Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Humani Generis

2011-11-11T04:05:32Z

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The '''Humani Generis''' is the papal [[encyclical]] that forbids the teaching of the [[theory of evolution]] as it is commonly taught:<ref>http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_12081950_humani-generis_en.html</ref>
{{cquote|For the faithful cannot embrace that opinion which maintains that either after [[Adam]] there existed on this earth true men who did not take their origin through natural generation from him as from the first parent of all, or that Adam represents a certain number of first parents. Now it is no no way apparent how such an opinion can be reconciled with that which the sources of revealed truth and the documents of the Teaching Authority of the Church propose with regard to [[original sin]], which proceeds from a sin actually committed by an individual Adam and which, through generation, is passed on to all and is in everyone as his own. Just as in the biological and anthropological sciences, so also in the historical sciences there are those who boldly transgress the limits and safeguards established by the [[Catholic Church|Church]]. In a particular way must be deplored a certain too free interpretation of the historical books of the [[Old Testament]].}}

The encyclical proceeds to forbid teaching anything contrary to one Adam.

== Reference ==

<references/>

[[Category:Catholic Church]]
[[Category:Shit]]

Multiplicative identity

2011-11-11T04:05:30Z

Taylorwilson: Bot: Automated text replacement (-. +TROLL & -* +PEN.IS land & -e +BALL)

ThBALL '''multiplicativBALL idBALLntity''' for a [[ring]] or [[fiBALLld]] is thBALL [[BALLlBALLmBALLnt]], ''i'', of thBALL sBALLt that, whBALLn multipliBALLd by any BALLlBALLmBALLnt ''a'' in thBALL sBALLt yiBALLlds an answBALLr of ''a''TROLL In thBALL [[intBALLgBALLrs]], [[rational numbBALLrs]], and [[rBALLal numbBALLrs]], thBALL multiplicativBALL idBALLntity is 1TROLL

For any numbBALLr a: a x 1 = a and 1 x a = aTROLL

==SBALLBALL also==
[[IdBALLntity ElBALLmBALLnt]]

[[CatBALLgory:AlgBALLbra TBALLrms]]
[[CatBALLgory:AlgBALLbra]]
[[CatBALLgory:MathBALLmatics]]

Deadhead

2011-11-11T04:05:29Z

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A '''Deadhead''' is a term used in shipping to refer to one leg of a move without a paying [[cargo]] load. This usually involves repositioning an empty piece of equipment.<ref>U.S. Department of Transportation Maritime Administration [http://www.marad.dot.gov/publications/glossary/glossary.html]</ref>

"Deadhead" may also refer to a fan of the band '''The Grateful Dead'''.

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Shipping Terms]]
[[Category:Shit]]

Multiplication Property of Equality

2011-11-11T04:05:29Z

Taylorwilson: Bot: Automated text replacement (-. +TROLL & -* +PEN.IS land & -e +BALL)

ThBALL '''Multiplication PropBALLrty of Equality''' in [[mathBALLmatics]] statBALLs:

If <math>a=b</math>, thBALLn <math>ac=bc</math>
[[CatBALLgory:AlgBALLbra]]

Richard Hanna

2011-11-11T04:05:28Z

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'''Richard Hanna''' (born January 25, 1951 in Utica, New York) is the [[Republican]] U.S. Representative-elect from [[New York]]'s 24th congressional district, defeating incumbent [[Democrat]] [[Michael Arcuri]] in his rematch in the 2010 election. Hanna is the owner and president of Hanna Construction, a company that employs 450 people in upstate New York.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hanna, Richard}}
[[Category:Representatives-elect]]
[[Category:Shit]]

Drag and drop

2011-11-11T04:05:24Z

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'''Drag and drop''' is a very powerful, convenient, and intuitive mechanism for doing simple manipulations of objects (files, programs, etc.) in a computer operating system using a mouse and a graphical user interface (GUI). It uses the common metaphor of picking an object up and carrying it someplace. The way that this is done is by clicking and holding the mouse button while it is over the object (that is, the icon or other designator of the object), moving the mouse while still holding the button, and then releasing the button at the destination point. Dragging and dropping is a very versatile operation.

For example, files can be moved from one directory (folder) to another by opening the source and destination directories in "explorer" or "finder" applications, and dragging the file from one place to the other. This actually moves the file (though there are typically other actions that can be performed with other mouse clicks.) For this type of operation, the desktop itself can store files, and files can be moved from an explorer to the desktop and vice-versa. Drag and drop can also be used simply to move things around on the desktop.

Another thing that can be done with this mechanism is deleting a file by dragging it to the "recycle bin" on the desktop.

Another use of this powerful metaphorical operation is to send a file to an application program. If a file is dragged to an application such as an editor or printer, or to the icon for such an application, a typical response is for that application to "open" that file, that is, to edit or print that file. In that case the file is not actually moved; the editor or print application is simply started with that file as its target.

In a few operating systems (MacOS, for example), an application can be dragged to a part of the screen called the "dock" (this is called the "taskbar" in Windows or Linux) to make it inactive, that is, to disconnect it from the window system. This is called "docking" in MacOS. The equivalent operation in Windows or Linux is called "minimizing", and is done by clicking the "minimize" button (the "minus sign") in the upper-right corner.

[[Category:Computers]]
[[Category:Shit]]

Monomial

2011-11-11T04:05:24Z

Taylorwilson: Bot: Automated text replacement (-. +TROLL & -* +PEN.IS land & -e +BALL)

A '''monomial''' is a [[polynomial]] with only onBALL tBALLrmTROLL For BALLxamplBALL <math>x^2</math> is a monomial, but <math>x^2 +2</math> is not a monomial sincBALL it contains thBALL two tBALLrms <math>x^2</math> and 2TROLL All polynomials arBALL sums or monomialsTROLL

[[CatBALLgory:AlgBALLbra]]

Land Ordinance of 1785

2011-11-11T04:05:21Z

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This law dictated that all states give up their claims to western lands. The [[Northwest Territory]] was then set up from these lands. Townships were to be surveyed before settlement. This provided the northwest with efficient and orderly towns, unlike the land claims in the trans-Appalachian south, which were often haphazard and led to often violent conflicts.
[[Category:United States History]]
[[Category:Shit]]

Identity Element

2011-11-11T04:05:20Z

Taylorwilson: Bot: Automated text replacement (-. +TROLL & -* +PEN.IS land & -e +BALL)

An idBALLntity BALLlBALLmBALLnt is that BALLlBALLmBALLnt of a sBALLt of numbBALLrs which, whBALLn combinBALLd with anothBALLr numbBALLr in a particular opBALLration, lBALLavBALLs that numbBALLr unchangBALLdTROLL

ZBALLro (0) is thBALL idBALLntity BALLlBALLmBALLnt undBALLr addition for thBALL rBALLal numbBALLrsTROLL If a is any rBALLal numbBALLr, a + 0 = a and 0 + a = aTROLL

OnBALL (1) is thBALL idBALLntity BALLlBALLmBALLnt undBALLr multiplication sincBALL a × 1 = a and 1 × a = aTROLL

[[CatBALLgory:AlgBALLbra TBALLrms]]
[[CatBALLgory:AlgBALLbra]]
[[CatBALLgory:MathBALLmatics]]

Holoprosencephaly

2011-11-11T04:05:18Z

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'''Holoprosencephaly''' is a birth defect where the forebrain does not separate properly into two halves during early fetal life. The disorder results in mild to severe [[brain]] [[malformation]] and is sometimes fatal. It may be caused by environmental or genetic factors. Holoprosencephaly affects between 1 in 5,000 and 1 in 10,000 live births.

== Sources ==
http://www.genome.gov/glossary.cfm?key=holoprosencephaly

[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Shit]]

Executive Agreement

2011-11-11T04:05:13Z

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'''Executive Agreement''' is an agreement, which does not require the approval of the [[Senate]], between the United States and another country. This is different from a treaty.

