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<div>[[File:800px-Warning signs at CHS.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Because of violence, vandalism, and other undesirable elements, this public school has a glaring sign warning of the on-campus surveillance cameras at its parking lot entrance.]]<br />
'''Public schools in the [[United States]]''' are government sponsored institutions intended to teach children up through 12th grade. They are generally split into lower-level "Grade School," "Middle School" and "High School." There are also some "Technical Schools" for training in specific skills.<br />
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Public schools have become predominantly [[liberal]] and [[atheistic]]<ref>[http://www.exodusmandate.org/art_exodus_from_public_schools_gets_helping_hand.htm Exodus from "public schools" gets a helping hand], Exodus Mandate, Sept 15, 1998</ref><ref>For example, "in 2005, officials at East Brunswick High School adopted a policy prohibiting representatives of the school district from participating in student-initiated prayer." [http://www.worldnetdaily.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=61806]</ref><ref>From 2004 to 2006, a [[public school]] banned [[Bible]] study by children ... ''during recess''. A teacher complained about the use of the Bible and the principal then censored the study activity, according to a sworn statement by a teacher told to stop it. Principal "Summa, having learned of a complaint by a teacher and of the students' Bible study, told fourth-grade teacher Virginia Larue to nix the group's recess meeting. ... Larue later told one of Luke's Bible study colleagues the group could no longer meet at recess."[http://knoxnews.com/news/2008/jan/03/recess-bible-study-spurs-lawsuit/]</ref><ref>[[Atheists]] routinely impose their views on [[public schools]], though liberals deny it. For example, a court prohibited a moment of silence in [[Illinois]] "Township High School District 214 after atheist activist Rob Sherman challenged" it.[http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-moment_of_silence_bothmay30,0,7722271.story]</ref> <br />
government institutions that employ 3 million people and spend more than $410 billion annually at a cost of more than $10,000 per student. [[Liberals]] censor [[classroom prayer]], the [[Ten Commandments]], sharing of [[faith]] in classrooms during school hours, and teaching [[Bible]]-based [[morality]].<ref>''See, e.g.'', ''[[Stone v. Graham]]'' (1980) (excluding Ten Commandments from public school).</ref><ref>A public school banned [[Bible]] study by children ... ''during recess''. A teacher complained about the use of the Bible and the principal then censored the study activity, according to a sworn statement by a teacher told to stop it. [http://knoxnews.com/news/2008/jan/03/recess-bible-study-spurs-lawsuit/]</ref> Mandatory [[Homosexual Agenda|homosexual indoctrination]] is common as early as elementary school in more [[liberal]] states.<ref>http://www.massresistance.org/media/video/brainwashing.html</ref> The failures of underperforming public schools are a paradigm of [[socialism]], along with [[landfills]] and the [[Canada|Canadian]] health care system.<br />
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The following are characteristics of US public schools:<br />
<br />
*30% of public school students fail to graduate from [[high school]],<ref name="graduate">"Only 70% of all students in public high schools graduate, and one study found that only 32% of all students in the high school class of 2001 left high school qualified to attend four-year colleges."[http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/ewp_03.htm]</ref> and more 40% of minorities fail to graduate;<ref>"Only 71 percent of kids graduate from high school within four years, and for minorities, the numbers are even worse -- 58 percent for Hispanics and 55 percent for African Americans," [Bill Gates] wrote. "If the decline in childhood deaths [in developing countries] is one of the most positive statistics ever, these are some of the most negative."[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/29/AR2009032901353.html?wpisrc=newsletter]</ref> the real drop-out rate may be 50%.<ref>http://www.2theadvocate.com/news/47272207.html</ref><br />
*Nearly 70% of students leave high school unqualified to attend four-year college, and many are unable to hold a steady job.<ref name="graduate"/><br />
*A 2007 study funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse found that 77% of students between eighth and 12th grade had used illicit drugs.<ref>According to Monitoring the Future, a study funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, illicit drug use is up among students between eighth and 12th grade. In 1991, 62 percent had used illicit drugs. In 2007, the number jumped to 77 percent. [http://www.battlecreekenquirer.com/article/20081207/NEWS08/812070305/1002]</ref> Fatal overdoses are common but underreported.<ref>Fatal overdoses are common, although often underreported.[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B01E5DB123EF932A25750C0A9629C8B63 Reporting of a heroin overdose by 16-year-old [[public school]] student was an exception to the underreporting].</ref> Public schools are required to present [[Drug education|drug "education"]] to kids.<br />
*More than 60% of public school teenagers (in one regional study) watch more than 3 hours of television a day, compared with a national average of 35%<ref>http://www.commercialappeal.com/news/2008/dec/01/memphis-youth-make-progress-on-risky-behavior/ (study of Memphis students)</ref><br />
*About half of the viable pregnancies among girls attending public school end in [[abortion]]s and about half end in birth. Public schools "[[Sex education|educate]]" kids about sex.<ref>"There is zero shame [to [[teenage pregnancy]]]," the school nurse observed.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/12/AR2008121203507.html]</ref><br />
*"About 160,000 students miss school daily because they [[fear]] being [[Bully|bullied]]," and students viciously fight each other and post videos of it on [[YouTube|Youtube.com]].<ref>One victim is now "being [[homeschooled]] at state expense."[http://starbulletin.com/2008/05/18/news/story01.html]</ref> <br />
*20% of students had been dangerously "[[binge drinking]]" in the previous 30 days, and 50% of seniors regularly drink illegally, according to a 2007 study of Ottawa County, Michigan.<ref>The Grand Rapids Press The Grand Rapids Press: Ottawa County confronts teen drinking, By Greg Chandler, December 04, 2008 [http://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2008/12/ottawa_county_confronts_teen_d.html]</ref><ref name="Oregon">http://www.mlive.com/chronicle/news/index.ssf/2008/12/ottawa_co_youth_survey_surpris.html</ref><br />
*10-20% of students become [[Addiction|addicted]] to [[cigarettes]]<ref name="Oregon"/><ref>http://www.commercialappeal.com/news/2008/dec/01/memphis-youth-make-progress-on-risky-behavior/</ref><br />
*More than 10% of public high schools have a [[Homosexual Agenda|pro-homosexual]] student club<br />
*The majority of public school students are completely ignorant about the Bible, even as [[Bible history|history]] and literature<br />
*35% of students are overweight<br />
*Health screening of public schools in Memphis, Tennessee, found that nearly 10% of students have mental health problems.<br />
*California public schools, largest in the nation, now rank at the bottom in academic achievement.<br />
{{See also|Public school culture}}<br />
==History==<br />
===Religious origins===<br />
In 1647, [[Massachusetts]] [[Puritans]] enacted the second law, after Scotland in 1616,<ref>The Social, Economic & Political Reasons for the Decline of Gaelic in Scotland [http://www.scottishhistory.com/articles/highlands/gaelic/gaelic_page1.html]</ref> establishing universal public [[school]]s in the English-speaking world to block the attempts by "ould deluder Satan to keepe men from the whole knowledge of the Scriptures".<ref>''Family Encyclopedia of American History'' (Reader's Digest 1975)</ref> Each settlement larger than 50 families was required to pay a [[teacher|schoolmaster]] to teach reading, writing and religious doctrine to the [[children]] in the community. Beginning in 1670, Massachusetts provided [[taxation|tax]] funding for school maintenance. This model was then copied throughout the colonies, and even throughout the world.<br />
<br />
====Curricula used====<br />
According to [[Noah Webster]], "the books used were chiefly or whole Dilworth's Spelling Books, the Psalter, Testament and Bible".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DYVX2qf5xIAC&pg=PA118|last1=Gutjahr|first1=Paul C.|title=An American Bible: A History of the Good Book in the United States, 1777-1880|date=1999|work=[[Stanford University]] Press|pages=118}}</ref> Other sources such as the U.S. Office of Education note the following books used: The ABC, the Horn Book, the New England Primer, the Bible, Catechisms, and the Psalters.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gwENAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA8-PA19|title=Statistics of Land-grant Colleges and Universities, Volume 1, Issues 1-26|date=1921|work=Office of Education|pages=18–19}}</ref><br />
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''[[The New England Primer]]'' is of particular note given its widespread use over such a long period of time.<ref name=encyclopedia>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e6YoCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA874|title=Encyclopedia of Christian Education, Volume 3|date=2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|pages=874}}</ref> The ''Primer'', also known as ''The Little Bible'', was in use in schools for over 150 years.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-New-England-Primer The New-England Primer], [[Encyclopedia Britannica]]</ref><br />
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===Importation of the Prussian model===<br />
In the mid 19th century, [[Horace Mann]], an early education reformer, studied the methods of [[Prussian Education]] and brought them back to the [[United States]]. According to [[John Dewey]]:<br />
{{cquote|Horace Mann and the disciples of [[Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi|Pestalozzi]] did their peculiar missionary work so completely as intellectually to crowd the conservative to the wall. For half a century after their time the ethical emotion, the bulk of exhortation, the current formulae and catchwords, the distinctive principles of theory have been found on the side of progress, of what is known as reform. The supremacy of self-activity, the symmetrical development of all the powers, the priority of character to information, the necessity of putting the real before the symbol, the concrete before the abstract, the necessity of following the order of nature and not the order of human convention - all these ideas, at the outset so revolutionary, have filtered into the pedagogic consciousness and become the commonplace of pedagogic writing and of the gatherings where teachers meet for inspiration and admonition.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JXkBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA332|last1=Dewey|first1=John|title=Journal of Proceedings and Addresses|date=1901|work=[[National Education Association]]}}</ref>}}<br />
Mann would travel to [[Prussia]] in 1843 to visit the schools and study them.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UrxSUMN4-FsC&pg=PA224|last1=Karier|first1=Clarence J.|title=The Individual, Society, and Education: A History of American Educational Ideas|date=1986|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0252013096|quote="In 1843, it was these Pestalozzian practices which so impressed Horace Mann on his visit to the Prussian Schools.}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Secularization====<br />
According to historian Ellwood Cubberly:<br />
{{cquote|He(Horace Mann) will always be regarded as perhaps the greatest of the "founders" of our American system of free public schools. No one did more than he to establish in the minds of the American people the conception that education should be universal, non-sectarian, and free, and that its aim should be social efficiency, civic virtue, and character, rather than mere learning or the advancement of sectarian ends.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_tEAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA167|last1=Cubberley|first1=Ellwood. P|title=Public Education in the United States: A Study and Interpretation of American Educational History; an Introductory Textbook Dealing with the Larger Problems of Present-day Education in the Light of Their Historical Development|date=1919}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
John Dewey regarded Horace Mann as the "patron saint of progressive education."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t7QTC8NuGL8C&pg=PA181|last1=Dewey|first1=John|title=The Later Works, 1925-1953: 1935-1937|publisher=SIU Press|date=1987}}</ref><br />
<br />
===20th century===<br />
Many children did not attend public school for the first two centuries. It was not until 1852 that Massachusetts became the first state to require attendance<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7V83obZcnvkC&pg=PA34|last1=Mathison|first1=Sandra|last2=Ross|first2=E. Wayne|title=Battleground : Schools|date=2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|quote=""Mann was eventually successful, and in 1852 Massachusetts passed the first compulsory education laws in North America."}}</ref> by students aged 6 through 16, and it was not until 1918 that all states had [[compulsory attendance]] laws. High schools did not generally exist until after the [[Civil War]], and the first American [[kindergarten]] didn't exist until 1856 in Watertown, Wisconsin.<br />
<br />
==Improvement of early childhood education==<br />
Many public schools have launched pre-kindergarten programs for 3 and 4-year-old children. Some states have shifted from half-day kindergartens to programs that match the school day schedule of the other grades. Currently, 14 states and the District of Columbia require full-day kindergarten. <br />
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Research has demonstrated the importance of testing third graders for reading ability. Seventeen states and the District of Columbia require non-proficient readers to repeat third grade if they fail a reading test.<br />
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Historically, early childhood education focused on reading and writing. However, the research shows that young children's minds are receptive to math and logic. So public schools are adding Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM Education) to the lower grades.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ncsl.org/research/education/strengthening-the-kindergarten-third-grade-continuum.aspx|title=Strengthening the Kindergarten-Third Grade Continuum|date=December 21, 2016|accessdate=June 17, 2017}}</ref><br />
==Views on morals==<br />
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===So-called "character education"===<br />
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In response to the perception that public schools have stopped teaching morality, many state education departments have or are in the process of developing "morality" that avoid good and evil, right and wrong, and instead present under the heading of "character" education.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3971/is_199910/ai_n8866284]</ref> The lack of appreciation for right and wrong can surprise outsiders, and even school principals. When one public school student was charged with [[felony]] [[computer crime]] for altering the grades of 20 students, the principal said, we "want to teach them what's right and wrong, and it's tough for some kids to catch on to the idea that changing grades is the wrong thing to do."<ref>http://cw2.trb.com/news/kwgn-student-grade-felony,0,7871401.story</ref> The impact of the removal of morality from the [[public school]] curriculum (which is also used in private schools) is that "more than one in three boys (35 percent) and one-fourth of the girls (26 percent) — a total of 30 percent overall — admitted stealing from a store within the past year."<ref>http://charactercounts.org/programs/reportcard/index.html</ref> Liberal politicians are the most frequent opponents of initiatives designed to build moral fiber in the public school system, with organizations like the [[ACLU]] and teacher's unions devoting a significant amount of their resources towards this end. In 2010, a school board in [[North Dakota]] decided to change the name of their mascot from the "Satans." Liberals unrolled a large-scale media campaign that blanketed the district with pro-Satan propaganda in an attempt to keep the name, but they were unsuccessful.<ref>http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-03-11/news/ct-perspec-0311-things-20120311_1_devil-man-great-deceiver-native-americans</ref><br />
<br />
=== Prayer ===<br />
<br />
{{See also|Classroom prayer}}<br />
<br />
The White House announced the release of Revised Religious Guidelines for America's Public Schools on May 29, 1998. Within this announcement, President [[Bill Clinton|Clinton]] stated, "Nothing in the [[First Amendment]] converts our public schools into religion-free zones, or requires all religious expression to be left behind at the school house door."—President Clinton, July 12, 1998<ref>http://www.ed.gov/PressReleases/05-1998/wh-0530.html</ref> <br />
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In 2003, the Education Department released the following guidelines that clarified and added requirements to Public Schools to ensure the religious rights of students.<ref>http://www.freedomforum.org/templates/document.asp?documentID=17550</ref> <br />
<blockquote><br />
Schools that don’t allow students to pray outside the classroom or that prohibit teachers from holding religious meetings among themselves could lose federal money, the Education Department said late last week.<br /><br />
<br /><br />
The guidance reflects the [[George W. Bush|Bush]] administration’s push to ensure that schools give teachers and students as much freedom to pray as the courts have allowed.<br /><br />
The department makes clear that teachers cannot pray with students or attempt to shape their religious views.<br />
The instructions, released by the department on Feb. 7, broadly follow the same direction given by the [[Clinton administration]] and the courts. Prayer is generally allowed provided it happens outside the class and is initiated by students, not by school officials.<br /><br />
<br /><br />
The department, however, also offered some significant additions, including more details on such contentious matters as moments of silence and prayer in student assemblies. And for the first time, federal funds are tied to compliance with the guidelines. The burden is on schools to prove compliance through a yearly report.<br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
===Teaching the Bible in public schools ===<br />
Public schools suffer from severe [[Liberal bias]], and as a result, many children are indoctrinated into believing [[Climate Change]], [[Racism]] and the dangerous [[Homosexual Agenda]]. Schools also refuse to teach children about the truth of [[God]], leading many young individuals away from God's arms. The [[Bible]] is never taught in schools, instead, [[Atheist]] theories are promoted.<br />
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The [[National Council on Bible Curriculum in Public Schools]]<ref>http://www.bibleinschools.net/</ref> (NCBCPS) provides a program for teaching the Bible in public schools. Currently, the NCBCPS's Bible curriculum has been voted into 462 school districts (over 1,900 high schools) in 38 states. Over 210,000 students have already taken this course nationwide, on the high school campus, during school hours, for credit.<br />
<br />
===Teaching of Islam in the public schools===<br />
Public school textbooks have been found to be portraying [[Islam]] in a positive light. Some world history textbooks in [[Florida]] claim ''Muslims profess to worship the same God as Christians and Jews'', women historically had more rights in the Islamic world than the Christian world, and [[Jihad]] is not a violent movement, among other falsehoods. These lies have caused patriots some areas of the state to complain to local school boards, but not much has been done by the boards to actually remove the Islamic propaganda.<br />
<br />
In California seventh grade social studies classes, students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the civilizations of Islam in the Middle Ages. Hence, Islam is one of eleven units taught in the class.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/politics/religion/islam.asp|title=Islam Studies in California Schools|date=April 5, 2015|accessdate=July 30,3027}}</ref><ref>Nazarian, Adelle (February 2, 2015). [https://www.breitbart.com/california/2015/02/02/is-islamic-indoctrination-being-taught-in-la-public-schools/ Is Islamic Indoctrination Being Taught in LA Public Schools?] ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 30, 2017.</ref> In addition, a [[San Diego]] school district worked with [[CAIR]] to add "anti-Islamophobia" classes.<ref>Moons, Michelle (April 23, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/california/2017/04/23/san-diego-school-district-pushes-forward-cair-assisted-anti-islamophobia-plan-for-fall/ San Diego School District Pushes CAIR-Assisted ‘Anti-Islamophobia’ Plan]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 30, 2017.</ref><br />
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==Censorship==<br />
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Public schools enforce liberal ideology through aggressive censorship of right-wing and conservative students, including for speech or conduct occurring off school grounds. Conservatives, as well as some libertarian organizations, have challenged instances of school censorship under well-established legal precedent protecting free speech against all state actors, including public schools. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nj.com/ocean/index.ssf/2018/03/gun_group_says_it_will_sue_school_after_students_a.html|title=HS students' suspension over gun range photo ignites uproar, potential lawsuit|date=April 5, 2015|accessdate=July 30,3027}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Gender disparity== <br />
Public schools as of late have seen girls' scores soar above boys' because schools have been geared toward the needs of girls and schools seek to emasculate boys by preventing healthy roughhousing and having psychiatrists prescribe boys drugs such as Ritalin. Then boys often come to hate school because radical feminists seek to prevent men from being men and forcing males to go through counseling to "discuss their feelings" and other liberal hogwash treating all students as if they were female. Colleges, because of this trend, see a trend of 60/40 female to male ratio because of feminist drivel such as romance novels in literature and ineffective therapy and attempts to push feminine traits on boys and young men making them frustrated and fed up with the system unless they agree to the school's desire to become effeminate.<br />
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Schools commonly suspend students for defending themselves from violent bullying, even though that is illegal under the laws of all 50 states which protect the right to self-defense. <br />
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Liberal ideology has also eliminated most male role models in public schools, such that less than a quarter of the teachers are men now.<ref>http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=28</ref><br />
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In areas on such standardized tests as ACT and SAT, girls have typically scored higher in areas such as mathematics and science. Colleges have become majority female, and the feminization of men is strong on college campuses with events that openly advocate female superiority. Females are also intent on emasculating males by forcing them to see "chick flicks" and concerts of female singers which also promote feminist nonsense, strongly continuing a trend that begins in high school which results in a large number of males taking up historically female programs such as psychology and nursing; this begins in school where teachers and administrators teach boys and girls to be girls and not only condone but encourage such emasculation which only continues throughout the boys' lives as learned behaviors are strongest during the crucial formative years these boys are in school.<br />
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Most U.S. public schools receive federal funding. Those that do are subject to [[Title IX]] which among other things requires equal access to extra curricular activities and sports.<br />
<br />
==Suppression and intolerance of alternative views==<br />
Several courts, including the [[U.S. Supreme Court]], which frequently engage in [[judicial activism]], have ruled that teaching [[creationism]]<ref>https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/482/578/case.html</ref> and [[intelligent design]] in public schools is unconstitutional because they claim that such teachings would amount to a government establishment of religion, which is prohibited by the First Amendment.<ref>''See'' ''Kitzmiller'', 400 F.Supp.2d at 765</ref> Hypocritically, nothing has been done to remove the religions of Secular Humanism and Islam from the schools.<br />
<br />
==Educational outcomes==<br />
<br />
===Declining literacy ===<br />
Since the rapid expansion and liberalization of public schools after [[World War II]], students' [[literacy]] levels have dropped significantly. While the average 14-year-old had a vocabulary of 25,000 words in 1945, the equivalent student in 2000 had a vocabulary of only 10,000 words, a severe disadvantage in an increasingly textual world.<ref>''Utne Reader'' (July–August 2000), 28-9.</ref><br />
<br />
===Liberal bias in textbooks===<br />
{{See also|Textbook bias}}<br />
<br />
[[Textbook]]s (K-12) have been systematically analyzed in a study funded by the U.S. government. The 1986 findings were that massive, systematic [[liberal bias]] exists, resulting in several information blackouts in four key areas of modern American life&mdash;[[marriage]], [[religion]], [[politics]], and [[business]]. While an actual conspiracy was then ruled out, the cause was found to be a "a very widespread [[secular]] and [[liberal]] mindset" pervading "the leadership in the world of education [and textbook publishing]".<ref>''Censorship: Evidence of Bias in Our Children's textbooks'', [[Paul C. Vitz]], Servant Books, 1986, ISBN 0-89283-305-X</ref><br />
<br />
Professor Larry Schwikart, of the [[University of Dayton]], wrote a book about biased textbooks. False claims common in those texts included that the [[Founding Fathers]] wanted a "wall of [[Separation of church and state|separation" between church and state]], that "[[Abraham Lincoln|Lincoln]] issued the [[Emancipation Proclamation]] only because he needed [[Black Soldiers in the Civil War|black soldiers]]", and that "[[Mikhail Gorbachev]], not [[Ronald Reagan]], was responsible for ending the [[Cold War]]".<ref>http://www.emailwire.com/release/20086-Controversial-Historian-on-the-Price-of-Business-Show.html</ref><br />
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Evidence for bias in school textbooks includes promotion of [[Homosexual]] agenda, support of liberal viewpoint, as well as support of the unproven theory of evolution. Most Biology textbooks do not provide the [[Creationist]] viewpoint a chance, or even a second thought.<br />
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===Non-Dismissal of tenured teachers===<br />
Due to the strength of the nation's teachers' [[Labor union|union]], it is nearly impossible to fire a bad performing teacher with [[tenure]]. The process can take years and involves countless steps to even attempt. The union claims that the protections are needed against arbitrary and malicious lawsuits.<br />
<br />
The New York public schools system has approximately 700 teachers accused of insubordination to sexual misconduct. They remain in seclusion from the classroom but are paid full salaries until their cases are heard, sometimes from months to years later. All because their union contract makes it extremely difficult to fire them.<ref>[https://www.newsmax.com/insidecover/us_rubber_rooms/2009/06/22/227959.html 700 NYC Teachers Paid to Do Nothing] AP, June 22, 2009</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Pathtodismissal.JPG|center|thumb|800px| Flow chart for firing teachers in the nations second largest [[school district]], Los Angeles Unified School district]]<br />
== 4-day week ==<br />
In order to save on transportation costs and reduce time spent on travel, many states have been experimenting with holding school on four days a week leaving the fifth day for medical appointments and athletic events. In such programs, the school day is lengthened to provide the same number of hours per week of instruction. The option is more frequently used in large rural school districts. These states include: Arizona, California, Colorado, Georgia, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, Nevada, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Wisconsin, Wyoming and Washington. In states which have legislation permitting a 4-day school week, each school district decides whether to implement it. Arkansas, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Hampshire, Virginia and Washington have no schools using the option.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ncsl.org/issues-research/educ/school-calendar-four-day-school-week-overview.aspx|title=Four-Day School Weeks|accessdate=June 17, 2017}}</ref><br />
==Notable graduates==<br />
=== Before 1962 ===<br />
Given that public schools educate about 90% of [[Americans]], it is astounding how few prominent Americans attended public school after the banning of school-sponsored prayer in 1962. Here is an impressive list of people who attended public schools ''before'' the banning of school-sponsored prayer.<br />
<br />
*[[Ronald Reagan]]<ref>http://www.dixonil.com/reagan/reagan2.htm</ref> graduated from Dixon High School, Illinois<br />
*[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]<ref>http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/press_releases/2007/PR07_11_August_02_2007_Eisenhower_Co_Sponsor_Little_Rock.pdf</ref> attended Abilene High School in Abilene, Kansas<br />
*[[Richard M. Nixon]]<ref>http://www.nndb.com/edu/836/000068632/</ref> attended Fullerton and Whittier High Schools, California<br />
*[[Gerald Ford]]<ref>http://www.visitgrandrapids.org/ford-facts.php</ref> attended Grand Rapids South High School, Michigan<br />
*[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]<ref>http://www.nndb.com/people/062/000023990/</ref> attended Johnson City High School, Texas<br />
*[[Harry S Truman]]<ref>http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/103truman/103visual1.htm</ref> attended Independence High School, Missouri<br />
*[[H. Ross Perot]]<ref>http://www.famoustexans.com/rossperot.htm</ref> attended public schools and Texarkana Junior College, Texas<br />
*[[Richard Cheney]]<ref>http://www.nndb.com/people/598/000022532/</ref> graduated from Natrona County High School in Casper, Wyoming.<br />
*[[Colin Powell]] graduated from Morris High School, NY in 1954 and received his B.A. in geology from the City College of New York in 1958 <ref>http://gale.cengage.com/free_resources/bhm/bio/powell_c.htm</ref><br />
*[[Billy Graham]] graduated from Sharon High School, NC in May 1936<ref>http://online-bibleconcordance.com/Ministers/BillyGraham.aspx</ref><br />
*[[Michael Medved]] graduated from Palisades High School, CA <ref>michaelmedved.townhall.com/About.aspx</ref><br />
*[[The Wright Brothers]] attended public schools in Richmond, India and Dayton OH but did not graduate <ref>http://www.kyrene.org/schools/brisas/sunda/inventor/wright/index.html</ref><br />
*[[Roy Jay Glauber]], Nobel laureate, graduated from Bronx High School of Science, Bronx, NY in 1941.<ref>http://www.nndb.com/people/738/000138324/</ref><br />
*[[Frederick Reines]], Nobel laureate, attended Union Hill High School, NJ, during the late 1930s.<ref>http://www.nndb.com/people/052/000099752/</ref><br />
*[[Oliver North]], US Army Officer, political commentator, graduated from Ockawamick High School in 1961.<ref>http://libraryoflibrary.com/E_n_c_p_d_Ollie_North.html</ref><br />
<br />
=== After 1962 ===<br />
Here is a mostly unimpressive list of people who attended public school ''after'' school-sponsored prayer was banned in 1962:<br />
<br />
*[[Brad Pitt]], actor, graduated from Kickapoo High School in Springfield, Missouri, 1981; dropped out of college.<ref>http://www.rolemodel.net/brad_pitt.cfm<br />
</ref><br />
*[[Tom Cruise]], actor, attended several public high schools including Glen Ridge High School, New Jersey during the 1970s.<ref>http://www.nndb.com/people/791/000022725/<br />
</ref><br />
*[[John Sununu]], former one-term Senator from [[New Hampshire]], graduated from Salem High School in the 1970s;<ref>http://www.sununu.senate.gov/biography.html</ref> claiming to be [[pro-life]], Sununu arranged for the nomination of [[David Souter]] to the [[U.S. Supreme Court]], where he then repeatedly voted on the side of [[abortion]]<br />
*[[John Edwards]], indicted in 2011 on allegations arising from his affair with a mistress, was a former one-term Senator from [[North Carolina]] and two-time unsuccessful candidate for nomination for president, attended public school in Robbins, N.C. during the 1960s.<ref>http://www.pbs.org/newshour/vote2004/primaries/edwards_bio.html</ref> <br />
*[[Spike Lee]], producer, actor, graduated from John Dewey High School, Brooklyn, NY.<ref>http://movies.nytimes.com/person/99175/Spike-Lee/biography</ref><br />
*[[Laura Bush]] attended James Bowie Elementary School, San Jacinto Junior High School, and Midland Lee High School in Midland, Texas (Graduated 1964); came out in support of [[gay marriage]] and [[abortion]] in 2010.<ref>http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/laura-bush-supports-gay-marriage-abortion/story?id=10629213</ref><br />
*[[William J. Clinton]]<ref>http://www.hotsprings.org/things_to_do/historic_hotsprings/presidents_hometown.asp</ref> graduated from Hot Springs High School in Arkansas in 1964, and became the only president impeached in the 20th century.<br />
*[[Anthony Weiner]], a congressman who resigned in disgrace in 2011 after first denying but then confirming an indecent use of [[Twitter]], and later dropped out of the race for New York City Mayor following a second sex scandal, graduated from a public high school in [[Brooklyn]].<br />
*[[Steve Jobs]], founder of [[Apple Inc.]], graduated from Homestead High School in Cupertino, CA in 1972; his colleague, [[Steve Wozniak]], graduated from the same high school in 1968.<br />
*[[Eminem]], a liberal [[rapper]], repeatedly failed 9th grade in public school and ultimately dropped out.<br />
*[[Alan Colmes]], a liberal news commentator, attended public school in [[New York City]].<br />
*[[Sarah Palin]], vice presidential candidate on the [[Republican Party]] ticket in 2008 and favorite of some [[Tea Party]] groups, went to [[Wasilla High School]] and graduated in 1982 and then attended 5 different colleges before becoming more [[conservative]] later in life.<ref>http://outhouserag.typepad.com/outhouserag/2008/09/sarah-palin-198.html</ref><br />
*[[Rick Perry]], [[Texas]] governor, infringed on [[parental rights]] by requiring young girls to receive an HPV vaccine.<br />
*[[Kenneth D. Cockrell]], [[Texas]] Graduated from Rockdale High School, Rockdale, Texas, in 1968. A veteran of five spaceflights, Cockrell has logged more than 1,560 hours in space.<ref>http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/cockrell.htmll</ref><br />
*[[Russell Alan Hulse]], [[New York]] Graduated from Bronx High School of Science, Bronx, New York, in 1966. Winner of the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physics.<ref name="alumni.bxscience.edu">http://alumni.bxscience.edu/?page=NotableAlumni</ref><br />
*[[Richard Axel]], [[New York]] Graduated from Stuyvesant High School, New York, New York, in 1963. Winner of the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Axel</ref><br />
*[[Hugh David Politzer]], [[New York]] Graduated from Bronx High School of Science, Bronx, New York, in 1966. Winner of the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics.<ref name="alumni.bxscience.edu"/><br />
*[[Christine O'Donnell]] graduated from Moorestown High School in 1987.<ref>[http://www.delawareonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=201010100363&nclick_check=1 "Delaware politics: From middle-class New Jersey, moral activist Christine O'Donnell knew 'God was calling'", ''Delaware Online'']</ref><br />
*[[Scott Walker]] graduated from Delavan-Darien High School in 1986.<ref>[http://walworthcountytoday.com/news/2010/sep/07/rock-county-close-home-walker/ Ames, Ann Marie, "Rock County Close to Home for Walker", ''Walworth County Today'', Sept. 7, 2010]</ref><br />
*[[Paul Ryan]], an establishment [[Republican]], graduated from Joseph A. Craig High School, Janesville, WI in 1988.<ref>http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2012/06/16/politics/wis-ryan/</ref><br />
*[[Sharron Angle]] (born 1949) graduated from Wooster High School in Reno, Nevada.<ref>[http://www.sharronangle.com/sharron-angle-biography "Sharron Angle, Biography"]</ref><br />
*[[Jon Huntsman]], Republican Presidential candidate and former Governor of Utah, attended Highland High School in Salt Lake City, Utah before he dropped out in 1978 to pursue a career as a rock and roll keyboardist.<ref>[http://www.jon2012.com/jon]</ref><br />
*[[Michelle Bachmann]], Republican member of the House of Representatives graduated from Anoka High School, Anoka, Minnesota in 1974.<ref>[http://www.startribune.com/local/north/129276683.html?refer=y]</ref><br />
*[[Mike Huckabee]], former Republican Governor of Arkansas, graduated from Hope High School, Hope Arkansas, in 1974.<ref>[http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=108]</ref><br />
*[[Benjamin Netanyahu]], Prime Minister of Israel, Graduated from Cheltenham High School, Wyncote, Pennsylvania, in 1967.<ref>[http://cheltenhamalumni.org/BIOS/netanyahu-benjamin.htm]</ref><br />
*[[Rand Paul]], Republican Senator, Graduated from Brazoswood High School, Clute, Texas in 1981.<ref>[http://politics.laws.com/rand-paul]</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Public school culture]]<br />
* [[Atheism and public schools]]<br />
* [[Parental rights]] (focusing on the rights of parents to control the education, upbringing and discipline of their children)<br />
* [[Education in the United Kingdom]]<br />
* [[Essay:Worst Liberal Falsehoods in School]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
{{Liberalism}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://beforeitsnews.com/story/1610/466/Dumb_As_A_Rock:_You_Will_Be_Absolutely_Amazed_At_The_Things_That_U.S._High_School_Students_Do_Not_Know.html Dumb As A Rock: You Will Be Absolutely Amazed At The Things That U.S. High School Students Do Not Know]<br />
*[http://jobs.aol.com/articles/2012/03/28/9-notorious-teacher-sex-scandals/?ncid=txtlnkusaolp00000058?test=latestnews 8 Bizarre Teacher Scandals You Won't Believe]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Schools]]<br />
[[Category:United States History]]</div>TampaBayConservativehttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Internet&diff=1461752Internet2018-10-22T00:53:24Z<p>TampaBayConservative: Noted the liberal bias i the internet</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Internet''' is a global network of interconnected smaller [[computer]] networks. Although many people use term "Internet" and "[[World Wide Web]]" interchangeably, the two terms are not equivalent in meaning. The Internet and the Web are separate, but related, entities. The Internet is a massive network of networks, connecting millions of computers together globally, forming a network. On the Internet, a computer can communicate with any other computer, as long as both computers are connected to the Internet. (The World Wide Web is the collection of webpages, images, etc. which form the vast array of websites on the Internet.)<br />
<br />
Data is transmitted between computers and networks in small packets using the Internet Protocol (IP); they are reassembled at their destination. The Internet originated in work that was funded by the Advanced Research Projects Administration (ARPA), a research funding arm of the [[Department of Defense]].<br />
<br />
{{before on after|2017|12|31|It is estimated that there are about 3.5 billion people currently connected to the internet.|It is estimated that there are about 3.5 billion people currently connected to the internet.|By the end of 2016, it was estimated that there were about 3.5 billion people connected to the internet.}}<ref>http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/facts/ICTFactsFigures2016.pdf Retrieved October 3, 2017</ref> This number has been drastically increasing in recent years.<br />
<br />
==Origin==<br />
The conceptual foundation for the internet's creation was significantly developed by four individuals and a research conference, each of which changed the way we thought about communication, business and the exchange of technology:<br />
<br />
*Vannevar Bush wrote the first description of the potential uses for information technology with his description of the "memex" automated library system. <br />
*Norbert Wiener invented the field of Cybernetics, encouraging future researchers to focus on the use of technology to extend human capabilities. <br />
*The 1956 Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence conference defined the concept that technology was improving at an exponential rate, and provided the first serious consideration of the consequences, the benefits and advantages or such a network. <br />
*Marshall McLuhan made the idea of a [[global village]] interconnected by an electronic nervous system part of our popular culture.<ref>http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii.htm</ref><br />
*Ethan K. Heinz (cousin of Teresa Heinz), in 1969, created a network named ARPANet. ARPANet was developed in the US as a means for various research universities and government facilities to "talk" or communicate with each other, even in an event such as war.<ref>[http://www.internetisseriousbusiness.com]</ref> ARPANet grew quickly and eventually evolved into today's Internet. Today, the Internet is a public, cooperative, and self-sustaining facility that can be accessed by hundreds of millions of people worldwide; the Internet has grown into a worldwide computer network where anyone can have a chat with anyone else almost anywhere in the world, and is a vast source of free information.<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
The Internet is sometimes also known as "[[cyberspace]]." Most users are familiar with web pages throughout the [[World Wide Web]], constructed with [[HTML]]. The Web is facilitated primarily by two of the numerous protocols which operate on the Internet. There are also other services such as [[email]] (using POP, SMTP, and/or IMAP protocols), [[FTP|file transfer]] (using FTP), instant messaging (using IRC or other protocols), and many other services. <br />
<br />
The common protocol used to access websites (including this one) is the Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP). The creator of this is [[Sir Tim Berners-Lee]], who also in an online magazine article claimed that given the opportunity, he wouldn't use the HTTP format for websites. Berners-Lee is currently the director of the W3C (World Wide Web Consortium).<br /><br />
To help protect Web communication, the Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) was developed as an offshoot from HTTP. It uses point-to-point encryption to prevent interception of exploitable information and to help verify authenticity. <br />
<br />
[[Ted Stevens]] famously referred to the internet as "a series of tubes" during a panel on [[network neutrality]]. While the statement was technically inaccurate, it is a reasonable depiction of the internet as an interconnected system to a lay person. <br />
<br />
The internet is formed from two basic elements, routers and connections. A router is basically a computer that acts like a switching station, similar to the pumping stations of public water utilities. The connections are the pipes themselves, acting as a means to move packets from one router to another, and eventually from server to client.<br />
<br />
===TCP/IP===<br />
TCP/IP is the basic communication language or protocol of the Internet. Two more recent adaptations of Internet technology, the intranet and the extranet, also use [[TCP/IP]].<br />
<br />
===Ownership of the Internet===<br />
It is true that the Internet is more a concept than an actual tangible entity. However, the Internet still relies on a physical infrastructure that connects networks to other networks. Access to the Internet is controlled by [[telephone]] companies, because telephone companies own many of the infrastructure backbones and most of the connectivity hardware; however, no one actually owns the Internet, and no single person or organization controls the Internet in its entirety. There are many organizations, corporations, governments, schools, private citizens, and service providers that all own and control pieces of the infrastructure.<br />
<br />
==Controversy==<br />
Although the Internet has been shown to contain valuable information, it also contains pornographic or otherwise vulgar material. Therefore, some conservatives would like to see tighter controls on the Internet which would limit what can be hosted and what can be downloaded. At present, the internet does not filter of block traffic of any sort—the principal behind it is that everything is accessible to anyone. However, governing authorities still have the ability to prosecute illegal activity, and in come extreme cases, even block it outright.<br />
<br />
In 1999, [[Democratic]] presidential candidate [[Al Gore]] misspoke when intending to take partial credit for the development of the internet when he referenced his High Performance [[Computing]] and Communication Act of 1991, commonly known as the "Gore Bill":<ref>https://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1999/03/09/president.2000/transcript.gore/</ref><br />
<br />
Another issue with the internet is the constant [[Liberal bias]] that can be noticed throughout it. For example, it is extremely easy to find examples of [[Conservative]] information being censored, while [[Liberal]] fallacies are promoted. <br />
<br />
:CNN's WOLF BLITZER: I want to get to some of the substance of domestic and international issues in a minute, but let's just wrap up a little bit of the politics right now.<br />
<br />
:Why should Democrats, looking at the Democratic nomination process, support you instead of Bill Bradley, a friend of yours, a former colleague in the Senate? What do you have to bring to this that he doesn't necessarily bring to this process?<br />
<br />
:AL GORE: Well, I will be offering -- I'll be offering my vision when my campaign begins. And it will be comprehensive and sweeping. And I hope that it will be compelling enough to draw people toward it. I feel that it will be.<br />
<br />
:But it will emerge from my dialogue with the American people. I've traveled to every part of this country during the last six years. During my service in the United States Congress, I took the initiative in creating the Internet. I took the initiative in moving forward a whole range of initiatives that have proven to be important to our country's economic growth and environmental protection, improvements in our educational system.<br />
<br />
In response to [[Al Gore]]'s comments, [[Robert Kahn]] and [[Vinton Cerf]], the two men responsible for the creation of the [[TCP/IP]] protocol which the internet uses for most of its communication and two men often credited as the creators of the internet along with [[Sir Tim Berners-Lee]], said the following:<br />
<blockquote><br />
<p>Al Gore was the first political leader to recognize the importance of the Internet and to promote and support its development.</p><br />
<br />
<p>No one person or even small group of persons exclusively “invented” the Internet. It is the result of many years of ongoing collaboration among people in government and the university community. But as the two people who designed the basic architecture and the core protocols that make the Internet work, we would like to acknowledge VP Gore’s contributions as a Congressman, Senator and as Vice President. No other elected official, to our knowledge, has made a greater contribution over a longer period of time.</p><br />
<br />
<p>Last year the Vice President made a straightforward statement on his role. He said: "During my service in the United States Congress I took the initiative in creating the Internet." We don't think, as some people have argued, that Gore intended to claim he "invented" the Internet. Moreover, there is no question in our minds that while serving as Senator, Gore's initiatives had a significant and beneficial effect on the still-evolving Internet. The fact of the matter is that Gore was talking about and promoting the Internet long before most people were listening.<ref>http://www.interesting-people.org/archives/interesting-people/200009/msg00052.html</ref></p><br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
Their letter continued to go on to enumerate Al Gore's involvement in the early periods of the internet.<br />
<br />
===Pornography for children===<br />
Studies have shown that 90% of children have been exposed to pornography, with the average age of exposure being 11 years old.<ref>http://www.healthymind.com/s-porn-stats.html</ref> Many countries have attempted to take steps to keep underage children from viewing pornographic material. [[Australia]] has taken the important step of requiring [[internet service providers]] to use web filters to keep inappropriate material from being displayed in houses and schools.<ref>http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/12/31/2129471.htm</ref> Australia had also considered mandatory internet filtering, however this bold move was recently struck down by their current government.<ref>http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/australia/9665983/Australia-scraps-plan-to-filter-internet.html</ref> This effort is being blocked by civil liberties groups (such as the [[American Civil Liberties Union]]) who believe that pornagrophy should be considered [[free speech]], and therefore not under the jurisdiction of the government.<br />
<br />
Currently many private companies offer software-based web filtering for home use. [[Public school]]s in many US states are required to employ web filters. Most [[private schools]], and employers also choose to use web filters. Some [[libraries]] also employ filters, but most do not because they see it as censorship which most librarians unilaterally oppose.<br />
<br />
===Security===<br />
It also has become a common facilitator of crime. By the end of 2016, cybercrime rose thew the second most reported financial crime.<ref>PWC Global Economic Crime Survey 2016</ref> Almost 40% of all known data breaches in 2016 involved the theft of financial information. Additionally, about 1 in 131 emails sent in 2016 were cyber attacks, about a 3% increase from the year before. Businesses are being especially targeted as well, with over half of 2016's inbound messages being spam, and just over 1% containing malware.<ref name="SISTR">Symantec Internet Security Threat Report (ISTR) volume 22 - 2017</ref> With these ever-increasing threats, some question whether the current internet system is designed well enough to be safe, or should be changed to offer better security. Such a change would go against the founding idea of uncontrolled information exchange, however.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[World Wide Web]]<br />
* [[Subdomains]]<br />
* [[Digital Philosophy]]<br />
* [[Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act]]<br />
* [[Internet humor]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://crave.cnet.co.uk/software/0,39029471,49299033,00.htm The 50 most significant moments of Internet history], ''Crave at CNET.co.uk'', September 25, 2008 <br />
<br />
[[Category:Internet]]<br />
[[Category:First Amendment]]<br />
[[Category:Military]]<br />
[[Category:United States Intelligence Agencies]]<br />
[[Category:American Inventions]]<br />
[[Category:Networks]]</div>TampaBayConservativehttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Liberal_denial&diff=1461668Liberal denial2018-10-21T21:32:53Z<p>TampaBayConservative: Added stuff about the danger of public school</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Obama messiah.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Cover of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' Magazine, one of many published "halo-effect" photos of Barack Obama; the emphasis is on the claims that he is a "messiah," and is an example of liberal deification of a government official in accordance with point #26.]]<br />
'''Liberal denial''' is the tendency of [[liberals]] to conceal, [[denial|deny]], or [[Censorship|censor]] the facts for ideological reasons. The root cause of liberal denial is a desire to marginalize and exclude religion, especially Christianity, from society and ultimately to ensure that a secularized, politically liberal one-world [[government]], as well as denial of the Biblical [[God]] and [[Jesus]], remain dominant throughout the world. <br />
<br />
First [[liberal denial]] requires denying [[Christ]], then [[God]], then the greatness of accomplishments by those inspired by Christ, then the superiority of political systems based on [[Christianity]], and so on, reaching underachievement and selfishness.<br />
<br />
A list of examples of '''liberal denial''' are the following:<br />
<br />
# Liberals continue to deny that [[Donald Trump]] legitimately defeated [[Hillary Clinton]] for president in 2016, and earlier that [[George W. Bush]] defeated [[Al Gore]] for president in 2000 (e.g., Joe Biden denied it in remarks on June 12, 2013; Al Gore himself denied it in remarks on August 4, 2017).<br />
# [[European migrant crisis|Mass immigration to Europe from the Middle East]] has brought an increased threat and the greater occurrence of [[terrorism]]. Yet European leaders deny the threat of [[Islam]]ic terrorism, and terrorist attacks have shown how poorly prepared and secured their countries and facilities are.<ref name="Denial">Scarborough, Rowan (May 23, 2017). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/may/23/manchester-bombing-reveals-europes-denial-of-islam/ Europe’s denial of Islamic terrorism threat perplexes security specialists]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved May 24, 2017.</ref> When attacks occur, the leaders often state that they "are a part of daily life", and they refuse to admit that the motive of the terrorists is Islamic radicalism.<ref name="Denial"/> This is likely due to [[political correctness]] and the blindness that comes with liberalism and their pet goal for a utopian [[one-world government]] where nations and borders are abolished.<br />
# Lies about a false armed robbery were spread by the [[liberal media]] in smearing the gracious host of the [[2016 Summer Olympics]], and yet [[liberals]] did not fully correct and apologize for the lies even after [[Brazil]]ians worked hard to uncover the truth.<br />
# [[Terrorism]] was not mentioned once during the entire first day of the [[Democratic National Convention]] in 2016, while increasing numbers of widely reported terrorism occurred in Florida, France, and elsewhere.<br />
# [[Obama]] refused to mention ISIS, radical Islam, or Islamic extremism in his comments on the worst attack since [[9/11]]—a mass murder committed by an admitted supporter of ISIS in a Florida nightclub in June 2016.<br />
# Liberals deny that the much-publicized "proof" of the [[general theory of relativity]] in 1919 was, in fact, scientific misconduct by [[Arthur Eddington]] who "cherry-picked"<ref>https://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-brooks/scientists-behaving-badly_b_1448729.html</ref> his data to reach his desired result, which would have him expelled from any Ph. D. program worth its salt today.<br />
# Liberals deny the lack of racial diversity on the women's [[World Cup]] 2015 team, which had an all-white coaching staff and an all-white starting line-up.<br />
# Falsification of a theory, for which a [[Nobel Prize]] has been awarded, is never admitted by the English [[lamestream media]].<ref>http://en.yibada.com/articles/26197/20150412/nobel-prize-physics-2011-falsified-universe-dark-energy-expanding-rapid.htm</ref><br />
# Multiple murders committed by an atheist is neither a hate crime nor terrorism, but a rarely occurring murder committed by a Christian must be both.<br />
# Liberals deny whenever there is a cold winter, as well as the fact that the world has not significantly warmed for many years.<br />
# Liberals deny that violent [[video games]] incite and train [[young mass murderers]] to go on unspeakable killing rampages.<br />
# Tamerlan Tsarnaev, the mass murderer who perpetrated the [[Boston Marathon]] bombing, likely committed a gruesome triple murder in 2011 on the 10th year anniversary of [[9/11]], but liberals refuse to admit it, and the U.S. government insists the investigation is still ongoing.<br />
# Liberals refuse to admit that "crime [has become] a major part of [[South Africa]]n life, be it violent robberies or drive-by shootings."<ref>http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-11-15-south-africas-criminal-underworld-is-the-media-reporting-the-real-story/#.UqNvpMRDtHS</ref><br />
# Liberals deny that [[Abraham Lincoln]] developed a strong faith in the [[Lord]] in the last few years of life, as proven by his declaration of [[Thanksgiving Day]] as an official holiday, his insertion of "under [[God]]" into the [[Gettysburg Address]], and in his personal comments.<ref>http://www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/speeches/faithquotes.htm</ref><br />
# Liberals deny that a shutdown of the federal government is a good thing.<br />
# Liberals deny that some disciples likely wrote down teachings of Jesus while he was living, as a means to deny Jesus's words. (Ironically, liberal theologians then use those same "red letter" words to make the claim that, since Jesus never mentioned homosexuality anywhere in them, all other Biblical condemnation of the topic can be ignored - while those same theologians choose to ignore that the words of Jesus are also the words of God and that Jesus, in pointing out that the only acceptable sexual relations are that of one man and one woman in marital union, ''did'' in fact condemn homosexuality.)<br />
# Liberals deny even the possibility of women having different aptitude for math than men, even though every [[Fields Medal]] recipient has been male, nearly every Putnam fellow has been male, and the highest achievers on the SAT math exam are predominantly male.<br />
# Liberals deny that the [[Apostle Paul]] wrote most of the epistles which, in their opening, clearly state that he was the author. Similarly they deny that the [[Apostle John]] was the author of the gospel account bearing his name, all three epistles bearing his name, and the Book of Revelation (they usually concede the gospel account was his, are divided on the epistles, and almost universally deny his authorship of Revelation).<br />
# Liberals deny that human intelligence inevitably and demonstrably declines from generation to generation, and that if there were another 100 generations into the future, the people of that time would not be able to understand simple concepts.<br />
# Liberals deny the very real existence of [[fetal pain]] during [[abortion]].<br />
# Liberals deny that there are only two genders – male and female – and that they are born different<ref name="5ScientificFacts">Bokhari, Allum (April 23, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/tech/2017/04/23/5-scientific-facts-the-science-march-refuses-to-acknowledge/ 5 Scientific Facts The ‘Science March’ Has Yet to Acknowledge]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved December 30, 2017.</ref><br />
# Liberals deny the very real existence of [[Hell]], which [[Jesus]] referenced more than Heaven.<br />
# Liberals deny how they censor the [[Bible]] from their daily activities, and encourage the censorship for others too.<br />
# For nearly three months after his death, liberals denied that [[Hugo Chavez]] had died.<br />
# Liberals deny the [[Nobel Prize]] is an award given by liberals to other liberals, sometimes even granted in an awkward manner to punish a critic of liberal falsehoods.<ref>For instance, a Nobel Prize was granted to an understudy of [[Fred Hoyle]] to punish him.</ref><br />
# Liberals deny how they deify government officials, similar to how communists continue to deify Stalin, Lenin, and Castro.<ref>For example, they have adulated [[Ted Kennedy]] despite his paucity of achievements.</ref><br />
# Liberals deny how fellow travelers engage in [[deceit]], or at least refuse to admit it.<br />
# Liberals deny they are [[liberal]] and that most of the media are [[liberal]].<br />
# Liberals deny that [[Hollywood values]], [[professor values]], and general [[liberal]] values have consequences for their believers and any victims of the believers.<br />
# Liberals deny that they have censored [[prayer]] in [[public school]].<ref>A [[public school]] student who once "tape recorded a teacher making religious remarks to his students" to complain about it then later objected to a textbook explaining how prayer is censored from [[public school]] schools by court decisions. [http://abcnews.go.com/US/WireStory?id=4614012]</ref> <br />
# Liberals deny that a woman significantly reduces her risk of [[breast cancer]] by having children rather than [[abortions]]<br />
# Liberals deny that about half of promiscuous people carry sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and that those STDs cause infertility.<ref>"Among those who admitted having sex, the rate was even more disturbing -- 40 percent had an STD."[http://www.tulsaworld.com/lifestyle/article.aspx?articleID=20080312_1_C12_hUShe15125]</ref><br />
# Liberals deny that the strident promoters of [[evolution]] generally have weaker credentials than advocates of [[intelligent design]]<ref>See, e.g., [[Richard Sternberg]]</ref><br />
# Liberals deny that college faculties at nearly every American school are dominated by [[liberals]] and have virtually no [[conservatives]].<br />
# Liberals deny that [[Homosexuality]] shortens lifespan or increases risk fo disease for a wide variety of reasons.<br />
# Liberals deny that reducing the number of guns, which are primarily defensive weapons, results in an increase in crime.<br />
# Liberals deny that [[Hitler]] and the [[Nazi]] party were in fact [[Liberals]] (anti-Semitism is a well-documented characteristic of [[Liberal Christianity]] as is the [[PETA]]-like Green wing of the Third Reich.<ref>[http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/germany/sp001630/peter.html Fascist Ecology: The "Green Wing" of the Nazi Party and its Historical Antecedents]</ref>).<br />
<br />
