil War]].
*Infanta: Pro-monarchist message.
*Eli, the Barrow Boy: An anti-Christian and possibly Wiccan image of life after death.
<references/>

[[Category:Bands|Decemberists, The]]

Transducer

2009-11-28T04:17:55Z

TrondE: pressure transducers

A '''transducer''' is a device that converts one form of [[energy]] into another, usually for the purpose of [[measurement|measuring]] or exchanging [[information]]. There are several varieties of transducers:

*Photoelectric transducers convert [[electricity|electrical]] energy to [[light]], or vice versa.
*[[Ultrasonic transducer]]s convert mechanical waves ([[sound]]) into electrical signals.
*Antennas convert radio waves to electrical signals.
*Electrochemical transducers convert chemical composition information to electrical signals.
*Pressure transducers convert a pressure reading to an electrical signal.

[[Category: Science]]

Talk:Theory of relativity

2009-11-28T04:08:47Z

TrondE: /* Reply to Andrew Schlafly */

'''Attention: Please review previous points on the discussion page before adding your own commentary. Many topics have been discussed many, many, times. If you have something new to add, feel free, but it is not necessary or helpful to read the same arguments over and over and over.'''

For older discussions, see the archives: [[Talk:Theory of relativity/Archive 1|Archive 1]], [[Talk:Theory of relativity/Archive 2|Archive 2]]



== Jfraatz's comments ==

:: Andrew;

::Relativity predicts absurd physical discontinuities

::I've studied relativity in depth, and those paradoxes all have very neat resolutions once you account for the change in reference frame.

::"and it contradicts logic,"

::That doesn't follow. Relativity is based on two premises and follows very logically from them.

::"the evidence,"

::On the contrary:

::Special relativity:

::1. E=mc^2: nuclear power and the atomic bomb
2. Time dilation: The airplane experiments, and the time dilation of subatomic particle decay rates in a particle accelerator.
3.Mass increase: The exponential increase in energy required to get things fractionally closer to the speed of light.

::General relativity:

::1. Prediction of a non-static universe.
2. Gravity waves -detected by their combined perturbative effect to a the rotation of a neutron star
3. Gravitational microlensing.
4. Time dilation experiments conducted with skyscrapers
5. Red-shifting near gravitational sources.

::"and the Bible."

::That is a very bizarre claim. There is nothing in the Bible that contradicts relativity and it is about like saying that the theory that the sky is blue contradicts the Bible. I'm curious. Where did you get this idea?

::"The biggest promoters of relativity today are more liberal than the Democratic Party, and that's saying a lot."

::""First of all that's an ad hominem. Secondly it's not true. The physics department at my SECULAR university has a higher predominance of conservative and Christian people than any of the other sciences and much more so than the Marxist laden humanities departments.

::The professor who taught my relativity class -who happens to be the department expert on general relativity and quantum gravity- even invited us all to a talk after class once regarding the possibility of intelligent design of the physical constants. As it turns out this talk about intelligent design of the physical constants was given by a world famous physicist who happened to specialize in general relativity.

::"Promoting relativity causes a great deal of harm in how people view the world,"

::No, you're confusing relativity with relativism. The two are radically different. My other interest is in philosophy and the people in the philosophy dept. -many of whom are left-wing- laugh at the postmodernists who try to prove relativism with relativity.

::One is a physical theory based on constancy of the speed of light in all reference frames and the equivalence of physics in all reference frames. The other is a moral and epistemological theory that says that there are no absolutes. Special and general relativity are founded on absolutes. RelativiTY does not cause any harm. RelativiSM causes a lot of trouble. The two have nothing in common though save for a similar sounding name.

::"and has cost taxpayers hundreds of millions of dollars on fruitless projects like LIGO."

::LIGO, (which my university participates in -we do the supercomputer analysis of the data) has no results yet because they still need to make the instruments another order of magnitude stronger before they can get results.

::And LIGO is not a waste of money. Once they can detect gravity waves they will have a whole new way to study astronomy. The idea is to turn it into the gravity wave equivalent of a telescope. Instead of seeing the universe in light only we can see it in gravity waves as well. The advances in science accomplished by this are well worth the money put into them. A few million dollars is nothing compared to the billions the government wastes on social programs, and is a legitimate usage of money rather than money wasted on welfare programs. It's like funding NASA, you'd agree that manned moon landings are worth while right?

::":You've heard none of this before because liberals control universities and don't allow open discussion and debate about their pet theories."

::No I've heard them before, but the arguments made are easily debunked and are rather pseudoscientific in nature. Usually the people making them don't even understand the theory properly. And I have no idea where you get the idea that they would have a political agenda that needs relativity to support it. Once again relativity and relativism are two very different things. Einstein even once said that he though that the theory of relativity was a poor choice of names.

::"Perhaps you think man-made global warming is not a liberal theory either?"

::Where do you come off comparing the two? One is a derived science open to much biased interpretation and data manipulation, the other is experimentally validated every time we turn on a particle accelerator. In fact some of the experiments they do at these labs require relativity to work. If relativity is false then they could not be doing the experiments that they are doing.

::And no Newtonian Mechanics and Atomic theory are not liberal theories either.

::I'm awfully curious as to what motivated this anti-relativity view. Your implication that relativity is "liberal" in any sense is highly bizarre. Also why single out relavity rather than QM classical mechanics or electrodynamics?

--[[User:jfraatz|Johanan Raatz]]

::::I would like to note that I have used a political analog of general relativity as a means to create a model for how to warp the political fabric with corporatism so as to correct the democratic failure causing abortion. By modifying the analog of an "economic status-debt" tensor one can leverage misbehaving abortive parents into proper behavior by using corporate leverage on the democratic process. [[User:jfraatz|Johanan Raatz]]

Johanan, relativity is disproved by the Pioneer anomaly, for starters. The absurd discontinuities include what happens in the limit as velocity approaches the speed of light. The logical flaws include the defect of relativistic mass. Relativity has produced nothing of value, and certainly not the achievements you claim above. It's wasted hundreds of millions in taxpayer money and confused the minds of many.

Pick your very best argument and be concise if you have an open mind and want to discuss this. If your mind is closed and made up, then I recommend Wikipedia for you.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 13:07, 25 November 2009 (EST)

::First of all there are no absurd results when you reach relativistic velocities. Relativistic mass is not a defect nor is it logically flawed -unless you want to say that empirically observed measurements of such can not be so because they are illogical.

::MY BEST ARGUMENT: As a physics major I have done the Michelson-Morley experiment in my modern physics lab and seen the results with my own eyes. You can not tell me that relativity is based on assumptions rather than observations, as I have seen the very same observations that are the basis for relativity. Unless of course you are arguing that it can't be so and therefore my eyes must be deceiving me.

::QUESTIONS: 1.)How do you explain the phenomenon of time dilation without relativity?
::2.) You said that relativity contradicts the Bible. I have heard many criticisms of relativity before but never this. Saying this is almost like saying that the theory that the sky is blue contradicts the Bible. In what way does it contradict the Bible?
::3.)You compared relativity to anthropogenic global warming (AGW). One is prone to much more interpretation than relativity and has been found to be based on fraudulent data. The effects of relativity by contrast empirically confirmed every time the particle accelerator at Fermilab turns on, and it is far more simple to observe and confirm than AGW. So my question is where do you come off comparing the two?

::COMMENTS: 1.)As someone who believes in objective truth and the scientific method I am not open-minded beyond reason. Despite your implication that relativity is a "liberal" theory I am no liberal and am therefore not so open-minded that my brains fall out. If something doesn't fit into objective a priori principles and empirical observation I have a hard time taking it seriously -I don't buy post-modernism or the idea that you can determine truth outside of objective means.
::2.)Relativists in physics are not particularly liberal. My special relativity professor who happens to be the dept. specialist on relativity and quantum gravity even invited us to a talk after class one day. The topic was on the possibility of the intelligent design of the physical constants -at a secular university no less. The talk itself was to be given by a prominent physicist who also happened to specialize in relativity. You can't tell me that an extremely liberal professor would be inviting his students to talks on the possibility of intelligent design.
::3.)RelativITY is NOT the same as relativISM. I also happen to have a minor in philosophy, and relativism is not based on the same premises as relativity, nor does it have anything in common with relativity. The post-modernist sorts that try to prove the latter from the former are laughed at by philosophers of both left and right-wing stripes. You needn't worry about relativity causing relativism.
::4.)Gravity waves have already been confirmed by there effects on neutron star rotation. LIGO is not designed to confirm gravity waves but rather as a telescope to see the universe in a "gravitational spectrum" in the same way you would normally see it with light. This is why they are spending so much money on it and it is well worth the cost -even $1-2billion. It will revolutionize astronomy once they increase the sensitivity by another order of magnitude or so -they are very close now. If you want to slash spending, the social programs spend hundreds of times that. LIGO isn't the money sucker, welfare etc. is. [[User:jfraatz|Johanan Raatz]]

: No, the Pioneer anomaly does not disprove relativity. It barely has anything to do with relativity. How do you think that NASA is ever able to have any successful space missions, if all its theories of gravity have been disproved? There are no discontinuities or logical flaws. Relativistic mass was already being confirmed in 1901, just a couple of years after it was predicted. Do you have any reliable sources for any of what you say? [[User:RSchlafly|RSchlafly]] 16:13, 25 November 2009 (EST)

::You say, "the Pioneer anomaly does not disprove relativity." What do you think the "anomaly" is from, if not relativity?

::Perhaps you agree with Wikipedians, who admit that the data from the spacecraft is contrary to what is "predicted", but the Wikipedians refuse to admit that the contradicted theory is the theory of relativity![http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_anomaly] Maybe that omission fools some people, but it doesn't fool conservatives aware of liberal bias.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 16:28, 25 November 2009 (EST)

:::Since when is relativity is a liberal theory? I have yet to see a good argument to this effect. [[User:jfraatz:Johanan Raatz]]

::: I was the one who told you about the Pioneer anomaly. Possible explanations are listed on the WP page. One possibility is a gravitational effect different from known theories (Newton and relativity). But what is your point? The WP page already says that. You are not addressing the errors in this article. The stuff about discontinuities, hypotheses, resistance, and quantum mechanics are all false. [[User:RSchlafly|RSchlafly]] 18:25, 25 November 2009 (EST)

::::The "point" is that Wikipedians (liberal wannabee scientists) won't state which theory is contradicted by the data. You're just guessing when you say "Newton and relativity."

::::This is like the feminists who won't use certain words, like "girl" or "gentlemanly". If confronted with a situation where no substitute works, a feminist will still find a way not to say the "forbidden" word. They'll congratulate a new mother on her baby girl by calling her a "baby woman"!

::::Try saying expressly on Wikipedia that the theory of relativity is contradicted by the Pioneer data and watch that be erased by its liberal editors. Do you think that is science, or logic?--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 18:32, 25 November 2009 (EST)

::::: I am not guessing. Just read the WP page. It says, "The Pioneer anomaly or Pioneer effect is the observed deviation ... slowing down slightly more than expected ... The anomaly has no universally accepted explanation." Possible explanations include "modification of the law of gravity." Newtonian and relativistic gravity are essentially the same in this range. They are either both accurate or inaccurate. What more do you want? The article has links to modified gravity theories. What does this have to do with this CP relativity page? [[User:RSchlafly|RSchlafly]] 19:31, 25 November 2009 (EST)

:::::: You are guessing that "Newtonian and relativistic gravity are essentially the same in this range." I doubt they predict identical results for this Pioneer data. Does the Pioneer anomaly contradict only the theory of relativity, or Newtonian gravity also? Are the data closer to one theory than the other? If this were science, then the Wikipedia article would say. Of course, this isn't really science, and Wikipedians won't expressly admit the data conflicts with relativity. If you inserted mention of the theory of relativity into the Wikipedia page, then I bet it would be erased.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 21:44, 26 November 2009 (EST)

:::::::I would expect that the results at that range would be in the margin of error for both theories. General relativity only starts to become significant in extreme gravitational fields and the earth does not have an extreme gravitational field.

:::::::As for Wikipedia covering up evidence regarding relativity to suit a liberal bias, let me make a comment about that. I happen to also be active on Wikipedia, and from my experience the kind of people that edit the science pages are not the same kind of people who generally edit the political/philosophy pages. I have noticed a great deal of political bias in the people who dominate the latter pages, but not at all the former. I really don't think they did is -if they did it at all- for political reasons. [[User:jfraatz|Johanan Raatz]]

::::::::The results are not within the standard of error. You're in denial: the results contradict the theory of relativity. And Wikipedians will never allow that truth on their pages. The Wikipedians who edit the science paiges there are just as liberal as those who edit the other pages, and it's implausible to suggest otherwise. Check out the global warming pages on Wikipedia, for example, if you doubt this. (My response to your earlier comments are below).--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 14:01, 27 November 2009 (EST)

:::::::: The Pioneer anomaly is not known to contradict either relativity or Newtonian gravity. Contradicting gravity is just one of several possible explanations, and no one is accepted. If it contradicts one then it contradicts the other, as the two theories say the same for Pioneer data. The gravity on Pioneer is extremely weak, and far outside the range where relativity would make any difference. [[User:RSchlafly|RSchlafly]] 14:20, 27 November 2009 (EST)

== Reply to Johanan Raatz ==

Mr. Raatz said, "Relativistic mass is not a defect nor is it logically flawed ...."

:Then tell us whether a greater force is required to accelerate a large relativistic mass in a ''direction orthogonal to its fast motion''. Predictably you will say you never thought or heard about this logical problem before, so please then comment on ''why'' you've never thought or heard about this logical flaw. By the way, relativistic mass has been taught for decades.

Mr. Raatz says his "best argument" is the "Michelson-Morley experiment."

:If that's your best argument, then this case is closed. That experiment certainly does not prove relativity.

Mr. Raatz asks, "How do you explain the phenomenon of time dilation without relativity?"

:What is attributed to "time dilation" can be explained a variety of ways, with or without relativity.

Mr. Raatz says, "You said that relativity contradicts the Bible. I have heard many criticisms of relativity before but never this."

:You've never heard this because promoters of relativity virtually never read the Bible. Why is that? The Bible sells 100 times more copies ''annually'' than books on the New York Times bestseller list, and is undeniably the most influential book in history (Newton attributed his insights to it), yet relativists don't read it. Do you? The nearly 100% correlation between relativity and avoiding the Bible is striking and cannot be attributed to coincidence.

Mr. Raatz denies the high correlation between belief in relativity and man-made global warming, but this is undeniable.

Mr. Raatz says he "believes in objective truth and the scientific method I am not open-minded beyond reason" and "I am no liberal."