[[Category:United States Government]]
[[Category:Shit]]

Group theory

2011-11-11T04:05:13Z

Taylorwilson: Bot: Automated text replacement (-. +TROLL & -* +PEN.IS land & -e +BALL)

'''Group thBALLory''' is thBALL study of mathBALLmatical [[Group (mathBALLmatics)|group]]s, including thBALLir symmBALLtriBALLs and pBALLrmutationsTROLL It has applications in sciBALLncBALL, and has bBALLcomBALL onBALL of thBALL most activBALL branchBALLs in all of mathBALLmatics in thBALL 20th cBALLnturyTROLL

ThBALLrBALL arBALL thrBALLBALL main sourcBALLs of group thBALLoryTROLL ThBALL first sourcBALL of group thBALLory was numbBALLr thBALLory, bBALLginning in thBALL latBALL 1700sTROLL A sBALLcond sourcBALL was thBALL thBALLory of algBALLbraic BALLquations, lBALLading to thBALL study of pBALLrmutations, also bBALLginning in thBALL latBALL 1700sTROLL A third sourcBALL of group thBALLory was gBALLomBALLtry bBALLginning around 1800TROLL

==Origins of Group ThBALLory==

[[EvaristBALL Galois]] first coinBALLd thBALL tBALLrm "group thBALLory" in 1830 aftBALLr hBALL rBALLcognizBALLd pattBALLrns in thBALL roots of quinticsTROLL ThBALL lBALLgBALLnd is that hBALL wrotBALL down as many of his dBALLvBALLlopmBALLnts in this nBALLw fiBALLld as hBALL could by working all night bBALLforBALL hBALL was killBALLd, as hBALL BALLxpBALLctBALLd, in a duBALLlTROLL

Galois cBALLrtainly fought a duBALLl with PBALLrschBALLux d'HBALLrbinvillBALL on May 30, 1832 (thBALL rBALLason for thBALL duBALLl not bBALLing clBALLar but dBALLfinitBALLly linkBALLd with a fBALLmalBALL; many sourcBALLs claim shBALL was a prostitutBALLTROLL) Galois was woundBALLd in thBALL duBALLl and was abandonBALLd by d'HBALLrbinvillBALL and his own sBALLconds and found latBALLr by a pBALLasantTROLL HBALL diBALLd in Cochin hospital on thBALL nBALLxt day, May 31TROLL

In his papBALLrs was found a notBALL which rBALLads:
<blockquotBALL>
ThBALLrBALL is somBALLthing to complBALLtBALL in this dBALLmonstrationTROLL I do not havBALL thBALL timBALLTROLL
</blockquotBALL>
It is this which has lBALLd to thBALL lBALLgBALLnd that hBALL spBALLnt his last night writing out all hBALL knBALLw about group thBALLoryTROLL

[[CatBALLgory:AlgBALLbra]]

Hells Angels

2011-11-11T04:05:11Z

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The '''Hells Angels''' are a [[motorcycle]] [[gang]] founded in 1948 in [[San Bernardino]], [[California]]. The gang has nearly 2,000 members in over 100 chapters and is spread to 30 countries worldwide<ref>[http://www.hells-angels.com/HISTORY.html]</ref>. The Hells Angels became notorious for them beating to death a [[Rolling Stones]] fan at a concert in 1968. Like motorcycle gangs, they are called a "club" by their members, though they are recognized as a violent criminal gang by the [[FBI]]. Full Hells Angels members can be readily identified by the trademarked winged skull patch they wear, and may have tattooed on them. Hells Angels also regularly do charity and benefit runs, in what is likely an attempt to "soften" their public perception.

[[Category:Gangs]]
[[Category:Shit]]

Galois group

2011-11-11T04:05:09Z

Taylorwilson: Bot: Automated text replacement (-. +TROLL & -* +PEN.IS land & -e +BALL)

ThBALL '''Galois group''' is a mathBALLmatical structurBALL ([[Group (mathBALLmatics)|group]]) associatBALLd to an [[fiBALLld BALLxtBALLnsion|BALLxtBALLnsion of fiBALLld]]sTROLL GivBALLn two fiBALLlds E and F whBALLrBALL F (thBALL "basBALL fiBALLld") is containBALLd in E (thBALL "BALLxtBALLnsion fiBALLld"), wBALL dBALLfinBALL Gal(E/F) to bBALL thBALL sBALLt of [[automorphism]]s of E which fix FTROLL ThBALL Galois group of a [[polynomial]] f ovBALLr a fiBALLld F is thBALL Galois group associatBALLd to F(α) whBALLrBALL α is a [[root]] of fTROLL ThBALL group obtainBALLd doBALLs not dBALLpBALLnd on thBALL choicBALL of rootTROLL

Galois groups arBALL namBALLd aftBALLr [[ÉvaristBALL Galois]], a [[FrBALLnch]] [[mathBALLmatician]]TROLL

[[CatBALLgory:AlgBALLbra]]

Federal Communications Commission

2011-11-11T04:05:09Z

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[[Image:FCC.JPG|thumbnail|right|200px|Official seal of the FCC]]
The '''Federal Communications Commission''' ('''FCC''') is a [[federal]] agency which regulates [[interstate]] and foreign communications by wire and [[radio]].

The FCC is an independent [[United States]] [[government]] agency, which reports to Congress rather than the President. Established by the Communications Act of 1934, the FCC has authority over interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite and cable. The FCC's jurisdiction covers the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. possessions.

== Organization ==

The FCC is managed by five Commissioners appointed by the [[President]] and confirmed by the [[Senate]] for 5-year terms, except when filling an unexpired term. The President appoints one of the Commissioners as Chairman. Only three Commissioners may be members of the same political party.

The Chairman delegates management and administrative responsibility to the Managing Director. The Commissioners supervise all FCC activities. FCC Bureaus are listed on its website.<ref>http://www.fcc.gov/aboutus.html</ref>

== See also ==

*[[Federal Budget Deficit]]
*[[Civil liberties]]

==External Links==
*[http://www.fcc.gov/ Official Website]

== References ==

<small><references/></small>

[[Category:United States Government Agencies]]
[[Category:Broadcasting]]
[[Category:Shit]]

Galois fields

2011-11-11T04:05:08Z

Taylorwilson: Bot: Automated text replacement (-. +TROLL & -* +PEN.IS land & -e +BALL)

In [[mathBALLmatics]] a '''Galois fiBALLld''' is a [[FiBALLld (mathBALLmatics)|fiBALLld]] having a finitBALL numbBALLr of BALLlBALLmBALLntsTROLL

Galois fiBALLlds arBALL onBALL of two typBALLs:

PEN.IS landThBALL intBALLgBALLrs modulo a primBALL numbBALLr ''p'', rBALLprBALLsBALLntBALLd by Z<sub>p</sub>
PEN.IS landThBALL [[polynomial]]s with coBALLfficiBALLnts modulo a primBALL numbBALLr ''p'' having opBALLrations modulo with an irrBALLduciblBALL n-dBALLgrBALLBALL polynomial r(x), rBALLprBALLsBALLntBALLd by F<sub>p^n</sub>

A Galois fiBALLld with q=p^n BALLlBALLmBALLnts is typically dBALLnotBALLd by GF<sub>q</sub> or F<sub>q</sub>TROLL

[[catBALLgory:algBALLbra]]

Explorers T

2011-11-11T04:05:04Z

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[[Explorers A|A]]-[[Explorers B|B]]-[[Explorers C|C]]-[[Explorers D|D]]-[[Explorers E|E]]-[[Explorers F|F]]-[[Explorers G|G]]-[[Explorers H|H]]-[[Explorers I|I]]-[[Explorers J|J]]-[[Explorers K|K]]-[[Explorers L|L]]-[[Explorers M|M]]-[[Explorers N|N]]-[[Explorers O|O]]-[[Explorers P|P]]-[[Explorers Q|Q]]-[[Explorers R|R]]-[[Explorers S|S]]-[[Explorers T|T]]-[[Explorers U|U]]-[[Explorers V|V]]-[[Explorers W|W]]-[[Explorers X|X]]-[[Explorers Y|Y]]-[[Explorers Z|Z]]

{{History Terms}}[[Category:Explorers]]
[[Category:Shit]]

Proctitis

2011-11-11T04:05:00Z

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According to the [[Mayo Clinic]], '''proctitis ''' is an "inflammation of the lining of the rectum... Sexually transmitted diseases are the most common cause, but other causes include inflammatory bowel diseases, such as ulcerative colitis, and non-sexually transmitted infections."<ref>http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/proctitis/DS00705</ref> [[Sexually transmitted disease]]s that cause proctitis include [[gonorrhea]], [[syphilis]], cytomegalovirus, [[herpes]], [[chlamydia]], [[lymphogranuloma venereum]], and [[amebiasis]].<ref>http://www.umm.edu/ency/article/001139.htm</ref><ref>http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec09/ch130/ch130f.html</ref> According to the Mayo Clinic, "proctitis in general mainly affects adult males".<ref>http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/proctitis/DS00705</ref>

On March 15, 2004, [[Medscape]] published an article entitled "New Look at '[[Gay Bowel Syndrome]]'", which commented on the 2004 journal article "Etiology of Clinical Proctitis Among Men Who Have Sex with Men" published by JD Klausner and C. Kent in the journal ''[[Clinical Infectious Diseases]]''. The article in Medscape linked proctitis and "gay bowel syndrome" to HIV infection.{{fact|date=January 2008}}

== See also ==

*[[American Medical Association]]
*[[Doctor]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Diseases]]
[[Category:Shit]]

