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Al Gore

2010-01-03T22:00:51Z

Sunrise: added other relevant degrees

{{President
|image=041109_al_gore_vsml_6a_vsmall.jpg
|seq=45
|office=vice
|term_start=January 20, 1993
|term_end=January 20, 2001
|party=Democratic
|pres=Bill Clinton
|previous=Dan Quayle
|next=Dick Cheney
|birth_date=March 31, 1948
|birth_place=Washington, D.C.
|death_date=
|death_place=
|spouse=[[Tipper Gore]]
|spouse2=
|religion=[[Baptist]]
}}

'''Albert Arnold "Al" Gore, Jr.''' ( born March 31, 1948) was the 45th [[Vice President of the United States of America|Vice President]] of the [[United States]] (1993-2001), succeeding [[Dan Quayle]] and succeeded by [[Dick Cheney]], following service in the [[House of Representatives]] and the [[United States Senate|Senate]], spanning 1977-85 and 1985-93, respectively. He is a Nobel-prize winner for his work on [[global warming]]; Gore spreads alarmist propaganda, proclaiming the end of the world. Gore likes to say that, "The Earth has a fever." <ref>http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/GlobalWarming/story?id=2110628&page=1</ref> He has no degree in atmospheric sciences, meteorology, physics, chemistry, biology, or climatology. Gore took two science classes as an undergraduate. He got a "C+" in one and a "D" in the other. <ref>http://www.larryelder.com/Gore/goredubiousrecord.htm</ref>

Gore was the [[Democratic Party]]'s candidate for President in the 2000 election, running on a ticket with Sen. [[Joe Lieberman|Joseph Lieberman]] of [[Connecticut]].

In his early life, Gore attended [[Harvard University]] and (briefly) [[Vanderbilt University]]. He also served in the [[United States Army]] and worked as a war correspondent during the [[Vietnam War]].<ref>Kennedy,William V. ''The Military and the Media: Why the Press Cannot Be Trusted to Cover a War''. Westport: Praeger Publishers, 1993. <http://com.hilbert.edu/students/papers/carolina-1999/1999vietnam.html></ref> He is married to activist [[Tipper Gore]].

__TOC__

==Political career==

[[Al Gore]] followed his father, [[Albert Gore, Sr.]] a prominent [[Democratic]] Senator from [[Tennessee]], into [[Congress]]. His father was a supporter of the [[New Deal]] who was finally defeated in 1970, despite having sent his son to [[Vietnam]] in order to bolster his campaign.<ref>http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2000/democracy/gore/stories/gore/</ref>

Al Gore was initially somewhat [[conservative]] on social issues, supporting [[Clarence Thomas]] for the [[Supreme Court]] and, along with his wife, opposing offensive lyrics in rock music. But as his presidential aspirations grew, Gore became increasingly [[liberal]].

Gore ran for president in 1988 but was defeated in the primary by [[Michael Dukakis]]. Gore then continued to serve in the Senate.<ref>While serving in the Senate, Gore introduced the High-Performance Computing Act of 1991, signed December 9, 1991, which his supporters claim helped develop the Internet and the National Research and Education Network. [http://www.congress.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d102:SN00272:@@@L&summ2=m&] [http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/internet_history_90s.shtml] When Gore himself bragged about creating the internet, he was referring to prior legislation (see quotations below).</ref>

In the [[United States presidential election, 1992|1992 Presidential Election]], Democratic nominee [[Bill Clinton]] selected Gore as his running mate. They won the election, and Gore was sworn in as Vice President on January 20, 1993. Clinton and Gore were elected to a second term in [[United States presidential election, 1996|1996]]. Gore had little-to-no influence over the Clinton Administration, and almost nothing of significance is attributed to him.{{fact}}

As is traditional for Vice Presidents, Gore was nominated as the [[Democratic]] candidate in the [[United States presidential election, 2000|2000 Presidential Election]]. He lost to [[George W. Bush]] in the [[Electoral College]] after a close vote, in which Gore received more popular votes than Bush, but fewer electoral votes. Gore contested the results in Florida. On December 13, 2000, after an extensive court battle ([[Bush v. Gore]]), Gore accepted Bush's election to the presidency.<ref>Leip, David. "2000 Presidential General Election Results." David Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. 2005. 18 Mar. 2007 <http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=2000>.</ref>

== Al Gore and uncharitableness ==

''See also'': [[Liberal politicians and uncharitableness]] and [[Barack Obama and uncharitableness]]

The political magazine the ''[[American Spectator]]'' declared:
{{cquote|The last two Democratic Party nominees for President have come up short on the charity scale. Al Gore has been famously stingy when it comes to actually giving his own money to charities. In 1998 he was embarrassed when his tax returns revealed that he gave just $353 to charity...<ref>http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=1c5_1238044126&c=1</ref>}}

==Supporters==
[[Image:20001025 xnjdo FredGoreFiny.jpg|thumb|180px|left|From left to right: Fred Phelps, Al Gore, and former Kansas Gov. Joan Finney.]]
In 1988 Gore courted the support of controversial [[activist]] [[Fred Phelps]] of the [[Westboro Baptist Church]] in Topeka, Kansas. In appreciation for Phelps' help and support of Gore, Phelps was provided tickets to the [[inauguration]] of [[President Clinton]] in 1992 and 1996.<ref>[http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=15559 Gore sought help from anti-homosexual group], 'God hates fags' creator preaches 'hate because the Bible preaches hate', By Jon E. Dougherty, ''WorldNetDaily.com'', October 25, 2000.</ref> Phelps has since changed his opinion about Gore when he joined Bill Clinton on the 1992 presidential ticket. Phelps turned on him and claimed Gore was a conservative icon of the Democratic Party that sold out on some critical social issues. Phelps also demonstrated against Clinton and Gore during the 1997 inaugural. <ref> http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/Read.aspx?GUID={91058469-F6DE-4615-8B2A-73CDF3E8FCAC} </ref>
<ref> http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4179/is_20001104/ai_n11753681 </ref>

==Current activities==
Gore has started an investment firm to invest in environmentally sustainable technology and industries and a cable channel (Current TV), and is an adviser to [[Google]]. He was also mentioned as a possible [[2008 presidential election|2008 presidential candidate]].

Gore and the ''Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'' shared the 2007 [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for his work on [[climate change]].<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,312024,00.html</ref>

Gore is the author of ''The [[Assault on Reason]]''. He also starred in the 2006 documentary about [[global warming]] entitled, ''[[An Inconvenient Truth]],'' which won an [[Academy Award]]. In 2007, the British High Court directed teachers to inform students to whom they show the film that it "is a political work and promotes only one side of the argument" and to draw attention to eleven specific inaccuracies. Furthermore, the court advised, "If teachers present the Film without making this plain they may be in breach of ... the Education Act 1996 and guilty of political [[indoctrination]]."<ref>Sheppard, Noel. "Court Identifies Eleven Inaccuracies in Al Gore’s ‘An Inconvenient Truth’." [Weblog NewsBusters] 08 Oct 2007. Newsbusters. 9 Oct 2007 <[http://newsbusters.org/blogs/noel-sheppard/2007/10/09/court-identifies-eleven-inaccuracies-al-gore-s-inconvenient-truth http://newsbusters.org/blogs/noel-sheppard/2007/10/09/court-identifies -eleven-inaccuracies-al-gore-s-inconvenient-truth]>.</ref> Despite the errors, the judge also concluded "four main scientific hypotheses, each of which is very well supported by research published in respected, peer-reviewed journals and accords with the latest conclusions of the IPCC.” <ref> http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,301067,00.html</ref>

Speaking in Manhattan to the fourth annual Clinton Global Initiative, Gore wants to use "civil disobedience" to combat the construction of coal power plants without the ability to capture carbon. <ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,427421,00.html Al Gore Urges 'Civil Disobedience' Toward Coal Plants] Fox News, September 24, 2008</ref> Civil disobedience or the call for intentional violation of laws is an extremist point of view. It is believed that he was speaking in regards to Western nation coal plants. No mention of China and their coal production. The gravest threat from coal pollution comes from China, in which two plants are constructed per week and 500 more plants over the next 10 years. <ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9947668 China's Coal-Fueled Boom Has Costs] NPR, May 2, 2007</ref>

==Quotes==
* Gore said, '''''"I took the initiative in creating the Internet."''''' <ref>Blitzer, Wolf. Transcript: Vice President Gore on CNN's 'Late Edition'. CNN. 9 March 1999. 2 June 2007 <[http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1999/03/09/president.2000/transcript.gore/ http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1999/03/09/president.2000 /transcript.gore/]></ref>

* Gore falsely claimed that he discovered problems in Love Canal and fixed them. He said:

:"I called for a congressional investigation and a hearing. I looked around the country for other sites like that. I found a little place in upstate New York called Love Canal. Had the first hearing on that issue."<ref>http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/1999/12/02/politics/main72638.shtml</ref>

:"That was the one that started it all. ... We made a huge difference and it was all because one high school student got involved."

:"I love [[Van Jones]]. I love his work. I love his heart and his commitment and his intellect. I love his mission. He has wisely picked a part of this set of interwoven challenges that should have been addressed much more forcefully by me and others long ago.”<ref>http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/01/12/090112fa_fact_kolbert?currentPage=all</ref>

* During an interview with ''Slate'', regarding the Climate Research Unit at East Anglia University, a question was asked concerning a sense from the [[Climategate]] e-mails and from data that was "hidden and hoarded." These truths are the opposite of the case Al Gore made in his book about having an open and fair debate. Gore responded with a lack of command of the most basic details of anything related to Earth and climate. He said,
{{cquote|I haven’t read all the e-mails, but the most recent one is more than 10 years old. [...] So an e-mail exchange more than 10 years ago including somebody’s opinion that a particular study isn’t any good is one thing [...] but where the scientific consensus is concerned, it’s completely unchanged. What we’re seeing is a set of changes worldwide that just make this discussion over 10-year-old e-mails kind of silly.<ref>http://wattsupwiththat.com/2009/12/08/al-gore-cant-tell-time-thinks-most-recent-climategate-email-is-more-than-10-years-old/</ref><ref>http://www.slate.com/id/2237789/</ref>}}
:The most recent emails in Climategate were from November 12, 2009.

==Criticism==
[[Image:Al and GW.png|thumb|400px|Cartoon by Greg Sheffield]]
[[Ann Coulter]] claims Gore exaggerated his military service record: "Al Gore endlessly bragged to the media about his service in Vietnam. 'I took my turn regularly on the perimeter in these little firebases out in the boonies. Something would move, we'd fire first and ask questions later,' he told Vanity Fair. And then we found out Gore had a personal bodyguard in Vietnam, the most dangerous weapon he carried was a typewriter, and he left after three months."<ref>http://www.anncoulter.com/cgi-local/welcome.cgi</ref>

In 2007, Al Gore received criticism for his high electricity use. When it was discovered that Gore's electric utility bill is 20 times higher than the average American's<ref>[http://stoptheaclu.com/archives/2007/02/26/al-gore-hypocrite/ Al Gore - Electric consumption bill]</ref> many of his detractors accused him of not living up to his own standards. In the year since the 2007 criticism, energy use at Gore's mansion increased 10%.<ref>http://www.cnsnews.com/ViewCulture.asp?Page=/Culture/archive/200806/CUL20080619a.html</ref>
Gore's defenders claim that the majority of that power came from "green", or environmentally friendly, power sources such as solar and wind power. These power sources are much more expensive than traditional power sources such as coal and nuclear power.{{Fact}}

Also, some conservatives have pointed to Gore's use of a private jet while spreading the message about the dangers of [[global warming]].<ref>[http://www.gnn.tv/articles/2332/More_Inconvenient_Truths_About_Al_Gore More Inconvenient Truths About Al Gore]</ref>

Attention has also been called to Gore's profits from mining royalties, specifically the mining of zinc adjacent to his property that he leased in Tennessee, which has released millions of pounds of potentially toxic substances into the environment.<ref>[http://www.tennessean.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=200770316074 Tennessee Mine Enriched Gore, Scarred Land]</ref> The mine has been closed since 2003. New owner Strategic Resource Acquisition is planning to re-open the mine. From ''The Tennessean'' (3/12/07):
<blockquote>
"Last week, Gore sent a letter asking the company to work with Earthworks, a national [[Environmentalist|environmental group]], to make sure the operation doesn’t damage the environment.