== Liberal denialism and Donald Trump ==<br />
''See also:'' [[Liberal denialism and Donald Trump]]<br />
<br />
After the 2016 U.S. Presidential election, many liberals went into in denial that [[Donald Trump]] was going to be the President of the United States. Before the election, liberal media outlets took the line that Donald Trump could not win the [[Republican]] primary and could not win the presidential election.<ref><br />
*[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/11/09/the-wrongest-media-predictions-about-donald-trump/?utm_term=.febb2623a89f The wrongest media predictions about Donald Trump The wrongest media predictions about Donald Trump], ''Washington Post'', 2016</ref><br />
<br />
== General Denial == <br />
Generally, liberals deny that:<br />
<br />
'''Abortion'''<br />
# Choosing [[abortion]] over childbirth increases the risk of [[breast cancer]].<br />
# They support taxpayer-funded [[abortion]].<br />
# A child in a mother's womb has rights established by the [[Constitution]].<br />
# A person is not insane for disagreeing with abortion and homosexuality.<br />
<br />
'''Atheism'''<br />
# People like [[young mass murderers]] who take [[atheistic]] beliefs to their logical conclusions are not delusional but are true believers. <br />
# [[Young mass murderers]] fit the profile of [[public school]]-trained [[atheism]].<br />
# Atheism is a nontheistic religion, not an absence of religion.<br />
# Atheists were and still are responsible for the deaths of millions of people through the decades. Nevertheless, liberals resort to [[moral equivalence]] by falsely making the same claims about [[Christianity]], ridiculously exaggerating the numbers of people murdered by those claiming to be Christian while conveniently ignoring that Christian teachings forbid murder.<br />
<br />
'''Crime'''<br />
# [[Gun control]] motivates people to commit more gun-related [[crime]]s.<br />
# Illegal immigrants contribute to crime and poverty in the towns and cities they occupy.<br />
# Legalizing drugs will increase crime because drug addiction causes thievery and murder.<br />
# A [[border wall]] is the most effective and, ultimately, the most peaceful way to protect the large southern border separating the U.S. and Mexico from illegal immigrants.<br />
# Aggressive interrogation is often the best way to obtain answers from [[terrorists]].<br />
# Socially dangerous people exhibit a well-documented pattern of reading habits.<br />
<br />
'''Economics'''<br />
# Reducing taxes stimulates the [[economy]].<br />
# Privately run [[transport]] is more efficient than government-run transport.<br />
# [[Labor union|union]]s interfere with [[employment]] opportunities.<br />
# Free trade strengthens global democracies.<br />
# Americans can drill oil to avoid high gas prices.<br />
# Americans can't fully replace oil with green technologies; both oil and green technologies are needed to solve energy crises.<br />
<br />
'''Education'''<br />
# [[Homeschoolers]] are more likely to succeed than those who attend [[public school]].<br />
# A school having few to no [[conservative]] teachers and a majority of [[atheists]] and/or [[liberals]] is a [[liberal]] school.<br />
# [[Liberals]] attempt to intimidate and ostracize [[conservatives]], particularly in school environments and some occupations.<ref>See [[liberals and friendship]].</ref><br />
# The [[liberal]] ideology is pushed on unsuspecting others, particularly young people.<br />
# [[Lawrence Summers]] was fired as President of [[Harvard]] for making a [[political correctness|politically incorrect]] suggestion about women and mathematical aptitude.<br />
# [[Public Schools]] are breeding grounds for indoctrination and are a waste of taxpayers money.<br />
<br />
'''Environment'''<br />
# Modern technology can make [[coal]] clean.<br />
# Modern drilling methods result in minimal environmental impact, even if they were implemented in uninhabited lands such as the [[Arctic National Wildlife Refuge]].<br />
# "[[Climate Change]]" and "[[Global Warming]]" are non-existent myths.<br />
# Companies like [[Exxon]] should pay billions of dollars in damages to the general public ''in addition'' to the money they spend to clean up industrial accidents and to recompense those directly affected.<br />
# [[Selective logging]] keeps forests healthier by reducing the risk of wildfire.<br />
# High food prices are not caused by [[ethanol]] production but rather by the million acres of crop land and pastureland that have been taken out of production in the interest of wildlife conservation.<br />
# The life of a human is more important than the life of an animal or plant.<br />
<br />
'''Health and medicine'''<br />
# [[Socialized medicine|State run health care]] has lead to Islamic terrorism in Britain and would do so in the US.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMu6wCqdeyQ ''FOX News analyzes the new terror in state healthcare.''</ref><br />
# Obesity is a bigger problem than hunger in the Western world.<br />
# Eating [[meat]] and [[dairy]] is important for physical and mental health.<br />
# Using [[marijuana]] or other mind- or mood-altering drugs has lasting negative psychological effects.<br />
# [[Universal health care]] is inferior medical care and will lead to crowding in hospitals.<br />
# Girls and women in sports have debilitating ACL knee injuries at 3-4 times the rate of men,<ref>''Compare'' [http://www.universityhealthmatters.com/article.php?artid=50] (with an explanation of why there is a big difference) ''with'' [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/18/health/18knee.html?ex=1204088400&en=3a5abfaa6104ac63&ei=5070&emc=eta1 New York Times] (downplaying the difference and pretending that no one knows why). The New York Times denies overwhelming evidence, including the following:<br />
:"Female athletes, particularly basketball players, are far more likely than their male counterparts to suffer ACL [Anterior Cruciate Ligament] injuries." Stephen Hargis, "Girls have more torn ACLs," Chattanooga Times Free Press (Tennessee), D1 (Feb. 4, 2005). According to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, the risk of women tearing their ACL is 1 in 100. This number drops significantly to only 1 in 500 for men. See Nikki Usher, "Knee injury takes toll on girls playing soccer five times more likely than males to suffer a torn ACL," Philadelphia Inquirer, A01 (Nov. 29, 2004). "Compared with guys, female athletes run an eight-times-greater risk of tearing the ACL, a fibrous band that connects the shinbone (tibia) to the thighbone (femur). Basketball, soccer and other sports that require cutting moves or jump shots can put athletes at risk." Kathleen Fackelmann, "Girls face higher knee injury risk," USA Today, 15B (Aug. 24, 2004). Timothy Hewett, PhD, the lead researcher on a definitive study at the Sports Medicine Biodynamics Center at the University of Cincinnati, says this is "close to a billion-dollar problem in girls and women in the USA. ... Even after girls have recovered from the acute injury, the changes in the joint may set the stage for osteoarthritis of the knee ...." ''Id.'' That obvious suspicion was quickly confirmed: a study subsequently published in Arthritis & Rheumatism demonstrated that "more than half of ... 103 soccer players, who were ages 14 to 28 at the time of the ACL injury, suffered osteoarthritis of the knee at the time of the study -- about 12 years later." Kathleen Fackelmann, "Girls' knee injuries have later consequences," USA Today, 9D (Oct. 7, 2004). "Many of the women, who were about 31 by that time, also said they had pain or some other disability that made it hard to conduct daily activities." ''Id.''</ref> and are vulnerable to other injuries<ref>"Amber Scull ruptured her spleen after she was tackled during a practice drill at Nature Coast Tech in Brooksville 2 1/2 months ago. Had she [not] arrived at the hospital 30 minutes later, doctors told her mother, she might have died." [http://www.sptimes.com/2004/01/06/news_pf/Sports/Girls_face_dangers_on.shtml]</ref><br />
<br />
'''History'''<br />
# America's [[founding fathers]] were devout Christians.<br />
# The American model of [[democracy]] succeeded because it was founded on [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[Christianity]].<ref>[http://www.apologetics.com/default.jsp?bodycontent=/articles/cultural_apologetics/snyder-democracy1.html Calvinism and the Success of Liberal Democracy, by John Snyder]</ref><br />
# The [[Democratic National Party]] founded the [[Ku Klux Klan]] and supported it for decades, and that the Democrats not only championed slavery of blacks before and during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], plus segregation and suppression of blacks for decades afterward, but still champion a form of slavery and suppression against blacks (in the form of the [[welfare state]]) and still have the same attitudes toward blacks today as they did 150 years, 100 years, and even 50 years ago.<ref>[http://www.wnd.com/2017/06/dsouza-dems-want-to-shift-blame-with-confederate-crusade/ D'Souza: Dems want to "shift blame" with Confederate crusade] at [[WorldNetDaily]]</ref><br />
<br />
'''Homosexuality'''<br />
# [[Same sex adoption]] is harmful to children.<br />
# Banning [[same-sex marriage|same-sex "marriage"]] is analogous to banning [[polygamy]].<br />
# Opposing same-sex "marriage" is justified (though they try to prove otherwise by drawing absurd connections to decriminalized interracial marriage bans).<br />
# Homosexuals can be switched back into heterosexuals. (See [[ex-homosexuals]])<br />
<br />
'''Liberalism'''<br />
# They are [[intolerant]] of opposing viewpoints and then try to stifle further discussion.<br />
# [[Socialism]] and liberalism have the same political agenda.<br />
# They suppress any criticism rather acknowledge it.<br />
# They make sweeping generalizations about conservatives.<br />
# Ideas do matter and can cause great harm, including liberal falsehoods.<br />
<br />
'''Media'''<br />
# The [[mainstream media]] is [[bias]]ed.<br />
# Wikipedia has a systematic bias.<br />
# Liberal media tycoons such as [[Ted Turner]] support population control.<br />
# Restricting free speech by the [[Fairness Doctrine]] is actually neither fair nor democratic.<br />
<br />
'''Politics'''<br />
# [[Barack Hussein Obama]] ran the dirtiest campaign since [[Lyndon Johnson]].<br />
# Former President Bill Clinton committed adulterous behavior while in office.<br />
# Politicians who proclaim 'change' actually do not break very far from policies of the past.<br />
# [[God]] and religion should be allowed a place in government.<br />
# Removing [[Saddam Hussein]] from power was beneficial for Iraq.<br />
# [[Ronald Reagan]]'s public exhortation, "[[Mikhail Gorbachev|Mr. Gorbachev]], tear down this wall," helped cause the nearly 30-year-old [[Berlin Wall]] later be torn down.<br />
# They support [[Totalitarianism]].<br />
# Their leaders engage in shocking wrongdoing, [[Liberal hypocrisy|hypocrisy]], and abuse of power<ref>See, e.g., leading [[liberal]] [[Eliot Spitzer]] and how fellow [[liberals]] downplayed or were silent about his misconduct.</ref><br />
# A [[vote]] for (yea) or a vote against (nea) is an absolute position.<br />
# People can be held accountable for the statements uttered in a vote.<br />
# Former President George W. Bush being in power did not cause Hurricane Katrina.<br />
# Former President Bill Clinton was responsible for Rwanda inaction.<br />
# The Democratic party discriminates against African-Americans. <br />
# [[Fidel Castro]] could have died a decade earlier than his disclosed death date, specifically around the last time he was seen in public in 2006.<br />
<br />
'''Religion''' <br />
# [[Islam]]ic extremism is a threat to the [[Western civilization]]<ref>Leftist [[Sam Harris]] admitted and complained about this liberal denial [http://www.cmonitor.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061009/REPOSITORY/610090301/1028/OPINION02 here].</ref><br />
# Faith and logic are compatible.<br />
# Both God and Jesus, the Lord and Savior, exist (in the case of secular liberals). Some secular liberals do acknowledge that Jesus walked among humans, but they deny that he performed any miracles.<br />
# Morality should be objective.<br />
# [[Heavy metal]] music is generally sacrilegious and has themes such as mind- or mood-altering drugs, sexual perversion, and [[Satan]] worship.<br />
<br />
'''Science'''<br />
# Life begins at conception.<ref>Williams, Thomas D. (November 5, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/11/05/abortion-lobby-denies-science-concerning-beginning-of-human-life/ Abortion Lobby Denies Science Concerning Beginning of Human Life]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved November 5, 2017.</ref><br />
# There are only two genders, and men and women are different, even from birth.<ref name="5ScientificFacts"/><br />
# Green energy is nowhere near as efficient as advertised.<ref name="5ScientificFacts"/><br />
# [[Entropy]] – including [[genetic entropy]] – is increasing, which confounds several liberal theories.<br />
# Virtually all fossil evidence for evolution has been proven wrong and affirms Biblical creation.<br />
# The intellectual justification for [[Hitler]]'s attempt to build a master Aryan race was the [[theory of evolution]].<br />
# Evolution and human-caused climate change are scientifically dubious at best.<br />
# There is scientific accuracy contained in the Bible.<br />
# Climate forecasts 50 years from now are as inaccurate as 15 days from now.<br />
<br />
'''Social issues'''<br />
# More than 80% of child molesters are [[pornography]] addicts.<br />
# [[Feminists]] censor discussion about differences between men and women, and boys and girls.<br />
# The [[nuclear family]] is beneficial to children.<br />
# [[Culture]] affects [[politics]] as well as people's views and lifestyles.<br />
# The numerous premature deaths of [[Hollywood]] stars are the result of [[Hollywood values]]<ref>Liberal [[Wikipedia]] lists numerous [[actor]]s who died of drug overdoses, but will not acknowledge the role played by [[Hollywood values]], for which Wikipedia does not even have an entry. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drug-related_deaths]</ref><br />
# That English will cease being the language of the United States in 20 years unless it is protected as the [[official language]] (and that this would be a loss if it happened).<br />
<br />
Often, [[liberal]]s refuse to admit that they are [[liberal]]s in the hope of appearing more "reasonable". [[Hillary Clinton]] refused to admit in a presidential debate in 2007 that she is a [[liberal]]. Similarly, [[Michael Dukakis]] refused for a while to admit that he was a [[liberal]] during the 1988 presidential campaign. Only out of desperation did Dukakis admit that he was a [[liberal]], and even then, he admitted only that was a liberal like President [[Harry Truman]], who served 40 years earlier.<br />
<br />
Liberals like to bash President George W. Bush as a war monger and cite [[President Bill Clinton]] for his eight years of peace and prosperity. Liberals will deny record low unemployment, more people owning their homes, and President Bush going after [[terrorists]] while protecting Americans from further attacks. Liberals will selectively forget that during Clinton's term, the [[Rwanda]] massacre, the bombing of the USS Cole, the war in the [[Balkans]], the two US embassies bombed in [[Africa]], the Kobar tower bombing in Saudi Arabia, the [[Somalia]] conflict, the missile strike against [[Afghanistan]], and the bombing campaign against Iraq all occurred. Moreover, [[liberals]] deny that Clinton's economic policy ignored a series of high-profile companies that eventually collapsed due to fraud: Enron, Tyco, Worldcom and Qwest. <br />
<br />
As part of their denial, liberals often use the word "denial" pejoratively against conservatives. Alleging that conservatives are "[[racist]]" and "reject [[science]]", they use terms like "[[global warming]] deniers" and "[[climate change]] deniers" in an attempt to link conservative viewpoints with [[Holocaust denial]], [[Nazism]], [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]], and [[pseudoscience]].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[ACLU]]<br />
*[[Longest liberal denials]]<br />
<br />
{{liberalism}}<br />
[[Category:Liberal Traits]]</div>TampaBayConservativehttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Liberal_denial&diff=1461667Liberal denial2018-10-21T21:26:10Z<p>TampaBayConservative: Fixed some punctuation</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Obama messiah.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Cover of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' Magazine, one of many published "halo-effect" photos of Barack Obama; the emphasis is on the claims that he is a "messiah," and is an example of liberal deification of a government official in accordance with point #26.]]<br />
'''Liberal denial''' is the tendency of [[liberals]] to conceal, [[denial|deny]], or [[Censorship|censor]] the facts for ideological reasons. The root cause of liberal denial is a desire to marginalize and exclude religion, especially Christianity, from society and ultimately to ensure that a secularized, politically liberal one-world [[government]], as well as denial of the Biblical [[God]] and [[Jesus]], remain dominant throughout the world. <br />
<br />
First [[liberal denial]] requires denying [[Christ]], then [[God]], then the greatness of accomplishments by those inspired by Christ, then the superiority of political systems based on [[Christianity]], and so on, reaching underachievement and selfishness.<br />
<br />
A list of examples of '''liberal denial''' are the following:<br />
<br />
# Liberals continue to deny that [[Donald Trump]] legitimately defeated [[Hillary Clinton]] for president in 2016, and earlier that [[George W. Bush]] defeated [[Al Gore]] for president in 2000 (e.g., Joe Biden denied it in remarks on June 12, 2013; Al Gore himself denied it in remarks on August 4, 2017).<br />
# [[European migrant crisis|Mass immigration to Europe from the Middle East]] has brought an increased threat and the greater occurrence of [[terrorism]]. Yet European leaders deny the threat of [[Islam]]ic terrorism, and terrorist attacks have shown how poorly prepared and secured their countries and facilities are.<ref name="Denial">Scarborough, Rowan (May 23, 2017). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/may/23/manchester-bombing-reveals-europes-denial-of-islam/ Europe’s denial of Islamic terrorism threat perplexes security specialists]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved May 24, 2017.</ref> When attacks occur, the leaders often state that they "are a part of daily life", and they refuse to admit that the motive of the terrorists is Islamic radicalism.<ref name="Denial"/> This is likely due to [[political correctness]] and the blindness that comes with liberalism and their pet goal for a utopian [[one-world government]] where nations and borders are abolished.<br />
# Lies about a false armed robbery were spread by the [[liberal media]] in smearing the gracious host of the [[2016 Summer Olympics]], and yet [[liberals]] did not fully correct and apologize for the lies even after [[Brazil]]ians worked hard to uncover the truth.<br />
# [[Terrorism]] was not mentioned once during the entire first day of the [[Democratic National Convention]] in 2016, while increasing numbers of widely reported terrorism occurred in Florida, France, and elsewhere.<br />
# [[Obama]] refused to mention ISIS, radical Islam, or Islamic extremism in his comments on the worst attack since [[9/11]]—a mass murder committed by an admitted supporter of ISIS in a Florida nightclub in June 2016.<br />
# Liberals deny that the much-publicized "proof" of the [[general theory of relativity]] in 1919 was, in fact, scientific misconduct by [[Arthur Eddington]] who "cherry-picked"<ref>https://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-brooks/scientists-behaving-badly_b_1448729.html</ref> his data to reach his desired result, which would have him expelled from any Ph. D. program worth its salt today.<br />
# Liberals deny the lack of racial diversity on the women's [[World Cup]] 2015 team, which had an all-white coaching staff and an all-white starting line-up.<br />
# Falsification of a theory, for which a [[Nobel Prize]] has been awarded, is never admitted by the English [[lamestream media]].<ref>http://en.yibada.com/articles/26197/20150412/nobel-prize-physics-2011-falsified-universe-dark-energy-expanding-rapid.htm</ref><br />
# Multiple murders committed by an atheist is neither a hate crime nor terrorism, but a rarely occurring murder committed by a Christian must be both.<br />
# Liberals deny whenever there is a cold winter, as well as the fact that the world has not significantly warmed for many years.<br />
# Liberals deny that violent [[video games]] incite and train [[young mass murderers]] to go on unspeakable killing rampages.<br />
# Tamerlan Tsarnaev, the mass murderer who perpetrated the [[Boston Marathon]] bombing, likely committed a gruesome triple murder in 2011 on the 10th year anniversary of [[9/11]], but liberals refuse to admit it, and the U.S. government insists the investigation is still ongoing.<br />
# Liberals refuse to admit that "crime [has become] a major part of [[South Africa]]n life, be it violent robberies or drive-by shootings."<ref>http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-11-15-south-africas-criminal-underworld-is-the-media-reporting-the-real-story/#.UqNvpMRDtHS</ref><br />
# Liberals deny that [[Abraham Lincoln]] developed a strong faith in the [[Lord]] in the last few years of life, as proven by his declaration of [[Thanksgiving Day]] as an official holiday, his insertion of "under [[God]]" into the [[Gettysburg Address]], and in his personal comments.<ref>http://www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/speeches/faithquotes.htm</ref><br />
# Liberals deny that a shutdown of the federal government is a good thing.<br />
# Liberals deny that some disciples likely wrote down teachings of Jesus while he was living, as a means to deny Jesus's words. (Ironically, liberal theologians then use those same "red letter" words to make the claim that, since Jesus never mentioned homosexuality anywhere in them, all other Biblical condemnation of the topic can be ignored - while those same theologians choose to ignore that the words of Jesus are also the words of God and that Jesus, in pointing out that the only acceptable sexual relations are that of one man and one woman in marital union, ''did'' in fact condemn homosexuality.)<br />
# Liberals deny even the possibility of women having different aptitude for math than men, even though every [[Fields Medal]] recipient has been male, nearly every Putnam fellow has been male, and the highest achievers on the SAT math exam are predominantly male.<br />
# Liberals deny that the [[Apostle Paul]] wrote most of the epistles which, in their opening, clearly state that he was the author. Similarly they deny that the [[Apostle John]] was the author of the gospel account bearing his name, all three epistles bearing his name, and the Book of Revelation (they usually concede the gospel account was his, are divided on the epistles, and almost universally deny his authorship of Revelation).<br />
# Liberals deny that human intelligence inevitably and demonstrably declines from generation to generation, and that if there were another 100 generations into the future, the people of that time would not be able to understand simple concepts.<br />
# Liberals deny the very real existence of [[fetal pain]] during [[abortion]].<br />
# Liberals deny that there are only two genders – male and female – and that they are born different<ref name="5ScientificFacts">Bokhari, Allum (April 23, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/tech/2017/04/23/5-scientific-facts-the-science-march-refuses-to-acknowledge/ 5 Scientific Facts The ‘Science March’ Has Yet to Acknowledge]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved December 30, 2017.</ref><br />
# Liberals deny the very real existence of [[Hell]], which [[Jesus]] referenced more than Heaven.<br />
# Liberals deny how they censor the [[Bible]] from their daily activities, and encourage the censorship for others too.<br />
# For nearly three months after his death, liberals denied that [[Hugo Chavez]] had died.<br />
# Liberals deny the [[Nobel Prize]] is an award given by liberals to other liberals, sometimes even granted in an awkward manner to punish a critic of liberal falsehoods.<ref>For instance, a Nobel Prize was granted to an understudy of [[Fred Hoyle]] to punish him.</ref><br />
# Liberals deny how they deify government officials, similar to how communists continue to deify Stalin, Lenin, and Castro.<ref>For example, they have adulated [[Ted Kennedy]] despite his paucity of achievements.</ref><br />
# Liberals deny how fellow travelers engage in [[deceit]], or at least refuse to admit it.<br />
# Liberals deny they are [[liberal]] and that most of the media are [[liberal]].<br />
# Liberals deny that [[Hollywood values]], [[professor values]], and general [[liberal]] values have consequences for their believers and any victims of the believers.<br />
# Liberals deny that they have censored [[prayer]] in [[public school]].<ref>A [[public school]] student who once "tape recorded a teacher making religious remarks to his students" to complain about it then later objected to a textbook explaining how prayer is censored from [[public school]] schools by court decisions. [http://abcnews.go.com/US/WireStory?id=4614012]</ref> <br />
# Liberals deny that a woman significantly reduces her risk of [[breast cancer]] by having children rather than [[abortions]]<br />
# Liberals deny that about half of promiscuous people carry sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and that those STDs cause infertility.<ref>"Among those who admitted having sex, the rate was even more disturbing -- 40 percent had an STD."[http://www.tulsaworld.com/lifestyle/article.aspx?articleID=20080312_1_C12_hUShe15125]</ref><br />
# Liberals deny that the strident promoters of [[evolution]] generally have weaker credentials than advocates of [[intelligent design]]<ref>See, e.g., [[Richard Sternberg]]</ref><br />
# Liberals deny that college faculties at nearly every American school are dominated by [[liberals]] and have virtually no [[conservatives]].<br />
# Liberals deny that [[Homosexuality]] shortens lifespan or increases risk fo disease for a wide variety of reasons.<br />
# Liberals deny that reducing the number of guns, which are primarily defensive weapons, results in an increase in crime.<br />
# Liberals deny that [[Hitler]] and the [[Nazi]] party were in fact [[Liberals]] (anti-Semitism is a well-documented characteristic of [[Liberal Christianity]] as is the [[PETA]]-like Green wing of the Third Reich.<ref>[http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/germany/sp001630/peter.html Fascist Ecology: The "Green Wing" of the Nazi Party and its Historical Antecedents]</ref>).<br />
<br />
== Liberal denialism and Donald Trump ==<br />
''See also:'' [[Liberal denialism and Donald Trump]]<br />
<br />
After the 2016 U.S. Presidential election, many liberals went into in denial that [[Donald Trump]] was going to be the President of the United States. Before the election, liberal media outlets took the line that Donald Trump could not win the [[Republican]] primary and could not win the presidential election.<ref><br />
*[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/11/09/the-wrongest-media-predictions-about-donald-trump/?utm_term=.febb2623a89f The wrongest media predictions about Donald Trump The wrongest media predictions about Donald Trump], ''Washington Post'', 2016</ref><br />
<br />
== General Denial == <br />
Generally, liberals deny that:<br />
<br />
'''Abortion'''<br />
# Choosing [[abortion]] over childbirth increases the risk of [[breast cancer]].<br />
# They support taxpayer-funded [[abortion]].<br />
# A child in a mother's womb has rights established by the [[Constitution]].<br />
# A person is not insane for disagreeing with abortion and homosexuality.<br />
<br />
'''Atheism'''<br />
# People like [[young mass murderers]] who take [[atheistic]] beliefs to their logical conclusions are not delusional but are true believers. <br />
# [[Young mass murderers]] fit the profile of [[public school]]-trained [[atheism]].<br />
# Atheism is a nontheistic religion, not an absence of religion.<br />
# Atheists were and still are responsible for the deaths of millions of people through the decades. Nevertheless, liberals resort to [[moral equivalence]] by falsely making the same claims about [[Christianity]], ridiculously exaggerating the numbers of people murdered by those claiming to be Christian while conveniently ignoring that Christian teachings forbid murder.<br />
<br />
'''Crime'''<br />
# [[Gun control]] motivates people to commit more gun-related [[crime]]s.<br />
# Illegal immigrants contribute to crime and poverty in the towns and cities they occupy.<br />
# Legalizing drugs will increase crime because drug addiction causes thievery and murder.<br />
# A [[border wall]] is the most effective and, ultimately, the most peaceful way to protect the large southern border separating the U.S. and Mexico from illegal immigrants.<br />
# Aggressive interrogation is often the best way to obtain answers from [[terrorists]].<br />
# Socially dangerous people exhibit a well-documented pattern of reading habits.<br />
<br />
'''Economics'''<br />
# Reducing taxes stimulates the [[economy]].<br />
# Privately run [[transport]] is more efficient than government-run transport.<br />
# [[Labor union|union]]s interfere with [[employment]] opportunities.<br />
# Free trade strengthens global democracies.<br />
# Americans can drill oil to avoid high gas prices.<br />
# Americans can't fully replace oil with green technologies; both oil and green technologies are needed to solve energy crises.<br />
<br />
'''Education'''<br />
# [[Homeschoolers]] are more likely to succeed than those who attend [[public school]].<br />
# A school having few to no [[conservative]] teachers and a majority of [[atheists]] and/or [[liberals]] is a [[liberal]] school.<br />
# [[Liberals]] attempt to intimidate and ostracize [[conservatives]], particularly in school environments and some occupations.<ref>See [[liberals and friendship]].</ref><br />
# The [[liberal]] ideology is pushed on unsuspecting others, particularly young people.<br />
# [[Lawrence Summers]] was fired as President of [[Harvard]] for making a [[political correctness|politically incorrect]] suggestion about women and mathematical aptitude.<br />
<br />
'''Environment'''<br />
# Modern technology can make [[coal]] clean.<br />
# Modern drilling methods result in minimal environmental impact, even if they were implemented in uninhabited lands such as the [[Arctic National Wildlife Refuge]].<br />
# "[[Climate Change]]" and "[[Global Warming]]" are non-existent myths.<br />
# Companies like [[Exxon]] should pay billions of dollars in damages to the general public ''in addition'' to the money they spend to clean up industrial accidents and to recompense those directly affected.<br />
# [[Selective logging]] keeps forests healthier by reducing the risk of wildfire.<br />
# High food prices are not caused by [[ethanol]] production but rather by the million acres of crop land and pastureland that have been taken out of production in the interest of wildlife conservation.<br />
# The life of a human is more important than the life of an animal or plant.<br />
<br />
'''Health and medicine'''<br />
# [[Socialized medicine|State run health care]] has lead to Islamic terrorism in Britain and would do so in the US.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMu6wCqdeyQ ''FOX News analyzes the new terror in state healthcare.''</ref><br />
# Obesity is a bigger problem than hunger in the Western world.<br />
# Eating [[meat]] and [[dairy]] is important for physical and mental health.<br />
# Using [[marijuana]] or other mind- or mood-altering drugs has lasting negative psychological effects.<br />
# [[Universal health care]] is inferior medical care and will lead to crowding in hospitals.<br />
# Girls and women in sports have debilitating ACL knee injuries at 3-4 times the rate of men,<ref>''Compare'' [http://www.universityhealthmatters.com/article.php?artid=50] (with an explanation of why there is a big difference) ''with'' [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/18/health/18knee.html?ex=1204088400&en=3a5abfaa6104ac63&ei=5070&emc=eta1 New York Times] (downplaying the difference and pretending that no one knows why). The New York Times denies overwhelming evidence, including the following:<br />
:"Female athletes, particularly basketball players, are far more likely than their male counterparts to suffer ACL [Anterior Cruciate Ligament] injuries." Stephen Hargis, "Girls have more torn ACLs," Chattanooga Times Free Press (Tennessee), D1 (Feb. 4, 2005). According to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, the risk of women tearing their ACL is 1 in 100. This number drops significantly to only 1 in 500 for men. See Nikki Usher, "Knee injury takes toll on girls playing soccer five times more likely than males to suffer a torn ACL," Philadelphia Inquirer, A01 (Nov. 29, 2004). "Compared with guys, female athletes run an eight-times-greater risk of tearing the ACL, a fibrous band that connects the shinbone (tibia) to the thighbone (femur). Basketball, soccer and other sports that require cutting moves or jump shots can put athletes at risk." Kathleen Fackelmann, "Girls face higher knee injury risk," USA Today, 15B (Aug. 24, 2004). Timothy Hewett, PhD, the lead researcher on a definitive study at the Sports Medicine Biodynamics Center at the University of Cincinnati, says this is "close to a billion-dollar problem in girls and women in the USA. ... Even after girls have recovered from the acute injury, the changes in the joint may set the stage for osteoarthritis of the knee ...." ''Id.'' That obvious suspicion was quickly confirmed: a study subsequently published in Arthritis & Rheumatism demonstrated that "more than half of ... 103 soccer players, who were ages 14 to 28 at the time of the ACL injury, suffered osteoarthritis of the knee at the time of the study -- about 12 years later." Kathleen Fackelmann, "Girls' knee injuries have later consequences," USA Today, 9D (Oct. 7, 2004). "Many of the women, who were about 31 by that time, also said they had pain or some other disability that made it hard to conduct daily activities." ''Id.''</ref> and are vulnerable to other injuries<ref>"Amber Scull ruptured her spleen after she was tackled during a practice drill at Nature Coast Tech in Brooksville 2 1/2 months ago. Had she [not] arrived at the hospital 30 minutes later, doctors told her mother, she might have died." [http://www.sptimes.com/2004/01/06/news_pf/Sports/Girls_face_dangers_on.shtml]</ref><br />
<br />
'''History'''<br />
# America's [[founding fathers]] were devout Christians.<br />
# The American model of [[democracy]] succeeded because it was founded on [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[Christianity]].<ref>[http://www.apologetics.com/default.jsp?bodycontent=/articles/cultural_apologetics/snyder-democracy1.html Calvinism and the Success of Liberal Democracy, by John Snyder]</ref><br />
# The [[Democratic National Party]] founded the [[Ku Klux Klan]] and supported it for decades, and that the Democrats not only championed slavery of blacks before and during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], plus segregation and suppression of blacks for decades afterward, but still champion a form of slavery and suppression against blacks (in the form of the [[welfare state]]) and still have the same attitudes toward blacks today as they did 150 years, 100 years, and even 50 years ago.<ref>[http://www.wnd.com/2017/06/dsouza-dems-want-to-shift-blame-with-confederate-crusade/ D'Souza: Dems want to "shift blame" with Confederate crusade] at [[WorldNetDaily]]</ref><br />
<br />
'''Homosexuality'''<br />
# [[Same sex adoption]] is harmful to children.<br />
# Banning [[same-sex marriage|same-sex "marriage"]] is analogous to banning [[polygamy]].<br />
# Opposing same-sex "marriage" is justified (though they try to prove otherwise by drawing absurd connections to decriminalized interracial marriage bans).<br />
# Homosexuals can be switched back into heterosexuals. (See [[ex-homosexuals]])<br />
<br />
'''Liberalism'''<br />
# They are [[intolerant]] of opposing viewpoints and then try to stifle further discussion.<br />
# [[Socialism]] and liberalism have the same political agenda.<br />
# They suppress any criticism rather acknowledge it.<br />
# They make sweeping generalizations about conservatives.<br />
# Ideas do matter and can cause great harm, including liberal falsehoods.<br />
<br />
'''Media'''<br />
# The [[mainstream media]] is [[bias]]ed.<br />
# Wikipedia has a systematic bias.<br />
# Liberal media tycoons such as [[Ted Turner]] support population control.<br />
# Restricting free speech by the [[Fairness Doctrine]] is actually neither fair nor democratic.<br />
<br />
'''Politics'''<br />
# [[Barack Hussein Obama]] ran the dirtiest campaign since [[Lyndon Johnson]].<br />
# Former President Bill Clinton committed adulterous behavior while in office.<br />
# Politicians who proclaim 'change' actually do not break very far from policies of the past.<br />
# [[God]] and religion should be allowed a place in government.<br />
# Removing [[Saddam Hussein]] from power was beneficial for Iraq.<br />
# [[Ronald Reagan]]'s public exhortation, "[[Mikhail Gorbachev|Mr. Gorbachev]], tear down this wall," helped cause the nearly 30-year-old [[Berlin Wall]] later be torn down.<br />
# They support [[Totalitarianism]].<br />
# Their leaders engage in shocking wrongdoing, [[Liberal hypocrisy|hypocrisy]], and abuse of power<ref>See, e.g., leading [[liberal]] [[Eliot Spitzer]] and how fellow [[liberals]] downplayed or were silent about his misconduct.</ref><br />
# A [[vote]] for (yea) or a vote against (nea) is an absolute position.<br />
# People can be held accountable for the statements uttered in a vote.<br />
# Former President George W. Bush being in power did not cause Hurricane Katrina.<br />
# Former President Bill Clinton was responsible for Rwanda inaction.<br />
# The Democratic party discriminates against African-Americans. <br />
# [[Fidel Castro]] could have died a decade earlier than his disclosed death date, specifically around the last time he was seen in public in 2006.<br />
<br />
'''Religion''' <br />
# [[Islam]]ic extremism is a threat to the [[Western civilization]]<ref>Leftist [[Sam Harris]] admitted and complained about this liberal denial [http://www.cmonitor.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061009/REPOSITORY/610090301/1028/OPINION02 here].</ref><br />
# Faith and logic are compatible.<br />
# Both God and Jesus, the Lord and Savior, exist (in the case of secular liberals). Some secular liberals do acknowledge that Jesus walked among humans, but they deny that he performed any miracles.<br />
# Morality should be objective.<br />
# [[Heavy metal]] music is generally sacrilegious and has themes such as mind- or mood-altering drugs, sexual perversion, and [[Satan]] worship.<br />
<br />
'''Science'''<br />
# Life begins at conception.<ref>Williams, Thomas D. (November 5, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/11/05/abortion-lobby-denies-science-concerning-beginning-of-human-life/ Abortion Lobby Denies Science Concerning Beginning of Human Life]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved November 5, 2017.</ref><br />
# There are only two genders, and men and women are different, even from birth.<ref name="5ScientificFacts"/><br />
# Green energy is nowhere near as efficient as advertised.<ref name="5ScientificFacts"/><br />
# [[Entropy]] – including [[genetic entropy]] – is increasing, which confounds several liberal theories.<br />
# Virtually all fossil evidence for evolution has been proven wrong and affirms Biblical creation.<br />
# The intellectual justification for [[Hitler]]'s attempt to build a master Aryan race was the [[theory of evolution]].<br />
# Evolution and human-caused climate change are scientifically dubious at best.<br />
# There is scientific accuracy contained in the Bible.<br />
# Climate forecasts 50 years from now are as inaccurate as 15 days from now.<br />
<br />
'''Social issues'''<br />
# More than 80% of child molesters are [[pornography]] addicts.<br />
# [[Feminists]] censor discussion about differences between men and women, and boys and girls.<br />
# The [[nuclear family]] is beneficial to children.<br />
# [[Culture]] affects [[politics]] as well as people's views and lifestyles.<br />
# The numerous premature deaths of [[Hollywood]] stars are the result of [[Hollywood values]]<ref>Liberal [[Wikipedia]] lists numerous [[actor]]s who died of drug overdoses, but will not acknowledge the role played by [[Hollywood values]], for which Wikipedia does not even have an entry. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drug-related_deaths]</ref><br />
# That English will cease being the language of the United States in 20 years unless it is protected as the [[official language]] (and that this would be a loss if it happened).<br />
<br />
Often, [[liberal]]s refuse to admit that they are [[liberal]]s in the hope of appearing more "reasonable". [[Hillary Clinton]] refused to admit in a presidential debate in 2007 that she is a [[liberal]]. Similarly, [[Michael Dukakis]] refused for a while to admit that he was a [[liberal]] during the 1988 presidential campaign. Only out of desperation did Dukakis admit that he was a [[liberal]], and even then, he admitted only that was a liberal like President [[Harry Truman]], who served 40 years earlier.<br />
<br />
Liberals like to bash President George W. Bush as a war monger and cite [[President Bill Clinton]] for his eight years of peace and prosperity. Liberals will deny record low unemployment, more people owning their homes, and President Bush going after [[terrorists]] while protecting Americans from further attacks. Liberals will selectively forget that during Clinton's term, the [[Rwanda]] massacre, the bombing of the USS Cole, the war in the [[Balkans]], the two US embassies bombed in [[Africa]], the Kobar tower bombing in Saudi Arabia, the [[Somalia]] conflict, the missile strike against [[Afghanistan]], and the bombing campaign against Iraq all occurred. Moreover, [[liberals]] deny that Clinton's economic policy ignored a series of high-profile companies that eventually collapsed due to fraud: Enron, Tyco, Worldcom and Qwest. <br />
<br />
As part of their denial, liberals often use the word "denial" pejoratively against conservatives. Alleging that conservatives are "[[racist]]" and "reject [[science]]", they use terms like "[[global warming]] deniers" and "[[climate change]] deniers" in an attempt to link conservative viewpoints with [[Holocaust denial]], [[Nazism]], [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]], and [[pseudoscience]].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[ACLU]]<br />
*[[Longest liberal denials]]<br />
<br />
{{liberalism}}<br />
[[Category:Liberal Traits]]</div>TampaBayConservativehttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Liberal_denial&diff=1461666Liberal denial2018-10-21T21:24:40Z<p>TampaBayConservative: Added a point about liberal denial</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Obama messiah.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Cover of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' Magazine, one of many published "halo-effect" photos of Barack Obama; the emphasis is on the claims that he is a "messiah," and is an example of liberal deification of a government official in accordance with point #26.]]<br />
'''Liberal denial''' is the tendency of [[liberals]] to conceal, [[denial|deny]], or [[Censorship|censor]] the facts for ideological reasons. The root cause of liberal denial is a desire to marginalize and exclude religion, especially Christianity, from society and ultimately to ensure that a secularized, politically liberal one-world [[government]], as well as denial of the Biblical [[God]] and [[Jesus]], remain dominant throughout the world. <br />
<br />
First [[liberal denial]] requires denying [[Christ]], then [[God]], then the greatness of accomplishments by those inspired by Christ, then the superiority of political systems based on [[Christianity]], and so on, reaching underachievement and selfishness.<br />
<br />
A list of examples of '''liberal denial''' are the following:<br />
<br />
# Liberals continue to deny that [[Donald Trump]] legitimately defeated [[Hillary Clinton]] for president in 2016, and earlier that [[George W. Bush]] defeated [[Al Gore]] for president in 2000 (e.g., Joe Biden denied it in remarks on June 12, 2013; Al Gore himself denied it in remarks on August 4, 2017).<br />
# [[European migrant crisis|Mass immigration to Europe from the Middle East]] has brought an increased threat and the greater occurrence of [[terrorism]]. Yet European leaders deny the threat of [[Islam]]ic terrorism, and terrorist attacks have shown how poorly prepared and secured their countries and facilities are.<ref name="Denial">Scarborough, Rowan (May 23, 2017). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/may/23/manchester-bombing-reveals-europes-denial-of-islam/ Europe’s denial of Islamic terrorism threat perplexes security specialists]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved May 24, 2017.</ref> When attacks occur, the leaders often state that they "are a part of daily life", and they refuse to admit that the motive of the terrorists is Islamic radicalism.<ref name="Denial"/> This is likely due to [[political correctness]] and the blindness that comes with liberalism and their pet goal for a utopian [[one-world government]] where nations and borders are abolished.<br />
# Lies about a false armed robbery were spread by the [[liberal media]] in smearing the gracious host of the [[2016 Summer Olympics]], and yet [[liberals]] did not fully correct and apologize for the lies even after [[Brazil]]ians worked hard to uncover the truth.<br />
# [[Terrorism]] was not mentioned once during the entire first day of the [[Democratic National Convention]] in 2016, while increasing numbers of widely reported terrorism occurred in Florida, France, and elsewhere.<br />
# [[Obama]] refused to mention ISIS, radical Islam, or Islamic extremism in his comments on the worst attack since [[9/11]]—a mass murder committed by an admitted supporter of ISIS in a Florida nightclub in June 2016.<br />
# Liberals deny that the much-publicized "proof" of the [[general theory of relativity]] in 1919 was, in fact, scientific misconduct by [[Arthur Eddington]] who "cherry-picked"<ref>https://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-brooks/scientists-behaving-badly_b_1448729.html</ref> his data to reach his desired result, which would have him expelled from any Ph. D. program worth its salt today.<br />
# Liberals deny the lack of racial diversity on the women's [[World Cup]] 2015 team, which had an all-white coaching staff and an all-white starting line-up.<br />
# Falsification of a theory, for which a [[Nobel Prize]] has been awarded, is never admitted by the English [[lamestream media]].<ref>http://en.yibada.com/articles/26197/20150412/nobel-prize-physics-2011-falsified-universe-dark-energy-expanding-rapid.htm</ref><br />
# Multiple murders committed by an atheist is neither a hate crime nor terrorism, but a rarely occurring murder committed by a Christian must be both.<br />
# Liberals deny whenever there is a cold winter, as well as the fact that the world has not significantly warmed for many years.<br />
# Liberals deny that violent [[video games]] incite and train [[young mass murderers]] to go on unspeakable killing rampages.<br />
# Tamerlan Tsarnaev, the mass murderer who perpetrated the [[Boston Marathon]] bombing, likely committed a gruesome triple murder in 2011 on the 10th year anniversary of [[9/11]], but liberals refuse to admit it, and the U.S. government insists the investigation is still ongoing.<br />
# Liberals refuse to admit that "crime [has become] a major part of [[South Africa]]n life, be it violent robberies or drive-by shootings."<ref>http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-11-15-south-africas-criminal-underworld-is-the-media-reporting-the-real-story/#.UqNvpMRDtHS</ref><br />
# Liberals deny that [[Abraham Lincoln]] developed a strong faith in the [[Lord]] in the last few years of life, as proven by his declaration of [[Thanksgiving Day]] as an official holiday, his insertion of "under [[God]]" into the [[Gettysburg Address]], and in his personal comments.<ref>http://www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/speeches/faithquotes.htm</ref><br />
# Liberals deny that a shutdown of the federal government is a good thing.<br />
# Liberals deny that some disciples likely wrote down teachings of Jesus while he was living, as a means to deny Jesus's words. (Ironically, liberal theologians then use those same "red letter" words to make the claim that, since Jesus never mentioned homosexuality anywhere in them, all other Biblical condemnation of the topic can be ignored - while those same theologians choose to ignore that the words of Jesus are also the words of God and that Jesus, in pointing out that the only acceptable sexual relations are that of one man and one woman in marital union, ''did'' in fact condemn homosexuality.)<br />
# Liberals deny even the possibility of women having different aptitude for math than men, even though every [[Fields Medal]] recipient has been male, nearly every Putnam fellow has been male, and the highest achievers on the SAT math exam are predominantly male.<br />
# Liberals deny that the [[Apostle Paul]] wrote most of the epistles which, in their opening, clearly state that he was the author. Similarly they deny that the [[Apostle John]] was the author of the gospel account bearing his name, all three epistles bearing his name, and the Book of Revelation (they usually concede the gospel account was his, are divided on the epistles, and almost universally deny his authorship of Revelation).<br />
# Liberals deny that human intelligence inevitably and demonstrably declines from generation to generation, and that if there were another 100 generations into the future, the people of that time would not be able to understand simple concepts.<br />
# Liberals deny the very real existence of [[fetal pain]] during [[abortion]].<br />
# Liberals deny that there are only two genders – male and female – and that they are born different<ref name="5ScientificFacts">Bokhari, Allum (April 23, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/tech/2017/04/23/5-scientific-facts-the-science-march-refuses-to-acknowledge/ 5 Scientific Facts The ‘Science March’ Has Yet to Acknowledge]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved December 30, 2017.</ref><br />
# Liberals deny the very real existence of [[Hell]], which [[Jesus]] referenced more than Heaven.<br />
# Liberals deny how they censor the [[Bible]] from their daily activities, and encourage the censorship for others too.<br />
# For nearly three months after his death, liberals denied that [[Hugo Chavez]] had died.<br />
# Liberals deny the [[Nobel Prize]] is an award given by liberals to other liberals, sometimes even granted in an awkward manner to punish a critic of liberal falsehoods.<ref>For instance, a Nobel Prize was granted to an understudy of [[Fred Hoyle]] to punish him.</ref><br />
# Liberals deny how they deify government officials, similar to how communists continue to deify Stalin, Lenin, and Castro.<ref>For example, they have adulated [[Ted Kennedy]] despite his paucity of achievements.</ref><br />
# Liberals deny how fellow travelers engage in [[deceit]], or at least refuse to admit it.<br />
# Liberals deny they are [[liberal]] and that most of the media are [[liberal]].<br />
# Liberals deny that [[Hollywood values]], [[professor values]], and general [[liberal]] values have consequences for their believers and any victims of the believers.<br />
# Liberals deny that they have censored [[prayer]] in [[public school]].<ref>A [[public school]] student who once "tape recorded a teacher making religious remarks to his students" to complain about it then later objected to a textbook explaining how prayer is censored from [[public school]] schools by court decisions. [http://abcnews.go.com/US/WireStory?id=4614012]</ref> <br />
# Liberals deny that a woman significantly reduces her risk of [[breast cancer]] by having children rather than [[abortions]]<br />
# Liberals deny that about half of promiscuous people carry sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and that those STDs cause infertility.<ref>"Among those who admitted having sex, the rate was even more disturbing -- 40 percent had an STD."[http://www.tulsaworld.com/lifestyle/article.aspx?articleID=20080312_1_C12_hUShe15125]</ref><br />
# Liberals deny that the strident promoters of [[evolution]] generally have weaker credentials than advocates of [[intelligent design]]<ref>See, e.g., [[Richard Sternberg]]</ref><br />
# Liberals deny that college faculties at nearly every American school are dominated by [[liberals]] and have virtually no [[conservatives]].<br />
# Liberals deny that [[Homosexuality]] shortens lifespan or increases risk fo disease for a wide variety of reasons.<br />
# Liberals deny that reducing the number of guns, which are primarily defensive weapons, results in an increase in crime.<br />
# Liberals deny that [[Hitler]] and the [[Nazi]] party were in fact [[Liberals]] (anti-Semitism is a well-documented characteristic of [[Liberal Christianity]] as is the [[PETA]]-like Green wing of the Third Reich.<ref>[http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/germany/sp001630/peter.html Fascist Ecology: The "Green Wing" of the Nazi Party and its Historical Antecedents]</ref>).<br />
<br />
== Liberal denialism and Donald Trump ==<br />
''See also:'' [[Liberal denialism and Donald Trump]]<br />
<br />
After the 2016 U.S. Presidential election, many liberals went into in denial that [[Donald Trump]] was going to be the President of the United States. Before the election, liberal media outlets took the line that Donald Trump could not win the [[Republican]] primary and could not win the presidential election.<ref><br />
*[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/11/09/the-wrongest-media-predictions-about-donald-trump/?utm_term=.febb2623a89f The wrongest media predictions about Donald Trump The wrongest media predictions about Donald Trump], ''Washington Post'', 2016</ref><br />
<br />
== General Denial == <br />
Generally, liberals deny that:<br />
<br />
'''Abortion'''<br />
# Choosing [[abortion]] over childbirth increases the risk of [[breast cancer]].<br />
# They support taxpayer-funded [[abortion]].<br />
# A child in a mother's womb has rights established by the [[Constitution]].<br />
# A person is not insane for disagreeing with abortion and homosexuality.<br />
<br />
'''Atheism'''<br />
# People like [[young mass murderers]] who take [[atheistic]] beliefs to their logical conclusions are not delusional but are true believers. <br />
# [[Young mass murderers]] fit the profile of [[public school]]-trained [[atheism]].<br />
# Atheism is a nontheistic religion, not an absence of religion.<br />
# Atheists were and still are responsible for the deaths of millions of people through the decades. Nevertheless, liberals resort to [[moral equivalence]] by falsely making the same claims about [[Christianity]], ridiculously exaggerating the numbers of people murdered by those claiming to be Christian while conveniently ignoring that Christian teachings forbid murder.<br />
<br />
'''Crime'''<br />
# [[Gun control]] motivates people to commit more gun-related [[crime]]s.<br />
# Illegal immigrants contribute to crime and poverty in the towns and cities they occupy.<br />
# Legalizing drugs will increase crime because drug addiction causes thievery and murder.<br />
# A [[border wall]] is the most effective and, ultimately, the most peaceful way to protect the large southern border separating the U.S. and Mexico from illegal immigrants.<br />
# Aggressive interrogation is often the best way to obtain answers from [[terrorists]].<br />
# Socially dangerous people exhibit a well-documented pattern of reading habits.<br />
<br />
'''Economics'''<br />
# Reducing taxes stimulates the [[economy]].<br />
# Privately run [[transport]] is more efficient than government-run transport.<br />
# [[Labor union|union]]s interfere with [[employment]] opportunities.<br />
# Free trade strengthens global democracies.<br />
# Americans can drill oil to avoid high gas prices.<br />
# Americans can't fully replace oil with green technologies; both oil and green technologies are needed to solve energy crises.<br />
<br />
'''Education'''<br />
# [[Homeschoolers]] are more likely to succeed than those who attend [[public school]].<br />
# A school having few to no [[conservative]] teachers and a majority of [[atheists]] and/or [[liberals]] is a [[liberal]] school.<br />
# [[Liberals]] attempt to intimidate and ostracize [[conservatives]], particularly in school environments and some occupations.<ref>See [[liberals and friendship]].</ref><br />
# The [[liberal]] ideology is pushed on unsuspecting others, particularly young people.<br />
# [[Lawrence Summers]] was fired as President of [[Harvard]] for making a [[political correctness|politically incorrect]] suggestion about women and mathematical aptitude.<br />
<br />
'''Environment'''<br />
# Modern technology can make [[coal]] clean.<br />
# Modern drilling methods result in minimal environmental impact, even if they were implemented in uninhabited lands such as the [[Arctic National Wildlife Refuge]].<br />
# "[[Climate Change]]" and ''[[Global Warming]]" are non-existent myths.<br />
# Companies like [[Exxon]] should pay billions of dollars in damages to the general public ''in addition'' to the money they spend to clean up industrial accidents and to recompense those directly affected.<br />
# [[Selective logging]] keeps forests healthier by reducing the risk of wildfire.<br />
# High food prices are not caused by [[ethanol]] production but rather by the million acres of crop land and pastureland that have been taken out of production in the interest of wildlife conservation.<br />
# The life of a human is more important than the life of an animal or plant.<br />
<br />
'''Health and medicine'''<br />
# [[Socialized medicine|State run health care]] has lead to Islamic terrorism in Britain and would do so in the US.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMu6wCqdeyQ ''FOX News analyzes the new terror in state healthcare.''</ref><br />
# Obesity is a bigger problem than hunger in the Western world.<br />
# Eating [[meat]] and [[dairy]] is important for physical and mental health.<br />
# Using [[marijuana]] or other mind- or mood-altering drugs has lasting negative psychological effects.<br />
# [[Universal health care]] is inferior medical care and will lead to crowding in hospitals.<br />
# Girls and women in sports have debilitating ACL knee injuries at 3-4 times the rate of men,<ref>''Compare'' [http://www.universityhealthmatters.com/article.php?artid=50] (with an explanation of why there is a big difference) ''with'' [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/18/health/18knee.html?ex=1204088400&en=3a5abfaa6104ac63&ei=5070&emc=eta1 New York Times] (downplaying the difference and pretending that no one knows why). The New York Times denies overwhelming evidence, including the following:<br />
:"Female athletes, particularly basketball players, are far more likely than their male counterparts to suffer ACL [Anterior Cruciate Ligament] injuries." Stephen Hargis, "Girls have more torn ACLs," Chattanooga Times Free Press (Tennessee), D1 (Feb. 4, 2005). According to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, the risk of women tearing their ACL is 1 in 100. This number drops significantly to only 1 in 500 for men. See Nikki Usher, "Knee injury takes toll on girls playing soccer five times more likely than males to suffer a torn ACL," Philadelphia Inquirer, A01 (Nov. 29, 2004). "Compared with guys, female athletes run an eight-times-greater risk of tearing the ACL, a fibrous band that connects the shinbone (tibia) to the thighbone (femur). Basketball, soccer and other sports that require cutting moves or jump shots can put athletes at risk." Kathleen Fackelmann, "Girls face higher knee injury risk," USA Today, 15B (Aug. 24, 2004). Timothy Hewett, PhD, the lead researcher on a definitive study at the Sports Medicine Biodynamics Center at the University of Cincinnati, says this is "close to a billion-dollar problem in girls and women in the USA. ... Even after girls have recovered from the acute injury, the changes in the joint may set the stage for osteoarthritis of the knee ...." ''Id.'' That obvious suspicion was quickly confirmed: a study subsequently published in Arthritis & Rheumatism demonstrated that "more than half of ... 103 soccer players, who were ages 14 to 28 at the time of the ACL injury, suffered osteoarthritis of the knee at the time of the study -- about 12 years later." Kathleen Fackelmann, "Girls' knee injuries have later consequences," USA Today, 9D (Oct. 7, 2004). "Many of the women, who were about 31 by that time, also said they had pain or some other disability that made it hard to conduct daily activities." ''Id.''</ref> and are vulnerable to other injuries<ref>"Amber Scull ruptured her spleen after she was tackled during a practice drill at Nature Coast Tech in Brooksville 2 1/2 months ago. Had she [not] arrived at the hospital 30 minutes later, doctors told her mother, she might have died." [http://www.sptimes.com/2004/01/06/news_pf/Sports/Girls_face_dangers_on.shtml]</ref><br />
<br />
'''History'''<br />
# America's [[founding fathers]] were devout Christians.<br />
# The American model of [[democracy]] succeeded because it was founded on [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[Christianity]].<ref>[http://www.apologetics.com/default.jsp?bodycontent=/articles/cultural_apologetics/snyder-democracy1.html Calvinism and the Success of Liberal Democracy, by John Snyder]</ref><br />
# The [[Democratic National Party]] founded the [[Ku Klux Klan]] and supported it for decades, and that the Democrats not only championed slavery of blacks before and during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], plus segregation and suppression of blacks for decades afterward, but still champion a form of slavery and suppression against blacks (in the form of the [[welfare state]]) and still have the same attitudes toward blacks today as they did 150 years, 100 years, and even 50 years ago.<ref>[http://www.wnd.com/2017/06/dsouza-dems-want-to-shift-blame-with-confederate-crusade/ D'Souza: Dems want to "shift blame" with Confederate crusade] at [[WorldNetDaily]]</ref><br />
<br />