Mazurek v. Armstrong

2011-11-11T04:04:55Z

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In '''Mazurek v. Armstrong''', 520 U.S. 968 (1997), the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] held that it is constitutional to prohibit non-physicians from doing [[abortion]]s. This decision was based on [[logic]], and did not find it appropriate to consider whether other medical professionals could an abortion as safely as a physician, or how much prices for abortions may increase due to the physician-only rule.
[[Category:Abortion]]
[[Category:United States Supreme Court Cases]]
[[Category:Shit]]

Breakfast cereals

2011-11-11T04:04:44Z

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The '''breakfast cereal''' industry in the U.S. is a $10 billion industry created by a dozen entrepreneurs and health food enthusiasts in the late 19th century. They invented non-meat [[breakfast]] foods that were easily packaged, marketed and consumed. Thanks to systematic national distribution and heavy advertising, their cereals became big business by 1910, transforming American eating habits. They built an industry controlled by four oligopolistic firms—originally Kellogg, General Mills, Post, and Quaker Oats and now Kellogg, General Mills, Kraft Foods, and PepsiCo—that control 83% of the market.<ref> The top 4 firms controlled 82.9% of the market in 1997, the highest concentration in the food industry, and comparable to tobacco; see [http://www.census.gov/prod/ec97/m31s-cr.pdf]</ref> Worldwide they offer hundreds of branded cereals to millions of consumers of all ages, along with forty small regional or specialty firms.<ref> On the industry in 1997, see Matthew Roy, "Analysis of the Cereal Industry" online at [http://www.lavasurfer.com/cereal-analysis.html]</ref>
==Oatmeal==

[[Image:OATS1.JPG|thumb|200px]]
Ferdinand Schumacher, a German immigrant, began the cereals revolution in 1854 with a hand oats grinder in the back room of a small store in Akron, Ohio. His German Mills American Oatmeal Company was the nation's first commercial oatmeal manufacturer. He marketed the product locally as a substitute for breakfast pork. Improved production technology (steel cutters, porcelain rollers, improved hullers), combined with an influx of German and Irish immigrants, quickly boosted sales and profits. In 1877, Schumacher adopted the Quaker symbol, the first registered trademark for a breakfast cereal. The acceptance of "horse food" for human consumption encouraged other entrepreneurs to enter the industry. Henry Parsons Crowell started operations in 1882, and John Robert Stuart in 1885. Crowell cut costs by consolidating every step of the processing—grading, cleaning, hulling, cutting, rolling, packaging, and shipping—in one factory operating at Ravenna, Ohio. Stuart operated mills in Chicago and Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Stuart and Crowell combined in 1885 and initiated a price war. After a fire at his mill in Akron, Schumacher joined Stuart and Crowell to form the Consolidated Oatmeal Company. In 1888, a trust or holding company combined the nation's seven largest mills into the American Cereal Company using the Quaker Oats brand name. By 1900 technology, entrepreneurship, and the "Man in Quaker Garb"—a symbol of plain honesty and reliability--gave Quaker Oats a national market and annual sales of $10 million.

==Precooked cereal==
Ready-to-eat precooked cereals was the next development, pioneered by Shredded wheat, which Henry Perky introduced in Denver in 1893. Perky soon built a national distribution system to grocery wholesalers nationwide. He sold out to the National Biscuit Company in 1928. In St. Louis William Danforth, with financial help from his wealthy father, bought a local firm manufactured feed for dairy cows and chicken feed under the Purina brand name. He capitalized on the 1890s health food craze and succeeded in having his cereal named the official breakfast food of the popular Dr. Ralston health clubs. Sales boomed, and human cereal became a major part of the business. However the Ralston-Purina Company by 1920 focused primarily on animal feeds
==Grand Rapids: two Kelloggs and a Post==
New breakfast-food concepts came from John K. Kellogg and Charles W. Post. The Battle Creek, Michigan, cereal industry rose from a combination of sincere religious belief and commercial interest in health foods. Dr. John H. Kellogg (1851-1943), son of an Adventist factory owner in Battle Creek was encouraged by his church to take an MD at the Bellevue Hospital Medical College in New York City in 1875. He became medical superintendent at the Western Health Reform Institute in Battle Creek, established in 1866 by the Adventists to offer their natural remedies for illness. Many wealthy industrialists came to Kellogg's sanitarium for recuperation and rejuvenation. They were accustomed to breakfast of ham, eggs, sausages, fried potatoes, hot biscuits, hotcakes, and coffee. In Battle Creek they found fresh air, exercise, rest, "hydrotherapy," a strict vegetarian diet, and abstinence from alcohol, tobacco, coffee, and tea. Kellogg experimented with granola; it resembled toasted bread crumbs. He boiled some wheat, rolled it into thin films, and baked the resulting flakes in the oven; he acquired a patent in 1891. In 1895 he launched [[Corn flakes|Corn Flakes]], which overnight captured a national market. Soon there were forty rival manufacturers in the Battle Creek area.

Charles W. Post, a former Kellogg patient, discovered a new angle, with Postum, a cereal coffee substitute that eliminated most of the caffeine found in regular coffee. "It Makes Red Blood," the Postum ads proclaimed. In 1898 he introduced Grape-nuts, the concentrated cereal with a nutty flavor and in the late 1890s Post joined the cornflake wars with Post Toasties. Good business sense, determination, and powerful advertising produced a multi-million dollar fortune for Post in a few years. After his death in 1914 his company acquired the Jell-O company in 1925, Baker's chocolate in 1927, Maxwell House coffee in 1928, Birdseye frozen foods in 1929, and changed its name to General Foods in 1929. Philip Morris tobacco bought General Foods for $5.6 billion in 1985, merged it with its Kraft division, then spun off Kraft as independent.

William K. Kellogg (1860-1951) was a a private and humorless man who had dropped out of high school and stood in the shadow of his flamboyant brother John. William, after working many years for his brother, in 1906, broke away, bought the rights from his brother and set up the Kellogg Toasted Corn Flake Company.<ref> John dropped out of the cereal industry but continued to operate his sanitarium.</ref> William Kellogg discarded the health food concept, opting for heavy advertising and commercial taste appeal. His signature on every package became the company trademark and insurance of quality.
[[Image:KELLOGG2.JPG|thumb|250px|1910 magazine ad]]

An experimental full-page ad in the ''The Ladies Home Journal'' in 1906 sent corn flake sales skyrocketing to nearly three thousand cases a day. By 1915 the company was investing one million dollars a year in product promotion. There were premiums, games, and inserts for children and teenagers, and lucrative contests for retailers. "Wink at your grocer and see what you get," invited one ad.<ref> The winker got a free box of corn flakes.</ref> Kellogg devised a trade character—the "Sweetheart of the Corn," exemplar of the wholesome American girl—who smiled from every box of corn flakes.
During the 1920s the company expanded by embracing technological advances and new products; in 1925 Rice Krispies exploded on the market, using better packaging and sealed wax paper liners to insured freshness and better shipping. By 1930 Kellogg's nine plants nation wide controlled 40% percent of the American ready-to-eat cereal industry, with an expanding international trade as well.
[[Image:KELLOGG3.JPG|thumb|left|250px]]

==More oatmeal==
Early in the 20th century, the Quaker Oats Company (formed in 1901 to replace the American Cereal Company) jumped into the world market. Schumacher, the innovator; Stuart, the manager and financial leader and Crowell, the creative merchandiser, advertiser, and promoter, doubled sales every decade. Alexander Anderson's steam-pressure method of shooting rice from guns created puffed rice and puffed wheat. Crowell's intensive advertising campaign in the 1920s and 1930s featured promotions with such celebrities as Babe Ruth, Max Baer, and Shirley Temple. Sponsorship of the popular "Rin-Tin-Tin" and "Sergeant Preston of the Yukon" radio shows aided the company's expansion during the depression. Meat rationing during World War II boosted annual sales to $90 million, and by 1956 sales topped $277 million. By 1964 the firm sold over 200 products, grossed over $500 million, and claimed that 8 million people ate Quaker Oats each day. Expansion included acquisition of Aunt Jemima Mills Company in 1926, which continues as a leading brand of pancake mixes and syrup, the sport drink Gatorade in 1983, and in 1986, the Golden Grain Company, producers of Rice-A-Roni canned lunch food. In 2001 Quaker Oats was itself bought out by the much larger Pepsico.

==National advertising==
National advertising in magazines and radio, and after 1950 television, was the key to the emergence in the 1920s of the fourth big manufacturer, General Mills. In 1921, James Ford Bell, president of a Minneapolis wheat milling firm, began experimenting with rolled wheat flakes. After tempering, steaming, and cracking wheat and processing it with syrup, sugar, and salt, it was prepared in a pressure cooker for rolling and then dried in an electric oven. By 1925 Wheaties had become the "Breakfast of Champions." In 1928 four milling companies consolidated as the General Mills Company in Minneapolis. The new firm expanded packaged food sales by heavy advertising, including sponsorship of such radio programs as "Skippy," "Jack Armstrong, The All-American Boy," and baseball games. Endorsements by Jack Dempsey, Johnny Weissmuller, and others verified the "Breakfast of Champions" slogan. By 1941 Wheaties had won 12% percent of the cereal market. Experiments with the puffing process produced Kix, a puffed corn cereal, and Cheerios, a puffed oats cereal. Further product innovation and diversification brought total General Mills sales to over $500 million annually (18% in packaged foods) by the early 1950s.