'We would like for you to engage with us in a process to ensure that the mine becomes a global example of environmental best practices,' Gore wrote."
</blockquote>
However, this was after he had already made $500,000 from the mining operations.<ref>http://archive.newsmax.com/archives/ic/2007/3/17/93301.shtml?s=ic</ref>

Al Gore's fondness for using [[buzzword]]s became the focus of a prank played on Gore by students at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] in 1996. MIT students distributed a [[bingo]] card containing meaningless buzzwords Gore was known for peppering his speeches with, including "infobahn", "knowledge worker", "vector", "high confidence", and "information marketplace". Sure enough, during Gore's speech at MIT, a commotion erupted in the audience when enough buzzwords were said to complete the Bingo card.<ref>http://hacks.mit.edu/by_year/1996/gore/</ref>. Gore's current favorite buzzword is "unified national smart grid", which he promotes in conjunction with his catastrophic global warming prophecies, earning him ridicule as "The Goracle" in a ''[[Washington Post]]'' article by Dana Milbank.<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/28/AR2009012803318_pf.html</ref> [[Bjorn Lomborg]] has additionally criticized Al Gore for framing global warming using buzzword terms as some sort of transcendent generational quest, as when Gore called the so-called "climate crisis" the "chance to experience...a generational mission, the exhileration of a compelling moral purpose, a shared and unifying cause, the thrill of...the restless human need for transcendence."<ref>Lomborg, Bjorn. ''Cool It''. New York: Vintage Books, 2008.</ref>

==Fabrications and blunders==
*On February 20, 2000, Gore claimed he has “always, always, always” supported [[Roe v. Wade]]. However, in 1977, he voted for the Hyde Amendment, which says that [[abortion]] “takes the life of an unborn child who is a living human being,” and that there is no constitutional right to abortion. He cast many other votes favorable to the pro-life cause and earned an 84 percent rating over the course of his entire U.S. House career (1977 to 1984) from the National Right to Life Committee.<ref>http://www.gargaro.com/lifequotes.html</ref>

*On February 4, 2000, Gore claimed, “We had a huge event with 3,000 people at [[Ohio State University]].” In reality, “Officials at that rally said the room where it had taken place did not hold more than 1,200 people, and, given the area needed for the staging erected for the occasion, they estimated the crowd at 500,” according to known [[liberal]] media source the ''[[New York Times]]''.{{fact}}

*On February 2, 2000, on [[Good Morning America]] Al Gore claimed, “We won in every single [[demographic category]]” in the [[New Hampshire]] [[primary]]. In reality [[Bill Bradley]] carried [[male]] voters and voters aged 18-29, according to exit polls.{{fact}}

Gore's comment that he "took the initiave in creating the [[Internet]]" was criticized in the ''St. Petersburg Times'' (Florida):

:This was not the first time Gore has overreached. A year ago Gore told reporters that he and his wife, [[Tipper Gore|Tipper]], at the time when they were college sweethearts, were the inspiration for the novel "[[Love Story]]." That came as news to the befuddled author, [[Erich Segal]]. [http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue5_10/wiggins/]

==See also==
*[[Previous Breaking News/Al Gore|Al Gore on Breaking News]]

==External links==
*[http://www.algore.com/ Official website]
*[http://www.ibdeditorials.com/IBDArticles.aspx?id=276476942822261 Al Gore, Ignoble Laureate], ''Investor's Business Daily'', October 5, 2007
*[http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/g/al_gore/index.html Al Gore News and Commentary] from the ''New York Times''
*[http://www.aim.org/wls/author/al-gore/ What Liberals Say - Al Gore], [[Accuracy In Media]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{USVicePresidents}}

[[Category:Environmentalism]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Peace]]
[[Category:Liberal Activists]]
[[Category:Democratic Party]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gore, Al}}

Assistant

2009-12-27T19:04:25Z

Sunrise: Added non-existent referral page

A person who helps another do something.

Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion

2009-12-26T21:39:01Z

Sunrise: Added links

The '''Thirty-Nine Articles of [[Religion]]''', drawn up in 1563, summarize the basic beliefs of the [[Church of England]]<ref>Kenneth Needham Ross, ''The Thirty-Nine Articles'', Morehouse-Goreham, 1957</ref>. They were based on Archbishop [[Thomas Cranmer]]'s fourty-two Articles of Religion, written in 1553, and included such important tenets as reading of the [[Bible]] in English instead of Latin and marriage of priests. The articles are:

'''Article I: Of Faith in the [[Holy Trinity]]'''

There is but one living and true God, everlasting, without body, parts, or passions; of infinite power, wisdom, and goodness; the Maker, and Preserver of all things both visible and invisible. And in unity of this Godhead there be three Persons, of one substance, power, and eternity; the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost.

'''Article II: Of the Word or Son of [[God]], which was made very Man'''

The Son, which is the Word of the Father, begotten from everlasting of the Father, the very and eternal God, and of one substance with the Father, took Man's nature in the womb of the blessed Virgin, of her substance: so that two whole and perfect Natures, that is to say, the Godhead and Manhood, were joined together in one Person, never to be divided, whereof is one Christ, very God, and very Man; who truly suffered, was crucified, dead, and buried, to reconcile His Father to us, and to be a sacrifice, not only for original guilt, but also for all actual sins of men.

'''Article III: Of the going down of [[Christ]] into [[Hell]]'''

As Christ died for us, and was buried, so also is it to be believed, that he went down into Hell.

'''Article IV: Of the [[Resurrection]] of Christ'''

Christ did truly rise again from death, and took again his body, with flesh, bones, and all things appertaining to the perfection of Man's nature; wherewith he ascended into Heaven, and there sitteth, until he return to judge all Men at the last day.

'''Article V: Of the [[Holy Ghost]]'''

The Holy Ghost, proceeding from the Father and the Son, is of one substance, majesty, and glory, with the Father and the Son, very and eternal God.

'''Article VI: Of the Sufficiency of the holy [[Scriptures]] for salvation'''

Holy Scripture containeth all things necessary to salvation: so that whatsoever is not read therein, nor may be proved thereby, is not to be required of any man, that it should be believed as an article of the Faith, or be thought requisite or necessary to salvation. In the name of the holy Scripture, we do understand those Canonical books of the Old and New Testament, of whose authority was never any doubt in the Church.

Of the Names and Number of the Canonical Books

[[Genesis]]

[[Exodus]]

[[Leviticus]]

[[Numbers]]

[[Deuteronomy]]

[[Joshua]]

[[Judges]]

[[Ruth]]

[[The First Book of Samuel]]

[[The Second Book of Samuel]]

[[The First Book of Kings]]

[[The Second Book of Kings]]

[[The First Book of Chronicles]]

[[The Second Book of Chronicles]]

[[The First Book of Esdras]]

[[The Second Book of Esdras]]

[[The Book of Esther]]

[[The Book of Job]]

[[The Psalms]]

[[The Proverbs]]

[[Ecclesiastes]] or Preacher

Cantica, or [[Songs of Solomon]]

Four Prophets the greater

Twelve Prophets the less

And the other Books (as Hierome saith) the Church doth read for example of life and instruction of manners; but yet doth it not apply them to establish any doctrine; such are these following:

[[The Third Book of Esdras]]

[[The Fourth Book of Esdras]]

[[The Book of Tobias]]

[[The Book of Judith]]

The rest of [[The Book of Esther]]

[[The Book of Wisdom]]

[[Jesus the Son of Sirach]]

[[Baruch the Prophet]]

[[The Song of the Three Children]]

[[The Story of Susanna]]

[[Of Bel and the Dragon]]

[[The Prayer of Manasses]]

[[The First Book of Maccabees]]

[[The Second Book of Maccabees]]

All the Books of the [[New Testament]], as they are commonly received, we do receive, and account them Canonical.

'''Article VII: Of the [[Old Testament]]'''

The Old Testament is not contrary to the New: for both in the Old and New Testament everlasting life is offered to Mankind by Christ, who is the only Mediator between God and Man, being both God and Man. Wherefore there are not to be heard, which feign that the old Fathers did look only for transitory promises. Although the Law given from God by [[Moses]], as touching Ceremonies and Rites, do not bind Christian men, nor the Civil precepts thereof ought of necessity to be received in any commonwealth; yet, notwithstanding, no Christian man whatsoever is free from the obedience of the Commandments which are called Moral.

'''Article VIII: Of the Three Creeds'''

The Three Creeds, [[Nicene Creed]], [[Athanasius's Creed]], and that which is commonly called the [[Apostles' Creed]], ought thoroughly to be received and believed: for they may be proved by most certain warrants of holy Scripture.

'''Article IX: Of Original or Birth-Sin'''

[[Original Sin]] standeth not in the following of Adam, (as the Pelagians do vainly talk), but it is the fault and corruption of the Nature of every man, that naturally is ingendered of the offspring of Adam; whereby man is very far gone from original righteousness, and is of his own nature inclined to evil, so that the flesh lusteth always contrary to the spirit; and therefore in every person born into this world, it deserveth God's wrath and damnation. And this infection of nature doth remain, yea, in them that are regenerated; whereby the lust of the flesh, called in Greek, phronema sarkos, which some do expound the wisdom, some sensuality, some the affection, some the desire, of the flesh, is not subject to the Law of God. And although there is no condemnation for them that believe and are baptized, yet the Apostle doth confess, that concupiscence and lust hath of itself the nature of sin.

'''Article X: Of [[Free-Will]]'''

The condition of Man after the fall of Adam is such, that he cannot turn and prepare himself, by his own natural strength and good works, to faith, and calling upon God: Wherefore we have no power to do good works pleasant and acceptable to God, without the grace of God by Christ preventing us, that we may have a good will, and working with us, when we have that good will.

'''Article XI: Of the Justification of Man'''

We are accounted righteous before God, only for the merit of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ by Faith, and not for our own works or deservings: Wherefore, that we are justified by Faith only is a most wholesome Doctrine, and very full of comfort, as more largely is expressed in the Homily of Justification.

'''Article XII: Of Good Works'''

Albeit that Good Works, which are the fruits of Faith, and follow after Justification, can put away our sins, and endure the severity of God's Judgement; yet are they pleasing and acceptable to God in Christ, and do spring out necessarily of a true and lively Faith; insomuch that by them a lively Faith may be as evidently known as a tree discerned by the fruit.

'''Article XIII: Of Works before Justification'''

Works done before the grace of Christ, and the Inspiration of his Spirit, are pleasant to God, forasmuch as they spring of faith in Jesus Christ, they make men meet to receive grace, or (as the School-authors say) deserve grace of congruity: yea, rather, for that they are not done as God hath willed and commanded them to be done, we doubt not but they have the nature of sin.

'''Article XIV: Of Works of Supererogation'''

Voluntary Works besides, over, and above, God's Commandments, which they call Works of Supererogation, cannot be taught without arrogancy and impiety: for by them men do declare, that they do not only render unto God as much as they are bound to do, but that they do more for his sake, than of bounden duty is required: whereas Christ saith plainly, When ye have done all that are commanded to you, say, We are unprofitable servants.

'''Article XV: Of Christ alone without Sin'''

Christ in the truth of our nature was made like unto us in all things, sin only except, from which he was clearly void, both in his flesh, and in his spirit. He came to be the Lamb without spot, who, by sacrifice of himself once made, should take away the sins of the world, and sin, as Saint John saith, was not in him. But all we the rest, although baptized, and born again in Christ, yet offend in many things; and if we say we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us.

'''Article XVI: Of Sin after Baptism'''

Not every deadly sin willingly commited after Baptism is sin against the Holy Ghost, and unpardonable. Wherefore the grant of repentance is not to be denied to such as fall into sin after Baptism. After we have received the Holy Ghost, we may depart from grace given, and fall into sin, and by the grace of God we may arise again, and amend our lives. And therefore they are to be condemned, which say, thay can no more sin as long as they live here, or deny the place of forgiveness to such as truly repent.

'''Article XVII: Of Predestination and Election'''

Predestination to Life is the everlasting purpose of God, whereby (before the foundations of the world were laid) he hath constantly decreed by his counsel secret to us, to deliver from curse and damnation those whom he hath chosen in Christ out of mankind, and to bring them by Christ to everlasting salvation, as vessels made to honour. Wherefore, they which be endued with so excellent a benefit of God be called according to God's purpose by his Spirit working in due season: they through Grace obey the calling: they be justified freely: they be made sons of God by adoption: they be made like the image of his only-begotten Son Jesus Christ: they walk religiously in good works, and at length, by God's mercy, they attain to everlasting felicity.

As the godly consideration of Predestination, and our Election in Christ, is full of sweet, pleasant, and unspeakable comfort to godly persons, and such as feel in themselves the working of the Spirit of Christ, mortifying the works of the flesh, and their earthly members, and drawing up their mind to high and heavenly things, as well because it doth greatly establish and confirm their faith of eternal Salvation to be enjoyed through Christ, as because it doth fervently kindle their love towards God: So, for curious and carnal persons, lacking the Spirit of Christ, to have continually before their eyes the sentence of God's Predestination, is a most dangerous downfal, whereby the Devil doth thrust them either into desperation, or into wretchlessness of most unclean living, no less perilous than desperation.

Furthermore, we must receive God's promises in such wise, as they be generally set forth to us in holy Scripture: and, in our doings, that Will of God is to be followed, which we have expressly declared unto us in the Word of God.

