Barbershop harmony

2013-10-17T03:32:57Z

Trippystix:

'''Barbershop harmony''' is a musical singing style. It has origins in black [[folk music|folk singing]], although those origins were largely forgotten until their rediscovery by musicologists in the mid-1990s. It is best known in the [[United States]] through the efforts of the Barbershop Harmony Society, formerly known as SPEBSQSA, which was founded in 1938.<ref>"The Society for the Preservation and Encouragement of Barber Shop Quartet Singing in America." The name was created by Society founder O. C. Cash as a parody of the "alphabet agencies" of the New Deal.</ref>

Barbershop quartets invoke a sense of nostalgic Americana. A barbershop quartet, the Dapper Dans, make regular appearance on ''Walt Disney'' World's Main Street. The musical comedy, ''The Music Man'' uses a barbershop quartet to great effect.

Barbershop harmony is primarily a male vocal quartet style. It is sung unaccompanied. It emphasizes the sound of "ringing chords," a psychoacoustic effect that occurs when consonant [[chord (music)|chords]] are sung with great precision. The effect, also called "expanded sound," is of a chord growing and filling the room. It does not reproduce well in recordings, and is best appreciated in live performance.

The barbershop style consists of four voice parts, named [[bass]], [[baritone]], lead, and [[tenor]]. Although the tenor part is highest in [[pitch (music)|pitch]], it does not carry the [[melody]]; the melody is carried by the lead, with the tenor [[harmony|harmonizing]] above the lead.

Greg is a baritone.
Most aspects of the style are best understood in terms of giving the opportunity to ring perfect chords. Thus, barbershop is sung without [[vibrato]], and with steady pitches that "lock in" to produce ringing chords. Major chords and, particularly, sevenths are emphasized. Although barbershop music encompasses songs of all eras, there is a tendency to stress turn-of-the-century songs that have simple harmonies that emphasize ringing chords, and avoiding later songs if their harmonic vocabulary relies too much on augmented, diminished, suspended chords and other chords that "aren't barbershop."

Because of the need for precise tuning, barbershop quartets invariably "take a pitch" before starting a song, first sounding a note on a pitch pipe, then singing a major chord and bringing it into perfect tune before beginning the song.

The style is supported in the United States by three organized groups: the Barbershop Harmony Society, a male group; and two female groups, Sweet Adelines International and Harmony, Incorporated. The Barbershop Harmony Society has approximately thirty thousand members, organized into eight hundred local chapters somewhat on the pattern of a [[fraternal organization]].

The Barbershop Harmony society maintains a website that makes it easy to find upcoming nearby shows that give an opportunity to hear the style performed live, and to locate local chapters that afford an opportunity for participation. Chapters support both quartet and chorus singing. Notable New Jersey choruses include the Pine Barons of Cherry Hill, the Jerseyaires of Rahway, and the Chorus of the Atlantic, of Red Bank. The delivery of Singing Valentines is a popular activity for most chapters, and the three barbershop societies maintain a joint website that facilitates locating and booking a quartet to deliver one.

==Notes and references==
<references />

==External links==
*[http://www.barbershop.org Barbershop Harmony Society]
*[http://www.singingvalentines.com Singing Valentines] website

[[Category:Musical style]]

Boy Scouts of America

2013-10-17T00:39:22Z

Trippystix:

[[File:BSA 100 logo.jpg|right]]
The '''Boy Scouts of America''' was founded in 1909 and incorporated in 1910 by W. D. Boyce.<ref>[http://www.scouting.org/About/FactSheets/Founders.aspx Founders], scouting.org.</ref> He patterned it after [[Boy Scouts|the British organization]] founded two years earlier by Sir Robert Baden-Powell.

A similar but entirely separate group is the Girl Scouts, founded in 1912 by Juliette Gordon Lowe.

The Boy Scouts of America is one of the nation's largest and most prominent values-based youth development organizations. It promotes fun, educational skills and activities identified with manliness. <ref>[http://www.scouting.org/About.aspx About the BSA]</ref> The mission of the Boy Scouts of America is to prepare young people to make ethical and moral choices over their lifetimes by instilling in them the values of the [[#The Scout Oath & Law|Scout Oath and Law]].<ref name=overview>[http://www.scouting.org/About/FactSheets/OverviewofBSA.aspx Overview of Boy Scouts of America]</ref> National headquarters is in Irving, Texas.