:Really? So you support prayer in the classroom, as when everyone in the classroom wants to pray? I bet you don't, just as liberals oppose it.

Mr. Raatz says, "RelativITY is NOT the same as relativISM."

:Maybe not for you, but most people fooled by relativity become more accepting of relativism. Check out the first few pages of the respected historian Paul Johnson's book about the 20th century, where he links the "discovery" of relativity to the popularity of moral relativism that followed. He's studied history more than you have, I think.

Mr. Raatz wrote, "LIGO is not designed to confirm gravity waves ...."

:LIGO is set up (at an expense of hundreds of millions in taxpayer dollars) to detect gravitons. You say you're not a liberal and yet you seem to support this boondoggle. How about raising donations for this from relativists, just as churches must do? That wouldn't get far, because I doubt many relativists would spend their own money on what they pretend to believe. Enough said.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 14:01, 27 November 2009 (EST)

== Reply to Andrew Schlafly ==

*1.) :Then tell us whether a greater force is required to accelerate a large relativistic mass in a ''direction orthogonal to its fast motion''.

The same relativistic mass is not observed in the reference frame orthogonal to the motion. However the total velocity between two objects can be calculated using the Pythagorean theorem in all 3 directions. This is the velocity which is used to calculate relativistic mass and other Lorentz transformations.

*2.) "By the way, relativistic mass has been taught for decades."

Yes because relativistic mass has been OBSERVED for decades.

*3.) If that's your best argument, then this case is closed. That experiment certainly does not prove relativity.

If the light had been traveling at different velocities as the Earth orbited the sun why then did I not see different interference patterns? In the experiment I indirectly observed the speed of light to be the same regardless of reference frame.

Question you have a background in law and engineering. Do you have a background in physics?

*4.)What is attributed to "time dilation" can be explained a variety of ways, with or without relativity.

Hmm, ok so there is another theory out there that explains why time slows down with respect to another reference frame, that is not relativity? I would very much like to hear about this theory.

*5.)Do you?

Yes I've read the Bible. And I find it insulting that you would assume otherwise.

*6.) You've never heard this because promoters of relativity virtually never read the Bible. Why is that?

Well are you going to tell me what this supposed contradiction is? I looked at the conservative words essay and I found "non-local" there. In the definition I found a reference to Jesus healing the sick kid from far away. If you mean to tell me that this violated relativity then you are wrong. First of all, such an action could have occurred at the speed of light and would have allowed for the kid to get better before his father returned home. Secondly Jesus being omnipotent has access to Hilbert space and therefore could operate outside of space-time.

*7.)The nearly 100% correlation between relativity and avoiding the Bible is striking and cannot be attributed to coincidence.

You clearly do not know my physics dept. then. Of all the science depts. this one has the highest number of Christians and conservatives than any of the others. In fact many of my friends (the same ones who study relativity) would read the Bible in the physics lounge. (and this was not isolated to the undergrads)

*8.)Mr. Raatz denies the high correlation between belief in relativity and man-made global warming, but this is undeniable.

That's not what I was asking. I was asking how one theory -relativity(independent of who believes it) is comparable to another -AGW (independent of those who believe it)

*9.)Really? So you support prayer in the classroom, as when everyone in the classroom wants to pray? I bet you don't, just as liberals oppose it.

Try me! You bet wrong. Prayer in schools is very good for the salutory effect it has on society. Read Irving Kristol.

*10.)Maybe not for you, but most people fooled by relativity become more accepting of relativism.

Yes that's because the masses are idiots. That's not relativities fault though. It should be noted that Einstein thought that the label of "relativity" for his theory was shoddy and that he wanted a better one. Unfortunately "relativity" stuck and as a result some idiots took it the wrong way. I can not do anything about this, but it does not imply that relativity is wrong.

*11.):LIGO is set up (at an expense of hundreds of millions in taxpayer dollars) to detect gravitons.

No gravity waves. Gravitons are far smaller and according to my personal model of quantum gravity do not exist as such. (well technically they "exist" in a sense, but that would be a bad way of thinking about how gravity is quantized)Gravitons are a shoddy way to describe the real phenomenon. Gravity waves are not the same as gravitons though.

*12.)"You say you're not a liberal and yet you seem to support this boondoggle.
In today's world that level of money is not a boondoggle. Social spending is a boondoggle, cap&trade is a boondoggle, and healthcare is a boondoggle, spending a little money on sciences is not a boondoggle. Look in comparison to other programs this is a pittance. It's like the liberals who complain that NASA is taking up too much money when it is only spending less than 10 bill a year compared to the 100's of billions eaten up by their social programs.

Besides I am a neoconservative and do not have exactly the same philosophy on government programs that other conservatives might. I mostly agree on opposing socialism in government programs, but that isn't the same thing as basic projects for the public good or for the advancement of science.

*13.)"How about raising donations for this from relativists, just as churches must do?"

Fair enough. I believe LIGO accepts donations as well.

*14.)That wouldn't get far, because I doubt many relativists would spend their own money on what they pretend to believe. Enough said.

Most people would like to revolutionize astronomy with the gravitational equivalent of the telescope wouldn't you agree?

[[user:jfraatz|Johanan Raatz]]

P.S. if you really think I'm a liberal, look up my group MemeShock on facebook. You will see that I am most definitely not a liberal nor a leftist. Please stop making assumptions about me.

:'''REPLY''':

:1)Johanan wrote, "The same relativistic mass is not observed in the reference frame orthogonal to the motion."

::No one changed the reference frame. I said there is a force orthogonal to the high velocity that supposedly causes an increase in relativistic mass. Mass is a scalar, not a vector. Does that force have to contend with the relativistic mass as claimed? You even say that this has been observed, so the answer should be easy for you.

:3) Johanan wrote, "If the light had been traveling at different velocities as the Earth orbited the sun why then did I not see different interference patterns?"

::Michelson-Morley suggests that an ether does not exist, but it in no way proves the many claims of relativity.

: Johanan wrote, "Question you have a background in law and engineering. Do you have a background in physics?"

:: So you're going to try to plug weaknesses in your argument with a personal put-down? Not here.

: Johanan wrote, "Yes I've read the Bible."

:: Many read it in their youth. That makes the ''termination of reading the Bible'' by them all the more striking. I asked if you read the Bible (now). Once people buy into relativity, they stop reading it. There may be a few exceptions, but not many. That speaks volumes about what relativity really is.

:6) Johanan wrote, "Well are you going to tell me what this supposed contradiction is? I looked at the conservative words essay and I found "non-local" there. In the definition I found a reference to Jesus healing the sick kid from far away. If you mean to tell me that this violated relativity then you are wrong. First of all, such an action could have occurred at the speed of light and would have allowed for the kid to get better before his father returned home. Secondly Jesus being omnipotent has access to Hilbert space and therefore could operate outside of space-time."

::The healing occurred instantaneously and, yes, that contradicts the assumption in relativity about no information traveling faster than the speed of light. There are no exceptions allowed by relativity. It's a real contradiction. It's a not a "sign" as described by the Bible if it is impossible.

:7)Johanan wrote, "You clearly do not know my physics dept. then. Of all the science depts. this one has the highest number of Christians and conservatives than any of the others. In fact many of my friends (the same ones who study relativity) would read the Bible in the physics lounge. (and this was not isolated to the undergrads)

::Maybe you have 95-year-old pack-a-day cigarette smokers there too, who have never been sick a day in their lives. Look, there's no denying that physics professors are among the most liberal group anywhere, and far more liberal than the Democratic Party as a whole. Within physics departments, the promoters of relativity are ''particularly'' liberal, more so than, for example, material science types. Keep in mind that many of the promoters of the phony man-made global warming are physics professors.

:8)Johanan wrote, "That's not what I was asking. I was asking how one theory -relativity(independent of who believes it) is comparable to another -AGW (independent of those who believe it)"

::The correlation is unmistakable. Perhaps both attract people who like to misuse science for liberal goals.

:9)Johanan wrote, "Prayer in schools is very good for the salutory effect it has on society. Read Irving Kristol."

::Do you support classroom prayer then? A clear "yes" would suffice.

:10)Johanan wrote, "... the masses are idiots. That's not relativities [sic] fault though. It should be noted that Einstein thought that the label of "relativity" for his theory was shoddy and that he wanted a better one. Unfortunately "relativity" stuck and as a result some idiots took it the wrong way. I can not do anything about this, but it does not imply that relativity is wrong."

::So ... you're fine with promoting something that is misleading the "masses" and harming their lives, as long as you can say it is their fault, not yours.

::Johanan, I spend my time helping people. Relativity has not helped a single person in any way, ever. It's misled and hurt a lot of people. Relativity is the most unproductive theory ever embraced, and it's a complete dead-end. I'm not going to waste more of my time on it, and I encourage you to open your mind and become more productive yourself.

:Johanan wrote, "P.S. if you really think I'm a liberal, look up my group MemeShock on facebook. You will see that I am most definitely not a liberal nor a leftist. Please stop making assumptions about me."

::You don't seem to be much of a conservative either. Conservatives advance society in a productive way. Relativity is an unproductive liberal favorite that wastes taxpayer money, misleads well-intentioned students and pushes the masses toward relativism. Yet you're spending your time defending and promoting it. I'm moving on to more productive topics on this site, and hope you can do likewise.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 18:55, 27 November 2009 (EST)

:::It's not just an issue in the States; all over the world huge amounts of government (ie taxpayers') money is being spent promoting this theory. Why would governments spend so much on something that turns people away from the Bible? I think we all know the answer to that... [[User:TrondE|TrondE]] 23:08, 27 November 2009 (EST)

Patmos

2009-11-27T04:44:22Z

TrondE: added reference

'''Patmos''' is an island in Greece, midway between Samos and Kos in the Aegean Sea, where [[John]] was exiled during the reign of the Roman Emperor Domition in A.D. 95. The Monastery of St. John the Evangelist and the Cave of St. John are there today, under the jurisdiction of the Greek Orthodox Church, and welcome pilgrimages.

[[John]] reportedly received a vision in the cave and wrote the [[Book of Revelation]] there.<ref>http://www.greeka.com/dodecanese/patmos/patmos/patmos-book-revelation.htm</ref>

[[Category:Christian History]]
[[Category:Geography]]

{{ref}}

Solar System

2009-11-27T04:34:42Z

TrondE: removed redlink, added see also

The '''Solar System''' includes the [[Sun]] and all the objects in orbit around the sun.<ref>Freedman, Kaufmann: ''Universe'', 7th edition</ref> Objects orbiting the sun include planets, moons, asteroids, and comets.

==Planets==
A [[planet]] is defined as an object that orbits the [[sun]], is massive enough that its own gravity pulls it into a nearly round shape, and is dominant enough to clear away objects in its neighborhood. <ref>http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/planetsf-20060824.html</ref> There are 8 planets in the solar system. They are, in order of increasing distance from the sun:<ref>The third grade</ref>
*[[Mercury]]
*[[Venus]]
*[[Earth]]
*[[Mars]]
*[[Jupiter]]
*[[Saturn]]
*[[Uranus]]
*[[Neptune]]

The first four planets are [[terrestrial planet]]s, the last 4 planets are jovian planets. Terrestrial planets are small in size, have high densities, and consist of rocky materials. Jovian planets are large in size, have low densities, and consist of gaseous materials.

==Dwarf Planets==
A [[dwarf planet]] is an object that orbits the sun and has a round shape. The crucial difference between a planet and a dwarf planet is that a dwarf planet is not large enough to clear the neighborhood of its orbit. Currently recognized dwarf planets are:<ref>http://www.answers.com/topic/dwarf-planet</ref>
*[[Pluto]][[#Note|[1]]]
*[[Eris]]
*[[Ceres]]
*[[Makemake]]
*[[Haumea]]

===Note===
[1]Pluto was considered a planet until 2006.<ref>http://www.thenewstribune.com/soundlife/story/261408.html</ref>

==Asteroids==
[[Asteroid]]s are irregularly shaped chunks of rocks in the solar system. They exist mostly in 2 places:

*The [[asteroid belt]], which is between the orbits of [[Mars]] and [[Jupiter]]
*The [[Kuiper belt]], which shares its orbit with [[Pluto]]

==Comets==
[[Comets]] are chunks of dust and ice. Some are in an [[ellipse|elliptical]] orbit around the sun, meaning that they will return someday. Some are in a [[hyperbola|hyperbolic]] orbit around the sun, meaning that they will only come into the solar system once and will never return.

== External links ==

*[http://www.solarviews.com/eng/terms.htm Glossary]

== See also ==

[[Milky Way Galaxy]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Astronomy]]
{{Solarsystem}}

Talk:Milky Way Galaxy

2009-11-27T04:18:33Z

TrondE: 'atheistic'

This article seems to be extremely biased towards the big-bang/naturalistic worldview, giving the impression that such things as the age of the milky way being billions of years old is a fact. I would like to redress the balance here, and add not simply ignore the problems with these assumptions. [[User:TrondE|TrondE]] 19:34, 24 November 2009 (EST)
:Don't hold back! Fix the article, by all means. Earlier, I removed a passage about stars being millions of years old, but didn't see anything else blatant. But if you see something that needs correcting, get on it! [[User:JacobB|JacobB]] 19:41, 24 November 2009 (EST)
::I used the available scientific information from various sources that I could find, what exactly do you disagree with? Many of my cited sources are actual science papers. If its "biased" it is so only to a scientific point of view based on the evidence at hand. --[[User:BMcP|BMcP]] 21:01, 24 November 2009 (EST)
:::It's biased towards an Old Earth point of view, or it was before I removed the biased content. The "big science" point of view is Old Earth as well, which is why the article is being considered for revision. [[User:JacobB|JacobB]] 21:25, 24 November 2009 (EST)

:::: "Big science"? Really that just means scientific consensus. As for the age of the young star cluster, I cannot find a source for that age, however virtually all stars except T-Tauri stars that are still forming are at least millions of years in age, but whatever I can accept the age reference to them being removed, it isn't important. Scientists do not just "come up" with these numbers out of the blue based on some bias, it is out of peer reviewed research based on evidence, you just can't slap an age on something. Not sure what any of this has to do with the age of the Earth itself anyway, since this is about the galaxy in general, not one small planet within it. Are you seriously suggesting that some "young universe" viewpoint is the only acceptable one? --[[User:BMcP|BMcP]] 21:43, 24 November 2009 (EST)

Not at all! You're free to make whatever edits you like. I'm just pointing out that there are people who will disagree with you, who DO believe in a young universe, and their views are welcome here. [[User:JacobB|JacobB]] 21:47, 24 November 2009 (EST)

:BMcP, you are perfectly entitled to your viewpoint, as is everyone else. But it is not acceptable to simply dismiss someone else's views out of hand just because they differ from your personal beliefs. [[User:TrondE|TrondE]] 18:16, 25 November 2009 (EST)

::First, I'm going to state that I disagree with the current scientific consensus in an old, "big-bang"-type of creation. Which means that references to God's creation are welcome here. Second, having said that, I also am going to state that while I disagree with BMcP in that respect, I think he's done an outstanding job in making all of these astronomy-related articles. I don't think any of us could have done a quarter as much as he's done in the few months he's been here. [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 19:08, 25 November 2009 (EST)

:::I agree with Karajou, your writing is very good BMcP! However it is important not to be narrow minded about all things, including science. Why did you remove 'atheistic'? Do you not agree that putting your faith in a cosmic accident over God's word is atheistic? [[User:TrondE|TrondE]] 23:18, 26 November 2009 (EST)

Milky Way Galaxy

2009-11-25T23:29:12Z

TrondE: /* Age of the Milky Way */ Formatting

'''The Milky Way''' is a [[galaxy]] of type SB (barred spiral galaxy) containing between 200 billion to 400 billion [[star|stars]], thousands of [[nebula|nebulae]] and clusters, and an innumerable amount of [[gas]] and [[dust]], that is the home of our [[Solar System]]. The Milky Way itself is some 100,000 light years in diameter, and some 250-300 thousand light years in circumference<ref>http://www.space.com/milkyway/</ref>. It is estimated that the [[mass]] of the Milky Way is around 1–2 × 1012 solar masses, some 5 to 10 percent of which is interstellar dust and gases.<ref name="david">http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/G/Galaxy.html</ref>

The [[English]] term for Milky Way (and Galaxy in general) has its origin in the [[Greek]] Γαλαξίας, or ''Galaxias'', which is from the word for milk, γάλα or ''gala''. According to [[Greek mythology]], the Milky Way is milk that was spilled when [[Hera]] was suckling [[Heracles]].