'''Article XVIII: Of obtaining eternal Salvation only by the Name of Christ'''

They also are to be had accursed that presume to say, That every man shall be saved by the Law or Sect which he professeth, so that he be diligent to frame his life according to that Law, and the light of Nature. For holy Scripture doth set out unto us only the Name of Jesus Christ, whereby men must be saved.

'''Article XIX: Of the Church'''

The visible Church of Christ is a congregation of faithful men, in the which the pure Word of God is preached, and the Sacraments be duly ministered according to Christ's ordinance in all those things that of necessity are requisite to the same.

As the Church of Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Antioch have erred: so also the Church of Rome hath erred, not only in their living and manner of Ceremonies, but also in matters of Faith.

'''Article XX: Of the Authority of the Church'''

The Church hath power to decree Rites or Ceremonies, and authority in Controversies of Faith: And yet it is not lawful for the Church to ordain anything contrary to God's Word written, neither may it so expound one place of Scripture, that it be repugnant to another. Wherefore, although the Church be a witness and a keeper of holy Writ, yet, as it ought not to decree any thing against the same, so besides the same ought it not to enforce any thing to be believed for necessity of Salvation.

'''Article XXI: Of the Authority of General Councils'''

General Councils may not be gathered together without the commandment and will of Princes. And when they be gathered together, (forasmuch as they be an assembly of men, whereof all be not governed with the Spirit and Word of God,) they may err, and sometimes have erred, even in things pertaining unto God. Wherefore things ordained by them as necessary to salvation have neither strength nor authority, unless it may be declared that they be taken out of holy Scripture.

'''Article XXII: Of Purgatory'''

The Romish Doctrine concerning Purgatory, Pardons, Worshipping, and Adoration as well of Images as of Reliques, and also invocation of Saints, is a fond thing vainly invented, and grounded upon no warranty of Scripture, but rather repugnant to the Word of God.

'''Article XXIII: Of Ministering in the Congregation'''

It is not lawful for any man to take upon him the office of publick preaching, or ministering the Sacraments in the Congregation, before he be lawfully called, and sent to execute the same. And those we ought to judge lawfully called and sent, which be chosen and called to this work by men who have publick authority given unto them in the Congregation, to call and send Ministers into the Lord's vineyard.

'''Article XXIV: Of speaking in the Congregation in such a tongue as the people understandeth'''

It is a thing plainly repugnant to the Word of God, and the custom of the Primitive Church, to have publick Prayer in the Church, or to minister the Sacraments in a tongue not understanded of the people.

'''Article XXV: Of the Sacraments'''

Sacraments ordained of Christ be not only badges or tokens of Christian men's profession, but rather they be certain sure witnesses, and effectual signs of grace, and God's good will towards us, by the which he doth work invisibly in us, and doth not only quicken, but also strengthen and confirm our Faith in him.

There are two Sacraments ordained of Christ our Lord in the Gospel, that is to say, Baptism, and the Supper of the Lord.

Those five commonly called Sacraments, that is to say, Confirmation, Penance, Orders, Matrimony, and extreme Unction, are not to be counted for Sacraments of the Gospel, being such as have grown partly of the corrupt following of the Apostles, partly are states of life allowed in the Scriptures; but yet have not like nature of Sacraments with Baptism, and the Lord's Supper, for that they have not any visible sign or ceremony ordained of God.

The Sacraments were not ordained of Christ to be gazed upon, or to be carried about, but that we should duly use them. And in such only as worthily receive the same have they a wholesome effect or operation: but they that receive them unworthily purchase to themselves damnation, as Saint Paul saith.

'''Article XXVI: Of the Unworthiness of the Ministers, which hinders not the effect of the Sacrament'''

Although in the visible Church the evil be ever mingled with the good, and sometimes the evil have chief authority in the Ministration of the Word and Sacraments, yet forasmuch as they do not the same in their own name, but in Christ's, and do minister by his commission and authority, we may use their Ministry, both in hearing the Word of God, and in the receiving of the Sacraments. Neither is the effect of Christ's ordinance taken away by their wickedness, nor the grace of God's gifts diminished from such as by faith and rightly do receive the Sacraments ministered unto them; which be effectual, because of Christ's institution and promise, although they be ministered by evil men.

Nevertheless it appertaineth to the discipline of the Church, that inquiry be made of evil Ministers, and that they be accused by those that have knowledge of their offences; and finally being found guilty, by just judgement be deposed.

'''Article XXVII: Of Baptism'''

Baptism is not only a sign of profession, and mark of difference, whereby Christian men are discerned from others that be not christened, but is also a sign of Regeneration or new Birth, whereby, as by an instrument, they that receive Baptism rightly are grafted into the Church; the promises of the forgiveness of sin, and of our adoption to be the sons of God by the Holy Ghost, are visibly signed and sealed; Faith is confirmed, and Grace increased by virtue of prayer unto God. The Baptism of young Children is in any wise to be retained in the Church, as most agreeable with the institution of Christ.

'''Article XXVIII: Of the Lord's Supper'''

The Supper of the Lord is not only a sign of the love that Christians ought to have among themselves one to another; but rather it is a Sacrament of our Redemption by Christ's death: insomuch that to such as rightly, worthily, and with faith, receive the same, the Bread which we break is a partaking of the Body of Christ; and likewise the Cup of Blessing is a partaking of the Blood of Christ.

Transubstantiation (or the change of the substance of Bread and Wine) in the Supper of the Lord, cannot be proved by holy Writ; but is repugnant to the plain words of Scripture, overthroweth the nature of a Sacrament, and hath given occasion to many superstitions.

The Body of Christ is given, taken, and eaten, in the Supper, only after an heavenly and spiritual manner. And the mean whereby the Body of Christ is received and eaten in the Supper is Faith.

The Sacrament of the Lord's Supper was not by Christ's ordinance reserved, carried about, lifted up, or worshipped.

'''Article XXIX: Of the Wicked which do not eat the Body of Christ in the use of the Lord's Supper'''

The Wicked, and such as be void of a lively faith, although they do carnally and visibly press with their teeth (as Saint Augustine saith) the Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ, yet in no wise are they partakers of Christ: but rather, to their condemnation, do eat and drink the sign or Sacrament of so great a thing.

'''Article XXX: Of both kinds'''

The Cup of the Lord is not to be denied to the Lay-people; for both the parts of the Lord's Sacrament, by Christ's ordinance and commandment, ought to be ministered to all Christian men alike.

'''Article XXXI: Of the one Oblation of Christ finished upon the Cross'''

The Offering of Christ once made is that perfect redemption, propitiation, and satisfaction, for all the sins of the whole world, both original and actual; and there is none other satisfaction for sin, but that alone. Wherefore the sacrifices of Masses, in the which it was commonly said, that the Priest did offer Christ for the quick and the dead, to have remission of pain or guilt, were blasphemous fables, and dangerous deceits.

'''Article XXXII: Of the Marriage of Priests'''

Bishops, Priests, and Deacons, are not commanded by God's Law, either to vow the estate of single life, or to abstain from marriage: therefore it is lawful for them, as for all other Christian men, to marry at their own discretion, as they shall judge the same to serve better to godliness.

'''Article XXXIII: Of Excommunicated Persons, how they are to be avoided'''

That person which by open denunciation of the Church is rightly cut off from the unity of the Church, and excummunicated, ought to be taken of the whole multitude of the faithful, as an Heathen and Publican, until he be openly reconciled by penance, and received into the Church by a Judge that hath authority thereunto.

'''Article XXXIV: Of the Traditions of the Church'''

It is not necessary that Traditions and Ceremonies be in all places one, and utterly like; for at all times they have been divers, and may be changed according to the diversities of countries, times, and men's manners, so that nothing be ordained against God's Word. Whosoever through his private judgement, willingly and purposely, doth openly break the traditions and ceremonies of the Church, which be not repugnant to the Word of God, and be ordained and approved by common authority, ought to be rebuked openly, (that others may fear to do the like,) as he that offendeth against the common order of the Church, and hurteth the authority of the Magistrate, and woundeth the consciences of the weak brethren.

Every particular or national Church hath authority to ordain, change, and abolish, ceremonies or rites of the Church ordained only by man's authority, so that all things be done to edifying.

'''Article XXXV: Of Homilies'''

The second Book of Homilies, the several titles whereof we have joined under this Article, doth contain a godly and wholesome Doctrine, and necessary for these times, as doth the former Book of Homilies, which were set forth in the time of Edward the Sixth; and therefore we judge them to be read in Churches by the Ministers, diligently and distinctly, that they may be understanded of the people.

Of the Names of the Homilies

Of the right Use of the Church.
Against peril of Idolatry.
Of the repairing and keeping clean of Churches.
Of good Works: first of Fasting.
Against Gluttony and Drunkenness.
Against Excess of Apparel.
Of Prayer.
Of the Place and Time of Prayer.
That Common Prayers and Sacraments ought to be ministered in a known tongue.
Of the reverent estimation of God's Word.
Of Alms-doing.
Of the Nativity of Christ.
Of the Passion of Christ.
Of the Resurrection of Christ.
Of the worthy receiving of the Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ.
Of the Gifts of the Holy Ghost.
For the Rogation-days.
Of the State of Matrimony.
Of Repentance.
Against Idleness.
Against Rebellion.
Article XXXVI: Of Consecration of Bishops and Ministers

The Book of Consecration of Archbishops and Bishops, and Ordering of Priests and Deacons, lately set forth in the time of Edward the Sixth, and confirmed at the same time by authority of Parliament, doth contain all things necessary to such Consecration and Ordering: neither hath it any thing, that of itself is superstitious or ungodly. And therefore whosoever are consecrated or ordered according to the Rites of that Book, since the second year of the forenamed King Edward unto this time, or hereafter shall be consecrated or ordered according to the same Rites; we decree all such to be rightly, orderly, and lawfully consecrated or ordered.

'''Article XXXVII: Of the Civil Magistrates'''

The Queen's Majesty hath the chief power in this Realm of England, and other her Dominions, unto whom the chief Government of all Estates of this Realm, whether they be Ecclesiastical or Civil, in all causes doth appertain, and is not, nor ought to be, subject to any foreign Jurisdiction.

Where we attribute to the Queen's Majesty the chief government, by which Titles we understand the minds of some slanderous folks to be offended; we give not to our Princes the ministering either of God's Word, or of the Sacraments, the which thing the Injunctions also lately set forth by Elizabeth our Queen doth most plainly testify; but only that prerogative, which we see to have been given always to all godly Princes in holy Scriptures by God himself; that is, that they should rule all estates and degrees committed to their charge by God, whether they be Ecclesiastical or Temporal, and restrain with the civil sword the stubborn and evildoers.

The Bishop of Rome hath no jurisdiction in this Realm of England.

The Laws of the Realm may punish Christian men with death, for heinous and grievous offences.

It is lawful for Christian men, at the commandment of the Magistrate, to wear weapons, and serve in the wars.

'''Article XXXVIII: Of Christian men's Goods, which are not common'''

The Riches and Goods of Christians are not common, as touching the right, title, and possession of the same, as certain Anabaptists do falsely boast. Notwithstanding, every man ought, of such things as he possesseth, liberally to give alms to the poor, according to his ability.

'''Article XXXIX: Of a Christian man's Oath'''

As we confess that vain and rash Swearing is forbidden Christian men by our Lord Jesus Christ, and James his Apostle, so we judge, that Christian Religion doth not prohibit, but that a man may swear when the Magistrate requireth, in a cause of faith and charity, so it be done according to the Prophet's teaching, in justice, judgement, and truth.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion

2009-12-26T21:25:58Z

Sunrise:

The '''Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion''', drawn up in 1563, summarize the basic beliefs of the [[Church of England]]<ref>Kenneth Needham Ross, ''The Thirty-Nine Articles'', Morehouse-Goreham, 1957</ref>. They were based on Archbishop [[Thomas Cranmer's]] fourty-two Articles of Religion, written in 1553, and included such important tenets as reading of the Bible in English instead of Latin and marriage of priests. The articles are:

'''Article I: Of Faith in the Holy Trinity'''

There is but one living and true God, everlasting, without body, parts, or passions; of infinite power, wisdom, and goodness; the Maker, and Preserver of all things both visible and invisible. And in unity of this Godhead there be three Persons, of one substance, power, and eternity; the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost.

'''Article II: Of the Word or Son of God, which was made very Man'''

The Son, which is the Word of the Father, begotten from everlasting of the Father, the very and eternal God, and of one substance with the Father, took Man's nature in the womb of the blessed Virgin, of her substance: so that two whole and perfect Natures, that is to say, the Godhead and Manhood, were joined together in one Person, never to be divided, whereof is one Christ, very God, and very Man; who truly suffered, was crucified, dead, and buried, to reconcile His Father to us, and to be a sacrifice, not only for original guilt, but also for all actual sins of men.