==History==
[[File:Scouts1911.jpg|right|250px]]
The first Boy Scout troop in the United States was founded in Pawhuska, Oklahoma, in May 1909, by Anglican priest John Forbes Mitchell while on assignment for the [[Church of England]]. It was the first international charter of the British [[Boy Scouts]]. William Dickson Boyce (1859-1929) incorporated the Boy Scouts of America on February 8, 1910.<ref>http://www.scouting.org/About/FactSheets/BSA_History.aspx</ref>

The programs were largely copied from the British models set out by [[Sir Robert Baden-Powell]], who began both the non-competitive merit badge system to encourage development in diverse skills, and the rank advancement system to encourage core skills. Even more important was the [[Social Gospel]] influence of "muscular Christianity" promulgated by the [[YMCA]] in the Era of the [[Third Great Awakening]], 1910-30.<ref>Clifford Putney, ''Muscular Christianity: Manhood and Sports in Protestant America, 1880-1920'' (2001) </ref>

The new Boy Scouts of America quickly merged with the Woodcraft Indians, founded by Ernest Thompson Seton (1860-1946); and the Sons of Daniel Boone, led by Daniel Carter Beard (1850-1941). Seton became the BSA's first Chief Scout (1910-1915), and Beard the National Scout Commissioner of the United States.

Beginning in 1913, the National Office organized troops into local councils, to coordinate activities, administration, and growth. Growth was rapid. By 1921 there were 400,000 boy scouts and 17,000 scoutmasters.

The Boy Scouts of America helped the country significantly during both world wars, by selling war bonds and aiding in conservation projects.

===Masculinity===
Scouting is not just for the benefit of the boys. It is also an opportunity for adult men to mentor youth and themselves practice outdoor skills. The success of the Scouts resulted in part from increased concern over the maintenance of masculinity in a world of cities and office buildings. [[Theodore Roosevelt]] often sounded the tocsin. Adult men in the 1900-1930 era believed that the opportunities for the development and expression of masculinity were being restricted. Scouting was a means to counteract perceived forces of feminization in the world of adolescents. The Scouting movement provided adult men, denied by their occupations, an opportunity to validate the traditional image of masculinity.

==Programs==
There are five programs in the Boy Scouts of America. Cub Scouting programs are for boys in first grade through fifth grade (or seven through 10 years of age); the motto for Cub Scouts is to, "Do Your Best." Ninety five percent of all Boy Scouts have participated in Cub Scouts at some time. For boys who are 11 through 17 years of age, or have earned the Cub Scouting [[Arrow of Light]] award and are at least 10 years old, or have completed the fifth grade and are at least 10 years old, they can take part in the Boy Scouts of America program. The Boy Scouts motto is to, "Be Prepared," and the slogan is to, "Do a Good Turn Daily."<ref name=overview/> The three other possible programs is Varsity Scouting, Venturing, and Order of the Arrow.
{|class="wikitable"
!Program!!Age Range
|-
|[[Cub Scouting]]||7-11
|-
|Boy Scouts||11<ref>Those who have earned the [[Arrow of Light]] may cross over at 10</ref>-18<ref>Exceptions are made to the upper age limit for those with disabilities</ref>
|-
|[[Varsity Scouting]]||14-18
|-
|[[Venturing]]||14-21
|-
|[[Order of the Arrow]]||N/A
|}

===Defining America's greatness===
Many presidents have praised and addressed the Boy Scouts over the years. President [[Calvin Coolidge]] told Scouts in 1924 that the three fundamentals of scouthood are reverence for nature, for the law and for God.<ref> [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=24184 Coolidge, "Telephone Remarks to a Group of Boy Scouts," July 25, 1924]</ref>

"There is new life in the soil for every man. There is healing in the trees for tired minds and for our overburdened spirits, there is strength in the hills, if only we will lift up our eyes. Remember that nature is your great restorer....Resolve that the sacrifices by which your great opportunities have been purchased will be matched by a sacrifice, on your part, that will give your children even a better chance....Faith is the great motive power, and no man realizes his full possibilities unless he has the deep conviction that life is eternally important, and that his work, well done, is a part of an unending plan."