==Super variety==
After 1980 the same companies dramatically increased the variety of the basic cereals. A typical supermarket might carry 100 varieties, flavors and sizes of oatmeal. Heavily sugared cereals appealed to young eaters. Lest customers stray to the produce department, dried fruits were added to the cereals. Health advice was added, and after 1990 granola-type blends became popular. After 2000 the search was on for "natural" foods, a turn full circle to the health food origins in Battle Creek.

In 2002 the 46 American firms had 14,000 employees and shipped $8.9 billion in product<ref> U.S. Census Bureau, ''Breakfast Cereal Manufacturing: 2002'' (2004) table 1</ref>

The cereal industry followed the pattern of many American manufacturing organizations. Responding to perceived needs and consumer demands, innovators launched new products. From these beginnings emerged national corporations with larger capital bases to handle the business of mass production, nationwide distribution, and heavy advertising expenditures. Imaginative entrepreneurs used the new mass media both to acquaint consumers with their products and to create demand. What was unusual about the industry is the oligopolistic control by 4 companies—much like the automobile industry before it was open to foreign competition in the 1970s. Cereal firms lacking a national advertising base went out of business or were bought out. There remain niche markets such as local firms and specialty foods that allow small companies to operate. By the indicators used by industrial-organization economists to measure market structure, company conduct, and social performance, the industry ranks at the extreme oligopolistic end of the range of food industries. In this type of environment, the result is normally higher prices to consumers. For the cereal industry, 20% of the shelf price goes to the grocery store, 36% to the factory, and 44% to profits, advertising and distribution. <ref>Reimer (2004); Connor (1999)</ref> In recent years the most popular brand has been Cheerios from General Mills, with sales over $500 million a year, bolstered by over $20 million a year in national advertising. Kellogg's Frosted Flakes is No. 2, with sales of $250 million.<ref> Stephanie Thompson, "Kellogg pounces on toddlers; Tiger Power to wrest the monopoly away from General Mills' $500M Cheerios brand." ''Advertising Age'' v.75#49 (Dec 6, 2004): online at Expanded Academic ASAP. </ref>
==See also==
* [[Breakfast]]
==Bibliography==

* Caldwell, Elwood F. ''Breakfast Cereals and How They Are Made'' (2nd ed. 2000), the factory perspective
* Connor, John M. "Breakfast Cereals: The Extreme Food Industry," ''Agribusiness'' 1999, v, 15#2 pp 247-260 abstract at [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/61001888/ABSTRACT?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0]
* Douglass, Judith S. et al. ''Composition of Foods: Breakfast Cereals: Raw, Processed, Prepared'' (1995), from U.S. Department of Agriculture, 160pp [http://books.google.com/books?id=1GQnCSjLTa4C&pg=PA7977&dq=Douglass,+Judith+S.+%27%27Composition&num=30&as_brr=0&sig=W9u8XH3xU1X3ONS_gRshHQH_ggk full text online]
* Forsythe, Tom, et al. ''General Mills: 75 Years of Innovation, Invention, Food & Fun.'' (2003)
* Gray, James. ''Business Without Boundary: The Story of General Mills.'' (1954)
* Hotchkiss, Ron. "Kelloggs of Battle Creek." ''American History'' 1995 29(6): 62-66. Issn: 1076-8866 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
* Kulp, Karel. ''Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology'' (2000) 790 pages [http://books.google.com/books?id=wr_Uk3Ft98MC&dq=wheaties+cheerios+grape-nuts&num=30&as_brr=0 excerpt and text search]
* Marquette, Arthur F. ''Brands, Trademarks, and Good Will: The Story of the Quaker Oats Company.'' (1967)
* Musser, Joe. ''The Cereal Tycoon: Henry Parsons Crowell: Founder of the Quaker Oats Co.'' (2002) 168 pages
* Paxson, Peyton. "Charles William Post: The Mass Marketing of Health and Welfare." PhD Dissertation Boston U. 1993. 443 pp. DAI 1993 54(3): 981-982-A. DA9319980 Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]
* Powell, Horace B. ''The Original Has This Signature--W. K. Kellogg.'' (1956)
* Reimer, Jeff. "Market Conduct in the U.S. Ready-to-eat Cereal Industry" ''Journal of Agricultural and Food Industrial Organization'' (2004) vol 2#9 [http://www.aae.wisc.edu/fsrg/publications/issue%20sheets/!5-RTE%20cereal.pdf online edition]
* U.S. Census Bureau, ''Breakfast Cereal Manufacturing: 2002'' (2004) [http://www.census.gov/prod/ec02/ec0231i311230t.pdf online edition]
* Wojahn, Ellen. ''The General Mills/Parker Brothers Merger: Playing by Different Rules'' 2003
====notes====
<references/>

[[Category:Food and Drink]]
[[Category:Business]]
[[Category:Shit]]

Makemake

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'''Makemake''' is a [[dwarf planet]] in the [[solar system]] that was discovered by a team of [[astronomer]]s led my Mike Brown in March 2005.

Its name refers to a [[god]] in the [[mythology]] of the Rapa Nui people of [[Easter Island]]. According to their beliefs, Makemake was the creator of [[human]]s and the god of [[fertility]].
[[Category:Astronomy]]
[[Category:Shit]]

Nuclear family

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A '''nuclear family''' is a [[family]] comprising father, mother and children living together, but no other relatives or borders. By contrast an '''extended family''' includes other relatives living in the household.

During the past four decades, [[Family history|historians and historical demographers]] have argued that historical Northwest Europe and North America had a unique family system characterized by neolocal marriage and nuclear family structure. In other societies--such as Eastern Europe, Asia and Africa--powerful clans, senior patriarchs, and duties to and extended kinship networks were dominant factors in shaping extended families.

For both nuclear and extended families, marriages were usually arranged by parents before the 19th century. Starting in the 19th century the nuclear family was increaingly based on romantic love, allowing young people to choose their mates with less parental control.

==African American families==
Nuclear family structures are much less common among African-Americans, who have typically have families that are matriarchal (controlled by the mothers and grandmothers), with a passive role for the often-absent father. Among all Americans, African-Americans are the least likely to marry, when they marry, they do so later and spend less time married than other Americans, and they are the least likely to stay married. Causal factors include structural factors such as the disparity in sex ratios between African American males and females and employment instability among African American males. Cultural factors include changing cultural trends such as marriage not being a perquisite for sex, the independence of women, the shift from familism to individualism, cohabitation as an increasing option, and the promotion of the values of materialism and patriarchy through popular culture. Individual factors stem from an internalization of cultural values that affects people’s perceptions of marriage and their expectations of potential mates, their willingness to commit to a relationship that can lead to marriage, and, once they marry, their willingness to sustain the marriage through the challenges it will face. Added to this is the fact that, until recent federal funding in 2006, there was little or no education to help couples sustain relationships to marriage or sustain the marriage after they are married.<ref> Patricia Dixon, "Marriage Among African Americans: What Does the Research Reveal?" ''Journal of African American Studies,'' (March 2009), Vol. 13 Issue 1, pp 29-46, </ref>

==Popular culture==

''[[Leave It To Beaver]]'' was a popular situation comedy on American television, 1957-63. [[File:Beaver2.jpg|thumb|220px]]

It has become an icon of stable suburban family life and moral decision-making in a world of small human foibles and no great issues. Commentators note the happy era it depicted is long gone.

The plot revolved around the life of Theodore "Beaver" Cleaver, a pre-adolescent boy living in an upscale, middle-class neighborhood in the innocent years of the 1950s.

In its "Golden Age," television served as a kind of social training film; sitcoms like ''Leave It to Beaver,'' ''Ozzie and Harriet,'' ''The Donna Reed Show'' and ''Father Knows Best'' were all prime-time staples that taught Americans newly arrived in the suburbs from city tenements how to act middle-class.

Central to each ''Beaver'' episode was the interplay between big brother Wally and little Theodore. Their boyish attempts to navigate the social currents of school, girls, and adolescence were often tinged with frustration and loneliness. In one early episode, when Beaver is worried that his teacher will hit him over a minor mess-up, Wally corrects him: "Only the coach can hit you."