'''Homosexuality'''<br />
# [[Same sex adoption]] is harmful to children.<br />
# Banning [[same-sex marriage|same-sex "marriage"]] is analogous to banning [[polygamy]].<br />
# Opposing same-sex "marriage" is justified (though they try to prove otherwise by drawing absurd connections to decriminalized interracial marriage bans).<br />
# Homosexuals can be switched back into heterosexuals. (See [[ex-homosexuals]])<br />
<br />
'''Liberalism'''<br />
# They are [[intolerant]] of opposing viewpoints and then try to stifle further discussion.<br />
# [[Socialism]] and liberalism have the same political agenda.<br />
# They suppress any criticism rather acknowledge it.<br />
# They make sweeping generalizations about conservatives.<br />
# Ideas do matter and can cause great harm, including liberal falsehoods.<br />
<br />
'''Media'''<br />
# The [[mainstream media]] is [[bias]]ed.<br />
# Wikipedia has a systematic bias.<br />
# Liberal media tycoons such as [[Ted Turner]] support population control.<br />
# Restricting free speech by the [[Fairness Doctrine]] is actually neither fair nor democratic.<br />
<br />
'''Politics'''<br />
# [[Barack Hussein Obama]] ran the dirtiest campaign since [[Lyndon Johnson]].<br />
# Former President Bill Clinton committed adulterous behavior while in office.<br />
# Politicians who proclaim 'change' actually do not break very far from policies of the past.<br />
# [[God]] and religion should be allowed a place in government.<br />
# Removing [[Saddam Hussein]] from power was beneficial for Iraq.<br />
# [[Ronald Reagan]]'s public exhortation, "[[Mikhail Gorbachev|Mr. Gorbachev]], tear down this wall," helped cause the nearly 30-year-old [[Berlin Wall]] later be torn down.<br />
# They support [[Totalitarianism]].<br />
# Their leaders engage in shocking wrongdoing, [[Liberal hypocrisy|hypocrisy]], and abuse of power<ref>See, e.g., leading [[liberal]] [[Eliot Spitzer]] and how fellow [[liberals]] downplayed or were silent about his misconduct.</ref><br />
# A [[vote]] for (yea) or a vote against (nea) is an absolute position.<br />
# People can be held accountable for the statements uttered in a vote.<br />
# Former President George W. Bush being in power did not cause Hurricane Katrina.<br />
# Former President Bill Clinton was responsible for Rwanda inaction.<br />
# The Democratic party discriminates against African-Americans. <br />
# [[Fidel Castro]] could have died a decade earlier than his disclosed death date, specifically around the last time he was seen in public in 2006.<br />
<br />
'''Religion''' <br />
# [[Islam]]ic extremism is a threat to the [[Western civilization]]<ref>Leftist [[Sam Harris]] admitted and complained about this liberal denial [http://www.cmonitor.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061009/REPOSITORY/610090301/1028/OPINION02 here].</ref><br />
# Faith and logic are compatible.<br />
# Both God and Jesus, the Lord and Savior, exist (in the case of secular liberals). Some secular liberals do acknowledge that Jesus walked among humans, but they deny that he performed any miracles.<br />
# Morality should be objective.<br />
# [[Heavy metal]] music is generally sacrilegious and has themes such as mind- or mood-altering drugs, sexual perversion, and [[Satan]] worship.<br />
<br />
'''Science'''<br />
# Life begins at conception.<ref>Williams, Thomas D. (November 5, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/11/05/abortion-lobby-denies-science-concerning-beginning-of-human-life/ Abortion Lobby Denies Science Concerning Beginning of Human Life]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved November 5, 2017.</ref><br />
# There are only two genders, and men and women are different, even from birth.<ref name="5ScientificFacts"/><br />
# Green energy is nowhere near as efficient as advertised.<ref name="5ScientificFacts"/><br />
# [[Entropy]] – including [[genetic entropy]] – is increasing, which confounds several liberal theories.<br />
# Virtually all fossil evidence for evolution has been proven wrong and affirms Biblical creation.<br />
# The intellectual justification for [[Hitler]]'s attempt to build a master Aryan race was the [[theory of evolution]].<br />
# Evolution and human-caused climate change are scientifically dubious at best.<br />
# There is scientific accuracy contained in the Bible.<br />
# Climate forecasts 50 years from now are as inaccurate as 15 days from now.<br />
<br />
'''Social issues'''<br />
# More than 80% of child molesters are [[pornography]] addicts.<br />
# [[Feminists]] censor discussion about differences between men and women, and boys and girls.<br />
# The [[nuclear family]] is beneficial to children.<br />
# [[Culture]] affects [[politics]] as well as people's views and lifestyles.<br />
# The numerous premature deaths of [[Hollywood]] stars are the result of [[Hollywood values]]<ref>Liberal [[Wikipedia]] lists numerous [[actor]]s who died of drug overdoses, but will not acknowledge the role played by [[Hollywood values]], for which Wikipedia does not even have an entry. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drug-related_deaths]</ref><br />
# That English will cease being the language of the United States in 20 years unless it is protected as the [[official language]] (and that this would be a loss if it happened).<br />
<br />
Often, [[liberal]]s refuse to admit that they are [[liberal]]s in the hope of appearing more "reasonable". [[Hillary Clinton]] refused to admit in a presidential debate in 2007 that she is a [[liberal]]. Similarly, [[Michael Dukakis]] refused for a while to admit that he was a [[liberal]] during the 1988 presidential campaign. Only out of desperation did Dukakis admit that he was a [[liberal]], and even then, he admitted only that was a liberal like President [[Harry Truman]], who served 40 years earlier.<br />
<br />
Liberals like to bash President George W. Bush as a war monger and cite [[President Bill Clinton]] for his eight years of peace and prosperity. Liberals will deny record low unemployment, more people owning their homes, and President Bush going after [[terrorists]] while protecting Americans from further attacks. Liberals will selectively forget that during Clinton's term, the [[Rwanda]] massacre, the bombing of the USS Cole, the war in the [[Balkans]], the two US embassies bombed in [[Africa]], the Kobar tower bombing in Saudi Arabia, the [[Somalia]] conflict, the missile strike against [[Afghanistan]], and the bombing campaign against Iraq all occurred. Moreover, [[liberals]] deny that Clinton's economic policy ignored a series of high-profile companies that eventually collapsed due to fraud: Enron, Tyco, Worldcom and Qwest. <br />
<br />
As part of their denial, liberals often use the word "denial" pejoratively against conservatives. Alleging that conservatives are "[[racist]]" and "reject [[science]]", they use terms like "[[global warming]] deniers" and "[[climate change]] deniers" in an attempt to link conservative viewpoints with [[Holocaust denial]], [[Nazism]], [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]], and [[pseudoscience]].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[ACLU]]<br />
*[[Longest liberal denials]]<br />
<br />
{{liberalism}}<br />
[[Category:Liberal Traits]]</div>TampaBayConservativehttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Automobile&diff=1461664Automobile2018-10-21T21:21:12Z<p>TampaBayConservative: Fixed a citation</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''automobile''', or '''car''', was invented in 1885 by Karl Friedrich Benz, a German engineer. But it was [[Henry Ford]], an American, who made the automobile popular by mass-producing it on the world's first moving automotive [[assembly line]] in [[Detroit]], which became the "Automobile Capital of the World" by 1910.<br />
<br />
The term "car" covers a wide variety of vehicles from "micro-city" cars to full sized body on frame pickup trucks. For many they have become essential transportation. As an expensive status symbol they are widely [[Car color popularity|customizable]]. <br />
<br />
The [[Recession of 2008]], extending into 2009, plunged the auto industry into chaos. General Motors, long the dominant factor worldwide, lost tens of billions and entered bankruptcy in June 2009, as did Chrysler. This led to government take overs of GM and Chrysler, but not Ford. In the U.S. from 1970 to 2001, there were 760 cars and light trucks sold per 1000 drivers; in 2009 sales dropped to 400 per driver, and hundreds of factories and thousands of dealerships closed down, with hundreds of thousands of employees laid off. The Japanese and European auto makers all lost billions of dollars, but none went bankrupt.<br />
<br />
== Effect on societies ==<br />
<br />
The automobile industry forced nations, starting with the [[United States]], to develop good streets and roads. In the U.S. especially the industry created a vast network of new and used car dealers, repair shops, and [[gasoline|gas]] stations, not to mention GPS devices, [[motel]]s, drive-through windows, shopping malls, and many businesses catering to customers in autos. The auto gave consumers a much wider geographical range, leading to the decline of isolated rural stores and the rise of small cities as regional market centers. Automobiles enabled employees to commute to work without reference to [[bus]]es, [[tram|trolleys]] or [[train]]s, opening up the suburbs to settlement after 1945.<br />
<br />
However, increased automobile use has also added limited amounts of [[pollution]] to the air, led to a rise in injuries and fatalities in traffic accidents, took more land, and resulted in a rise in congestion on the roads. Although automobile fumes do cause an increase of smog in urban areas, they do not contribute to the theory of [[Climate Change]]. The [[Left]] generally opposes cars, claiming that they add to the issue of "[[Global Warming]]", while also claiming that those who do support cars are selfish and greedy. These arguments have been proven wrong on many occasions<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k8Lo0ieyQtQ</ref><br />
<br />
The nation responded by motorizing its [[police]] forces and [[ambulance]] services.<br />
<br />
* Willey and Rice concluded that during the fifteen years from the beginning of the Great War until the beginning of the Great Depression America underwent "a transformation of social habits" as a direct result of the widespread diffusion of the private automobile. Frederick Lewis Allen accused the automobile of accelerating the "revolution in manners and morals" underfoot in America in the nineteen-twenties.<br />
* Eventually, the automobile became another mundane feature of modern life, with the [[auto showroom]], [[gasoline pump]], and the [[garage]] becoming fixtures in American life. <br />
* The trolley pushed the city outward to the suburbs. The auto provided an outlet for the suburbanite to venture outward farther into the countryside. [https://books.google.com/books?id=xtK10xWI8AQC&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=the+explosive+social+changes+brought+about+by+the+introduction+of+the+automobile&source=bl&ots=hKwPNmjrsC&sig=zk9RrBqt-R_CEHNp-7nQuSI0t7o&hl=en&ei=-_nKS-yvAsL48Aax1fD4BA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CBEQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q&f=false]<br />
<br />
== Manufacturers ==<br />
* see also [[General Motors]]<br />
* [[Ford Motor Company]]<br />
<br />
All the major car companies have three roles: they design cars for the future, they build cars, and they sell them through network of locally owned dealers. Until recently the car-makers built practically the entire car. In the 21st century, however, the makers build their own engines but purchase nearly all the other parts from independent parts companies, then assemble them. Several thousand parts companies now operate in the U.S.; the largest are Delco, Visteon, American Axle (as well as the tire makers). They employ more factory workers than the car makers do, typically at much lower wages. Blue collar workers at the Big Three (GM, Ford and Chrysler) are unionized and are paid on average $55 an hour (including benefits). Blue collar workers at the "transplants" in the U.S. (Toyota, Honda, Mercedes, etc.) are not unionized and are paid on average $40 an hour (including benefits). The automobile industry in Canada is integrated with the U.S. industry.<br />
<br />
The [[Recession of 2008]] saw auto sales plunged by 18% from 2007, to only 13.2 million units, with very steep declines at the end of the year as sales fell 36% in December. GM and Chrysler verged on bankruptcy. They were rescued, temporally, by loans from President [[George W. Bush]] in December, 2008, in order to avoid a major economic disaster that would cost the nation hundreds of thousands of jobs.<br />
<br />
Many of the world's major auto companies have plants in the U.S., called "transplants." Ford started in 1910 to open factories across the world, and General Motors followed in the 1920s. <br />
<br />
It is often difficult to tell if a car is a domestically or foreign produced vehicle simply by the name of the manufacturer. For example, in 2006 Japan-based manufacturer Toyota had 14 manufacturing plants in North America producing parts and cars such as the Camry, while American manufacture General Motors has operations in Mexico producing trucks such as the Silverado and Suburban for export to the United States.<br />
<br />
The "Big Three" American makers are Ford, General Motors (GM), and [[Chrysler]]. Japanese companies include [[Toyota]], [[Nissan]], [[Honda]], [[Mazda]], [[Suzuki]], and [[Subaru]]. The German companies include [[BMW]], [[Mercedes-Benz]], and [[Volkswagen]]. [[Fiat]] is based in Italy, and [[PSA Group|PSA Peugeot Citroën]] and [[Renault]] in France. South Korea has [[Hyundai]] and [[KIA]]. Sweden is famous for the [[Saab]] and [[Volvo]]. Chinese and Indian companies are growing rapidly.<br />
<br />
Many companies operate factories in several countries. The largest producers in 2007 in descending order, each with over 1 million cars, are:<br />
:Toyota, GM; Volkswagen; Ford; Honda; PSA Peugeot Citroën; Nissan; Fiat; Renault; Hyundai; Suzuki; Chrysler; Daimler; BMW; Mitsubishi; KIA; and Mazda.<br />
<br />
==Industry trends==<br />
The annual capacity of the industry is 17 million cars; sales in 2008 dropped to an annual rate of only 10 million vehicles made in the U.S. and Canada. All the automakers and their vast supplier network account for 2.3% of the U.S. economic output, down from 3.1% in 2006 and as much as 5% in the 1990s. Some 20% of the entire national manufacturing sector is still tied to the automobile industry. The transplants can make a profit when sales are at least 12 million; the Big Three when sales are at least 15 million.<ref>Louis Uchitelle, "If Detroit Falls, Foreign Makers Could Be Buffer," [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/17/business/economy/17impact.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin ''New York Times,'' Nov. 16. 2008]</ref><br />
<br />
The "Big Three" (General Motors, Ford and Chrysler) have done poorly in recent years. They have lost most of the market to imports and "transplants" (cars made in U.S. factories owned by foreign makes). The first signs came when Volkswagen and Honda started importing cheap, well-made cars in the 1960s. Detroit convinced Congress to impose quotas, and the foreign companies responded by opening their own plants in the U.S. <br />
<br />
The "transplants" are built in the South and are non-union. Facing steady financial losses, The Big Three have closed many factories and drastically cut employment, especially in Michigan. They are handicapped by union contracts which require them to "buy out" union workers when plants close, at a typical cost of $100,000 to $150,000 each. Health care and pension costs add $1500 to the cost of each vehicle made by the Big Three, and their wage levels are much higher than the transplants. Average annual wages for production workers at the Big Three were $67,480 in 2007, and $81,940 for skilled workers. GM spun off some of its divisions into independent companies, such as American Axle in 1995 and Delphi in 1999. Ford spun off Visteon in 2000. The spin-offs have shared Detroit's downturns, as have the U.S. owned plants in Canada. <br />
<br />
Meanwhile, the transplants have been growing. Led by Toyota, Nissan and Honda, by 2003 the transplants were producing more vehicles than the Big Three. The transplants built new factories and adding to the employment rolls in non-union plants in the South, especially Kentucky and Tennessee. The United Automobile Workers (UAW) has shrunk steadily since 1980, falling from 1.5 million members to 600,000.<ref>CRS Report for Congress, ''U.S Automotive Industry: Policy Overview and Recent History'' (April 25, 2005) [http://ncseonline.org/NLE/CRSreports/05apr/RL32883.pdf online]</ref><br />
<br />
==Financial crisis==<br />
In 2008 a series of damaging blows drove the "Big Three" (GM, Ford and Chrysler) to the verge of bankruptcy. Part of the cause was very high labor costs (much higher than the foreign plants in the U.S.), which prevents lower prices. The Big Three have far more retired workers than active workers, and the pension and medical costs for the retirees amount to $1500 a car. The transplants, by contras, are so new they have few retired workers.<br />
<br />
The Big Three had in recent years stressed expensive, fuel-guzzling SUVs and large pickups. They were much more profitable than smaller, fuel-efficient cars. When [[gasoline prices]] shot past US$4 per gallon in 2008, Americans stopped buying the big cars, and the Big Three saw their sales plummet. The [[Financial Crisis of 2008]] played a role as no one was willing to loan GM the money to buy Chrysler. Consumer credit has tightened and it became much harder for people with average or poor credit to obtain a bank loan to buy a car, so sales fell further. Stock prices fell as shareholders worried about bankruptcy; GM's shares fell to 1942 levels. <br />
<br />
Intense debate in December 2008 focused on allowing bankruptcy or injecting billions more of federal aid in loans and buyouts; it would be in addition to a $25 billion loan Congress passed in September 2008 to assist in increasing fuel efficiency. The Democrats in Congress supported president Bush's proposal to sue the fuel-efficiency loans to help with the immediate problem. It passed the House but Senate Republicans broke with Bush and it failed. The opponents called for a bankruptcy that would allow GM to get out of its contracts to pay union members high wages, as well as generous pension sand medical benefits to retired workers. Bush then acted unilaterally and decided to lend GM and Chrysler in [[Financial Crisis of 2008|TARP money]] on December 19. GM and Chrysler will got $13.4 billions in loans they can use to pay their suppliers.<ref>GM and Chrysler will receive $4 billion each when they sign the loan agreements with the Treasury. GM will have access to an addition $5.4 billion on Jan. 16 and another $4 billion on Feb. 17 provided that Congress has released the remaining $350 billion for the Treasury’s TARP rescue program.</ref> GM can receive another $4 billion in February, but by then the Obama administration will be in charge, and it is emphasizing the need for a long-range solution.<ref>David E. Sanger, David M. Herszenhorn and Bill Vlasic, “Bush Aids Detroit, but Hard Choices Wait for Obama,” [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/20/business/20auto.html?hp ''NewYork Times'' Dec. 19, 2008]</ref> <br />
<br />
In addition to the Big Three hundreds of large suppliers of parts are in financial crisis as well; most would go under if the Big Three go bankrupt.<br />
<br />
Auto sales were down again in December 2008, as the major companies (including the Big Three, Toyota and Honda) all reported sales declines from 2007 of about 30-32%. <br />
<br />
===Crisis worsens in 2009===<br />
===Auto crisis===<br />
[[Image:Toles2-18-09.jpg|thumb|280px]] The automobile industry is in desperate crisis, with General Motors and Chrysler, and numerous parts suppliers, on the verge of bankruptcy. Ford is in better shape as are the "transplants" like Toyota and Honda that have factories in the U.S. If GM shuts down, however, many parts suppliers will also shut, forcing the end of most US auto production. Autos will still be imported from other countries, though at much higher prices. GM and Chrysler were given $17 billion TARP funds in December on condition they present a turnaround plan by Feb. 17, 2009. In its plan GM will ask for access to an additional $16.6 billion in federal aid; otherwise will run out of money by March 2009. GM also said it would close 14 U.S. plants, and cut 47,000 global hourly, salaried jobs. Bankruptcy, GM said, would cost the federal government $100 billion in losses, as well as the loss of 1.3 million jobs across the US, as plants and dealers close down operation.<ref>. For the GM plan see [http://www.treas.gov/initiatives/eesa/agreements/auto-reports/GMRestructuringPlan.pdf GM Plan of Feb 17, 2009]</ref><br />
<br />
In March 2009 GM reported that its auditors have raised substantial doubts about its ability to continue as a going concern, citing recurring losses from operations, stockholders' deficit and an inability to generate enough cash to meet its obligations. GM has received $13.4 billion in federal loans, and the company is seeking a total of $30 billion from the government. During the past three years it has run up $82 billion in losses, including $30.9 billion in 2008. Bankruptcy appears likely.<ref>Nick Bunkley, "Auditors Raise Doubts About G.M.’s Viability," [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/06/business/06auto.html?hp ''New York Times'' Mar. 5, 2009]</ref> The Obama Administration has apparently decided that bankruptcy would be a mistake, and will try to keep the Big Three in operation. <br />
<br />
Equally serious is the plight of the parts makers—who actually do most of the factory work that goes into cars. "The failure of a few key suppliers could have brought the entire industry to its knees," said the president of the Original Equipment Suppliers Association, where a third of the membership reported that it would face severe financial distress in the first quarter. The government is giving $5 billion in aid to this sector.<ref>Kendra Marr and Peter Whoriskey, "Auto Parts Makers Get $5 Billion Lifeline: U.S. Aid Boosts Hopes for the Entire Industry," [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/19/AR2009031901597.html?hpid=topnews ''Washington Post'' Mar. 20, 2009]</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
On March 29 President Obama forced the head of GM to resign, and on March 30 issued a do-or-die ultimatum for the struggling industry, demanding strict financial standards that the carmakers must meet to get more government aid and declaring that their industry must survive because it is "like no other, an emblem of the American spirit." He demanded that Chrysler form a partnership with the Italian automaker Fiat within 30 days. He did not threaten Ford, which has not asked for federal aid. He did not offer relief from the high mileage standards on which Detroit has consistently fallen behind Asian competitors. Obama asked Congress to offer cash subsidies for new car buyers, especially those who turn in old gas guzzlers (which will be scrapped). The stock market promptly plunged 3.6%.<br />
<br />
In late April 2009 GM announced further downsizing that will reduce its American workforce to 38,000 union employees, compared with 395,000 at its peak in 1970.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/28/business/28auto.html?hp Bill Vlasic And Nick Bunkley, "G.M.’S Latest Plan Envisions a Much Smaller Automaker," '' New York Times'' April 27, 2009]</ref><br />
<br />
===Bankruptcy for GM and Chrysler===<br />
Chrysler entered bankruptcy in April 2009, after losing $16.8 billion in 2008, and is expected to lose another $4.7 billion in 2009. It hopes to emerge quickly, with the old owners wiped out. The new owners will be Fiat of Italy, the UAW and the U.S. government. <br />
<br />
GM enters bankruptcy in June 2009. After what is expected to be a short stay, bondholders will lose most of their investments and instead get 10% of the new stock. The new company will be 72% owned by the US government (along with the government of Canada), with the UAW health care trust (for retired workers) holding about 18% ownership. The US has already given GM $20 billion in loans; it will add another $30 billion, bringing its investment to $50 billion (in return it owns 70%). The new money will be used to keep GM operating in the US, Canada and Latin America. The unions have agreed to major wage concessions, so that wage rates will be similar to the transplants. It will be a much smaller company with fewer dealers and no long-term debt. Whether it will make a profit is unknown. GM is selling its European operations to a consortium from Canada and Russia, with funding from the German government. <br />
<br />
Bankruptcy permits Chrysler and GM to shed over one fourth of the dealerships, and walk away from the money they owe the dealers. Once a dealer loses its status, it can sell other brands, or used cars, or go bankrupt. (The ex-dealers will no longer be able to handle repair work under warranty, an important part of their business.)<br />
Ford appears to be solvent.<br />
<br />
Bankruptcy in practice in 2009 means continued operation for Chrysler and GM. If it involves totally shutting down, then bankruptcy of the Big Three would be very expensive to the economy as a whole and the federal government. It would mean loss of 240,000 very high paying jobs at the Big Three, a loss of 980,000 high-paying jobs at the suppliers and local dealers, and 1.7 million jobs throughout the economy. It would cause a decline in personal income of $151 billion the first year, and $398 billion over three years. The federal, state and local governments would lose tax revenue and spend on welfare programs a total of $156 billion over three years.<ref>CAR Research Memorandum. "The Impact of the U.S. Economy of a Major Contraction of the Detroit Three Automakers" (Nov 2008) [http://www.cargroup.org/documents/FINALDetroitThreeContractionImpact_3__000.pdf online edition]</ref><br />
<br />
A bankruptcy of the Big Three would not quickly benefit foreign makers. The transplants would be severely hurt by the closing of parts companies like American Axle, Delco and Visteon they share with the Big Three, and their output would fall. There would be far fewer new cars for sale for years, and prices would soar. Eventually imports would come from abroad, but they would be much more expensive than current autos. It takes years to build new plants, and in the current financial crisis there is no funding available for risky multibillion-dollar manufacturing ventures.<ref>Louis Uchitelle, "If Detroit Falls, Foreign Makers Could Be Buffer," [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/17/business/economy/17impact.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin ''New York Times,'' Nov. 16. 2008]</ref><br />
<br />
===Chrysler===<br />
The new Chrysler emerged from bankruptcy in June 2009. The old debts are nearly all gone (except some money it owes the governments of the US and Canada). In terms of ownership of the stock, the UAW union's health care trust has 55%, which it will try to sell as soon as possible on the open market. the American and Canadian governments have 8% and 2% respectively; and Fiat of Italy has 20%. Fiat's stake will grow to 35% after Chryster pays off its government loans. The board of directors is more powerful and has nine members: three from Fiat, four named by the US Treasury, one by the Canadian government and one by the UAW. Actual control is held by Fiat.<ref>See [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/11/business/11primer.html?ref=business Michelle Maynard, "Questions About New Chrysler? Here Are Some Answers", ''New York Times'' June 10, 2009]</ref> <br />
<br />
All Chrysler factories are now shut down and will reopen after it sells the huge inventory it holds in lots around the country(especially from the closed dealerships). In a year or so Chrysler will be making and selling Fiats.<br />
<br />
==Fuel efficiency==<br />
The U.S. Congress has set a complicated series of fuel efficiency standards that the Big Three complain they have a difficult time meeting. California, with over 10% of the market, has its own higher standards. In May 2009 the Obama Administration announced new goals that would set the 2016 target of 39 miles per gallon for cars, compared to 27.5 in 2008. For light trucks the 2016 target will be 30 mpg, compared to 22.5 in 2008. The required technology will cost about $1300 a car, but drivers will that will be offset by fuel savings of perhaps $2800 over the life of the car, depending on the price of gasoline. The Big Three claim they can meet the new standards. The Ford Fusion hybrid launched in 2009 gets over 40 mpg, and Ford had started producing the EcoBoost engine, which will raise fuel economy by 15% and lower greenhouse gas emissions by 15%. It expects to sell 750,000 cars a year in the US with the new engine. BMW plans to meet the standard by exporting more diesel cars and trucks to the U.S.<br />
<br />
[[File:Gas1945-2008.jpg|thumb|550px]]<br />
Total gasoline consumption in the U.S. rose from 6.5 million barrels a day in 1980, and reached 9.1 million in 2004 and 9.0 million in 2008.<ref>See [http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/hist/mgfupus2a.htm online data]</ref> There will be little change in the next decade as increased driving is matched by more fuel efficiency. For that reason the major oil companies see no need to build new refineries in the U.S. With the rapid growth of driving in China and India, however, new refineries will be needed there.<br />
<br />
==World history==<br />
===Germany===<br />
[[Daimler-Benz]] is the industry's oldest firm, building automobiles since the late 1880s; its current structure dates from 1926. In 1998 it bought the American Chrysler, then sold out in 2007 at a heavy loss as it never integrated the new car in its line.<br />
<br />
In the popular market, [[Opel]] and [[Volkswagen]] are most famous. Opel was a bicycle company that started making cars in 1898; General Motors bought it out in 1929, but the Nazi government took control and GM wrote off its entire investment. In 1948 GM returned and restored the Opel brand.<br />
<br />
Volkswagen is dominant in the popular market; it purchased Audi in 1964. VW's most famous car was the small, beetle-shaped economical "people's car" with a rear-mounted, air-cooled engine. It was designed in the 1930s by [[Ferdinand Porsche]] upon order from [[Adolf Hitler]], who was himself a car enthusiast. However production models appeared only after the war; until then only rich Germans had automobiles. By 1950 Volkswagen was the largest German automobile producer.<ref>Terry Shuler, ''Volkswagen: Then, Now and Forever'' (1997)</ref> <br />
<br />
Germany is famous for its upscale sedans. They are designed for high-speed cruising over the [[autobahn]]s. They feature well-designed suspension systems that provide both a soft ride and good handling characteristics on winding country roads. Engines are designed for sustained high-speed operation, though in general they are weak on acceleration. <br />
<br />
[[Daimler-Benz]] produces the upscale [[Mercedes-Benz]], long a famous name in racing. [[BMW]] (founded 1916) and [[Porsche]] are major factors in the luxury market.<ref>David Kiley, ''Driven: Inside BMW, the Most Admired Car Company in the World'' (2004); Ferry Porsche, ''We at Porsche: The Autobiography of Dr. Ing. h.c. Ferry Porsche'' (1977)</ref> Porsche formed his own company, which today produces expensive, high-quality sports cars.<ref>Giancarlo Reggiani, ''Porsche: The Legend: 1948 to Today'' (2007)</ref> In 2008 the Porsche company sought control of the much larger Volkswagen company; Porsche cornered the market for Volkswagen stock and made profits of tens of billions of Euros, while apparently gaining control of the bigger company.<br />
<br />
===Japan===<br />
Japan, with its large population squeezed into very high density cities with good public transit, has limited roadways that carry very heavy traffic. Hence most automobiles are small in terms of size and weight. Nissan began making trucks in 1914, and sold cars under the "Datsun" brand until it switched to "Nissan" in the 1980s. It opened its first U.S. plant in Tennessee in the early 1980s and a British plant in 1986. It is 44% owned by Renault of France. Honda, which began with motorcycles, emerged after World War II. Its luxury cars carry the "Acura" brand. Toyota began making cars in the 1930s and is now the world's largest producer. Its luxury models carry the "Lexus" brand. Toyota is famous for its innovative, quality-conscious management style, and its hybrid gas-electric vehicles, especially the Prius, which was launched in 1997. Other major companies include Subaru, Mitsubishi, and Mazda. Japan became the world's leading auto maker in 1980, the first year since 1905 that the United States had been outproduced by any other nation.<br />
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===Britain===<br />
The auto industry developed late in Britain and for the first half of the 20th century the small output of British-owned companies focused on luxury and upscale models notably Rolls-Royce and later Bentley as well as Jaguar and Rover. The stress was on high quality hand-made craftsmanship, regardless of high cost. <br />
<br />
Beginning 1925 William Morris, later Viscount Nuffield, began to mass-produce small cars of modest power under the "M.G." nameplate. Morris modeled his methods after [[Henry Ford]], and sought high volume production of inexpensive cars geared to the urban middle class. In 1953 M.G. merged with Austin to form the British Motor Corporation, the largest producer, which also produced the Austin, Austin-Healey, Morris, Riley, Wolseley. It added Jaguar in 1966. BMC specialized in small, economy sedans and sports cars, with 4 cylinder engines. It merged in 1968 with rival Leyland. Another rival was the Rootes group, with the brands Sunbeam, Talbot, Hillman, Singer, and Humber.<ref>Timothy R. Whisler, ''The British Motor Industry, 1945-1994: A Case Study in Industrial Decline'' (1999)</ref><br />
<br />
Ford opened a plant as early as 1911 and soon had 40% of the British market. In 1931 Ford opened the largest auto plant in Europe near London. Ford eventually acquired [[Aston Martin]], Jaguar and Land Rover. By 2008 it was selling off those divisions.<ref>Huber Bonin, et al. ''Ford, 1902-2003: The European History'' 2 vol Paris 2003. ISBN 2-914369-06-9</ref> Rootes was taken over by Chrysler in the late 1960s and its brands phased out by the 1970s. The Chrysler operations were taken over by Peugeot in 1978. Nissan opened a plant in 1986.<br />
<br />
After 1945 and the end of the Second World War, American and British firms dominated the European market. In 1950, of 523,000 cars produced in Britain, 398,000 were exported. By the late 1950s, however, the Germans were back, followed soon by the French and Italian producers, and Britain lost most of its continental market. By 1970 Japanese firms identified the British market as the first major European market to attack because of the relative weakness of the domestic car industry.<ref>Peter Johnson, ed. ''The Structure of British Industry'' (1988) ch. 8</ref> <br />
<br />
When the domestic auto industry was largely nationalized in 1975, British Leyland was the holding company that controlled 40% of production. It was renamed Rover; it went bankrupt in 2005, ending the era of mass production by British makers. The Chinese purchased the MG brand, while Jaguar went first to Ford and now to TATA Motors.<br />
<br />
The gentry who bought cars before 1939 found driving was easy on rural Britain’s smooth road surfaces in its generally mild weather. The rural roads are famously narrow and winding, so cars were small with stiff springs for good handling characteristics on them. High taxes on gasoline and crowded streets encouraged smaller, fuel-efficient cars in the cities.<br />
<br />
== Fuel ==<br />
President [[George W. Bush|Bush]] has urged car manufacturers to produce cars that can run on renewable fuels such as [[ethanol]] and [[biodiesel]], to cut down on America's dependence on foreign [[oil]]. Several manufacturers are also developing [[electric car]]s, hybrid cars and plug in hybrids.<br />
<br />
== Racing ==<br />
<br />
Automobile racing is quite popular worldwide, with several variations including:<br />
*Open Wheel Racing (Example [[Formula1]], ChampCar or the Indy Racing League)<br />
*Endurance Racing (Le Mans, World Endurance Championship, United Sportscar Championship)<br />
*Touring Car Racing (British Touring Car Championship, DTM, V8SC)<br />
*Rally Racing<br />
*Stock Car Racing (Example [[NASCAR]])<br />
*Drag Racing<br />
*Historical Racing<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
* Berger; Michael L. ''The Automobile in American History and Culture: A Reference Guide'' (2001) [http://www.questia.com/read/107064614?title=The%20Automobile%20in%20American%20History%20and%20Culture%3a%20%20A%20Reference%20Guide online edition]<br />
* Bonin, Huber et al. ''Ford, 1902-2003: The European History'' 2 vol Paris 2003. ISBN 2-914369-06-9 scholarly essays in English; reviewed in Len Holden, "Fording the Atlantic: Ford and Fordism in Europe" in ''Business History '' Volume 47, #1 Jan 2005 pp 122–127 <br />
* Brinkley, Douglas G. ''Wheels for the World: Henry Ford, His Company, and a Century of Progress'' (2003) [http://www.amazon.com/Wheels-World-Company-Century-Progress/dp/B000BZ99PQ/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198975451&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]<br />
* CAR Research Memorandum. "The Impact of the U.S. Economy of a Major Contraction of the Detroit Three Automakers" (Nov 2008) [http://www.cargroup.org/documents/FINALDetroitThreeContractionImpact_3__000.pdf online edition]<br />
* Cooney, Stephen, and Breny Yacobussi, ''CRS Report for Congress, U.S. Automotive Industry: Policy Overview and Recent History'' (April 25, 2005) [http://ncseonline.org/NLE/CRSreports/05apr/RL32883.pdf online]<br />
* Farber, David. ''Sloan Rules: Alfred P. Sloan and the Triumph of General Motors'' (2005) [http://www.amazon.com/Sloan-Rules-Alfred-Triumph-General/dp/0226238059/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1226722306&sr=8-5 excerpt and text search]<br />
* May, George S. ed. ''The Automobile Industry, 1920-1980'' (1989), 520ppl comprehensive encyclopedia <br />
[[Category:Transportation]]<br />
* Nevins, Allan and Frank Ernest Hill. ''Ford: The Times, The Man, The Company'' (vol 1, 1954); ''Ford: Expansion and Challenge, 1915-1933'' (1957); ''Ford: Decline and Rebirth, 1933-1962'' (1962), the standard history of the company and biography of Ford; [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.94045 ACLS E-book vol 1]; [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.94045 ACLS E-book vol 2]; [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.94045 ACLS E-book for vol 3]<br />
* Pelfrey, William. ''Billy, Alfred, and General Motors: The Story of Two Unique Men, a Legendary Company, and a Remarkable Time in American History'' (2006), on Billy Durant and Alfred Sloan [http://www.amazon.com/Billy-Alfred-General-Motors-Remarkable/dp/0814408699/ref=sr_1_9?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1226722306&sr=8-9 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Rae, John B.; ''American Automobile Manufacturers: The First Forty Years'' (1959) [http://www.questia.com/read/9693790?title=American%20Automobile%20Manufacturers%3a%20The%20First%20Forty%20Years%20(1959) online edition]<br />
* Setright, L.J.K. ''Drive On!: A Social History of the Motor Car'' (2004), international overview; [http://www.amazon.com/Drive-Social-History-Motor-Car/dp/1862076987/ref=sr_1_13?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1226722306&sr=8-13 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Watts, Steven. '' The People's Tycoon: Henry Ford and the American Century'' (2005), major biography<br />
* Whisler; Timothy R. ''The British Motor Industry, 1945-1994: A Case Study in Industrial Decline'' (1999) [http://www.questia.com/read/23275008?title=The%20British%20Motor%20Industry%2c%201945-1994%3a%20A%20Case%20Study%20in%20Industrial%20Decline online edition]<br />
===Memoirs===<br />
* Iacocca, Lee. ''Iacocca'' (1970) [http://www.amazon.com/Iacocca-Lee/dp/055338497X/ref=pd_bbs_sr_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1226722176&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search], best-selling memoir by outspoken head of Ford and Chrysler<br />
* Sloan, Alfred. ''My Years with General Motors'' (1964), [http://www.amazon.com/Years-General-Motors-Alfred-Sloan/dp/0385042353/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1226722306&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search] influential study of GM by its powerful head from 1923 to 1956.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Chrysler]]<br />
* [[Ford Motor Company]]<br />
* [[Henry Ford]]<br />
* [[General Motors]]<br />
* [[General Motors]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/05/20050516.html President Bush gives a speech on biodiesel]<br />
*[http://www.gm.com/company/corp_info/global_operations/north_america/mexi.html General Motors Mexican operations]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Business]]<br />
[[Category:Economic History]]<br />
[[Category:Cars]]</div>TampaBayConservativehttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Automobile&diff=1461663Automobile2018-10-21T21:20:21Z<p>TampaBayConservative: Added stuff about the left wing war on cars</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''automobile''', or '''car''', was invented in 1885 by Karl Friedrich Benz, a German engineer. But it was [[Henry Ford]], an American, who made the automobile popular by mass-producing it on the world's first moving automotive [[assembly line]] in [[Detroit]], which became the "Automobile Capital of the World" by 1910.<br />
<br />
The term "car" covers a wide variety of vehicles from "micro-city" cars to full sized body on frame pickup trucks. For many they have become essential transportation. As an expensive status symbol they are widely [[Car color popularity|customizable]]. <br />
<br />
The [[Recession of 2008]], extending into 2009, plunged the auto industry into chaos. General Motors, long the dominant factor worldwide, lost tens of billions and entered bankruptcy in June 2009, as did Chrysler. This led to government take overs of GM and Chrysler, but not Ford. In the U.S. from 1970 to 2001, there were 760 cars and light trucks sold per 1000 drivers; in 2009 sales dropped to 400 per driver, and hundreds of factories and thousands of dealerships closed down, with hundreds of thousands of employees laid off. The Japanese and European auto makers all lost billions of dollars, but none went bankrupt.<br />
<br />
== Effect on societies ==<br />
<br />
The automobile industry forced nations, starting with the [[United States]], to develop good streets and roads. In the U.S. especially the industry created a vast network of new and used car dealers, repair shops, and [[gasoline|gas]] stations, not to mention GPS devices, [[motel]]s, drive-through windows, shopping malls, and many businesses catering to customers in autos. The auto gave consumers a much wider geographical range, leading to the decline of isolated rural stores and the rise of small cities as regional market centers. Automobiles enabled employees to commute to work without reference to [[bus]]es, [[tram|trolleys]] or [[train]]s, opening up the suburbs to settlement after 1945.<br />
<br />
However, increased automobile use has also added limited amounts of [[pollution]] to the air, led to a rise in injuries and fatalities in traffic accidents, took more land, and resulted in a rise in congestion on the roads. Although automobile fumes do cause an increase of smog in urban areas, they do not contribute to the theory of [[Climate Change]]. The [[Left]] generally opposes cars, claiming that they add to the issue of "[[Global Warming]]", while also claiming that those who do support cars are selfish and greedy. These arguments have been proven wrong on many occasions<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k8Lo0ieyQtQ</ref><ref>. <br />
<br />
The nation responded by motorizing its [[police]] forces and [[ambulance]] services.<br />
<br />
* Willey and Rice concluded that during the fifteen years from the beginning of the Great War until the beginning of the Great Depression America underwent "a transformation of social habits" as a direct result of the widespread diffusion of the private automobile. Frederick Lewis Allen accused the automobile of accelerating the "revolution in manners and morals" underfoot in America in the nineteen-twenties.<br />
* Eventually, the automobile became another mundane feature of modern life, with the [[auto showroom]], [[gasoline pump]], and the [[garage]] becoming fixtures in American life. <br />
* The trolley pushed the city outward to the suburbs. The auto provided an outlet for the suburbanite to venture outward farther into the countryside. [https://books.google.com/books?id=xtK10xWI8AQC&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=the+explosive+social+changes+brought+about+by+the+introduction+of+the+automobile&source=bl&ots=hKwPNmjrsC&sig=zk9RrBqt-R_CEHNp-7nQuSI0t7o&hl=en&ei=-_nKS-yvAsL48Aax1fD4BA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CBEQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q&f=false]<br />
<br />
== Manufacturers ==<br />
* see also [[General Motors]]<br />
* [[Ford Motor Company]]<br />
<br />
All the major car companies have three roles: they design cars for the future, they build cars, and they sell them through network of locally owned dealers. Until recently the car-makers built practically the entire car. In the 21st century, however, the makers build their own engines but purchase nearly all the other parts from independent parts companies, then assemble them. Several thousand parts companies now operate in the U.S.; the largest are Delco, Visteon, American Axle (as well as the tire makers). They employ more factory workers than the car makers do, typically at much lower wages. Blue collar workers at the Big Three (GM, Ford and Chrysler) are unionized and are paid on average $55 an hour (including benefits). Blue collar workers at the "transplants" in the U.S. (Toyota, Honda, Mercedes, etc.) are not unionized and are paid on average $40 an hour (including benefits). The automobile industry in Canada is integrated with the U.S. industry.<br />
<br />
The [[Recession of 2008]] saw auto sales plunged by 18% from 2007, to only 13.2 million units, with very steep declines at the end of the year as sales fell 36% in December. GM and Chrysler verged on bankruptcy. They were rescued, temporally, by loans from President [[George W. Bush]] in December, 2008, in order to avoid a major economic disaster that would cost the nation hundreds of thousands of jobs.<br />
<br />
Many of the world's major auto companies have plants in the U.S., called "transplants." Ford started in 1910 to open factories across the world, and General Motors followed in the 1920s. <br />
<br />
It is often difficult to tell if a car is a domestically or foreign produced vehicle simply by the name of the manufacturer. For example, in 2006 Japan-based manufacturer Toyota had 14 manufacturing plants in North America producing parts and cars such as the Camry, while American manufacture General Motors has operations in Mexico producing trucks such as the Silverado and Suburban for export to the United States.<br />
<br />
The "Big Three" American makers are Ford, General Motors (GM), and [[Chrysler]]. Japanese companies include [[Toyota]], [[Nissan]], [[Honda]], [[Mazda]], [[Suzuki]], and [[Subaru]]. The German companies include [[BMW]], [[Mercedes-Benz]], and [[Volkswagen]]. [[Fiat]] is based in Italy, and [[PSA Group|PSA Peugeot Citroën]] and [[Renault]] in France. South Korea has [[Hyundai]] and [[KIA]]. Sweden is famous for the [[Saab]] and [[Volvo]]. Chinese and Indian companies are growing rapidly.<br />
<br />
Many companies operate factories in several countries. The largest producers in 2007 in descending order, each with over 1 million cars, are:<br />
:Toyota, GM; Volkswagen; Ford; Honda; PSA Peugeot Citroën; Nissan; Fiat; Renault; Hyundai; Suzuki; Chrysler; Daimler; BMW; Mitsubishi; KIA; and Mazda.<br />
<br />
==Industry trends==<br />
The annual capacity of the industry is 17 million cars; sales in 2008 dropped to an annual rate of only 10 million vehicles made in the U.S. and Canada. All the automakers and their vast supplier network account for 2.3% of the U.S. economic output, down from 3.1% in 2006 and as much as 5% in the 1990s. Some 20% of the entire national manufacturing sector is still tied to the automobile industry. The transplants can make a profit when sales are at least 12 million; the Big Three when sales are at least 15 million.<ref>Louis Uchitelle, "If Detroit Falls, Foreign Makers Could Be Buffer," [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/17/business/economy/17impact.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin ''New York Times,'' Nov. 16. 2008]</ref><br />
<br />
The "Big Three" (General Motors, Ford and Chrysler) have done poorly in recent years. They have lost most of the market to imports and "transplants" (cars made in U.S. factories owned by foreign makes). The first signs came when Volkswagen and Honda started importing cheap, well-made cars in the 1960s. Detroit convinced Congress to impose quotas, and the foreign companies responded by opening their own plants in the U.S. <br />
<br />
The "transplants" are built in the South and are non-union. Facing steady financial losses, The Big Three have closed many factories and drastically cut employment, especially in Michigan. They are handicapped by union contracts which require them to "buy out" union workers when plants close, at a typical cost of $100,000 to $150,000 each. Health care and pension costs add $1500 to the cost of each vehicle made by the Big Three, and their wage levels are much higher than the transplants. Average annual wages for production workers at the Big Three were $67,480 in 2007, and $81,940 for skilled workers. GM spun off some of its divisions into independent companies, such as American Axle in 1995 and Delphi in 1999. Ford spun off Visteon in 2000. The spin-offs have shared Detroit's downturns, as have the U.S. owned plants in Canada. <br />
<br />
Meanwhile, the transplants have been growing. Led by Toyota, Nissan and Honda, by 2003 the transplants were producing more vehicles than the Big Three. The transplants built new factories and adding to the employment rolls in non-union plants in the South, especially Kentucky and Tennessee. The United Automobile Workers (UAW) has shrunk steadily since 1980, falling from 1.5 million members to 600,000.<ref>CRS Report for Congress, ''U.S Automotive Industry: Policy Overview and Recent History'' (April 25, 2005) [http://ncseonline.org/NLE/CRSreports/05apr/RL32883.pdf online]</ref><br />
<br />
==Financial crisis==<br />
In 2008 a series of damaging blows drove the "Big Three" (GM, Ford and Chrysler) to the verge of bankruptcy. Part of the cause was very high labor costs (much higher than the foreign plants in the U.S.), which prevents lower prices. The Big Three have far more retired workers than active workers, and the pension and medical costs for the retirees amount to $1500 a car. The transplants, by contras, are so new they have few retired workers.<br />
<br />
The Big Three had in recent years stressed expensive, fuel-guzzling SUVs and large pickups. They were much more profitable than smaller, fuel-efficient cars. When [[gasoline prices]] shot past US$4 per gallon in 2008, Americans stopped buying the big cars, and the Big Three saw their sales plummet. The [[Financial Crisis of 2008]] played a role as no one was willing to loan GM the money to buy Chrysler. Consumer credit has tightened and it became much harder for people with average or poor credit to obtain a bank loan to buy a car, so sales fell further. Stock prices fell as shareholders worried about bankruptcy; GM's shares fell to 1942 levels. <br />
<br />
Intense debate in December 2008 focused on allowing bankruptcy or injecting billions more of federal aid in loans and buyouts; it would be in addition to a $25 billion loan Congress passed in September 2008 to assist in increasing fuel efficiency. The Democrats in Congress supported president Bush's proposal to sue the fuel-efficiency loans to help with the immediate problem. It passed the House but Senate Republicans broke with Bush and it failed. The opponents called for a bankruptcy that would allow GM to get out of its contracts to pay union members high wages, as well as generous pension sand medical benefits to retired workers. Bush then acted unilaterally and decided to lend GM and Chrysler in [[Financial Crisis of 2008|TARP money]] on December 19. GM and Chrysler will got $13.4 billions in loans they can use to pay their suppliers.<ref>GM and Chrysler will receive $4 billion each when they sign the loan agreements with the Treasury. GM will have access to an addition $5.4 billion on Jan. 16 and another $4 billion on Feb. 17 provided that Congress has released the remaining $350 billion for the Treasury’s TARP rescue program.</ref> GM can receive another $4 billion in February, but by then the Obama administration will be in charge, and it is emphasizing the need for a long-range solution.<ref>David E. Sanger, David M. Herszenhorn and Bill Vlasic, “Bush Aids Detroit, but Hard Choices Wait for Obama,” [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/20/business/20auto.html?hp ''NewYork Times'' Dec. 19, 2008]</ref> <br />
<br />
In addition to the Big Three hundreds of large suppliers of parts are in financial crisis as well; most would go under if the Big Three go bankrupt.<br />
<br />
Auto sales were down again in December 2008, as the major companies (including the Big Three, Toyota and Honda) all reported sales declines from 2007 of about 30-32%. <br />
<br />
===Crisis worsens in 2009===<br />
===Auto crisis===<br />
[[Image:Toles2-18-09.jpg|thumb|280px]] The automobile industry is in desperate crisis, with General Motors and Chrysler, and numerous parts suppliers, on the verge of bankruptcy. Ford is in better shape as are the "transplants" like Toyota and Honda that have factories in the U.S. If GM shuts down, however, many parts suppliers will also shut, forcing the end of most US auto production. Autos will still be imported from other countries, though at much higher prices. GM and Chrysler were given $17 billion TARP funds in December on condition they present a turnaround plan by Feb. 17, 2009. In its plan GM will ask for access to an additional $16.6 billion in federal aid; otherwise will run out of money by March 2009. GM also said it would close 14 U.S. plants, and cut 47,000 global hourly, salaried jobs. Bankruptcy, GM said, would cost the federal government $100 billion in losses, as well as the loss of 1.3 million jobs across the US, as plants and dealers close down operation.<ref>. For the GM plan see [http://www.treas.gov/initiatives/eesa/agreements/auto-reports/GMRestructuringPlan.pdf GM Plan of Feb 17, 2009]</ref><br />
<br />
In March 2009 GM reported that its auditors have raised substantial doubts about its ability to continue as a going concern, citing recurring losses from operations, stockholders' deficit and an inability to generate enough cash to meet its obligations. GM has received $13.4 billion in federal loans, and the company is seeking a total of $30 billion from the government. During the past three years it has run up $82 billion in losses, including $30.9 billion in 2008. Bankruptcy appears likely.<ref>Nick Bunkley, "Auditors Raise Doubts About G.M.’s Viability," [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/06/business/06auto.html?hp ''New York Times'' Mar. 5, 2009]</ref> The Obama Administration has apparently decided that bankruptcy would be a mistake, and will try to keep the Big Three in operation. <br />
<br />
Equally serious is the plight of the parts makers—who actually do most of the factory work that goes into cars. "The failure of a few key suppliers could have brought the entire industry to its knees," said the president of the Original Equipment Suppliers Association, where a third of the membership reported that it would face severe financial distress in the first quarter. The government is giving $5 billion in aid to this sector.<ref>Kendra Marr and Peter Whoriskey, "Auto Parts Makers Get $5 Billion Lifeline: U.S. Aid Boosts Hopes for the Entire Industry," [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/19/AR2009031901597.html?hpid=topnews ''Washington Post'' Mar. 20, 2009]</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
On March 29 President Obama forced the head of GM to resign, and on March 30 issued a do-or-die ultimatum for the struggling industry, demanding strict financial standards that the carmakers must meet to get more government aid and declaring that their industry must survive because it is "like no other, an emblem of the American spirit." He demanded that Chrysler form a partnership with the Italian automaker Fiat within 30 days. He did not threaten Ford, which has not asked for federal aid. He did not offer relief from the high mileage standards on which Detroit has consistently fallen behind Asian competitors. Obama asked Congress to offer cash subsidies for new car buyers, especially those who turn in old gas guzzlers (which will be scrapped). The stock market promptly plunged 3.6%.<br />
<br />
In late April 2009 GM announced further downsizing that will reduce its American workforce to 38,000 union employees, compared with 395,000 at its peak in 1970.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/28/business/28auto.html?hp Bill Vlasic And Nick Bunkley, "G.M.’S Latest Plan Envisions a Much Smaller Automaker," '' New York Times'' April 27, 2009]</ref><br />
<br />
===Bankruptcy for GM and Chrysler===<br />
Chrysler entered bankruptcy in April 2009, after losing $16.8 billion in 2008, and is expected to lose another $4.7 billion in 2009. It hopes to emerge quickly, with the old owners wiped out. The new owners will be Fiat of Italy, the UAW and the U.S. government. <br />
<br />
GM enters bankruptcy in June 2009. After what is expected to be a short stay, bondholders will lose most of their investments and instead get 10% of the new stock. The new company will be 72% owned by the US government (along with the government of Canada), with the UAW health care trust (for retired workers) holding about 18% ownership. The US has already given GM $20 billion in loans; it will add another $30 billion, bringing its investment to $50 billion (in return it owns 70%). The new money will be used to keep GM operating in the US, Canada and Latin America. The unions have agreed to major wage concessions, so that wage rates will be similar to the transplants. It will be a much smaller company with fewer dealers and no long-term debt. Whether it will make a profit is unknown. GM is selling its European operations to a consortium from Canada and Russia, with funding from the German government. <br />
<br />
Bankruptcy permits Chrysler and GM to shed over one fourth of the dealerships, and walk away from the money they owe the dealers. Once a dealer loses its status, it can sell other brands, or used cars, or go bankrupt. (The ex-dealers will no longer be able to handle repair work under warranty, an important part of their business.)<br />
Ford appears to be solvent.<br />
<br />
Bankruptcy in practice in 2009 means continued operation for Chrysler and GM. If it involves totally shutting down, then bankruptcy of the Big Three would be very expensive to the economy as a whole and the federal government. It would mean loss of 240,000 very high paying jobs at the Big Three, a loss of 980,000 high-paying jobs at the suppliers and local dealers, and 1.7 million jobs throughout the economy. It would cause a decline in personal income of $151 billion the first year, and $398 billion over three years. The federal, state and local governments would lose tax revenue and spend on welfare programs a total of $156 billion over three years.<ref>CAR Research Memorandum. "The Impact of the U.S. Economy of a Major Contraction of the Detroit Three Automakers" (Nov 2008) [http://www.cargroup.org/documents/FINALDetroitThreeContractionImpact_3__000.pdf online edition]</ref><br />
<br />
A bankruptcy of the Big Three would not quickly benefit foreign makers. The transplants would be severely hurt by the closing of parts companies like American Axle, Delco and Visteon they share with the Big Three, and their output would fall. There would be far fewer new cars for sale for years, and prices would soar. Eventually imports would come from abroad, but they would be much more expensive than current autos. It takes years to build new plants, and in the current financial crisis there is no funding available for risky multibillion-dollar manufacturing ventures.<ref>Louis Uchitelle, "If Detroit Falls, Foreign Makers Could Be Buffer," [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/17/business/economy/17impact.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin ''New York Times,'' Nov. 16. 2008]</ref><br />
<br />
===Chrysler===<br />
The new Chrysler emerged from bankruptcy in June 2009. The old debts are nearly all gone (except some money it owes the governments of the US and Canada). In terms of ownership of the stock, the UAW union's health care trust has 55%, which it will try to sell as soon as possible on the open market. the American and Canadian governments have 8% and 2% respectively; and Fiat of Italy has 20%. Fiat's stake will grow to 35% after Chryster pays off its government loans. The board of directors is more powerful and has nine members: three from Fiat, four named by the US Treasury, one by the Canadian government and one by the UAW. Actual control is held by Fiat.<ref>See [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/11/business/11primer.html?ref=business Michelle Maynard, "Questions About New Chrysler? Here Are Some Answers", ''New York Times'' June 10, 2009]</ref> <br />
<br />
All Chrysler factories are now shut down and will reopen after it sells the huge inventory it holds in lots around the country(especially from the closed dealerships). In a year or so Chrysler will be making and selling Fiats.<br />
<br />
==Fuel efficiency==<br />