==History of Observation==

The first person to contend that the Milky Way, as seen in the night sky on [[Earth]], may consist of stars was the Greek philosopher, '''Democritius''' (450-370 B.C.).<ref>http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/now/stories/2007/07/stars.html</ref> However [[Aristotle]] believed the Milky Way was caused by "''the ignition of the fiery exhalation of some stars which were large, numerous and close together''", that occurred in the upper [[atmosphere]].<ref>http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-bajja/</ref> Aristotle's ideas about the Milky Way were disproved when the [[Arabia|Arabian]] [[astronomer]], [[Alhazen]] (965-1037 A.D.) made the first attempt to measure the Milky Way's [[parallax]], determining it to be so remote from the Earth due to having negligible parallax, it was established as ''celestial'' in nature and not part of the atmosphere. Many of the other famed astronomers of the [[medieval]] [[Islam#Historical_Background|Islamic world]] such as '''Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī''', '''Ibn Bajjah''', and '''Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya''' came to the conclusion that the Milky Way was made up of many distant stars that were situated very close together.

Observational evidence for the Milky Way being made up of distant stars first came when [[Galileo Galilei]] pointed his [[telescope]] towards the Milky Way, observing a large amount of faint stars.<ref>http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Galileo.html</ref> [[William Herschel]] in 1785 was the first to attempt to map out the shape of the Milky Way. He created a diagram based on counting the stars in the different regions of the sky, giving a rough shape of the galaxy with the Solar System near the center. It wasn't until [[Harlow Shapley]] in the end of the 19th century was the Milky Way was discovered to be a flat disk with the Solar System far from the center.<ref>http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-did-scientists-determ</ref>

Although the [[Andromeda galaxy]] was recorded as long ago as the 10th century, and both it and the [[Magellanic Clouds]] were known perhaps since ancient times, historically they were not seen as other galaxies, but as nebulae. In 1917, Heber Curtis observed a [[nova]] in what was then called the "''Great Andromeda Nebula''", that along with previous novae found based on subsequent photographic evidence, discovered they were ten magnitudes fainter then novae events in our own galaxy. based on this new evidence, he became a proponent of the "'''island universe hypothesis'''" first proposed by [[Immanuel Kant]] in 1755, that the spiral nebulae were actually other galaxies.<ref>http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988PASP..100....6C</ref> This was later proven by [[Edward Hubble]] in the 1920's, when he was able to determine the distance to the other galaxies though using [[Cepheid variables]] located within them as standard candles to determine their distance, showing the "nebulae" were too distant to be part of the Milky Way and hence other galaxies.<ref>http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?1929ApJ....69..103H</ref>

==Environment of the Milky Way==

The Milky Way is part of a group of tightly bound galaxies called the [[Local Group]], a small cluster of galaxies made up of three large and over 30 dwarf galaxies, itself part of the [[Virgo Supercluster]]. It is the second largest galaxy in this cluster after Andromeda, but may be the largest in terms of mass. The Milky way itself is orbited by several dwarf galaxies. The two most famous of these are the [[Magellanic Clouds|Large and Small Magellanic Clouds]], which are 179,000 and 210,000 light years distant, respectively. The closest satellite galaxy is actually '''Canis Major Dwarf''', which is only 45,000 light years from the Galactic Center (and 25,000 light years from Earth). There may be even more undiscovered dwarf galaxies orbiting ours, obscured from our own point of view, by our own galaxy.

The Milky Way, as part of the Local Cluster and Virgo Supercluster is moving towards the [[Great Attractor]]. The velocity of the Milky Way as it travels is around 552 km/s in respect to the photons of the cosmic microwave background.<ref>http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1993ApJ...419....1K</ref> Within the Local Cluster, the Andromeda galaxy itself is approaching us at 100 to 140 kilometers per second. The two galaxies will collide in some 3 to 4 billion years in the future, eventually forming a single, large [[elliptical galaxy]] over the course of a billion years.<ref>http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bin/000414b.asp</ref>

==Age of the Milky Way==

With the use of space-based observations of the [[microwave background radiation]], atheistic scientists estimate that the first stars were formed some 200 million years after the [[Big Bang]], and that the Milky Way were among one of the first galaxies in the early universe with an estimated age of 13.6 billion ±800 million years. This estimate was calculated by measuring the amount of [[beryllium]] in two stars within the cluster NGC 6397.<ref>http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0411699</ref> The two stars were found to be 13.4 billion years old. Using the estimated time it took for earlier stars to form and exploded, adding Beryllium to the interstellar medium, allowing for the type of stars found in NGC 6397 to form, approximately some 200 million years, they calculated the 13.6 billion year age for the galaxy.<ref>http://www.universetoday.com/2004/08/22/estimating-the-age-of-the-milky-way/</ref>. Although [[Creation science|creationary scientists]] disagree and highlight the many problems with this model<ref>http://www.pathlights.com/ce_encyclopedia/Encyclopedia/03-ss5.htm</ref>, these assumed figures are accepted by the scientific community.

==Structure of the Milky Way==

The Milky Way galaxy is roughly divided into three sections: The '''galaxy core''' or bulge containing the Galactic Center, the '''disk''', which contains the majority of stars and material of the galaxy and is further divided into spiral arms, and the '''halo''', a diffuse, roughly spherical region of stars around the rest of the galaxy, consisting of mainly old stars.

===Galaxy Core===

The '''Galaxy Core''', also called the '''Galactic Center''' or '''Galactic Bulge''', is the rotational center of the Milky Way. It is some 25,000 light years away from our solar system and is the densest and most compact part of our galaxy, mostly consisting of older [[Metallicity|Population II stars]]. From the vantage point on Earth, it appears as the brightest part of the Milky Way. Much of our knowledge of this region of our galaxy is from observations through [[gamma ray]], [[X-ray]], [[radio waves|radio]], and [[infrared]] satellites. This is because much of the Galactic Center is visibly blocked from our vantage point by intervening interstellar dust.

In the center of the core of the galaxy is a large, complex radio source known as '''Sagittarius A''' that is invisible in normal light due to interstellar dust. Here a [[supernova]] remnant exists along with a region of ionized [[hydrogen]]. Towards the center of this complex is '''Sagittarius A*''', the source of the radio waves and is the location of a supermassive black hole.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7774287.stm</ref> <ref>http://cass.ucsd.edu/public/tutorial/MW.html</ref> The black hole itself isn't the source of the radio waves, but the large accretion disk around it.

There appears to be no star formation currently in the core of the galaxy, which consists of mostly older, red stars and [[globular cluster|globular clusters]]. However, there is a cluster of 100-200 very young stars. It is possible they are from a star cluster outside the galactic core and migrated inward over time and now orbit near Sagittarius A*.<ref>http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~ghezgroup/gc/publications/yso.shtml</ref> They are sometimes collectively referred to as the '''paradox of youth''' as the presence of the supermassive black hole is thought to normally disrupt any star formation. The area immediately surrounding the core of the galaxy though, known as the "'''5-kpc ring'''", holds a large percentage of both the galaxy's molecular hydrogen and current star formation.<ref>http://www.bu.edu/galacticring/new_introduction.htm</ref>

===Disk===

The disk of the galaxy is the location of the spiral arms and holds various [[metallicity|Population I stars]], including our own sun, ranging from intermediate age stars to very young, hot stars, as well as open clusters, diffuse nebulae, and the interstellar dust and gas responsible for future star formation. Virtually all of the largest and brightest stars (class B and O stars) are found here.

The discovery and mapping of the spiral arms began in the 1950's using radio based observations of the abundant hydrogen gas in the galaxy. This lead to the theory that there are four distinct spiral arms known as '''Norma''', '''Scutum-Centaurus''', '''Sagittarius''', and '''Perseus'''. Our own solar system located in a partial arm known as the '''Orion Spur''' (sometimes called the Orion Arm) between the arms of Sagittarius, and Perseus.<ref>http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/080603-aas-spiral-arms.html</ref>

However starting the 1990s when it was discovered using infrared observations that the Milky Way was a '''barred spiral''', the original four armed design was challenged. Later in 2005, the bar in the center of the galaxy was found to extend farther out then previously believed, further bringing into question the prevailing four spiral arm theory. In 2008, new infrared imagery from the [[Spitzer Space Telescope]] made the case that the Milky Way has just two major spiral arms, which is known to be common for barred spiral galaxies.<ref>http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ASPC..387..375B</ref> These two arms are the '''Scutum-Centaurus''', and '''Perseus''' arms, which hold the greatest density of stars and join up with the ends of the central bar of the galaxy. The Sagittarius and Norma arms are now seen as minor arms of the galaxy, filled with gas and groups of young stars.<ref name="david">http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/G/Galaxy.html</ref>

Our own Solar System travels around the galaxy in an orbit of the center every 225-250 million years (called a ''galactic year'') at around 220 km/s. As the Sun orbits, it oscillates up and down relative to the plane of the galaxy approximately 2.7 times per orbit.

===Halo===

The '''halo''' is a the region that surrounds the galactic disk and holds old Population II stars and globular clusters, of which 158 have been discovered so far<ref>http://www.seds.org/~spider/spider/MWGC/mwgc.html</ref>. The Galactic Halo itself has a diameter of at least 200,000 light years based on the locations of the globular clusters, although it may extend much further.

The stars that inhabit this sparsely populated portion of the galaxy tend to have retrograde or highly inclined orbits. Many of these stars may have been acquired from smaller galaxies that have pulled into and since merged with the Milky Way. There is no star formation out in the halo and the region appears to be free of interstellar dust.

In addition to the inner, visible portion of the halo, there is the much larger region known as the '''dark halo''' or '''extended halo'''. This region is believed to hold a large amount of [[dark matter]], the presence of which can only be inferred through its gravitational influence in the rotation of the galaxy.<ref>http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/G/galhalo.html</ref>

[[Category:Astronomy]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Milky Way Galaxy

2009-11-25T23:28:32Z

TrondE: /* Age of the Milky Way */ Added info and refernece to alternative views

'''The Milky Way''' is a [[galaxy]] of type SB (barred spiral galaxy) containing between 200 billion to 400 billion [[star|stars]], thousands of [[nebula|nebulae]] and clusters, and an innumerable amount of [[gas]] and [[dust]], that is the home of our [[Solar System]]. The Milky Way itself is some 100,000 light years in diameter, and some 250-300 thousand light years in circumference<ref>http://www.space.com/milkyway/</ref>. It is estimated that the [[mass]] of the Milky Way is around 1–2 × 1012 solar masses, some 5 to 10 percent of which is interstellar dust and gases.<ref name="david">http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/G/Galaxy.html</ref>

The [[English]] term for Milky Way (and Galaxy in general) has its origin in the [[Greek]] Γαλαξίας, or ''Galaxias'', which is from the word for milk, γάλα or ''gala''. According to [[Greek mythology]], the Milky Way is milk that was spilled when [[Hera]] was suckling [[Heracles]].

==History of Observation==

The first person to contend that the Milky Way, as seen in the night sky on [[Earth]], may consist of stars was the Greek philosopher, '''Democritius''' (450-370 B.C.).<ref>http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/now/stories/2007/07/stars.html</ref> However [[Aristotle]] believed the Milky Way was caused by "''the ignition of the fiery exhalation of some stars which were large, numerous and close together''", that occurred in the upper [[atmosphere]].<ref>http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-bajja/</ref> Aristotle's ideas about the Milky Way were disproved when the [[Arabia|Arabian]] [[astronomer]], [[Alhazen]] (965-1037 A.D.) made the first attempt to measure the Milky Way's [[parallax]], determining it to be so remote from the Earth due to having negligible parallax, it was established as ''celestial'' in nature and not part of the atmosphere. Many of the other famed astronomers of the [[medieval]] [[Islam#Historical_Background|Islamic world]] such as '''Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī''', '''Ibn Bajjah''', and '''Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya''' came to the conclusion that the Milky Way was made up of many distant stars that were situated very close together.