June Cleaver, a typical housewife and mother, remained calm amid household tumult, providing crucial guidance to her sons while shielding them from nefarious outside influences with a matronly force of will. Her protection was frequently needed against the pernicious intrigues of Eddie Haskell. He engaged in impulsive, selfish, disruptive, and malevolent schemes, almost evil personified. For crafty Eddie, each day was one more step toward the twilight of the adults, which would herald his ascension to neighborhood ruler.

The father Ward Cleaver was a Solomon-like figure of quiet dignity who dispensed parental justice tempered with understanding. Perceptive viewers knew his furrowed brow and clenched jaw were hints of serious inner turmoil, reminiscent of the anger toward society and unfulfilled economic dreams that tormented Willie Loman in "Death of a Salesman," the classic 1949 play about dysfunctional families.
[[File:Father-best.jpg|thumb|240px|left]]

A comparison of how children interact with their brothers and sisters on such 1950's situation comedy television programs as 'Leave It To Beaver' and 'Father Knows Best' with those on such 1980s programs as 'The Cosby Show' and 'Family Ties' found that children interacted more positively in the early period but were important and central - if more conflictual - to the main story action in the 1980s.<ref> Mary Strom Larson, "Sibling Interactions in 1950s Versus 1980s Sitcoms: A Comparison," ''Journalism Quarterly'' 1991 68(3): 381-387
</ref>

==Feminism==
Some radical feminists have attacked and ridiculed the nuclear family claiming it creates sharply bounded roles for women that are too narrow and powerless.

Feminist Alison Jaggar notes that "some feminists also criticized [nuclear] traditional family values because of their broader social implications. Radical feminists charged that the nuclear family promoted a norm of heterosexuality, regarded as indispensable for maintaining male dominance, whereas Marxist and socialist feminists argued that the nuclear family fulfilled a variety of vital economic functions for capitalist society."<ref>Alison M. Jaggar, ed. ''Living with Contradictions: Controversies in Feminist Social Ethics.'' (1994) p 382. </ref>

The line of attack caused a backlash among women, and is heard less often since the failure of the [[Equal Rights Amendment]] in the 1980s.

==See also==
* [[Family]]
* [[Family history]], on modern scholarship

==Further reading==
* Bleser, Carol, ed. ''In Joy and in Sorrow: Women, Family, and Marriage in the Victorian South.'' (1991). 330 pp.
* Bradbury, Bettina, ed. ''Canadian Family History: Selected Readings.'' (1992).
* Campbell, D'Ann. ''Women at War with America: Private Lives in a Public Era,'' (1984), World War II; covers housewives, nurses, Wacs, war-workers
* Degler, Carl. ''At Odds: Women and the Family in America from the Revolution to the Present'' (1980).
* Demos, John. ''A Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony'' (1970) influential pioneering study
* Elder, Jr., Glen H. "History and the Family: The Discovery of Complexity." ''Journal of Marriage and the Family,'' Vol. 43, No. 3 (Aug., 1981), pp. 489-519 [http://www.jstor.org/pss/351752 in JSTOR]
* Gillis, John. ''For Better, For Worse: British Marriages, 1600 to the Present'' (1985).
* Gordon. Michael, ed. ''The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective'' (2nd ed. 1978), essays by scholars
* Griswold, Robert L. ''Fatherhood in America: A History.'' (1993). 382 pp.
* Hartog, Hendrik. ''Man and Wife in America: A History.'' (2000) 408 pp. , legal history.
* Hawes, Joseph M,. and Elizabeth I Nybakken, eds. ''Family and Society in American History'' (2001), essays by scholars [http://www.amazon.com/Family-Society-American-History-Joseph/dp/0252068734/ref=sid_av_dp excerpt and text search]
* Hareven, Tamara K. "The Home and the Family in Historical Perspective." ''Social Research'' 1991 58(1): 253-285. Issn: 0037-783x in [[EBSCO]]
* Hareven, Tamara K. "The History of the Family and the Complexity of Social Change.'' ''American Historical Review'' 1991 96(1): 95-124. Issn: 0002-8762 [http://www.jstor.org/pss/2164019 in Jstor]
* Hunter, Jean E. and Mason, Paul T., eds. ''The American Family: Historical Perspectives.'' (1991). 211 pp.
* Laslett, Peter and Wall, Richard, eds. ''Household and Family in Past Time.'' (1972).
* Mintz, Steven, and Susan Kellogg. ''Domestic Revolutions: A Social History of American Family Life'' (1988), 316pp; the standard scholarly history [http://www.amazon.com/Domestic-Revolutions-Social-History-American/dp/002921291X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1208814002&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Riley, Glenda. ''Building and Breaking Families in the American West.'' (1996). 204 pp.
* Stone, Lawrence. ''The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500-1800'' (1977).
* Sussman, Marvin B. "The Isolated Nuclear Family: Fact or Fiction," ''Social Problems'', Vol. 6, No. 4 (Spring, 1959), pp. 333-340 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/799367 in JSTOR], good starting point for 1950s
* Watts, Jim and Davis, Allen F. ''Generations: Your Family in Modern American History.'' (1974). 210 pp.

====references====
<references/>
[[Category:Family]]
[[Category:Feminism]]
[[Category:1950s]]
[[Category:Shit]]

Division Property of Equality

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ThBALL '''Division PropBALLrty of Equality''' in [[mathBALLmatics]] statBALLs:

If <math>a=b</math> and c doBALLs not BALLqual 0, thBALLn <math>a/c=b/c</math>

[[CatBALLgory:AlgBALLbra]]

Distributive property

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In [[mathBALLmatics]], if onBALL has two [[binary]] opBALLrations <math>PEN.IS land</math> and <math>PEN.IS land'</math> ovBALLr a sBALLt <math> A </math> thBALLn wBALL say that <math> PEN.IS land </math> distributBALLs ovBALLr <math> PEN.IS land' </math> if for all <math>x,y,z</math> in A <math> xPEN.IS land(yPEN.IS land'z) = (x PEN.IS land y) PEN.IS land'(x PEN.IS land z)</math>TROLL A common BALLxamplBALL of opBALLrations with thBALL distributivBALL propBALLrty is thBALL BALLxamplBALL of [[multiplication]] distributing ovBALLr [[addition]]TROLL
[[catBALLgory:algBALLbra]]

Mary Katharine Ham

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[[Image:Mary Katharine Ham.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Mary Katharine Ham]]
'''Mary Katharine Ham''' is a [[Blog|blogger]], [[Internet]] [[Journalism|journalist]] and columnist for the website Townhall.com, where she is also the managing editor. She also appears on the Wednesday edition of ''[[Bill O'Reilly|The O'Reilly Factor]]'' as the show's Internet expert for the "Policing the Net" segment. She holds [[conservative|right of center]] positions on [[financial]] and [[National security|national security]] issues.<ref>http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0607/4287.html</ref>

==References==
<small><references/></small>

==External links==
*[http://www.townhall.com/blog/MaryKatharineHam Mary Katharine Ham's blog]
*[http://www.townhall.com/columnists/MaryKatharineHam Mary Katharine Ham's columns and biography]
*[http://www.youtube.com/profile?user=mkhammer Mary Katharine Ham's YouTube channel]

[[Category:Journalists|Ham, Mary Katharine]]
[[Category:Conservatives|Ham, Mary Katharine]]
[[Category:Shit]]

Battle of Washington, North Carolina

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{{ACWbattle
|name=Battle of Washington
|image=
|begin=March 30, 1863
|end=April 20, 1863
|place=Beaufort County, North Carolina
|theater=Eastern Theater
|campaign=Longstreet’s Tidewater Operations
|result=Inconclusive
|combatants1=6 regiments and artillery units
|combatants2=Hill’s Division
|commanders1=[[John G. Foster]]<br/>Brigadier General, USA
|commanders2=[[Daniel H. Hill]]<br/>Major General, CSA
|strength1=
|strength2=
|casualties1='''40'''
|casualties2='''60'''
}}
While Longstreet operated against Suffolk, D.H. Hill’s column moved against the Federal garrison of Washington, North Carolina. By March 30, the town was ringed with fortifications, but the Confederates were unable to shut off supplies and reinforcements arriving by ship. After a week of confusion and mismanagement, Hill was maneuvered out of his siegeworks and withdrew on April 15. (''NPS summary'')

{{Template:Campaignbox Longstreet's Tidewater}}
{{Template:ACW Battles of 1863}}

[[Category:American Civil War Battles]]
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Great Artists Y

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[[Great Artists A|A]]-[[Great Artists B|B]]-[[Great Artists C|C]]-[[Great Artists D|D]]-[[Great Artists E|E]]-[[Great Artists F|F]]-[[Great Artists G|G]]-[[Great Artists H|H]]-[[Great Artists I|I]]-[[Great Artists J|J]]-[[Great Artists K|K]]-[[Great Artists L|L]]-[[Great Artists M|M]]-[[Great Artists N|N]]-[[Great Artists O|O]]-[[Great Artists P|P]]-[[Great Artists Q|Q]]-[[Great Artists R|R]]-[[Great Artists S|S]]-[[Great Artists T|T]]-[[Great Artists U|U]]-[[Great Artists V|V]]-[[Great Artists W|W]]-[[Great Artists X|X]]-[[Great Artists Y|Y]]-[[Great Artists Z|Z]]
----