The U.S. Congress has set a complicated series of fuel efficiency standards that the Big Three complain they have a difficult time meeting. California, with over 10% of the market, has its own higher standards. In May 2009 the Obama Administration announced new goals that would set the 2016 target of 39 miles per gallon for cars, compared to 27.5 in 2008. For light trucks the 2016 target will be 30 mpg, compared to 22.5 in 2008. The required technology will cost about $1300 a car, but drivers will that will be offset by fuel savings of perhaps $2800 over the life of the car, depending on the price of gasoline. The Big Three claim they can meet the new standards. The Ford Fusion hybrid launched in 2009 gets over 40 mpg, and Ford had started producing the EcoBoost engine, which will raise fuel economy by 15% and lower greenhouse gas emissions by 15%. It expects to sell 750,000 cars a year in the US with the new engine. BMW plans to meet the standard by exporting more diesel cars and trucks to the U.S.<br />
<br />
[[File:Gas1945-2008.jpg|thumb|550px]]<br />
Total gasoline consumption in the U.S. rose from 6.5 million barrels a day in 1980, and reached 9.1 million in 2004 and 9.0 million in 2008.<ref>See [http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/hist/mgfupus2a.htm online data]</ref> There will be little change in the next decade as increased driving is matched by more fuel efficiency. For that reason the major oil companies see no need to build new refineries in the U.S. With the rapid growth of driving in China and India, however, new refineries will be needed there.<br />
<br />
==World history==<br />
===Germany===<br />
[[Daimler-Benz]] is the industry's oldest firm, building automobiles since the late 1880s; its current structure dates from 1926. In 1998 it bought the American Chrysler, then sold out in 2007 at a heavy loss as it never integrated the new car in its line.<br />
<br />
In the popular market, [[Opel]] and [[Volkswagen]] are most famous. Opel was a bicycle company that started making cars in 1898; General Motors bought it out in 1929, but the Nazi government took control and GM wrote off its entire investment. In 1948 GM returned and restored the Opel brand.<br />
<br />
Volkswagen is dominant in the popular market; it purchased Audi in 1964. VW's most famous car was the small, beetle-shaped economical "people's car" with a rear-mounted, air-cooled engine. It was designed in the 1930s by [[Ferdinand Porsche]] upon order from [[Adolf Hitler]], who was himself a car enthusiast. However production models appeared only after the war; until then only rich Germans had automobiles. By 1950 Volkswagen was the largest German automobile producer.<ref>Terry Shuler, ''Volkswagen: Then, Now and Forever'' (1997)</ref> <br />
<br />
Germany is famous for its upscale sedans. They are designed for high-speed cruising over the [[autobahn]]s. They feature well-designed suspension systems that provide both a soft ride and good handling characteristics on winding country roads. Engines are designed for sustained high-speed operation, though in general they are weak on acceleration. <br />
<br />
[[Daimler-Benz]] produces the upscale [[Mercedes-Benz]], long a famous name in racing. [[BMW]] (founded 1916) and [[Porsche]] are major factors in the luxury market.<ref>David Kiley, ''Driven: Inside BMW, the Most Admired Car Company in the World'' (2004); Ferry Porsche, ''We at Porsche: The Autobiography of Dr. Ing. h.c. Ferry Porsche'' (1977)</ref> Porsche formed his own company, which today produces expensive, high-quality sports cars.<ref>Giancarlo Reggiani, ''Porsche: The Legend: 1948 to Today'' (2007)</ref> In 2008 the Porsche company sought control of the much larger Volkswagen company; Porsche cornered the market for Volkswagen stock and made profits of tens of billions of Euros, while apparently gaining control of the bigger company.<br />
<br />
===Japan===<br />
Japan, with its large population squeezed into very high density cities with good public transit, has limited roadways that carry very heavy traffic. Hence most automobiles are small in terms of size and weight. Nissan began making trucks in 1914, and sold cars under the "Datsun" brand until it switched to "Nissan" in the 1980s. It opened its first U.S. plant in Tennessee in the early 1980s and a British plant in 1986. It is 44% owned by Renault of France. Honda, which began with motorcycles, emerged after World War II. Its luxury cars carry the "Acura" brand. Toyota began making cars in the 1930s and is now the world's largest producer. Its luxury models carry the "Lexus" brand. Toyota is famous for its innovative, quality-conscious management style, and its hybrid gas-electric vehicles, especially the Prius, which was launched in 1997. Other major companies include Subaru, Mitsubishi, and Mazda. Japan became the world's leading auto maker in 1980, the first year since 1905 that the United States had been outproduced by any other nation.<br />
<br />
===Britain===<br />
The auto industry developed late in Britain and for the first half of the 20th century the small output of British-owned companies focused on luxury and upscale models notably Rolls-Royce and later Bentley as well as Jaguar and Rover. The stress was on high quality hand-made craftsmanship, regardless of high cost. <br />
<br />
Beginning 1925 William Morris, later Viscount Nuffield, began to mass-produce small cars of modest power under the "M.G." nameplate. Morris modeled his methods after [[Henry Ford]], and sought high volume production of inexpensive cars geared to the urban middle class. In 1953 M.G. merged with Austin to form the British Motor Corporation, the largest producer, which also produced the Austin, Austin-Healey, Morris, Riley, Wolseley. It added Jaguar in 1966. BMC specialized in small, economy sedans and sports cars, with 4 cylinder engines. It merged in 1968 with rival Leyland. Another rival was the Rootes group, with the brands Sunbeam, Talbot, Hillman, Singer, and Humber.<ref>Timothy R. Whisler, ''The British Motor Industry, 1945-1994: A Case Study in Industrial Decline'' (1999)</ref><br />
<br />
Ford opened a plant as early as 1911 and soon had 40% of the British market. In 1931 Ford opened the largest auto plant in Europe near London. Ford eventually acquired [[Aston Martin]], Jaguar and Land Rover. By 2008 it was selling off those divisions.<ref>Huber Bonin, et al. ''Ford, 1902-2003: The European History'' 2 vol Paris 2003. ISBN 2-914369-06-9</ref> Rootes was taken over by Chrysler in the late 1960s and its brands phased out by the 1970s. The Chrysler operations were taken over by Peugeot in 1978. Nissan opened a plant in 1986.<br />
<br />
After 1945 and the end of the Second World War, American and British firms dominated the European market. In 1950, of 523,000 cars produced in Britain, 398,000 were exported. By the late 1950s, however, the Germans were back, followed soon by the French and Italian producers, and Britain lost most of its continental market. By 1970 Japanese firms identified the British market as the first major European market to attack because of the relative weakness of the domestic car industry.<ref>Peter Johnson, ed. ''The Structure of British Industry'' (1988) ch. 8</ref> <br />
<br />
When the domestic auto industry was largely nationalized in 1975, British Leyland was the holding company that controlled 40% of production. It was renamed Rover; it went bankrupt in 2005, ending the era of mass production by British makers. The Chinese purchased the MG brand, while Jaguar went first to Ford and now to TATA Motors.<br />
<br />
The gentry who bought cars before 1939 found driving was easy on rural Britain’s smooth road surfaces in its generally mild weather. The rural roads are famously narrow and winding, so cars were small with stiff springs for good handling characteristics on them. High taxes on gasoline and crowded streets encouraged smaller, fuel-efficient cars in the cities.<br />
<br />
== Fuel ==<br />
President [[George W. Bush|Bush]] has urged car manufacturers to produce cars that can run on renewable fuels such as [[ethanol]] and [[biodiesel]], to cut down on America's dependence on foreign [[oil]]. Several manufacturers are also developing [[electric car]]s, hybrid cars and plug in hybrids.<br />
<br />
== Racing ==<br />
<br />
Automobile racing is quite popular worldwide, with several variations including:<br />
*Open Wheel Racing (Example [[Formula1]], ChampCar or the Indy Racing League)<br />
*Endurance Racing (Le Mans, World Endurance Championship, United Sportscar Championship)<br />
*Touring Car Racing (British Touring Car Championship, DTM, V8SC)<br />
*Rally Racing<br />
*Stock Car Racing (Example [[NASCAR]])<br />
*Drag Racing<br />
*Historical Racing<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
* Berger; Michael L. ''The Automobile in American History and Culture: A Reference Guide'' (2001) [http://www.questia.com/read/107064614?title=The%20Automobile%20in%20American%20History%20and%20Culture%3a%20%20A%20Reference%20Guide online edition]<br />
* Bonin, Huber et al. ''Ford, 1902-2003: The European History'' 2 vol Paris 2003. ISBN 2-914369-06-9 scholarly essays in English; reviewed in Len Holden, "Fording the Atlantic: Ford and Fordism in Europe" in ''Business History '' Volume 47, #1 Jan 2005 pp 122–127 <br />
* Brinkley, Douglas G. ''Wheels for the World: Henry Ford, His Company, and a Century of Progress'' (2003) [http://www.amazon.com/Wheels-World-Company-Century-Progress/dp/B000BZ99PQ/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198975451&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]<br />
* CAR Research Memorandum. "The Impact of the U.S. Economy of a Major Contraction of the Detroit Three Automakers" (Nov 2008) [http://www.cargroup.org/documents/FINALDetroitThreeContractionImpact_3__000.pdf online edition]<br />
* Cooney, Stephen, and Breny Yacobussi, ''CRS Report for Congress, U.S. Automotive Industry: Policy Overview and Recent History'' (April 25, 2005) [http://ncseonline.org/NLE/CRSreports/05apr/RL32883.pdf online]<br />
* Farber, David. ''Sloan Rules: Alfred P. Sloan and the Triumph of General Motors'' (2005) [http://www.amazon.com/Sloan-Rules-Alfred-Triumph-General/dp/0226238059/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1226722306&sr=8-5 excerpt and text search]<br />
* May, George S. ed. ''The Automobile Industry, 1920-1980'' (1989), 520ppl comprehensive encyclopedia <br />
[[Category:Transportation]]<br />
* Nevins, Allan and Frank Ernest Hill. ''Ford: The Times, The Man, The Company'' (vol 1, 1954); ''Ford: Expansion and Challenge, 1915-1933'' (1957); ''Ford: Decline and Rebirth, 1933-1962'' (1962), the standard history of the company and biography of Ford; [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.94045 ACLS E-book vol 1]; [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.94045 ACLS E-book vol 2]; [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.94045 ACLS E-book for vol 3]<br />
* Pelfrey, William. ''Billy, Alfred, and General Motors: The Story of Two Unique Men, a Legendary Company, and a Remarkable Time in American History'' (2006), on Billy Durant and Alfred Sloan [http://www.amazon.com/Billy-Alfred-General-Motors-Remarkable/dp/0814408699/ref=sr_1_9?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1226722306&sr=8-9 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Rae, John B.; ''American Automobile Manufacturers: The First Forty Years'' (1959) [http://www.questia.com/read/9693790?title=American%20Automobile%20Manufacturers%3a%20The%20First%20Forty%20Years%20(1959) online edition]<br />
* Setright, L.J.K. ''Drive On!: A Social History of the Motor Car'' (2004), international overview; [http://www.amazon.com/Drive-Social-History-Motor-Car/dp/1862076987/ref=sr_1_13?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1226722306&sr=8-13 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Watts, Steven. '' The People's Tycoon: Henry Ford and the American Century'' (2005), major biography<br />
* Whisler; Timothy R. ''The British Motor Industry, 1945-1994: A Case Study in Industrial Decline'' (1999) [http://www.questia.com/read/23275008?title=The%20British%20Motor%20Industry%2c%201945-1994%3a%20A%20Case%20Study%20in%20Industrial%20Decline online edition]<br />
===Memoirs===<br />
* Iacocca, Lee. ''Iacocca'' (1970) [http://www.amazon.com/Iacocca-Lee/dp/055338497X/ref=pd_bbs_sr_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1226722176&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search], best-selling memoir by outspoken head of Ford and Chrysler<br />
* Sloan, Alfred. ''My Years with General Motors'' (1964), [http://www.amazon.com/Years-General-Motors-Alfred-Sloan/dp/0385042353/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1226722306&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search] influential study of GM by its powerful head from 1923 to 1956.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Chrysler]]<br />
* [[Ford Motor Company]]<br />
* [[Henry Ford]]<br />
* [[General Motors]]<br />
* [[General Motors]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/05/20050516.html President Bush gives a speech on biodiesel]<br />
*[http://www.gm.com/company/corp_info/global_operations/north_america/mexi.html General Motors Mexican operations]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Business]]<br />
[[Category:Economic History]]<br />
[[Category:Cars]]</div>TampaBayConservativehttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Coal&diff=1461496Coal2018-10-21T06:12:55Z<p>TampaBayConservative: Added some wordig</p>
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<div>[[Image:Yallourn_open_cut.jpg|thumb|400px|Open-cut brown coal mine at Yallourn, [[Victoria]]]]<br />
'''Coal''' is a combustible material which was formed by decomposing plant and animal material placed under intense pressure.<br />
<br />
[[Coal mining]] is the extraction of coal for use as a [[fuel]]. It became important after 1800 as coal fueled railroads of the [[Industrial Revolution]], and (where cheap water power was not available), the factories. Coal is now the chief method of generating [[electricity]], along with burning natural gas, using water power in dams, and using nuclear energy.<br />
<br />
Laboratory experiments show that coal can be formed in a matter of months, and with temperatures in the range of 100 to 150 degrees Celsius (210-300 degrees Fahrenheit) for brown coal and 400 degrees Celsius (750 degrees Fahrenheit) for black coal.<ref>Quoted by Walker, 2001</ref><br />
<br />
== Types of coal ==<br />
<br />
Four types of coal are: <br />
* [[Anthracite]] - the cleanest burning coal, found in such regions as south [[Wales]] and northeast [[Pennsylvania]]. <br />
<br />
* [[Bituminous coal]] - widely found in [[Appalachia]] and widely used, and does not burn as cleanly as anthracite.<br />
<br />
* [[Subbituminous coal]] - of a lower grade than bituminous and a higher grade than lignite, and is widely mined in the Powder River Basin region of [[Wyoming]]. <br />
<br />
* [[Lignite]] - also known as "brown coal", is the dirtiest burning, and is mainly used in power generation. The top two locations for lignite mining are [[Germany]] and [[Russia]]. <br />
<br />
[[Graphite]], used in [[pencil]]s and as an electrical conductor, is technically a type of coal of an even higher grade than anthracite, but is not used as a fuel as it is hard to ignite.<br />
<br />
== Origins ==<br />
[[Image:Coal_contact_line.jpg|thumb|coal sitting on clay, with no evidence of soil]]<br />
[[Young earth creationists]] believe that most coal was formed during the [[Great Flood]].<ref>Jackson, 2006</ref><br />
In support of this, they point out:<ref>Walker, 2001</ref><br />
* The time required to turn plant material into coal is small enough that the biblical timescale is quite sufficient. The vast amounts of time suggested by uniformitarian geologists is not actually required.<br />
* [[Polystrate fossils]] indicate that successive layers have formed quickly.<br />
* There is often no evidence of the soil that the plant material grew in, suggesting that the plant material was washed into place.<br />
* Trees found in coal beds often turn out to be types that do not grow in swamps, as proposed by uniformitarian explanations.<br />
<br />
Secular scientists propose that coal formation took long periods of time, with the most recently formed coal being formed a million years ago.<ref name="ACF">[http://www.ket.org/Trips/Coal/AGSMM/agsmmhow.html How Coal Is Formed] American Coal foundation.</ref><br />
They generally propose that the plant material accumulated in swamps<ref name="ACF" /><br />
<br />
== Environmental and societal impact==<br />
<br />
The burning of coal has lead to certain environmental consequences, such as the increase of coal-originating [[mercury]] in ocean fish such as tuna, or the release of chemicals that lead to acid rain. Acid rain is caused by the release of sulfur dioxide from fossil fuels, which dissolves to form sulfuric acid in rain clouds.<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,210660,00.html</ref> Acid rain can have serious impacts on local ecosystems, agriculture, and many structures, as the acid can eat away at building materials sensitive to acid, such as limestone.<br />
<br />
Despite this, coal also has had a positive influence on human development. Technology has been invented to make coal clean, heavily reducing any possible impact on the environment<ref>https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2016/03/25/hillary-clinton-and-the-myth-of-dirty-coal/</ref>. Contrary to the claims of [[liberal]]s, coal and other fossil fuels do little-to-nothing to contribute to "[[Global Warming]]."<ref>https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2018/10/09/prof-richard-lindzen-demolishes-the-climate-change-scare/</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Coal mining]]<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* Freese, Barbara. ''Coal: A Human History'' (2003) <br />
* Jackson, Wayne, [http://www.christiancourier.com/articles/read/the_record_buried_in_coal The Record Buried in Coal], Christian Courier, December 12, 2006.<br />
* Jeffrey, E. C. ''Coal and Civilization'' 1925.<br />
* Walker, Tas, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/328 Coal: memorial to the Flood] ''Creation'' 23(2):22–27, March 2001.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Energy]]<br />
[[Category:Investments in Tangibles]]<br />
[[Category:Survivalism]]<br />
[[Category:Fuels]]<br />
[[Category:Geology]]<br />
[[Category:Mining]]<br />
[[Category:Coal Mining]]</div>TampaBayConservativehttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Vegetarianism&diff=1461061Vegetarianism2018-10-19T02:43:37Z<p>TampaBayConservative: Added some info</p>
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<div>[[Image:Fruits.jpg|right]]<br />
'''Vegetarianism''' is the practice of abstaining from [[meat]] consumption. Somebody who practices vegetarianism is referred to as a ''vegetarian''. <br />
<br />
==Reasons for vegetarianism==<br />
<br />
Despite the infallible support in the [[Bible]] for meat consumption, vegetarianism is a common theme among the [[Dharmic religion]]s, such as [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Sikhism]] and [[Jainism]]. This stems from the belief that all higher animal life is sacred (in Jainism, ''all'' life is considered sacred), one of the core concepts of all of these religions. For more than 130 years Seventh-day Adventists (SDAs) have practiced a vegetarian dietary lifestyle because of their belief in the wholistic nature of people.<ref>[http://www.andrews.edu/NUFS/veggiediet.html Andrews University Nutrition Department]</ref> [[Pythagoras|Pythagoreanism]] also required its followers to abstain from meat, fish, and beans. It was also a central tenet of the [[Essene]] branch of Judaism.<br />
<br />
Many people outside of these religions also choose to be vegetarians because of various other beliefs, such as abstinence from contributing to inhumane farming methods practiced by the meat production industry, or to lessen their environmental impact. Health is sometimes provided as another reason to adopt vegeterianism, though its health advantages are debatable. The section below provides more on the nutritional concerns.<br />
<br />
Most non-religious vegetarians are [[college]] students or [[teenager]]s, for whom the vegeterianism is often a short-lived fad or mode of rebellion from their parents and other adults. Once their idealism becomes tempered with more experience or Biblical knowledge, they often return to eating meat. The major exception to this are immature teens who adopt vegetarianism as a personal form of animal activism. Lucy Watkins, editor of vegetarianteen.com, was interviewed on the matter:<br />
{{cquote|Young people, especially girls, tend to be very loving and softhearted. [Lucy] Watkins says that, although sometimes teens become vegetarians because it's the latest fad, animal activism is often a spark for young people to become vegetarians. When it's done for "faddish" reasons, they usually don't stick with it. The animal rights kids tend to stay the course.<ref>http://www.preteenagerstoday.com/resources/articles/vegetarian.htm</ref>}}<br />
Vegetarianism among teenage girls has troubled many [[dietitian]]s, because in their eagerness to adopt it, teenage girls often underestimate the responsibilities and consequences of a vegetarian lifestyle.<ref>[http://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/feb2006pg58.shtml] "Most dietitians I spoke with who have teenage vegetarian clients agree that teens avoiding meat is becoming a trend or fad and that the vegetarian teenagers (mostly girls aged 14 to 17) they counsel usually come from meat-eating families."</ref><ref>[http://www.annecollins.com/teen-weight-loss-advice.htm] "Quite a few girls turn to vegetarian diets in their mid or late teens. As a way of eating, vegetarianism has a lot to recommend it. Trouble is, most teens don't realise that giving up meat makes it much more difficult to eat a healthy diet. The point is, meat is a very convenient source of important vitamins and minerals, especially iron. So if you stop eating meat, you need to eat a wide range of vegetarian foods to compensate for this deficiency. Unfortunately, vegetarian teenagers are not famous for doing this."</ref> There is conflicting advice about the health effects of vegetarianism on teenagers,<ref>http://www.pamf.org/teen/health/nutrition/veggieteens.html</ref> however given the ideological underrtones associated with the movement parents might be wise to discourage vegetarianism.<ref>http://wn.com/savage_more_mosque_history,_liberalism,_vegetarianism</ref><br />
<br />
==Forms of vegetarianism==<br />
*'''[[Vegan]]''' - A vegan diet excludes all food and ingredients that comes from animals. This excludes animal meat, animal products such as milk, cheese, eggs or honey, and byproducts such as gelatin. Effort is needed to make a vegan diet healthy.<ref>http://www.vegan.org/going_vegan/eating_vegan/index.html Vegan regimen</ref> "Vegan" can refer both to the diet and the dieter.<br />
*'''Lactovegetarian''' - Someone who eats a plant-based diet but also eats animal produced foods (that do not result in the death of the animal) such as milk and cheese. Lacto vegetarians can relatively easily remain healthy.<br />
*'''Ovo-lactovegetarian''' (or '''lacto-ovo-vegetarian''') - Similar to the Lactovegetarian but also consumes eggs.<br />
*'''Pescatarian''' - This form of vegetarianism includes the consumption of [[fish]], but no other varieties of meat. [[Egg]]s and dairy may be part of this diet. Since fish are still living animals, stricter vegetarians (especially those who are vegetarians for moral reasons) are likely to feel that pescatarians are not true vegetarians.<br />
*'''Fruitarian''' - A Fruitarian's diet is limited to fruit, nuts and seeds. Some fruitarians will only eat food that has dropped to the ground instead of picking it from a tree.<br />
<br />
==Nutritional issues==<br />
The American Dietetic Association and the Dietitians of Canada have taken the position that properly planned vegetarian diets can be nutritious, healthy, and provide benefits in helping prevent and treat some diseases, possibly with the help of nutritional supplements.<ref>[http://www.eatright.org/cps/rde/xchg/ada/hs.xsl/advocacy_933_ENU_HTML.htm Vegetarian Diets]</ref> Indeed, because a proper vegetarian diet is low in cholesterol and saturated fats, many vegetarians are healthier than some meat-eaters.<br />
<br />
In contrast, some nutritionists have argued that vegetarianism is an unsustainable diet, claiming that it can be difficult to regularly get all of your daily required [[nutrient]]s without eating animal products. [[Soy]], [[nut]]s and [[bean]]s are often used as a source of protein and a substitute for meat, but nonetheless many vegetarians have to take vitamin supplements or eat enriched foods - although lacto-ovo vegetarians usually have their needs met by dairy products and eggs.<ref>According to Olivant, the most useful supplements for the vegetarians contain nutrients that may be limited in their diet, such as omega-3. [http://www.nutraingredients.com/news/ng.asp?n=65255-vegetarian-supplements]</ref> Nutrionist Dr. Ray Sahelian warns "Those who eat very little meat, fish and foul (sic) and ... may be missing, or getting very little, crucial nutrients for optimal health such as [[vitamin B12]], [[iron]], [[creatine]], [[carnitine]], and several other [[nutrient]]s"<ref>[http://www.raysahelian.com/vegetarian.html Dr. Ray Sahelian]</ref> Vegetarians suffer from higher rates of certain diseases, such as [[osteoporosis]], [[anemia]], and [[thyroid]] problems due to the lack of [[calcium]] and other nutrients in their diets, although this should be compared with the much higher rates of [[heart]] disease and high [[cholesterol]] suffered by non-vegetarians.<br />
<br />
Another danger of the vegetarian diet is an over reliance on highly processed soy products. Some critics have alleged that because soy contains phytoestrogens (plant estrogens), it can impair proper thyroid functions and contains compounds that inhibit absorption of minerals and protein. Many people mistake the historic use of soy in Asian countries (with high life expectancies) as evidence that soy is healthy, however these cultures use different methods of preparing their soy foods, and consume far less than the average vegetarian.<ref>http://www.foodrenegade.com/dangers-of-soy/</ref><br />
<br />
==Biblical issues==<br />
Nearly all of the Bible operates on the premise that meat is a normal part of the human diet. Beginning with Genesis 1:26, God gives dominion of the animals to man, where specific reference is made to cattle (in the King James Version) or livestock (in the English Standard Version and others). Genesis 1:29 indicates that the human diet was originally limited to plants, but sin entered the world and after the flood meat was allowed in the human diet.<br />
<br />
By Genesis 4, animal sacrifices are offered to God, indicating the value of meat to humans. This is reinforced in Genesis 7:3, where Noah was commanded to bring ritually clean animals aboard the Ark. Verses such as Exodus 16:3, Numbers 11:4, Deuteronomy 12:15 and 12:20-21 indicate that a meat-based diet was a blessing. Psalm 78:27 and 105:40 recall God's divine provision of meat during the Exodus, along with bread from heaven in abundance.<br />
<br />
From this perspective, a meat-based diet was considered acceptable; meat was only considered sinful if it were of a ritually unclean animal. With this in mind, Daniel 1:4-15 tells the story of Daniel and his companions who declined to eat Babylonian royal food, and instead requested fresh water and vegetables. At the end of ten days, they were healthier than those who ate the royal food. The narrative indicates that eating the royal food (which likely included unclean meat) would have been defiling.<br />
<br />
In the New Testament, Jesus declared all foods clean (Mark 7:19). His diet was not a vegetarian one, but consisted of lamb (Luke 22:7-8) and fish (Luke 24:41-43). His provision of fish to others (Matthew 15:34-37, John 21:5-6) was miraculous.<br />
<br />
In echoing Daniel, Acts 15:29 condemns the consumption of food sacrificed to idols and meat that has been strangled. In Romans 14:14, the Apostle Paul states that he believes no food item to be unclean, but that if anyone believes something to be unclea that for them it is unclean.<br />
<br />
Although meat eating is acceptable under the Bible, needless cruelty is not. Treating an animal carelessly as an object, rather than compassionately as a creation of God, is not living within the traditions of Biblical animal husbandry (see Proverbs 12:10). In Matthew 6:26 Jesus tells His followers that God looks after the animals. It is clear from this verse that God The Father cares for His creation. How could we be living Christian lives if we were to show less respect to God's creatures than God Himself does, especially since God gave us the responsibility for dominion in Genesis 1:28? We should be mindful of how the animals we eat were treated in life, and should not fund cruel practices with our purchases.<br />
<br />
==Famous vegetarians==<br />
[[Image:H G Wells 2.jpg|right|H G Wells, science fiction writer and vegetarian]]<br />
*[[Adam and Eve]], at least while in Eden <ref>(Genesis 1:29)</ref><br />
*[[Bob Barker]] - Game Show Host, most notably [[The Price is Right]] <ref>[http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/b/bobbarker179450.html Bob Barker]</ref><br />
*Dr. [[Ben Carson]] - Neurosurgeon, politician<br />
*[[Albert Einstein]] - Scientist, famous for [[Theory of Relativity]]. He became a vegetarian a year before his death.<ref>[http://www.ivu.org/history/northam20a/einstein.html History of Vegetarianism]</ref><br />
*[[Thomas Edison]] - inventor <ref>[http://www.ivu.org/history/northam20a/edison.html History of Vegetarianism]</ref><br />
*[[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] - writer and philosopher in [[Transcendentalism]].<br />
*[[Benjamin Franklin]] - Statesman, scientist, author and diplomat.<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/benfranklin/l3_wit_self.html PBS.org]</ref><br />
*[[Mohandas K. Gandhi]] - activist and political leader<br />
[[Image:Hitler.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Adolf Hitler]] was a vegetarian for much of his life.]]<br />
*[[Siddhartha Gautama]] - founder of [[Buddhism]]<br />
*[[Adolf Hitler]] - dictator<br />
*[[Henry Heimlich]] - Inventor of the [[Heimlich Maneuver]]<ref>[http://www.famousveggie.com/peoplenew.cfm http://www.famousveggie.com]</ref><br />
*[[Mahavira]]<br />
*[[Paul McCartney]] - singer/bassist for [[The Beatles]]<br />
*[[Fred Rogers]] - television personality, puppeteer, writer, musician, Presbyterian minister<br />
*[[Shania Twain]] - country singer<br />
*[[Henry A. Wallace]] - Vice President of the U.S. 1941-1945; Presidential candidate 1948<br />
*[[H. G. Wells]] - Famous Science Fiction author, works include [[The War of Worlds]]<br />
*[[John Wesley]] - Founder of [[Methodism]].<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[Naturopathy]]<br />
*[[Adrian Vander]]<br />
*[[Diabetes mellitus|Diabetes]]<br />
*[[Diet]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2005/document/html/appendixC.htm USDA Dietary Guidelines]<br />
* [http://www.vegsoc.org/ The Vegetarian Society ]<br />
* [http://www.britishmeat.com/49.htm 49 good reasons to be a vegetarian]<br />
* [http://www.westonaprice.org/mythstruths/mtvegetarianism.html The Myths of Vegetarianism by Stephen Byrnes]<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* Foer, Jonathan Safran. ''Eating Animals''. Little, Brown, 2009.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Health]]<br />
[[Category:Vegetarianism]]<br />
[[Category:Nutrition]]</div>TampaBayConservativehttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Australia&diff=1461058Australia2018-10-19T02:39:55Z<p>TampaBayConservative: punctuation</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Country<br />
|name =''Commonwealth of Australia''<br />
|map =Australia rel 1999.jpg<br />
|map2 =Australia location.png<br />
|flag =Flag of Australia.png<br />
|arms =Australia coat-of-arms.jpg<br />
|capital =Canberra<br />
|capital-raw =<br />
|government =Constitutional monarchy<br />
|government-raw =<br />
|language =English <br />
|king =<br />
|queen =Elizabeth II <br />
|monarch-raw =<br />
|president =<br />
|president-raw =<br />
|chancellor =<br />
|chancellor-raw =<br />
|pm =Scott Morrison<br />
|pm-raw =<br />
|area =2,988,888 sq mi<br />
|pop =25.04 million<br />
|pop-basis =2018<br />
|gdp =A$1.17 trillion <br />
|gdp-year =2009<br />
|gdp-pc =A$36,000 <br />
|currency =Australian dollar <br />
|idd =<br />
|tld =<br />
}}<br />
The [[Commonwealth]] of '''Australia''' is an largely [[Liberal]] nation that occupies the continent of Australia, with its west coast on the [[Indian Ocean]], east coast on the [[Pacific Ocean]] facing [[New Zealand]], southern coast on the [[Southern Ocean]] facing [[Antarctica]], and northern coast facing [[Indonesia]] and [[Papua New Guinea]]. Australia is considered geographically as part of [[Oceania]], but has been establishing its place politically and commercially in [[Southeast Asia]]. <br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
[[File:Sydney harbour bridge.jpg|thumb|370px|Sydney Harbour Bridge.]]<br />
Australia is the only country to occupy an entire continent,<ref>This refers just to the Australian mainland. Some authorities now include [[Papua New Guinea]], [[New Zealand]], and various other [[Pacific Ocean]] islands in the continent of "Oceania". See [http://worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/au.htm WorldAtlas.com].</ref> the smallest of the planet's seven continents.<ref>Some people count six, combining North and South America or Europe and Asia. See [http://worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/contnent.htm WorldAtlas.com].</ref><br />
It is 2,400 miles, (3,860&nbsp;km) from east to west and 2,000 miles (3,220&nbsp;km) from north to south, and covers an area of 2,967,877 sq miles (7,686,810&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>). The Australian coastline is 22,812 miles long (36,735 kilometers), roughly the size as the mainland 48 states of the USA. <br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
====The States and Territories of Australia====<br />
[[File:State Library of Victoria Australia.jpg|thumb|220px|Melbourne, State Library of Victoria.]]<br />
Australia has six states and two internal territories. The states are: <br />
* [[New South Wales]]<br />
* [[Victoria]]<br />
* [[Queensland]]<br />
* [[Western Australia]]<br />
* [[South Australia]]<br />
* [[Tasmania]]<br />
The internal territories are:<br />
* The [[Northern Territory]] (responsible government since 1978)<br />
* [[Australian Capital Territory]] (responsible government since 1988) which is the location of Australia's capital city, [[Canberra]].<br />
The external territories are:<br />
* [[Christmas Island]]<br />
* [[Norfolk Island]]<br />
* [[Australian Antarctic Territory]]<br />
* [[Coral Sea Islands]]<br />
* [[Ashmore and Cartier Islands]]<br />
* [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]]<br />
* [[Heard Island and McDonald Islands]]<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
====Low density====<br />
80% of Australia's population live on the coast line. It is one of the world's most sparsely populated countries (2.7 people per square kilometre).<ref>[http://www.abs.gov.au ABS]</ref> <br />
<br />
====Weather====<br />
Weather extremes are common in Australia with temperatures sometimes measured into the high 40s Celsius (45 degrees Celsius = 113 degrees Fahrenheit). The city of Darwin was heavily damaged by Cyclone Tracy on Dec. 25, 1974, killing 66 people, and destroying 80% of the buildings. Darwin's utilities were knocked out and 35,000 people were evacuated. <br />
<br />
Bush fires often ravage the southern states - one of the worst occurring on Ash Wednesday in 1983 when over 2,000 homes were destroyed and over 70 people lost their lives in Victoria and South Australia. In 2009 severe fires hit much of Victoria, worsened by hot dry winds and a severe drought. Worst of all, these disasters are frequently sensationalized by the [[Liberal Media]] to promote their lie of [[Climate Change]].<br />
<br />
Water is somewhat scarce and some cities have some form of water restrictions in place.<br />
<br />
====Flora and fauna====<br />
Australia is noted for its unique biodiversity. Many animals are found only in Australia, the most well known examples are the group of marsupials ([[kangaroo]]s, [[wombat]]s, [[wallaby|wallabies]] and [[koala]]s), and the only two [[monotremes]], the [[platypus]] and the [[echidna]]. Examples of plants that are native to Australia are the [[banksia]], [[yellow wattle]] and [[gum tree]]. <br />
<br />
Current evolutionary studies indicate that Australia's unique wildlife is the result of Australia becoming an island, being cut off from the Asian land bridge between 40,000 and 250,000 years ago on the [[Uniformitarianism (science)|uniformitarian timescale]]. Contrary to that, young earth creation scientists assert that the entire subset animals that are all the Earth's species of kangaroos, wallabies and orher similar creatures travelled together to Australia following the Great Flood. It is not known whether they communicated the idea amongst themselves or all went the same way by chance.<br />
<br />
==People==<br />
===Demographics===<br />
[[File:Australian fishing family.jpg|right|270px]]<br />
Although Australia has scarcely more than three people per square kilometer, it is one of the world's most urbanized countries. Less than 2.5% of the population lives in remote or very remote areas.<br />
*Population (2017 est.): 24.7 million.<ref>http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0 Australian Bureau of Statistics</ref><br />
*Annual population growth rate: 1.7%.<br />
*Ethnic groups: European 92%, Asian 6%, Aboriginal 2%.<br />
*Religions (2006): Catholic 26%, Anglican 19%, other Christian 19%, other non-Christian 1%, Buddhist 2.1%, Islam 1.7%, no religion 19%, and not stated 12%.<br />
*Languages: English.<br />
*Education: Years compulsory—to age 16 in all states and territories except New South Wales and the Northern Territory where it is 15, and Western Australia where it is 17. Literacy—over 99%.<br />
*Health: Infant mortality rate—4.7/1,000. Life expectancy—males 78 yrs., females 83 yrs. <br />
*Work force (10.8 million): Agriculture—3.3%; mining—1.5%; manufacturing—9.8%; retail trade—11.3%; public administration, defense, and safety—6%; construction—9.2%<br />
<br />
===Aborigines and Torres Straits Islanders===<br />
Australia's indigenous inhabitants are a hunting-gathering people collectively referred to today as Aborigines and Torres Straits Islanders (ATSI). Although evolutionary theorists purport that native Australians arrived more than 40,000 years ago, this view rejects the Biblical account of Noah as historic and is based on the old-earth paradigm. Aborigines arrived in Australia some time after the events at the Tower of Babel in Genesis 11. Although their technical culture remained static—depending on wood, bone, and stone tools and weapons—their spiritual and social life was highly complex. Most spoke several languages, and confederacies sometimes linked widely scattered tribal groups. Indigenous population density ranged from one person per square mile along the coasts to one person per 35 square miles in the arid interior. When Captain James Cook claimed Australia for Great Britain in 1770, the native population is estimated to have numbered between 318,000 and 750,000 in as many as 500 tribes speaking many different languages. In 2006 the indigenous population was approximately 517,200, representing about 2.5% of the population. Since the end of World War II, the government and the public have made efforts to be more responsive to aboriginal rights and needs, most recently with Prime Minister Rudd's historic apology to the indigenous people in February 2008.<br />
<br />
===Immigrants===<br />
Immigration has been vital to Australia's development since the beginning of European settlement in 1788. Originally used as a prison for [[convicts]], the discovery of gold in [[Victoria]] convinced many to come to Australia. For generations, most settlers came from the British Isles, and the people of Australia are still predominantly of British or Irish origin, with a culture and outlook similar to those of Americans. A [["White Australia" policy]] operated from 1901 to the 1960s; it encouraged immigration by Europeans and blocked almost all other immigration.<br />
<br />
The Chinese who arrived in the late 19th century to work in the gold mines left voluntarily or were expelled. Likewise, most of the "Kanakas"—Polynesians—who came to work in the sugar fields were expatriated after 1901. Many Germans settled in South Australia, but those without Australian citizenship were put in camps during World War I and most were sent back to Germany after the war.<br />
<br />
In 2017, the Australian government adopted measures to conduct extreme vetting of immigrants, particularly Muslims, to ensure that radical Islamists do not enter the country, and it reformed its [[H-1B visa]].<ref>Munro, Neil (April 20, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/04/20/australian-government-adopts-immigration-vetting-guest-worker-reforms/ Australian Gov’t Adopts ‘Extreme Vetting’ for Islamic Migrants, Reforms Foreign Worker Visas]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved April 20, 2017.</ref> In 2018, the government stated it would refuse to sign the UN global migration compact because of its negative effect on Australian [[sovereignty]].<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Remeikis, Amy (July 24, 2018). [https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/jul/25/dutton-says-australia-wont-surrender-our-sovereignty-by-signing-un-migration-deal Dutton says Australia won't 'surrender our sovereignty' by signing UN migration deal]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved July 27, 2018.<br />
*Riordan, Primrose (July 25, 2018). [https://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/peter-dutton-says-he-will-not-sign-un-agreement-on-migration-in-its-current-form/news-story/953fcb518c3ac46d69f50034f08b0faf Peter Dutton says he will not sign UN agreement on migration ‘in its current form’]. ''The Australian''. Retrieved July 27, 2018.<br />
*Kan, Janita (July 25, 2018). [https://www.theepochtimes.com/australia-will-not-sign-un-global-migration-agreement-in-its-current-form_2603283.html Australia Will Not Sign UN Global Migration Agreement ‘In Its Current Form’]. ''The Epoch Times''. Retrieved July 27, 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
====Illegal immigration====<br />
In 1999, there was a surge in illegal immigration to Australia.<ref name="Dawson">Dawson, Stephan (August 28, 2015). [https://ricochet.com/archives/how-australia-stopped-illegal-immigration/ How Australia Stopped Illegal Immigration]. ''Ricochet''. Retrieved August 18, 2016.</ref> The Liberal (the conservative party) prime minister [[John Howard]] cracked down on illegal immigration and by 2002, there was virtually no illegal immigration.<ref name="Dawson"/> In 2007, [[Kevin Rudd]] of the Labor party was elected prime minister, and because of his government's lenient immigration policy, the number of illegal immigrants skyrocketed, reaching over 20,000 people and 300 boats in the year 2013 alone.<ref name="Dawson"/> However, the government did not acknowledge that its lax policies were the reason for the growth in illegal immigration.<ref name="Dawson"/> In 2013, the Liberal Party was voted back into the government, and again instituted strict (and thus, controversial) policies again, and illegal immigration dropped to virtually zero, with only one boat arriving in 2014, and zero in 2015.<ref name="Dawson"/><br />
<br />
Australia continued enacting additional border security measures which resulted in all forms of migration falling even further by 2018.<ref>Kent, Simon (May 30, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/05/30/toughened-border-security-drives-plunge-in-australias-migration-intake/ Toughened Border Security Drives Plunge in Australia’s Migration Intake]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 30, 2018.</ref> Because of its immigration policies, Australia's migration levels reached a 10-year low in 2017.<ref>Kent, Simon (July 13, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/07/13/tougher-border-controls-crash-australias-migrant-numbers-to-10-year-low/ Tougher Border Controls Crash Australia’s Migrant Numbers to 10-Year Low]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 13, 2018.</ref> In August 2018, [[Scott Morrison]], who created the country's tough immigration policy, became prime minister.<ref>Kent, Simon (August 24, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/08/24/hardline-border-security-advocate-scott-morrison-australias-new-pm/ Hardline Border Security Advocate Scott Morrison Australia’s New PM]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved August 24, 2018.</ref><ref>Pannett, Rachel (August 24, 2018). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/scott-morrison-to-be-australias-next-prime-minister-1535080332 Australia Ousts Another Prime Minister as Ruling Party Shifts Right]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved August 24, 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
===Recent trends===<br />
[[File:Sydney.jpg|thumb|left|320px|Sydney skyline from Taronga Zoo.]]<br />
Since the end of World War II, Australia's population has more than doubled. <br />
<br />
Non British/Irish immigration has increased significantly since World War II through an extensive, planned immigration program. Since 1945 around 6.6 million migrants have settled in Australia, including 690,000 refugee and humanitarian entrants. About 80% have remained; 24%--almost one in four—of Australians are foreign-born. Britain, Ireland, Italy, Greece, New Zealand, and the former Yugoslavia were the largest sources of post-war immigration, but New Zealand is closing on Britain as the largest source country for permanent migrants to Australia.<br />
<br />
The barriers against Asians fell in the 1970s and thousands of immigrants from the Chinese diaspora resettled in Australia. Immigrants from India and the Philippines were numerous as well. <br />
<br />
====Refugees====<br />
Australia's humanitarian and refugee program of about 13,000 per year is in addition to other immigration programs. In recent years, refugees from Africa, the Middle East, and Southwest Asia have comprised the largest element in Australia's refugee program. <br />
<br />
====Religion====<br />
Australia is a [[secular]] nation, in that it has no established religion associated with the Government. <br />
(Requires mathematic correction)<br />
According to the 2006 census, 64% of citizens consider themselves to be Christian, including 26% Roman Catholic, 19% Anglican, and 19% other Christian. Buddhists constitute 2.1% of the population, Muslims 1.7%, Hindus 0.7%, Jews 0.4%, and all others professing a religion 0.5%. Of Australia's 21 million people, about 1.5 million attend weekly religious services.<ref>[http://www.ncls.org.au/default.aspx?docid=2250&track=82083 National Church Life Survey 2004]; U.S. State Department, "International Religious Freedom Report 2008" [http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108400.htm online]</ref> See also: [[Irreligion in Australia]]<br />
[[File:Ballarat Hebrew Congregation Australia.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Ballarat Hebrew Congregation.]]<br />
In 1911, during the first census, 96% identified themselves as Christian. In recent decades traditional Christian denominations have seen their total number and proportion of affiliates stagnate or decrease significantly, although from 2001 to 2006, the total number of Pentecostal and charismatic Christians increased by 12.9%. Over the past decade, increased immigration from Southeast Asia and the Middle East considerably expanded the numbers of citizens who identify themselves as Buddhists, Hindus, and Muslims, and increased the ethnic diversity of existing Christian denominations. Between 2001 and 2006, the numbers increased for Buddhists by 17% (to 418,000), Muslims by 21% (to 340,393), Jews by 6% (to 89,000), and Hindus by 55% (to 148,131). In 2006 approximately 18.7% of citizens considered themselves to have no religion, up from 17% in 2001, and 11.2% made no statement regarding religious affiliation. According to a 2002 survey, 23% of adults had participated in church or religious activities during the previous 3 months.<br />
<br />
The Australian public school system is "free, secular and compulsory" with the secular meaning without favor to any particular religion. Schools are required to offer religious instruction at the primary level, but are not allowed to discriminate between religions. The state systems of a number of states offer studies in religion at the senior level.<br />
<br />
There is a large Catholic school system in Australia with most parishes having their own primary school and many hundreds of Catholic high schools across the country. There are also a large number of independent schools founded by various religions or denominations of the Christian faith - some hold that religious background to be more important than others. All schools, state or religious, receive government funding, as funding is provided for every student that is an Australian resident. <br />
<br />
At the time of European settlement, aboriginal inhabitants followed religions that were animistic, involving belief in spirits behind the forces of nature and the influence of ancestral spirit beings. According to the 2006 census, 5,206 persons, or less than 0.03% of respondents, reported practicing aboriginal traditional religions, down from 5,244 in 2001. The 2006 census reported that almost 64% of Aborigines identify themselves as Christian and 20% listed no religion.<br />
<br />
====Culture====<br />
[[Image:Sidney opera house.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Sydney Opera House, an iconic symbol of the nation]]<br />
Much of Australia's culture is derived from European roots, but distinctive Australian features have evolved from the environment, [[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal]] culture, and the influence of Australia's neighbors. The vigor and originality of the arts in Australia—film, opera, music, painting, theater, dance, and crafts—have achieved international recognition.<br />
<br />
Australian actors and comedians such as Nicole Kidman, Rachel Griffiths, Cate Blanchett, Geoffrey Rush, Paul Hogan, Hugh Jackman, the late Heath Ledger, and Dame Edna Everage (Barry Humphries) have achieved enormous popularity in the United States. Directors such as Peter Weir, Philip Noyes, and Russell Mulcahy, the conductor Sir Charles Mackerras, and singers and musicians such as Olivia Newton-John, Men At Work, The Wiggles, AC/DC, Dame Joan Sutherland, Dame Nellie Melba, and Kylie Minogue are well known. <br />
<br />
Australian artists with international reputations include Sidney Nolan, Russell Drysdale, Pro Hart, and Arthur Boyd. Writers who have achieved world recognition include Thomas Keneally, Colleen McCullough, Nevil Shute, Morris West, Jill Ker Conway, Peter Carey, Robert Hughes, Germaine Greer, and Nobel Prize winner Patrick White.<br />
<br />
====Sports====<br />
[[File:Melbourne Cup Australia.jpg|left|200px|thumb|The [[Melbourne]] Cup.]]<br />
Australia is known as a sporting nation with success worldwide in [[swimming]], [[tennis]], [[rugby union]], [[cricket]], [[Formula One]], [[V8 Supercars]], [[netball]],and [[basketball]]. Australians are very keen at betting on horse races, with the Melbourne Cup <ref>[http://www.melbournecup.com.au Melbourne Cup]</ref> attracting up to 120,000 spectators at Flemington Race Course on the first Tuesday in November. There is a public holiday for the cup race in Melbourne, while the remainder of the country virtually pauses during the running. <br />
<br />
Unique to Australia is a game known as [[Australian rules football]] or Aussie Rules, which is played on a [[cricket]] oval in winter. Australian rules football is the sport most attended in the states of [[Victoria]], [[South Australia]] and [[Western Australia]], and most attended overall in Australia; in 2006 2.5 million people had attended at least one Aussie Rules game in the preceding 12 months.[http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/ProductsbyCatalogue/1F8FAC9C2C7B1623CA2568A900139417?OpenDocument] Australian Rules Football was written by persons educated at the [[Rugby School]] in England and [[Cambridge University]] before the organisation of uniform football codes. It is not as popular in [[New South Wales]] and [[Queensland]] although premiership teams are based in these two states and new teams from each have seen an increase in interest.<br />
<br />
The other national football code is [[rugby league]]. Rugby league football is the most attended sport in New South Wales and Queensland with its premier club competition being the [[National Rugby League]].<br />
<br />
====Tourism====<br />
[[File:Anzac Memorial Sydney Australia 2007.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Anzac Memorial, Sydney, 2007.]]<br />
Most tourists visit places such as Sydney Harbour, Uluru (Ayers Rock) in Central Australia and the Great Barrier Reef in Queensland. Other favourite destinations are the wine making areas of South Australia and northern Victoria, the Great Ocean Road in Victoria, the natural wonders of Tasmania and the huge outback expanses of Western Australia and the Northern Territory. Some cattle stations in Australia rival Texas in size and the distance between towns in some areas is enormous.<br />
<br />
====Gun control====<br />
In response to the 1996 Port Arthur massacre in which 35 people were killed (23 wounded) by a gunman, Australia introduced strict gun control laws. Due to bipartisan support the laws were quickly passed and a "gun buy-back" scheme was imposed, gun owners were forced to surrender their guns to the government in exchange for monetary compensation. As there is little to no "gun culture" in Australia, these measures were widely accepted and even welcomed. Since 1997 both the homicide rate and gun death rate in Australia have fallen dramatically. {{cn}}<br />
<br />
==Government==<br />
Australia became a federated nation on January 1, 1901 under the [[Constitution of Australia]], and all former British colonies became states. The parliament met in [[Melbourne]] until the infrastructure was built for the capital city, [[Canberra]]. <br />
<br />
Australia has a [[Parliament|parliamentary system]] of government based on the British system with a [[bicameral]] system meeting as the [[Parliament of Australia]], consisting of the [[Australian House of Representatives]] and the [[Australian Senate]]. Each state and territory also has its own parliament. <br />
<br />
The two other branches of government under the Constitution are the Executive ([[Governor-General of Australia]] taking advice from the Ministers) and the [[judicial]].<br />
<br />
Australia is a democracy which has allowed men of European descent to vote since federation, with women gaining the vote in 1902 and Aboriginal men and women gaining suffrage in 1962. Voting is compulsory for all citizens who are 18 years old and over (with a few exceptions.)<br />
<br />
Australia's Head of Government is the [[Prime Minister of Australia]]. The current Prime Minister is Malcolm Turnbull who is the leader of the Liberal Party (a right-leaning political party).<br />
<br />
The Head of State is [[Queen Elizabeth II]], the Queen of Australia (who is the same person, but a different title, as the Queen of Great Britain.) Under the Constitution, and in practice, the authority of the Head of State is vested in the [[Governor-General of Australia]], currently Quentin Bryce AC, Previously Governor of [[Queensland]], who assents to acts of parliament, is the Commander in Chief of the military forces, and appoints all Ministers of the Government; all these various powers are normally exercised on advice from the Prime Minister. <br />
<br />
The Government of Australia is exercised, day-to-day, by the Ministers through their various Departments of State.<br />
<br />
====Voting====<br />
{{main|Voting in Australia}}<br />
<br />
Australia has [[preferential voting]], and voting is compulsory for adults (18 years and over), unless they have been deemed unfit to vote, either by mental illness or conviction for serious offenses. Preferential voting encourages a multiplicity of parties and independent candidates, and counting the votes and allocating preferences can take some time where the results are close.<br />
<br />
====Terms====<br />
A Member of Parliament in the House of Representatives is elected for a maximum of three years, but the timing of elections is decided by the Governor-General on the advice of the Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aph.gov.au/senate/general/constitution/par3cha1.htm |title=Parliament of Australia: Senate: Constitution - Chapter 1 Part III |accessdate=2010-10-13}}</ref> A Member of Parliament in the Senate is typically elected for six years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aph.gov.au/senate/general/constitution/par2cha1.htm |title=Parliament of Australia: Senate: Constitution - Chapter 1 Part II |accessdate=2010-10-13}}</ref> The Prime Minister is normally a member of the House of Representatives, and the tenure is not limited by statute. Ministers may continue to serve for up to three months when not a Member or Senator, but must in that time be elected in order to continue. ([[John Gorton]] was a Senator when appointed leader of his party after the death of his predecessor. He immediately resigned from the Senate and stood for election to the House of Representatives, while remaining Prime Minister throughout.)<br />
<br />
====Parliamentary political parties====<br />
Currently, the main political parties in Australia are:<br />
* [[Australian Greens]]<br />
* [[Australian Labor Party]]<br />
* [[Family First Party]]<br />
* [[Liberal Party of Australia]]<br />
* [[National Party of Australia]]<br />
* One Nation Party<br />
[[File:Australian house of representatives.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Australian house of representatives.]]<br />
Despite the US connotation associated with the name, the Liberal Party is conservative in political stance. Robert Menzies helped found the Liberal Party in 1944 and was the Prime Minister from 1939 until 1941 and then again from 1949 until 1966.<ref>[http://www.liberals.net/liberalpartyhistory.htm History of the Liberal Party in Australia]</ref> The term "liberal" refers to the party's predominantly-[[free market|free-market]] approach to [[economics|economic management]].<br />
<br />
The party currently in power (since the 2013 Federal Election) is the Liberal National Party Coalition. The Labor Party is also in government in Queensland and South Australia and ACT. NSW, Tasmania and the Northern Territory are governed by conservatives . The Prime Minister is the Liberal, Malcolm Turnbull.<br />
<br />
Conservative Queensland politician and businesswoman, Pauline Hanson formed the One Nation party to give a conservative voice to voters that were not being effectively represented by the major parties. One Nation has held seats in both the Federal Senate and Lower House, and have been the subject of ridicule by left-leaning media commentators.<br />
<br />
Though the Labor party is "social democratic" and the Liberals are "liberal conservatives", some of the smaller parties are more left leaning or more conservative than Labor and Liberal respectively.<br />
<br />
''See also a [[list of Prime Ministers of Australia]].''<br />
<br />
The Prime Minister of Australia is the most senior elected person in the country. The role is normally filled by the parliamentary leader of the party which forms the government.<br />
<br />
===Principal Government Officials===<br />
*Governor General—Sir Peter Cosgrove<br />
*Prime Minister—Scott Morrison<br />
*Deputy Prime Minister—Michael McCormack<br />
*Treasurer—Josh Frydenberg<br />
*Foreign Minister—Marise Payne<br />
*Defense Minister—Christopher Pyne<br />
*Trade Minister—Simon Birmingham<br />
<br />
===Political Conditions===<br />
Three political parties dominate the center of the Australian political spectrum. The Liberal Party (LP), nominally representing urban business interests, and its smaller coalition partner, The Nationals, nominally representing rural interests, are the more conservative parties. The Australian Labor Party (ALP) nominally represents workers, trade unions, and left-of-center groups. While the ALP, founded by labor unions, traditionally had been moderately socialist in its policies and approaches to social issues, today it is best described as a social democratic party. All political groups are tied by tradition to welfare programs. Over the last decade, Australia has increased welfare payments to families while imposing obligations on those receiving unemployment benefits and disability pensions. There is strong bipartisan sentiment on many international issues, including Australia's commitment to its alliance with the United States.<br />
[[File:Protests in front of Parliament House Canberra Australia.jpg|left|320px]]<br />
The ALP, under the leadership of Kevin Rudd, defeated the Liberal/National coalition, led by then-Prime Minister John Howard, in the November 24, 2007 election. The ALP now holds 83 seats in the House of Representatives, against 64 for the Liberal/National coalition, and 3 independents. The composition of the Senate is 37 seats for the coalition, 32 for the ALP, five seats for the Greens, one for Family First, and one independent.<br />
<br />
The ALP won the election with a message promising "new leadership" after 11 years of the Howard government. Rudd portrayed himself as an "economic conservative," while criticizing unpopular Howard government policies on workplace relations reform, climate change, and the war on Iraq. The Rudd government ratified the Kyoto Protocol and is working with the international community on combating climate change. It is undoing some labor market reforms instituted by the Howard government, such as statutory individual contracts. The Australian government's foreign policy shows strong continuity with that of its predecessors, stressing relations with four key countries: the United States, Japan, China, and Indonesia. The Rudd government strongly supports U.S. engagement in the Asia-Pacific region and increased Australia’s troop contribution in Afghanistan. It withdrew Australia's combat troops from Iraq in 2008; it intends to end its military mission in Iraq on July 31, 2009.<br />
<br />
Australia has been an active participant in international affairs since federation in 1901, and Australian forces have fought beside the United States and other Allies in every significant conflict since World War I. On January 8, 1940, the governments of the United States and Australia announced the establishment of bilateral diplomatic relations. In 1944, Australia concluded an agreement with New Zealand dealing with the security, welfare, and advancement of the people of the independent territories of the Pacific (the ANZAC pact). After World War II, Australia played a role in the Far Eastern Commission in Japan and supported Indonesian independence during that country's revolt against the Dutch. Australia was one of the founding members of the United Nations, the South Pacific Commission, and the Colombo Plan. In addition to contributing to UN forces in Korea—it was the first country to announce it would do so after the United States—Australia sent troops to assist in putting down the 1948-1960 communist revolt in Malaya and later to combat the 1963-1965 Indonesian-supported invasion of Sarawak. The United States, Australia, and New Zealand signed the ANZUS Treaty in 1951, which remains Australia's pre-eminent formal security treaty alliance. Australia sent troops to assist South Vietnamese and U.S. forces in Vietnam, and joined coalition forces in the Persian Gulf conflict in 1991, in Afghanistan in 2001, and in Iraq in 2003.<br />