'''Article III: Of the going down of Christ into Hell'''

As Christ died for us, and was buried, so also is it to be believed, that he went down into Hell.

'''Article IV: Of the Resurrection of Christ'''

Christ did truly rise again from death, and took again his body, with flesh, bones, and all things appertaining to the perfection of Man's nature; wherewith he ascended into Heaven, and there sitteth, until he return to judge all Men at the last day.

'''Article V: Of the Holy Ghost'''

The Holy Ghost, proceeding from the Father and the Son, is of one substance, majesty, and glory, with the Father and the Son, very and eternal God.

'''Article VI: Of the Sufficiency of the holy Scriptures for salvation'''

Holy Scripture containeth all things necessary to salvation: so that whatsoever is not read therein, nor may be proved thereby, is not to be required of any man, that it should be believed as an article of the Faith, or be thought requisite or necessary to salvation. In the name of the holy Scripture, we do understand those Canonical books of the Old and New Testament, of whose authority was never any doubt in the Church.

Of the Names and Number of the Canonical Books

Genesis
Exodus
Leviticus
Numbers
Deuteronomy
Joshua
Judges
Ruth
The First Book of Samuel
The Second Book of Samuel
The First Book of Kings
The Second Book of Kings The First Book of Chronicles
The Second Book of Chronicles
The First Book of Esdras
The Second Book of Esdras
The Book of Esther
The Book of Job
The Psalms
The Proverbs
Ecclesiastes or Preacher
Cantica, or Songs of Solomon
Four Prophets the greater
Twelve Prophets the less

And the other Books (as Hierome saith) the Church doth read for example of life and instruction of manners; but yet doth it not apply them to establish any doctrine; such are these following:

The Third Book of Esdras
The Fourth Book of Esdras
The Book of Tobias
The Book of Judith
The rest of the Book of Esther
The Book of Wisdom
Jesus the Son of Sirach Baruch the Prophet
The Song of the Three Children
The Story of Susanna
Of Bel and the Dragon
The Prayer of Manasses
The First Book of Maccabees
The Second Book of Maccabees
All the Books of the New Testament, as they are commonly received, we do receive, and account them Canonical.

'''Article VII: Of the Old Testament'''

The Old Testament is not contrary to the New: for both in the Old and New Testament everlasting life is offered to Mankind by Christ, who is the only Mediator between God and Man, being both God and Man. Wherefore there are not to be heard, which feign that the old Fathers did look only for transitory promises. Although the Law given from God by Moses, as touching Ceremonies and Rites, do not bind Christian men, nor the Civil precepts thereof ought of necessity to be received in any commonwealth; yet, notwithstanding, no Christian man whatsoever is free from the obedience of the Commandments which are called Moral.

'''Article VIII: Of the Three Creeds'''

The Three Creeds, Nicene Creed, Athanasius's Creed, and that which is commonly called the Apostles' Creed, ought thoroughly to be received and believed: for they may be proved by most certain warrants of holy Scripture.

'''Article IX: Of Original or Birth-Sin'''

Original Sin standeth not in the following of Adam, (as the Pelagians do vainly talk), but it is the fault and corruption of the Nature of every man, that naturally is ingendered of the offspring of Adam; whereby man is very far gone from original righteousness, and is of his own nature inclined to evil, so that the flesh lusteth always contrary to the spirit; and therefore in every person born into this world, it deserveth God's wrath and damnation. And this infection of nature doth remain, yea, in them that are regenerated; whereby the lust of the flesh, called in Greek, phronema sarkos, which some do expound the wisdom, some sensuality, some the affection, some the desire, of the flesh, is not subject to the Law of God. And although there is no condemnation for them that believe and are baptized, yet the Apostle doth confess, that concupiscence and lust hath of itself the nature of sin.

'''Article X: Of Free-Will'''

The condition of Man after the fall of Adam is such, that he cannot turn and prepare himself, by his own natural strength and good works, to faith, and calling upon God: Wherefore we have no power to do good works pleasant and acceptable to God, without the grace of God by Christ preventing us, that we may have a good will, and working with us, when we have that good will.

'''Article XI: Of the Justification of Man'''

We are accounted righteous before God, only for the merit of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ by Faith, and not for our own works or deservings: Wherefore, that we are justified by Faith only is a most wholesome Doctrine, and very full of comfort, as more largely is expressed in the Homily of Justification.

'''Article XII: Of Good Works'''

Albeit that Good Works, which are the fruits of Faith, and follow after Justification, cannot put away our sins, and endure the severity of God's Judgement; yet are they pleasing and acceptable to God in Christ, and do spring out necessarily of a true and lively Faith; insomuch that by them a lively Faith may be as evidently known as a tree discerned by the fruit.

'''Article XIII: Of Works before Justification'''

Works done before the grace of Christ, and the Inspiration of his Spirit, are not pleasant to God, forasmuch as they spring not of faith in Jesus Christ, neither do they make men meet to receive grace, or (as the School-authors say) deserve grace of congruity: yea, rather, for that they are not done as God hath willed and commanded them to be done, we doubt not but they have the nature of sin.

'''Article XIV: Of Works of Supererogation'''

Voluntary Works besides, over, and above, God's Commandments, which they call Works of Supererogation, cannot be taught without arrogancy and impiety: for by them men do declare, that they do not only render unto God as much as they are bound to do, but that they do more for his sake, than of bounden duty is required: whereas Christ saith plainly, When ye have done all that are commanded to you, say, We are unprofitable servants.

'''Article XV: Of Christ alone without Sin'''

Christ in the truth of our nature was made like unto us in all things, sin only except, from which he was clearly void, both in his flesh, and in his spirit. He came to be the Lamb without spot, who, by sacrifice of himself once made, should take away the sins of the world, and sin, as Saint John saith, was not in him. But all we the rest, although baptized, and born again in Christ, yet offend in many things; and if we say we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us.

'''Article XVI: Of Sin after Baptism'''

Not every deadly sin willingly commited after Baptism is sin against the Holy Ghost, and unpardonable. Wherefore the grant of repentance is not to be denied to such as fall into sin after Baptism. After we have received the Holy Ghost, we may depart from grace given, and fall into sin, and by the grace of God we may arise again, and amend our lives. And therefore they are to be condemned, which say, thay can no more sin as long as they live here, or deny the place of forgiveness to such as truly repent.

'''Article XVII: Of Predestination and Election'''

Predestination to Life is the everlasting purpose of God, whereby (before the foundations of the world were laid) he hath constantly decreed by his counsel secret to us, to deliver from curse and damnation those whom he hath chosen in Christ out of mankind, and to bring them by Christ to everlasting salvation, as vessels made to honour. Wherefore, they which be endued with so excellent a benefit of God be called according to God's purpose by his Spirit working in due season: they through Grace obey the calling: they be justified freely: they be made sons of God by adoption: they be made like the image of his only-begotten Son Jesus Christ: they walk religiously in good works, and at length, by God's mercy, they attain to everlasting felicity.

As the godly consideration of Predestination, and our Election in Christ, is full of sweet, pleasant, and unspeakable comfort to godly persons, and such as feel in themselves the working of the Spirit of Christ, mortifying the works of the flesh, and their earthly members, and drawing up their mind to high and heavenly things, as well because it doth greatly establish and confirm their faith of eternal Salvation to be enjoyed through Christ, as because it doth fervently kindle their love towards God: So, for curious and carnal persons, lacking the Spirit of Christ, to have continually before their eyes the sentence of God's Predestination, is a most dangerous downfal, whereby the Devil doth thrust them either into desperation, or into wretchlessness of most unclean living, no less perilous than desperation.

Furthermore, we must receive God's promises in such wise, as they be generally set forth to us in holy Scripture: and, in our doings, that Will of God is to be followed, which we have expressly declared unto us in the Word of God.

'''Article XVIII: Of obtaining eternal Salvation only by the Name of Christ'''

They also are to be had accursed that presume to say, That every man shall be saved by the Law or Sect which he professeth, so that he be diligent to frame his life according to that Law, and the light of Nature. For holy Scripture doth set out unto us only the Name of Jesus Christ, whereby men must be saved.

'''Article XIX: Of the Church'''

The visible Church of Christ is a congregation of faithful men, in the which the pure Word of God is preached, and the Sacraments be duly ministered according to Christ's ordinance in all those things that of necessity are requisite to the same.

As the Church of Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Antioch have erred: so also the Church of Rome hath erred, not only in their living and manner of Ceremonies, but also in matters of Faith.

'''Article XX: Of the Authority of the Church'''

The Church hath power to decree Rites or Ceremonies, and authority in Controversies of Faith: And yet it is not lawful for the Church to ordain anything contrary to God's Word written, neither may it so expound one place of Scripture, that it be repugnant to another. Wherefore, although the Church be a witness and a keeper of holy Writ, yet, as it ought not to decree any thing against the same, so besides the same ought it not to enforce any thing to be believed for necessity of Salvation.

'''Article XXI: Of the Authority of General Councils'''

General Councils may not be gathered together without the commandment and will of Princes. And when they be gathered together, (forasmuch as they be an assembly of men, whereof all be not governed with the Spirit and Word of God,) they may err, and sometimes have erred, even in things pertaining unto God. Wherefore things ordained by them as necessary to salvation have neither strength nor authority, unless it may be declared that they be taken out of holy Scripture.

'''Article XXII: Of Purgatory'''

The Romish Doctrine concerning Purgatory, Pardons, Worshipping, and Adoration as well of Images as of Reliques, and also invocation of Saints, is a fond thing vainly invented, and grounded upon no warranty of Scripture, but rather repugnant to the Word of God.

'''Article XXIII: Of Ministering in the Congregation'''

It is not lawful for any man to take upon him the office of publick preaching, or ministering the Sacraments in the Congregation, before he be lawfully called, and sent to execute the same. And those we ought to judge lawfully called and sent, which be chosen and called to this work by men who have publick authority given unto them in the Congregation, to call and send Ministers into the Lord's vineyard.

'''Article XXIV: Of speaking in the Congregation in such a tongue as the people understandeth'''

It is a thing plainly repugnant to the Word of God, and the custom of the Primitive Church, to have publick Prayer in the Church, or to minister the Sacraments in a tongue not understanded of the people.

'''Article XXV: Of the Sacraments'''

Sacraments ordained of Christ be not only badges or tokens of Christian men's profession, but rather they be certain sure witnesses, and effectual signs of grace, and God's good will towards us, by the which he doth work invisibly in us, and doth not only quicken, but also strengthen and confirm our Faith in him.

There are two Sacraments ordained of Christ our Lord in the Gospel, that is to say, Baptism, and the Supper of the Lord.

Those five commonly called Sacraments, that is to say, Confirmation, Penance, Orders, Matrimony, and extreme Unction, are not to be counted for Sacraments of the Gospel, being such as have grown partly of the corrupt following of the Apostles, partly are states of life allowed in the Scriptures; but yet have not like nature of Sacraments with Baptism, and the Lord's Supper, for that they have not any visible sign or ceremony ordained of God.

The Sacraments were not ordained of Christ to be gazed upon, or to be carried about, but that we should duly use them. And in such only as worthily receive the same have they a wholesome effect or operation: but they that receive them unworthily purchase to themselves damnation, as Saint Paul saith.

'''Article XXVI: Of the Unworthiness of the Ministers, which hinders not the effect of the Sacrament'''

Although in the visible Church the evil be ever mingled with the good, and sometimes the evil have chief authority in the Ministration of the Word and Sacraments, yet forasmuch as they do not the same in their own name, but in Christ's, and do minister by his commission and authority, we may use their Ministry, both in hearing the Word of God, and in the receiving of the Sacraments. Neither is the effect of Christ's ordinance taken away by their wickedness, nor the grace of God's gifts diminished from such as by faith and rightly do receive the Sacraments ministered unto them; which be effectual, because of Christ's institution and promise, although they be ministered by evil men.

Nevertheless it appertaineth to the discipline of the Church, that inquiry be made of evil Ministers, and that they be accused by those that have knowledge of their offences; and finally being found guilty, by just judgement be deposed.

'''Article XXVII: Of Baptism'''

Baptism is not only a sign of profession, and mark of difference, whereby Christian men are discerned from others that be not christened, but is also a sign of Regeneration or new Birth, whereby, as by an instrument, they that receive Baptism rightly are grafted into the Church; the promises of the forgiveness of sin, and of our adoption to be the sons of God by the Holy Ghost, are visibly signed and sealed; Faith is confirmed, and Grace increased by virtue of prayer unto God. The Baptism of young Children is in any wise to be retained in the Church, as most agreeable with the institution of Christ.