Observational evidence for the Milky Way being made up of distant stars first came when [[Galileo Galilei]] pointed his [[telescope]] towards the Milky Way, observing a large amount of faint stars.<ref>http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Galileo.html</ref> [[William Herschel]] in 1785 was the first to attempt to map out the shape of the Milky Way. He created a diagram based on counting the stars in the different regions of the sky, giving a rough shape of the galaxy with the Solar System near the center. It wasn't until [[Harlow Shapley]] in the end of the 19th century was the Milky Way was discovered to be a flat disk with the Solar System far from the center.<ref>http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-did-scientists-determ</ref>

Although the [[Andromeda galaxy]] was recorded as long ago as the 10th century, and both it and the [[Magellanic Clouds]] were known perhaps since ancient times, historically they were not seen as other galaxies, but as nebulae. In 1917, Heber Curtis observed a [[nova]] in what was then called the "''Great Andromeda Nebula''", that along with previous novae found based on subsequent photographic evidence, discovered they were ten magnitudes fainter then novae events in our own galaxy. based on this new evidence, he became a proponent of the "'''island universe hypothesis'''" first proposed by [[Immanuel Kant]] in 1755, that the spiral nebulae were actually other galaxies.<ref>http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988PASP..100....6C</ref> This was later proven by [[Edward Hubble]] in the 1920's, when he was able to determine the distance to the other galaxies though using [[Cepheid variables]] located within them as standard candles to determine their distance, showing the "nebulae" were too distant to be part of the Milky Way and hence other galaxies.<ref>http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?1929ApJ....69..103H</ref>

==Environment of the Milky Way==

The Milky Way is part of a group of tightly bound galaxies called the [[Local Group]], a small cluster of galaxies made up of three large and over 30 dwarf galaxies, itself part of the [[Virgo Supercluster]]. It is the second largest galaxy in this cluster after Andromeda, but may be the largest in terms of mass. The Milky way itself is orbited by several dwarf galaxies. The two most famous of these are the [[Magellanic Clouds|Large and Small Magellanic Clouds]], which are 179,000 and 210,000 light years distant, respectively. The closest satellite galaxy is actually '''Canis Major Dwarf''', which is only 45,000 light years from the Galactic Center (and 25,000 light years from Earth). There may be even more undiscovered dwarf galaxies orbiting ours, obscured from our own point of view, by our own galaxy.

The Milky Way, as part of the Local Cluster and Virgo Supercluster is moving towards the [[Great Attractor]]. The velocity of the Milky Way as it travels is around 552 km/s in respect to the photons of the cosmic microwave background.<ref>http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1993ApJ...419....1K</ref> Within the Local Cluster, the Andromeda galaxy itself is approaching us at 100 to 140 kilometers per second. The two galaxies will collide in some 3 to 4 billion years in the future, eventually forming a single, large [[elliptical galaxy]] over the course of a billion years.<ref>http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bin/000414b.asp</ref>

==Age of the Milky Way==

With the use of space-based observations of the [[microwave background radiation]], atheistic scientists estimate that the first stars were formed some 200 million years after the [[Big Bang]], and that the Milky Way were among one of the first galaxies in the early universe with an estimated age of 13.6 billion ±800 million years. This estimate was calculated by measuring the amount of [[beryllium]] in two stars within the cluster NGC 6397.<ref>http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0411699</ref> The two stars were found to be 13.4 billion years old. Using the estimated time it took for earlier stars to form and exploded, adding Beryllium to the interstellar medium, allowing for the type of stars found in NGC 6397 to form, approximately some 200 million years, they calculated the 13.6 billion year age for the galaxy.<ref>http://www.universetoday.com/2004/08/22/estimating-the-age-of-the-milky-way/</ref>. Although [Creation science|creationary scientists] disagree and highlight the many problems with this model<ref>http://www.pathlights.com/ce_encyclopedia/Encyclopedia/03-ss5.htm</ref>, these assumed figures are accepted by the scientific community.

==Structure of the Milky Way==

The Milky Way galaxy is roughly divided into three sections: The '''galaxy core''' or bulge containing the Galactic Center, the '''disk''', which contains the majority of stars and material of the galaxy and is further divided into spiral arms, and the '''halo''', a diffuse, roughly spherical region of stars around the rest of the galaxy, consisting of mainly old stars.

===Galaxy Core===

The '''Galaxy Core''', also called the '''Galactic Center''' or '''Galactic Bulge''', is the rotational center of the Milky Way. It is some 25,000 light years away from our solar system and is the densest and most compact part of our galaxy, mostly consisting of older [[Metallicity|Population II stars]]. From the vantage point on Earth, it appears as the brightest part of the Milky Way. Much of our knowledge of this region of our galaxy is from observations through [[gamma ray]], [[X-ray]], [[radio waves|radio]], and [[infrared]] satellites. This is because much of the Galactic Center is visibly blocked from our vantage point by intervening interstellar dust.

In the center of the core of the galaxy is a large, complex radio source known as '''Sagittarius A''' that is invisible in normal light due to interstellar dust. Here a [[supernova]] remnant exists along with a region of ionized [[hydrogen]]. Towards the center of this complex is '''Sagittarius A*''', the source of the radio waves and is the location of a supermassive black hole.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7774287.stm</ref> <ref>http://cass.ucsd.edu/public/tutorial/MW.html</ref> The black hole itself isn't the source of the radio waves, but the large accretion disk around it.

There appears to be no star formation currently in the core of the galaxy, which consists of mostly older, red stars and [[globular cluster|globular clusters]]. However, there is a cluster of 100-200 very young stars. It is possible they are from a star cluster outside the galactic core and migrated inward over time and now orbit near Sagittarius A*.<ref>http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~ghezgroup/gc/publications/yso.shtml</ref> They are sometimes collectively referred to as the '''paradox of youth''' as the presence of the supermassive black hole is thought to normally disrupt any star formation. The area immediately surrounding the core of the galaxy though, known as the "'''5-kpc ring'''", holds a large percentage of both the galaxy's molecular hydrogen and current star formation.<ref>http://www.bu.edu/galacticring/new_introduction.htm</ref>

===Disk===

The disk of the galaxy is the location of the spiral arms and holds various [[metallicity|Population I stars]], including our own sun, ranging from intermediate age stars to very young, hot stars, as well as open clusters, diffuse nebulae, and the interstellar dust and gas responsible for future star formation. Virtually all of the largest and brightest stars (class B and O stars) are found here.

The discovery and mapping of the spiral arms began in the 1950's using radio based observations of the abundant hydrogen gas in the galaxy. This lead to the theory that there are four distinct spiral arms known as '''Norma''', '''Scutum-Centaurus''', '''Sagittarius''', and '''Perseus'''. Our own solar system located in a partial arm known as the '''Orion Spur''' (sometimes called the Orion Arm) between the arms of Sagittarius, and Perseus.<ref>http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/080603-aas-spiral-arms.html</ref>

However starting the 1990s when it was discovered using infrared observations that the Milky Way was a '''barred spiral''', the original four armed design was challenged. Later in 2005, the bar in the center of the galaxy was found to extend farther out then previously believed, further bringing into question the prevailing four spiral arm theory. In 2008, new infrared imagery from the [[Spitzer Space Telescope]] made the case that the Milky Way has just two major spiral arms, which is known to be common for barred spiral galaxies.<ref>http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ASPC..387..375B</ref> These two arms are the '''Scutum-Centaurus''', and '''Perseus''' arms, which hold the greatest density of stars and join up with the ends of the central bar of the galaxy. The Sagittarius and Norma arms are now seen as minor arms of the galaxy, filled with gas and groups of young stars.<ref name="david">http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/G/Galaxy.html</ref>

Our own Solar System travels around the galaxy in an orbit of the center every 225-250 million years (called a ''galactic year'') at around 220 km/s. As the Sun orbits, it oscillates up and down relative to the plane of the galaxy approximately 2.7 times per orbit.

===Halo===

The '''halo''' is a the region that surrounds the galactic disk and holds old Population II stars and globular clusters, of which 158 have been discovered so far<ref>http://www.seds.org/~spider/spider/MWGC/mwgc.html</ref>. The Galactic Halo itself has a diameter of at least 200,000 light years based on the locations of the globular clusters, although it may extend much further.

The stars that inhabit this sparsely populated portion of the galaxy tend to have retrograde or highly inclined orbits. Many of these stars may have been acquired from smaller galaxies that have pulled into and since merged with the Milky Way. There is no star formation out in the halo and the region appears to be free of interstellar dust.

In addition to the inner, visible portion of the halo, there is the much larger region known as the '''dark halo''' or '''extended halo'''. This region is believed to hold a large amount of [[dark matter]], the presence of which can only be inferred through its gravitational influence in the rotation of the galaxy.<ref>http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/G/galhalo.html</ref>

[[Category:Astronomy]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Talk:Milky Way Galaxy

2009-11-25T23:16:12Z

TrondE: Reply to BMcP

Talk:Milky Way Galaxy

2009-11-25T00:34:51Z

TrondE: Bias

Talk:Vaccine

2009-11-22T18:39:34Z

TrondE: /* Vaccines and sexually transmitted disease */

I'm surprised. This is an acceptable article. [[User:Linus M.|Liπus the Turbogeek]]([[User talk:Linus M.|contact me]]) 13:37, 27 March 2007 (EDT)
:Yes. it is. It actually tells me something.--[[User:British_cons|British_cons]] [[User_talk:British_cons|(talk)]] 13:49, 5 April 2007 (EDT)

== Blaylock Wellness Report ==

Parts of the paragraph that used the Blaylock Wellness Report as a source is very questionable. The website itself is a promotion for subscribing to a paid newsletter; it has "points" that says why vaccine is bad - but no logical evidence to back it up. Discover "the truth behind Gulf War Syndrome"? A website like that shouldn't be trusted, let alone used as a source. [[User:ATang|ATang]] 15:12, 26 July 2007 (EDT)

== Gardasil ==
The source cited for the connection between Gardisil and deaths explicitly states that no connection has been proven. I'm going to remove this bullet. -- [[User:Aaronp|Aaronp]]

:The bullet has been restored. If you had read the article further down, you would have seen that the article writer was improperly accepting as two-plus-two-equals-four-level fact the boilerplate from the manufacturer and from the health authority, each of whom has an ax to grind. And you would have seen dissenting opinions, from a patient advocacy group and from a general practitioner who expressed grave doubts about the applicability to adolescent girls of a safety study conducted on adult women.

:The over-reliance on vaccination for the avoidance of diseases best avoided by other means will probably be the subject of an Essay someday. For now, the bullet stands, following a proper critical reading of the source.--[[User:TerryH|TerryH]][[User talk:TerryH|Talk]] 22:14, 22 May 2008 (EDT)

::Fletcher and Oakley - from the patient advocacy group, and a GP, respectively - simply stated that the effects of the vaccine on adolescents are '''unknown''' - meaning they themselves haven't established the link purported in this article. I'd like to see the actual report from Judicial Watch that the news article was referring to though; since the news article itself did not cite it, I find the entire Telegraph article suspect. [[User:ATang|ATang]] 12:36, 23 May 2008 (EDT)

:::Sorry, but you miss a vital element in the [[Hippocratic Oath]]: ''Never bring harm upon anyone.'' In latin, ''primum non nocere''. First of all, do no harm. By that standard, a physician who does ''anything'' to a patient without first verifying that that thing is safe is behaving in an irresponsible manner. But modern [[medicine]] has forgotten that lesson and in that manner has gone completely off the rails. And Gardasil is a prime example.--[[User:TerryH|TerryH]][[User talk:TerryH|Talk]] 14:00, 23 May 2008 (EDT)

::::This detracts from the point that I haven't seen what the "link" is - i.e. the cited article is a secondary source and therefore not strong enough to justify the statement in this article regarding vaccines.
::::The Oath also mentions not cutting out stones as well.
::::In all seriousness, it is simply impossible to verify the safety of any drugs completely before phase IV clinical trials - meaning after the drugs has been marketed. Unless you test the drug on every single person on earth and obtain a reading on it, no drug is "safe". Patient care is always riddled with uncertainty - and if physicians waits until he's 100% all the time, they'd actually do more harm to patients by their inaction. That's when professional judgment and experience comes in.
::::And to bring this back to our original discussion about _this_ article - all drugs have adverse reactions. Stating that Gardasil "has now been linked to a number of sudden deaths reported within days of its administration" from a news article (as opposed to a medical journal) is just a cheap, baseless way of attacking vaccines. [[User:ATang|ATang]] 15:08, 23 May 2008 (EDT)

:::::Would you give that drug to ''your'' daughter?

:::::I've read medical journals. They are not the platinum standard of scientific inquiry that you believe them to be. I have personally seen ''The New England Journal of Medicine'' duped big-time by someone—at [[Duke University]], no less—pulling a total dry-lab job. Imagine the mortification of the senior professor who signed off on that person's papers, and even put his name on them, when he found out ''years later'' what a puerile fraud his student had been, and had to issue retractions.

:::::And I have seen other things get into ''The New England Journal of Medicine'' from "investigators" who were all on drug-company payrolls. I cite [[RU-486]] as a prime example.

:::::And that's just one journal, a journal that I might add already had developed an unsavory reputation among teaching-hospital staffers, from the chairman level through the attending level and on down to the residents, for scholarship that was less than sterling. I cannot even repeat their toilet-humor pun on the journal's name—at least, not here I can't.

:::::Those who comment on, and especially those who make, public policy would be a lot more effective if they would just do a little bit of critical reading every now and then.--[[User:TerryH|TerryH]][[User talk:TerryH|Talk]] 15:19, 23 May 2008 (EDT)

::::::Again, I'm trying to improve the validity of this article by analyzing the references, not arguing for or against the efficacy or hazards of the vaccine. Why do you ask me whether I'd give the vaccine to my daughter? Unless my answer is going to be part of this article, it is absolutely irrelevant. (For your information, I do not have any children, and if I had a daughter I will not give her the shot before the age of 16. When she's reached that age she'll make her own decision regarding the shot.)
::::::If you cite a primary source, it'd remove any potential bias that inherently exists in secondary sources. All I've been trying to say is that you should read that news article with the same attitude as you should with medical journals - with a grain of salt. Especially given the gravity of the statement - that the deaths has been linked to the vaccine - I believe we need something a little more than a news article. [[User:ATang|ATang]] 22:29, 24 May 2008 (EDT)

:::::::The article gives some damaging evidence of a correlation. And while correlation does not equal causation, those quoted as denying the causal link would be motivated frankly to lie about the causal link. They include the manufacturer and a health-authority bureaucrat who wants to protect the justification of his mandate and budget.