<br />
Australia has been active in the Australia-New Zealand-U.K. agreement and the Five-Power Defense Arrangements—successive arrangements with Britain and New Zealand to ensure the security of Singapore and Malaysia.<br />
<br />
One of the drafters of the UN Charter, Australia has given firm support to the United Nations and its specialized agencies. It was last a member of the Security Council in 1985-86, a member of the Economic and Social Council for 1986-89, and a member of the UN Human Rights Commission for 1994-96 and 2003-2005. Australia recently declared its intention to seek a non-permanent seat on the UN Security Council for 2013-2014. Australia takes a prominent part in many other UN activities, including peacekeeping, nonproliferation and disarmament negotiations, and narcotics control. Australia also is active in meetings of the Commonwealth Regional Heads of Government and the Pacific Islands Forum, and has been a leader in the Cairns Group—countries pressing for agricultural trade reform in World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations—and in founding the APEC forum. In 2002, Australia joined the International Criminal Court.<br />
<br />
Australia has devoted particular attention to relations between developed and developing nations, with emphasis on the ten countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the island states of the South Pacific. Australia is an active participant in the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), which promotes regional cooperation on security issues, and has been a member of the East Asia Summit since its inauguration in 2005. In September 1999, acting under a UN Security Council mandate, Australia led an international coalition to restore order in East Timor upon Indonesia's withdrawal from that territory. In 2006, Australia participated in an international peacekeeping operation in Timor-Leste (formerly East Timor). Australia led a regional mission to restore law and order in Solomon Islands in 2003 and again in 2006. Australia is part of the Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate, which also includes the United States.<br />
<br />
The government is committed to increasing official development assistance to 0.5% of gross national income by 2015-2016. Australia budgeted A$3.79 billion (U.S. $3.03 billion) for FY 2008-2009 and has budgeted A$3.82 billion (U.S. $3.05 billion) for FY 2009-2010. The Australian aid program is currently concentrated in Southeast Asia (Papua New Guinea and Indonesia are the largest recipients) and the Pacific Islands. Selected aid flows are allocated to Africa, South Asia, and reconstruction in Afghanistan and Iraq. Contributions to multilateral organizations and other expenses account for about one-third of the foreign assistance budget.<br />
<br />
===ANZUS and Defense===<br />
The Australia, New Zealand, United States (ANZUS) security treaty was concluded at San Francisco on September 1, 1951, and entered into force on April 29, 1952. The treaty bound the signatories to recognize that an armed attack in the Pacific area on any of them would endanger the peace and safety of the others. It committed them to consult in the event of a threat and, in the event of attack, to meet the common danger in accordance with their respective constitutional processes. The three nations also pledged to maintain and develop individual and collective capabilities to resist attack.<br />
[[File:Canberra Australia.jpg|thumb|300px|Canberra.]]<br />
In 1984, the nature of the ANZUS alliance changed after the Government of New Zealand refused access to its ports by nuclear-weapons-capable and nuclear-powered ships of the U.S. Navy. The United States suspended defense obligations to New Zealand, and annual bilateral meetings between the U.S. Secretary of State and the Australian Foreign Minister replaced annual meetings of the ANZUS Council of Foreign Ministers. The first bilateral meeting was held in Canberra in 1985. At the second, in San Francisco in 1986, the United States and Australia announced that the United States was suspending its treaty security obligations to New Zealand pending the restoration of port access. Since 1985, U.S. Secretaries of State and Defense and the Australian Foreign and Defense Ministers have held 20 Australia-U.S. Ministerial consultations (AUSMIN), alternating between Australia and the United States. The next AUSMIN is scheduled to take place in Australia in 2010.<br />
<br />
The U.S.-Australia alliance under the ANZUS Treaty remains in full force. AUSMIN meetings are supplemented by consultations between the U.S. Combatant Commander, Pacific and the Australian Chief of Defense Force. There also are regular civilian and military consultations between the two governments at lower levels.<br />
<br />
ANZUS has no integrated defense structure or dedicated forces. However, in fulfillment of ANZUS obligations, Australia and the United States conduct a variety of joint activities. These include military exercises ranging from naval and landing exercises at the task-group level to battalion-level special forces training to numerous smaller-scale exercises, assigning officers to each other's armed services, and standardizing, where possible, equipment and operational doctrine. The two countries also operate joint defense facilities in Australia.<br />
<br />
Following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001, then-Prime Minister Howard and U.S. President George W. Bush jointly invoked the ANZUS Treaty for the first time on September 14, 2001. Australia was one of the earliest participants in Operation Enduring Freedom. Australian Defense Forces participated in coalition military action against Iraq in Operation Iraqi Freedom. Australian combat forces began their withdrawal from Iraq in mid-2008 and forces are to be fully removed by July 2009. Australia has approximately 1,000 troops deployed in Afghanistan and also provides significant development and capacity building assistance to the country. Based on growing defense commitments, Australia decided to increase the Australian Army from 26,000 to 30,000 over the next several years. This will enable the reestablishment of two infantry battalions, as well as enabling troops, such as a new unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) unit.<br />
<br />
The Australian Government has stated its intention to maintain its investment in future capability of the Australian Defense Force (ADF). To do so, the government has committed to a 3% annual growth in real defense funding through 2018—and 2.2% annual real growth beyond—to ensure the ADF can continue to meet capability and interoperability goals. The Australian Defense Force numbers about 54,000 active duty personnel, with planned increases to 57,000 within the next decade. The Royal Australian Navy's (RAN) front-line fleet currently includes 12 frigates, including 4 of the Adelaide class and 8 Australian-built ANZAC class. In August 2004, Australia selected the Aegis Combat Control System for its three air warfare destroyers (AWD), which will start coming into service in 2014. The F/A-18 fighter, built in Australia under license from the U.S. manufacturer, is the principal combat aircraft of the Royal Australian Air Force, backed by the U.S.-built F-111 strike aircraft. In October 2002, Australia became a Level III partner in the U.S.-led Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) program. Additionally, the Australian Government signed the JSF Production, Sustainment and Follow-on Development MOU in 2006. Australia is projected to buy up to 100 JSF aircraft with deliveries starting in 2013 and running through 2020. The F-111 strike aircraft are scheduled to exit service by 2010 and will be replaced by 24 McDonnell Douglas F/A-18F Super Hornet fighters as an interim strike capability with deliveries commencing in 2010. The Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) took delivery of the last aircraft in its buy of 4 Lockheed C-17 strategic airlift aircraft in 2008. In addition, Boeing will provide the Commonwealth of Australia's RAAF with an Airborne Early Warning and Control (AEW&C) system based on the Next-Generation 737-700 aircraft as the airborne platform. Recent U.S. sales to the Australian Army include the M1A1 AIM tank, as well as Hellfire and JAVELIN munitions. Future opportunities include CH-47 helicopter replacements, navy helicopter replacements, light and medium cargo aircraft replacements and artillery systems.<br />
<br />
In May 2009, the Australian Government released its Defense White Paper, outlining Australia’s long-term strategic outlook. In addition to buying the JSF aircraft, the White Paper proposes to double Australia’s submarine fleet to 12, replace the ANZAC class frigates, and replace the army’s armored personnel carriers.<br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
[[Image:Melbourne tram 250.jpg|thumb|220px|A Melbourne tram.]]<br />
For more see: [[Australian economy]]<br />
<br />
Since the 1980s, Australia has undertaken significant structural reform of its economy and has transformed itself from an inward-looking, highly protected, and regulated marketplace to an open, internationally competitive, export-oriented economy. Key economic reforms included unilaterally reducing high tariffs and other protective barriers to free trade, floating the Australian dollar, deregulating the financial services sector, including liberalizing access for foreign banks, increasing flexibility in the labor market, reducing duplication and increasing efficiency between the federal and state branches of government, privatizing many government-owned monopolies, and reforming the taxation system, including introducing a broad-based Goods and Services Tax (GST) and large reductions in income tax rates.<br />
[[File:Salamanca-Market-2008 Australia.jpg|left|320px]]<br />
Australia enjoys a higher standard of living than any G7 country other than the United States. Australia's economic standing in the world is a result of a commitment to best-practice macroeconomic policy settings, including the delegation of the conduct of monetary policy to the independent Reserve Bank of Australia, and a broad acceptance of prudent fiscal policy where the government aims for fiscal balance over the economic cycle. Largely due to the fall in revenue as a result of the global economic downturn, net government debt is projected to reach about A$188 billion (U.S. $150.4 billion) in four years. The previous government, drawing from budget surpluses, created the “Future Fund” to provide for future liabilities resulting from the retirement of civil servants. The Government of Australia is predicting negative 0.5% growth in the 2009-2010 fiscal year; the International Monetary Fund (IMF) predicted growth to be negative 1.4% for 2009.<br />
<br />
Over 2008, unemployment has risen to around 5.5% from 4.2%, and the labor market participation has remained at around 65%. Both the federal and state governments have recognized the need to invest heavily in water, transport, ports, telecommunications, and education infrastructure to expand Australia's supply capacity. The largest river system in Australia, the Murray-Darling, and related coastal lakes and wetlands in South Australia are critically threatened and the government has developed a plan to improve irrigation infrastructure and efficiency and buy back unused water allocations along the river.<br />
*GDP (2009-2010 estimate): A$1.17 trillion (U.S. $893.6 billion). <br />
*Inflation rate (year to March 2009): 2.5% per annum.<br />
*Reserve Bank official interest rate (May 2009): 3.00%.<br />
*Trade: Exports ($178.9 billion, 2008 estimate)--coal, iron ore, gold, meat, wool, alumina, wheat, machinery and transport equipment. Major markets—Japan, China, South Korea, U.S. ($10.7 billion), and New Zealand. Imports ($187.2 billion, 2008 estimate)--machinery and transport equipment, computers and office machines, telecommunication equipment and parts; crude oil and petroleum products. Major suppliers—China, United States ($23.96 billion), Japan, Singapore, and Germany.<br />
*Exchange rate (May 2011): U.S. $1.05 = A$1<br />
<br />
====Energy====<br />
[[File:Energy 500kv-power-lines Australia.jpg|right|400px]]<br />
Australia is rich in natural resources with significant petroleum, natural gas and coal reserves. Australia’s energy consumption is dominated by coal, which fuels most of the country’s power generation. Petroleum accounts for a large share of energy consumption, but due to declining output, Australia is facing a growing dependence on petroleum imports. Over the past two decades, Australia has steadily consumed increasing amounts of natural gas, which is likely to continue over the medium term.<ref>See Energy Information Administration, "Australia" (2009) [http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Australia/Background.html online]</ref> <br />
<br />
Australia is one of the four countries (along with Norway, Canada and Mexico) belonging to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) that is a significant net energy exporter. Australia is the world’s largest coal exporter and is the fifth largest exporter of liquefied natural gas (LNG). Australia’s prospects for expanding energy exports in the future are promising as Asian demand for both coal and LNG rises. However, Australia can expect increasing export competition from China (coal) and Indonesia (coal and LNG). <br />
<br />
In July 2005, the Australian government formed the Australian Energy Regulator (AER). The AER is responsible for economic regulation in Australian energy markets. In addition, the AER promotes investment in the energy sector to ensure supply security, while monitoring prices faced by end users. In 2006, Australia’s 13 government bodies transferred energy regulation responsibility to the AER. The AER is seeking $23 billion in infrastructure investments over the next 15 years.<br />
<br />
====Comparing Australian and U.S. Economic and Health statistics====<br />
Whilst the Australian society is similar in many aspects to those of the U.S., a comparison of key economic (in $U.S.) and health indicators highlights some interesting fundamental differences:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !!Australia!!U.S.<br />
|-<br />
| '''GDP Per Capita''' <br />
| $32,900.00<br />
| $43,500.00<br />
|-<br />
| '''Budget Deficit/Surplus'''<br />Per capita<br />
| $444.00 surplus.<br /><small>Australia has had budget surpluses every year since 2001</small><br />
| $841.00 deficit<br />
|-<br />
| '''Public Debt'''<br />
| 14.1% of GDP<br />
| 64.7% of GDP<br />
|-<br />
| '''Military Expenditure'''<br />
| 2.5% of GDP<br />
| 4.06% of GDP<br />
|-<br />
| '''Life Expectancy at Birth'''<br />(combined male and female)<br />
| 80.5 years<br />
| 77.85 years<br />
|-<br />
| '''Infant Mortality Rates'''<br />deaths/1,000 live births<br />
| 4.63<br />
| 6.43<br />
|-<br />
| '''HIV/AIDS Prevalence Rates'''<br />
| 0.1% of population<br />
| 0.6% of population<br />
|}<br />
Australia has a universal health scheme and significant subsidies on most prescription medications.<br />
<br />
== History==<br />
''See main article [[History of Australia]]''<br />
<br />
Australia was uninhabited until stone-culture peoples arrived, perhaps by boat across the waters separating the island from the Indonesia archipelago more than 40,000 years ago. Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, and English explorers observed the island before 1770, when Captain Cook explored the east coast and claimed it for Great Britain. <br />
[[File:Aboriginal art Australia.jpg|thumb|300px|Aboriginal art.]]<br />
On January 26, 1788 (now celebrated as Australia Day), the so-called '''First Fleet''' landed at Sydney and the Colony of New South Wales was established. Many, but by no means all, of the first settlers were convicts, some condemned for offenses that today would often be thought trivial. From the mid-19th century convict transportation to Australia significantly declined; the last ship to arrive was in 1868. Many officers of the Royal Navy received grants and established large farms and ranches. Ranchers who used government lands for their herds of sheep were informally called "squatters"; despite the term, most were wealthy. The discovery of gold in 1851 led to increased immigration, wealth, and trade. A third of the new arrivals were Irish Catholics, and there emerged a political and cultural tension between them and the Protestant British.<br />
<br />
The six colonies that became the states of the Australian Commonwealth were established in the following order: New South Wales, 1788; Tasmania, 1825; Western Australia, 1829; South Australia, 1836; Victoria, 1851; and Queensland, 1859. Settlement preceded these dates in most cases. <br />
<br />
Negotiations between Australians and the government in London led Parliament to create the '''Commonwealth of Australia''' in 1900, effective January 1, 1901. <br />
<br />
Australia came of age in World War I, when it supported the British war effort, and imprisoned German citizens living there. The great defeat at Gallipoli focused Australia's heroes self-image.<br />
[[File:UNMCK Australia.jpg|left|280px]]<br />
In May 1927, the seat of government was transferred to Canberra, a planned city designed by American Walter Burley Griffin. Australia passed the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act on October 9, 1942 (with effect as of September 3, 1939), which officially established Australia's complete autonomy in both internal and external affairs and formalized a situation that had existed for years.<ref>The Australia Act (effective March 3, 1986) eliminated almost all remaining vestiges of British legal authority, including the ability to appeal to the British Privy Council.</ref> <br />
<br />
In World War II Australia again rallied to the British cause, but were left practically undefended when at fall of Singapore in 1942 the Japanese captured much of the Australian army. The rest of the army was rushed back from the Middle East to defend against a possible Japanese invasion. Britain was no help, so Australia turned, permanently, to the United States for its defense. <br />
<br />
In practice the monarch is only symbolic—a symbol especially of ties to the [[British Empire]] that the Irish and new immigrants are unwilling to continue. In 1998,republicans were given a free hand to choose the form of republic they wanted. This was put to a referendum in 1999, and enjoyed strong support among the politicians and in the mainstream media. But a campaign led by a group, [http://www.norepublic.com.au Australians for Constitutional Monarchy ] resulted in the defeat of the referendum in all states and 72% of electorates. Republicans remain unable to agree on how to replace the present system—whether with a powerful elected president responsible directly to the people, or with a weak president chosen by the government (as in Germany), the model which was rejected in 1999 because of distrust of politicians.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Australian dollar]]<br />
* [[Currency#Australia|Currency: Australia]]<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
<br />
===References===<br />
* Bambrick, Susan ed. ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Australia'' (1994) <br />
* Davison, Graeme, John Hirst, and Stuart Macintyre, eds. ''The Oxford Companion to Australian History'' (2001) online at many academic libraries; also [http://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Companion-Australian-History/dp/019551503X/ref=sr_1_6?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209696680&sr=8-6 excerpt and text search]<br />
* O'Shane, Pat et al. ''Australia: The Complete Encyclopedia'' (2001)<br />
* Shaw, John, ed. ''Collins Australian Encyclopedia'' (1984)<br />
* Serle. Percival, ed. ''Dictionary of Australian Biography'' (1949) [http://gutenberg.net.au/dictbiog/00-dict-biogIndex.html online edition]<br />
[[File:Aussie1.jpg|thumb|280px]]<br />
===Guides===<br />
* ''Australia For Dummies'' by Marc Llewellyn and Lee Mylne. (2008) [http://www.amazon.com/Australia-Dummies-Travel-Marc-Llewellyn/dp/0470178345/ref=sr_1_8?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1254126338&sr=1-8 excerpt and text search]<br />
* '' Central Australia: Adelaide to Darwin'' by Charles Rawlings-Way and Meg Worby (2009) [http://www.amazon.com/Central-Australia-Adelaide-Darwin-Regional/dp/1741046637/ref=sr_1_17?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1254126389&sr=1-17 excerpt and text search]<br />
* ''Frommer's Australia 2009'' by Lee Mylne et al. (2008) [http://www.amazon.com/Frommers-Australia-2009-Complete/dp/0470345446/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1254126132&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]<br />
* ''Moon Living Abroad in Australia'' by James M. Lane (2008) [http://www.amazon.com/Moon-Living-Abroad-Australia-James/dp/1598801392/ref=sr_1_24?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1254126389&sr=1-24 excerpt and text search]<br />
* ''The Rough Guide to Australia'' by Margo Daly et al. (2009) [http://www.amazon.com/Rough-Guide-Australia-Travel-Guides/dp/1848360738/ref=sr_1_13?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1254126389&sr=1-13 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Vaisutis, Justine et al. ''Lonely Planet Sydney & New South Wales'' (2009) [http://www.amazon.com/Australia-Country-Guide-Justine-Vaisutis/dp/174179160X/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1254126132&sr=1-4 excerpt and text search]<br />
<br />
===Economics and business===<br />
* Kelly, Paul. ''The End of Certainty: Power, Politics and Business in Australia,'' (1994) <br />
* McLean, Ian W. "Consumer Prices and Expenditure Patterns in Australia 1850-1914." ''Australian Economic History Review''(1999) 39(1): 1-28; includes a consumer price index (CPI) for the period 1850 to 1914. Issn: 0004-8992 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]<br />
* Moran, Anthony. ''Australia: Nation, Belonging, and Globalization'' Routledge, 2004 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108858937 online edition]<br />
*Robinson GM, Loughran RJ, and Tranter PJ. ''Australia and New Zealand: economy, society and environment''.(2000)<br />
<br />
===Environment and Geography===<br />
* Appleton, Richard, and Barbara Appleton. ''The Cambridge Dictionary of Australian Places'' (1993) <br />
* Dovers, Stephen. ''Australian Environmental History: Essays & Cases'' (1995) [http://www.amazon.com/Australian-Environmental-History-Essays-Cases/dp/0195534824/ref=sr_1_8/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193540375&sr=1-8 excerpt and text search] <br />
* Garden, Don. ''Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific: An Environmental Hisory.'' ABC-CLIO, 2005. 398 pp. <br />
* Hutton, Drew, and Libby Connors. ''History of the Australian Environment Movement'' (1999) [http://www.amazon.com/History-Australian-Environment-Movement-Hutton/dp/052145686X/ref=sr_1_4/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193540375&sr=1-4 excerpt and text search] <br />
* Lines, William. ''Taming the Great South Land: A History of the Conquest of Nature in Australia'' (1992)<br />
*Powell JM . ''An Historical Geography of Modern Australia: The Restive Fringe''. (1988)<br />
*Robinson GM, Loughran RJ, and Tranter PJ. ''Australia and New Zealand: economy, society and environment''.(2000) <br />
<br />
===History===<br />
see [[History of Australia]] for more detaile guide<br />
* Atkinson, Alan. ''The Europeans in Australia: A History. Vol. 2: Democracy.'' (2005). 440 pp. <br />
* Barker, Anthony. ''What Happened When: A Chronology of Australia from 1788.'' Allen & Unwin. 2000. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108433410 online edition]<br />
* Basset, Jan. ''The Oxford Illustrated Dictionary of Australian History'' (1998) <br />
* Bolton, Geoffrey. ''The Oxford History of Australia: Volume 5: 1942-1995. The Middle Way'' (2005)<br />
* Clarke, Frank G. ''The History of Australia'' (2002). [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101344125 online edition]<br />
* Davison, Graeme, John Hirst, and Stuart Macintyre, eds. ''The Oxford Companion to Australian History'' (2001) online at many academic libraries; also [http://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Companion-Australian-History/dp/019551503X/ref=sr_1_6?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209696680&sr=8-6 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Day, David. ''Claiming a Continent: A New History of Australia'' (2001); <br />
* Edwards, John. ''Curtin's Gift: Reinterpreting Australia's Greatest Prime Minister,'' (2005) [http://www.questia.com/read/108661368 online edition]<br />
* Hughes, Robert. ''The Fatal Shore: The Epic of Australia’s Founding'' (1988). [http://www.amazon.com/Fatal-Shore-Robert-Hughes/dp/0099448548/ref=pd_bbs_3/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193540375&sr=1-3 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Kemp, Rod, and Marion Stanton, eds. ''Speaking for Australia: Parliamentary Speeches That Shaped Our Nation'' Allen & Unwin, 2004 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=110168653 online edition]<br />
* Kingston, Beverley. ''The Oxford History of Australia: Volume 3: 1860-1900 Glad, Confident Morning'' (1993) <br />
* Kociumbas, Jan. ''The Oxford History of Australia: Volume 2: 1770-1860 Possessions'' (1995) <br />
* Macintyre, Stuart. ''The Oxford History of Australia: Volume 4: 1901-42, the Succeeding Age'' (1993) <br />
* Macintyre, Stuart. ''A Concise History of Australia'' (2nd. ed. 2009) [http://www.amazon.com/Concise-History-Australia-Cambridge-Histories/dp/0521735939/ref=sr_1_14?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1254126389&sr=1-14 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Martin, A. W. ''Robert Menzies: A Life'' (2 vol 1993-99), online at ACLS e-books <br />
* Megalogenis, George. ''The Longest Decade'' (2nd ed. 2009), politics 1990-2008<br />
* Schreuder, Deryck, and Stuart Ward, eds. ''Australia's Empire'' (Oxford History of the British Empire Companion Series) (2008) [http://www.amazon.com/Australias-Empire-History-British-Companion/dp/0199273731/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1226788019&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Serle. Percival, ed. ''Dictionary of Australian Biography'' (1949)[http://gutenberg.net.au/dictbiog/00-dict-biogIndex.html online edition]<br />
* Taylor, Peter. ''The Atlas of Australian History'' (1991)<br />
* Welsh, Frank. ;;Australia: A New History of the Great Southern Land'' (2008)<br />
<br />
===International Relations and Military===<br />
* Bridge, Carl ed., ''Munich to Vietnam: Australia's Relations with Britain and the United States since the 1930s,'' Melbourne University Press 1991<br />
* Dennis, Peter, Jeffrey Grey, Ewan Morris, and Robin Prior. ''The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History.'' (1996) <br />
* Firth, Stewart. ''Australia in International Politics: An Introduction to Australian Foreign Policy'' (2005) [http://www.questia.com/read/108662470 online edition] <br />
* Grant, Ian. ''A Dictionary of Australian Military History - from Colonial Times to the Gulf War'' (1992) <br />
* Lee, David. ''Search for Security: The Political Economy of Australia's Postwar Foreign and Defence Policy'' (1995)<br />
* McLean, David. "From British Colony to American Satellite? Australia and the USA during the Cold War," ''Australian Journal of Politics & History" (2006) 52 (1), 64–79. Rejects satellite model. [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8497.2006.00408a.x online at Blackwell-Synergy]<br />
* McLean, David. "Australia in the Cold War: a Historiographical Review." ''International History Review'' (2001) 23(2): 299-321. Issn: 0707-5332 <br />
* Murphy, John. ''Harvest of Fear: A History of Australia's Vietnam War'' (1993)<br />
* Watt, Alan. ''The Evolution of Australian Foreign Policy 1938–1965,'' Cambridge University Press, 1967<br />
<br />
===Culture and society===<br />
* Bebbington, Warren. ''A Dictionary of Australian Music'' (1999) <br />
* Bennett, Bruce et al. ''The Oxford Literary History of Australia'' (1999) <br />
* Bennett, Tony, and David Carter. ''Culture in Australia: Policies, Publics and Programs'' (2001) [http://www.amazon.com/Culture-Australia-Reshaping-Australian-Institutions/dp/0521004039/ref=sr_1_47/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193533775&sr=8-47 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Breward, Ian. ''A History of the Churches in Australasia.'' (2002). 474 pp. <br />
* Carey, Hilary. ''Believing in Australia: A Cultural History of Religions'' (1996)<br />
* Horton, David. ''The Encyclopedia of Aboriginal Australia: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander History, Society and Culture'' (2001) <br />
* Huggan Graham. ''Postcolonialism, Racism, Transnationalism'' (Oxford Studies in Postcolonial Literatures) (2007) [http://www.amazon.com/Australian-Literature-Postcolonialism-Transnationalism-Postcolonial/dp/0199274622/ref=sr_1_10?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209696680&sr=8-10 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Jupp, James, ed. ''The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, its People and their Origins'' (2nd ed. 2002) 960pp [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0521807891/ref=sib_dp_pt/103-4827826-5463040#reader-link excerpt and text search]<br />
* Jupp, James. ''The English in Australia'' (2004) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0521542952/ref=sib_dp_pt/103-4827826-5463040#reader-link excerpt and text search] <br />
* Kleinert, Sylvia. and Margo Neale. ''The Oxford Companion to Aboriginal Art and Culture'' (2001) <br />
* Leitner, Gerhard. ''Australia's Many Voices: Australian English--the National Language'' (2004) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/3110181940/ref=sib_dp_pt/103-4827826-5463040#reader-link excerpt and text search]<br />
* Love, J.W. ed. ''Australia and the Pacific Islands'' (Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume 9) (1998) [http://www.amazon.com/Australia-Pacific-Islands-Garland-Encyclopedia/dp/0824060385/ref=sr_1_14/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193533487&sr=8-14 excerpt and text search]<br />
* McAllister, Ian, Steve Dowrick, Riaz Hassan; ''The Cambridge Handbook of the Social Sciences in Australia'' Cambridge University Press, 2003 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108131347 online edition]<br />
* McCulloch, Alan. ''Encyclopedia of Australian Art'' 2 vol (1984) <br />
* McDonald, John. ''Federation: Australian Art and Society, 1901-2001. Natl. Gallery of Australia, 2002. 264 pp. <br />
* Moran, Albert. ''Historical Dictionary of Australian Radio and Television'' (2007) <br />
* Nile, Richard. ''The Making of the Australian Literary Imagination.'' (2002). 315 pp. <br />
* Rickard, John, ''Australia: A Cultural History'' (1988)<br />
* Webby, Elizabeth. ''The Cambridge Companion to Australian Literature'' (2000) [http://www.amazon.com/Cambridge-Companion-Australian-Literature-Companions/dp/0521658438/ref=sr_1_7?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209696680&sr=8-7 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Wilde, William H. et al eds. ''The Oxford Companion to Australian Literature'' (1995) online at [[OUP]] [http://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Companion-Australian-Literature/dp/019553381X/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209696680&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]<br />
* ''The Oxford Literary History of Australia.'' <br />
* Samuels, Selina, ed. ''Australian Writers, 1915-50.'' (2002). 510 pp.<br />
* Sayers, Andrew. ''Australian Art'' (2001) [http://www.amazon.com/Australian-Art-Oxford-History/dp/0192842145/ref=sr_1_7/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193540375&sr=1-7 excerpt and text search] <br />
* Webby, Elizabeth, ed. ''The Cambridge Companion to Australian Literature'' (2006)<br />
* Wannan, Bill. ''A Dictionary of Australian Folklore: Lore, Legends, Myths and Traditions'' (1988)<br />
<br />
==Primary sources==<br />
* [http://samizdat.stores.yahoo.net/auslitandhis.html Australia: Literature and History 136 e-books]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.fed.gov.au Australian Government portal]<br />
* [http://www.aph.gov.au Australian Parliament House (Reps & Senate) portal]<br />
* [http://www.gg.gov.au Governor-General of Australia]<br />
* [http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/oceania.htm Australia and Oceania]<br />
* [http://www.norepublic.com.au Australians for Constitutional Monarchy]<br />
* [http://www.crownedrepublic.com.au The Crowned Republic]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}<br />
<br />
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!colspan=2 style="width: 100%; text-align: center; background-color: #000088; color: white; "|'''Copyright Details'''<br />
|-<br />
!style="background-color: #000088; color:white;"|License:<br />
|style=" background-color: none;"| <small>Some of the text for this article is in the [[Public Domain]] in the United States because it is a work of the United States Federal Government under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the U.S. Code</small><br />
|-<br />
!style=" background-color: #000088; color:white;"|Source:<br />
|style="background-color: none;border-top: 2px solid black"| <small>File available from the {{{1|[[United States Federal Government]] [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2698.htm]</small>}}}. <br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Oceanian Countries]]<br />
[[Category:Continents]]<br />
[[Category:Australia]]<br />
[[Category:Christian-Majority Countries]]<br />
[[Category:British Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Bibliographies]]</div>TampaBayConservativehttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Australia&diff=1461057Australia2018-10-19T02:38:44Z<p>TampaBayConservative: Added information</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Country<br />
|name =''Commonwealth of Australia''<br />
|map =Australia rel 1999.jpg<br />
|map2 =Australia location.png<br />
|flag =Flag of Australia.png<br />
|arms =Australia coat-of-arms.jpg<br />
|capital =Canberra<br />
|capital-raw =<br />
|government =Constitutional monarchy<br />
|government-raw =<br />
|language =English <br />
|king =<br />
|queen =Elizabeth II <br />
|monarch-raw =<br />
|president =<br />
|president-raw =<br />
|chancellor =<br />
|chancellor-raw =<br />
|pm =Scott Morrison<br />
|pm-raw =<br />
|area =2,988,888 sq mi<br />
|pop =25.04 million<br />
|pop-basis =2018<br />
|gdp =A$1.17 trillion <br />
|gdp-year =2009<br />
|gdp-pc =A$36,000 <br />
|currency =Australian dollar <br />
|idd =<br />
|tld =<br />
}}<br />
The [[Commonwealth]] of '''Australia''' is an largely {{Liberal]] nation that occupies the continent of Australia, with its west coast on the [[Indian Ocean]], east coast on the [[Pacific Ocean]] facing [[New Zealand]], southern coast on the [[Southern Ocean]] facing [[Antarctica]], and northern coast facing [[Indonesia]] and [[Papua New Guinea]]. Australia is considered geographically as part of [[Oceania]], but has been establishing its place politically and commercially in [[Southeast Asia]]. <br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
[[File:Sydney harbour bridge.jpg|thumb|370px|Sydney Harbour Bridge.]]<br />
Australia is the only country to occupy an entire continent,<ref>This refers just to the Australian mainland. Some authorities now include [[Papua New Guinea]], [[New Zealand]], and various other [[Pacific Ocean]] islands in the continent of "Oceania". See [http://worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/au.htm WorldAtlas.com].</ref> the smallest of the planet's seven continents.<ref>Some people count six, combining North and South America or Europe and Asia. See [http://worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/contnent.htm WorldAtlas.com].</ref><br />
It is 2,400 miles, (3,860&nbsp;km) from east to west and 2,000 miles (3,220&nbsp;km) from north to south, and covers an area of 2,967,877 sq miles (7,686,810&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>). The Australian coastline is 22,812 miles long (36,735 kilometers), roughly the size as the mainland 48 states of the USA. <br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
====The States and Territories of Australia====<br />
[[File:State Library of Victoria Australia.jpg|thumb|220px|Melbourne, State Library of Victoria.]]<br />
Australia has six states and two internal territories. The states are: <br />
* [[New South Wales]]<br />
* [[Victoria]]<br />
* [[Queensland]]<br />
* [[Western Australia]]<br />
* [[South Australia]]<br />
* [[Tasmania]]<br />
The internal territories are:<br />
* The [[Northern Territory]] (responsible government since 1978)<br />
* [[Australian Capital Territory]] (responsible government since 1988) which is the location of Australia's capital city, [[Canberra]].<br />
The external territories are:<br />
* [[Christmas Island]]<br />
* [[Norfolk Island]]<br />
* [[Australian Antarctic Territory]]<br />
* [[Coral Sea Islands]]<br />
* [[Ashmore and Cartier Islands]]<br />
* [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]]<br />
* [[Heard Island and McDonald Islands]]<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
====Low density====<br />
80% of Australia's population live on the coast line. It is one of the world's most sparsely populated countries (2.7 people per square kilometre).<ref>[http://www.abs.gov.au ABS]</ref> <br />
<br />
====Weather====<br />
Weather extremes are common in Australia with temperatures sometimes measured into the high 40s Celsius (45 degrees Celsius = 113 degrees Fahrenheit). The city of Darwin was heavily damaged by Cyclone Tracy on Dec. 25, 1974, killing 66 people, and destroying 80% of the buildings. Darwin's utilities were knocked out and 35,000 people were evacuated. <br />
<br />
Bush fires often ravage the southern states - one of the worst occurring on Ash Wednesday in 1983 when over 2,000 homes were destroyed and over 70 people lost their lives in Victoria and South Australia. In 2009 severe fires hit much of Victoria, worsened by hot dry winds and a severe drought. Worst of all, these disasters are frequently sensationalized by the [[Liberal Media]] to promote their lie of [[Climate Change]].<br />
<br />
Water is somewhat scarce and some cities have some form of water restrictions in place.<br />
<br />
====Flora and fauna====<br />
Australia is noted for its unique biodiversity. Many animals are found only in Australia, the most well known examples are the group of marsupials ([[kangaroo]]s, [[wombat]]s, [[wallaby|wallabies]] and [[koala]]s), and the only two [[monotremes]], the [[platypus]] and the [[echidna]]. Examples of plants that are native to Australia are the [[banksia]], [[yellow wattle]] and [[gum tree]]. <br />
<br />
Current evolutionary studies indicate that Australia's unique wildlife is the result of Australia becoming an island, being cut off from the Asian land bridge between 40,000 and 250,000 years ago on the [[Uniformitarianism (science)|uniformitarian timescale]]. Contrary to that, young earth creation scientists assert that the entire subset animals that are all the Earth's species of kangaroos, wallabies and orher similar creatures travelled together to Australia following the Great Flood. It is not known whether they communicated the idea amongst themselves or all went the same way by chance.<br />
<br />
==People==<br />
===Demographics===<br />
[[File:Australian fishing family.jpg|right|270px]]<br />
Although Australia has scarcely more than three people per square kilometer, it is one of the world's most urbanized countries. Less than 2.5% of the population lives in remote or very remote areas.<br />
*Population (2017 est.): 24.7 million.<ref>http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0 Australian Bureau of Statistics</ref><br />
*Annual population growth rate: 1.7%.<br />
*Ethnic groups: European 92%, Asian 6%, Aboriginal 2%.<br />
*Religions (2006): Catholic 26%, Anglican 19%, other Christian 19%, other non-Christian 1%, Buddhist 2.1%, Islam 1.7%, no religion 19%, and not stated 12%.<br />
*Languages: English.<br />
*Education: Years compulsory—to age 16 in all states and territories except New South Wales and the Northern Territory where it is 15, and Western Australia where it is 17. Literacy—over 99%.<br />
*Health: Infant mortality rate—4.7/1,000. Life expectancy—males 78 yrs., females 83 yrs. <br />
*Work force (10.8 million): Agriculture—3.3%; mining—1.5%; manufacturing—9.8%; retail trade—11.3%; public administration, defense, and safety—6%; construction—9.2%<br />
<br />
===Aborigines and Torres Straits Islanders===<br />
Australia's indigenous inhabitants are a hunting-gathering people collectively referred to today as Aborigines and Torres Straits Islanders (ATSI). Although evolutionary theorists purport that native Australians arrived more than 40,000 years ago, this view rejects the Biblical account of Noah as historic and is based on the old-earth paradigm. Aborigines arrived in Australia some time after the events at the Tower of Babel in Genesis 11. Although their technical culture remained static—depending on wood, bone, and stone tools and weapons—their spiritual and social life was highly complex. Most spoke several languages, and confederacies sometimes linked widely scattered tribal groups. Indigenous population density ranged from one person per square mile along the coasts to one person per 35 square miles in the arid interior. When Captain James Cook claimed Australia for Great Britain in 1770, the native population is estimated to have numbered between 318,000 and 750,000 in as many as 500 tribes speaking many different languages. In 2006 the indigenous population was approximately 517,200, representing about 2.5% of the population. Since the end of World War II, the government and the public have made efforts to be more responsive to aboriginal rights and needs, most recently with Prime Minister Rudd's historic apology to the indigenous people in February 2008.<br />
<br />
===Immigrants===<br />
Immigration has been vital to Australia's development since the beginning of European settlement in 1788. Originally used as a prison for [[convicts]], the discovery of gold in [[Victoria]] convinced many to come to Australia. For generations, most settlers came from the British Isles, and the people of Australia are still predominantly of British or Irish origin, with a culture and outlook similar to those of Americans. A [["White Australia" policy]] operated from 1901 to the 1960s; it encouraged immigration by Europeans and blocked almost all other immigration.<br />
<br />
The Chinese who arrived in the late 19th century to work in the gold mines left voluntarily or were expelled. Likewise, most of the "Kanakas"—Polynesians—who came to work in the sugar fields were expatriated after 1901. Many Germans settled in South Australia, but those without Australian citizenship were put in camps during World War I and most were sent back to Germany after the war.<br />
<br />
In 2017, the Australian government adopted measures to conduct extreme vetting of immigrants, particularly Muslims, to ensure that radical Islamists do not enter the country, and it reformed its [[H-1B visa]].<ref>Munro, Neil (April 20, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/04/20/australian-government-adopts-immigration-vetting-guest-worker-reforms/ Australian Gov’t Adopts ‘Extreme Vetting’ for Islamic Migrants, Reforms Foreign Worker Visas]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved April 20, 2017.</ref> In 2018, the government stated it would refuse to sign the UN global migration compact because of its negative effect on Australian [[sovereignty]].<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Remeikis, Amy (July 24, 2018). [https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/jul/25/dutton-says-australia-wont-surrender-our-sovereignty-by-signing-un-migration-deal Dutton says Australia won't 'surrender our sovereignty' by signing UN migration deal]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved July 27, 2018.<br />
*Riordan, Primrose (July 25, 2018). [https://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/peter-dutton-says-he-will-not-sign-un-agreement-on-migration-in-its-current-form/news-story/953fcb518c3ac46d69f50034f08b0faf Peter Dutton says he will not sign UN agreement on migration ‘in its current form’]. ''The Australian''. Retrieved July 27, 2018.<br />
*Kan, Janita (July 25, 2018). [https://www.theepochtimes.com/australia-will-not-sign-un-global-migration-agreement-in-its-current-form_2603283.html Australia Will Not Sign UN Global Migration Agreement ‘In Its Current Form’]. ''The Epoch Times''. Retrieved July 27, 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
====Illegal immigration====<br />
In 1999, there was a surge in illegal immigration to Australia.<ref name="Dawson">Dawson, Stephan (August 28, 2015). [https://ricochet.com/archives/how-australia-stopped-illegal-immigration/ How Australia Stopped Illegal Immigration]. ''Ricochet''. Retrieved August 18, 2016.</ref> The Liberal (the conservative party) prime minister [[John Howard]] cracked down on illegal immigration and by 2002, there was virtually no illegal immigration.<ref name="Dawson"/> In 2007, [[Kevin Rudd]] of the Labor party was elected prime minister, and because of his government's lenient immigration policy, the number of illegal immigrants skyrocketed, reaching over 20,000 people and 300 boats in the year 2013 alone.<ref name="Dawson"/> However, the government did not acknowledge that its lax policies were the reason for the growth in illegal immigration.<ref name="Dawson"/> In 2013, the Liberal Party was voted back into the government, and again instituted strict (and thus, controversial) policies again, and illegal immigration dropped to virtually zero, with only one boat arriving in 2014, and zero in 2015.<ref name="Dawson"/><br />
<br />
Australia continued enacting additional border security measures which resulted in all forms of migration falling even further by 2018.<ref>Kent, Simon (May 30, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/05/30/toughened-border-security-drives-plunge-in-australias-migration-intake/ Toughened Border Security Drives Plunge in Australia’s Migration Intake]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 30, 2018.</ref> Because of its immigration policies, Australia's migration levels reached a 10-year low in 2017.<ref>Kent, Simon (July 13, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/07/13/tougher-border-controls-crash-australias-migrant-numbers-to-10-year-low/ Tougher Border Controls Crash Australia’s Migrant Numbers to 10-Year Low]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 13, 2018.</ref> In August 2018, [[Scott Morrison]], who created the country's tough immigration policy, became prime minister.<ref>Kent, Simon (August 24, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/08/24/hardline-border-security-advocate-scott-morrison-australias-new-pm/ Hardline Border Security Advocate Scott Morrison Australia’s New PM]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved August 24, 2018.</ref><ref>Pannett, Rachel (August 24, 2018). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/scott-morrison-to-be-australias-next-prime-minister-1535080332 Australia Ousts Another Prime Minister as Ruling Party Shifts Right]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved August 24, 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
===Recent trends===<br />
[[File:Sydney.jpg|thumb|left|320px|Sydney skyline from Taronga Zoo.]]<br />
Since the end of World War II, Australia's population has more than doubled. <br />
<br />
Non British/Irish immigration has increased significantly since World War II through an extensive, planned immigration program. Since 1945 around 6.6 million migrants have settled in Australia, including 690,000 refugee and humanitarian entrants. About 80% have remained; 24%--almost one in four—of Australians are foreign-born. Britain, Ireland, Italy, Greece, New Zealand, and the former Yugoslavia were the largest sources of post-war immigration, but New Zealand is closing on Britain as the largest source country for permanent migrants to Australia.<br />
<br />
The barriers against Asians fell in the 1970s and thousands of immigrants from the Chinese diaspora resettled in Australia. Immigrants from India and the Philippines were numerous as well. <br />
<br />
====Refugees====<br />
Australia's humanitarian and refugee program of about 13,000 per year is in addition to other immigration programs. In recent years, refugees from Africa, the Middle East, and Southwest Asia have comprised the largest element in Australia's refugee program. <br />
<br />
====Religion====<br />
Australia is a [[secular]] nation, in that it has no established religion associated with the Government. <br />
(Requires mathematic correction)<br />
According to the 2006 census, 64% of citizens consider themselves to be Christian, including 26% Roman Catholic, 19% Anglican, and 19% other Christian. Buddhists constitute 2.1% of the population, Muslims 1.7%, Hindus 0.7%, Jews 0.4%, and all others professing a religion 0.5%. Of Australia's 21 million people, about 1.5 million attend weekly religious services.<ref>[http://www.ncls.org.au/default.aspx?docid=2250&track=82083 National Church Life Survey 2004]; U.S. State Department, "International Religious Freedom Report 2008" [http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108400.htm online]</ref> See also: [[Irreligion in Australia]]<br />
[[File:Ballarat Hebrew Congregation Australia.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Ballarat Hebrew Congregation.]]<br />
In 1911, during the first census, 96% identified themselves as Christian. In recent decades traditional Christian denominations have seen their total number and proportion of affiliates stagnate or decrease significantly, although from 2001 to 2006, the total number of Pentecostal and charismatic Christians increased by 12.9%. Over the past decade, increased immigration from Southeast Asia and the Middle East considerably expanded the numbers of citizens who identify themselves as Buddhists, Hindus, and Muslims, and increased the ethnic diversity of existing Christian denominations. Between 2001 and 2006, the numbers increased for Buddhists by 17% (to 418,000), Muslims by 21% (to 340,393), Jews by 6% (to 89,000), and Hindus by 55% (to 148,131). In 2006 approximately 18.7% of citizens considered themselves to have no religion, up from 17% in 2001, and 11.2% made no statement regarding religious affiliation. According to a 2002 survey, 23% of adults had participated in church or religious activities during the previous 3 months.<br />
<br />
The Australian public school system is "free, secular and compulsory" with the secular meaning without favor to any particular religion. Schools are required to offer religious instruction at the primary level, but are not allowed to discriminate between religions. The state systems of a number of states offer studies in religion at the senior level.<br />
<br />
There is a large Catholic school system in Australia with most parishes having their own primary school and many hundreds of Catholic high schools across the country. There are also a large number of independent schools founded by various religions or denominations of the Christian faith - some hold that religious background to be more important than others. All schools, state or religious, receive government funding, as funding is provided for every student that is an Australian resident. <br />
<br />
At the time of European settlement, aboriginal inhabitants followed religions that were animistic, involving belief in spirits behind the forces of nature and the influence of ancestral spirit beings. According to the 2006 census, 5,206 persons, or less than 0.03% of respondents, reported practicing aboriginal traditional religions, down from 5,244 in 2001. The 2006 census reported that almost 64% of Aborigines identify themselves as Christian and 20% listed no religion.<br />
<br />
====Culture====<br />
[[Image:Sidney opera house.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Sydney Opera House, an iconic symbol of the nation]]<br />
Much of Australia's culture is derived from European roots, but distinctive Australian features have evolved from the environment, [[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal]] culture, and the influence of Australia's neighbors. The vigor and originality of the arts in Australia—film, opera, music, painting, theater, dance, and crafts—have achieved international recognition.<br />
<br />
Australian actors and comedians such as Nicole Kidman, Rachel Griffiths, Cate Blanchett, Geoffrey Rush, Paul Hogan, Hugh Jackman, the late Heath Ledger, and Dame Edna Everage (Barry Humphries) have achieved enormous popularity in the United States. Directors such as Peter Weir, Philip Noyes, and Russell Mulcahy, the conductor Sir Charles Mackerras, and singers and musicians such as Olivia Newton-John, Men At Work, The Wiggles, AC/DC, Dame Joan Sutherland, Dame Nellie Melba, and Kylie Minogue are well known. <br />
<br />
Australian artists with international reputations include Sidney Nolan, Russell Drysdale, Pro Hart, and Arthur Boyd. Writers who have achieved world recognition include Thomas Keneally, Colleen McCullough, Nevil Shute, Morris West, Jill Ker Conway, Peter Carey, Robert Hughes, Germaine Greer, and Nobel Prize winner Patrick White.<br />
<br />
====Sports====<br />
[[File:Melbourne Cup Australia.jpg|left|200px|thumb|The [[Melbourne]] Cup.]]<br />
Australia is known as a sporting nation with success worldwide in [[swimming]], [[tennis]], [[rugby union]], [[cricket]], [[Formula One]], [[V8 Supercars]], [[netball]],and [[basketball]]. Australians are very keen at betting on horse races, with the Melbourne Cup <ref>[http://www.melbournecup.com.au Melbourne Cup]</ref> attracting up to 120,000 spectators at Flemington Race Course on the first Tuesday in November. There is a public holiday for the cup race in Melbourne, while the remainder of the country virtually pauses during the running. <br />
<br />
Unique to Australia is a game known as [[Australian rules football]] or Aussie Rules, which is played on a [[cricket]] oval in winter. Australian rules football is the sport most attended in the states of [[Victoria]], [[South Australia]] and [[Western Australia]], and most attended overall in Australia; in 2006 2.5 million people had attended at least one Aussie Rules game in the preceding 12 months.[http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/ProductsbyCatalogue/1F8FAC9C2C7B1623CA2568A900139417?OpenDocument] Australian Rules Football was written by persons educated at the [[Rugby School]] in England and [[Cambridge University]] before the organisation of uniform football codes. It is not as popular in [[New South Wales]] and [[Queensland]] although premiership teams are based in these two states and new teams from each have seen an increase in interest.<br />
<br />
The other national football code is [[rugby league]]. Rugby league football is the most attended sport in New South Wales and Queensland with its premier club competition being the [[National Rugby League]].<br />
<br />
====Tourism====<br />
[[File:Anzac Memorial Sydney Australia 2007.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Anzac Memorial, Sydney, 2007.]]<br />
Most tourists visit places such as Sydney Harbour, Uluru (Ayers Rock) in Central Australia and the Great Barrier Reef in Queensland. Other favourite destinations are the wine making areas of South Australia and northern Victoria, the Great Ocean Road in Victoria, the natural wonders of Tasmania and the huge outback expanses of Western Australia and the Northern Territory. Some cattle stations in Australia rival Texas in size and the distance between towns in some areas is enormous.<br />
<br />
====Gun control====<br />
In response to the 1996 Port Arthur massacre in which 35 people were killed (23 wounded) by a gunman, Australia introduced strict gun control laws. Due to bipartisan support the laws were quickly passed and a "gun buy-back" scheme was imposed, gun owners were forced to surrender their guns to the government in exchange for monetary compensation. As there is little to no "gun culture" in Australia, these measures were widely accepted and even welcomed. Since 1997 both the homicide rate and gun death rate in Australia have fallen dramatically. {{cn}}<br />
<br />
==Government==<br />
Australia became a federated nation on January 1, 1901 under the [[Constitution of Australia]], and all former British colonies became states. The parliament met in [[Melbourne]] until the infrastructure was built for the capital city, [[Canberra]]. <br />
<br />
Australia has a [[Parliament|parliamentary system]] of government based on the British system with a [[bicameral]] system meeting as the [[Parliament of Australia]], consisting of the [[Australian House of Representatives]] and the [[Australian Senate]]. Each state and territory also has its own parliament. <br />
<br />
The two other branches of government under the Constitution are the Executive ([[Governor-General of Australia]] taking advice from the Ministers) and the [[judicial]].<br />
<br />
Australia is a democracy which has allowed men of European descent to vote since federation, with women gaining the vote in 1902 and Aboriginal men and women gaining suffrage in 1962. Voting is compulsory for all citizens who are 18 years old and over (with a few exceptions.)<br />
<br />
Australia's Head of Government is the [[Prime Minister of Australia]]. The current Prime Minister is Malcolm Turnbull who is the leader of the Liberal Party (a right-leaning political party).<br />
<br />
The Head of State is [[Queen Elizabeth II]], the Queen of Australia (who is the same person, but a different title, as the Queen of Great Britain.) Under the Constitution, and in practice, the authority of the Head of State is vested in the [[Governor-General of Australia]], currently Quentin Bryce AC, Previously Governor of [[Queensland]], who assents to acts of parliament, is the Commander in Chief of the military forces, and appoints all Ministers of the Government; all these various powers are normally exercised on advice from the Prime Minister. <br />
<br />
The Government of Australia is exercised, day-to-day, by the Ministers through their various Departments of State.<br />
<br />
====Voting====<br />
{{main|Voting in Australia}}<br />
<br />
Australia has [[preferential voting]], and voting is compulsory for adults (18 years and over), unless they have been deemed unfit to vote, either by mental illness or conviction for serious offenses. Preferential voting encourages a multiplicity of parties and independent candidates, and counting the votes and allocating preferences can take some time where the results are close.<br />
<br />
====Terms====<br />
A Member of Parliament in the House of Representatives is elected for a maximum of three years, but the timing of elections is decided by the Governor-General on the advice of the Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aph.gov.au/senate/general/constitution/par3cha1.htm |title=Parliament of Australia: Senate: Constitution - Chapter 1 Part III |accessdate=2010-10-13}}</ref> A Member of Parliament in the Senate is typically elected for six years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aph.gov.au/senate/general/constitution/par2cha1.htm |title=Parliament of Australia: Senate: Constitution - Chapter 1 Part II |accessdate=2010-10-13}}</ref> The Prime Minister is normally a member of the House of Representatives, and the tenure is not limited by statute. Ministers may continue to serve for up to three months when not a Member or Senator, but must in that time be elected in order to continue. ([[John Gorton]] was a Senator when appointed leader of his party after the death of his predecessor. He immediately resigned from the Senate and stood for election to the House of Representatives, while remaining Prime Minister throughout.)<br />
<br />
====Parliamentary political parties====<br />
Currently, the main political parties in Australia are:<br />
* [[Australian Greens]]<br />
* [[Australian Labor Party]]<br />
* [[Family First Party]]<br />
* [[Liberal Party of Australia]]<br />
* [[National Party of Australia]]<br />
* One Nation Party<br />
[[File:Australian house of representatives.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Australian house of representatives.]]<br />
Despite the US connotation associated with the name, the Liberal Party is conservative in political stance. Robert Menzies helped found the Liberal Party in 1944 and was the Prime Minister from 1939 until 1941 and then again from 1949 until 1966.<ref>[http://www.liberals.net/liberalpartyhistory.htm History of the Liberal Party in Australia]</ref> The term "liberal" refers to the party's predominantly-[[free market|free-market]] approach to [[economics|economic management]].<br />
<br />
The party currently in power (since the 2013 Federal Election) is the Liberal National Party Coalition. The Labor Party is also in government in Queensland and South Australia and ACT. NSW, Tasmania and the Northern Territory are governed by conservatives . The Prime Minister is the Liberal, Malcolm Turnbull.<br />
<br />
Conservative Queensland politician and businesswoman, Pauline Hanson formed the One Nation party to give a conservative voice to voters that were not being effectively represented by the major parties. One Nation has held seats in both the Federal Senate and Lower House, and have been the subject of ridicule by left-leaning media commentators.<br />
<br />
Though the Labor party is "social democratic" and the Liberals are "liberal conservatives", some of the smaller parties are more left leaning or more conservative than Labor and Liberal respectively.<br />
<br />
''See also a [[list of Prime Ministers of Australia]].''<br />
<br />
The Prime Minister of Australia is the most senior elected person in the country. The role is normally filled by the parliamentary leader of the party which forms the government.<br />
<br />
===Principal Government Officials===<br />
*Governor General—Sir Peter Cosgrove<br />
*Prime Minister—Scott Morrison<br />
*Deputy Prime Minister—Michael McCormack<br />
*Treasurer—Josh Frydenberg<br />
*Foreign Minister—Marise Payne<br />
*Defense Minister—Christopher Pyne<br />
*Trade Minister—Simon Birmingham<br />
<br />
===Political Conditions===<br />