'''Article XXVIII: Of the Lord's Supper'''

The Supper of the Lord is not only a sign of the love that Christians ought to have among themselves one to another; but rather it is a Sacrament of our Redemption by Christ's death: insomuch that to such as rightly, worthily, and with faith, receive the same, the Bread which we break is a partaking of the Body of Christ; and likewise the Cup of Blessing is a partaking of the Blood of Christ.

Transubstantiation (or the change of the substance of Bread and Wine) in the Supper of the Lord, cannot be proved by holy Writ; but is repugnant to the plain words of Scripture, overthroweth the nature of a Sacrament, and hath given occasion to many superstitions.

The Body of Christ is given, taken, and eaten, in the Supper, only after an heavenly and spiritual manner. And the mean whereby the Body of Christ is received and eaten in the Supper is Faith.

The Sacrament of the Lord's Supper was not by Christ's ordinance reserved, carried about, lifted up, or worshipped.

'''Article XXIX: Of the Wicked which do not eat the Body of Christ in the use of the Lord's Supper'''

The Wicked, and such as be void of a lively faith, although they do carnally and visibly press with their teeth (as Saint Augustine saith) the Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ, yet in no wise are they partakers of Christ: but rather, to their condemnation, do eat and drink the sign or Sacrament of so great a thing.

'''Article XXX: Of both kinds'''

The Cup of the Lord is not to be denied to the Lay-people; for both the parts of the Lord's Sacrament, by Christ's ordinance and commandment, ought to be ministered to all Christian men alike.

'''Article XXXI: Of the one Oblation of Christ finished upon the Cross'''

The Offering of Christ once made is that perfect redemption, propitiation, and satisfaction, for all the sins of the whole world, both original and actual; and there is none other satisfaction for sin, but that alone. Wherefore the sacrifices of Masses, in the which it was commonly said, that the Priest did offer Christ for the quick and the dead, to have remission of pain or guilt, were blasphemous fables, and dangerous deceits.

'''Article XXXII: Of the Marriage of Priests'''

Bishops, Priests, and Deacons, are not commanded by God's Law, either to vow the estate of single life, or to abstain from marriage: therefore it is lawful for them, as for all other Christian men, to marry at their own discretion, as they shall judge the same to serve better to godliness.

'''Article XXXIII: Of Excommunicated Persons, how they are to be avoided'''

That person which by open denunciation of the Church is rightly cut off from the unity of the Church, and excummunicated, ought to be taken of the whole multitude of the faithful, as an Heathen and Publican, until he be openly reconciled by penance, and received into the Church by a Judge that hath authority thereunto.

'''Article XXXIV: Of the Traditions of the Church'''

It is not necessary that Traditions and Ceremonies be in all places one, and utterly like; for at all times they have been divers, and may be changed according to the diversities of countries, times, and men's manners, so that nothing be ordained against God's Word. Whosoever through his private judgement, willingly and purposely, doth openly break the traditions and ceremonies of the Church, which be not repugnant to the Word of God, and be ordained and approved by common authority, ought to be rebuked openly, (that others may fear to do the like,) as he that offendeth against the common order of the Church, and hurteth the authority of the Magistrate, and woundeth the consciences of the weak brethren.

Every particular or national Church hath authority to ordain, change, and abolish, ceremonies or rites of the Church ordained only by man's authority, so that all things be done to edifying.

'''Article XXXV: Of Homilies'''

The second Book of Homilies, the several titles whereof we have joined under this Article, doth contain a godly and wholesome Doctrine, and necessary for these times, as doth the former Book of Homilies, which were set forth in the time of Edward the Sixth; and therefore we judge them to be read in Churches by the Ministers, diligently and distinctly, that they may be understanded of the people.

Of the Names of the Homilies

Of the right Use of the Church.
Against peril of Idolatry.
Of the repairing and keeping clean of Churches.
Of good Works: first of Fasting.
Against Gluttony and Drunkenness.
Against Excess of Apparel.
Of Prayer.
Of the Place and Time of Prayer.
That Common Prayers and Sacraments ought to be ministered in a known tongue.
Of the reverent estimation of God's Word.
Of Alms-doing.
Of the Nativity of Christ.
Of the Passion of Christ.
Of the Resurrection of Christ.
Of the worthy receiving of the Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ.
Of the Gifts of the Holy Ghost.
For the Rogation-days.
Of the State of Matrimony.
Of Repentance.
Against Idleness.
Against Rebellion.
Article XXXVI: Of Consecration of Bishops and Ministers

The Book of Consecration of Archbishops and Bishops, and Ordering of Priests and Deacons, lately set forth in the time of Edward the Sixth, and confirmed at the same time by authority of Parliament, doth contain all things necessary to such Consecration and Ordering: neither hath it any thing, that of itself is superstitious or ungodly. And therefore whosoever are consecrated or ordered according to the Rites of that Book, since the second year of the forenamed King Edward unto this time, or hereafter shall be consecrated or ordered according to the same Rites; we decree all such to be rightly, orderly, and lawfully consecrated or ordered.

'''Article XXXVII: Of the Civil Magistrates'''

The Queen's Majesty hath the chief power in this Realm of England, and other her Dominions, unto whom the chief Government of all Estates of this Realm, whether they be Ecclesiastical or Civil, in all causes doth appertain, and is not, nor ought to be, subject to any foreign Jurisdiction.

Where we attribute to the Queen's Majesty the chief government, by which Titles we understand the minds of some slanderous folks to be offended; we give not to our Princes the ministering either of God's Word, or of the Sacraments, the which thing the Injunctions also lately set forth by Elizabeth our Queen doth most plainly testify; but only that prerogative, which we see to have been given always to all godly Princes in holy Scriptures by God himself; that is, that they should rule all estates and degrees committed to their charge by God, whether they be Ecclesiastical or Temporal, and restrain with the civil sword the stubborn and evildoers.

The Bishop of Rome hath no jurisdiction in this Realm of England.

The Laws of the Realm may punish Christian men with death, for heinous and grievous offences.

It is lawful for Christian men, at the commandment of the Magistrate, to wear weapons, and serve in the wars.

'''Article XXXVIII: Of Christian men's Goods, which are not common'''

The Riches and Goods of Christians are not common, as touching the right, title, and possession of the same, as certain Anabaptists do falsely boast. Notwithstanding, every man ought, of such things as he possesseth, liberally to give alms to the poor, according to his ability.

'''Article XXXIX: Of a Christian man's Oath'''

As we confess that vain and rash Swearing is forbidden Christian men by our Lord Jesus Christ, and James his Apostle, so we judge, that Christian Religion doth not prohibit, but that a man may swear when the Magistrate requireth, in a cause of faith and charity, so it be done according to the Prophet's teaching, in justice, judgement, and truth.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion

2009-12-26T21:25:02Z

Sunrise: /* References */

The '''Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion''', drawn up in 1563, summarize the basic beliefs of the Church of England<ref>Kenneth Needham Ross, ''The Thirty-Nine Articles'', Morehouse-Goreham, 1957</ref>. They were based on Archbishop [[[Thomas Cranmer's]]] fourty-two Articles of Religion, written in 1553, and included such important tenets as reading of the Bible in English instead of Latin and marriage of priests. The articles are:

'''Article I: Of Faith in the Holy Trinity'''

There is but one living and true God, everlasting, without body, parts, or passions; of infinite power, wisdom, and goodness; the Maker, and Preserver of all things both visible and invisible. And in unity of this Godhead there be three Persons, of one substance, power, and eternity; the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost.

'''Article II: Of the Word or Son of God, which was made very Man'''

The Son, which is the Word of the Father, begotten from everlasting of the Father, the very and eternal God, and of one substance with the Father, took Man's nature in the womb of the blessed Virgin, of her substance: so that two whole and perfect Natures, that is to say, the Godhead and Manhood, were joined together in one Person, never to be divided, whereof is one Christ, very God, and very Man; who truly suffered, was crucified, dead, and buried, to reconcile His Father to us, and to be a sacrifice, not only for original guilt, but also for all actual sins of men.

'''Article III: Of the going down of Christ into Hell'''

As Christ died for us, and was buried, so also is it to be believed, that he went down into Hell.

'''Article IV: Of the Resurrection of Christ'''

Christ did truly rise again from death, and took again his body, with flesh, bones, and all things appertaining to the perfection of Man's nature; wherewith he ascended into Heaven, and there sitteth, until he return to judge all Men at the last day.

'''Article V: Of the Holy Ghost'''

The Holy Ghost, proceeding from the Father and the Son, is of one substance, majesty, and glory, with the Father and the Son, very and eternal God.

'''Article VI: Of the Sufficiency of the holy Scriptures for salvation'''

Holy Scripture containeth all things necessary to salvation: so that whatsoever is not read therein, nor may be proved thereby, is not to be required of any man, that it should be believed as an article of the Faith, or be thought requisite or necessary to salvation. In the name of the holy Scripture, we do understand those Canonical books of the Old and New Testament, of whose authority was never any doubt in the Church.

Of the Names and Number of the Canonical Books

Genesis
Exodus
Leviticus
Numbers
Deuteronomy
Joshua
Judges
Ruth
The First Book of Samuel
The Second Book of Samuel
The First Book of Kings
The Second Book of Kings The First Book of Chronicles
The Second Book of Chronicles
The First Book of Esdras
The Second Book of Esdras
The Book of Esther
The Book of Job
The Psalms
The Proverbs
Ecclesiastes or Preacher
Cantica, or Songs of Solomon
Four Prophets the greater
Twelve Prophets the less

And the other Books (as Hierome saith) the Church doth read for example of life and instruction of manners; but yet doth it not apply them to establish any doctrine; such are these following:

The Third Book of Esdras
The Fourth Book of Esdras
The Book of Tobias
The Book of Judith
The rest of the Book of Esther
The Book of Wisdom
Jesus the Son of Sirach Baruch the Prophet
The Song of the Three Children
The Story of Susanna
Of Bel and the Dragon
The Prayer of Manasses
The First Book of Maccabees
The Second Book of Maccabees
All the Books of the New Testament, as they are commonly received, we do receive, and account them Canonical.

'''Article VII: Of the Old Testament'''

The Old Testament is not contrary to the New: for both in the Old and New Testament everlasting life is offered to Mankind by Christ, who is the only Mediator between God and Man, being both God and Man. Wherefore there are not to be heard, which feign that the old Fathers did look only for transitory promises. Although the Law given from God by Moses, as touching Ceremonies and Rites, do not bind Christian men, nor the Civil precepts thereof ought of necessity to be received in any commonwealth; yet, notwithstanding, no Christian man whatsoever is free from the obedience of the Commandments which are called Moral.

'''Article VIII: Of the Three Creeds'''

The Three Creeds, Nicene Creed, Athanasius's Creed, and that which is commonly called the Apostles' Creed, ought thoroughly to be received and believed: for they may be proved by most certain warrants of holy Scripture.

'''Article IX: Of Original or Birth-Sin'''

Original Sin standeth not in the following of Adam, (as the Pelagians do vainly talk), but it is the fault and corruption of the Nature of every man, that naturally is ingendered of the offspring of Adam; whereby man is very far gone from original righteousness, and is of his own nature inclined to evil, so that the flesh lusteth always contrary to the spirit; and therefore in every person born into this world, it deserveth God's wrath and damnation. And this infection of nature doth remain, yea, in them that are regenerated; whereby the lust of the flesh, called in Greek, phronema sarkos, which some do expound the wisdom, some sensuality, some the affection, some the desire, of the flesh, is not subject to the Law of God. And although there is no condemnation for them that believe and are baptized, yet the Apostle doth confess, that concupiscence and lust hath of itself the nature of sin.

'''Article X: Of Free-Will'''

The condition of Man after the fall of Adam is such, that he cannot turn and prepare himself, by his own natural strength and good works, to faith, and calling upon God: Wherefore we have no power to do good works pleasant and acceptable to God, without the grace of God by Christ preventing us, that we may have a good will, and working with us, when we have that good will.

'''Article XI: Of the Justification of Man'''

We are accounted righteous before God, only for the merit of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ by Faith, and not for our own works or deservings: Wherefore, that we are justified by Faith only is a most wholesome Doctrine, and very full of comfort, as more largely is expressed in the Homily of Justification.

'''Article XII: Of Good Works'''

Albeit that Good Works, which are the fruits of Faith, and follow after Justification, cannot put away our sins, and endure the severity of God's Judgement; yet are they pleasing and acceptable to God in Christ, and do spring out necessarily of a true and lively Faith; insomuch that by them a lively Faith may be as evidently known as a tree discerned by the fruit.

'''Article XIII: Of Works before Justification'''

Works done before the grace of Christ, and the Inspiration of his Spirit, are not pleasant to God, forasmuch as they spring not of faith in Jesus Christ, neither do they make men meet to receive grace, or (as the School-authors say) deserve grace of congruity: yea, rather, for that they are not done as God hath willed and commanded them to be done, we doubt not but they have the nature of sin.