==The Scout Oath & Law==
The Scout Oath & Law are the guiding principles of Scouting, and are generally recited at the beginning or end of a Troop meeting.
'''Scout Law:'''<blockquote>
A Scout is trustworthy, loyal, helpful, friendly, courteous, kind, obedient, cheerful, thrifty, brave, clean, and reverent.
</blockquote>
'''Scout Oath:'''<blockquote>On my honor, I will do my best: To do my duty to God and my
country, and to obey the Scout Law, To help other people at all
times. To keep myself physically strong, mentally awake, and morally
straight.</blockquote>

==Ranks==
The requirements and order of the BSA ranks have changed over the years, although the names have only changed little. The current order is as follows:
* Scout
* Tenderfoot
* Second Class
* First Class
* Star Scout
* Life Scout
* [[Eagle Scout]]

===Rank of Eagle Scout===
The highest rank that may be attained by a Boy Scout is that of [[Eagle Scout]], which 2% of Scouts nationwide earn. <ref>http://www.scoutingmagazine.org/issues/0410/d-news.html</ref> One of the requirements for this rank is leading a service project to benefit either the [[community]] at large, or a specific non-profit organization, such as a school or a church. Other requirements include earning at least 21 merit badges (including 12 predetermined ones), being active in the troop for a minimum amount of time, holding a position of leadership within one's troop, and appearing before a Board of Review. All of the requirements for an Eagle Board of Review must be completed before a candidate's 18th birthday (although exceptions may be made for Scouts with mental disabilities), although the Board of Review may occur after this date. Some notable Eagle Scouts include:<ref>[http://www.nesa.org/PDF/NotableEagleScouts.pdf Notable Eagle Scouts (PDF)], nesa.org.</ref>
{|background="none" width="100%" border="1"
|-
!A-F
!G-L
!M-R
!S-Z
|-
|valign="top"|
*[[Neil Armstrong]], first man on the moon.
*Greg Melanson, guy wearing Brewster sweatshirt
*[[Willie Banks]], Olympic athlete, former world-record holder in triple jump and long jump.
*[[Lloyd Bentsen]]
*[[Michael Bloomberg]], Mayor of New York city.
*[[Bill Bradley]], former professional basketball player, U.S. senator, and presidential candidate.
*[[Stephen Breyer]], Associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court.
*[[Mike Crapo]], U.S. senator from Idaho.
*[[Michael Dukakis]], former governor of Massachusetts and presidential candidate.
*[[Mike Enzi]], U.S. senator from Wyoming.
*[[Thomas Foley]], former speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives and ambassador to Japan.
*[[Gerald Ford]], 38th president of the United States.

|valign="top"|
*[[John Garamendi]], Lieutenant governor of California.
*[[Bill Gates Sr.]], CEO of Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; father of [[Bill Gates]].
*[[Robert Gates]], U.S. secretary of defense and former director of the Central Intelligence Agency.
*[[James A. Lovell Jr.]], former U.S. Navy officer and Apollo 13 commander.
*[[Gary Locke]], former governor of Washington; first Chinese American governor in the United States.
*[[Richard Lugar]], U.S. senator from Indiana.

|valign="top"|
*[[J. Willard Marriott Jr.]], Chairman and CEO of Marriot International.
*[[George Meyer]], writer and producer of ''The Simpsons''.
*[[Ben Nelson]], U.S. senator from Nebraska.
*[[Ross Perot]], founder of EDS and Perot Systems; former presidential candidate.
*[[Rick Perry]], Governor of Texas.
*[[Mike Rowe]], Host of ''Dirty Jobs''.
*[[Donald Rumsfeld]], former U.S. secretary of defense.

|valign="top"|
*[[Jefferson Sessions]], U.S. senator from Alabama.
*[[William S. Sessions]], former federal judge and director of the FBI.
*[[Gordon Smith]]
*[[Steven Spielberg]]
*[[Sam Walton]]
*[[Togo West]], former U.S. secretary of veterans affairs and secretary of the Army.

|}

==Controversy==
The Boy Scouts of America have come under criticism for their policy regarding [[homosexuals]]. As stated in a press release from the organization:<ref>http://www.scouting.org/media/press/2002/020206/index.html</ref>

::The BSA reaffirmed its view that an avowed homosexual cannot serve as a role model for the traditional moral values espoused in the Scout Oath and Law and that these values cannot be subject to local option choices.