:::::::I asked you whether you'd give your daughter the shot, if you had one, because I wanted to put the matter into a perspective that, all too often, public policymakers ignore. I appreciate your stepping up to the plate—though if you want the advice of one who once associated with the white smocks on a regular basis, I'd say that the time to safeguard any young woman from the hazards either of the shot or the thing that the shot is supposed (har-de-har-har) to protect against is about ten years ''earlier'' than any age of hypothetical "emancipation." This after-the-fact pilltaking and muscle-jabbing and mainlining that doctors recommend these days is doing nothing to treat the underlying causes of sickness and, in my opinion as an "expert emeritus," is making our society even sicker.--[[User:TerryH|TerryH]][[User talk:TerryH|Talk]] 23:00, 24 May 2008 (EDT)

== MMR ==

DouglasA. I am not 'pushing a socialist agenda' I am pointing out the facts. If THIS contradicts YOUR agenda then it is not my problem. The article originally cited makes no mention whatsoever of MMR which is exactly the topic under discussion in that section. That article may have in the NHS page but not here. To try and extend the point being made by the referenced article to MMR is purely speculation on your part and has no logical basis. However, it has been documented countless times that the decrease in MMR uptake is due to parents having opted out given the debunked claims over its links with autism. The reference I provided DOES actually mention MMR unlike the original. And as someone living in the UK I can tell you that there is no end of attempts by hte NHS to increase MMR uptake. You obviously don't approve of a socialized healthcare system, but to extend this to making purely speculative criticisms and claiming them as fact is uncalled for. There are valid criticisms of the NHS to be made, but this is not one of them. Is it so difficult to accept that even a system you so fundamentally disagree with has its advantages and is actually working to benefit people in this case? [[User:DWiggins|DWiggins]] 12:30, 5 November 2009 (EST)
:DWiggins, if you please, can you find other sources that bolster your claim about no autism/vaccination link, such as papers from the scientific community? They would be better references than a single newspaper report. [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 12:39, 5 November 2009 (EST)
::The link was long ago debunked as it says even on this very article! My point is not a question of whether the link is real, but that the supposed link is the reason why there has been a decrease in MMR uptake. [[User:DWiggins|DWiggins]] 12:41, 5 November 2009 (EST)
:::I think you better read this article [http://www.naturalnews.com/011764_mercury_thimerosal_vaccines.html], because there may not be an autism link within the vaccination's actual medical content, but there is a definate link between autism and [[thimerosal]], which contains 49% mercury. Remember the "Mad Hatter" from ''Alice in Wonderland''? Based on fact. [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 12:47, 5 November 2009 (EST)
::::I took out the "now debunked" line. I think that it reads to nearly everyone's satisfaction now. Does the MMR vaccine contain thimerosal? --[[User:JLauttamus|Jeffrey W. Lauttamus]][[User_talk:JLauttamus|Discussion]] 12:51, 5 November 2009 (EST)
::::According to this, it doesn't. [http://www.nfid.org/pdf/factsheets/thimerosal.pdf] --12:51, 5 November 2009 (EST)
:::::Well i'm afraid Karajou that the article you provided is by no means whatsoever an authoritative source. There is consensus in the scientific community that there is no link between thimerosal and autism. To quote but another news article is simply missing the point. In large part it was the media that was to blame in stirring up this nonsense, whereas the science gave them no reason to. Take for example these two (of countless) examples which give a pretty thorough overview of the science behind the issue:

http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=10997

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17168158

Both dismiss a casual link between the chemical and autism, and show that there is no evidence in the scientific literature to support such a link. [[User:DWiggins|DWiggins]] 12:56, 5 November 2009 (EST)

DWiggins, the source I provided quotes from the pages of peer-reviewed papers from medical doctors, which means there is no consensus, as you claimed. Since you missed reading them, I have posted them here:

The experts speak on mercury, vaccines and thimerosal
Now all childhood vaccines have at least one mercury-free version, and I urge parents to ask for those versions if they choose to vaccinate their children. Injecting mercury into children, especially infants whose immune systems are still underdeveloped (hepatitis B shots are typically given at birth, before the immune system has developed), can be an assault to the immune system.
'''What Your Doctor May Not Tell You About Autoimmune Disorders by Stephen B Edelson MD, page 65'''

In 1999 studies began to surface showing that multi-dose vial vaccines, such as the MMR and hepatitis B vaccines, contained enough thimerosal to expose vaccinated children to 62.5 ug of mercury per visit to the pediatrician. This is one hundred times the dose considered safe by the Federal Environmental Protection Guidelines for infants! Worse yet, some infants will receive doses even higher; because thimerosal tends to settle in the vial. If it is not shaken up before being drawn, the first dose will contain low concentrations of mercury and the last dose will contain enormously high concentrations. If your baby is the unlucky one that gets the last dose, serious brain injury can result…
'''Health And Nutrition Secrets by Russell L Blaylock MD, page 166'''

Thousands of families say they can demonstrate with videotapes and photos that their children were normal prior to being vaccinated, reacted badly to the vaccines, and became autistic shortly thereafter. The number of vaccines given before age two has risen from 3 in 1940, when autism occurred in perhaps one case per 10,000 births, to 22 different vaccines given before the age of two in the year 2000.
'''Building Wellness with DMG by Roger V Kendall PhD, page 104'''

We know that certain forms of mercury, such as methylmercury and phenylmercury, are highly lipid soluble, which makes the brain especially susceptible to mercury accumulation. These forms of mercury are found in vaccines as the preservative thimerosal. Once in the brain, it tends to attach itself to protein structures, especially to the cell membrane, where it can disrupt membrane functions.23 By binding to the cell membrane, mercury changes the membrane's fluid-like quality, making it stiffer and causing the cell to age faster.24 The brain is unique in that neurons depend on special microscopic tube-like structures within the cell, appropriately called neurotubules, for their function. These neurotubules are manufactured by the cell from a substance called tubulin. We know that mercury interacts with tubulin causing it to unravel. Studies in rats have shown that doses of mercury corresponding to those seen in humans can cause a 75 percent increase in tubulin inhibition.
'''Health And Nutrition Secrets by Russell L Blaylock MD, page 53'''

In the case of the susceptible newborn infant and toddler, multiple exposures to mercury-containing and multiple antigen vaccines are highly suspect in the causation of multiple organ injury (Bernard et al. 2000). The GI tract, the liver, the pancreas, the kidneys, the immune system, and the brain are major sites of mercury absorption. Researchers have clearly shown a chronic inflammatory bowel disease due to vaccine strain measles in a subset of children with autism (Thompson et al. 1995; Wakefield et al. 1995, 1999, 2000a,b; Kawashima et al. 2000; Pardi et al. 2000; Uhlmann et al. 2002).
'''Disease Prevention And Treatment by Life Extension Foundation, page 153'''

Studies of autistic children have frequently shown very high levels of mercury, with no other source but vaccines found for the exposure. These levels are equal to those seen in adults during toxic industrial exposures. Several autism clinics have found dramatic improvements in the behavior and social interactions in children from whom the mercury was chelated. Results depended on how soon the mercury was removed following exposure, but permanent damage can be caused if the metal is not chelated soon enough. Still, even in cases of severe damage, because of the infant brain's tremendous reparative ability, improvements are possible. The problem of autism involves numerous body systems including the gastrointestinal, immune and nervous systems; as a result we see numerous infections and magnified effects of malnutrition. Intrepid workers in the shadows, that is outside the medial establishment, have worked many miracles with these children using a multidisciplinary scientific approach completely ignored by the orthodoxy. Some children have even experienced a return to complete physiological normalcy.
'''Health And Nutrition Secrets by Russell L Blaylock MD, page 166'''

Mercury and autism mercury toxicity is a suspected cause of a steep rise—a tenfold increase between 1984 and 1994—in diagnosed cases of autism in children around the world, according to some scientists. Specifically, the culprit is thimerosal, a mercury-based compound used as a preservative in vaccines commonly administered to babies and infants. thimerosal-free vaccines are available. If you have a child who will be receiving vaccinations, ask for and make sure thimerosal-free vaccines are used. Kelp, with its essential minerals (especially calcium and magnesium), helps remove unwanted metal deposits.
'''Prescription For Dietary Wellness by Phyllis A Balch, page 198'''

The pertussis vaccine (DPT) may cause 45,000 cases of autism per year in America, affecting 15 cases out of 10,000 vaccinations; also caused by the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR) that causes mental impairment, gastrointestinal damage, and increased mortality in 6-12 months from impaired immunity; 9 out of 10 cases were not breast-fed; eating dairy products caused parasites in the autistic (take Vermex; contact Dr. Nelson in Mexico for control of parasites in children with autism). There are now over 500,000 victims of autism residing in the United States, in 1994. The pertussis vaccination is not used in Sweden, which has virtually 0 cases of autism, as does Holland. This mental illness afflicts environmentally and socially non-reactive persons, ofwithdrawn personality; with inability to speak, violenttantrums, insomnia, actions such as bolting across aroad with no regard for the dire consequences. May be caused infant antibiotic use in ear infections with subsequent yeast overgrowth, by cumulative genetic Brain damage, Vitamin deficiencies, or milk and additives allergies. Immune disorders in autism include white blood cellneutrophil Myeloperoxidase enzyme deficiency for insufficient hypochlorite ions to kill yeast - genetic type from Chromosome 17 mutation or biotinidase deficiency, or acquired type from lead poisoning, Folic acid or B-l 2 deficiency, infection or leukemias…
'''Anti-Aging Manual by Joseph B Marion, page 450'''

Multiple vaccinations, especially in newborns, are another major source of childhood mercury exposure because of the mercury-containing thimerosal preservative. Over twenty-two vaccinations are now recommended for children before the age of two!
'''Health And Nutrition Secrets by Russell L Blaylock MD, page 64'''

In addition, there is some anecdotal evidence that autism may be tied to diet. One theory is that, in very rare cases, a child's immune system could be weakened by the measles-mumps-rubella vaccination (MMR), which is usually administered before a child turns 2. As a result of this weakening, the theory goes, the child's digestive system is unable to break down certain food proteins, leading to abnormal brain development. Proponents of this theory believe that putting the child on a diet that eliminates certain foods, such as wheat and dairy products, could in certain cases reverse the course of the disease. This theory remains speculative, however, and research needs to be done to determine its validity. In fact, a 2001 report issued by an Institute of Medicine committee examining studies about the health effects of the MMR vaccine in young children suggests that there is no proven link between the vaccine and autism. The committee recommends that there be no change in immunization practices that require children to be immunized during early childhood.
'''The Immune Advantage by Ellen Mazo and Keith Berndtson MD, page 292'''

Rather than calling for an all-out immediate ban on thimerosal-containing vaccines, they suggested that parents continue to have their children vaccinated with mercury-contaminated vaccines until new stocks of uncontaminated vaccine could be made available. Here are two doctors' unions that had to be beat over the head with an overwhelming amount of data that mercury-contaminated vaccines were harming children far worse than the actual diseases against which the vaccine was intended to protect them, only to have them suggest that parents continue to harm their children just to satisfy their vaccination obsession. Are you surprised to discover that recent investigations have found that several doctor-members of vaccine boards were either receiving grants from vaccine manufacturers or held stock in the companies? They were willing to sacrifice the health of millions of children just to fill their pockets with cash. These people should be looking through bars, not serving on boards.
'''Health And Nutrition Secrets by Russell L Blaylock MD, page 167'''

Vaccines may afflict 45,000 cases of autism per year in America, which afflicts 15 victims in every 10.000 births: there are now 5 00,000 of these victims in the U.S. In Sweden not using the pertussis vaccine, there is virtually no autism (and likewise in Holland).
'''Anti-Aging Manual by Joseph B Marion, page 600'''

Many symptoms of autism are similar to those of mercury poisoning. Immune dysfunction, visual disturbances, and motor dysfunction are seen in both. Treating autistic children for removal of mercury and other heavy metals has shown significant improvement in their autistic symptoms. Most autistic individuals have poor liver detoxification, low antioxidant levels, and low levels of glutathione. Vaccines are effective, but the production and use of vaccines should proceed more cautiously. Currently manufactured vaccines still contain harmful substances like mercury. The link between vaccines and autism is far stronger than the medical community is willing to admit, and more research in this area should be an urgent priority.
'''Building Wellness with DMG by Roger V Kendall PhD, page 105'''

Studies indicate that autism may be the result of adverse reactions to childhood vaccinations. Dr. Alan Cohen, an environmental physician from Connecticut, notes that high levels of autism and attention deficit disorder (ADD) did not occur until the mandatory use of childhood vaccinations, and suggests that there may be a connection between certain vaccines and the onset of these conditions.
'''Complete Encyclopedia Of Natural Healing by Gary Null PhD, page 46'''

Almost from the inception of vaccination programs, manufacturers added a mercury preservative called thimerosal to vaccines. The practice continued until recently, and was stopped only because of the outcry from thousands of concerned parents and numerous experts in the field. The American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Academy of Family Practice did not warn parents or pediatricians that the mercury was dangerous until they were forced to. That mercury was toxic to cells had been known for over sixty years, but manufacturers apparently were more worried about lawsuits…
'''Health And Nutrition Secrets by Russell L Blaylock MD, page 165'''

In fact, a 2001 report issued by an Institute of Medicine committee examining studies about the health effects of the MMR vaccine in young children suggests that there is no proven link between the vaccine and autism. The committee recommends that there be no change in immunization practices that require children to be immunized during early childhood. Another disorder affecting the brain, Alzheimer's disease, may also have an immune connection. Alzheimer's is a degenerative disease that slowly attacks nerve cells in the brain. It eventually results in the loss of all memory and mental functioning. Scientists are currently investigating the role that the immune system plays in producing an overabundance of the amino acid glutamate, a powerful nerve-cell killer. Another immune connection that researchers are investigating is the idea that Alzheimer's might be triggered, in part, by a virus.
'''The Immune Advantage by Ellen Mazo and Keith Berndtson MD, page 292'''

In the past 10 years, the number of autistic children has risen between 200 and 500 per cent in every state in the U.S. This sharp increase in autism followed the introduction of MMR vaccine in 1975. Representative Dan Burton's healthy grandson was given injections for 9 diseases in one day. These injections were followed by autism.
'''A Physicians Guide To Natural Health Products That Work By James Howenstine MD, page 267'''

"Probably 20% of American children, one in five, suffers from a "development disability'," according to Harris Coulter, Ph.D., Founder and Director of the Center for Empirical Medicine, in Washington, D.C. "This is a stupefying figure and we have inflicted it on ourselves. 'Development disabilities' are nearly always generated by encephalitis. And the primary cause of encephalitis in the U.S. and other industrialized countries is the childhood vaccination program. To be specific, a large proportion of the millions of U.S. children and adults suffering from autism, seizures, mental retardation, hyperactivity, dyslexia, and other branches of the hydra-headed entity called 'development disabilities' owe their disorders to one of the vaccines against childhood diseases."
'''Alternative Medicine by Burton Goldberg, page 1101'''

Martin noted that the increased incidence of chronic fatigue syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, and other behavior-linked illnesses "may be an inadvertent consequence of stealth virus vaccine contaminants."
'''AIDS And Ebola by Leonard Horowitz, page 493'''