'''Article XIV: Of Works of Supererogation'''

Voluntary Works besides, over, and above, God's Commandments, which they call Works of Supererogation, cannot be taught without arrogancy and impiety: for by them men do declare, that they do not only render unto God as much as they are bound to do, but that they do more for his sake, than of bounden duty is required: whereas Christ saith plainly, When ye have done all that are commanded to you, say, We are unprofitable servants.

'''Article XV: Of Christ alone without Sin'''

Christ in the truth of our nature was made like unto us in all things, sin only except, from which he was clearly void, both in his flesh, and in his spirit. He came to be the Lamb without spot, who, by sacrifice of himself once made, should take away the sins of the world, and sin, as Saint John saith, was not in him. But all we the rest, although baptized, and born again in Christ, yet offend in many things; and if we say we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us.

'''Article XVI: Of Sin after Baptism'''

Not every deadly sin willingly commited after Baptism is sin against the Holy Ghost, and unpardonable. Wherefore the grant of repentance is not to be denied to such as fall into sin after Baptism. After we have received the Holy Ghost, we may depart from grace given, and fall into sin, and by the grace of God we may arise again, and amend our lives. And therefore they are to be condemned, which say, thay can no more sin as long as they live here, or deny the place of forgiveness to such as truly repent.

'''Article XVII: Of Predestination and Election'''

Predestination to Life is the everlasting purpose of God, whereby (before the foundations of the world were laid) he hath constantly decreed by his counsel secret to us, to deliver from curse and damnation those whom he hath chosen in Christ out of mankind, and to bring them by Christ to everlasting salvation, as vessels made to honour. Wherefore, they which be endued with so excellent a benefit of God be called according to God's purpose by his Spirit working in due season: they through Grace obey the calling: they be justified freely: they be made sons of God by adoption: they be made like the image of his only-begotten Son Jesus Christ: they walk religiously in good works, and at length, by God's mercy, they attain to everlasting felicity.

As the godly consideration of Predestination, and our Election in Christ, is full of sweet, pleasant, and unspeakable comfort to godly persons, and such as feel in themselves the working of the Spirit of Christ, mortifying the works of the flesh, and their earthly members, and drawing up their mind to high and heavenly things, as well because it doth greatly establish and confirm their faith of eternal Salvation to be enjoyed through Christ, as because it doth fervently kindle their love towards God: So, for curious and carnal persons, lacking the Spirit of Christ, to have continually before their eyes the sentence of God's Predestination, is a most dangerous downfal, whereby the Devil doth thrust them either into desperation, or into wretchlessness of most unclean living, no less perilous than desperation.

Furthermore, we must receive God's promises in such wise, as they be generally set forth to us in holy Scripture: and, in our doings, that Will of God is to be followed, which we have expressly declared unto us in the Word of God.

'''Article XVIII: Of obtaining eternal Salvation only by the Name of Christ'''

They also are to be had accursed that presume to say, That every man shall be saved by the Law or Sect which he professeth, so that he be diligent to frame his life according to that Law, and the light of Nature. For holy Scripture doth set out unto us only the Name of Jesus Christ, whereby men must be saved.

'''Article XIX: Of the Church'''

The visible Church of Christ is a congregation of faithful men, in the which the pure Word of God is preached, and the Sacraments be duly ministered according to Christ's ordinance in all those things that of necessity are requisite to the same.

As the Church of Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Antioch have erred: so also the Church of Rome hath erred, not only in their living and manner of Ceremonies, but also in matters of Faith.

'''Article XX: Of the Authority of the Church'''

The Church hath power to decree Rites or Ceremonies, and authority in Controversies of Faith: And yet it is not lawful for the Church to ordain anything contrary to God's Word written, neither may it so expound one place of Scripture, that it be repugnant to another. Wherefore, although the Church be a witness and a keeper of holy Writ, yet, as it ought not to decree any thing against the same, so besides the same ought it not to enforce any thing to be believed for necessity of Salvation.

'''Article XXI: Of the Authority of General Councils'''

General Councils may not be gathered together without the commandment and will of Princes. And when they be gathered together, (forasmuch as they be an assembly of men, whereof all be not governed with the Spirit and Word of God,) they may err, and sometimes have erred, even in things pertaining unto God. Wherefore things ordained by them as necessary to salvation have neither strength nor authority, unless it may be declared that they be taken out of holy Scripture.

'''Article XXII: Of Purgatory'''

The Romish Doctrine concerning Purgatory, Pardons, Worshipping, and Adoration as well of Images as of Reliques, and also invocation of Saints, is a fond thing vainly invented, and grounded upon no warranty of Scripture, but rather repugnant to the Word of God.

'''Article XXIII: Of Ministering in the Congregation'''

It is not lawful for any man to take upon him the office of publick preaching, or ministering the Sacraments in the Congregation, before he be lawfully called, and sent to execute the same. And those we ought to judge lawfully called and sent, which be chosen and called to this work by men who have publick authority given unto them in the Congregation, to call and send Ministers into the Lord's vineyard.

'''Article XXIV: Of speaking in the Congregation in such a tongue as the people understandeth'''

It is a thing plainly repugnant to the Word of God, and the custom of the Primitive Church, to have publick Prayer in the Church, or to minister the Sacraments in a tongue not understanded of the people.

'''Article XXV: Of the Sacraments'''

Sacraments ordained of Christ be not only badges or tokens of Christian men's profession, but rather they be certain sure witnesses, and effectual signs of grace, and God's good will towards us, by the which he doth work invisibly in us, and doth not only quicken, but also strengthen and confirm our Faith in him.

There are two Sacraments ordained of Christ our Lord in the Gospel, that is to say, Baptism, and the Supper of the Lord.

Those five commonly called Sacraments, that is to say, Confirmation, Penance, Orders, Matrimony, and extreme Unction, are not to be counted for Sacraments of the Gospel, being such as have grown partly of the corrupt following of the Apostles, partly are states of life allowed in the Scriptures; but yet have not like nature of Sacraments with Baptism, and the Lord's Supper, for that they have not any visible sign or ceremony ordained of God.

The Sacraments were not ordained of Christ to be gazed upon, or to be carried about, but that we should duly use them. And in such only as worthily receive the same have they a wholesome effect or operation: but they that receive them unworthily purchase to themselves damnation, as Saint Paul saith.

'''Article XXVI: Of the Unworthiness of the Ministers, which hinders not the effect of the Sacrament'''

Although in the visible Church the evil be ever mingled with the good, and sometimes the evil have chief authority in the Ministration of the Word and Sacraments, yet forasmuch as they do not the same in their own name, but in Christ's, and do minister by his commission and authority, we may use their Ministry, both in hearing the Word of God, and in the receiving of the Sacraments. Neither is the effect of Christ's ordinance taken away by their wickedness, nor the grace of God's gifts diminished from such as by faith and rightly do receive the Sacraments ministered unto them; which be effectual, because of Christ's institution and promise, although they be ministered by evil men.

Nevertheless it appertaineth to the discipline of the Church, that inquiry be made of evil Ministers, and that they be accused by those that have knowledge of their offences; and finally being found guilty, by just judgement be deposed.

'''Article XXVII: Of Baptism'''

Baptism is not only a sign of profession, and mark of difference, whereby Christian men are discerned from others that be not christened, but is also a sign of Regeneration or new Birth, whereby, as by an instrument, they that receive Baptism rightly are grafted into the Church; the promises of the forgiveness of sin, and of our adoption to be the sons of God by the Holy Ghost, are visibly signed and sealed; Faith is confirmed, and Grace increased by virtue of prayer unto God. The Baptism of young Children is in any wise to be retained in the Church, as most agreeable with the institution of Christ.

'''Article XXVIII: Of the Lord's Supper'''

The Supper of the Lord is not only a sign of the love that Christians ought to have among themselves one to another; but rather it is a Sacrament of our Redemption by Christ's death: insomuch that to such as rightly, worthily, and with faith, receive the same, the Bread which we break is a partaking of the Body of Christ; and likewise the Cup of Blessing is a partaking of the Blood of Christ.

Transubstantiation (or the change of the substance of Bread and Wine) in the Supper of the Lord, cannot be proved by holy Writ; but is repugnant to the plain words of Scripture, overthroweth the nature of a Sacrament, and hath given occasion to many superstitions.

The Body of Christ is given, taken, and eaten, in the Supper, only after an heavenly and spiritual manner. And the mean whereby the Body of Christ is received and eaten in the Supper is Faith.

The Sacrament of the Lord's Supper was not by Christ's ordinance reserved, carried about, lifted up, or worshipped.

'''Article XXIX: Of the Wicked which do not eat the Body of Christ in the use of the Lord's Supper'''

The Wicked, and such as be void of a lively faith, although they do carnally and visibly press with their teeth (as Saint Augustine saith) the Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ, yet in no wise are they partakers of Christ: but rather, to their condemnation, do eat and drink the sign or Sacrament of so great a thing.

'''Article XXX: Of both kinds'''

The Cup of the Lord is not to be denied to the Lay-people; for both the parts of the Lord's Sacrament, by Christ's ordinance and commandment, ought to be ministered to all Christian men alike.

'''Article XXXI: Of the one Oblation of Christ finished upon the Cross'''

The Offering of Christ once made is that perfect redemption, propitiation, and satisfaction, for all the sins of the whole world, both original and actual; and there is none other satisfaction for sin, but that alone. Wherefore the sacrifices of Masses, in the which it was commonly said, that the Priest did offer Christ for the quick and the dead, to have remission of pain or guilt, were blasphemous fables, and dangerous deceits.

'''Article XXXII: Of the Marriage of Priests'''

Bishops, Priests, and Deacons, are not commanded by God's Law, either to vow the estate of single life, or to abstain from marriage: therefore it is lawful for them, as for all other Christian men, to marry at their own discretion, as they shall judge the same to serve better to godliness.

'''Article XXXIII: Of Excommunicated Persons, how they are to be avoided'''

That person which by open denunciation of the Church is rightly cut off from the unity of the Church, and excummunicated, ought to be taken of the whole multitude of the faithful, as an Heathen and Publican, until he be openly reconciled by penance, and received into the Church by a Judge that hath authority thereunto.

'''Article XXXIV: Of the Traditions of the Church'''

It is not necessary that Traditions and Ceremonies be in all places one, and utterly like; for at all times they have been divers, and may be changed according to the diversities of countries, times, and men's manners, so that nothing be ordained against God's Word. Whosoever through his private judgement, willingly and purposely, doth openly break the traditions and ceremonies of the Church, which be not repugnant to the Word of God, and be ordained and approved by common authority, ought to be rebuked openly, (that others may fear to do the like,) as he that offendeth against the common order of the Church, and hurteth the authority of the Magistrate, and woundeth the consciences of the weak brethren.

Every particular or national Church hath authority to ordain, change, and abolish, ceremonies or rites of the Church ordained only by man's authority, so that all things be done to edifying.

'''Article XXXV: Of Homilies'''

The second Book of Homilies, the several titles whereof we have joined under this Article, doth contain a godly and wholesome Doctrine, and necessary for these times, as doth the former Book of Homilies, which were set forth in the time of Edward the Sixth; and therefore we judge them to be read in Churches by the Ministers, diligently and distinctly, that they may be understanded of the people.

Of the Names of the Homilies

Of the right Use of the Church.
Against peril of Idolatry.
Of the repairing and keeping clean of Churches.
Of good Works: first of Fasting.
Against Gluttony and Drunkenness.
Against Excess of Apparel.
Of Prayer.
Of the Place and Time of Prayer.
That Common Prayers and Sacraments ought to be ministered in a known tongue.
Of the reverent estimation of God's Word.
Of Alms-doing.
Of the Nativity of Christ.
Of the Passion of Christ.
Of the Resurrection of Christ.
Of the worthy receiving of the Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ.
Of the Gifts of the Holy Ghost.
For the Rogation-days.
Of the State of Matrimony.
Of Repentance.
Against Idleness.
Against Rebellion.
Article XXXVI: Of Consecration of Bishops and Ministers

The Book of Consecration of Archbishops and Bishops, and Ordering of Priests and Deacons, lately set forth in the time of Edward the Sixth, and confirmed at the same time by authority of Parliament, doth contain all things necessary to such Consecration and Ordering: neither hath it any thing, that of itself is superstitious or ungodly. And therefore whosoever are consecrated or ordered according to the Rites of that Book, since the second year of the forenamed King Edward unto this time, or hereafter shall be consecrated or ordered according to the same Rites; we decree all such to be rightly, orderly, and lawfully consecrated or ordered.

'''Article XXXVII: Of the Civil Magistrates'''

The Queen's Majesty hath the chief power in this Realm of England, and other her Dominions, unto whom the chief Government of all Estates of this Realm, whether they be Ecclesiastical or Civil, in all causes doth appertain, and is not, nor ought to be, subject to any foreign Jurisdiction.