Three political parties dominate the center of the Australian political spectrum. The Liberal Party (LP), nominally representing urban business interests, and its smaller coalition partner, The Nationals, nominally representing rural interests, are the more conservative parties. The Australian Labor Party (ALP) nominally represents workers, trade unions, and left-of-center groups. While the ALP, founded by labor unions, traditionally had been moderately socialist in its policies and approaches to social issues, today it is best described as a social democratic party. All political groups are tied by tradition to welfare programs. Over the last decade, Australia has increased welfare payments to families while imposing obligations on those receiving unemployment benefits and disability pensions. There is strong bipartisan sentiment on many international issues, including Australia's commitment to its alliance with the United States.<br />
[[File:Protests in front of Parliament House Canberra Australia.jpg|left|320px]]<br />
The ALP, under the leadership of Kevin Rudd, defeated the Liberal/National coalition, led by then-Prime Minister John Howard, in the November 24, 2007 election. The ALP now holds 83 seats in the House of Representatives, against 64 for the Liberal/National coalition, and 3 independents. The composition of the Senate is 37 seats for the coalition, 32 for the ALP, five seats for the Greens, one for Family First, and one independent.<br />
<br />
The ALP won the election with a message promising "new leadership" after 11 years of the Howard government. Rudd portrayed himself as an "economic conservative," while criticizing unpopular Howard government policies on workplace relations reform, climate change, and the war on Iraq. The Rudd government ratified the Kyoto Protocol and is working with the international community on combating climate change. It is undoing some labor market reforms instituted by the Howard government, such as statutory individual contracts. The Australian government's foreign policy shows strong continuity with that of its predecessors, stressing relations with four key countries: the United States, Japan, China, and Indonesia. The Rudd government strongly supports U.S. engagement in the Asia-Pacific region and increased Australia’s troop contribution in Afghanistan. It withdrew Australia's combat troops from Iraq in 2008; it intends to end its military mission in Iraq on July 31, 2009.<br />
<br />
Australia has been an active participant in international affairs since federation in 1901, and Australian forces have fought beside the United States and other Allies in every significant conflict since World War I. On January 8, 1940, the governments of the United States and Australia announced the establishment of bilateral diplomatic relations. In 1944, Australia concluded an agreement with New Zealand dealing with the security, welfare, and advancement of the people of the independent territories of the Pacific (the ANZAC pact). After World War II, Australia played a role in the Far Eastern Commission in Japan and supported Indonesian independence during that country's revolt against the Dutch. Australia was one of the founding members of the United Nations, the South Pacific Commission, and the Colombo Plan. In addition to contributing to UN forces in Korea—it was the first country to announce it would do so after the United States—Australia sent troops to assist in putting down the 1948-1960 communist revolt in Malaya and later to combat the 1963-1965 Indonesian-supported invasion of Sarawak. The United States, Australia, and New Zealand signed the ANZUS Treaty in 1951, which remains Australia's pre-eminent formal security treaty alliance. Australia sent troops to assist South Vietnamese and U.S. forces in Vietnam, and joined coalition forces in the Persian Gulf conflict in 1991, in Afghanistan in 2001, and in Iraq in 2003.<br />
<br />
Australia has been active in the Australia-New Zealand-U.K. agreement and the Five-Power Defense Arrangements—successive arrangements with Britain and New Zealand to ensure the security of Singapore and Malaysia.<br />
<br />
One of the drafters of the UN Charter, Australia has given firm support to the United Nations and its specialized agencies. It was last a member of the Security Council in 1985-86, a member of the Economic and Social Council for 1986-89, and a member of the UN Human Rights Commission for 1994-96 and 2003-2005. Australia recently declared its intention to seek a non-permanent seat on the UN Security Council for 2013-2014. Australia takes a prominent part in many other UN activities, including peacekeeping, nonproliferation and disarmament negotiations, and narcotics control. Australia also is active in meetings of the Commonwealth Regional Heads of Government and the Pacific Islands Forum, and has been a leader in the Cairns Group—countries pressing for agricultural trade reform in World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations—and in founding the APEC forum. In 2002, Australia joined the International Criminal Court.<br />
<br />
Australia has devoted particular attention to relations between developed and developing nations, with emphasis on the ten countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the island states of the South Pacific. Australia is an active participant in the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), which promotes regional cooperation on security issues, and has been a member of the East Asia Summit since its inauguration in 2005. In September 1999, acting under a UN Security Council mandate, Australia led an international coalition to restore order in East Timor upon Indonesia's withdrawal from that territory. In 2006, Australia participated in an international peacekeeping operation in Timor-Leste (formerly East Timor). Australia led a regional mission to restore law and order in Solomon Islands in 2003 and again in 2006. Australia is part of the Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate, which also includes the United States.<br />
<br />
The government is committed to increasing official development assistance to 0.5% of gross national income by 2015-2016. Australia budgeted A$3.79 billion (U.S. $3.03 billion) for FY 2008-2009 and has budgeted A$3.82 billion (U.S. $3.05 billion) for FY 2009-2010. The Australian aid program is currently concentrated in Southeast Asia (Papua New Guinea and Indonesia are the largest recipients) and the Pacific Islands. Selected aid flows are allocated to Africa, South Asia, and reconstruction in Afghanistan and Iraq. Contributions to multilateral organizations and other expenses account for about one-third of the foreign assistance budget.<br />
<br />
===ANZUS and Defense===<br />
The Australia, New Zealand, United States (ANZUS) security treaty was concluded at San Francisco on September 1, 1951, and entered into force on April 29, 1952. The treaty bound the signatories to recognize that an armed attack in the Pacific area on any of them would endanger the peace and safety of the others. It committed them to consult in the event of a threat and, in the event of attack, to meet the common danger in accordance with their respective constitutional processes. The three nations also pledged to maintain and develop individual and collective capabilities to resist attack.<br />
[[File:Canberra Australia.jpg|thumb|300px|Canberra.]]<br />
In 1984, the nature of the ANZUS alliance changed after the Government of New Zealand refused access to its ports by nuclear-weapons-capable and nuclear-powered ships of the U.S. Navy. The United States suspended defense obligations to New Zealand, and annual bilateral meetings between the U.S. Secretary of State and the Australian Foreign Minister replaced annual meetings of the ANZUS Council of Foreign Ministers. The first bilateral meeting was held in Canberra in 1985. At the second, in San Francisco in 1986, the United States and Australia announced that the United States was suspending its treaty security obligations to New Zealand pending the restoration of port access. Since 1985, U.S. Secretaries of State and Defense and the Australian Foreign and Defense Ministers have held 20 Australia-U.S. Ministerial consultations (AUSMIN), alternating between Australia and the United States. The next AUSMIN is scheduled to take place in Australia in 2010.<br />
<br />
The U.S.-Australia alliance under the ANZUS Treaty remains in full force. AUSMIN meetings are supplemented by consultations between the U.S. Combatant Commander, Pacific and the Australian Chief of Defense Force. There also are regular civilian and military consultations between the two governments at lower levels.<br />
<br />
ANZUS has no integrated defense structure or dedicated forces. However, in fulfillment of ANZUS obligations, Australia and the United States conduct a variety of joint activities. These include military exercises ranging from naval and landing exercises at the task-group level to battalion-level special forces training to numerous smaller-scale exercises, assigning officers to each other's armed services, and standardizing, where possible, equipment and operational doctrine. The two countries also operate joint defense facilities in Australia.<br />
<br />
Following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001, then-Prime Minister Howard and U.S. President George W. Bush jointly invoked the ANZUS Treaty for the first time on September 14, 2001. Australia was one of the earliest participants in Operation Enduring Freedom. Australian Defense Forces participated in coalition military action against Iraq in Operation Iraqi Freedom. Australian combat forces began their withdrawal from Iraq in mid-2008 and forces are to be fully removed by July 2009. Australia has approximately 1,000 troops deployed in Afghanistan and also provides significant development and capacity building assistance to the country. Based on growing defense commitments, Australia decided to increase the Australian Army from 26,000 to 30,000 over the next several years. This will enable the reestablishment of two infantry battalions, as well as enabling troops, such as a new unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) unit.<br />
<br />
The Australian Government has stated its intention to maintain its investment in future capability of the Australian Defense Force (ADF). To do so, the government has committed to a 3% annual growth in real defense funding through 2018—and 2.2% annual real growth beyond—to ensure the ADF can continue to meet capability and interoperability goals. The Australian Defense Force numbers about 54,000 active duty personnel, with planned increases to 57,000 within the next decade. The Royal Australian Navy's (RAN) front-line fleet currently includes 12 frigates, including 4 of the Adelaide class and 8 Australian-built ANZAC class. In August 2004, Australia selected the Aegis Combat Control System for its three air warfare destroyers (AWD), which will start coming into service in 2014. The F/A-18 fighter, built in Australia under license from the U.S. manufacturer, is the principal combat aircraft of the Royal Australian Air Force, backed by the U.S.-built F-111 strike aircraft. In October 2002, Australia became a Level III partner in the U.S.-led Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) program. Additionally, the Australian Government signed the JSF Production, Sustainment and Follow-on Development MOU in 2006. Australia is projected to buy up to 100 JSF aircraft with deliveries starting in 2013 and running through 2020. The F-111 strike aircraft are scheduled to exit service by 2010 and will be replaced by 24 McDonnell Douglas F/A-18F Super Hornet fighters as an interim strike capability with deliveries commencing in 2010. The Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) took delivery of the last aircraft in its buy of 4 Lockheed C-17 strategic airlift aircraft in 2008. In addition, Boeing will provide the Commonwealth of Australia's RAAF with an Airborne Early Warning and Control (AEW&C) system based on the Next-Generation 737-700 aircraft as the airborne platform. Recent U.S. sales to the Australian Army include the M1A1 AIM tank, as well as Hellfire and JAVELIN munitions. Future opportunities include CH-47 helicopter replacements, navy helicopter replacements, light and medium cargo aircraft replacements and artillery systems.<br />
<br />
In May 2009, the Australian Government released its Defense White Paper, outlining Australia’s long-term strategic outlook. In addition to buying the JSF aircraft, the White Paper proposes to double Australia’s submarine fleet to 12, replace the ANZAC class frigates, and replace the army’s armored personnel carriers.<br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
[[Image:Melbourne tram 250.jpg|thumb|220px|A Melbourne tram.]]<br />
For more see: [[Australian economy]]<br />
<br />
Since the 1980s, Australia has undertaken significant structural reform of its economy and has transformed itself from an inward-looking, highly protected, and regulated marketplace to an open, internationally competitive, export-oriented economy. Key economic reforms included unilaterally reducing high tariffs and other protective barriers to free trade, floating the Australian dollar, deregulating the financial services sector, including liberalizing access for foreign banks, increasing flexibility in the labor market, reducing duplication and increasing efficiency between the federal and state branches of government, privatizing many government-owned monopolies, and reforming the taxation system, including introducing a broad-based Goods and Services Tax (GST) and large reductions in income tax rates.<br />
[[File:Salamanca-Market-2008 Australia.jpg|left|320px]]<br />
Australia enjoys a higher standard of living than any G7 country other than the United States. Australia's economic standing in the world is a result of a commitment to best-practice macroeconomic policy settings, including the delegation of the conduct of monetary policy to the independent Reserve Bank of Australia, and a broad acceptance of prudent fiscal policy where the government aims for fiscal balance over the economic cycle. Largely due to the fall in revenue as a result of the global economic downturn, net government debt is projected to reach about A$188 billion (U.S. $150.4 billion) in four years. The previous government, drawing from budget surpluses, created the “Future Fund” to provide for future liabilities resulting from the retirement of civil servants. The Government of Australia is predicting negative 0.5% growth in the 2009-2010 fiscal year; the International Monetary Fund (IMF) predicted growth to be negative 1.4% for 2009.<br />
<br />
Over 2008, unemployment has risen to around 5.5% from 4.2%, and the labor market participation has remained at around 65%. Both the federal and state governments have recognized the need to invest heavily in water, transport, ports, telecommunications, and education infrastructure to expand Australia's supply capacity. The largest river system in Australia, the Murray-Darling, and related coastal lakes and wetlands in South Australia are critically threatened and the government has developed a plan to improve irrigation infrastructure and efficiency and buy back unused water allocations along the river.<br />
*GDP (2009-2010 estimate): A$1.17 trillion (U.S. $893.6 billion). <br />
*Inflation rate (year to March 2009): 2.5% per annum.<br />
*Reserve Bank official interest rate (May 2009): 3.00%.<br />
*Trade: Exports ($178.9 billion, 2008 estimate)--coal, iron ore, gold, meat, wool, alumina, wheat, machinery and transport equipment. Major markets—Japan, China, South Korea, U.S. ($10.7 billion), and New Zealand. Imports ($187.2 billion, 2008 estimate)--machinery and transport equipment, computers and office machines, telecommunication equipment and parts; crude oil and petroleum products. Major suppliers—China, United States ($23.96 billion), Japan, Singapore, and Germany.<br />
*Exchange rate (May 2011): U.S. $1.05 = A$1<br />
<br />
====Energy====<br />
[[File:Energy 500kv-power-lines Australia.jpg|right|400px]]<br />
Australia is rich in natural resources with significant petroleum, natural gas and coal reserves. Australia’s energy consumption is dominated by coal, which fuels most of the country’s power generation. Petroleum accounts for a large share of energy consumption, but due to declining output, Australia is facing a growing dependence on petroleum imports. Over the past two decades, Australia has steadily consumed increasing amounts of natural gas, which is likely to continue over the medium term.<ref>See Energy Information Administration, "Australia" (2009) [http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Australia/Background.html online]</ref> <br />
<br />
Australia is one of the four countries (along with Norway, Canada and Mexico) belonging to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) that is a significant net energy exporter. Australia is the world’s largest coal exporter and is the fifth largest exporter of liquefied natural gas (LNG). Australia’s prospects for expanding energy exports in the future are promising as Asian demand for both coal and LNG rises. However, Australia can expect increasing export competition from China (coal) and Indonesia (coal and LNG). <br />
<br />
In July 2005, the Australian government formed the Australian Energy Regulator (AER). The AER is responsible for economic regulation in Australian energy markets. In addition, the AER promotes investment in the energy sector to ensure supply security, while monitoring prices faced by end users. In 2006, Australia’s 13 government bodies transferred energy regulation responsibility to the AER. The AER is seeking $23 billion in infrastructure investments over the next 15 years.<br />
<br />
====Comparing Australian and U.S. Economic and Health statistics====<br />
Whilst the Australian society is similar in many aspects to those of the U.S., a comparison of key economic (in $U.S.) and health indicators highlights some interesting fundamental differences:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !!Australia!!U.S.<br />
|-<br />
| '''GDP Per Capita''' <br />
| $32,900.00<br />
| $43,500.00<br />
|-<br />
| '''Budget Deficit/Surplus'''<br />Per capita<br />
| $444.00 surplus.<br /><small>Australia has had budget surpluses every year since 2001</small><br />
| $841.00 deficit<br />
|-<br />
| '''Public Debt'''<br />
| 14.1% of GDP<br />
| 64.7% of GDP<br />
|-<br />
| '''Military Expenditure'''<br />
| 2.5% of GDP<br />
| 4.06% of GDP<br />
|-<br />
| '''Life Expectancy at Birth'''<br />(combined male and female)<br />
| 80.5 years<br />
| 77.85 years<br />
|-<br />
| '''Infant Mortality Rates'''<br />deaths/1,000 live births<br />
| 4.63<br />
| 6.43<br />
|-<br />
| '''HIV/AIDS Prevalence Rates'''<br />
| 0.1% of population<br />
| 0.6% of population<br />
|}<br />
Australia has a universal health scheme and significant subsidies on most prescription medications.<br />
<br />
== History==<br />
''See main article [[History of Australia]]''<br />
<br />
Australia was uninhabited until stone-culture peoples arrived, perhaps by boat across the waters separating the island from the Indonesia archipelago more than 40,000 years ago. Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, and English explorers observed the island before 1770, when Captain Cook explored the east coast and claimed it for Great Britain. <br />
[[File:Aboriginal art Australia.jpg|thumb|300px|Aboriginal art.]]<br />
On January 26, 1788 (now celebrated as Australia Day), the so-called '''First Fleet''' landed at Sydney and the Colony of New South Wales was established. Many, but by no means all, of the first settlers were convicts, some condemned for offenses that today would often be thought trivial. From the mid-19th century convict transportation to Australia significantly declined; the last ship to arrive was in 1868. Many officers of the Royal Navy received grants and established large farms and ranches. Ranchers who used government lands for their herds of sheep were informally called "squatters"; despite the term, most were wealthy. The discovery of gold in 1851 led to increased immigration, wealth, and trade. A third of the new arrivals were Irish Catholics, and there emerged a political and cultural tension between them and the Protestant British.<br />
<br />
The six colonies that became the states of the Australian Commonwealth were established in the following order: New South Wales, 1788; Tasmania, 1825; Western Australia, 1829; South Australia, 1836; Victoria, 1851; and Queensland, 1859. Settlement preceded these dates in most cases. <br />
<br />
Negotiations between Australians and the government in London led Parliament to create the '''Commonwealth of Australia''' in 1900, effective January 1, 1901. <br />
<br />
Australia came of age in World War I, when it supported the British war effort, and imprisoned German citizens living there. The great defeat at Gallipoli focused Australia's heroes self-image.<br />
[[File:UNMCK Australia.jpg|left|280px]]<br />
In May 1927, the seat of government was transferred to Canberra, a planned city designed by American Walter Burley Griffin. Australia passed the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act on October 9, 1942 (with effect as of September 3, 1939), which officially established Australia's complete autonomy in both internal and external affairs and formalized a situation that had existed for years.<ref>The Australia Act (effective March 3, 1986) eliminated almost all remaining vestiges of British legal authority, including the ability to appeal to the British Privy Council.</ref> <br />
<br />
In World War II Australia again rallied to the British cause, but were left practically undefended when at fall of Singapore in 1942 the Japanese captured much of the Australian army. The rest of the army was rushed back from the Middle East to defend against a possible Japanese invasion. Britain was no help, so Australia turned, permanently, to the United States for its defense. <br />
<br />
In practice the monarch is only symbolic—a symbol especially of ties to the [[British Empire]] that the Irish and new immigrants are unwilling to continue. In 1998,republicans were given a free hand to choose the form of republic they wanted. This was put to a referendum in 1999, and enjoyed strong support among the politicians and in the mainstream media. But a campaign led by a group, [http://www.norepublic.com.au Australians for Constitutional Monarchy ] resulted in the defeat of the referendum in all states and 72% of electorates. Republicans remain unable to agree on how to replace the present system—whether with a powerful elected president responsible directly to the people, or with a weak president chosen by the government (as in Germany), the model which was rejected in 1999 because of distrust of politicians.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Australian dollar]]<br />
* [[Currency#Australia|Currency: Australia]]<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
<br />
===References===<br />
* Bambrick, Susan ed. ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Australia'' (1994) <br />
* Davison, Graeme, John Hirst, and Stuart Macintyre, eds. ''The Oxford Companion to Australian History'' (2001) online at many academic libraries; also [http://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Companion-Australian-History/dp/019551503X/ref=sr_1_6?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209696680&sr=8-6 excerpt and text search]<br />
* O'Shane, Pat et al. ''Australia: The Complete Encyclopedia'' (2001)<br />
* Shaw, John, ed. ''Collins Australian Encyclopedia'' (1984)<br />
* Serle. Percival, ed. ''Dictionary of Australian Biography'' (1949) [http://gutenberg.net.au/dictbiog/00-dict-biogIndex.html online edition]<br />
[[File:Aussie1.jpg|thumb|280px]]<br />
===Guides===<br />
* ''Australia For Dummies'' by Marc Llewellyn and Lee Mylne. (2008) [http://www.amazon.com/Australia-Dummies-Travel-Marc-Llewellyn/dp/0470178345/ref=sr_1_8?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1254126338&sr=1-8 excerpt and text search]<br />
* '' Central Australia: Adelaide to Darwin'' by Charles Rawlings-Way and Meg Worby (2009) [http://www.amazon.com/Central-Australia-Adelaide-Darwin-Regional/dp/1741046637/ref=sr_1_17?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1254126389&sr=1-17 excerpt and text search]<br />
* ''Frommer's Australia 2009'' by Lee Mylne et al. (2008) [http://www.amazon.com/Frommers-Australia-2009-Complete/dp/0470345446/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1254126132&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]<br />
* ''Moon Living Abroad in Australia'' by James M. Lane (2008) [http://www.amazon.com/Moon-Living-Abroad-Australia-James/dp/1598801392/ref=sr_1_24?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1254126389&sr=1-24 excerpt and text search]<br />
* ''The Rough Guide to Australia'' by Margo Daly et al. (2009) [http://www.amazon.com/Rough-Guide-Australia-Travel-Guides/dp/1848360738/ref=sr_1_13?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1254126389&sr=1-13 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Vaisutis, Justine et al. ''Lonely Planet Sydney & New South Wales'' (2009) [http://www.amazon.com/Australia-Country-Guide-Justine-Vaisutis/dp/174179160X/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1254126132&sr=1-4 excerpt and text search]<br />
<br />
===Economics and business===<br />
* Kelly, Paul. ''The End of Certainty: Power, Politics and Business in Australia,'' (1994) <br />
* McLean, Ian W. "Consumer Prices and Expenditure Patterns in Australia 1850-1914." ''Australian Economic History Review''(1999) 39(1): 1-28; includes a consumer price index (CPI) for the period 1850 to 1914. Issn: 0004-8992 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]<br />
* Moran, Anthony. ''Australia: Nation, Belonging, and Globalization'' Routledge, 2004 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108858937 online edition]<br />
*Robinson GM, Loughran RJ, and Tranter PJ. ''Australia and New Zealand: economy, society and environment''.(2000)<br />
<br />
===Environment and Geography===<br />
* Appleton, Richard, and Barbara Appleton. ''The Cambridge Dictionary of Australian Places'' (1993) <br />
* Dovers, Stephen. ''Australian Environmental History: Essays & Cases'' (1995) [http://www.amazon.com/Australian-Environmental-History-Essays-Cases/dp/0195534824/ref=sr_1_8/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193540375&sr=1-8 excerpt and text search] <br />
* Garden, Don. ''Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific: An Environmental Hisory.'' ABC-CLIO, 2005. 398 pp. <br />
* Hutton, Drew, and Libby Connors. ''History of the Australian Environment Movement'' (1999) [http://www.amazon.com/History-Australian-Environment-Movement-Hutton/dp/052145686X/ref=sr_1_4/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193540375&sr=1-4 excerpt and text search] <br />
* Lines, William. ''Taming the Great South Land: A History of the Conquest of Nature in Australia'' (1992)<br />
*Powell JM . ''An Historical Geography of Modern Australia: The Restive Fringe''. (1988)<br />
*Robinson GM, Loughran RJ, and Tranter PJ. ''Australia and New Zealand: economy, society and environment''.(2000) <br />
<br />
===History===<br />
see [[History of Australia]] for more detaile guide<br />
* Atkinson, Alan. ''The Europeans in Australia: A History. Vol. 2: Democracy.'' (2005). 440 pp. <br />
* Barker, Anthony. ''What Happened When: A Chronology of Australia from 1788.'' Allen & Unwin. 2000. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108433410 online edition]<br />
* Basset, Jan. ''The Oxford Illustrated Dictionary of Australian History'' (1998) <br />
* Bolton, Geoffrey. ''The Oxford History of Australia: Volume 5: 1942-1995. The Middle Way'' (2005)<br />
* Clarke, Frank G. ''The History of Australia'' (2002). [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101344125 online edition]<br />
* Davison, Graeme, John Hirst, and Stuart Macintyre, eds. ''The Oxford Companion to Australian History'' (2001) online at many academic libraries; also [http://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Companion-Australian-History/dp/019551503X/ref=sr_1_6?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209696680&sr=8-6 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Day, David. ''Claiming a Continent: A New History of Australia'' (2001); <br />
* Edwards, John. ''Curtin's Gift: Reinterpreting Australia's Greatest Prime Minister,'' (2005) [http://www.questia.com/read/108661368 online edition]<br />
* Hughes, Robert. ''The Fatal Shore: The Epic of Australia’s Founding'' (1988). [http://www.amazon.com/Fatal-Shore-Robert-Hughes/dp/0099448548/ref=pd_bbs_3/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193540375&sr=1-3 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Kemp, Rod, and Marion Stanton, eds. ''Speaking for Australia: Parliamentary Speeches That Shaped Our Nation'' Allen & Unwin, 2004 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=110168653 online edition]<br />
* Kingston, Beverley. ''The Oxford History of Australia: Volume 3: 1860-1900 Glad, Confident Morning'' (1993) <br />
* Kociumbas, Jan. ''The Oxford History of Australia: Volume 2: 1770-1860 Possessions'' (1995) <br />
* Macintyre, Stuart. ''The Oxford History of Australia: Volume 4: 1901-42, the Succeeding Age'' (1993) <br />
* Macintyre, Stuart. ''A Concise History of Australia'' (2nd. ed. 2009) [http://www.amazon.com/Concise-History-Australia-Cambridge-Histories/dp/0521735939/ref=sr_1_14?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1254126389&sr=1-14 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Martin, A. W. ''Robert Menzies: A Life'' (2 vol 1993-99), online at ACLS e-books <br />
* Megalogenis, George. ''The Longest Decade'' (2nd ed. 2009), politics 1990-2008<br />
* Schreuder, Deryck, and Stuart Ward, eds. ''Australia's Empire'' (Oxford History of the British Empire Companion Series) (2008) [http://www.amazon.com/Australias-Empire-History-British-Companion/dp/0199273731/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1226788019&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Serle. Percival, ed. ''Dictionary of Australian Biography'' (1949)[http://gutenberg.net.au/dictbiog/00-dict-biogIndex.html online edition]<br />
* Taylor, Peter. ''The Atlas of Australian History'' (1991)<br />
* Welsh, Frank. ;;Australia: A New History of the Great Southern Land'' (2008)<br />
<br />
===International Relations and Military===<br />
* Bridge, Carl ed., ''Munich to Vietnam: Australia's Relations with Britain and the United States since the 1930s,'' Melbourne University Press 1991<br />
* Dennis, Peter, Jeffrey Grey, Ewan Morris, and Robin Prior. ''The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History.'' (1996) <br />
* Firth, Stewart. ''Australia in International Politics: An Introduction to Australian Foreign Policy'' (2005) [http://www.questia.com/read/108662470 online edition] <br />
* Grant, Ian. ''A Dictionary of Australian Military History - from Colonial Times to the Gulf War'' (1992) <br />
* Lee, David. ''Search for Security: The Political Economy of Australia's Postwar Foreign and Defence Policy'' (1995)<br />
* McLean, David. "From British Colony to American Satellite? Australia and the USA during the Cold War," ''Australian Journal of Politics & History" (2006) 52 (1), 64–79. Rejects satellite model. [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8497.2006.00408a.x online at Blackwell-Synergy]<br />
* McLean, David. "Australia in the Cold War: a Historiographical Review." ''International History Review'' (2001) 23(2): 299-321. Issn: 0707-5332 <br />
* Murphy, John. ''Harvest of Fear: A History of Australia's Vietnam War'' (1993)<br />
* Watt, Alan. ''The Evolution of Australian Foreign Policy 1938–1965,'' Cambridge University Press, 1967<br />
<br />
===Culture and society===<br />
* Bebbington, Warren. ''A Dictionary of Australian Music'' (1999) <br />
* Bennett, Bruce et al. ''The Oxford Literary History of Australia'' (1999) <br />
* Bennett, Tony, and David Carter. ''Culture in Australia: Policies, Publics and Programs'' (2001) [http://www.amazon.com/Culture-Australia-Reshaping-Australian-Institutions/dp/0521004039/ref=sr_1_47/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193533775&sr=8-47 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Breward, Ian. ''A History of the Churches in Australasia.'' (2002). 474 pp. <br />
* Carey, Hilary. ''Believing in Australia: A Cultural History of Religions'' (1996)<br />
* Horton, David. ''The Encyclopedia of Aboriginal Australia: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander History, Society and Culture'' (2001) <br />
* Huggan Graham. ''Postcolonialism, Racism, Transnationalism'' (Oxford Studies in Postcolonial Literatures) (2007) [http://www.amazon.com/Australian-Literature-Postcolonialism-Transnationalism-Postcolonial/dp/0199274622/ref=sr_1_10?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209696680&sr=8-10 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Jupp, James, ed. ''The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, its People and their Origins'' (2nd ed. 2002) 960pp [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0521807891/ref=sib_dp_pt/103-4827826-5463040#reader-link excerpt and text search]<br />
* Jupp, James. ''The English in Australia'' (2004) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0521542952/ref=sib_dp_pt/103-4827826-5463040#reader-link excerpt and text search] <br />
* Kleinert, Sylvia. and Margo Neale. ''The Oxford Companion to Aboriginal Art and Culture'' (2001) <br />
* Leitner, Gerhard. ''Australia's Many Voices: Australian English--the National Language'' (2004) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/3110181940/ref=sib_dp_pt/103-4827826-5463040#reader-link excerpt and text search]<br />
* Love, J.W. ed. ''Australia and the Pacific Islands'' (Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume 9) (1998) [http://www.amazon.com/Australia-Pacific-Islands-Garland-Encyclopedia/dp/0824060385/ref=sr_1_14/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193533487&sr=8-14 excerpt and text search]<br />
* McAllister, Ian, Steve Dowrick, Riaz Hassan; ''The Cambridge Handbook of the Social Sciences in Australia'' Cambridge University Press, 2003 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108131347 online edition]<br />
* McCulloch, Alan. ''Encyclopedia of Australian Art'' 2 vol (1984) <br />
* McDonald, John. ''Federation: Australian Art and Society, 1901-2001. Natl. Gallery of Australia, 2002. 264 pp. <br />
* Moran, Albert. ''Historical Dictionary of Australian Radio and Television'' (2007) <br />
* Nile, Richard. ''The Making of the Australian Literary Imagination.'' (2002). 315 pp. <br />
* Rickard, John, ''Australia: A Cultural History'' (1988)<br />
* Webby, Elizabeth. ''The Cambridge Companion to Australian Literature'' (2000) [http://www.amazon.com/Cambridge-Companion-Australian-Literature-Companions/dp/0521658438/ref=sr_1_7?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209696680&sr=8-7 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Wilde, William H. et al eds. ''The Oxford Companion to Australian Literature'' (1995) online at [[OUP]] [http://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Companion-Australian-Literature/dp/019553381X/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209696680&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]<br />
* ''The Oxford Literary History of Australia.'' <br />
* Samuels, Selina, ed. ''Australian Writers, 1915-50.'' (2002). 510 pp.<br />
* Sayers, Andrew. ''Australian Art'' (2001) [http://www.amazon.com/Australian-Art-Oxford-History/dp/0192842145/ref=sr_1_7/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193540375&sr=1-7 excerpt and text search] <br />
* Webby, Elizabeth, ed. ''The Cambridge Companion to Australian Literature'' (2006)<br />
* Wannan, Bill. ''A Dictionary of Australian Folklore: Lore, Legends, Myths and Traditions'' (1988)<br />
<br />
==Primary sources==<br />
* [http://samizdat.stores.yahoo.net/auslitandhis.html Australia: Literature and History 136 e-books]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.fed.gov.au Australian Government portal]<br />
* [http://www.aph.gov.au Australian Parliament House (Reps & Senate) portal]<br />
* [http://www.gg.gov.au Governor-General of Australia]<br />
* [http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/oceania.htm Australia and Oceania]<br />
* [http://www.norepublic.com.au Australians for Constitutional Monarchy]<br />
* [http://www.crownedrepublic.com.au The Crowned Republic]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}<br />
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[[Category:Continents]]<br />
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[[Category:Bibliographies]]</div>TampaBayConservativehttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Liberal&diff=1461048Liberal2018-10-19T02:28:24Z<p>TampaBayConservative: Reworded the introduction</p>
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<div>[[File:Elizabeth Warren 2016 DNC cropped.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|[[Elizabeth Warren]]]]<br />
<br />
A '''liberal''' (alternately called a left-winger or [[leftism|leftist]]) is a selfish individual who advocates for destructive ideologies that seek to undermine America's values. These include large scale [[government control]], free [[healthcare]], support of the dangerous [[homosexual agenda]] and [[socialism]]. Liberals often support the [[censorship]] and [[denial]] of biblical [[Christianity]].<ref>http://www.worldviewweekend.com/worldview-times/article.php?articleid=2062</ref> Liberals who are a part of the [[secular left]] prefer [[atheism]]/[[agnosticism]] over the Christian [[faith]], as [[atheism]] has no objective morality to hinder their big government plans.<ref>http://www.deathandtaxesmag.com/232212/fox-contributor-claims-rolling-stone-uva-story-part-of-liberal-plot-to-romanticize-being-a-victim-of-rape/</ref> <br />
<br />
Increasingly, liberals side with the [[homosexual agenda]], including [[same-sex marriage|homosexual "marriage"]]. Liberals favor a [[welfare state]] where people receive endless entitlements without working.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/wp/2014/05/23/reform-conservatives-tackle-the-failed-liberal-welfare-state/ Reform conservatives tackle the failed liberal welfare state], [[Washington Post]]</ref> The liberal ideology has degenerated into economically unsound views and intolerant ideology. All liberals support, in knee-jerk fashion, the opposite of [[conservative]] principles, while lacking an actual ideology or values of their own.<ref>http://eaglerising.com/22901/liberal-crybabies-get-offended-by-caitlyn-jenner-costume/</ref> [[Secular left|Many of them]] cannot understand Christian language.<ref>Williams, Thomas D., Ph.D. (December 26, 2016). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2016/12/26/religiously-ignorant-liberals-mistake-new-king-at-christmas-for-donald-trump/ Religiously-Ignorant Liberals Mistake ‘New King’ at Christmas for Donald Trump]. ''Breitbart''. Retrieved December 26, 2016.</ref><br />
<br />
Polling data has consistently shown that a larger percentage of Americans identify as conservative, rather than as liberal, by a margin of 35% to 26% as on 2017; while the gap between self-identified conservatives and self-identified liberals has been narrowing in recent years,<ref>[http://news.gallup.com/poll/225074/conservative-lead-ideology-down-single-digits.aspx Conservative Lead in U.S. Ideology is Down to Single Digits]</ref> liberals and "progressives" oftentimes falsely claim that liberals outnumber conservatives.<br />
<br />
==Political positions and practices==<br />
'''Liberals support the following political positions and practices''':<ref>http://townhall.com/columnists/jonahgoldberg/2014/02/21/liberal-students-have-a-funny-definition-of-diversity-n1798157</ref><br />
<br />
* Wasting money on ineffective government programs (the significant economic problems in the [[Eurozone]] due to government debt will no doubt increasingly discredit this aspect of liberal ideology and make things more difficult for advocates of liberal economic ideologies)<br />
*Many liberals are increasingly attempting to limit free speech.<ref name="The slow death of free speech">[https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/may/20/suzanne-fields-how-the-liberal-left-is-killing-fre/ The slow death of free speech] by Suzanne Fields, ''Washington Times'', 2015</ref><ref name="washingtonexaminer.com">[http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/why-does-the-left-want-to-suppress-free-speech/article/2532270 Why does the left want to suppress free speech?] by Michael Barone, Washington Examiner, 2013</ref> <br />
<br />
*In the [[United States]], the [[Democrat Party]] and liberals have moved so far left that there are now political figures involved in Democrat politics who are sympathetic to [[Communism]]. For example, [[Anita Dunn]], an American political strategist who served as [[White House]] Communications Director from April through November 2009 in [[Obama Administration]], said that [[Mao Zedong]] was her favorite political philosopher.<ref>[https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2012/10/17/obama-debate-advisor-anita-dunn-mao/ Obama Debate Coach Named Mao as Favorite Political Philosopher] by Ben Shapiro, Bretbart News, 2012</ref> [[Bernie Sanders]], a leading candidate in the Democrat Party's 2016 presidential nomination, although he is an adherent of [[social democracy]], he also has a history of involvement with [[Marxism|Marxist]] organizations.<ref>[http://nypost.com/2016/01/16/dont-be-fooled-by-bernie-sanders-hes-a-diehard-communist/ Don’t be fooled by Bernie Sanders — he’s a diehard communist], New York Post by Paul Sperry, New York Post,January 16, 2016</ref><ref name="IS BERNIE SANDERS A COMMUNIST">[http://www.wnd.com/2016/01/is-bernie-sanders-a-communist/ IS BERNIE SANDERS A COMMUNIST?] by Joseph Farah, WND, 2016</ref><ref>[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/kenneth-d-ackerman/history-lesson-bernie-san_b_9355082.html History Lesson: Bernie Sanders is no 'Communist,' and 'Democratic Socialists' are as American as Apple Pie], Huffington Post, 2012</ref> Sanders shocked his fellow liberals by putting up a [[Soviet Union]] flag in his Senate office.<ref>[http://nypost.com/2016/01/16/dont-be-fooled-by-bernie-sanders-hes-a-diehard-communist/ Don’t be fooled by Bernie Sanders — he’s a diehard communist], New York Post by Paul Sperry, New York Post, January 16, 2016</ref> In 1998, the Congressional Progressive Caucus, which was founded by Sanders, had the song ''Red Revolution'' (a song advocating communist revolution) featured on a website that they shared with the Democratic Socialists of America.<ref name="IS BERNIE SANDERS A COMMUNIST"/> <br />
[[File:Hillary Clinton.jpg|right|200px|thumb|[[Hillary Clinton]] ]]<br />
* In 1993, Hugh E. Rodham, father of [[Hillary Clinton]], made the statement about the Democrat Party, which is a party strongly supported by liberals, “Democrats are one step short of Communism.”<ref name="constitution.com">[http://constitution.com/democrat-party-overrun-communist/ Before his death in 1993, Hugh E. Rodham, father of Hillary Clinton, made the statement, “Democrats are one step short of Communism.”], Constitution.com</ref> In 1988, the Communist Party USA (CPUSA), after decades of running their own presidential candidates, stopped running presidential candidates because the gap between Democrats and American communists had grown smaller.<ref name="youtube.com">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_pjFfE1MNFk Communists, the Democrat Party and Snopes]</ref> In 2016, the CPUSA urged people not to vote for Donald Trump even if they disliked Hillary Clinton (an indirect endorsement of Clinton).<ref name="youtube.com"/> Although there are still some very substantial differences between Communists and Democrats/liberals, the line between Communists/Democrats/liberals continues to blur in the United States.<ref name="constitution.com"/> Ironically, the leading Communist country in the world, [[Communist Party of China|Communist China]], has moved farther away from Communism and now has a mixed economy of [[capitalism]] and state owned enterprises.<ref>[China's The Most Viciously Free Market Economy On The Planet Right Now], Forbes, 2015</ref><br />
* Denial of science<ref>[http://www.postlibertarian.com/2012/09/why-do-liberals-hate-science/ Why Do Liberals Hate Science?]</ref> (especially [[creation science]])<br />
* Government's ability to solve economic problems<ref name=studentNews>[http://www.studentnewsdaily.com/conservative-vs-liberal-beliefs Conservative vs. Liberal Beliefs]</ref><br />
* [[Liberal Hypocrisy|Hypocrisy]]<ref>http://images.sodahead.com/polls/002849963/3038298682_real_verse_liberal_hypocrisy_xlarge.png</ref><br />
* The belief that Islamic terrorism is not a huge threat, and that the main reason for Islamic extremists' hostility towards America is because of bad foreign policy <ref name=studentNews /><br />
* Brainwashing voters with propaganda<br />
* [[Liberal hedonism|Hedonism]]<br />
* Taxpayer-funded and state-encouraged [[abortion]]<br />
* Rejection of Biblical standards<br />
* Naive acceptance of the [[Idea of Progress]]<br />
* [[Hate|Hatred]]<ref>[http://www.conservapedia.com/Liberal_hate_speech]</ref><br />
* [[Murder]] (through abortion, infanticide, assisted suicide, and euthanasia)<br />
* Censorship<ref>[http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/06/07/watch-what-you-say-the-new-liberal-power-elite-won-t-tolerate-dissent.html Watch What You Say, The New Liberal Power Elite Won’t Tolerate Dissent], [[The Daily Beast]]</ref><br />
* Socialism<ref>[http://famguardian.org/subjects/Politics/Articles/Liberals.htm 60 Hard Truths about "Liberals"]</ref><br />
* Unsuccessful Keynesian economics as opposed to sound free-market economics<br />
* Crying instead of accepting reality<ref>http://liberaltears.net/</ref><br />
* Cessation of teacher-led [[prayer]] in classrooms and school/state-sponsored religious events.<br />
* Ending Western morality<ref>[http://townhall.com/columnists/johnhawkins/2012/07/13/5_ways_liberalism_destroys_virtue]</ref><br />
* [[Gun control]]<br />
* Pseudo-intellectualism<ref>[http://eljam.blogspot.com/2005/09/i-hate-pseudo-intellectuals.html I hate pseudo-intellectuals]</ref><br />
* Affirmative action<ref name=studentNews /><br />
* Opposition to government regulation or restriction of obscenity, pornography and violence in video games as a [[First Amendment]] right<ref>The [[Warren Court]], led by '''liberal''' Justices [[William O. Douglas]], [[Hugo Black]], [[Abe Fortas]], [[William Brennan]] and Chief Justice [[Earl Warren]] issued 36 decisions granting [[First Amendment]] rights to obscenity and pornography. These decisions remain fully supported by liberals today.</ref><br />
* Authoritarian government<ref>[http://econlog.econlib.org/archives/2014/07/liberal_authori.html Liberal Authoritarianism]</ref><br />
* Government-funded medical care, such as [[Obamacare]]<br />
* [[Liberal Fascism|Fascist tendencies]] (see also: [[Homo-fascism]])<br />
* [[evolution and liberalism|Belief in evolution]]<br />
* Destroying the Christian foundations on which America was built. <br />
* Destroying conservative family values and replacing them with immoral [[Hollywood values]], such as abortion<br />
* Brainwashing through government-censored [[public education]]<br />
* Limiting personal freedom.<ref>[http://conservative.wikia.com/wiki/Democratic_Party Democratic Party]</ref> Liberal support for gun control is an example of this.<br />
* High progressive taxes<ref>[http://www.ijreview.com/2014/07/157256-course-lower-state-taxes-helps-growth-studys-results-prove/ This Nationwide Study Challenges Everything Liberals Have Told You About Raising Taxes]</ref> as a form of class warfare against wealthy business owners.<ref>[http://www.conservapedia.com/Progressive_taxation Progressive taxation]</ref><br />
* Placement of men and women in the same jobs in the [[military]]<br />
* Slowly eroding the U.S. through [[Progressivism]].<ref>[http://americanprogressivism.wordpress.com/ What Is Progressivism?]</ref><br />
* Legalized [[same-sex marriage|same-sex "marriage"]] and homosexual adoption<br />
* Failed [[tax and spend]] economics<br />
* Smearing<ref>http://www.truthnation.com/trumps-slogan-is-a-throwback-to-reagan-and-liberals-are-furious-make-america-great-again/</ref><br />
* Libertine sexual morality. See: [[Evolutionary belief and sexual immorality]] and [[Liberal Christianity and marital infidelity]]<br />
* Economic sector regulations<ref name=studentNews /><br />
* Denial of conservative roles in history. For example, liberals frequently claim<ref>[http://www.deism.com/washington.htm George Washington and Deism]</ref> that George Washington was a deist when he was actually a devout Episcopalian.<br />
* Spreading of [[political correctness]]<br />
* Government mass-surveillance<br />
* Non-syndicalist [[labor union]]s<br />
* Many liberals engage in [[racism]]<ref>[https://townhall.com/columnists/johnhawkins/2013/03/26/25-examples-of-liberal-racism-in-quotes-n1549044 25 Examples of Liberal Racism in Quotes]</ref> <br />
* [[Bigotry]]<br />
* [[Trump Derangement Syndrome]]<br />
* Advocating incorrect policies<ref>[https://www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2016/04/liberals-smug-condescending]</ref><br />
* Encouraging promiscuity and immorality through sexual education rather than teaching [[abstinence]] from premarital sex<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,286671,00.html Democrats Aim To Kill Abstinence-Only Program Funding], [[Fox News]], Monday, June 25, 2007</ref><br />
* A "[[living Constitution]]" that is reinterpreted as liberals prefer, rather than how it is thought to have been intended.<br />
* Government programs to [[rehabilitate criminals]]<br />
* Slander<ref>https://www.amazon.com/Slander-Liberal-About-American-Right/dp/1400049520</ref><br />
* Gender "Equality"<br />
* [[Anti-Americanism]]<br />
* Abolition of the [[death penalty]]<br />
* [[Environmentalism]]<ref>and environmental organizations, for example [[Greenpeace]]</ref><br />
* [[Globalism]], [[one-world government]], and opposition to national [[sovereignty]]<br />
* Wiping out national identity, which unites a country and makes it distinct from other countries<ref>Kraychik, Robert (July 24, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-journalism/2018/07/24/dennis-prager-leftists-dont-believe-in-national-identities/ Dennis Prager: Leftists ‘Don’t Believe in National Identities’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 26, 2018.</ref><br />
* Support for open borders with no border controls or [[border wall]]s<br />
* Support for [[amnesty]] for illegals, and for non-citizens voting in U.S. elections<ref>Murphy, James (July 27, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/immigration/item/29650-liberal-cities-want-voting-rights-for-non-citizens-even-illegal-ones Liberal Cities Want Voting Rights for Non-Citizens — Even Illegal Ones]. ''The New American''. Retrieved July 28, 2018.</ref><br />
* Unconstitutionally mandated separation of church and state.<br />
* Opposition to full private property rights.<ref>For example, the liberal wing of the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] issued the 5-4 [[Kelo v. City of New London]] decision authorizing the taking of private property by government in order to give the property to another private entity rather than convert it to a public use.</ref><br />
* Reinstatement of the [[Fairness Doctrine]]<br />
* Welfare<br />
* Opposition to domestic wire-tapping as authorized in the [[Patriot Act]]<br />
* Oppression of business rather than a laissez-faire capitalist economy <br />
* American liberals often have opposition to the U.S. Constitution and/or are often ignorant of what the U.S. Constitution states. Liberals seek to expand federal power at the expense of local government and silence the conservatives who hold them back, violating the 10th and 1st Amendments respectively.<br />
* [[Liberal Denial|Denial]] of traditional [[gender roles]]<br />
* Support of financially irresponsible policies<br />
* Encouragement of [[Global Warming|"global warming" alarmism]]<br />
* Rejection of logical<ref>[http://www.pjstar.com/article/20140711/OPINION/140719804/2011/OPINION Liberals are illogical, and good at it]</ref> standards<br />
<br />
'''Some liberals support:'''<br />
<br />
* High tolerance of government corruption as long as it is done by other liberals <ref>http://www.infowars.com/correction-liberals-not-conservatives-are-psychotic</ref><br />
* [[Tyranny]] to varying degrees. In lesser forms, a [[Nanny State]] is preferred<ref>http://www.history.com/topics/british-history/george-iii</ref><br />
* [[Elitism]]<ref>https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20130604122602AANvhvF</ref> See: [[Liberal elite]]<br />
* [[Treason]]<ref>http://crooksandliars.com/2016/07/mikes-blog-round-25</ref><br />
* [[Anti-Semitism]] (strong support for "[[Palestine]]", opposition to the state of [[Israel]], and even [[Holocaust denial]])<br />
* [[Genocide]] and [[eugenics]] in the form of [[abortion]] (see [[Abortion and eugenics]] and [[Margaret Sanger]])<br />
* Enforced celebration of homosexuality<ref>http://letterstotheeditorblog.dallasnews.com/2014/04/weve-gone-from-tolerance-of-homosexuality-to-forced-celebration-of-it.html/</ref><br />
* Pedophilia<ref>[http://www.nowtheendbegins.com/liberals-hard-pressed-make-pedophilia-legal-get-ready-sharia-law/]</ref><br />
* Bestiality as a human right<ref>[http://www.peterheck.com/libtree/liberty_tree/view/1677/liberals_repeal_ban_on_bestiality_in_the_military Liberals Repeal Ban on Bestiality in the Military]</ref> See: [[Liberalism and bestiality]]<br />
* [[Sadism]]<ref>http://catholiccitizens.org/views/66534/uses-disgust-%E2%80%A8%E2%80%A8/</ref><br />
* [[Obesity]] via the [[Fat acceptance movement]] <ref>http://www.thepoliticalinsider.com/rosie-odonnell-said-she-will-leave-america-youll-love-the-reason/</ref><br />
* Robbery and other forms of crime (see [[Gun control]])<br />
__TOC__ <!--Do not remove this. We want to keep the insights on the first screen of viewing--><br />
<br />
== Liberal intolerance ==<br />
<br />
''See also:'' [[Liberal intolerance]] and [[Liberal bigotry]]<br />
<br />
Many modern liberals have a tendency of to be intolerant of ideas that contradict [[liberalism|liberal ideology]] which increasingly includes many strange notions<ref>Byas, Steve (August 8, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/politics/item/29740-the-growing-intolerance-of-the-left The Growing Intolerance of the Left]. ''The New American''. Retrieved August 8, 2018.</ref> (see: [[Liberal intolerance]]). For example, radical [[feminism|feminists]] commonly claim that one is not born a man or woman, but one becomes a man or woman through [[gender]] socialization.<ref>[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-gender/#GenSocCon - Feminist Perspectives on Sex and Gender - Gender socialization], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</ref><br />
[[Image:Coulter2006.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Anne Coulter]] on the ''Tonight Show with Jay Leno''. Leftists prevented Anne Coulter from speaking at [[University of California, Berkeley]] through threats of violence.<ref name="foxnews.com">[http://www.foxnews.com/us/2017/04/26/ann-coulter-cancels-berkeley-event-amid-protests.html Ann Coulter cancels Berkeley event amid protests, says decision 'a dark day for free speech in America'], Fox News, 2017</ref> ]]<br />
A Pew Research study found that “consistent liberals” were most likely to block others on [[social media]] for disagreeing with them politically.<ref>[https://hotair.com/archives/2014/10/21/pew-survey-consistent-liberals-most-likely-to-block-others-on-social-media-for-disagreeing-with-them-politically/ Pew survey: “Consistent liberals” most likely to block others on social media for disagreeing with them politically]</ref><br />
<br />
=== Liberal intolerance and violence ===<br />
{{See also|Left-wing violence in the Trump era}}<br />
As noted above, may liberals are increasingly attempting to limit free speech.<ref name="The slow death of free speech"/><ref name="washingtonexaminer.com"/> For example, there have been several intolerant, liberal mobs which have shut down conservative speakers at college campuses (in 2017, there were two cases in the United States where violence or threats of violence were used to shut down free speech at college campuses).<ref name="foxnews.com"/><ref>[http://www.mediaite.com/online/left-wing-hooliganism-wins-again-over-free-speech/ Intolerant Far-Left Mob Wins Again Over Free Speech, This Time at Berkeley], Mediaite, 2017</ref><ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2017/04/24/opinions/ann-coulter-berkeley-free-speech-randazza-opinion/ Dear Berkeley: Even Ann Coulter deserves free speech], CNN, 2017</ref> <br />
<br />
[[Democrats]] used paid leftists agitators to disrupt [[Donald Trump]] rallies.<ref name="washingtontimes.com">[https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/oct/18/undercover-video-shows-democrats-saying-they-hire-/ Democratic heads roll after video shows agitators planted at Trump rallies], ''Washington Times'', 2016</ref><ref name="frontpagemag.com">[http://www.frontpagemag.com/fpm/264543/undercover-video-democrats-caused-violence-trump-matthew-vadum UNDERCOVER VIDEO: DEMOCRATS CAUSED VIOLENCE AT TRUMP RALLIES], Frontpage Magazine, 2016</ref> As far as the paid agitators, veteran left-wing strategist Robert Creamer confirmed on hidden camera that [[Hillary Clinton]] “is fully in it” and “Hillary knows through the chain of command what’s going on.”<ref name="frontpagemag.com"/> The agitators were sent to Trump rallies to anger Trump supporters and incite violence.<ref name="washingtontimes.com"/><br />
<br />
There have been a number of attacks against President Donald Trump supporters after his election which the [[mainstream media]] underreported.<ref>[https://dailycaller.com/2016/11/17/heres-a-list-of-completely-substantiated-and-underreported-attacks-on-trump-supporters/ Here’s A List Of Completely Substantiated (And Underreported) Attacks On Trump Supporters], Daily Caller, 11/17/2016</ref> In addition, there have been a number of instances of leftists and Trump supporters clashing at Trump rallies after his election.<ref>[https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/3014061/violence-donald-trump-supporters-clash-rallies/ 'CIVIL WAR' Violence erupts as hundreds of Donald Trump supporters clash with rivals at US rallies], The Sun, March 2017</ref><br />
<br />
== Liberals and politics/law ==<br />
[[File:ObamaCareSymbol.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[ObamaCare]] graphic courtesy [[Newsbusters]].]]<br />
In the United States, liberals currently use two Clauses of the U.S. Constitution to try to expand their power: the Commerce Clause and the General Welfare Clause. The General Welfare Clause mentions "promoting the general welfare". This to a liberal means taxing the rich at increased rates and redistributing that money. The Commerce Clause, on the other hand, says that Congress has the power to regulate trade with foreign nations, between the states and with the Indian tribes. Since the days of [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] this clause has been interpreted very loosely and has resulted in the federal government expanding its power. The latest example is The Affordable Care Act (ACA), better known as [[Obamacare]]. In the ACA, the liberals justify the individual mandate by saying it regulates commerce between the states. <br />
<br />
The decline in liberal principles can be illustrated by how Franklin Delano Roosevelt opposed and condemned public sector unions, stating that the idea of collective bargaining can't be transferred from the private to the public sector, as that would result in the government being unable to carry out its duties. Yet today, decades later, [[Democrats]] and liberals are in lock-step with public sector unions, as they "donate" money to the reelection campaign in exchange for more taxpayer money in their wallets and fluffed up pensions.<br />
<br />
Current dictionaries describe the liberal ideology by pretending that a liberal is "a person who favors a political philosophy of progress and reform and the protection of civil liberties" or "a person who favors an economic theory of laissez-faire and self-regulating markets,"<ref>[http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=liberal&sub=Search+WordNet&o2=&o0=1&o7=&o5=&o1=1&o6=&o4=&o3=&h=00 Noun S: (n) liberal]</ref> or "open-minded or tolerant, especially free of or not bound by traditional or conventional ideas, values, etc." or "favorable to or in accord with concepts of maximum individual freedom possible, especially as guaranteed by law and secured by governmental protection of civil liberties."<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/liberal liberal]</ref> In practical usage, the term "liberal" is more closely synonymous with "radical," "immoral," "anti-freedom," "elitist," or "bad."<br />
<br />
==Liberals and uncharitableness==<br />
''See also'': [[Liberals and uncharitableness]] and [[Atheism and charity]]<br />
[[File:Krdo13.jpg|thumbnail|250px|right|An [[Obamaville]] was a tent city or shanty town in the [[United States]] created by homeless people during [[Barack Hussein Obama|Barack Obama]]'s presidency.<ref>http://www.wnd.com/?pageId=174965</ref><ref>http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/20100627_Huge_tent_city_takes_root.html</ref><ref>http://newsbusters.org/blogs/noel-sheppard/2009/12/12/welcome-obamaville-sign-colorado-tent-city-media-mum</ref> <br />
<br /><br />
<br /><br />
[[United States|American]] liberals have been observed to give less to charity than American conservatives.<ref name=georgeWill>[http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/03/conservatives_more_liberal_giv.html Conservatives More Liberal Givers], [[RealClearPolitics]]</ref> ]]<br />
<br />
In March 2008, [[George Will]] wrote at [[RealClearPolitics]] concerning the [[United States]]:<br />
{{cquote|Sixteen months ago, [[Arthur C. Brooks]], a professor at [[Syracuse University]], published "Who Really Cares: The Surprising Truth About Compassionate Conservatism." The surprise is that liberals are markedly less charitable than [[conservative]]s....<br />
<br />
If many conservatives are liberals who have been mugged by reality, Brooks, a registered independent, is, as a reviewer of his book said, a social scientist who has been mugged by data. They include these findings:<br />
<br />
-- Although liberal families' incomes average 6 percent higher than those of conservative families, conservative-headed households give, on average, 30 percent more to charity than the average liberal-headed household ($1,600 per year vs. $1,227).<br />
<br />
-- Conservatives also donate more time and give more blood.<ref name=georgeWill />}}<br />