Just for perspective if we go back to 1971 up to 1980, we see that California consistently added 100 to 200 new cases a year; but in the year 2002, California added 3,577 new cases. Since 1980, the documented start of California's autism epidemic, the number of new cases has steadily increased. If we break down those statistics it means that from 1994 to 1995, California only added on average 2 new autistic children a day into its system. In 2001, it was a rate of 8 new autistic children added a day; in 2002, it jumped up to 10 children a day. mercury-containing vaccines are still in use today, including the most recently recommended addition to the childhood immunization schedule, 2 shots of flu vaccine for infants, bringing the total number of vaccines up to 41 in California that a child will receive before the age of two. It will take a few years to start seeing the effect of the phasing out of the mercury-containing preservative thimerosal from childhood vaccines on this autism epidemic. Many symptoms of autism are similar to those of mercury poisoning. Immune dysfunction, visual disturbances, and motor dysfunction are seen in both. Treating autistic children for removal of mercury and other heavy metals has shown significant improvement in their autistic symptoms. Most autistic individuals have poor liver detoxification, low antioxidant levels, and low levels of glutathione.
'''Building Wellness with DMG by Roger V Kendall PhD, page 105'''

Since the 1990s, there has been a tenfold or 1000-percent increase in autism, an increase which has been linked by some researchers to the organic mercury preservative commonly found in baby vaccines. A greatly increased incidence of juvenile diabetes has been correlated to specific vaccination sequences and to the number of vaccines given. In some Australian Aboriginal communities, every second child died shortly after vaccination.
'''The Natural Way to Heal by Walter Last, page 309'''

The best current estimates are that autism occurs in 40 to 67 children per 10,000 live births. This means that the prevalence of autism has increased 1,000 percent in the last decade. According to the latest figures just released in January 2003 by the California Department of Developmental Services, California experienced an astounding 31 percent increase in the number of new children…
'''Building Wellness with DMG by Roger V Kendall PhD, page 104'''

== NHS and vaccination ==

Douglas, the article you cite has nothing to do with vaccination. The increase in measles '''is''' due to to parents opting out of the vaccine, as was shown by DWiggins citation. I'm not here to argue whether the NHS is good or bad, but the article you cite does not support the claim you are making when dealing directly with vaccination. -- [[User:JLauttamus|Jeffrey W. Lauttamus]][[User_talk:JLauttamus|Discussion]] 13:13, 5 November 2009 (EST)
:I didn't make the claim. You may not realize this, but wiki articles are made by many contributors. However, DWiggins' citation shows nothing but throwing blame on a public miseducated by the NHS. [[User:DouglasA|DouglasA]] 13:26, 5 November 2009 (EST)
::I understand how wikis are made. I think I've been here for almost a year and a half, if memory serves. I re-added the first part of DWiggins' edit. I believe this is a compromise that shows why measles are becoming more prominent in Britain, while not patting the NHS on the back. -- [[User:JLauttamus|Jeffrey W. Lauttamus]][[User_talk:JLauttamus|Discussion]] 13:49, 5 November 2009 (EST)
:::DouglasA by rejecting my edit and reinstating the original you were making such a claim. And the miseducation is not caused BY the NHS. The NHS has consistently rejected the claims about a link between autism and MMR. Again, just because you disagree with the concept of the NHS does not mean everything they do is bad wrong. I do not think anyone who knows anything about the NHS could ever argue they have not consistently tried to increase MMR uptake. By all means add that original article about costs and medicines, but you cannot simply link that to this MMR issue when there is nothing in that article to support this leap between two separate issues, and when in fact the evidence contradicts it in the case of MMR. By all means take out the bit about the promotion of the vaccine by the NHS, I put it in to counter the original false claims that the decrease in uptake was entirely the fault of the NHS.

:::In regards to the above section, you seem to misunderstand the meaning of 'consensus'. Consensus is rarely unanimous, especially in fields so large as medicine. Consensus is the vast majority accepting something, and that is the case with the MMR vaccine and the supposed links to autism, which have been thoroughly rejected. Of course there will always be some who disagree, and unfortunately in a few cases, as with Dr. Wakefield, this disagreement is not all that it seems on the surface.

:::Let's be clear about this. All the reviews of the scientific literature come out with the same conclusion. There is NO evidence to support a casual link between either thiomersal and autism, nor the MMR vaccine and autism. May I also request that you do not try and mix two separate issues together. The article cited originally concerning costs and medicine provision is not related to the MMR issue or any vaccine issue. It has no place in ''this'' article, though it may do elsewhere. I think that is the fundamental issue here, the issue of the links with autism is already discussed in the article itself where it is stated that there is no evidence.[[User:DWiggins|DWiggins]] 15:03, 5 November 2009 (EST)

::::DWiggins, a vast majority agreeing on something - a ''consensus'' - still doesn't make their position ''right'' as opposed to ''wrong''. A vast ''consensus'' of people in the United States viewed slavery as ''right'' at one time in our history; were they correct in believing so? No. So how can a consensus of doctors be correct in viewing that there's no vaccination link to autism, when it's been demonstrated time and time again that mercury in a human body (as in thimerosal) does bad things? [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 16:48, 5 November 2009 (EST)

:::::I never said it 'makes their position right'. And in using the slavery example you are mixing up science and ethics. What is 'right' from a scientific point of view is something that has not yet been falsified, so it is perhaps better to say 'provisionally accepted' (please see my post on the Noah's Ark page I have recently made concerning the scientific method). The slavery example is a question of whether someone views slavery as morally 'right'. Of course to virtually everyone today the answer seems obvious, it is not. But as you say in the past this was not so simple, and many people saw it the opposite way. Our judgement of these people and their actions is retrospective, of course we view them as wrong, but they evidently believed they were right. Anyway, that is just an aside, since it is not relevant to the question of scientific proof.

::::::Another aside: So there's no connection or relevence between scientific proof, the scientific method, and morality? Thanks for clearing that up. The Nazi Doctors must've had, as you say, provisionally accepted truth. [[User:RobSmith|Rob Smith]] 06:52, 22 November 2009 (EST)

:::::It has been shown time and time again, through application of the scientific method that there is no casual link between MMR or thiomersal and autism. All claims otherwise have since been falsified, as such, the only logical conclusion that can currently be reached is that there is no such link. And you are also getting mixed up with your biochemistry. Yes, mercury is toxic. But thiomersal is not mercury, it is a compound containing the element. The pseudoscience behind the supposed link is that it has mercury, therefore it must be toxic, as if the mercury component jsut spontaneously separates from the rest of the compound in the human body. There is NO evidence to support a link between thiomersal and autism. I don't know how many more times it needs to be stated, by either me, or those men and women wearing the white coats who have investigated this time and time again. [[User:DWiggins|DWiggins]] 16:58, 5 November 2009 (EST)

==Vaccines and sexually transmitted disease==

Let's explore the connection between vaccines and STDs.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common STD. [http://www.cdc.gov/std/hpv/HPVSupplement99.pdf]
HPV causes 99.7 percent of cervical cancer. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10451482]

So what would be the motivation of giving young teenage girls a vaccine against HPV? Aren't we telling our daughters that it's okay to abandon God's plan (of chastity before marriage) and indulge in a little experimental fornication? "Hey, we're protecting you so nothing bad will happen." --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 23:21, 21 November 2009 (EST)

:And when they say 'teenage' girls they don't mean 19 year old young adults, they mean 13 year old CHILDREN! When such young people see what they see as authority figures (ie doctors) giving them the green light to indulge in promiscuous, dangerous behaviour, what are they going to think? [[User:TrondE|TrondE]] 13:39, 22 November 2009 (EST)

Moving the goalposts

2009-11-19T02:20:30Z

TrondE: reword

"'''Moving the goalposts'''" is a [[British]] expression first popularized in the late 1980s and 1990s and is obscure in [[America]] outside of use by [[evolutionists]] in debates. It has only 73,000 references on a [[Google]] search as of March 21, 2008,<ref>http://www.google.com/search?q=%22moving+the+goalposts%22&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a</ref> nearly 10% of which show up when searching "moving the goalposts" and "evolution".<ref>http://www.google.com/search?q=%22moving+the+goalposts%22+evolution&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a</ref>

As evolutionists are incabable of explaining the wonders of Creation, they often resort to this phrase when pressed by [[creation science|creation scientists]] in debates, as in "now you're moving the goalposts" in response to a question.

== References ==

<references/>

== See also ==

* [[Quote mining]]
[[Category:evolution]]

Towton

2009-11-19T02:12:59Z

TrondE: added info about rivalry

'''Towton''' (derivation: [[Viking]] ''tofi's farm'') is a village in [[North Yorkshire]], [[England]], about 18km (11miles) south-west of [[York]].

It has given its name to a battle fought nearby between [[Lancaster|Lancastrianary]] and [[York|Yorkist]] forces that is believed to be the biggest and most brutal ever fought in [[Britain]]. It began on 29th March 1461 in cold and windy conditions with frequent snow showers, and both sides had decided that no quarter would be given. Between 70,000 and 80,000 men took part and it was a victory for the Yorkists led by Edward, Duke of York, over the forces of King [[Henry VI]]. The battle and ensuing rout lasted from early afternoon through to the next morning. It has been estimated that over 30,000 men, mostly Lancastrian, died. ([[Daniel Defoe]] in “''A Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain''” (1724-6) reckoned 36,000.)

Henry and his wife fled to [[Scotland]] and Edward assumed the throne as [[Edward IV]]. The battle marks the end of the first phase of the [[Wars of the Roses]].

The rivalry between the two counties continues to this day.

[[Category: English History]]
[[Category: Battles]]
[[Category: United Kingdom Cities and Towns]]
[[Category: Medieval History]]
[[Category: Wars of the Roses]]

Professor Intolerance

2009-11-19T02:07:38Z

TrondE: added 'see also'

{{merge|Professor values}}
Intolerance is a common trait among the almost exclusively [[liberal]] professors in modern American colleges, who cannot seem to accept that alternative viewpoints to their own even exist, let alone are held by their more intelligent students. Examples include:
*Censorship of any mention of creation science in any biology class
*A recent professor quit his role as adviser to a conservative group at Texas A&M, opposing their justified opposition to the tactics of terrorist [[William Ayers]]<ref>[http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/politics/6128862.html]</ref>
*Refusing to acknowledge that gun control always increases crime
*Intolerance of any questioning of their beliefs, even (especially) while forcing them upon their students
*Intolerance of academic accountability, believing that being granted tenure ensures they can do whatever they want for the rest of their careers, and that they have a right to keep their jobs no matter what.
*Opposition to drug testing, even though parents have a right to know if their children are being taught by criminals and addicts.

== See also ==
[[Evolutionist denial]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Evolutionist denial

2009-11-19T02:07:10Z

TrondE:

Evolutionist denial is the [[willful ignorance]] of [[evolutionist]]s with regards to evidence that [[counterexamples to evolution|contradicts]] their theory. It is realized in a variety of ways, including:
*Scientific journals refusing to publish papers critical of the theory of evolution.
*Evolutionist professors refusing to allow students to discuss alternative theories.
*Evolutionists refusing to debate with [[Creation scientist]]s.
*Biology textbooks publishing known [[Haeckel_diagrams|fraudulent information]] in support of evolution.

== See also ==
[[Atheist denial]]

[[Professor Intolerance]]

Evolutionist denial

2009-11-19T02:05:08Z

TrondE: added 'see also'

Caviar

2009-11-19T00:21:30Z

TrondE: Correction

'''Caviar''' is a name given to the unhatched [[roe]] of [[fish]] in the [[sturgeon]] family. It is also used as a generic term for the edible roe of any fish.

True caviar comes from either the Beluga, Sevruga, or Throbstid sturgeons. Due to its rarity and popularity it is very expensive.

In recent years there has been an [[embargo]] on some caviars in the [[United States]] due to the overfishing and rarity of the fish.

[[category:Food and Drink]]
[[Category:Luxury]]

Fazul Abdullah Mohammed

2009-11-19T00:19:29Z

TrondE: copyedit

[[Image:Fazul.jpg‎|thumbnail|right|200px|]]
'''Fazul Abdullah Muhammad''' is alleged to be the leader of [[al-Qaeda]] in east [[Africa]]. Born in the [[Comoros Islands]], it is believed that the 35 year old [[terrorist]] has been involved in many terrorism operations, including a failed attempt at shooting down an Israeli airline, a 2002 attack on a [[Mombasa]] hotel, and the bombing of an [[American]] embassy in [[Nairobi]] which resulted in 240 innocent civilian deaths<ref>http://www.rewardsforjustice.net/english/index.cfm?page=Fazul</ref>. The [[United States]] rates him as the most wanted terrorist in east Africa and has a $5 million award for information leading to the location of Fazul. In June of 2007, the United States destroyer, [[USS Chafee]], attacked the northern coastline of [[Somalia]] in an attempt to kill Fazul and other terrorists.<ref>http://www.economist.com/world/africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9481490&CFID=14493595&CFTOKEN=79609247</ref>

==External Links==
*[http://www.fbi.gov/wanted/terrorists/termohammed.htm FBI Terrorist Profile]

==References==
<references/>
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohammed, Fazul Abdullah}}
[[Category:Terrorists]][[Category:al-Qaeda]]
[[Category:Muslims]]

Norwegian Sea

2009-11-18T01:16:21Z

TrondE:

The Norwegian Sea is an area of the North [[Atlantic]] Ocean, north of the [[North Sea]], of the coast of Norway. It is believed to hold significant [[petroleum|oil and gas]] reserves and is an important [[fishing]] location.

Norwegian Sea

2009-11-18T01:15:51Z

TrondE: Will expand and add references later....

The Norwegian Sea an area of the North [[Atlantic]] Ocean, north of the [[North Sea]] of the coast of Norway. It is believed to hold significant [[petroleum|oil and gas]] reserves and is an important [[fishing]] location.

Jail

2009-11-18T00:47:18Z

TrondE: copyedit, added Bible references.

A '''jail''' is a correctional institution used to detain persons who are in the lawful custody of the government. A jail is distinguished from a [[prison]] in that jails are customarily for the detention of those either awaiting trial or serving sentences of less than one year. However, in common use, jail is often employed as a [[synonym]] for prison.