Where we attribute to the Queen's Majesty the chief government, by which Titles we understand the minds of some slanderous folks to be offended; we give not to our Princes the ministering either of God's Word, or of the Sacraments, the which thing the Injunctions also lately set forth by Elizabeth our Queen doth most plainly testify; but only that prerogative, which we see to have been given always to all godly Princes in holy Scriptures by God himself; that is, that they should rule all estates and degrees committed to their charge by God, whether they be Ecclesiastical or Temporal, and restrain with the civil sword the stubborn and evildoers.

The Bishop of Rome hath no jurisdiction in this Realm of England.

The Laws of the Realm may punish Christian men with death, for heinous and grievous offences.

It is lawful for Christian men, at the commandment of the Magistrate, to wear weapons, and serve in the wars.

'''Article XXXVIII: Of Christian men's Goods, which are not common'''

The Riches and Goods of Christians are not common, as touching the right, title, and possession of the same, as certain Anabaptists do falsely boast. Notwithstanding, every man ought, of such things as he possesseth, liberally to give alms to the poor, according to his ability.

'''Article XXXIX: Of a Christian man's Oath'''

As we confess that vain and rash Swearing is forbidden Christian men by our Lord Jesus Christ, and James his Apostle, so we judge, that Christian Religion doth not prohibit, but that a man may swear when the Magistrate requireth, in a cause of faith and charity, so it be done according to the Prophet's teaching, in justice, judgement, and truth.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion

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Sunrise: references

Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion

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2009-12-11T13:28:13Z

Sunrise: DARPA funded the work, it didn't do it

The '''Internet''' is a global network of interconnected smaller [[computer]] networks. Data is transmitted between computers and networks in small packets using the Internet Protocol (IP); they are reassembled at their destination. It originated in work funded by DARPA, a research division of the [[Department of Defense]].

==Origin==
The conceptual foundation for the internet's creation was significantly developed by three individuals and a research conference, each of which changed the way we thought about communication, business and the exchange of technology:

*Vannevar Bush wrote the first description of the potential uses for information technology with his description of the "memex" automated library system.
*Norbert Wiener invented the field of Cybernetics, encouraging future researchers to focus on the use of technology to extend human capabilities.
*The 1956 Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence conference defined the concept that technology was improving at an exponential rate, and provided the first serious consideration of the consequences, the benefits and advantages or such a network.
*Marshall McLuhan made the idea of a global village interconnected by an electronic nervous system part of our popular culture. <ref>http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii.htm </ref>
*Ethan K. Heinz (cousin of Teresa Heinz), originally developed Internet as ARPANET in the US as a means for various institutes to communicate with each other even in an event such as war. <ref>[http://www.internetisseriousbusiness.com]</ref> The Internet has grown into a worldwide computer network where anyone can have a chat with anyone else almost anywhere in the world, and is a vast source of free information.

==Description==
The Internet is sometimes also known as "[[cyberspace]]." Sometimes it is inaccurately referred to as the Web or the [[World Wide Web]]; the Web is facilitated by one of numerous protocols that operate on the Internet.

The common protocol used to access websites (including this one) is the Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP). The creator of this is [[Sir Tim Berners-Lee]], who recently in an online magazine article claimed that given the opportunity, he wouldn't use the HTTP format for websites. Berners-Lee is currently the director of the W3C (World Wide Web Consortium).

[[Ted Stevens]] famously referred to the internet as "a series of tubes" during a panel on [[network neutrality]]. While the statement was technically inaccurate, it is a reasonable depiction of the internet as an interconnected system to a lay person.

The internet is formed from two basic elements, routers and connections. A router is basically a small computer that acts like a switching station, similar to the pumping stations of public water utilities. The connections are the pipes themselves, acting as a means to move packets from one router to another, and eventually from server to client.

==Controversy==
Although the Internet has been shown to contain valuable information, it also contains pornographic or otherwise vulgar material. Therefore, some conservatives would like to see tighter controls on the Internet which would limit what can be hosted and what can be downloaded.

In 1999, [[Democratic]] presidential candidate [[Al Gore]] misspoke when intending to take partial credit for the development of the internet when he referenced his High Performance [[Computing]] and Communication Act of 1991, commonly known as the "Gore Bill":<ref>http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1999/03/09/president.2000/transcript.gore/</ref>

:CNN's WOLF BLITZER: I want to get to some of the substance of domestic and international issues in a minute, but let's just wrap up a little bit of the politics right now.

:Why should Democrats, looking at the Democratic nomination process, support you instead of Bill Bradley, a friend of yours, a former colleague in the Senate? What do you have to bring to this that he doesn't necessarily bring to this process?

:AL GORE: Well, I will be offering -- I'll be offering my vision when my campaign begins. And it will be comprehensive and sweeping. And I hope that it will be compelling enough to draw people toward it. I feel that it will be.

:But it will emerge from my dialogue with the American people. I've traveled to every part of this country during the last six years. During my service in the United States Congress, I took the initiative in creating the Internet. I took the initiative in moving forward a whole range of initiatives that have proven to be important to our country's economic growth and environmental protection, improvements in our educational system.

In response to [[Al Gore|Al Gore's]] comments, [[Robert Kahn]] and [[Vinton Cerf]], the two men responsible for the creation of the [[TCP/IP]] protocol which the internet uses for most of its communication and two men often credited as the creators of the internet along with [[Sir Tim Berners-Lee]], said the following:
<blockquote>
Al Gore was the first political leader to recognize the importance of the Internet and to promote and support its development.

No one person or even small group of persons exclusively “invented” the Internet. It is the result of many years of ongoing collaboration among people in government and the university community. But as the two people who designed the basic architecture and the core protocols that make the Internet work, we would like to acknowledge VP Gore’s contributions as a Congressman, Senator and as Vice President. No other elected official, to our knowledge, has made a greater contribution over a longer period of time.

Last year the Vice President made a straightforward statement on his role. He said: "During my service in the United States Congress I took the initiative in creating the Internet." We don't think, as some people have argued, that Gore intended to claim he "invented" the Internet. Moreover, there is no question in our minds that while serving as Senator, Gore's initiatives had a significant and beneficial effect on the still-evolving Internet. The fact of the matter is that Gore was talking about and promoting the Internet long before most people were listening.<ref>http://www.interesting-people.org/archives/interesting-people/200009/msg00052.html</ref>
</blockquote>

Their letter continued to go on to enumerate Al Gore's involvement in the early periods of the internet.

==Keeping Pornography out of the Reach of Children==
Studies have shown that 90% of children have been exposed to pornography, with the average age of exposure being 11 years old <ref>http://www.healthymind.com/s-porn-stats.html</ref>. Many countries have attempted to take steps to keep underage children from viewing pornographic material. [[Australia]] has taken the additional step of requiring [[internet service providers]] to use web filters to keep inappropriate material from being displayed in houses and schools<ref>http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/12/31/2129471.htm</ref>. This effort is being blocked by civil liberties groups (such as the [[American Civil Liberties Union]]) who believe that pornagrophy should be considered [[free speech]], and therefore not under the jurisdiction of the government.

Currently many private companies offer software-based web filtering for home use.

==See Also==
*[[Digital Philosophy]]

==External Links==
*[http://crave.cnet.co.uk/software/0,39029471,49299033,00.htm The 50 most significant moments of Internet history], ''Crave at CNET.co.uk'', September 25, 2008

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Information technology]]
[[Category:Internet]]

Introduction to Matthew

2009-12-11T13:25:52Z

Sunrise: corrections to language

The Book of Matthew is the first book of the four gospels in the New Testament. This gospel is believed to have been circulated to others by 70 A.D, and, as with the four other gospels, chronicles the life and works of Jesus. Its goal seems to have been to convince Jewish readers that Jesus is indeed the Messiah, through demonstrating Jesus's works and how his ministry fulfills Old Testament scripture.

The earliest manuscripts of Matthew discovered so far are written in Greek, suggesting that Matthew's native tongue was Greek.

==References==

*http://www.biblica.com/niv/studybible/matthew.php

Matthew 1-9 (Translated)

2009-12-11T12:45:36Z

Sunrise: Fixed some typos; revert to "begat" to preserve poetry of original

== Chapter 1 ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Verse
!King James Version
!Proposed Conservative Translation
!Analysis
|-
|1
|The book of the generation of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham.
|The ancestry of Jesus Christ, descendant of David, descendant of Abraham:
|"Descendant" is more accurate than "son."
|-
|2
|Abraham begat Isaac; and Isaac begat Jacob; and Jacob begat Judas and his brethren;
|[[Abraham]] begat [[Isaac]]; and [[Isaac]] begat Jacob; and [[Jacob]] begat [[Judas]] and his brothers;
|While begat is a somewhat unusual word, it is understood throughout the world and hard to replace without resorting to the passive.
|-
|3
|And Judas begat Phares and Zara of Thamar; and Phares begat Esrom; and Esrom begat Aram;
|And Judah begat [[Pharez]] and [[Zerah]] of [[Tamar]], and Pharez begat [[Hezron]], and Esrom begat [[Ram]],
|Original Hebrew transliterations are given here, with links to their biographies. The Greek versions of the names appeared in the [[Septuagint]].
|-
|4
|And Aram begat Aminadab; and Aminadab begat Naasson; and Naasson begat Salmon;
|And Ram begat [[Amminadab]], and Amminadab begat [[Nahson]], and Naason begat [[Salmon (Bible)|Salmon]],
|
|-
|5
|And Salmon begat Booz of Rachab; and Booz begat Obed of Ruth; and Obed begat Jesse;
|And Salmon begat [[Boaz]] of [[Rahab]], and Boaz begat [[Obed]] of [[Ruth]], and Obed begat [[Jesse]],
|
|-
|6
|And Jesse begat David the king; and David the king begat [[Solomon of her that had been the wife of Urias;
|And Jesse begat King [[David]], and King David begat [[Solomon]] (whose mother was the former wife of Uriah),
|
|-
|7
|And Solomon begat Roboam; and Roboam begat Abia; and Abia begat Asa;
|And [[Solomon]] begat [[Rehoboam]], and Rehoboam begat [[Abijah]], and Abijah begat [[Asa]],
|
|-
|8
|And Asa begat Josaphat; and Josaphat begat Joram; and Joram begat Ozias;
|And [[Asa]] begat [[Jehoshaphat]], and Jehoshaphat begat [[Jehoram]], and Jehoram begat [[Uzziah]],
|King Jehoram was ''not'' the father of Uzziah, but rather was his great-grandfather. Kings [[Joash]] and [[Amaziah]] are left out because they were unworthy of being remembered. Joash killed [[High Priest]] [[Zachariah I]], and Amaziah "did right,...but not with a whole heart."
|-
|9
|And Ozias begat Joatham; and Joatham begat Achaz; and Achaz begat Ezekias;
|And Uzziah begat [[Jotham]], and Jotham begat [[Jehoahaz I|Ahaz]], and Achaz begat [[Hezekiah]],
|The inclusion of King Ahaz is truly remarkable, considering Ahaz' less-than-honorable history.
|-
|10
|And Ezekias begat Manasses; and Manasses begat Amon; and Amon begat Josias;
|And Hezekiah begat [[Manasseh King of Judah|Manasseh]], and Manasseh begat [[Amon]], and Amon begat [[Josiah]],
|Hezekiah and Josiah were the two finest reformers in the entire king list of the [[Kingdom of Judah]]
|-
|11
|And Josias begat Jechonias and his brethren, about the time they were carried away to Babylon:
|And Josiah begat [[Jehoiachin|Jeconiah]] and his brothers, at the time of the exile in Babylon,
|Kings [[Jehoahaz II]] and [[Jehoiakim]] are left out, as is Jeconiah's uncle [[Zedekiah]].
|-
|12
|And after they were brought to Babylon, Jechonias begat Salathiel; and Salathiel begat Zorobabel;
|And after the exile in Babylon, Jeconiah begat Salathiel, and Salathial begat [[Zerubbabel]],
|"Zorobabel" and "Zerubabel" are two equally valid pronunciations of this Hebrew name. Zerubbabel was governor of what became the Judea Province of the Persian Empire under King [[Darius I]] and his successors.
|-
|13
|And Zorobabel begat Abiud; and Abiud begat Eliakim; and Eliakim begat Azor;
|And Zerubbabel begat Abihud, and Abihud begat Eliakim, and Eliakim begat Azor,
|
|-
|14
|And Azor begat Sadoc; and Sadoc begat Achim; and Achim begat Eliud;
|And Azor begat Zadoc, and Zadoc begat Achim, and Achim begat Eliud,
|
|-
|15
|And Eliud begat Eleazar; and Eleazar begat Matthan; and Matthan begat Jacob;
|And Eliud begat Eleazar, and Eleazar begat Matthan, and Matthan begat Jacob,
|
|-
|16
|And Jacob begat Joseph the husband of Mary, of whom was born Jesus, who is called Christ.
|And Jacob begat [[Joseph of Nazareth|Joseph]], the husband of Mary, whose child was [[Jesus Christ]].
|The preceding lineage establishes the legal claim that Jesus has to the throne of King David, consistent with a specific promise that God made to King David that a king would inherit his title and rule the world forever.
|-
|17
|So all the generations from Abraham to David are fourteen generations; and from David until the carrying away into Babylon are fourteen generations; and from the carrying away into Babylon unto Christ are fourteen generations.
|So it was fourteen generations from Abraham to King David, and fourteen generations from King David until the exile in Babylon, and fourteen generations from the exile until Jesus Christ.
|These are fourteen generations chosen for special memory. In fact, the generations from David to the exile number seventeen. Three of the Kings of Judah are left out because they were unworthy; they are [[Joash]], [[Amaziah]], and [[Jehoiakim]].
|-
|18
|Now the birth of Jesus Christ was on this wise: When as his mother Mary was espoused to Joseph, before they came together, she was found with child of the Holy Ghost.
|The birth of Jesus Christ happened this way: His mother, Mary, was engaged to Jospeh, but before they were married, she became pregnant with the child of the Divine Guide.
|In ancient Judea, an engagement was a legal obligation much stronger than a modern "engagement." The only cause sufficient to break an engagement was immoral behavior by one party or the other. In this case, Mary was found to be pregnant, and that was considered evidence of [[adultery]] by her. (Joseph did not yet know the circumstances of the pregnancy; he would find that out later.)