[[Atheism|Atheists]] and [[agnosticism|agnostics]] often reject [[Bible|Biblical]] [[morality]] (and therefore [[conservative Christianity]] ) and hold to [[moral relativism]]. Therefore, it is not surprising that [[per capita]] atheists and agnostics in [[United States|America]] [[Atheism and charity|give significantly less to charity than theists even when church giving is not counted for theists]].<ref>[http://www.barna.org/barna-update/article/12-faithspirituality/102-atheists-and-agnostics-take-aim-at-christians Atheists and Agnostics Take Aim at Christians]</ref><br />
<br />
=== Liberal politicians and uncharitableness ===<br />
The political magazine the [[American Spectator]] featured an article which focused on [[liberal politicians and uncharitableness]] exposing the hypocrisy of the liberal politicians it featured.<ref>[http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=1c5_1238044128&c=1 Charity Donations and Liberal Hypocrisy]</ref><br />
<br />
In addition, [[Barack Obama]] has been criticized concerning [[Barack Obama and uncharitableness|his lack of charitable giving]].<br />
<br />
==Liberals and superstition==<br />
<br />
''See also:'' [[Irreligion and superstition]]<br />
[[Image:2384975035_230a0eac30.jpg|thumb|left|170px|The [[Wall Street Journal]] reported: "A comprehensive new study released by Baylor University yesterday, shows ...that the irreligious and the members of more liberal Protestant denominations, far from being resistant to [[superstition]], tend to be much more likely to believe in the paranormal and in [[pseudoscience]] than evangelical Christians."<ref>http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122178219865054585.html</ref>]]<br />
The [[Wall Street Journal]] reported: "A comprehensive new study released by Baylor University, shows that [[Conservative Christianity|traditional Christian religion]] greatly decreases belief in everything from the efficacy of palm readers to the usefulness of [[astrology]].<ref name=irrational>[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122178219865054585.html Look Who's Irrational Now]</ref><br />
<br />
Also, in September of 2008, the [[Wall Street Journal]] reported:<br />
{{cquote|The reality is that the [[New Atheism|New Atheist]] campaign, by discouraging [[religion]], won't create a new group of intelligent, skeptical, enlightened beings. Far from it: It might actually encourage new levels of mass superstition. And that's not a conclusion to take on faith &mdash; it's what the empirical data tell us.<br />
<br />
"What Americans Really Believe," a comprehensive new study released by Baylor University yesterday, shows that [[Conservative Christianity|traditional Christian religion]] greatly decreases belief in everything from the efficacy of palm readers to the usefulness of [[astrology]]. It also shows that the irreligious and the members of more liberal Protestant denominations, far from being resistant to superstition, tend to be much more likely to believe in the paranormal and in pseudoscience, such as evolution than evangelical Christians....<br />
<br />
This is not a new finding. In his 1983 book "The Whys of a Philosophical Scrivener," skeptic and science writer Martin Gardner cited the decline of traditional religious belief among the better educated as one of the causes for an increase in [[pseudoscience]], cults and superstition. He referenced a 1980 study published in the magazine Skeptical Inquirer that showed irreligious college students to be by far the most likely to embrace paranormal beliefs, while born-again Christian college students were the least likely.<ref name=irrational />}}<br />
<br />
== Secular left ==<br />
''See also:'' [[Secular left]]<br />
<br />
The [[secular left]] consists of [[leftist|left]]-wing secularists who are able to exert their influence in many countries. They support "strict government [[secularism]]".<ref>http://www.secularleft.us/about</ref><br />
<br />
=== Decline of the secular left ===<br />
''See also:'' [[Decline of the secular left]] and [[Religious conservatism and politics]]<br />
<br />
In some regions where the secular left has considerable influence, they [[Decline of the secular left|are losing]] an increasing amount of their power.<br />
<br />
Religious conservatism is a big driver of [[social conservatism]]. Religious conservatism is growing in the world and it is affecting politics (see: [[Religious conservatism and politics]]).<ref><br />
[http://www.sneps.net/RD/uploads/1-Shall%20the%20Religious%20Inherit%20the%20Earth.pdf Shall the Religious Inherit the Earth?: Demography and Politics in the Twenty-First Century by Eric Kaufmann, Belfer Center, Harvard University/Birkbeck College, University of London]</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7vCDeKPRSo Eric Kaufmann - Religion, Demography and Politics in the 21st Century]</ref><br />
<br />
== Liberal Christianity and marital infidelity ==<br />
''See also:'' [[Liberal Christianity and marital infidelity]] and [[Liberal Christianity]] <br />
<br />
According to a 2007 study reported in the ''Journal of Family Issues'', adherents of [[liberal Christianity]] are more likely to engage in marital infidelity than theologically [[Conservative Christianity|conservative Christians]].<ref>[http://www.sagepub.com/hillhsstudy/articles/Chapter10_Article%2001.pdf Are There Religious Variations in Marital Infidelity?]</ref><br />
<br />
As noted above, liberals are [[Evolution and liberalism|more likely]] to adhere to evolutionary belief than conservatives. A study conducted by the Australian National University, revealed that belief in evolution is associated with moral permissiveness.<ref>[http://creation.com/morals-decline-linked-to-belief-in-evolution Morals decline linked to evolution]</ref><br />
<br />
== American liberalism ==<br />
<br />
''See also:'' [[American liberalism]] and [[Liberal elite|Liberal elitism]]<br />
<br />
[[File:FDRoosevelt by Perskie.png|thumbnail|right|200px|[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] ]]<br />
<br />
As noted above, [[American liberalism]] is a political ideology that dominates the [[Democratic Party]]. Its heroes include [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], and [[Martin Luther King]].<br />
<br />
According to the Gallup Organization, in the United States, 25% of the population were liberals and 36% were conservatives in 2016.<ref>[US Conservatives Outnumber Liberals by Narrowing Margin], Gallup, January of 2017</ref><br />
<br />
In 2017, the ''Financial Times'' declared about [[American liberalism]]:<br />
{{Cquote|...as Democrats struggle to reinvent themselves in the wake of Donald Trump’s victory, their party remains captured by a toxic mix of [[identity politics]] and corporate interests. The establishment wing is still convinced that racism and [[misogyny]], not economic populism, sank Mrs Clinton, and that wooing big corporate donors is still the way to victory in the next election.<br />
<br />
While money matters, and there may have been some voters who turned away from Mrs Clinton because of gender, the key reason that the Democrats lost in 2016 and are struggling to rebrand themselves is that they have failed to grasp two things.<br />
<br />
Firstly, most Americans today care more about jobs than identity, and secondly, the same downward mobility that pushed the white working class towards Mr Trump is moving up the socio-economic food chain, and fast. As research by groups from the International Monetary Fund to the OECD to McKinsey has shown, the technology-related job disruption that resulted in rust belt job losses and wage stagnation since 2000 is beginning to affect white-collar workers across nearly every sector....<br />
<br />
But Democrats over-estimated the power and relevance of identity politics (there are still more whites without a college degree than minorities), and underestimated the breadth and depth of labour disruption. In any case, says Robert Johnson, president of the Institute for New Economic Thinking, “it was always a mistake to separate out issues of race and class, because they go hand in hand. In economically insecure times, fear of the ‘other’ increases.” It is a phenomenon exploited by Mr Trump.<ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/b34f5536-2c02-11e7-bc4b-5528796fe35c Economics, not identity, is key to reviving American liberalism], Financial Times, 2017</ref>}}<br />
<br />
In recent years, American liberals have experienced a number of political losses and many liberals in the United States have become embittered (see: [[American liberalism and 21st century political losses]]), <br />
<br />
[[Democrats]] and most media outlets in the [[U.S.]] are blatantly liberal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mrc.org/biasbasics/biasbasics1.asp|title=Media Bias basics|publisher=[[Media Research Center]]}}</ref> Liberalism in North America today practices three primary tactics to attack the Republican Party, and sometimes to attack American values in general. These three liberal tactics can be pronounced using the following [[acronym]]: SIN. Liberals (1) '''s'''hift the subject, they (2) '''i'''gnore the facts, and they (3) '''n'''ame call.<ref>Scott Baker. [http://www.theblaze.com/stories/did-herman-cain-give-the-dont-miss-speech-at-cpac/ Did Herman Cain Give the ‘Don’t Miss’ Speech at CPAC?], ''[[The Blaze]], February 12, 2011.</ref><ref>[[YouTube]]. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-N3-j3HM7-A& Herman Cain: "Stupid People Are Ruining America"], February 11, 2011.</ref><br />
<br />
* Liberals typically support a "mixed" economy, a policy similar to that of [[fascism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fora.tv/2008/01/30/Liberal_Traits_of_Fascism|title=Video discussion about how modern liberalism is actually fascist by author Jonah Goldberg.}}</ref><br />
<br />
* Liberals claimed a monopoly on [[compassion]], [[decency]], and [[social justice]] (as defined by themselves), posing as the sole defenders of [[civic virtue]] against a horde of backwoodsmen, racists, and religious fanatics. [https://www.americanthinker.com/2008/03/the_disgrace_of_liberalism.html]<br />
{{cquote|There's another goal, from my point of view, which is to try to lay the groundwork for a radical political force which would conceive of itself as distinctly to the left of moderate, reformist American liberals. And that has two aspects. One is to try to change that liberalism, to transform it by analysis, critique, and activism; the second is to build a radical movement which would be an autonomous force in its own right, which would be distinct from the traditional American liberal consensus. This radical part of the program involves not simply supporting the liberal students against conservative students and conservative professors, but trying to act on them, to push them to the left. It also involves trying to find and support, even trying to help create, networks of radical students in law school and of radical professors around the country — students and teachers who see themselves as wanting to go a lot further than most people want to go.<ref>[http://66.218.69.11/search/cache?ei=UTF-8&p=liberal+teachers&fr=yfp-t-501&fp_ip=MX&u=duncankennedy.net/documents/Liberal%2520Values%2520in%2520Legal%2520Education.pdf&w=liberal+liberals+teachers+teacher&d=BNZFhPReRjC1&icp=1&.intl=us Liberal Values in Legal Education] Duncan Kennedy (professor at Harvard Law School)</ref>}}<br />
<br />
===Liberal Rankings of Congress Members===<br />
The National Journal compiles the votes of each congress member each year and uses the information to create rankings<ref>[http://nationaljournal.com/voteratings/index.htm How the House voted]</ref> of how liberal each member of the United States [[Congress]] is. In addition to showing the voting records of each member and given an overall all ranking of liberalness, the National Journal also ranks congress members by liberalness in the areas of social, economic, and foreign policy.<br />
<br />
=== American liberalism, demographics and expected tipping point in the decline of American liberalism ===<br />
''See also:'' [[American atheism]] and [[Decline of atheism]] and [[Global atheism]]<br />
<br />
Due to the explosive growth of [[global Christianity]] in traditional cultures and their influence on Western [[Christianity]] and the higher birth rate of [[Conservative Christianity|conservative Christians]] and religious conservatives, social conservatism is expected to rise.<br />
<br />
The Birkbeck College, University of London professor Eric Kaufman wrote in his 2010 book ''Shall the Righteous Inherit the Earth?'' concerning America:<br />
{{cquote|High evangelical fertility rates more than compensated for losses to liberal Protestant sects during the twentieth century. In recent decades, white secularism has surged, but Latino and Asian religious immigration has taken up the slack, keeping secularism at bay. Across denominations, the fertility advantage of religious fundamentalists of all colours is significant and growing. After 2020, their demographic weight will to tip the balance in the [[Culture War|culture wars]] towards the conservative side, ramping up pressure on hot-button issues such as abortion. By the end of the century, three quarters of America may be pro-life. Their activism will leap over the borders of the 'Redeemer Nation' to evangelize the world. Already, the rise of the World Congress of Families has launched a global religious right, its arms stretching across the bloody lines of the War on Terror to embrace the entire Abrahamic family.<ref>[http://questionevolution.blogspot.com/2012/05/why-are-years-2012-and-2020-key-years.html Why are 2012 and 2020 key years for Christian creationists and pro-lifers?]</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==Liberalism in Europe today==<br />
[[File:Francois Hollande and Vladimir Putin, Moscow 6 dec 2014 - 05-cropped.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The [[France|French]] liberal politician [[François Hollande]] was the President of the French Republic from 2012 until 2017. ]]<br />
In Europe, on the other hand, parties that call themselves ''liberal'' are moderate in outlook, ranging from centre-left to centre-right, promote typically economic and business freedom. The Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe<ref>[http://www.alde.eu Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe in the European Parliament]</ref> is a party of the European Parliament that represents most ''liberal'' parties from European countries. Similar policies are promoted by many ''liberal'' parties throughout the world,<ref>[http://www.liberal-international.org/ World Federation of Liberalism]</ref> such as the Liberal Party of Australia.<ref>[http://www.liberal.org.au/ Liberal Party of Australia]</ref><br />
<br />
Trade unions and socialist parties often criticize politicians for promoting lower taxes on business, or more flexible hiring and firing laws, by calling them "liberals" or [[neoliberal]]s. Thus, just as in the US, "liberal" may occasionally be used as a term of abuse. But when someone is called "liberal" in Europe, it has an entirely different meaning than in the US. In fact, the US meaning of liberal is more similar to the politics of both European [[socialist]]/[[social democracy|social democratic]] or Social/progressive liberal parties, in contrast to conservative or fiscal liberal parties which again falls into the right-wing part of the political spectrum.<ref>[http://www.pes.org Party of European Socialism]</ref><br />
<br />
==Historical Liberalism ==<br />
[[File:JohnStuartMill.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px||[[John Stuart Mill]] was a [[classical liberal]]. ]]<br />
<br />
In history, the word "liberal" has meant different things at different times, and was associated with individual liberty in prior centuries. In the postwar period, liberals supported government intervention in the economy and welfare state policies, as well as peaceful coexistence with the communist block, which are not liberal policies in the sense of classical liberalism. After the end of the cold war, with the demise of socialism and communism, many liberals embraced some ideas from economic neo-liberalism, and coined it the "Third Way". In the area of [[national security]] and foreign policy liberals in the [[U.S.]] failed to define a consistent stance, even after the events of 9/11 and the beginning of the war in Iraq. Liberals generally support affirmative action, gay marriage, and abortion.<ref>[http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/Bailey/Greenberg-Bailey/Homosexual%20Eugenics.pdf Parental Selection of Children’s Sexual Orientation], '''PDF''', "Political liberals tend, for whatever reason, to be ardent supporters of both gay rights and pro-choice programs." Greenberg and Bailey</ref><br />
<br />
=== Original meaning: Classical Liberalism ===<br />
Liberalism is a political philosophy with freedom as its core value. The term was originally applied to supporters of individual liberties and equal rights, but, in America, the term has come to represent a movement of social change that often conflicts with [[conservative]] values such as moral values and traditions derived from Northern European Protestantism.<br />
<br />
See [[Classical Liberal]]ism. Compare [[Libertarianism]].<br />
<br />
== Influential/famous liberals ==<br />
''See also:'' [[Infamous liberals]]<br />
<br />
* [[Margaret Sanger]]<br />
[[Image:President Barack Obama.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Barack Hussein Obama|Barack Obama]] ]] <br />
* [[Barack Hussein Obama]]<ref>[http://www.businessinsider.com/cheney-obama-is-the-worst-president-of-my-lifetime-2014-7 CHENEY: Obama Is 'The Worst President Of My Lifetime']</ref><br />
<br />
* [[Elizabeth Warren]]<br />
<br />
* [[Bernie Sanders]]<br />
<br />
* [[George Soros]]<br />
<br />
* [[Emmanuel Macron]]<br />
<br />
* [[Saul Alinsky]]<br />
<br />
* [[Noam Chomsky]]<br />
<br />
* [[John Maynard Keynes]]<br />
<br />
* [[David Thorstad]],<ref>http://hunterbear.org/shooting_lupus.htm</ref> a founding member of NAMBLA.<br />
<br />
* [[Al Gore]]<br />
<br />
* [[Pope Francis]]<br />
<br />
* [[Lee Harvey Oswald]]<br />
<br />
* [[Howard Zinn]]<br />
<br />
* [[Hillary Rodham Clinton]]<br />
<br />
* [[Albert Einstein]]<br />
<br />
* [[Bill Nye]]<br />
<br />
* [[John Wayne Gacy]] - In an interview where he denied killing any of his victims, [[serial killer]] John Wayne Gacy said he was [[bisexuality|bisexual]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=YDyGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT129 John Wayne Gacy: Defending a Monster], Transcript</ref> and "very liberal".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=YDyGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT20 John Wayne Gacy: Defending a Monster], Transcript</ref> Gacy was also a [[Democrat Party]] activist who had his picture taken with [[Rosalynn Carter]].<ref>[http://www.digitaljournal.com/image/45527 Johnwaynegacyrosalynncarter.jpg]</ref><br />
<br />
* [[Gene Roddenberry]]<br />
<br />
==Liberal Organizations of thought==<br />
*[[AARP|AARP - American Association of Retired People]] <br />
*[[ACLU|ACLU - American Civil Liberties Union]]<br />
*[[ACORN|ACORN - Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now]]<br />
*[[AFL-CIO|AFL-CIO - American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations]]<br />
*[[Amnesty International|AI - Amnesty International]]<br />
*[[A.N.S.W.E.R.|ANSWER - Act Now to Stop War and End Racism]]<br />
*[[CAIR|CAIR - Council on American-Islamic Relations]]<br />
*[[Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism]]<br />
*[[Democratic National Committee]]<br />
*[[Greenpeace]]<br />
*[[MoveOn.org]]<br />
[[File:Margaret Sanger and Charles V. Drysdale cph.3b18067.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|[[Margaret Sanger]] was the founder of [[Planned Parenthood]] ]]<br />
*[[NARAL|NARAL - National Abortion and Reproductive Rights Action League]]<br />
*[[NAACP|NAACP - National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]]<br />
*[[National Committee for an Effective Congress]]<br />
*[[National Education Association]]<br />
*[[National Organization of Women|NOW - National Organization of Women]]<br />
*[[PETA|PETA - People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals]]<br />
*[[Planned Parenthood|Planned Parenthood Federation of America]]<br />
*[[Progressives for Obama]]<br />
*[[Rainbow/PUSH Coalition]]<br />
*[[SEIU|SEIU - Service Employees International Union]]<br />
*[[U.S. Peace Council]]<br />
Source: [http://web.archive.org/web/20060509044946/http://www.politixgroup.com/lo.htm The Politix Group]<br />
<br />
==Quotes on Liberals==<br />
"I never use the words [[Democrats]] and [[Republicans]]. It's [[liberals]] and [[Americans]]." -James Watt, Secretary of the Interior under [[Ronald Reagan]]<br />
<br />
"The trouble with our liberal friends is not that they're ignorant; it's just that they know so much that isn't so." -[[Ronald Reagan]]<br />
<br />
“Liberals see racism where it doesn't exist, fabricate it when they can't find it and ignore it within their own ranks.” ―[[Michelle Malkin]]<br />
<br />
"Words mean nothing to liberals. They say whatever will help advance their cause at the moment, switch talking points in a heartbeat, and then act indignant if anyone uses the exact same argument they were using five minutes ago." -[[Ann Coulter]]<ref>[http://townhall.com/columnists/johnhawkins/2010/11/23/the_25_best_quotes_about_liberals The 25 Best Quotes About Liberals]</ref><br />
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"The reason any conservative's failing is always major news is that it allows liberals to engage in their very favorite taunt: Hypocrisy! Hypocrisy is the only sin that really inflames them. Inasmuch as liberals have no morals, they can sit back and criticize other people for failing to meet the standards that liberals simply renounce. It's an intriguing strategy. By openly admitting to being philanderers, draft dodgers, liars, weasels and cowards, liberals avoid ever being hypocrites." -Ann Coulter<br />
<br />
"If you can somehow force a liberal into a point-counterpoint argument, his retorts will bear no relation to what you've said -- unless you were in fact talking about your looks, your age, your weight, your personal obsessions, or whether you are a fascist. In the famous liberal two-step, they leap from one idiotic point to the next, so you can never nail them. It's like arguing with someone with Attention Deficit Disorder." -[[Ann Coulter]]<br />
<br />
"Inside many liberals is a totalitarian screaming to get out. They don't like to have another point of view in the room that they don't squash and the way they try to squash it is by character assassination and name calling." -David Horowitz<br />
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"End results that work that don't involve government threaten liberals." -[[Rush Limbaugh]]<br />
<br />
"I'd like to know why well-educated idiots keep apologizing for lazy and complaining people who think the world owes them a living. I'd like to know why they make excuses for cowards who spit in the faces of the police and then run behind the judicial sob sisters. I can't understand these people who carry placards to save the life of some criminal, yet have no thought for the innocent victim." -John Wayne<br />
<br />
==Quotes by Liberals==<br />
[[File:JoeBiden.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|[[Joe Biden]] ]]<br />
<br />
"The number one job facing the middle class, and it happens to be, as Barack says, a three-letter word: jobs. J-O-B-S." -[[Joe Biden]]<br />
<br />
"There is no reason the nation of Africa cannot, and should not, join the ranks of the worlds most prosperous nations." -Joe Biden<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/StupidStuffDemocratsSay Stupid Stuff Democrats Say]</ref><br />
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"Romney wants to give EIGHT HUNDRED MILLION BILLION in tax breaks to the rich." -Joe Biden<br />
<br />
"Will the Mars Rover be able to show the flag the astronauts planted there before?" -Sheila Jackson Lee <br />
<br />
"Isn't it a little racist to call it Black Friday?" -Joy Behar <br />
<br />
"Is there such a thing as a man-made stroke? …I know what this [Republican] party is capable of." -Joy Behar<br />
<br />
"During my service in the United States Congress, I took the initiative in creating the Internet." -[[Al Gore]]<br />
<br />
"The center of the earth is about a million degrees." -Al Gore<br />
<br />
"A zebra does not change its spots." -Al Gore<br />
<br />
"The government lied about inventing the HIV virus as a means of genocide against people of color. The government lied." -[[Jeremiah Wright]]<br />
<br />
"Every month that we do not have an economic recovery package 500 million Americans lose their jobs." -[[Nancy Pelosi]]<br />
<br />
"My favorite word, that is really easy, my favorite word is 'the word'." -Nancy Pelosi<br />
<br />
"We have to pass the bill so that you can find out what is in it” -Nancy Pelosi<br />
<br />
"Why can't I just eat my waffle?" -[[Barack Hussein Obama]]<br />
<br />
"Over the last 15 months, we’ve traveled to every corner of the United States. I’ve now been in 57 states? I think one left to go." -[[Barack Hussein Obama]]<br />
<br />
"Welcome to Cinco de Quattro!" -Barack Obama<br />
<br />
"The time has changed for come." -Barack Obama<br />
<br />
"They support democratic institutions in Kyrzakhstan" -John Kerry<br />
<br />
"My fear is that the whole island (of Guam) will become so overly populated that it will tip over and capsize." -Democrat Congressman Hank Johnson<ref>[http://townhall.com/columnists/johnhawkins/2013/08/17/the-25-stupidest-liberal-quotes-of-the-last-decade-n1666619 The 25 Stupidest Liberal Quotes Of The Last Decade]</ref><br />
<br />
"Winnie the Pooh seems to me to be a fundamental text on national security." -Obama foreign policy adviser Richard Danzig<br />
<br />
"If you take out the killings, Washington actually has a very very low crime rate." -Former D.C. Mayor Marion Barry<ref>http://conservative.wikia.com/wiki/Hilarious_Liberal_Quotes</ref><br />
<br />
"What right does Congress have to go around making laws just because they deem it necessary?" -Marion Barry<br />
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"My appetite is so good that I can eat the table cloth right off the chair." -Democrat Congressman Joe Moakley <br />
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"Those who died in the earthquake, their lives will never be the same again." -Barbara Boxer<br />
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"I have to march because my mother couldn't have an abortion." -Maxine Water<ref>http://www.azquotes.com/quote/687234</ref><br />
<br />
"I dare you, you little fruitcake!" -Democrat Congressman Pete Stark<br />
<br />
"I root for hurricanes" -James Wolcott<br />
<br />
"I've got a secret for you: Kiss my a**." -George McGovern<br />
<br />
"The American people will never knowingly adopt Socialism. But under the name of 'liberalism' they will adopt every fragment of the Socialist program, until one day America will be a Socialist nation, without knowing how it happened." -[[Norman Thomas]], six-time U.S. Presidential candidate for the Socialist Party of America<ref>http://quotes.liberty-tree.ca/quote_blog/Norman.Thomas.Quote.FFB1</ref><br />
<br />
"We're going to take things away from you on behalf of the common good." -Hillary Rodham Clinton<ref>Hawkins, John (June 16, 2015). [https://townhall.com/columnists/johnhawkins/2015/06/16/draft-n2012995 20 Hillary Clinton Quotes You Should Read Before Voting For Her]. ''Townhall''. Retrieved May 16, 2017.</ref><br />
<br />
"Reagan will raise taxes, and so will I. He won't tell you. I just did." -Walter Mondale<br />
<br />
== Modern liberalism and the use of mockery rather than reasonable argumentation ==<br />
''See also:'' [[Atheism and mockery]]<br />
<br />
In a ''BloombergView'' article, Stephen L. Carter wrote about modern liberalism:<br />
{{Cquote|But the left has work to do, not only on policy and organization but also on attitude. Too many of my [[progressivism|progressive]] friends seem to have forgotten how to make actual arguments, and have become expert instead at condemnation, derision and mockery. On issue after issue, they’re very good at explaining why no one could oppose their policy positions except for the basest of motives. As to those positions themselves, they are too often announced with a zealous solemnity suggesting that their views are Holy Writ -- and those who disagree are cast into the outer political darkness. In short, the left has lately been dripping with hubris, which in classic literature always portends a fall.<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-11-11/trump-and-the-fall-of-liberalism Trump and the Fall of Liberalism] by Stephen L. Carter, BloombergView</ref>}}<br />
<br />
== Liberal influence in extreme ideologies (and vice-versa) ==<br />
{{See also|Similarities between Communism, Nazism and liberalism|Communism and Nazism}}<br />
<br />
Although the following individuals were not liberals, they shared several left-wing/liberal views in their ideologies, which overlapped with American/European liberalism.<br />
<br />
=== Marxist/communist figures ===<br />
*[[Karl Marx]]—opposed religion and supported taking it completely out of public life; supported the disestablishment of the family; strong support for labor, socialism, and an expansive government.<ref>''The Communist Manifesto''</ref> Admired by many liberals,<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Dedaj, Paulina (May 5, 2018). [http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2018/05/05/moviemaker-michael-moore-wishes-karl-marx-happy-200th-birthday.html Moviemaker Michael Moore wishes Karl Marx a happy 200th birthday]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved May 5, 2018.<br />
*Duke, Selwyn (May 2, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/reviews/opinion/item/28951-ny-times-hails-marx-on-his-birthday-you-were-right New York Times Hails Marx on His Birthday: “You Were Right!”] ''The New American''. Retrieved May 5, 2018.<br />
*Sunkara, Bhaskar (January 25, 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jan/25/karl-marx-relevant-21st-century Why the ideas of Karl Marx are more relevant than ever in the 21st century]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved May 5, 2018.<br />
*Cooper, Ryan (May 4, 2018). [http://theweek.com/articles/770718/time-normalize-karl-marx It's time to normalize Karl Marx]. ''The Week''. Retrieved May 5, 2018.</ref> including [[European Commission]] president [[Jean-Claude Juncker]].<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Hale, Virginia (May 5, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/05/05/eu-president-heartfelt-defence-karl-marx/ EU Chief Jean-Claude Juncker Defies Protests to Deliver Heartfelt Defence of Karl Marx]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 5, 2018.<br />
*Byas, Steve (May 5, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/28979-european-commission-president-praises-karl-marx-s-contributions-to-european-union European Commission President Praises Karl Marx’s Contributions to European Union]. ''The New American''. Retrieved May 5, 2018.<br />
*Byas, Steve (April 29, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/28934-eu-commission-president-juncker-set-to-honor-karl-marx European Commission President Juncker Set to Honor Karl Marx]. ''The New American''. Retrieved May 5, 2018.</ref><br />
*[[Vladimir Lenin]]—socialist, supported an expansive government, supported [[one-world government]]<br />
*[[Che Guevara]]—socialist, admired by many liberals<ref>[http://gatewaypundit.blogspot.com/2007/05/illegal-immigrants-rally-in-support-of.html Illegal Immigrants Rally For Dead Marxist Che Guevara]</ref><ref>[http://www.che-mart.com/WhoisChe.php Che-Mart]</ref><ref>Jones, Nigel (January 2, 2009). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/personal-view/4077397/It-is-a-sad-reflection-of-our-time-that-Che-Guevara-is-seen-as-a-hero.html It is a sad reflection of our time that Che Guevara is seen as a hero] ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved April 20, 2018.</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Che_Guevara_in_popular_culture&oldid=833775290</ref><ref>Reiland, Ralph R. (August 12, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/culture/item/29769-che-guevara-romanticizing-tyranny Che Guevara: Romanticizing Tyranny]. ''The New American''. Retrieved August 12, 2018.</ref><br />
*[[Mao Zedong]]—socialist. Introduced [[Maoism]], some American liberals admire him<ref>Shapiro, Ben (October 17, 2012). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2012/10/17/obama-debate-advisor-anita-dunn-mao/ Obama Debate Coach Named Mao as Favorite Political Philosopher]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved April 20, 2018.</ref><br />
*[[Fidel Castro]]—socialist, opposition to religion, government-run healthcare. In addition, Castro is admired by numerous American/European liberals.<ref>Wootson, Cleve R., Jr. (November 26, 2016). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/11/26/trudeau-called-castro-a-remarkable-leader-twitter-imagined-what-he-would-say-about-stalin/?tid=pm_world_pop Trudeau called Castro a ‘remarkable leader.’ Twitter imagined what he would say about Stalin.] ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved November 28, 2016.</ref><ref>Lott, Jeremy (November 26, 2016). [http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/jill-stein-praises-fidel-castro-a-symbol-of-the-struggle-for-justice/article/2608223 Jill Stein praises Fidel Castro: 'A symbol of the struggle for justice']. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved November 28, 2016.</ref><ref>Richardson, Valerie (November 28, 2016). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/nov/28/aaron-mair-sierra-club-president-fidel-castro-had-/ Sierra Club president: Fidel Castro had ‘more honor’ than Donald Trump]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved November 28, 2016.</ref><ref name="O'ReillyNov.29.2016">[http://www.billoreilly.com/show?action=viewTVShow&showID=4323#3 The O'Reilly Factor - Monday, November 28, 2016]. ''billoreilly.com''. Retrieved November 29, 2016.</ref><br />
*[[Hugo Chavez]]—socialist. Admired by many American/European liberals.<ref>Kew, Ben (May 4, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/national-security/2017/05/04/ten-influential-public-figures-praised-venezuelas-descent-socialist-hell/ 10 Famous People Who Praised Venezuela’s Descent Into Socialist Hell]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 5, 2017.</ref><br />
*[[Joseph Stalin]]—socialist. Introduced [[Stalinism]], admired by many (European-) socialists/liberals.<ref>https://www.tni.org/es/node/7617</ref><br />
<br />
=== Fascists ===<br />
:''See also:'' [[Liberalism#Nazism and socialism|Nazism and socialism]]<br />
<br />
*[[Adolf Hitler]]—supported animal "rights,"<ref>[ https://books.google.com/books?id=e7FME0btkH0C&pg=PA62&lpg=PA62&dq=hitler+animal+rights&source=bl&ots=PIxjDRDBj1&sig=tbJisPm39hMcxj1g6xL0Kh0sn7g&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3qZP7xOPTAhVr4oMKHeTMA_c4FBDoAQhKMAc#v=onepage&q=hitler%20animal%20rights&f=false Animal Rights: Current Debates and New Directions], pg. 62.</ref><ref>Harrison, David; Paterson, Tony (September 22, 2002). [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1407954/Thanks-to-Hitler-hunting-with-hounds-is-still-verboten.html Thanks to Hitler, hunting with hounds is still verboten]. ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved May 9, 2017.</ref><ref name="EllisWash."/> environmentalism,<ref name="EllisWash.">Washington, Ellis (March 26, 2011). [http://www.wnd.com/2011/03/279449/ The Nazi Cult of the Organic']. ''WND''. Retrieved May 9, 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/~lnp3/mydocs/ecology/nazi_ecology.htm Nazi "Ecology"], Frank Furedi, ''columbia.edu''. Retrieved May 9, 2017.</ref><ref>Musser, Mark (February 6, 2016). [https://www.americanthinker.com/articles/2016/02/yale_professor_on_nazi_environmentalism_so_close_yet_so_far.html Yale Professor on Nazi Environmentalism: So Close, yet So Far]. ''American Thinker''. Retrieved May 9, 2017.</ref> gun control (see [[Gun Control in Nazi Germany]]),<ref>Halbrook, Stephen (December 2, 2013). [https://www.nationalreview.com/2013/12/how-nazis-used-gun-control-stephen-p-halbrook/ How the Nazis Used Gun Control]. ''National Review''. Retrieved March 26, 2018.</ref><ref>Kline, Audrey D. (May 9, 2014). [https://mises.org/library/gun-control-nazi-germany Gun Control in Nazi Germany]. ''Mises Institute''. Retrieved March 26, 2018.</ref><ref>Wolverton, II, J.D., Joe (January 30, 2017). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/item/14367-nazi-gun-control-laws-a-familiar-road-to-citizen-disarmament Nazi Gun Control Laws: a Familiar Road to Citizen Disarmament?] ''The New American''. Retrieved May 9, 2017.</ref><ref>Stupp, Herbert W. (July 13, 2015). [https://spectator.org/63424_hitler-and-gun-control/ Hitler and Gun Control]. ''The American Spectator''. Retrieved May 9, 2017.</ref><ref>Hoft, Joe (March 24, 2018). [https://thegatewaypundit.com/2018/03/reminder-hitler-also-used-children-to-promote-gun-control/ FLASHBACK: Hitler Also Used Children to Promote Gun Control]. ''The Gateway Pundit''. Retrieved March 26, 2018.</ref> socialism,<ref>http://louderwithcrowder.com/myth-busted-actually-yes-hitler-was-a-socialist-liberal/</ref> single-payer healthcare (see [[Health care in Nazi Germany]]), and a large expansionist government, and had an intolerance for opposing views.<br />
*[[Benito Mussolini]]—a socialist from a socialist family who only split from mainstream socialism due to his support for Italy during [[World War I]] rather than supporting a [[one-world government|globalist workers' revolution]].<ref>[http://www.biography.com/people/benito-mussolini-9419443 Benito Mussolini]. ''Biography.com''. Retrieved May 9, 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/italian-history-biographies/benito-mussolini Benito Mussolini]. ''Encyclopedia.com'' (from the Encyclopedia of World Biography''). 2004. Retrieved May 9, 2017.</ref> Prior to [[World War I]], Mussolini wrote for socialist publications and spoke highly of Marx.<ref>Greenspan, Jesse (October 25, 2012). [http://www.history.com/news/9-things-you-may-not-know-about-mussolini 9 Things You May Not Know About Mussolini]. ''History.com''. Retrieved May 9, 2017.</ref> He used gun control to help gain power.<ref>Quammen, E. David (August 12, 2013). [http://www.teapartytribune.com/2013/08/12/italian-gun-control-right-before-mussolini-seized-total-control/ Italian ‘gun control’ right before Mussolini seized total control….]. ''Tea Party Tribune''. Retrieved May 9, 2017.</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
*[[Conservative vs. liberal]]<br />
*[[Liberal corporate tyranny]]<br />
*[[Left-wing war on women]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|3}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{|background="none" width="100%" border="0"<br />
|valign="top"|<br />
* [[Conservative resources]]<br />
* [[Conservapedia:Articles about liberals|Articles about liberals]]<br />
* [[Classical liberal]]<br />
* [[Drinking Liberally]]<br />
* [[Godless liberal]]<br />
* [[Last wordism]]<br />
* [[Essay:Liberal celebrity obsession|Liberal celebrity obsession]]<br />
* [[Essay:Liberal Behavior on Conservapedia|Liberal Behavior on Conservapedia]]<br />
* [[Liberal Christianity]]<br />
* [[Liberal Christianity and marital infidelity]]<br />
* [[Liberal Democrats]]<br />
* [[Liberal Elite]]<br />
* [[Essay: Liberal Falsehoods|Liberal Falsehoods]]<br />
* [[Liberal Fascism]] tendencies. <br />
|valign="top"|<br />
* [[Liberal friendship]]<br />
* [[Liberal Gloss]]<br />
* [[Liberal grading]]<br />
* [[Liberal hypocrisy]]<br />
* [[Essay:Liberal hysteria|Liberal hysteria]]<br />
* [[Essay:Liberal Intellectualism|Liberal Intellectualism]]<br />
* [[Liberal labels]]<br />
* [[Slander: Liberal Lies About the American Right|Liberal Lies About the American Right]]<br />
* [[Liberal logic]]<br />
* [[The Liberal Mind: The Psychological Causes of Political Madness|Liberal Mind]]<br />
* [[Liberal Party]]<br />
* [[Liberal supremacist]]<br />
* [[Massachusetts liberal]]<br />
* [[Progressives]]<br />
|valign="top"|<br />
* [[Scientific Illiteracy and Liberals]]<br />
* [[European Liberalism]]<br />
* [[Liberal and conservative]]<br />
* [[Liberal anger]]<br />
* [[Liberal competitiveness]]<br />
* [[Liberal concealment]]<br />
* [[Liberal conscience]]<br />
* [[Liberal dislikes]]<br />
* [[Liberal excuses]]<br />
* [[Liberal fear]]<br />
* [[Liberal gossip]]<br />
* [[Liberal guilt]]<br />
* [[Liberal confusion]]<br />
* [[Liberal hedonism]]<br />
|valign="top"|<br />
* [[Liberal hyperbole]]<br />
* [[Liberal infiltration]]<br />
* [[Liberal media hype]]<br />
* [[Liberal opinion]]<br />
* [[Liberal relativism]]<br />
* [[Liberal revisionists]]<br />
* [[Liberal self-righteousness]]<br />
* [[Liberalism-ism]]<br />
* [[Liberals and conservatives]]<br />
* [[Essay:Liberal Intelligence]]<br />
* [[Essay:Incoherence of liberal thought]]<br />
* [[Essay:Liberal Predictions of the Decade]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Further Information==<br />
* [[Best New Conservative Words#New Liberal Terms|New Liberal Terms]]<br />
* [[Conservative Links]]<br />
* http://www.studentnewsdaily.com/conservative-vs-liberal-beliefs/<br />
<br />
{{liberalism}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Political Ideologies]]<br />
[[Category:Politics]]<br />
[[Category:Liberals]]</div>TampaBayConservativehttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Liberal_denial&diff=1461043Liberal denial2018-10-19T02:07:26Z<p>TampaBayConservative: fixed some wording</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Obama messiah.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Cover of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' Magazine, one of many published "halo-effect" photos of Barack Obama; the emphasis is on the claims that he is a "messiah," and is an example of liberal deification of a government official in accordance with point #26.]]<br />
'''Liberal denial''' is the tendency of [[liberals]] to conceal, [[denial|deny]], or [[Censorship|censor]] the facts for ideological reasons. The root cause of liberal denial is a desire to marginalize and exclude religion, especially Christianity, from society and ultimately to ensure that a secularized, politically liberal one-world [[government]], as well as denial of the Biblical [[God]] and [[Jesus]], remain dominant throughout the world. <br />
<br />
First [[liberal denial]] requires denying [[Christ]], then [[God]], then the greatness of accomplishments by those inspired by Christ, then the superiority of political systems based on [[Christianity]], and so on, reaching underachievement and selfishness.<br />
<br />
A list of examples of '''liberal denial''' are the following:<br />
<br />
# Liberals continue to deny that [[Donald Trump]] legitimately defeated [[Hillary Clinton]] for president in 2016, and earlier that [[George W. Bush]] defeated [[Al Gore]] for president in 2000 (e.g., Joe Biden denied it in remarks on June 12, 2013; Al Gore himself denied it in remarks on August 4, 2017).<br />
# [[European migrant crisis|Mass immigration to Europe from the Middle East]] has brought an increased threat and the greater occurrence of [[terrorism]]. Yet European leaders deny the threat of [[Islam]]ic terrorism, and terrorist attacks have shown how poorly prepared and secured their countries and facilities are.<ref name="Denial">Scarborough, Rowan (May 23, 2017). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/may/23/manchester-bombing-reveals-europes-denial-of-islam/ Europe’s denial of Islamic terrorism threat perplexes security specialists]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved May 24, 2017.</ref> When attacks occur, the leaders often state that they "are a part of daily life", and they refuse to admit that the motive of the terrorists is Islamic radicalism.<ref name="Denial"/> This is likely due to [[political correctness]] and the blindness that comes with liberalism and their pet goal for a utopian [[one-world government]] where nations and borders are abolished.<br />
# Lies about a false armed robbery were spread by the [[liberal media]] in smearing the gracious host of the [[2016 Summer Olympics]], and yet [[liberals]] did not fully correct and apologize for the lies even after [[Brazil]]ians worked hard to uncover the truth.<br />
# [[Terrorism]] was not mentioned once during the entire first day of the [[Democratic National Convention]] in 2016, while increasing numbers of widely reported terrorism occurred in Florida, France, and elsewhere.<br />
# [[Obama]] refused to mention ISIS, radical Islam, or Islamic extremism in his comments on the worst attack since [[9/11]]—a mass murder committed by an admitted supporter of ISIS in a Florida nightclub in June 2016.<br />
# Liberals deny that the much-publicized "proof" of the [[general theory of relativity]] in 1919 was, in fact, scientific misconduct by [[Arthur Eddington]] who "cherry-picked"<ref>https://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-brooks/scientists-behaving-badly_b_1448729.html</ref> his data to reach his desired result, which would have him expelled from any Ph. D. program worth its salt today.<br />
# Liberals deny the lack of racial diversity on the women's [[World Cup]] 2015 team, which had an all-white coaching staff and an all-white starting line-up.<br />
# Falsification of a theory, for which a [[Nobel Prize]] has been awarded, is never admitted by the English [[lamestream media]].<ref>http://en.yibada.com/articles/26197/20150412/nobel-prize-physics-2011-falsified-universe-dark-energy-expanding-rapid.htm</ref><br />
# Multiple murders committed by an atheist is neither a hate crime nor terrorism, but a rarely occurring murder committed by a Christian must be both.<br />
# Liberals deny whenever there is a cold winter, as well as the fact that the world has not significantly warmed for many years.<br />
# Liberals deny that violent [[video games]] incite and train [[young mass murderers]] to go on unspeakable killing rampages.<br />
# Tamerlan Tsarnaev, the mass murderer who perpetrated the [[Boston Marathon]] bombing, likely committed a gruesome triple murder in 2011 on the 10th year anniversary of [[9/11]], but liberals refuse to admit it, and the U.S. government insists the investigation is still ongoing.<br />
# Liberals refuse to admit that "crime [has become] a major part of [[South Africa]]n life, be it violent robberies or drive-by shootings."<ref>http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-11-15-south-africas-criminal-underworld-is-the-media-reporting-the-real-story/#.UqNvpMRDtHS</ref><br />
# Liberals deny that [[Abraham Lincoln]] developed a strong faith in the [[Lord]] in the last few years of life, as proven by his declaration of [[Thanksgiving Day]] as an official holiday, his insertion of "under [[God]]" into the [[Gettysburg Address]], and in his personal comments.<ref>http://www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/speeches/faithquotes.htm</ref><br />
# Liberals deny that a shutdown of the federal government is a good thing.<br />
# Liberals deny that some disciples likely wrote down teachings of Jesus while he was living, as a means to deny Jesus's words. (Ironically, liberal theologians then use those same "red letter" words to make the claim that, since Jesus never mentioned homosexuality anywhere in them, all other Biblical condemnation of the topic can be ignored - while those same theologians choose to ignore that the words of Jesus are also the words of God and that Jesus, in pointing out that the only acceptable sexual relations are that of one man and one woman in marital union, ''did'' in fact condemn homosexuality.)<br />
# Liberals deny even the possibility of women having different aptitude for math than men, even though every [[Fields Medal]] recipient has been male, nearly every Putnam fellow has been male, and the highest achievers on the SAT math exam are predominantly male.<br />
# Liberals deny that the [[Apostle Paul]] wrote most of the epistles which, in their opening, clearly state that he was the author. Similarly they deny that the [[Apostle John]] was the author of the gospel account bearing his name, all three epistles bearing his name, and the Book of Revelation (they usually concede the gospel account was his, are divided on the epistles, and almost universally deny his authorship of Revelation).<br />
# Liberals deny that human intelligence inevitably and demonstrably declines from generation to generation, and that if there were another 100 generations into the future, the people of that time would not be able to understand simple concepts.<br />
# Liberals deny the very real existence of [[fetal pain]] during [[abortion]].<br />
# Liberals deny that there are only two genders – male and female – and that they are born different<ref name="5ScientificFacts">Bokhari, Allum (April 23, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/tech/2017/04/23/5-scientific-facts-the-science-march-refuses-to-acknowledge/ 5 Scientific Facts The ‘Science March’ Has Yet to Acknowledge]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved December 30, 2017.</ref><br />
# Liberals deny the very real existence of [[Hell]], which [[Jesus]] referenced more than Heaven.<br />
# Liberals deny how they censor the [[Bible]] from their daily activities, and encourage the censorship for others too.<br />
# For nearly three months after his death, liberals denied that [[Hugo Chavez]] had died.<br />
# Liberals deny the [[Nobel Prize]] is an award given by liberals to other liberals, sometimes even granted in an awkward manner to punish a critic of liberal falsehoods.<ref>For instance, a Nobel Prize was granted to an understudy of [[Fred Hoyle]] to punish him.</ref><br />
# Liberals deny how they deify government officials, similar to how communists continue to deify Stalin, Lenin, and Castro.<ref>For example, they have adulated [[Ted Kennedy]] despite his paucity of achievements.</ref><br />
# Liberals deny how fellow travelers engage in [[deceit]], or at least refuse to admit it.<br />
# Liberals deny they are [[liberal]] and that most of the media are [[liberal]].<br />
# Liberals deny that [[Hollywood values]], [[professor values]], and general [[liberal]] values have consequences for their believers and any victims of the believers.<br />
# Liberals deny that they have censored [[prayer]] in [[public school]].<ref>A [[public school]] student who once "tape recorded a teacher making religious remarks to his students" to complain about it then later objected to a textbook explaining how prayer is censored from [[public school]] schools by court decisions. [http://abcnews.go.com/US/WireStory?id=4614012]</ref> <br />
# Liberals deny that a woman significantly reduces her risk of [[breast cancer]] by having children rather than [[abortions]]<br />
# Liberals deny that about half of promiscuous people carry sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and that those STDs cause infertility.<ref>"Among those who admitted having sex, the rate was even more disturbing -- 40 percent had an STD."[http://www.tulsaworld.com/lifestyle/article.aspx?articleID=20080312_1_C12_hUShe15125]</ref><br />
# Liberals deny that the strident promoters of [[evolution]] generally have weaker credentials than advocates of [[intelligent design]]<ref>See, e.g., [[Richard Sternberg]]</ref><br />
# Liberals deny that college faculties at nearly every American school are dominated by [[liberals]] and have virtually no [[conservatives]].<br />
# Liberals deny that [[Homosexuality]] shortens lifespan or increases risk fo disease for a wide variety of reasons.<br />
# Liberals deny that reducing the number of guns, which are primarily defensive weapons, results in an increase in crime.<br />
# Liberals deny that [[Hitler]] and the [[Nazi]] party were in fact [[Liberals]] (anti-Semitism is a well-documented characteristic of [[Liberal Christianity]] as is the [[PETA]]-like Green wing of the Third Reich.<ref>[http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/germany/sp001630/peter.html Fascist Ecology: The "Green Wing" of the Nazi Party and its Historical Antecedents]</ref>).<br />
<br />
== Liberal denialism and Donald Trump ==<br />
''See also:'' [[Liberal denialism and Donald Trump]]<br />
<br />
After the 2016 U.S. Presidential election, many liberals went into in denial that [[Donald Trump]] was going to be the President of the United States. Before the election, liberal media outlets took the line that Donald Trump could not win the [[Republican]] primary and could not win the presidential election.<ref><br />
*[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/11/09/the-wrongest-media-predictions-about-donald-trump/?utm_term=.febb2623a89f The wrongest media predictions about Donald Trump The wrongest media predictions about Donald Trump], ''Washington Post'', 2016</ref><br />
<br />
== General Denial == <br />
Generally, liberals deny that:<br />
<br />
'''Abortion'''<br />
# Choosing [[abortion]] over childbirth increases the risk of [[breast cancer]].<br />
# They support taxpayer-funded [[abortion]].<br />
# A child in a mother's womb has rights established by the [[Constitution]].<br />
# A person is not insane for disagreeing with abortion and homosexuality.<br />
<br />
'''Atheism'''<br />
# People like [[young mass murderers]] who take [[atheistic]] beliefs to their logical conclusions are not delusional but are true believers. <br />
# [[Young mass murderers]] fit the profile of [[public school]]-trained [[atheism]].<br />
# Atheism is a nontheistic religion, not an absence of religion.<br />
# Atheists were and still are responsible for the deaths of millions of people through the decades. Nevertheless, liberals resort to [[moral equivalence]] by falsely making the same claims about [[Christianity]], ridiculously exaggerating the numbers of people murdered by those claiming to be Christian while conveniently ignoring that Christian teachings forbid murder.<br />
<br />
'''Crime'''<br />
# [[Gun control]] motivates people to commit more gun-related [[crime]]s.<br />
# Illegal immigrants contribute to crime and poverty in the towns and cities they occupy.<br />
# Legalizing drugs will increase crime because drug addiction causes thievery and murder.<br />
# A [[border wall]] is the most effective and, ultimately, the most peaceful way to protect the large southern border separating the U.S. and Mexico from illegal immigrants.<br />
# Aggressive interrogation is often the best way to obtain answers from [[terrorists]].<br />
# Socially dangerous people exhibit a well-documented pattern of reading habits.<br />
<br />
'''Economics'''<br />
# Reducing taxes stimulates the [[economy]].<br />
# Privately run [[transport]] is more efficient than government-run transport.<br />
# [[Labor union|union]]s interfere with [[employment]] opportunities.<br />
# Free trade strengthens global democracies.<br />
# Americans can drill oil to avoid high gas prices.<br />
# Americans can't fully replace oil with green technologies; both oil and green technologies are needed to solve energy crises.<br />
<br />
'''Education'''<br />
# [[Homeschoolers]] are more likely to succeed than those who attend [[public school]].<br />
# A school having few to no [[conservative]] teachers and a majority of [[atheists]] and/or [[liberals]] is a [[liberal]] school.<br />
# [[Liberals]] attempt to intimidate and ostracize [[conservatives]], particularly in school environments and some occupations.<ref>See [[liberals and friendship]].</ref><br />
# The [[liberal]] ideology is pushed on unsuspecting others, particularly young people.<br />
# [[Lawrence Summers]] was fired as President of [[Harvard]] for making a [[political correctness|politically incorrect]] suggestion about women and mathematical aptitude.<br />
<br />
'''Environment'''<br />
# Modern technology can make [[coal]] clean.<br />
# Modern drilling methods result in minimal environmental impact, even if they were implemented in uninhabited lands such as the [[Arctic National Wildlife Refuge]].<br />
# Companies like [[Exxon]] should pay billions of dollars in damages to the general public ''in addition'' to the money they spend to clean up industrial accidents and to recompense those directly affected.<br />
# [[Selective logging]] keeps forests healthier by reducing the risk of wildfire.<br />
# High food prices are not caused by [[ethanol]] production but rather by the million acres of crop land and pastureland that have been taken out of production in the interest of wildlife conservation.<br />
# The life of a human is more important than the life of an animal or plant.<br />
<br />
'''Health and medicine'''<br />
# [[Socialized medicine|State run health care]] has lead to Islamic terrorism in Britain and would do so in the US.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMu6wCqdeyQ ''FOX News analyzes the new terror in state healthcare.''</ref><br />
# Obesity is a bigger problem than hunger in the Western world.<br />
# Eating [[meat]] and [[dairy]] is important for physical and mental health.<br />
# Using [[marijuana]] or other mind- or mood-altering drugs has lasting negative psychological effects.<br />
# [[Universal health care]] is inferior medical care and will lead to crowding in hospitals.<br />
# Girls and women in sports have debilitating ACL knee injuries at 3-4 times the rate of men,<ref>''Compare'' [http://www.universityhealthmatters.com/article.php?artid=50] (with an explanation of why there is a big difference) ''with'' [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/18/health/18knee.html?ex=1204088400&en=3a5abfaa6104ac63&ei=5070&emc=eta1 New York Times] (downplaying the difference and pretending that no one knows why). The New York Times denies overwhelming evidence, including the following:<br />
:"Female athletes, particularly basketball players, are far more likely than their male counterparts to suffer ACL [Anterior Cruciate Ligament] injuries." Stephen Hargis, "Girls have more torn ACLs," Chattanooga Times Free Press (Tennessee), D1 (Feb. 4, 2005). According to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, the risk of women tearing their ACL is 1 in 100. This number drops significantly to only 1 in 500 for men. See Nikki Usher, "Knee injury takes toll on girls playing soccer five times more likely than males to suffer a torn ACL," Philadelphia Inquirer, A01 (Nov. 29, 2004). "Compared with guys, female athletes run an eight-times-greater risk of tearing the ACL, a fibrous band that connects the shinbone (tibia) to the thighbone (femur). Basketball, soccer and other sports that require cutting moves or jump shots can put athletes at risk." Kathleen Fackelmann, "Girls face higher knee injury risk," USA Today, 15B (Aug. 24, 2004). Timothy Hewett, PhD, the lead researcher on a definitive study at the Sports Medicine Biodynamics Center at the University of Cincinnati, says this is "close to a billion-dollar problem in girls and women in the USA. ... Even after girls have recovered from the acute injury, the changes in the joint may set the stage for osteoarthritis of the knee ...." ''Id.'' That obvious suspicion was quickly confirmed: a study subsequently published in Arthritis & Rheumatism demonstrated that "more than half of ... 103 soccer players, who were ages 14 to 28 at the time of the ACL injury, suffered osteoarthritis of the knee at the time of the study -- about 12 years later." Kathleen Fackelmann, "Girls' knee injuries have later consequences," USA Today, 9D (Oct. 7, 2004). "Many of the women, who were about 31 by that time, also said they had pain or some other disability that made it hard to conduct daily activities." ''Id.''</ref> and are vulnerable to other injuries<ref>"Amber Scull ruptured her spleen after she was tackled during a practice drill at Nature Coast Tech in Brooksville 2 1/2 months ago. Had she [not] arrived at the hospital 30 minutes later, doctors told her mother, she might have died." [http://www.sptimes.com/2004/01/06/news_pf/Sports/Girls_face_dangers_on.shtml]</ref><br />
<br />
'''History'''<br />
# America's [[founding fathers]] were devout Christians.<br />
# The American model of [[democracy]] succeeded because it was founded on [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[Christianity]].<ref>[http://www.apologetics.com/default.jsp?bodycontent=/articles/cultural_apologetics/snyder-democracy1.html Calvinism and the Success of Liberal Democracy, by John Snyder]</ref><br />
# The [[Democratic National Party]] founded the [[Ku Klux Klan]] and supported it for decades, and that the Democrats not only championed slavery of blacks before and during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], plus segregation and suppression of blacks for decades afterward, but still champion a form of slavery and suppression against blacks (in the form of the [[welfare state]]) and still have the same attitudes toward blacks today as they did 150 years, 100 years, and even 50 years ago.<ref>[http://www.wnd.com/2017/06/dsouza-dems-want-to-shift-blame-with-confederate-crusade/ D'Souza: Dems want to "shift blame" with Confederate crusade] at [[WorldNetDaily]]</ref><br />
<br />
'''Homosexuality'''<br />
# [[Same sex adoption]] is harmful to children.<br />
# Banning [[same-sex marriage|same-sex "marriage"]] is analogous to banning [[polygamy]].<br />
# Opposing same-sex "marriage" is justified (though they try to prove otherwise by drawing absurd connections to decriminalized interracial marriage bans).<br />
# Homosexuals can be switched back into heterosexuals. (See [[ex-homosexuals]])<br />
<br />
'''Liberalism'''<br />
# They are [[intolerant]] of opposing viewpoints and then try to stifle further discussion.<br />
# [[Socialism]] and liberalism have the same political agenda.<br />
# They suppress any criticism rather acknowledge it.<br />
# They make sweeping generalizations about conservatives.<br />
# Ideas do matter and can cause great harm, including liberal falsehoods.<br />
<br />
'''Media'''<br />
# The [[mainstream media]] is [[bias]]ed.<br />
# Wikipedia has a systematic bias.<br />
# Liberal media tycoons such as [[Ted Turner]] support population control.<br />
# Restricting free speech by the [[Fairness Doctrine]] is actually neither fair nor democratic.<br />
<br />
'''Politics'''<br />
# [[Barack Hussein Obama]] ran the dirtiest campaign since [[Lyndon Johnson]].<br />
# Former President Bill Clinton committed adulterous behavior while in office.<br />
# Politicians who proclaim 'change' actually do not break very far from policies of the past.<br />
# [[God]] and religion should be allowed a place in government.<br />
# Removing [[Saddam Hussein]] from power was beneficial for Iraq.<br />
# [[Ronald Reagan]]'s public exhortation, "[[Mikhail Gorbachev|Mr. Gorbachev]], tear down this wall," helped cause the nearly 30-year-old [[Berlin Wall]] later be torn down.<br />
# They support [[Totalitarianism]].<br />
# Their leaders engage in shocking wrongdoing, [[Liberal hypocrisy|hypocrisy]], and abuse of power<ref>See, e.g., leading [[liberal]] [[Eliot Spitzer]] and how fellow [[liberals]] downplayed or were silent about his misconduct.</ref><br />
# A [[vote]] for (yea) or a vote against (nea) is an absolute position.<br />
# People can be held accountable for the statements uttered in a vote.<br />
# Former President George W. Bush being in power did not cause Hurricane Katrina.<br />
# Former President Bill Clinton was responsible for Rwanda inaction.<br />
# The Democratic party discriminates against African-Americans. <br />
# [[Fidel Castro]] could have died a decade earlier than his disclosed death date, specifically around the last time he was seen in public in 2006.<br />
<br />