Starting in the late 1990s this led to several high profile lawsuits, such as the one brought by the [[ACLU]] of San Diego<ref>http://www.aclusandiego.org/boy_scouts/boy_scouts_082800.html</ref>, which proposes that the discriminatory practices of the organization should make them ineligible for the use of public funds or public lands.

The homosexual cases culminated in the Supreme Court's Dale decision in 2000, which ruled that as a private organization, the Scouts were entitled to choose their own members. The ACLU lost, but as noted by Robert Bork Jr., spokesman for the BSA and son of the former Supreme Court nominee, the ACLUS "has been trying ever since to have the Scouts expelled from the public square." Gay-rights advocates in dozens of cities have persuaded United Way to stop supporting the Scouts.

Prohibition of homosexual scout leaders is not universal within the BSA, however. The Massachusetts Minuteman Council, for example, adopted a bylaw in 2001 barring exclusion of anyone on the basis of race, religion, or [[sexual orientation]]. The bylaw, which resembles the U. S. Military's "don't ask, don't tell" policy, permits homosexuals to lead troops so long as they do not discuss their sexual orientation. A few other councils have similar policies.<ref>[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_20010802/ai_n13920546 Mass. Scouts permit gay leaders], Chicago Sun-Times, Aug 2, 2001</ref>

Atheist Scouts have also been removed from the organization on the basis of the twelfth point of the Scout Law being "reverent". <ref>http://www.beliefnet.com/story/116/story_11619_1.html</ref>
==See also==
* [[Boy Scouts]], for international perspective
==Further reading==
* Dean, John Isaac. ''Scouting in America, 1910-1990,'' PhD dissertation U. of South Carolina. '' Dissertation Abstracts International'' 1993 53(8): 2713-A. DA9239032, 448p.
* Macleod, David. "Act Your Age: Boyhood, Adolescence, and the Rise of the Boy Scouts of America," ''Journal of Social History'' 1983 16(2): 3-20, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3787184 in JSTOR]
* Macleod, David. ''Building Character in the American Boy: The Boy Scouts, YMCA, and Their Forerunners, 1870-1920'' (2004), standard scholarly history [http://books.google.com/books?id=fo2pyMMOejIC&pg=PA175&dq=intitle:boy+intitle:scouts&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=3 excerpt and text search]
* Mechling, Jay. ''On My Honor: Boy Scouts and the Making of American Youth.'' (2001) 323 pp. accounts of how the Scouts work in practice, with much attention to songs, rituals, and games [http://books.google.com/books?id=643AsqUC7s0C&dq=intitle:boy+intitle:scouts&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=3 excerpt and text search]
* Tucker, William. "Thrifty, Brave, Clean, and Persecuted: Across the Country, the Boy Scouts Are under Attack," ''National Review'' Volume: 60. Issue: 17. September 15, 2008. pp 32+ [http://www.questia.com/read/5029028796?title=Thrifty%2c%20Brave%2c%20Clean%2c%20and%20Persecuted%3a%20Across%20the%20Country%2c%20the%20Boy%20Scouts%20Are%20under%20Attack online edition]
* Wills, Chuck. ''Boy Scouts of America: A Centennial History'' (2009), popular
===Primary sources===
* Boy Scouts of America. ''Handbook for scout masters'' (1914) 352 pages [http://books.google.com/books?id=pEcqAAAAYAAJ&dq=intitle:boy+intitle:scouts&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=3 online edition]

==External Links==
* [http://www.scouting.org/scouting.aspx Boy Scouts of America] - Home
* [http://www.scouting.org/About/Research/ValuesofAmericans.aspx Values of Americans] - BSA
* [http://www.bsajamboree.org/ National Jamboree]
* [http://www.scouting.org/scoutsource/BoyScouts/AdvancementandAwards/MeritBadges.aspx Introduction to Merit Badges] - A complete list, in alphabetical order, of all of the current merit badge subjects.
* [http://www.scouting.org/scoutsource/BoyScouts/AdvancementandAwards.aspx Advancement & Awards] - The Boy Scout is rewarded for each achievement, which helps him gain self-confidence.
* [http://meritbadge.org/wiki/index.php/Merit_Badge_Worksheets Requirements for ranks and merit badges]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category: Service Organizations]]
[[category: United States Government Chartered Organizations]]
[[Category: Organizations]]
[[Category: Boy Scouts]]
[[Category: Progressive Era]]

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Barbershop harmony

Boy Scouts of America