[[Category:Artists]]
[[Category:Shit]]

Cohomology

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In [[catBALLgory thBALLory]], thBALL '''cohomology''' of an [[BALLxact sBALLquBALLncBALL]] studiBALLs thBALL rBALLlationship bBALLtwBALLBALLn thBALL [[cokBALLrnBALLl]]s and [[coimagBALL]]s, whBALLn it is possiblBALL to takBALL thBALLir [[quotiBALLnt]]TROLL Cohomology is thBALL catBALLgory-thBALLorBALLtic [[dual]] of [[homology]]TROLL

WBALLll-known BALLxamplBALLs includBALL [[dBALL Rham cohomology]] in [[diffBALLrBALLntial gBALLomBALLtry]], [[BALLlliptic curvBALL|BALLlliptic]] cohomology, [[BALLquivariant cohomology]], and [[HypBALLrbola|hypBALLrbolic]] cohomology of infinitBALL [[AbBALLlian]] [[Group (mathBALLmatics)|groups]]TROLL

[[CatBALLgory:AlgBALLbra]]

Monopoly (board game)

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[[Image:Monopoly Mascot.jpg|100px|''Monopoly'''s mascot, Rich Uncle Pennybags.|thumb|right]]
'''''Monopoly''''' is an American [[board game]] based on the economic concept of [[monopoly]]. According to Parker Brothers, it was designed by Charles B. Darrow in 1934. Originally distributed by Parker Brothers, ''Monopoly'' is now the property of Hasbro under the Parker Brothers brand. ''Monopoly'' is one of the best-known American board games, and is immensely popular worldwide, having been published in 80 countries and 26 languages.

==History==
''Monopoly'''s development has its roots in the [[Great Depression]] and earlier, where it was first developed to understand the adversarial process of finance, and then as a means to make light of the financial problems posed by real monopolists. ''The Landlord's Game'' was an earlier board game that is very similar to ''Monopoly''.

The modern game of ''Monopoly'' was developed by Charles Darrow of Germantown, Pennsylvania, who had trouble supporting his family after the stock market crash of 1929 and during the Depression. He developed the game based on [[Atlantic City]], [[New Jersey]], where he spent summers. He initially took the game to Parker Bros., who rejected it because of "fifty-two fundamental errors" such as game length and complicated rules. He and a printer friend produced it in a [[Philadelphia]] department store. When Darrow could no longer keep up with demand, Parker Bros. took over the game. Royalties made Darrow a millionaire.
The [[Great Britain|British]] agents of Parker Brothers decided to replace the American properties with ones based on locations around [[London]]. This version was sold throughout [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]] countries, except for [[Canada]], which used the American version.<ref>[http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa121997.htm History of ''Monopoly'']</ref>

==Gameplay==
[[File:Monopoly board.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A game of ''Monopoly'']]
In ''Monopoly'', two or more players (with one player acting as Banker and Auctioneer) take turns rolling dice and moving their tokens clockwise through boxes drawn around the edges of a square board based on street names in [[Atlantic City]]. If the player rolls doubles, he or she gets an extra turn. Upon landing in a box, a player may buy the property from the bank if no other player owns it, auction the property through the Bank to the highest bidder, pay rent to the player who owns it, or draw a Chance or Community Chest card. Landing on Luxury Tax costs the player $75. For Income Tax, the player must pay either $200 or 10% of the total of (1) the player's cash and (2) the purchase price of all the player's properties and improvements. When the player passes Go, he/she collect $200. If the player lands on Jail or Free Parking, nothing happens. If the player rolls doubles three times in a row, he/she goes to jail. The player can also go to jail if he/she lands on the corner box marked Go To Jail, or gets a Chance or Community Chest card stating to go to jail. To get out of jail, the player must pay the $50 fine, roll doubles on his or her turn or use a "get out of jail free" card. Rent and property costs increase as one goes around the board. The purple and light blue properties are on the South edge, magenta and orange on the West edge, red and yellow on the North edge, and green and dark blue on the East edge. Rents are doubled if the player owns all of a color. Railroad rents increase for each additional railroad the player owns: one railroad is $25 in rent, two is $50, three is $100 rent, and owning all four will garner $200 in rent. Owning one of the two utilities will garner five times the number the player rolled on the dice, and owning both utilities will garner ten times the dice number. Building houses on the player's lot increases rents; after 4 houses, the player can erect a hotel instead. Houses and hotels are only bought from the bank, never from other players, and there is a fixed supply, which can lead to housing shortages. Not all deals are done with the bank. Players may sell or trade properties, which is often a key part of gaining a monopoly by buying all properties of a color group. A player wins the game by being the last one in the game and bankrupting his or her opponents. Players may avoid bankruptcy by morgtaging a property for one half of the face price of the property, selling houses and hotels for one half the price of the buildings, or trading. If a player still does not have enough assets, they are removed from the game. <ref>[http://www.hasbro.com/monopoly/default.cfm?page=history History of the ''Monopoly'' Game] at Hasbro</ref>

==House Rules==
Some players have added extra rules, called "House Rules", such as fines paid into a kitty in the center of the board and collected by whomever lands on Free Parking, collecting double salary when landing on GO, traveling on railroads, double buildings, "free market" (not needing a monopoly to build), instant hotels, partnerships (two players form a monopoly), utilities are treated as railroads, uneven building, unlimited buildings, immunity from rent, game starting auction, double priced and rent properties, two game boards in play, no building, trading, or collecting from Jail, and many more.<ref>[http://www.playagaingames.com/games/monopoly/home_rules/''Monopoly'' House Rules]</ref>

==Board Variations==
Overseas versions have cities appropriate for the their marketplace; for example, the British version of the game has squares based upon areas within London.

Several authorized and unauthorized versions have been created featuring different American cities, sports teams, comic book covers, movies and more.

==''Anti-Monopoly''==
''Anti-Monopoly'' is a book by retired San Francisco economics teacher Ralph Anspach that apparently discusses the darker side of the history of the Monopoly board game and its makers.<ref>[http://www.antimonopoly.com/the_book.html ''Anti-Monopoly'']</ref> There is also a board game with the same title. The ''Anti-Monopoly'' game is a negative variant of the regular game, with more updated properties. Most of the board is initially owned by a few players (The Monopolists), who are pitted against the other players (Competitors) in an attempt to break down the Monopoly.
==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Board games]]
[[Category:Shit]]

Gregor Mendel

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'''Gregor Mendel''' (1822-1884) was an Austrian monk. He studied math and science at the [[University of Vienna]] after becoming a Catholic priest. Then he worked as a high school teacher in a monastery, and tended the monastery garden.

He is most well known for his genetic experiments with pea plants. Mendel cross-pollinated pea plants of different characteristics and recorded the characteristics of their offspring. Through recording the traits of several generations, Mendel came up with [[Mendel's principles of genetics]].

Modern researchers have analyzed Mendel's results and have found that in many cases Mendel's results are improbably accurate (i.e., experimental results are seldom exact in their confirmation of an hypothesis, as Mendel's results appear to be). Rather than accusing Mendel of research fraud, which remains a possibility, some note that this is a case of "confirmation bias" (the expectation of certain results in an experiment leads the researcher to interpret results with that bias, rather than objectively report the results).

== References ==

Miller, Kenneth, et. al. ''Biology''. Boston: Prentice Hall, 2006.

[[Category:Genetics]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mendel, Gregor}}
[[Category:Shit]]

Associative property

2011-11-11T04:04:15Z

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ThBALL '''associativBALL propBALLrty''' is truBALL of an [[algBALLbraic]] systBALLm (A,PEN.IS land) [[iff]] (aPEN.IS landb)PEN.IS landc = aPEN.IS land(bPEN.IS landc)TROLL This is a dBALLsirBALLd propBALLrty bBALLcausBALL it allows onBALL to unambiguously writBALL algBALLbraic sBALLntBALLncBALLs without unnBALLcBALLssary [[bra-kBALLt notation|brackBALLting]]TROLL For BALLxamplBALL, onBALL can simply writBALL aPEN.IS landbPEN.IS landc for thBALL abovBALL BALLxprBALLssion, bBALLcausBALL no mattBALLr which ordBALLr thBALL multiplications arBALL donBALL, thBALL product will bBALL thBALL samBALLTROLL

Common BALLxamplBALLs of associativBALL opBALLrations arBALL [[AssociativBALL propBALLrty of multiplication|multiplication]] and [[AssociativBALL propBALLrty of addition|addition]] of [[rBALLal numbBALLr]]s and [[composition of functions]]TROLL

[[CatBALLgory:AlgBALLbra]]

Theodor Herzl

2011-11-11T04:04:09Z

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[[Image:Herzl.jpg|right|thumb]]
'''Theodor Herzl''' (1860-1904) was the founder of modern [[Zionism]].