'''Religion''' <br />
# [[Islam]]ic extremism is a threat to the [[Western civilization]]<ref>Leftist [[Sam Harris]] admitted and complained about this liberal denial [http://www.cmonitor.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061009/REPOSITORY/610090301/1028/OPINION02 here].</ref><br />
# Faith and logic are compatible.<br />
# Both God and Jesus, the Lord and Savior, exist (in the case of secular liberals). Some secular liberals do acknowledge that Jesus walked among humans, but they deny that he performed any miracles.<br />
# Morality should be objective.<br />
# [[Heavy metal]] music is generally sacrilegious and has themes such as mind- or mood-altering drugs, sexual perversion, and [[Satan]] worship.<br />
<br />
'''Science'''<br />
# Life begins at conception.<ref>Williams, Thomas D. (November 5, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/11/05/abortion-lobby-denies-science-concerning-beginning-of-human-life/ Abortion Lobby Denies Science Concerning Beginning of Human Life]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved November 5, 2017.</ref><br />
# There are only two genders, and men and women are different, even from birth.<ref name="5ScientificFacts"/><br />
# Green energy is nowhere near as efficient as advertised.<ref name="5ScientificFacts"/><br />
# [[Entropy]] – including [[genetic entropy]] – is increasing, which confounds several liberal theories.<br />
# Virtually all fossil evidence for evolution has been proven wrong and affirms Biblical creation.<br />
# The intellectual justification for [[Hitler]]'s attempt to build a master Aryan race was the [[theory of evolution]].<br />
# Evolution and human-caused climate change are scientifically dubious at best.<br />
# There is scientific accuracy contained in the Bible.<br />
# Climate forecasts 50 years from now are as inaccurate as 15 days from now.<br />
<br />
'''Social issues'''<br />
# More than 80% of child molesters are [[pornography]] addicts.<br />
# [[Feminists]] censor discussion about differences between men and women, and boys and girls.<br />
# The [[nuclear family]] is beneficial to children.<br />
# [[Culture]] affects [[politics]] as well as people's views and lifestyles.<br />
# While a woman has every right to choose the job of her choice, her first and foremost priority should always be to unconditionally love her [[husband]] over all else.<br />
# The numerous premature deaths of [[Hollywood]] stars are the result of [[Hollywood values]]<ref>Liberal [[Wikipedia]] lists numerous [[actor]]s who died of drug overdoses, but will not acknowledge the role played by [[Hollywood values]], for which Wikipedia does not even have an entry. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drug-related_deaths]</ref><br />
# That English will cease being the language of the United States in 20 years unless it is protected as the [[official language]] (and that this would be a loss if it happened).<br />
<br />
Often, [[liberal]]s refuse to admit that they are [[liberal]]s in the hope of appearing more "reasonable". [[Hillary Clinton]] refused to admit in a presidential debate in 2007 that she is a [[liberal]]. Similarly, [[Michael Dukakis]] refused for a while to admit that he was a [[liberal]] during the 1988 presidential campaign. Only out of desperation did Dukakis admit that he was a [[liberal]], and even then, he admitted only that was a liberal like President [[Harry Truman]], who served 40 years earlier.<br />
<br />
Liberals like to bash President George W. Bush as a war monger and cite [[President Bill Clinton]] for his eight years of peace and prosperity. Liberals will deny record low unemployment, more people owning their homes, and President Bush going after [[terrorists]] while protecting Americans from further attacks. Liberals will selectively forget that during Clinton's term, the [[Rwanda]] massacre, the bombing of the USS Cole, the war in the [[Balkans]], the two US embassies bombed in [[Africa]], the Kobar tower bombing in Saudi Arabia, the [[Somalia]] conflict, the missile strike against [[Afghanistan]], and the bombing campaign against Iraq all occurred. Moreover, [[liberals]] deny that Clinton's economic policy ignored a series of high-profile companies that eventually collapsed due to fraud: Enron, Tyco, Worldcom and Qwest. <br />
<br />
As part of their denial, liberals often use the word "denial" pejoratively against conservatives. Alleging that conservatives are "[[racist]]" and "reject [[science]]", they use terms like "[[global warming]] deniers" and "[[climate change]] deniers" in an attempt to link conservative viewpoints with [[Holocaust denial]], [[Nazism]], [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]], and [[pseudoscience]].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[ACLU]]<br />
*[[Longest liberal denials]]<br />
<br />
{{liberalism}}<br />
[[Category:Liberal Traits]]</div>TampaBayConservativehttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Liberal_denial&diff=1461042Liberal denial2018-10-19T02:04:34Z<p>TampaBayConservative: Added a point to the denial list.</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Obama messiah.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Cover of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' Magazine, one of many published "halo-effect" photos of Barack Obama; the emphasis is on the claims that he is a "messiah," and is an example of liberal deification of a government official in accordance with point #26.]]<br />
'''Liberal denial''' is the tendency of [[liberals]] to conceal, [[denial|deny]], or [[Censorship|censor]] the facts for ideological reasons. The root cause of liberal denial is a desire to marginalize and exclude religion, especially Christianity, from society and ultimately to ensure that a secularized, politically liberal one-world [[government]], as well as denial of the Biblical [[God]] and [[Jesus]], remain dominant throughout the world. <br />
<br />
First [[liberal denial]] requires denying [[Christ]], then [[God]], then the greatness of accomplishments by those inspired by Christ, then the superiority of political systems based on [[Christianity]], and so on, reaching underachievement and selfishness.<br />
<br />
A list of examples of '''liberal denial''' are the following:<br />
<br />
# Liberals continue to deny that [[Donald Trump]] legitimately defeated [[Hillary Clinton]] for president in 2016, and earlier that [[George W. Bush]] defeated [[Al Gore]] for president in 2000 (e.g., Joe Biden denied it in remarks on June 12, 2013; Al Gore himself denied it in remarks on August 4, 2017).<br />
# [[European migrant crisis|Mass immigration to Europe from the Middle East]] has brought an increased threat and the greater occurrence of [[terrorism]]. Yet European leaders deny the threat of [[Islam]]ic terrorism, and terrorist attacks have shown how poorly prepared and secured their countries and facilities are.<ref name="Denial">Scarborough, Rowan (May 23, 2017). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/may/23/manchester-bombing-reveals-europes-denial-of-islam/ Europe’s denial of Islamic terrorism threat perplexes security specialists]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved May 24, 2017.</ref> When attacks occur, the leaders often state that they "are a part of daily life", and they refuse to admit that the motive of the terrorists is Islamic radicalism.<ref name="Denial"/> This is likely due to [[political correctness]] and the blindness that comes with liberalism and their pet goal for a utopian [[one-world government]] where nations and borders are abolished.<br />
# Lies about a false armed robbery were spread by the [[liberal media]] in smearing the gracious host of the [[2016 Summer Olympics]], and yet [[liberals]] did not fully correct and apologize for the lies even after [[Brazil]]ians worked hard to uncover the truth.<br />
# [[Terrorism]] was not mentioned once during the entire first day of the [[Democratic National Convention]] in 2016, while increasing numbers of widely reported terrorism occurred in Florida, France, and elsewhere.<br />
# [[Obama]] refused to mention ISIS, radical Islam, or Islamic extremism in his comments on the worst attack since [[9/11]]—a mass murder committed by an admitted supporter of ISIS in a Florida nightclub in June 2016.<br />
# Liberals deny that the much-publicized "proof" of the [[general theory of relativity]] in 1919 was, in fact, scientific misconduct by [[Arthur Eddington]] who "cherry-picked"<ref>https://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-brooks/scientists-behaving-badly_b_1448729.html</ref> his data to reach his desired result, which would have him expelled from any Ph. D. program worth its salt today.<br />
# Liberals deny the lack of racial diversity on the women's [[World Cup]] 2015 team, which had an all-white coaching staff and an all-white starting line-up.<br />
# Falsification of a theory, for which a [[Nobel Prize]] has been awarded, is never admitted by the English [[lamestream media]].<ref>http://en.yibada.com/articles/26197/20150412/nobel-prize-physics-2011-falsified-universe-dark-energy-expanding-rapid.htm</ref><br />
# Multiple murders committed by an atheist is neither a hate crime nor terrorism, but a rarely occurring murder committed by a Christian must be both.<br />
# Liberals deny whenever there is a cold winter, as well as the fact that the world has not significantly warmed for many years.<br />
# Liberals deny that violent [[video games]] incite and train [[young mass murderers]] to go on unspeakable killing rampages.<br />
# Tamerlan Tsarnaev, the mass murderer who perpetrated the [[Boston Marathon]] bombing, likely committed a gruesome triple murder in 2011 on the 10th year anniversary of [[9/11]], but liberals refuse to admit it, and the U.S. government insists the investigation is still ongoing.<br />
# Liberals refuse to admit that "crime [has become] a major part of [[South Africa]]n life, be it violent robberies or drive-by shootings."<ref>http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-11-15-south-africas-criminal-underworld-is-the-media-reporting-the-real-story/#.UqNvpMRDtHS</ref><br />
# Liberals deny that [[Abraham Lincoln]] developed a strong faith in the [[Lord]] in the last few years of life, as proven by his declaration of [[Thanksgiving Day]] as an official holiday, his insertion of "under [[God]]" into the [[Gettysburg Address]], and in his personal comments.<ref>http://www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/speeches/faithquotes.htm</ref><br />
# Liberals deny that a shutdown of the federal government is a good thing.<br />
# Liberals deny that some disciples likely wrote down teachings of Jesus while he was living, as a means to deny Jesus's words. (Ironically, liberal theologians then use those same "red letter" words to make the claim that, since Jesus never mentioned homosexuality anywhere in them, all other Biblical condemnation of the topic can be ignored - while those same theologians choose to ignore that the words of Jesus are also the words of God and that Jesus, in pointing out that the only acceptable sexual relations are that of one man and one woman in marital union, ''did'' in fact condemn homosexuality.)<br />
# Liberals deny even the possibility of women having different aptitude for math than men, even though every [[Fields Medal]] recipient has been male, nearly every Putnam fellow has been male, and the highest achievers on the SAT math exam are predominantly male.<br />
# Liberals deny that the [[Apostle Paul]] wrote most of the epistles which, in their opening, clearly state that he was the author. Similarly they deny that the [[Apostle John]] was the author of the gospel account bearing his name, all three epistles bearing his name, and the Book of Revelation (they usually concede the gospel account was his, are divided on the epistles, and almost universally deny his authorship of Revelation).<br />
# Liberals deny that human intelligence inevitably and demonstrably declines from generation to generation, and that if there were another 100 generations into the future, the people of that time would not be able to understand simple concepts.<br />
# Liberals deny the very real existence of [[fetal pain]] during [[abortion]].<br />
# Liberals deny that there are only two genders – male and female – and that they are born different<ref name="5ScientificFacts">Bokhari, Allum (April 23, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/tech/2017/04/23/5-scientific-facts-the-science-march-refuses-to-acknowledge/ 5 Scientific Facts The ‘Science March’ Has Yet to Acknowledge]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved December 30, 2017.</ref><br />
# Liberals deny the very real existence of [[Hell]], which [[Jesus]] referenced more than Heaven.<br />
# Liberals deny how they censor the [[Bible]] from their daily activities, and encourage the censorship for others too.<br />
# For nearly three months after his death, liberals denied that [[Hugo Chavez]] had died.<br />
# Liberals deny the [[Nobel Prize]] is an award given by liberals to other liberals, sometimes even granted in an awkward manner to punish a critic of liberal falsehoods.<ref>For instance, a Nobel Prize was granted to an understudy of [[Fred Hoyle]] to punish him.</ref><br />
# Liberals deny how they deify government officials, similar to how communists continue to deify Stalin, Lenin, and Castro.<ref>For example, they have adulated [[Ted Kennedy]] despite his paucity of achievements.</ref><br />
# Liberals deny how fellow travelers engage in [[deceit]], or at least refuse to admit it.<br />
# Liberals deny they are [[liberal]] and that most of the media are [[liberal]].<br />
# Liberals deny that [[Hollywood values]], [[professor values]], and general [[liberal]] values have consequences for their believers and any victims of the believers.<br />
# Liberals deny that they have censored [[prayer]] in [[public school]].<ref>A [[public school]] student who once "tape recorded a teacher making religious remarks to his students" to complain about it then later objected to a textbook explaining how prayer is censored from [[public school]] schools by court decisions. [http://abcnews.go.com/US/WireStory?id=4614012]</ref> <br />
# Liberals deny that a woman significantly reduces her risk of [[breast cancer]] by having children rather than [[abortions]]<br />
# Liberals deny that about half of promiscuous people carry sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and that those STDs cause infertility.<ref>"Among those who admitted having sex, the rate was even more disturbing -- 40 percent had an STD."[http://www.tulsaworld.com/lifestyle/article.aspx?articleID=20080312_1_C12_hUShe15125]</ref><br />
# Liberals deny that the strident promoters of [[evolution]] generally have weaker credentials than advocates of [[intelligent design]]<ref>See, e.g., [[Richard Sternberg]]</ref><br />
# Liberals deny that college faculties at nearly every American school are dominated by [[liberals]] and have virtually no [[conservatives]].<br />
# Liberals deny that [[Homosexuality]] shortens lifespan or increases risk fo disease for a wide variety of reasons.<br />
# Liberals deny that reducing the number of guns, which are primarily defensive weapons, results in an increase in crime.<br />
# Liberals deny that [[Hitler]] and the [[Nazi]] party were in fact [[Liberals]] (anti-Semitism is a well-documented characteristic of [[Liberal Christianity]] as is the [[PETA]]-like Green wing of the Third Reich.<ref>[http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/germany/sp001630/peter.html Fascist Ecology: The "Green Wing" of the Nazi Party and its Historical Antecedents]</ref>).<br />
<br />
== Liberal denialism and Donald Trump ==<br />
''See also:'' [[Liberal denialism and Donald Trump]]<br />
<br />
After the 2016 U.S. Presidential election, many liberals went into in denial that [[Donald Trump]] was going to be the President of the United States. Before the election, liberal media outlets took the line that Donald Trump could not win the [[Republican]] primary and could not win the presidential election.<ref><br />
*[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/11/09/the-wrongest-media-predictions-about-donald-trump/?utm_term=.febb2623a89f The wrongest media predictions about Donald Trump The wrongest media predictions about Donald Trump], ''Washington Post'', 2016</ref><br />
<br />
== General Denial == <br />
Generally, liberals deny that:<br />
<br />
'''Abortion'''<br />
# Choosing [[abortion]] over childbirth increases the risk of [[breast cancer]].<br />
# They support taxpayer-funded [[abortion]].<br />
# A child in a mother's womb has rights established by the [[Constitution]].<br />
# A person is not insane for disagreeing with abortion and homosexuality.<br />
<br />
'''Atheism'''<br />
# People like [[young mass murderers]] who take [[atheistic]] beliefs to their logical conclusions are not delusional but are true believers. <br />
# [[Young mass murderers]] fit the profile of [[public school]]-trained [[atheism]].<br />
# Atheism is a nontheistic religion, not an absence of religion.<br />
# Atheists were and still are responsible for the deaths of millions of people through the decades. Nevertheless, liberals resort to [[moral equivalence]] by falsely making the same claims about [[Christianity]], ridiculously exaggerating the numbers of people murdered by those claiming to be Christian while conveniently ignoring that Christian teachings forbid murder.<br />
<br />
'''Crime'''<br />
# [[Gun control]] motivates people to commit more gun-related [[crime]]s.<br />
# Illegal immigrants contribute to crime and poverty in the towns and cities they occupy.<br />
# Legalizing drugs will increase crime because drug addiction causes thievery and murder.<br />
# A [[border wall]] is the most effective and, ultimately, the most peaceful way to protect the large southern border separating the U.S. and Mexico from illegal immigrants.<br />
# Aggressive interrogation is often the best way to obtain answers from [[terrorists]].<br />
# Socially dangerous people exhibit a well-documented pattern of reading habits.<br />
<br />
'''Economics'''<br />
# Reducing taxes stimulates the [[economy]].<br />
# Privately run [[transport]] is more efficient than government-run transport.<br />
# [[Labor union|union]]s interfere with [[employment]] opportunities.<br />
# Free trade strengthens global democracies.<br />
# Americans can drill oil to avoid high gas prices.<br />
# Americans can't fully replace oil with green technologies; both oil and green technologies are needed to solve energy crises.<br />
<br />
'''Education'''<br />
# [[Homeschoolers]] are more likely to succeed than those who attend [[public school]].<br />
# A school having few to no [[conservative]] teachers and a majority of [[atheists]] and/or [[liberals]] is a [[liberal]] school.<br />
# [[Liberals]] attempt to intimidate and ostracize [[conservatives]], particularly in school environments and some occupations.<ref>See [[liberals and friendship]].</ref><br />
# The [[liberal]] ideology is pushed on unsuspecting others, particularly young people.<br />
# [[Lawrence Summers]] was fired as President of [[Harvard]] for making a [[political correctness|politically incorrect]] suggestion about women and mathematical aptitude.<br />
<br />
'''Environment'''<br />
# Modern technology can make [[coal]] clean.<br />
# Modern drilling methods result in minimal environmental impact, even if they were implemented in uninhabited lands such as the [[Arctic National Wildlife Refuge]].<br />
# Companies like [[Exxon]] should pay billions of dollars in damages to the general public ''in addition'' to the money they spend to clean up industrial accidents and to recompense those directly affected.<br />
# [[Selective logging]] keeps forests healthier by reducing the risk of wildfire.<br />
# High food prices are not caused by [[ethanol]] production but rather by the million acres of crop land and pastureland that have been taken out of production in the interest of wildlife conservation.<br />
# The life of a human is more important than the life of an animal or plant.<br />
<br />
'''Health and medicine'''<br />
# [[Socialized medicine|State run health care]] has lead to Islamic terrorism in Britain and would do so in the US.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMu6wCqdeyQ ''FOX News analyzes the new terror in state healthcare.''</ref><br />
# Obesity is a bigger problem than hunger in the Western world.<br />
# Eating [[meat]] and [[dairy]] is important for physical and mental health.<br />
# Using [[marijuana]] or other mind- or mood-altering drugs has lasting negative psychological effects.<br />
# [[Universal health care]] is inferior medical care and will lead to crowding in hospitals.<br />
# Girls and women in sports have debilitating ACL knee injuries at 3-4 times the rate of men,<ref>''Compare'' [http://www.universityhealthmatters.com/article.php?artid=50] (with an explanation of why there is a big difference) ''with'' [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/18/health/18knee.html?ex=1204088400&en=3a5abfaa6104ac63&ei=5070&emc=eta1 New York Times] (downplaying the difference and pretending that no one knows why). The New York Times denies overwhelming evidence, including the following:<br />
:"Female athletes, particularly basketball players, are far more likely than their male counterparts to suffer ACL [Anterior Cruciate Ligament] injuries." Stephen Hargis, "Girls have more torn ACLs," Chattanooga Times Free Press (Tennessee), D1 (Feb. 4, 2005). According to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, the risk of women tearing their ACL is 1 in 100. This number drops significantly to only 1 in 500 for men. See Nikki Usher, "Knee injury takes toll on girls playing soccer five times more likely than males to suffer a torn ACL," Philadelphia Inquirer, A01 (Nov. 29, 2004). "Compared with guys, female athletes run an eight-times-greater risk of tearing the ACL, a fibrous band that connects the shinbone (tibia) to the thighbone (femur). Basketball, soccer and other sports that require cutting moves or jump shots can put athletes at risk." Kathleen Fackelmann, "Girls face higher knee injury risk," USA Today, 15B (Aug. 24, 2004). Timothy Hewett, PhD, the lead researcher on a definitive study at the Sports Medicine Biodynamics Center at the University of Cincinnati, says this is "close to a billion-dollar problem in girls and women in the USA. ... Even after girls have recovered from the acute injury, the changes in the joint may set the stage for osteoarthritis of the knee ...." ''Id.'' That obvious suspicion was quickly confirmed: a study subsequently published in Arthritis & Rheumatism demonstrated that "more than half of ... 103 soccer players, who were ages 14 to 28 at the time of the ACL injury, suffered osteoarthritis of the knee at the time of the study -- about 12 years later." Kathleen Fackelmann, "Girls' knee injuries have later consequences," USA Today, 9D (Oct. 7, 2004). "Many of the women, who were about 31 by that time, also said they had pain or some other disability that made it hard to conduct daily activities." ''Id.''</ref> and are vulnerable to other injuries<ref>"Amber Scull ruptured her spleen after she was tackled during a practice drill at Nature Coast Tech in Brooksville 2 1/2 months ago. Had she [not] arrived at the hospital 30 minutes later, doctors told her mother, she might have died." [http://www.sptimes.com/2004/01/06/news_pf/Sports/Girls_face_dangers_on.shtml]</ref><br />
<br />
'''History'''<br />
# America's [[founding fathers]] were devout Christians.<br />
# The American model of [[democracy]] succeeded because it was founded on [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[Christianity]].<ref>[http://www.apologetics.com/default.jsp?bodycontent=/articles/cultural_apologetics/snyder-democracy1.html Calvinism and the Success of Liberal Democracy, by John Snyder]</ref><br />
# The [[Democratic National Party]] founded the [[Ku Klux Klan]] and supported it for decades, and that the Democrats not only championed slavery of blacks before and during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], plus segregation and suppression of blacks for decades afterward, but still champion a form of slavery and suppression against blacks (in the form of the [[welfare state]]) and still have the same attitudes toward blacks today as they did 150 years, 100 years, and even 50 years ago.<ref>[http://www.wnd.com/2017/06/dsouza-dems-want-to-shift-blame-with-confederate-crusade/ D'Souza: Dems want to "shift blame" with Confederate crusade] at [[WorldNetDaily]]</ref><br />
<br />
'''Homosexuality'''<br />
# [[Same sex adoption]] is harmful to children.<br />
# Banning [[same-sex marriage|same-sex "marriage"]] is analogous to banning [[polygamy]].<br />
# Opposing same-sex "marriage" is justified (though they try to prove otherwise by drawing absurd connections to decriminalized interracial marriage bans).<br />
# Homosexuals can be switched back into heterosexuals. (See [[ex-homosexuals]])<br />
<br />
'''Liberalism'''<br />
# They are [[intolerant]] of opposing viewpoints and then try to stifle further discussion.<br />
# [[Socialism]] and liberalism have the same political agenda.<br />
# They suppress any criticism rather acknowledge it.<br />
# They make sweeping generalizations about conservatives.<br />
# Ideas do matter and can cause great harm, including liberal falsehoods.<br />
<br />
'''Media'''<br />
# The [[mainstream media]] is [[bias]]ed.<br />
# Wikipedia has a systematic bias.<br />
# Liberal media tycoons such as [[Ted Turner]] support population control.<br />
# Restricting free speech by the [[Fairness Doctrine]] is actually neither fair nor democratic.<br />
<br />
'''Politics'''<br />
# [[Barack Hussein Obama]] ran the dirtiest campaign since [[Lyndon Johnson]].<br />
# Former President Bill Clinton committed adulterous behavior while in office.<br />
# Politicians who proclaim 'change' actually do not break very far from policies of the past.<br />
# [[God]] and religion should be allowed a place in government.<br />
# Removing [[Saddam Hussein]] from power was beneficial for Iraq.<br />
# [[Ronald Reagan]]'s public exhortation, "[[Mikhail Gorbachev|Mr. Gorbachev]], tear down this wall," helped cause the nearly 30-year-old [[Berlin Wall]] later be torn down.<br />
# They support [[Totalitarianism]].<br />
# Their leaders engage in shocking wrongdoing, [[Liberal hypocrisy|hypocrisy]], and abuse of power<ref>See, e.g., leading [[liberal]] [[Eliot Spitzer]] and how fellow [[liberals]] downplayed or were silent about his misconduct.</ref><br />
# A [[vote]] for (yea) or a vote against (nea) is an absolute position.<br />
# People can be held accountable for the statements uttered in a vote.<br />
# Former President George W. Bush being in power did not cause Hurricane Katrina.<br />
# Former President Bill Clinton was responsible for Rwanda inaction.<br />
# The Democratic party discriminates against African-Americans. <br />
# [[Fidel Castro]] could have died a decade earlier than his disclosed death date, specifically around the last time he was seen in public in 2006.<br />
<br />
'''Religion''' <br />
# [[Islam]]ic extremism is a threat to the [[Western civilization]]<ref>Leftist [[Sam Harris]] admitted and complained about this liberal denial [http://www.cmonitor.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061009/REPOSITORY/610090301/1028/OPINION02 here].</ref><br />
# Faith and logic are compatible.<br />
# Both God and Jesus, the Lord and Savior, exist (in the case of secular liberals). Some secular liberals do acknowledge that Jesus walked among humans, but they deny that he performed any miracles.<br />
# Morality should be objective.<br />
# [[Heavy metal]] music is generally sacrilegious and has themes such as mind- or mood-altering drugs, sexual perversion, and [[Satan]] worship.<br />
<br />
'''Science'''<br />
# Life begins at conception.<ref>Williams, Thomas D. (November 5, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/11/05/abortion-lobby-denies-science-concerning-beginning-of-human-life/ Abortion Lobby Denies Science Concerning Beginning of Human Life]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved November 5, 2017.</ref><br />
# There are only two genders, and men and women are different, even from birth.<ref name="5ScientificFacts"/><br />
# Green energy is nowhere near as efficient as advertised.<ref name="5ScientificFacts"/><br />
# [[Entropy]] – including [[genetic entropy]] – is increasing, which confounds several liberal theories.<br />
# Virtually all fossil evidence for evolution has been proven wrong and affirms Biblical creation.<br />
# The intellectual justification for [[Hitler]]'s attempt to build a master Aryan race was the [[theory of evolution]].<br />
# Evolution and human-caused climate change are scientifically dubious at best.<br />
# There is scientific accuracy contained in the Bible.<br />
# Climate forecasts 50 years from now are as inaccurate as 15 days from now.<br />
<br />
'''Social issues'''<br />
# More than 80% of child molesters are [[pornography]] addicts.<br />
# [[Feminists]] censor discussion about differences between men and women, and boys and girls.<br />
# The [[nuclear family]] is beneficial to children.<br />
# [[Culture]] affects [[politics]] as well as people's views and lifestyles.<br />
# While a woman has every [[right]] to choose the job of her choice, her first and foremost priority should always be to unconditionally cater for all the needs and wants of her husband.<br />
# The numerous premature deaths of [[Hollywood]] stars are the result of [[Hollywood values]]<ref>Liberal [[Wikipedia]] lists numerous [[actor]]s who died of drug overdoses, but will not acknowledge the role played by [[Hollywood values]], for which Wikipedia does not even have an entry. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drug-related_deaths]</ref><br />
# That English will cease being the language of the United States in 20 years unless it is protected as the [[official language]] (and that this would be a loss if it happened).<br />
<br />
Often, [[liberal]]s refuse to admit that they are [[liberal]]s in the hope of appearing more "reasonable". [[Hillary Clinton]] refused to admit in a presidential debate in 2007 that she is a [[liberal]]. Similarly, [[Michael Dukakis]] refused for a while to admit that he was a [[liberal]] during the 1988 presidential campaign. Only out of desperation did Dukakis admit that he was a [[liberal]], and even then, he admitted only that was a liberal like President [[Harry Truman]], who served 40 years earlier.<br />
<br />
Liberals like to bash President George W. Bush as a war monger and cite [[President Bill Clinton]] for his eight years of peace and prosperity. Liberals will deny record low unemployment, more people owning their homes, and President Bush going after [[terrorists]] while protecting Americans from further attacks. Liberals will selectively forget that during Clinton's term, the [[Rwanda]] massacre, the bombing of the USS Cole, the war in the [[Balkans]], the two US embassies bombed in [[Africa]], the Kobar tower bombing in Saudi Arabia, the [[Somalia]] conflict, the missile strike against [[Afghanistan]], and the bombing campaign against Iraq all occurred. Moreover, [[liberals]] deny that Clinton's economic policy ignored a series of high-profile companies that eventually collapsed due to fraud: Enron, Tyco, Worldcom and Qwest. <br />
<br />
As part of their denial, liberals often use the word "denial" pejoratively against conservatives. Alleging that conservatives are "[[racist]]" and "reject [[science]]", they use terms like "[[global warming]] deniers" and "[[climate change]] deniers" in an attempt to link conservative viewpoints with [[Holocaust denial]], [[Nazism]], [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]], and [[pseudoscience]].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[ACLU]]<br />
*[[Longest liberal denials]]<br />
<br />
{{liberalism}}<br />
[[Category:Liberal Traits]]</div>TampaBayConservativehttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Coal&diff=1461035Coal2018-10-19T01:31:13Z<p>TampaBayConservative: punctuation</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Yallourn_open_cut.jpg|thumb|400px|Open-cut brown coal mine at Yallourn, [[Victoria]]]]<br />
'''Coal''' is a combustible material which was formed by decomposing plant and animal material placed under intense pressure.<br />
<br />
[[Coal mining]] is the extraction of coal for use as a [[fuel]]. It became important after 1800 as coal fueled railroads of the [[Industrial Revolution]], and (where cheap water power was not available), the factories. Coal is now the chief method of generating [[electricity]], along with burning natural gas, using water power in dams, and using nuclear energy.<br />
<br />
Laboratory experiments show that coal can be formed in a matter of months, and with temperatures in the range of 100 to 150 degrees Celsius (210-300 degrees Fahrenheit) for brown coal and 400 degrees Celsius (750 degrees Fahrenheit) for black coal.<ref>Quoted by Walker, 2001</ref><br />
<br />
== Types of coal ==<br />
<br />
Four types of coal are: <br />
* [[Anthracite]] - the cleanest burning coal, found in such regions as south [[Wales]] and northeast [[Pennsylvania]]. <br />
<br />
* [[Bituminous coal]] - widely found in [[Appalachia]] and widely used, and does not burn as cleanly as anthracite.<br />
<br />
* [[Subbituminous coal]] - of a lower grade than bituminous and a higher grade than lignite, and is widely mined in the Powder River Basin region of [[Wyoming]]. <br />
<br />
* [[Lignite]] - also known as "brown coal", is the dirtiest burning, and is mainly used in power generation. The top two locations for lignite mining are [[Germany]] and [[Russia]]. <br />
<br />
[[Graphite]], used in [[pencil]]s and as an electrical conductor, is technically a type of coal of an even higher grade than anthracite, but is not used as a fuel as it is hard to ignite.<br />
<br />
== Origins ==<br />
[[Image:Coal_contact_line.jpg|thumb|coal sitting on clay, with no evidence of soil]]<br />
[[Young earth creationists]] believe that most coal was formed during the [[Great Flood]].<ref>Jackson, 2006</ref><br />
In support of this, they point out:<ref>Walker, 2001</ref><br />
* The time required to turn plant material into coal is small enough that the biblical timescale is quite sufficient. The vast amounts of time suggested by uniformitarian geologists is not actually required.<br />
* [[Polystrate fossils]] indicate that successive layers have formed quickly.<br />
* There is often no evidence of the soil that the plant material grew in, suggesting that the plant material was washed into place.<br />
* Trees found in coal beds often turn out to be types that do not grow in swamps, as proposed by uniformitarian explanations.<br />
<br />
<br />
Secular scientists propose that coal formation took long periods of time, with the most recently formed coal being formed a million years ago.<ref name="ACF">[http://www.ket.org/Trips/Coal/AGSMM/agsmmhow.html How Coal Is Formed] American Coal foundation.</ref><br />
They generally propose that the plant material accumulated in swamps<ref name="ACF" /><br />
<br />
== Environmental and Societal Impact==<br />
<br />
The burning of coal has lead to serious environmental consequences, such as the increase of coal-originating [[mercury]] in ocean fish such as tuna, or the release of chemicals that lead to acid rain. Acid rain is caused by the release of sulfur dioxide from fossil fuels, which dissolves to form sulfuric acid in rain clouds.<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,210660,00.html</ref> Acid rain can have serious impacts on local ecosystems, agriculture, and many structures, as the acid can eat away at building materials sensitive to acid, such as limestone.<br />
<br />
Despite these facts, coal has had an extremely positive influence on human development. Unfortunately, many [[Liberals]] do their very best to censor this information. Technology has been invented to make coal clean, however the [[Liberal Media]] seeks to hide this information for their own selfish and monetary gains <ref>https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2016/03/25/hillary-clinton-and-the-myth-of-dirty-coal/</ref>. Another frequent lie is the claim that coal contributes to the myth of [[Global Warming]]. This is easily disprovable. <ref>https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2018/10/09/prof-richard-lindzen-demolishes-the-climate-change-scare/</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Coal mining]]<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* Freese, Barbara. ''Coal: A Human History'' (2003) <br />
* Jackson, Wayne, [http://www.christiancourier.com/articles/read/the_record_buried_in_coal The Record Buried in Coal], Christian Courier, December 12, 2006.<br />
* Jeffrey, E. C. ''Coal and Civilization'' 1925.<br />
* Walker, Tas, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/328 Coal: memorial to the Flood] ''Creation'' 23(2):22–27, March 2001.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Geology]]<br />
[[Category:Mining]]<br />
[[Category:Coal Mining]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Energy]]<br />
[[Category:Investments in Tangibles]]<br />
[[Category:Survivalism]]<br />
[[Category:Fuels]]</div>TampaBayConservativehttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Coal&diff=1461034Coal2018-10-19T01:30:35Z<p>TampaBayConservative: Grammar and information</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Yallourn_open_cut.jpg|thumb|400px|Open-cut brown coal mine at Yallourn, [[Victoria]]]]<br />
'''Coal''' is a combustible material which was formed by decomposing plant and animal material placed under intense pressure.<br />
<br />
[[Coal mining]] is the extraction of coal for use as a [[fuel]]. It became important after 1800 as coal fueled railroads of the [[Industrial Revolution]], and (where cheap water power was not available), the factories. Coal is now the chief method of generating [[electricity]], along with burning natural gas, using water power in dams, and using nuclear energy.<br />
<br />
Laboratory experiments show that coal can be formed in a matter of months, and with temperatures in the range of 100 to 150 degrees Celsius (210-300 degrees Fahrenheit) for brown coal and 400 degrees Celsius (750 degrees Fahrenheit) for black coal.<ref>Quoted by Walker, 2001</ref><br />
<br />
== Types of coal ==<br />
<br />
Four types of coal are: <br />
* [[Anthracite]] - the cleanest burning coal, found in such regions as south [[Wales]] and northeast [[Pennsylvania]]. <br />
<br />
* [[Bituminous coal]] - widely found in [[Appalachia]] and widely used, and does not burn as cleanly as anthracite.<br />
<br />
* [[Subbituminous coal]] - of a lower grade than bituminous and a higher grade than lignite, and is widely mined in the Powder River Basin region of [[Wyoming]]. <br />
<br />
* [[Lignite]] - also known as "brown coal", is the dirtiest burning, and is mainly used in power generation. The top two locations for lignite mining are [[Germany]] and [[Russia]]. <br />
<br />
[[Graphite]], used in [[pencil]]s and as an electrical conductor, is technically a type of coal of an even higher grade than anthracite, but is not used as a fuel as it is hard to ignite.<br />
<br />
== Origins ==<br />
[[Image:Coal_contact_line.jpg|thumb|coal sitting on clay, with no evidence of soil]]<br />
[[Young earth creationists]] believe that most coal was formed during the [[Great Flood]].<ref>Jackson, 2006</ref><br />
In support of this, they point out:<ref>Walker, 2001</ref><br />
* The time required to turn plant material into coal is small enough that the biblical timescale is quite sufficient. The vast amounts of time suggested by uniformitarian geologists is not actually required.<br />
* [[Polystrate fossils]] indicate that successive layers have formed quickly.<br />
* There is often no evidence of the soil that the plant material grew in, suggesting that the plant material was washed into place.<br />
* Trees found in coal beds often turn out to be types that do not grow in swamps, as proposed by uniformitarian explanations.<br />
<br />
<br />
Secular scientists propose that coal formation took long periods of time, with the most recently formed coal being formed a million years ago.<ref name="ACF">[http://www.ket.org/Trips/Coal/AGSMM/agsmmhow.html How Coal Is Formed] American Coal foundation.</ref><br />
They generally propose that the plant material accumulated in swamps<ref name="ACF" /><br />
<br />
== Environmental and Societal Impact==<br />
<br />
The burning of coal has lead to serious environmental consequences, such as the increase of coal-originating [[mercury]] in ocean fish such as tuna, or the release of chemicals that lead to acid rain. Acid rain is caused by the release of sulfur dioxide from fossil fuels, which dissolves to form sulfuric acid in rain clouds.<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,210660,00.html</ref> Acid rain can have serious impacts on local ecosystems, agriculture, and many structures, as the acid can eat away at building materials sensitive to acid, such as limestone.<br />
<br />
Despite these facts, coal has had an extremely positive influence on human development. Unfortunately, many [[Liberals]] do their very best to censor this information. Technology has been invented to make coal clean, however the [[Liberal Media]] seeks to hide this information for their own selfish and monetary gains <ref>https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2016/03/25/hillary-clinton-and-the-myth-of-dirty-coal/</ref>. Another frequent lie is the claim that coal contributes to the myth of [[Global Warming]]. This is easily disprovable. <ref>https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2018/10/09/prof-richard-lindzen-demolishes-the-climate-change-scare/</ref>.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Coal mining]]<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* Freese, Barbara. ''Coal: A Human History'' (2003) <br />
* Jackson, Wayne, [http://www.christiancourier.com/articles/read/the_record_buried_in_coal The Record Buried in Coal], Christian Courier, December 12, 2006.<br />
* Jeffrey, E. C. ''Coal and Civilization'' 1925.<br />
* Walker, Tas, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/328 Coal: memorial to the Flood] ''Creation'' 23(2):22–27, March 2001.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Geology]]<br />
[[Category:Mining]]<br />
[[Category:Coal Mining]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Energy]]<br />
[[Category:Investments in Tangibles]]<br />
[[Category:Survivalism]]<br />
[[Category:Fuels]]</div>TampaBayConservativehttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Coal&diff=1461033Coal2018-10-19T01:19:43Z<p>TampaBayConservative: changed a letter into a capital</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Yallourn_open_cut.jpg|thumb|400px|Open-cut brown coal mine at Yallourn, [[Victoria]]]]<br />
'''Coal''' is a combustible material which was formed by decomposing plant and animal material placed under intense pressure.<br />
<br />
[[Coal mining]] is the extraction of coal for use as a [[fuel]]. It became important after 1800 as coal fueled railroads of the [[Industrial Revolution]], and (where cheap water power was not available), the factories. Coal is now the chief method of generating [[electricity]], along with burning natural gas, using water power in dams, and using nuclear energy.<br />
<br />
Laboratory experiments show that coal can be formed in a matter of months, and with temperatures in the range of 100 to 150 degrees Celsius (210-300 degrees Fahrenheit) for brown coal and 400 degrees Celsius (750 degrees Fahrenheit) for black coal.<ref>Quoted by Walker, 2001</ref><br />
<br />
== Types of coal ==<br />
<br />
Four types of coal are: <br />
* [[Anthracite]] - the cleanest burning coal, found in such regions as south [[Wales]] and northeast [[Pennsylvania]]. <br />
<br />
* [[Bituminous coal]] - widely found in [[Appalachia]] and widely used, and does not burn as cleanly as anthracite.<br />
<br />
* [[Subbituminous coal]] - of a lower grade than bituminous and a higher grade than lignite, and is widely mined in the Powder River Basin region of [[Wyoming]]. <br />
<br />
* [[Lignite]] - also known as "brown coal", is the dirtiest burning, and is mainly used in power generation. The top two locations for lignite mining are [[Germany]] and [[Russia]]. <br />
<br />
[[Graphite]], used in [[pencil]]s and as an electrical conductor, is technically a type of coal of an even higher grade than anthracite, but is not used as a fuel as it is hard to ignite.<br />
<br />
== Origins ==<br />
[[Image:Coal_contact_line.jpg|thumb|coal sitting on clay, with no evidence of soil]]<br />
[[Young earth creationists]] believe that most coal was formed during the [[Great Flood]].<ref>Jackson, 2006</ref><br />
In support of this, they point out:<ref>Walker, 2001</ref><br />
* The time required to turn plant material into coal is small enough that the biblical timescale is quite sufficient. The vast amounts of time suggested by uniformitarian geologists is not actually required.<br />
* [[Polystrate fossils]] indicate that successive layers have formed quickly.<br />
* There is often no evidence of the soil that the plant material grew in, suggesting that the plant material was washed into place.<br />
* Trees found in coal beds often turn out to be types that do not grow in swamps, as proposed by uniformitarian explanations.<br />
<br />
<br />
Secular scientists propose that coal formation took long periods of time, with the most recently formed coal being formed a million years ago.<ref name="ACF">[http://www.ket.org/Trips/Coal/AGSMM/agsmmhow.html How Coal Is Formed] American Coal foundation.</ref><br />
They generally propose that the plant material accumulated in swamps<ref name="ACF" /><br />
<br />
== Environmental and Societal Impact==<br />
<br />
The burning of coal has lead to serious environmental consequences, such as the increase of coal-originating [[mercury]] in ocean fish such as tuna, or the release of chemicals that lead to acid rain. Acid rain is caused by the release of sulfur dioxide from fossil fuels, which dissolves to form sulfuric acid in rain clouds.<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,210660,00.html</ref> Acid rain can have serious impacts on local ecosystems, agriculture, and many structures, as the acid can eat away at building materials sensitive to acid, such as limestone.<br />
<br />
Despite these facts, coal have had an extremely positive influence on human development. Unfortunately, many [[Liberals]] do their very best to censor this information. Technology has been invented to make coal clean, however the [[Liberal Media]] seeks to hide this information for their own selfish and monetary gains <ref>https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2016/03/25/hillary-clinton-and-the-myth-of-dirty-coal/</ref>.{{fact}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Coal mining]]<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* Freese, Barbara. ''Coal: A Human History'' (2003) <br />
* Jackson, Wayne, [http://www.christiancourier.com/articles/read/the_record_buried_in_coal The Record Buried in Coal], Christian Courier, December 12, 2006.<br />
* Jeffrey, E. C. ''Coal and Civilization'' 1925.<br />
* Walker, Tas, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/328 Coal: memorial to the Flood] ''Creation'' 23(2):22–27, March 2001.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Geology]]<br />
[[Category:Mining]]<br />
[[Category:Coal Mining]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Energy]]<br />
[[Category:Investments in Tangibles]]<br />
[[Category:Survivalism]]<br />
[[Category:Fuels]]</div>TampaBayConservativehttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Coal&diff=1461032Coal2018-10-19T01:18:57Z<p>TampaBayConservative: I changed the subtitle to account for a change i made</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Yallourn_open_cut.jpg|thumb|400px|Open-cut brown coal mine at Yallourn, [[Victoria]]]]<br />
'''Coal''' is a combustible material which was formed by decomposing plant and animal material placed under intense pressure.<br />
<br />
[[Coal mining]] is the extraction of coal for use as a [[fuel]]. It became important after 1800 as coal fueled railroads of the [[Industrial Revolution]], and (where cheap water power was not available), the factories. Coal is now the chief method of generating [[electricity]], along with burning natural gas, using water power in dams, and using nuclear energy.<br />
<br />
Laboratory experiments show that coal can be formed in a matter of months, and with temperatures in the range of 100 to 150 degrees Celsius (210-300 degrees Fahrenheit) for brown coal and 400 degrees Celsius (750 degrees Fahrenheit) for black coal.<ref>Quoted by Walker, 2001</ref><br />
<br />
== Types of coal ==<br />
<br />
Four types of coal are: <br />
* [[Anthracite]] - the cleanest burning coal, found in such regions as south [[Wales]] and northeast [[Pennsylvania]]. <br />
<br />
* [[Bituminous coal]] - widely found in [[Appalachia]] and widely used, and does not burn as cleanly as anthracite.<br />
<br />
* [[Subbituminous coal]] - of a lower grade than bituminous and a higher grade than lignite, and is widely mined in the Powder River Basin region of [[Wyoming]]. <br />
<br />
* [[Lignite]] - also known as "brown coal", is the dirtiest burning, and is mainly used in power generation. The top two locations for lignite mining are [[Germany]] and [[Russia]]. <br />
<br />
[[Graphite]], used in [[pencil]]s and as an electrical conductor, is technically a type of coal of an even higher grade than anthracite, but is not used as a fuel as it is hard to ignite.<br />
<br />
== Origins ==<br />
[[Image:Coal_contact_line.jpg|thumb|coal sitting on clay, with no evidence of soil]]<br />
[[Young earth creationists]] believe that most coal was formed during the [[Great Flood]].<ref>Jackson, 2006</ref><br />
In support of this, they point out:<ref>Walker, 2001</ref><br />
* The time required to turn plant material into coal is small enough that the biblical timescale is quite sufficient. The vast amounts of time suggested by uniformitarian geologists is not actually required.<br />
* [[Polystrate fossils]] indicate that successive layers have formed quickly.<br />
* There is often no evidence of the soil that the plant material grew in, suggesting that the plant material was washed into place.<br />
* Trees found in coal beds often turn out to be types that do not grow in swamps, as proposed by uniformitarian explanations.<br />
<br />
<br />
Secular scientists propose that coal formation took long periods of time, with the most recently formed coal being formed a million years ago.<ref name="ACF">[http://www.ket.org/Trips/Coal/AGSMM/agsmmhow.html How Coal Is Formed] American Coal foundation.</ref><br />
They generally propose that the plant material accumulated in swamps<ref name="ACF" /><br />
<br />
== Environmental and societal Impact==<br />
<br />
The burning of coal has lead to serious environmental consequences, such as the increase of coal-originating [[mercury]] in ocean fish such as tuna, or the release of chemicals that lead to acid rain. Acid rain is caused by the release of sulfur dioxide from fossil fuels, which dissolves to form sulfuric acid in rain clouds.<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,210660,00.html</ref> Acid rain can have serious impacts on local ecosystems, agriculture, and many structures, as the acid can eat away at building materials sensitive to acid, such as limestone.<br />
<br />
Despite these facts, coal have had an extremely positive influence on human development. Unfortunately, many [[Liberals]] do their very best to censor this information. Technology has been invented to make coal clean, however the [[Liberal Media]] seeks to hide this information for their own selfish and monetary gains <ref>https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2016/03/25/hillary-clinton-and-the-myth-of-dirty-coal/</ref>.{{fact}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Coal mining]]<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* Freese, Barbara. ''Coal: A Human History'' (2003) <br />
* Jackson, Wayne, [http://www.christiancourier.com/articles/read/the_record_buried_in_coal The Record Buried in Coal], Christian Courier, December 12, 2006.<br />
* Jeffrey, E. C. ''Coal and Civilization'' 1925.<br />
* Walker, Tas, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/328 Coal: memorial to the Flood] ''Creation'' 23(2):22–27, March 2001.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Geology]]<br />
[[Category:Mining]]<br />
[[Category:Coal Mining]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Energy]]<br />
[[Category:Investments in Tangibles]]<br />
[[Category:Survivalism]]<br />
[[Category:Fuels]]</div>TampaBayConservativehttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Coal&diff=1461031Coal2018-10-19T01:17:02Z<p>TampaBayConservative: I added a citation to back up a claim i made earlier</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Yallourn_open_cut.jpg|thumb|400px|Open-cut brown coal mine at Yallourn, [[Victoria]]]]<br />
'''Coal''' is a combustible material which was formed by decomposing plant and animal material placed under intense pressure.<br />
<br />
[[Coal mining]] is the extraction of coal for use as a [[fuel]]. It became important after 1800 as coal fueled railroads of the [[Industrial Revolution]], and (where cheap water power was not available), the factories. Coal is now the chief method of generating [[electricity]], along with burning natural gas, using water power in dams, and using nuclear energy.<br />
<br />
Laboratory experiments show that coal can be formed in a matter of months, and with temperatures in the range of 100 to 150 degrees Celsius (210-300 degrees Fahrenheit) for brown coal and 400 degrees Celsius (750 degrees Fahrenheit) for black coal.<ref>Quoted by Walker, 2001</ref><br />
<br />
== Types of coal ==<br />
<br />
Four types of coal are: <br />
* [[Anthracite]] - the cleanest burning coal, found in such regions as south [[Wales]] and northeast [[Pennsylvania]]. <br />
<br />
* [[Bituminous coal]] - widely found in [[Appalachia]] and widely used, and does not burn as cleanly as anthracite.<br />
<br />
* [[Subbituminous coal]] - of a lower grade than bituminous and a higher grade than lignite, and is widely mined in the Powder River Basin region of [[Wyoming]]. <br />
<br />
* [[Lignite]] - also known as "brown coal", is the dirtiest burning, and is mainly used in power generation. The top two locations for lignite mining are [[Germany]] and [[Russia]]. <br />
<br />
[[Graphite]], used in [[pencil]]s and as an electrical conductor, is technically a type of coal of an even higher grade than anthracite, but is not used as a fuel as it is hard to ignite.<br />
<br />
== Origins ==<br />
[[Image:Coal_contact_line.jpg|thumb|coal sitting on clay, with no evidence of soil]]<br />
[[Young earth creationists]] believe that most coal was formed during the [[Great Flood]].<ref>Jackson, 2006</ref><br />
In support of this, they point out:<ref>Walker, 2001</ref><br />
* The time required to turn plant material into coal is small enough that the biblical timescale is quite sufficient. The vast amounts of time suggested by uniformitarian geologists is not actually required.<br />
* [[Polystrate fossils]] indicate that successive layers have formed quickly.<br />
* There is often no evidence of the soil that the plant material grew in, suggesting that the plant material was washed into place.<br />
* Trees found in coal beds often turn out to be types that do not grow in swamps, as proposed by uniformitarian explanations.<br />
<br />
<br />
Secular scientists propose that coal formation took long periods of time, with the most recently formed coal being formed a million years ago.<ref name="ACF">[http://www.ket.org/Trips/Coal/AGSMM/agsmmhow.html How Coal Is Formed] American Coal foundation.</ref><br />
They generally propose that the plant material accumulated in swamps<ref name="ACF" /><br />
<br />
== Environmental Impact==<br />
<br />
The burning of coal has lead to serious environmental consequences, such as the increase of coal-originating [[mercury]] in ocean fish such as tuna, or the release of chemicals that lead to acid rain. Acid rain is caused by the release of sulfur dioxide from fossil fuels, which dissolves to form sulfuric acid in rain clouds.<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,210660,00.html</ref> Acid rain can have serious impacts on local ecosystems, agriculture, and many structures, as the acid can eat away at building materials sensitive to acid, such as limestone.<br />
<br />
Despite these facts, coal have had an extremely positive influence on human development. Unfortunately, many [[Liberals]] do their very best to censor this information. Technology has been invented to make coal clean, however the [[Liberal Media]] seeks to hide this information for their own selfish and monetary gains <ref>https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2016/03/25/hillary-clinton-and-the-myth-of-dirty-coal/</ref>.{{fact}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Coal mining]]<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* Freese, Barbara. ''Coal: A Human History'' (2003) <br />
* Jackson, Wayne, [http://www.christiancourier.com/articles/read/the_record_buried_in_coal The Record Buried in Coal], Christian Courier, December 12, 2006.<br />
* Jeffrey, E. C. ''Coal and Civilization'' 1925.<br />
* Walker, Tas, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/328 Coal: memorial to the Flood] ''Creation'' 23(2):22–27, March 2001.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Geology]]<br />
[[Category:Mining]]<br />
[[Category:Coal Mining]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Energy]]<br />
[[Category:Investments in Tangibles]]<br />
[[Category:Survivalism]]<br />
[[Category:Fuels]]</div>TampaBayConservativehttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Coal&diff=1461030Coal2018-10-19T01:08:45Z<p>TampaBayConservative: I added information about how coal can be cleaned, despite the censoring of this information by the left</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Yallourn_open_cut.jpg|thumb|400px|Open-cut brown coal mine at Yallourn, [[Victoria]]]]<br />
'''Coal''' is a combustible material which was formed by decomposing plant and animal material placed under intense pressure.<br />
<br />
[[Coal mining]] is the extraction of coal for use as a [[fuel]]. It became important after 1800 as coal fueled railroads of the [[Industrial Revolution]], and (where cheap water power was not available), the factories. Coal is now the chief method of generating [[electricity]], along with burning natural gas, using water power in dams, and using nuclear energy.<br />
<br />
Laboratory experiments show that coal can be formed in a matter of months, and with temperatures in the range of 100 to 150 degrees Celsius (210-300 degrees Fahrenheit) for brown coal and 400 degrees Celsius (750 degrees Fahrenheit) for black coal.<ref>Quoted by Walker, 2001</ref><br />
<br />
== Types of coal ==<br />
<br />
Four types of coal are: <br />
* [[Anthracite]] - the cleanest burning coal, found in such regions as south [[Wales]] and northeast [[Pennsylvania]]. <br />
<br />
* [[Bituminous coal]] - widely found in [[Appalachia]] and widely used, and does not burn as cleanly as anthracite.<br />
<br />
* [[Subbituminous coal]] - of a lower grade than bituminous and a higher grade than lignite, and is widely mined in the Powder River Basin region of [[Wyoming]]. <br />
<br />
* [[Lignite]] - also known as "brown coal", is the dirtiest burning, and is mainly used in power generation. The top two locations for lignite mining are [[Germany]] and [[Russia]]. <br />
<br />
[[Graphite]], used in [[pencil]]s and as an electrical conductor, is technically a type of coal of an even higher grade than anthracite, but is not used as a fuel as it is hard to ignite.<br />
<br />
== Origins ==<br />
[[Image:Coal_contact_line.jpg|thumb|coal sitting on clay, with no evidence of soil]]<br />
[[Young earth creationists]] believe that most coal was formed during the [[Great Flood]].<ref>Jackson, 2006</ref><br />
In support of this, they point out:<ref>Walker, 2001</ref><br />
* The time required to turn plant material into coal is small enough that the biblical timescale is quite sufficient. The vast amounts of time suggested by uniformitarian geologists is not actually required.<br />
* [[Polystrate fossils]] indicate that successive layers have formed quickly.<br />
* There is often no evidence of the soil that the plant material grew in, suggesting that the plant material was washed into place.<br />
* Trees found in coal beds often turn out to be types that do not grow in swamps, as proposed by uniformitarian explanations.<br />
<br />
<br />
Secular scientists propose that coal formation took long periods of time, with the most recently formed coal being formed a million years ago.<ref name="ACF">[http://www.ket.org/Trips/Coal/AGSMM/agsmmhow.html How Coal Is Formed] American Coal foundation.</ref><br />
They generally propose that the plant material accumulated in swamps<ref name="ACF" /><br />
<br />
== Environmental Impact==<br />
<br />
The burning of coal has lead to serious environmental consequences, such as the increase of coal-originating [[mercury]] in ocean fish such as tuna, or the release of chemicals that lead to acid rain. Acid rain is caused by the release of sulfur dioxide from fossil fuels, which dissolves to form sulfuric acid in rain clouds.<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,210660,00.html</ref> Acid rain can have serious impacts on local ecosystems, agriculture, and many structures, as the acid can eat away at building materials sensitive to acid, such as limestone.<br />
<br />
Despite these facts, coal have had an extremely positive influence on human development. Unfortunately, many [[Liberals]] do their very best to censor this information. Technology has been invented to make coal clean, however the [[Liberal Media]] seeks to hide this information for their own selfish and monetary gains{{fact}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Coal mining]]<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* Freese, Barbara. ''Coal: A Human History'' (2003) <br />
* Jackson, Wayne, [http://www.christiancourier.com/articles/read/the_record_buried_in_coal The Record Buried in Coal], Christian Courier, December 12, 2006.<br />
* Jeffrey, E. C. ''Coal and Civilization'' 1925.<br />
* Walker, Tas, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/328 Coal: memorial to the Flood] ''Creation'' 23(2):22–27, March 2001.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Geology]]<br />
[[Category:Mining]]<br />
[[Category:Coal Mining]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Energy]]<br />
[[Category:Investments in Tangibles]]<br />
[[Category:Survivalism]]<br />
[[Category:Fuels]]</div>TampaBayConservative