The word originally derived from the Latin word "cavea" (cage), and was originally spelt "gaiole", "jaiole, or "jaile" when first introduced into Middle English around 1200 A.D. <ref>http://dictionary.reference.com/dic?q=jail&search=search</ref>

Jail is mentioned several times in both the Old and New Testaments.<ref>http://www.keyway.ca/htm2000/20000904.htm</ref> Many inmates turn to the Bible for the strength needed to become rehabilitated.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Punishment]]
[[Category:sociology]]

Ardipithecus ramidus

2009-11-18T00:40:35Z

TrondE: Removed 'fact' tag

'''Ardipithecus ramidus''' is an example of the earliest known [[hominin]]s. According to [[secular]] science, members include humans and their ancestors that date to approximately 4.4 million years ago. <ref>http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/326/5949/36</ref> [[Creation scientist]]s disagree with this dating,<ref>http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/nab/does-radiometric-dating-prove</ref> citing the [[Radiometric_dating#Acceptance_and_reliability|unreliability]] of the methods used to arrive at such a figure.<ref>http://creation.com/radioactive-dating-failure</ref>

According to ''Science'' magazine, ''ardipithecus'' is not the oldest putative hominin, but it is by far the most complete of the earliest specimens. The most recent find includes most of the skull and teeth, as well as the pelvis, hands, and feet and reveal an "intermediate" form of upright walking, considered a hallmark of hominins. Paleoanthropologist Andrew Hill of Yale University is quoted as saying, "We thought Lucy was the find of the century but, in retrospect, it isn't." There is not yet a consensus on the validity concerning the ability of Ardipithecus to walk upright as some anthropologists are stating there is only circumstantial evidence for upright walking. Debate about Ardipithecus's locomotion and identity evolves but she provides the first hard evidence about the ancient hominins. <ref>http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/326/5949/36</ref>

== Lifestyle ==
According to Lovejoy, males pair-bonded or married females, showing traditional marriage is as old as 4 "million" years according to so-called evolutionary science. This finding supports the Biblical definition of marriage as being between a man and a women -- "Her children arise and call her blessed; her husband also, and he praises her". <ref>Proverbs 31:28</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==Further Reading==
http://www.archaeologyinfo.com/ardipithecusramidus.htm

http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1602/pcardipithecus.html

Evolutionist denial

2009-10-07T05:26:56Z

TrondE: Copyedit

Evolutionist denial

2009-10-07T05:25:53Z

TrondE: Added see also

Evolutionist denial

2009-10-05T18:22:20Z

TrondE: Will tidy up and add references shortly - feel free to help!

Professor Intolerance

2009-10-05T17:59:13Z

TrondE: Copyedit

Professor Intolerance

2009-10-05T17:56:58Z

TrondE: Copyedit

{{merge|Professor values}}
Intolerance is a common trait among the almost exclusively [[liberal]] professors in modern American colleges, who cannot seem to accept that alternative viewpoints to their own even exist, let alone are held by their more intelligent students. Examples include:
*censorship of any mention of creation science in any biology class
*A recent professor quit his role as adviser to a conservative group at Texas A&M, opposing their justified opposition to the tactics of terrorist [[William Ayers]]<ref>[http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/politics/6128862.html]</ref>
*Refusing to acknowledge that gun control always increases crime
*Intolerance of any questioning of their beliefs, even (especially) while forcing them upon their students
*Intolerance of academic accountability, believing that being granted tenure ensures they can do whatever they want for the rest of their careers, and that they have a right to keep their jobs no matter what.
*Opposition to drug testing, even though parents have a right to know if their children are being taught by criminals and addicts

==References==
{{reflist}}

Talk:Thirty Years' War

2009-10-05T17:33:34Z

TrondE:

Hendryx, please don't remove information. You expanded the article, but at the expense of other information, such as the treaty ending the war. Also, please cite sources for controversial inclusions. Thanks [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 00:36, 18 July 2007 (EDT)

Why is there an apostrophe in the title? The war doesn't belong to thirty years... I will remove it unless someone can explain why it is there. [[User:TESvestad|TESvestad]] 13:33, 5 October 2009 (EDT)

Digital organisms

2009-10-05T15:11:52Z

TrondE:

A '''digital organism''' is a computer program which is capable of some form of self-replication. Owing to the distinct lack of natural evidence, scientists use them in attempts to prove the theory of [[evolution]].

One of their most well-known proponents is Professor [[Richard Lenski]].

{{stub}}

[[Category:evolution]]

Rugby (sport)

2009-10-04T13:03:31Z

TrondE: Added info about tries

==Rugby Union==

'''Rugby Union''' (often simply '''rugby''') refers to a team sport popular in the UK, France, Ireland, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand and throughout the south Pacific region. [[American Football]] is derived from it and shares a few similarities. [[Rugby League]] and [[Australian Rules Football]] are also related sports.

====Manner of play====

Two teams of fifteen players (8 forwards and 7 backs) carry, pass (only backwards or laterally) and kick the ball down the field with the goal of touching the ball down over the opposition's try-line, (the equivalent of the end zone in America football). Players may push or tackle an opposition player who is carrying the ball. Once a player carrying the ball is tackled, that player must release the ball and all players who are on their feet may attempt to collect the ball. The game is played with an oval shaped ball, similar to an American Football but rounder and slightly larger. The pitch is 100metres by 50m with an in-goal of between 10 and 20m.

When minor infringements, such as dropping the ball and propelling it forward (a "knock on") or a forward pass occur, the game is restarted with a "scrum". A scrum consists of the 8 forwards from each team binding onto one another and pushing whilst another, the halfback puts the ball in the middle and both teams attempt to kick the ball back to their side. When the ball goes out of play or "into touch", the game is restarted with a lineout. A lineout consists of a number of players from each team forming two straight lines a metre apart and a player throwing the ball down the middle. When more serious infringements such as foul play and offsides occur, a penalty is awarded which allows the non-offending team to have a free kick of the ball or to have a shot at goal.

====Scoring====

When the ball is touched down by a ball carrier in his opponents in-goal a "try" is scored. Scoring a try awards 5 points and enables the team to attempt a "conversion." A conversion is taken by kicking the ball from a stationary position on the ground (usually with the help of a kicking tee or a small mound of dirt) over the "crossbar" of the H-shaped posts which awards the team an additional 2 points. A successful penalty kick is worth 3 points. A drop-goal (also worth 3 points) can be taken at any time during the game by dropping the ball on the ground and kicking it over the crossbar.
The term 'try' relates to the scoring team being entitled to have a 'try at goal'. In fact, under the original rules when the sport was in its infancy, no points were awarded for the try itself.

====History====

The game is said to have originated in the 1830s at Rugby School in England. Rugby quickly spread to all of the United Kingdom and France and by the 1880s to the colonies of New Zealand, Australia and South Africa. The game was popular in California around the turn of the century. The game split in 1895 over professionalism. The Rugby Union demanded (with varying degrees of effectiveness) complete amateurism for the game; the newly-formed Rugby League allowed players to be paid. Rugby Union remained amateur until 1995. Rugby featured at the olympics until 1924, with the United States winning the last Olympic medal. In 1987 the first world cup was held with New Zealands' All Blacks winning at home. Since then the world cup has been won by Australia (twice) South Africa (twice) and England (once). A notable feature of the world game since the World Cup Era began, has been the dominance of the All Blacks between world cups but their inability to win the main prize.

==Rugby League==

'''Rugby League''' (commonly "league") is a sport that is popular in [[Australia]], [[England]] and [[New Zealand]]. It differs from rugby union in its rules, club structure and the typical socio-economic status of its adherents.

====Manner of play====

The game is played between 2 teams of 13 players, comprising of 6 forwards and 7 backs. The principle difference with union is when a player is tackled, the game immediately stops and the defending team must retreat 10 metres. The tackled player then rolls the ball back between his legs and the game continues. The attacking team has a maximum of 6 tackles before the ball must be handed over to the opposition. This rule avoids the need for the often time-consuming struggle for the ball after a tackle in rugby union. Lineouts are replaced by scrums and scrums are not competitive as they are in rugby union. Trys are valued at 4 points and conversions and penalties at two. A drop goal or "field goal" is worth one point

==References==

<References/>

==See also==
*[[History of rugby]]
*[[Touch football]]
*[[Rugby union]]
*[[Rugby league]]

[[Category:Rugby]]

Conservative Bible Project

2009-10-04T12:50:45Z

TrondE: Corrected redundant acronym - Removed that word 'version' after KJV.

Liberal bias has become the single biggest distortion in modern [[Bible]] translations. There are three sources of errors in conveying biblical meaning:

*lack of precision in the original language, such as terms underdeveloped to convey new concepts of Christianity
*lack of precision in modern language
*translation bias in converting the original language to the modern one.

Of these three sources of errors, the last introduces the largest error, and the biggest component of that error is liberal bias. Large reductions in this error can be attained simply by retranslating the [[KJV]] into modern English.<ref>The committee in charge of updating the bestselling version, the [[NIV]], is dominated by professors and higher-educated participants who can be expected to be [[liberal]] and [[feminist]] in outlook. As a result, the revision and replacement of the [[NIV]] will be influenced more by [[political correctness]] and other [[liberal]] distortions than by genuine examination of the oldest manuscripts. As a result of these political influences, it becomes desirable to develop a [[conservative]] translation that can serve, at a minimum, as a bulwark against the liberal manipulation of meaning in future versions.</ref>

As of 2009, there is no fully conservative translation of the [[Bible]] which satisfies the following ten guidelines:<ref>Additional less important guidelines include (1) adherence to a concise and dignifying style, such as use of "who" rather than "that" when referring to people and also use glorifying language for the remarkable achievements and (2) recognizing that Christianity introduced powerful new concepts that even the Greek and Hebrew were inadequate to express, but modern conservative language can express well.</ref>

:# '''Framework against Liberal Bias''': providing a strong framework that enables a thought-for-thought translation without corruption by liberal bias
:# '''Not Emasculated''': avoiding unisex, "gender inclusive" language, and other modern emasculation of Christianity
:# '''Not Dumbed Down''': not dumbing down the reading level, or diluting the intellectual force and logic of Christianity; the [[NIV]] is written at only the 7th grade level<ref>The [[NIV]] has supplanted the [[KJV]] in popularity.</ref>
:# '''Utilize Powerful Conservative Terms''': using powerful new [[Essay:Best New Conservative Terms|conservative terms]] as they develop;<ref>For example, in 1611 the [[conservative]] concept of "accountability" had not yet developed, and the [[King James Version]] does not use "accountable to God" in translating Romans 3:19; good modern translations do.</ref> defective translations use the word "comrade" three times as often as "volunteer"; similarly, updating words which have a change in meaning, such as "word", "peace", and "miracle".
:# '''Combat Harmful Addiction''': combating addiction by using modern terms for it, such as "gamble" rather than "cast lots";<ref>For example, the [[English Standard Version]] (2001) does not use the word "gamble" anywhere in translating numerous references to the concept in the [[Bible]].</ref> using modern political terms, such as "register" rather than "enroll" for the census
:# '''Accept the Logic of Hell''': applying logic with its full force and effect, as in not denying or downplaying the very real existence of [[Hell]] or the [[Devil]].
:# '''Express Free Market Parables'''; explaining the numerous economic parables with their full free-market meaning
:# '''Exclude Later-Inserted Liberal Passages''': excluding the later-inserted liberal passages that are not authentic, such as the [[adulteress story]]
:# '''Credit Open-Mindedness of Disciples''': crediting [[Essay:Quantifying Openmindedness|open-mindedness]], often found in youngsters like the eyewitnesses Mark and John, the authors of two of the Gospels
:# '''Prefer Conciseness over Liberal Wordiness''': preferring conciseness to the liberal style of high word-to-substance ratio; avoid compound negatives and unnecessary ambiguities; prefer concise, consistent use of the word "Lord" rather than "Jehovah" or "Yahweh" or "Lord God."

Thus, a project has begun among members of [[Conservapedia]] to translate the Bible in accordance with these principles. The translated Bible can be found [[Conservative Bible|here]].

Benefits to participants include:

*mastery of the Bible, which is priceless
*mastery of the English language, which is valuable
*thorough understanding of the differences in Bible translations, particularly the historically important [[King James Version]]
*benefiting from activity that no [[public school]] would ever allow

How long would this project take? There are about 8000 verses in the [[New Testament]]. At a careful rate of translating about four verses an hour, it would take one person 2000 hours, or about one year working full time on the project.

== Possible Approaches ==

Here are possible approaches to creating a conservative Bible translation:

*identify pro-liberal terms used in existing Bible translations, such as "government", and suggest more accurate substitutes
*identify the omission of liberal terms for vices, such as "gambling", and identify where they should be used
*identify conservative terms that are omitted from existing translations, and propose where they could improve the translation
*identify terms that have lost their original meaning, such as "word" in the beginning of the [[Gospel of John]], and suggest replacements, such as "truth"

An existing translation might license its version for improvement by the above approaches, much as several modern translations today are built on prior translations. Alternatively, a more ambitious approach would be to start anew from the best available ancient transcripts.

In stage one, the translation could focus on word improvement and thereby be described as a "conservative word-for-word" translation. If greater freedom in interpretation is then desired, then a "conservative thought-for-thought" version could be generated as a second stage.

== Building on the [[King James Version]] ==

In the [[United States]] and much of the world, the immensely popular and respected [[King James Version]] (KJV) is freely available and in the [[public domain]]. It could be used as the baseline for developing a conservative translation without requiring a license or any fees. Where the KJV is known to be deficient due to discovery of more authentic sources, exceptions can be made that use either more modern [[public domain]] translations as a baseline, or by using the original Greek or Hebrew.

There are 66 books in the [[KJV]], comprised of 1,189 chapters, 31,102 verses, and 788,280 words.<ref>http://www.biblebelievers.com/believers-org/kjv-stats.html</ref> The project could begin with translation of the [[New Testament]], which is only 27 books, 260 chapters, 7,957 verses, and
less than 200,000 words.

Retranslation at rate of 20 verses a day would complete the entire [[New Testament]] in about a year. With 5 good retranslators, that would be an average of only 4 verses a day per translator. At a faster rate of 20 verses per day by 5 good translators, the entire [[New Testament]] could be retranslated in less than 3 months.

== First Example - Liberal Falsehood ==

The earliest, most authentic manuscripts lack this verse set forth at Luke 23:34:<ref>[http://www.blueletterbible.org/Bible.cfm?b=Luk&c=23&v=34&t=NIV#34 Quoted] here from the [[NIV]].</ref>

:Jesus said, "Father, forgive them, for they do not know what they are doing."

Is this a [[liberal]] corruption of the original? This does not appear in any other Gospel, and the simple fact is that some of the persecutors of Jesus '''''did''''' know what they were doing. This quotation is a favorite of liberals but should not appear in a conservative Bible.

== Second Example - Dishonestly Shrewd ==

At Luke 16:8, the [[NIV]] describes an enigmatic parable in which the "master commended the dishonest manager because he had acted shrewdly." But is "shrewdly", which has connotations of dishonesty, the best term here? Being dishonestly shrewd is not an admirable trait.

The better conservative term, which became available only in 1851, is "resourceful". The manager was praised for being "resourceful", which is very different from dishonesty. Yet not even the [[ESV]], which was published in 2001, contains a single use of the term "resourceful" in its entire translation of the Bible.

== Third Example - Socialism ==

Socialistic terminology permeates English translations of the Bible, without justification. This improperly encourages the "social justice" movement among Christians.