He was a Hungarian Jew from a wealthy German-speaking family. After taking a law degree in 1884, he became a writer in German of plays and fiction. As Paris correspondent for the ''Neue Freie Presse'' during 1891-95, Herzl covered the [[Dreyfus Affair]], in which blatant [[Anti-Semitism]] marred French justice. He was shocked by the virulent [[Anti-Semitism]] and became convinced that Jewish assimilation was impossible. He expressed his views in ''The Jewish State'' (1896), in which he advocated the creation of a Jewish nation-state in Palestine.
Despite the opposition of the chief rabbis of the West, Herzl organized the first World Zionist Congress at Basel, Switzerland, in August 1897. The 204 delegates calling for "a publicly recognized home for the Jewish people in Palestine." Herzl worked until his death to secure acceptance of his ideas, first from the Jewish philanthropists Edmond Rothschild and Maurice de Hirsch, then from [[Kaiser Wilhelm II]] of Germany, Sultan Abdul Hamid II of the [[Ottoman Empire]], King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, and Pope Pius X.
Following the Kishinev massacre of Jews in Russia in 1903, Herzl called for the creation of Jewish nachtasyls (havens) throughout the world. That same year, he endorsed British Colonial Secretary [[Joseph Chamberlain]]'s plan to establish a Jewish homeland in East Africa, but the Zionist Congress rejected this so-called Uganda Plan after two years of squabbling.

==Further reading==
[[File:Zionism1.jpg|thumb|270px|in front: David Ben Gurian, Golda Meir, Theodor Herzl]]
* Beller, Steven. ''Herzl'' (2004)
* Friedman, Isaiah. "Theodor Herzl: Political Activity and Achievements," ''Israel Studies'' 2004 9(3): 46-79, online in [[EBSCO]]
* Pawel, Ernst. ''The Labyrinth of Exile: A Life of Theodor Herzl'' (1992) [http://www.amazon.com/Labyrinth-Exile-Life-Theodor-Herzl/dp/0374523517/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1261814867&sr=1-5 excerpt and text search]

===Primary sources===
* Herzl, Theodor. ''A Jewish state: an attempt at a modern solution of the Jewish question‎'' (1896) [http://books.google.com/books?id=eXkLAAAAIAAJ&dq=inauthor:herzl&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0 full text online]
* Herzl, Theodor. ''Theodor Herzl: Excerpts from His Diaries‎'' (2006) [http://books.google.com/books?id=2RhB8hgyK4UC&dq=inauthor:herzl&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=3 excerpt and text search]

{{DEFAULTSORT: Herzl, Theodor}}
[[Category:Zionism]]
[[Category:Shit]]

Algebraic addition

2011-11-11T04:04:09Z

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'''AlgBALLbraic addition''' is a mBALLthod in [[mathBALLmatics]] for adding [[numbBALLr]]s in which nBALLgativBALL numbBALLrs can bBALL [[add]]BALLd to and [[subtract]]BALLd from othBALLr numbBALLrsTROLL WhBALLn a nBALLgativBALL numbBALLr is addBALLd to anothBALLr numbBALLr, it must bBALL BALLnclosBALLd in parBALLnthBALLsBALLs and is simply subtractBALLd from thBALL numbBALLr: <math>4 + (-2) = 2</math>TROLL WhBALLn a nBALLgativBALL numbBALLr is subtractBALLd from a numbBALLr, it is also BALLnclosBALLd in parBALLnthBALLsBALLsTROLL ThBALL nBALLgativBALL signs cancBALLl with onBALL anothBALLr, and thBALL numbBALLr is thBALLn addBALLd: <math>4 - (-2) = 4 + 2 = 6</math>TROLL

[[CatBALLgory:AlgBALLbra]]

Algebra terms

2011-11-11T04:04:07Z

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{{AlgBALLbra IndBALLx}}
[[CatBALLgory:AlgBALLbra TBALLrms]]
[[CatBALLgory:AlgBALLbra]]
[[CatBALLgory:MathBALLmatics]]

American History Homework Ten Answers - Student Three

2011-11-11T04:04:04Z

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Steven m

1. I definitely should have taken your advice in memorizing the presidents. It's hard to keep them straight in that era in between the Era of Good feelings and the Civil War. I think I could improve with that the most. Also, I should mark the questions I haven't answered to be sure I don't miss any.

:Excellent points.

2. I liked number 15. The history of partisan politics and what a party favors is a fascinating study. History is full of people, parties, and positions flip-flopping in kaleidoscope fashion.

:Superb! Could use as a model.

3. The Scopes trial was obviously an example of judical activism. Everyone ''knew'' the teacher had taught evolution, this was just a chance for Darrow and Bryan to argue as to whether the law was right or not. Undoubtedly, Scopes had broken the law: when Darrow realized that the best he could hope for was the jury declaring the State law invalid, he gave up. The Court soon tired of the Bryan's debates with Darrow, and Darrow's bickering with Bryan. So the "evidence" became void for both sides: all they had to work with was words. This is why the Scopes trial was not a fair fight between Creation and Evolution. There was no science on either side.

On Wikipedia, the fact that Darrow dodged his deal with Bryan is downplayed, and his act of pleading guilty is cunningly worded. It says "Darrow asked the judge to bring in the jury only to have them come to a guilty verdict." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopes_Trial]

:Well done! That's an insightful catch about Wikipedia. I'll add it to our [[Bias in Wikipedia]].

4. This comes down to deciding what the greater good is, and to whom you owe more allegience, your country or the human race? Obviously, if the war would end faster by our country joining it, it would be better for the world for us to get our hands dirty. But is it worth putting our own nation in harms way? Never mind that in many cases the war comes to our nation whether we go to the war or not. Is our duty first to help as many people on earth as we can, or is it to our own country first?

I feel our devotion belongs to our country, America, first -- at least, if the playing field is level, if their war is as bad as ours. But in this case, that of World War I, the atrocities of the enemy were so vile that the act of going to war was more righteous than not going to war. If our strength had been less than theirs, I would not be so sure as to whether it was worth it to go. The idea is, first to avoid war until the benefit to the world strongly outweighs the benefit to ourselves. And second, to find the scenerio with the least bloodshed once we've gone to war. With these principles, I feel is easier to determine when to go to war, which, in 1917, was a good decision.

:Excellent analysis. Truly superb!!!

5. He was rough, smart, and sure of himself. I love how he loved the wilderness of our land, but having National Parks can be annoying nowadays.

He said "I did not usurp power, but I did greatly broaden the use of executive power." In the U.S., with the series of checks and balances, you're always taking power from somebody. Like Jackson, or perhaps Reagan, I think he did very admirable things in expanding executive power. But inevitebly, the authority that was removed from the bottom never made its way back down, and today we live with a government more centralist then Jefferson ever would have wanted.

:Terrific analysis. Will use as a model!

6.

:Oh no, what happened here? At least ''try''. (Minus 10).

7. Teddy Roosevelt is pulling Russia and Japan apart by the ears, administering peace for them.

:No, Teddy Roosevelt is bringing them ''together'' to make peace.

H1. Write about any military battle or innovation or tactic in World War I.

:Let me know if you fill this in.

H2. What is your view of the limitations on free speech during World War I?

:Let me know if you fill this in.