For example, the conservative word "volunteer" is mentioned only once in the [[ESV]], yet the socialistic word "comrade" is used three times, "laborer(s)" is used 13 times, "labored" 15 times, and "fellow" (as in "fellow worker") is used 55 times.

== Advantages to a Conservative Bible Online ==

There are several striking advantages to a conservative approach to translating the Bible online:

* participants learn enormously from the process
* liberal bias - and lack of authenticity - become easier to recognize and address
* by translating online, this utilizes the growing online resources that improve accuracy
* supported by conservative principles, the project can be bolder in uprooting and excluding liberal distortions
* the project can adapt quickly to future threats from liberals to biblical integrity
* access is free and immediate to the growing internet audience, for their benefit
* the ensuing debate would flesh out -- and stop -- the infiltration of churches by liberals pretending to be Christian, much as a vote by legislators exposes the liberals
* this would bring the Bible to a new audience of political types, for their benefit; Bible courses in college Politics Departments would be welcome
* this would debunk the pervasive and hurtful myth that Jesus would be a political liberal today

== References ==

<references/>

== See also ==

* [[Conservative Bible]]
* [[Gospel of Mark (Translated)]]
* [[Epistle to Philemon (Translated)]]
* [[Feminist Bible]]
* [[Bible Translations]]
* [[Bible Retranslation Project]]
* [[Word Analysis of Bible]]
* [[NIV]]
[[Category:Bible]]
[[Category:Bible Versions]]
[[Category:Conservative Bible]]

Ardipithecus ramidus

2009-10-03T18:57:08Z

TrondE: Added references

Talk:Ardipithecus ramidus

2009-10-03T18:50:25Z

TrondE:

There's got to be a better way of acknowledging the conflict between [[young earth creationism]] and modern science than a crack like "atheistic science". --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 00:28, 3 October 2009 (EDT)
:well, we have [[Atheistic Style]], [[Atheistic denial]] (which uses the term ""atheistic science"), [[Atheistic Logic]], [[Atheistic tools]] (which is associated with "Darwinian science," according to the article), and [[Atheistic Values]]. Why not "atheistic science" ? [[User:PeterF|PeterF]] 00:38, 3 October 2009 (EDT)
::How about 'secular science'? I will change it to that and add some cites as to why this dating is invalid.[[User:TESvestad|TESvestad]] 01:25, 3 October 2009 (EDT)
:::Saying "secular science" is like saying "religious Christianity". It's redundant. [[User:AngusF|AngusF]] 14:31, 3 October 2009 (EDT)

::: I created this article with the appropriate references so it would be a reliable source of information. I welcome any additional scientific information, not pseudo-science. I also request that all edits be fully referenced. For this reason the addition concerning the claims of creationists needs to be removed unless a reputable scientific source that specifically details why this fossil find is not over 4 million years old can be posted. General statements like, "creations disagree" will not suffice and the reference provided gives no evidence about the inadequacy of radiometric dating methods that show a fossil is millions of years old.
:::Please provide references and justification for any claims of atheism amongst the scientists that are studying this find and why such a claim is relevant. Anything else just detracts from the article. --[[User:MichaelJB|MichaelJB]] 14:28, 3 October 2009 (EDT)
::::I added that to give balance; without that the article appears to be completely focused on the evolutionist/old earth/naturalistic world-view. As I'm sure you are aware there are other views and theories, and we should not be afraid to open our minds to them. I have added references, including a very well written (if a little technical!) article. However this is your article and if you wish for it to only be from one POV then I will respect that. [[User:TESvestad|TESvestad]] 14:50, 3 October 2009 (EDT)

Ardipithecus ramidus

2009-10-03T11:41:29Z

TrondE: Changed 'atheistic scientists' to 'secular scientists', added link to problems with radiometric dating.

Talk:Ardipithecus ramidus

2009-10-03T05:25:39Z

TrondE:

American English

2009-10-02T18:38:59Z

TrondE: defense -> defence (UK spelling)

'''American English''' is the [[English]] language as written in the United States. American English tends to be more concise and economical than in the English used in monarchies.<ref>"Color," "labor", "defense" and bank "check" are standard in the U.S.; "colour," "labour," "defence" and bank "cheque" are standard in Britain and the former [[British Empire]].</ref>

Slang varies a great deal between the U.S. and Britain, and there are noticeable differences in pronunciation and accent. Inside the U.S. spelling and grammar are highly standardized, but pronunciation varies by region and social factors (such as race and education). American English derived from British English, but since independence in 1776 has diverged in various relatively small ways. All the major dictionaries published in the U.S. feature American English, often with a note on British differences.

Since 1945 Hollywood has overwhelmed the much smaller film industries in Britain and Canada, familiarizing the British with American English.

In spoken form, American English consists of a number of different dialects. Distinctive dialects of American English include those spoken in the South, New England, and the Midwest, as well as local areas such as New York City, to name only a few. Even these dialects can be broken down further into distinctive dialects, such as the English spoken in Brooklyn, or that spoken in Boston. African American English is itself a dialect.

The Internet has largely erased regional variations, so that the many blogs, twitters and facebooks seem to all reflect one standard language.

==History==
The use of English in [[Colonial America]] was established as a result of British settlement of the [[Thirteen Colonies]]. The first large wave of English-speaking settlers arrived in Virginia and New England in the 1607-1660 period. Other waves followed--and indeed immigrants from many other English-speaking countries are still arriving.

In the South the colonists came mostly from the western part of England, and the distinctive accents and dialects of that region shaped the southern accent.

By contrast the migrants to New England (now called [[Yankees]]) came from the east of England, and brought along different accents and dialects.

In the 18th century the Scots arrived, from Scotland and Ulster (Northern Ireland), bringing yet another dialect and a distinctive accent.<ref> Michael Montgomery, "Voices of My Ancestors: a Personal Search for the Language of the Scotch-Irish," ''American Speech'' 2005 80(4): 341-365 in [[EBSCO]]</ref>

During the colonial era, there were also some speakers in North America of [[Dutch]], [[French]], [[German]], [[Spanish]], and [[Swedish]], as well as numerous [[Native American]] languages. To a small extent, they affected American English, chiefly in the addition of some words and place names

By 1800 there were three main dialect areas, with slightly different pronunciations and much the same vocabulary: Northern (New England, New York and due west), Southern (Virginia to Georgia, and due west), and Midland (Pennsylvania and the lower Midwest). As the map shows, the same basic geographical patterns continue into the 21st century.<ref> See [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/NationalMap/NationalMap.html#Heading2 "A National Map of the Regional Dialects of American English'' (1997)] and [http://www.geocities.com/yvain.geo/dialects.html "Dialect Map of American English
"]</ref>

[[File:Dialect2.jpg|thumb|550px|1997 regional patterns]]

With the arrival of radio in the 1920s, the Midland version became standard American pronunciation.

===Webster===
[[Noah Webster]] not only compiled the first and most influential American dictionary, he also wrote a "Blue Backed Speller" that sold millions of copies and was used by most school children in the U.S. from the 1780s to the 1840s.<ref> See full text at [http://books.google.com/books?id=ZkRAAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:noah+inauthor:webster&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=1 Noah Webster, ''The American spelling book: containing the rudiments of the English language'' (1827) 168 pages] </ref>
Webster's goal was to provide a uniquely American approach to training children. His most important improvement, he claimed, was to rescue of "our native tongue" from "the clamor of pedantry" that surrounded English grammar and pronunciation. He complained that the English language had been corrupted by the British aristocracy, which set its own standard for proper spelling and pronunciation. Webster rejected the long-standing notion that the study of Greek and Latin must precede the study of English grammar. The appropriate standard for the American language, argued Webster, was "the same [[republicanism|republican]] principles as American civil and ecclesiastical constitutions," which meant that the people-at-large must control the language; popular sovereignty in government must be accompanied by popular usage in language. "The truth is general custom is the rule of speaking—and every deviation from this must be wrong." <ref>Joseph Ellis, ''After the Revolution: Profiles of Early American Culture'' (1979) p 172.</ref>

In some ways, compared to British English, American English differs in its grammar, phonology and vocabulary. Many of these differences were amplified by separate attempts in both Britain and the United States to standardize English usage. For example, Webster, and his Webster's dictionary,<ref> Full text online at [http://books.google.com/books?id=0UM-AAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:noah+inauthor:webster&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=1 Noah Webster, '' An American dictionary of the English language‎'' (1846), 1079 pages] </ref> was influential in firmly establishing many of the American spellings now in use today. Webster's dictionaries redefined Americanism within the context of an emergent and unstable American cultural identity. Webster's identification of his project as a "federal language" shows his competing impulses towards conservatism or regularity and innovation. The contradictions of Webster's project comprised part of a larger dialectical play between liberty and order within Revolutionary and post-Revolutionary political debates.

===Roosevelt===
[[File:TRSpelling.jpg|thumb|370px|Roosevelt shoots holes in the dictionary as the ghosts of Chaucer, Shakespeare and Dr Johnson moan.]]

During his presidency, 1901-1909, [[Theodore Roosevelt]] failed in efforts to simplify the spelling of 300 common words. He (and other spelling reformers) wanted to replace "dropped" and "chased" with "dropt" and "chast", and replace "through" with "thru" and "thoroughly" with "thoroly." He tried to force the federal government to adopt the system by ordering the Public Printer to use the system in all public documents. The reform annoyed the public, forcing him to rescind the order. Roosevelt explained, "I could not by fighting have kept the new spelling in, and it was evidently worse than useless to go into an undignified contest when I was beaten. Do you know that the one word as to which I thought the new spelling was wrong — thru — was more responsible than anything else for our discomfiture?" Next summer Roosevelt was watching a naval review when a launch marked "Pres Bot" chugged ostentatiously by. The President waved and laughed with delight.<ref> Henry F. Pringle, ''Theodore Roosevelt'' (1932), pp 465-7; H.W. Brands, ''T.R.: The Last Romantic'' (1998) pp555ff</ref>

The [[Chicago Tribune]] also embarked on its own effort to simplify spelling and make it more phonetic.

==Today==
Today American English is simpler and more phonetic than British English. Sometimes as an expression of [[anti-American]] sentiment, however, non-Americans will insist that use of British English is exclusively proper English, the implication being that American English is somehow "non-standard". Linguists reject that nonsense. Both the British and American variants are standard.

Americans have a more open, less formal society that has enabled them to coin and invent tens of thousands of new words and phrases; linguists and lexicographers have a herculean job to keep up, as shown the great compilations by Mathews (1951) and Cassidy (1985- ongoing) demonstrate.

The North American Regional Vocabulary Survey collected lexical data from the 1990s to 2004 from regions throughout the U.S. and Canada.<ref> Charles Boberg, "The North American Regional Vocabulary Survey: New Variables and Methods in the Study of North American English," ''American Speech'' 2005 80(1): 22-60 in [[EBSCO]]</ref>
==Further reading==
* American English and British English" in ''Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language'' ed. by Tom McArthur. (1998) [http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/entry.html?subview=main&entry=t29.e61 online at many libraries]
* Cassidy, Frederic Gomes, and Joan Houston Hall, eds ''Dictionary of American Regional English'' (4 vol 1985- ), A through Sk; final vol 5 is awaited; monumental coverage of the spoken and written language [http://www.amazon.com/Dictionary-American-Regional-English-Introduction/dp/0674205111/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1254425344&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search vol 1]
* Dillard, Joey Lee. ''Toward a Social History of American English'' (1985) [http://www.amazon.com/History-American-Contributions-Sociology-Language/dp/3110105845/ref=sr_1_12?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1254397753&sr=1-12 excerpt and text search]
* Garner, Bryan A. ''Garner's Modern American Usage '' (2nd ed. 2009) [http://www.amazon.com/Garners-Modern-American-Usage-Garner/dp/0195382757/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1254410304&sr=1-3# excerpt and text search]
* Mathews, Mitford McLeod. ''A Dictionary of Americanisms on Historical Principles'' (1951), 1960pp; monumental dictionary of new words added by Americans
* Mencken, H. L. ''The American Language'' (1936) [http://www.amazon.com/American-Language-H-L-Mencken/dp/1605206237/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1254397959&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search of abridged edition]

====references====
<references/>
[[Category:English language]]
[[Category:United States]]

Crude oil

2009-09-29T22:00:34Z

TrondE: Added information about Abiotic oil to introduction

'''Oil''' is a [[viscosity|viscous]] [[liquid]] that is not [[solubility|soluble]] in [[water]] and which is used for mainly for lubrication and [[fuel]].

There are two main types of oil. One is derived from plants, such as [[olive]]s, and the other, [[petroleum]], is obtained from geological sources.

Whilst many [[liberal]]s and [[environmentalist]]s argue for investment in less efficient and more expensive sources of energy with the claim that petroleum sources will one day run out, recent research in to [[Abiotic oil]] has shown that this may not be the case.<ref>http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=59991</ref>

== Uses ==
Uses of oil include the following:
* [[Heat]]ing, by [[burn]]ing the oil
* Illumination, in oil lamps
* Generation of [[electricity]], by burning the oil to turn water to steam used to run generators
* Lubrication
* Anointing
* Manufacture of perfumes
* [[Cooking]], to add [[flavor]], and to improve [[heat transfer]]

== Oil in the Bible ==

Oil, probably usually referring to olive oil, appears over two hundred times in the [[Bible]].
* Oil, particularly olive oil, is used in drink offerings to God, but not in sin offerings.<ref>{{Bible ref|Genesis|28|18}}, {{Bible ref|Genesis|35|14}}, {{Bible ref|Leviticus|2}}, {{Bible ref|Leviticus|14}}, {{Bible ref|Numbers|7}}</ref>
* Oil is used for anointing the priests of God by pouring it on their heads. This sanctifies them and makes them holy<ref>{{Bible ref|Exodus|29|2,7,21}}, {{Bible ref|Exodus|30|25}}, {{Bible ref|Leviticus|8}}</ref>. It was also used for anointing the kings of Israel.<ref>{{Bible ref|I_Samuel|10|1}}, {{Bible ref|I_Kings|1|39}}</ref>
* Oil is used for lighting lamps.<ref>{{Bible ref|Exodus|27|20}}</ref>
* In a miracle, [[Elisha]] caused a poor widow's little bit of oil to be enough to fill all her jars, and her neighbor's jars, with oil that she could sell it to pay her debts.<ref>{{Bible ref|II_Kings|4|1-7}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Petroleum]]
* [[Gasoline]]
*[[Fossil fuel]]
*[[Peak oil]]
*[[Abiotic oil]]

== References ==

<references />

[[category:geology]]
[[category:food and Drink]]