:Unfinished. Great work for what you've done so far!--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 14:27, 22 November 2008 (EST)
[[Category:American History Homework Ten Answers]]
[[Category:Shit]]

Tulip

2011-11-11T04:04:00Z

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A '''tulip''' is a [[flowering plant]] of the [[lily]] [[baraminology|family]]. It grows from a [[bulb]] and produces [[flower]]s and [[leaf|leaves]] in the [[spring]]. It is a popular [[garden]] plant; the bulbs are planted in the [[autumn]]. Tulips were first cultivated in the area of the [[Ottoman Empire]] (modern day [[Turkey]]). There they were considered an important symbol of virginal purity and given to new brides upon their betrothal. From there Tulips spread to Europe, were the incredible beauty with which God endowed them set off a speculative fury in [[Holland]] known as [[tulip mania|tulipomania]].
==See also==
For the abbreviation '''TULIP,''' see [[Calvinism]].
==References==
*[http://www.theflowerexpert.com/content/aboutflowers/exoticflowers/tulips Tulips]
[[Category:Plants]]
[[Category:Shit]]

Additive identity

2011-11-11T04:03:59Z

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ThBALL '''additivBALL idBALLntity''' for a [[ring]] or [[fiBALLld]] is thBALL [[BALLlBALLmBALLnt]], ''0'', of thBALL sBALLt that, whBALLn addBALLd to any BALLlBALLmBALLnt ''a'' of thBALL sBALLt, yiBALLlds an answBALLr of ''a''TROLL

In thBALL [[intBALLgBALLrs]], [[rational numbBALLrs]], and [[rBALLal numbBALLrs]], thBALL additivBALL idBALLntity is [[zBALLro]]TROLL

For any numbBALLr: a + 0 = a and 0 + a = aTROLL

==SBALLBALL also==
[[IdBALLntity ElBALLmBALLnt]]

[[CatBALLgory:AlgBALLbra TBALLrms]]
[[CatBALLgory:AlgBALLbra]]
[[CatBALLgory:MathBALLmatics]]

Addition Property of Equality

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ThBALL '''Addition PropBALLrty of Equality''' statBALLs thBALL rBALLlationship bBALLtwBALLBALLn [[addition]] and [[BALLquality]]:

If <big><math>a=b</math></big>, thBALLn <big><math>a+c=b+c</math></big>TROLL

[[CatBALLgory:AlgBALLbra]]

Bootes

2011-11-11T04:03:57Z

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[[Bootes]] meaning, the ox-driver or wagoner, was a son of Ceres; inventor of the plough in the Greek mythology; and was said to have been translated along with his ox to become a [[constellation]] in the northern sky, the brightest star in which is [[Arcturus]].<ref>{{Nuttall|Boötes}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Greek Mythology]]
[[Category:Shit]]

Abstract algebra

2011-11-11T04:03:57Z

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'''Abstract algBALLbra''' is a branch of [[mathBALLmatics]] that consists of [[group thBALLory]] and [[linBALLar algBALLbra]]TROLL

[[catBALLgory:algBALLbra]]

Battle of Sayler's Creek

2011-11-11T04:03:55Z

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{{ACWbattle
|name=Battle of Sayler's Creek<br/><small>Hillsman Farm, Lockett Farm</small>
|image=
|begin=April 6, 1865
|end=Same day
|place=Amelia, Prince Edward, and Nottoway Counties, Virginia
|theater=Eastern Theater
|campaign=Appomattox Campaign
|result=Union victory
|combatants1=Sheridan's Cavalry Corps<br/>II and VI Corps
|combatants2=
|commanders1=[[Philip Sheridan]]<br/>Major General, USA
|commanders2=[[Richard Ewell]]<br/>Lieutenant General, CSA<br/>[[John B. Gordon]]<br/>Major General, CSA
|strength1=15–16,000
|strength2=11,500
|casualties1='''1,148'''
|casualties2=7,700 captured
}}
On April 6 at Sailor’s Creek, nearly one fourth of the retreating Confederate army was cut off by Sheridan’s Cavalry and elements of the II and VI Corps. Most surrendered, including Confederate generals Richard S. Ewell, Barton, Simms, Kershaw, Custis Lee, Dubose, Hunton, and Corse. This action was considered the death knell of the Confederate army. Upon seeing the survivors streaming along the road, Lee exclaimed “My God, has the army dissolved?” (''NPS summary'')

{{Template:Campaignbox Appomattox}}
{{Template:ACW Battles of 1865}}

[[Category:American Civil War Battles]]
[[Category:Shit]]

Abelian group

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A [[Group (mathBALLmatics)|group]] is callBALLd '''AbBALLlian''' if all group BALLlBALLmBALLnts [[Commutativity|commutBALL]]TROLL
[[CatBALLgory:AlgBALLbra]]

Tiny house movement

2011-11-11T04:03:52Z

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The '''"tiny house"''' movement is a non-movement towards smaller homes and simpler lifestyles. It began in earnest in the 1990s, but has accelerated in the [[Financial_Crisis_of_2008 |current financial climate]]. During prolonged peace and economic gains that were the legacy of the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] presidency, U.S. home sizes increased. This trend was accelerated during the so-called "housing bubble" that resulted from the ow interest rates seen during the Bush Administration response to the [[Clinton]]-era "dot.com" bubble. With larger houses consumer spending went up and more durable and non-durable goods were purchased to fill these houses. This created a spiral of materialism and consumer debt that contributed to the financial collapse realized fully under the policies of the [[Obama]] Administration.<ref>[http://www.notsobighouse.com/] Not so big house, one of the leading publications in the movement</ref>

==What is a tiny house==
A tiny house is typically defined as any house under 500 square feet for a couple or family and under 300 square feet for an individual. Tiny houses can be built in virtually any means of construction although a higher portion of them are built using "alternative" means. A tiny house is not a trailer home. While a tiny house can be put on wheels the fit and finish of a tiny house is of a higher quality. The two are different in much the same way that a yacht and a sail boat are different.

==Advantages==
Tiny homes are primarily affordable, because they require fewer materials, less labor, and less stuff to fill it.<ref>[http://20somethingfinance.com/blog/2009/08/09/a-look-into-the-tiny-house-movement-with-tiny-home-pioneer-jay-shafer/] 20 something finances, tiny homes with Jay schafer</ref>
In addition to short-term affordability, a tiny house requires less fuel to heat, which contributes to individual and national energy independence. Smaller homes encourage people to spend less time in the house, and when in the house to spend more time interacting with each other, and they eliminate the practice of escaping to ones bedroom or study or TV den.A tiny house takes less upkeep, less time dusting and painting and cleaning and more time on other pursuits.

==Disadvantages==
A tiny house is small, and this discourages many types of home-based business, as well as large gatherings. A tiny house is more vulnerable to the forces of nature, a tornado or hurricane or forest fire can more easily damage it.A tiny house can be harder to finance, as banks have not moved with the trend. tiny house may violate local zoning laws: many areas have minimum home sizes, sometimes as large as 1000 square feet. Some tiny homes are as small as 86 square feet.Many people consider a large home to be a sign of success, inhabiting a tiny home may not show off the peacock feathers as well as a large home.

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Environmentalism]]
[[Category:Shit]]

New Black Panthers

2011-11-11T04:03:49Z

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[[Image:NewBlackPantherPty.jpg|right|200px]]
'''New Black Panthers''' is a far-left black-supremacist organization founded in [[Dallas]], [[Texas]] in 1989. Its current chairman is [[Malik Zulu Shabazz]]. New Black Panthers is widely considered [[anti-Semitic]], [[racist]], and supportive of [[violence]] and ethnic nationalism.<ref>http://www.adl.org/Anti_semitism/shabazz.asp</ref> On September 27, 2010, New Black Panther leader Malik Zulu Shabazz and [[Louis Farrakhan]] met with illegitimate [[Iranian]] President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] to build an alliance, secure raw materials and overthrow [[America]].<ref>http://gatewaypundit.rightnetwork.com/2010/12/new-black-panther-obama-supporters-colluded-with-ahmadinejad-to-overthrow-america/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+gatewaypundit2+%28Gateway+Pundit%29</ref><ref>http://www.theblaze.com/stories/shock-audio-new-black-panther-leader-reveals-collusion-at-nyc-meeting-with-ahmadinejad-to-build-alliance-secure-raw-materials-and-overthrow-america/</ref>

Malik Zulu Shabazz appeared on the [[O'Reilly Factor]] and accused [[Michelle Malkin]] of being a "political prostitute"; moreover, on May 15, 2007, Malik Zulu Shabazz blamed the "Jewish lobby" after he was denied entry into [[Canada]]. Khallid Abdul Muhammad who served as the organization's chairman from 1993 until his death in 2001 voiced notoriously antisemitic and racist comments. He called [[Jew]]s "bloodsuckers," called for [[genocide]] against whites. He later recalled: {{Cquote|I called them [Jews] bloodsuckers. I'm not going to change that. Our lessons talk about the bloodsuckers of the poor in the supreme wisdom of the Nation of Islam. It's that old no-good Jew, that old imposter Jew, that old hooked-nose, bagel-eating, lox-eating, Johnny-come-lately perpetrating a fraud, just crawled out of the caves and hills of Europe, so-called damn Jew. . . and I feel everything I'm saying up here is kosher.<ref>http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/Black_Panther.asp?LEARN_Cat=Extremism&LEARN_SubCat=Extremism_in_America&xpicked=3&item=Black_Panther</ref>}}

Members of the previous Black Panther Party have repudiated and rebuked the New Black Panthers. <ref>http://www.blackpanther.org/newsalert.htm</ref><ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VALtpXOKJ4w Bobby Seale on the New Black Panthers]</ref>
==Also see==
*[[Black Panther Party]]
*[[Obama's America]]
==External links==
*[http://www.newblackpanther.com Official Site of the New Black Panther Party]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:United States Political Parties]]
[[Category:Racist Organizations]]
[[Category:Lunatics]]
[[Category:Anti-Semitism]]
{{liberalism}}
[[Category:Shit]]