The [[Greek]] phrase '''πνευμα αγιος''' (Pneuma hagios) literally means "Holy Breath." However, '''πνευμα''' also means a class of being not having a body, and usually having a certain amount of power. "Divine Guide" is descriptive of the function of this Entity.
|-
|19
|Then Joseph her husband, being a just man, and not willing to make her a publick example, was minded to put her away privily.
|Jospeh was a righteous husband and thus did not want to publicly shame her, so he decided to divorce her privately.
|This emphasizes that Joseph is right to object to suspected adultery, but that even in these circumstances, divorce is a last option. Furthermore, "divorce" in this context is the breaking of an engagement, and the voiding of an obligation to marry the girl. Joseph could have insisted on a making a public example (δειγματίσαι) of Mary, but was righteous (δίκαιος) and did not wish to put Mary through that.
|-
|20
|But while he thought on these things, behold, the angel of the Lord appeared unto him in a dream, saying, Joseph, thou son of David, fear not to take unto thee Mary thy wife: for that which is conceived in her is of the Holy Ghost.
|While he thought about this, the angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream, saying "Joseph, son of David, do not fear to take Mary as a wife, because her pregnancy is due to the Divine Guide.
|Joseph discovers that the cause of the pregnancy is ''not'' adultery, as he had feared.
|-
|21
|And she shall bring forth a son, and thou shalt call his name JESUS: for he shall save his people from their sins.
|And she shall bring forth a son, who you must name Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins."
|The name ''Jesus'' ([[Hebrew]]: '''ישןע''', ''Yeshua''; [[Greek]] '''Ιησους''') literally means "[[God]] saves."
|-
|22
|Now all this was done, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken of the Lord by the prophet, saying,
|This entire affair happened in order to fulfill the spoken word from the Lord, through the prophet ([[Isaiah]]), which states:
|
|-
|23
|Behold, a virgin shall be with child, and shall bring forth a son, and they shall call his name Emmanuel, which being interpreted is, God with us.
|"A virgin shall be pregnant, and give birth to a son, who will be named Emmanuel," which means "God is with us."
|{{Bible ref|book=Isaiah|chap=7|verses=14}}, originally in the [[Septuagint]].
|-
|24
|Then Joseph being raised from sleep did as the angel of the Lord had bidden him, and took unto him his wife:
|Therefore, when Joseph woke up, he did as the angel of the Lord had instructed him, and wed Mary.
|
|-
|25
|And knew her not till she had brought forth her firstborn son: and he called his name JESUS.
|And did not consummate the marriage until she bore her son, who Jospeh named Jesus.
|
|}

== Chapter 2 ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Verse
!King James Version
!Proposed Conservative Translation
!Analysis
|-
|1
|Now when Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judaea in the days of Herod the king, behold, there came wise men from the east to Jerusalem,
|When Jesus was born in [[Bethlehem]] in [[Judea]], during the reign of King [[Herod]], ''a number of'' astrologers came to [[Jerusalem]] from the east.
|These astrologers, or "wise men," were learned men, schooled in [[astrology]] and dream interpretation. The Greek manuscript literally calls them "mages," but no evidence exists that any of them practiced sorcery, thaumaturgy, or any similar art. Their number is ''not'' given in any extant manuscript. They brought three categories of gifts (see below), but they were ''not'' three in number and probably were a much larger party.
|-
|2
|Saying, Where is he that is born King of the Jews? for we have seen his star in the east, and are come to worship him.
|They asked, "where is the child who was born as the King of the Jews? We saw his star in the eastern sky, and we came here to worship him."
|The star was probably the [[planet]] [[Jupiter]], which in the year of their trip (probably 1 BC) had made its every-twelve-year apparent reversal of course and had conjoined three times with [[Regulus]], the "King Star," also known as Alpha Leonis because it is the brightest star in the constellation Leo, meaning [[lion]]. The lion has always been a symbol of [[Judah]], his tribe, and the kingdom that bore his name under King David (for seven years) and the successors of Solomon.
|-
|3
|When Herod the king had heard these things, he was troubled, and all Jerusalem with him.
|When King Herod heard these things, he was agitated, as was all of Jerusalem.
|
|-
|4
|And when he had gathered all the chief priests and scribes of the people together, he demanded of them where Christ should be born.
|So he gathered all the leading priests and the scribes, and demanded that they tell him where Christ would be born.
|Herod probably summoned the members of the [[Sanhedrin]] and interrogated them.
|-
|5
|And they said unto him, In Bethlehem of Judaea: for thus it is written by the prophet,
|And they said to him, "He will be born in Bethlehem which is in Judea, in fulfillment of the prophecy, which states:
|
|-
|6
|And thou Bethlehem, in the land of Juda, art not the least among the princes of Juda: for out of thee shall come a Governor, that shall rule my people Israel.
|"You, Bethlehem, in the land of Judah, are not the least of the provinces of Judah, for out of you shall come a King who shall rule all Israel."
|
|-
|7
|Then Herod, when he had privily called the wise men, inquired of them diligently what time the star appeared.
|Then Herod spoke privately with his astrologers and carefully asked them when the star would appear which would announce Christ's birth.
|
|-
|8
|And he sent them to Bethlehem, and said, Go and search diligently for the young child; and when ye have found him, bring me word again, that I may come and worship him also.
|So he sent them to Bethlehem with the instructions, "Go, and search diligently for the baby, and when you have found him, tell me, so that I can come and worship him."
|
|-
|9
|When they had heard the king, they departed; and, lo, the star, which they saw in the east, went before them, till it came and stood over where the young child was.
|When they had heard the King's instructions, they departed, and followed the star which they saw in the east until it stood over where the infant was.
|
|-
|10
|When they saw the star, they rejoiced with exceeding great joy.
|When they saw the star, they felt the greatest joy.
|
|-
|11
|And when they were come into the house, they saw the young child with Mary his mother, and fell down, and worshipped him: and when they had opened their treasures, they presented unto him gifts; gold, and frankincense, and myrrh.
|And when they went into the house, they saw the infant with his mother Mary, and they fell down and worshiped him. And they opened their bags and presented Him gifts of [[gold]], [[incense]], and oil of [[myrrh]].
|Matt 2:11 specifies frankincense and myrrh. Each of the gifts given to Jesus has a special significance. Gold has always been the metal of royalty, and emphasizes Christ's Kingship. Frankincense has always found use as a natural wound healer, and myrrh has always been used as a preservative used in funeral preparations. Thus frankincense and myrrh prefigure Christ's ministry of healing (spiritual as well as physical) and His death and Resurrection.
|-
|12
|And being warned of God in a dream that they should not return to Herod, they departed into their own country another way.
|God warned these men in a dream that they should not return to King Herod, so they went to their own country by an alternate route.
|That God gave the warning directly is an assumption. That God was ''instrumental'' in the giving of that warning is certainly a safe assumption.
|-
|13
|And when they were departed, behold, the angel of the Lord appeareth to Joseph in a dream, saying, Arise, and take the young child and his mother, and flee into Egypt, and be thou there until I bring thee word: for Herod will seek the young child to destroy him.
|Once they had departed, the angel of the Lord appeared to Joseph in a dream, saying, "Take the young child and his mother, and flee to Egypt, and stay there until I tell you otherwise: for King Herod will be searching for the infant to kill him."
|
|-
|14
|When he arose, he took the young child and his mother by night, and departed into Egypt:
|When he woke up, he took the infant and his mother that night and fled to Egypt.
|
|-
|15
|And was there until the death of Herod: that it might be fulfilled which was spoken of the Lord by the prophet, saying, Out of Egypt have I called my son.
|There they stayed until the death of Herod, so that the words of the Lord's prophet would be fulfilled, which said "Out of Egypt have I beckoned my son."
|
|-
|16
|Then Herod, when he saw that he was mocked of the wise men, was exceeding wroth, and sent forth, and slew all the children that were in Bethlehem, and in all the coasts thereof, from two years old and under, according to the time which he had diligently inquired of the wise men.
|Herod was very angry when he saw the astrologers had deceived him. He gave orders than all infants two years old and younger in Bethlehem and the neighboring coastlines be killed, as this would assuredly kill any infant born at the time the astrologers had told him.
|
|-
|17
|Then was fulfilled that which was spoken by Jeremy the prophet, saying,
|This is how the prophecy of Jeremy was fulfilled, which said,
|
|-
|18
|In Rama was there a voice heard, lamentation, and weeping, and great mourning, Rachel weeping for her children, and would not be comforted, because they are not.
|"In Rama a weeping and mourning voice was heard, for Rachel wept for her children, and could not be comforted, because they are not alive."
|This verse directly quotes the [[Septuagint]].
|-
|19
|But when Herod was dead, behold, an angel of the Lord appeareth in a dream to Joseph in Egypt,
|When Herod died, an angel of the Lord appeared in a dream to Joseph, who was in Egypt.
|[[Herod]] probably died in 1 BC.
|-
|20
|Saying, Arise, and take the young child and his mother, and go into the land of Israel: for they are dead which sought the young child's life.
|And the angel said, "Rise, and take the infant and His mother, and go to Israel, for those who sought to kill Him are dead."
|
|-
|21
|And he arose, and took the young child and his mother, and came into the land of Israel.
|So he rose, and took the infant and His mother, and went to [[Israel]].
|
|-
|22
|But when he heard that Archelaus did reign in Judaea in the room of his father Herod, he was afraid to go thither: notwithstanding, being warned of God in a dream, he turned aside into the parts of Galilee:
|When he heard that Archelaus reigned in Judea as successor to his father Herod, Joseph was afraid to go there, but on God's instructions, he entered into the region around Galilee,
|
|-
|23
|And he came and dwelt in a city called Nazareth: that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophets, He shall be called a Nazarene.
|and settled in a city called [[Nazareth]]. This fulfilled the prophecy, "He shall be called a Nazarene."
|
|}

== Chapter 3 ==

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Verse
!King James Version
!Proposed Conservative Translation
!Analysis
|-
|1
|In those days came John the Baptist, preaching in the wilderness of Judaea,
|In those times there was a man called [[John the Baptist]], who preached in the deserts of [[Judea]].
|Literally, "John the Baptizer."
|-
|2
|And saying, Repent ye: for the kingdom of heaven is at hand.
|He would say, "You must repent, for the kingdom of heaven is near!"
|The Greek verb '''μετανοεω''' literally means "I change my mind." Repentance means a change of heart and mind, and a turning away from a prior path.
|-
|3
|For this is he that was spoken of by the prophet Esaias, saying, The voice of one crying in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the Lord, make his paths straight.
|John the Baptist was the man prophesied by [[Isaiah]], who spoke of "the voice of a man crying out in the desert, 'Prepare the path of the Lord!'"
|
|-
|4
|And the same John had his raiment of camel's hair, and a leathern girdle about his loins; and his meat was locusts and wild honey.
|John the Baptist had a shirt made of camel's hair and a leather loincloth, and he ate [[grasshopper]]s and wild [[honey]].
|"Locusts" refers to a swarm of any of various grass-eating insects, most commonly the [[grasshopper]], but also (in America) the [[cicada]]. "Wild honey" is honey taken from any hive that is not specifically maintained and entails getting stung. These descriptions of the clothing and diet of John the Baptist emphasize his character as "roughing it" and living quite literally off the land. A hairshirt is uncomfortable and the act of wearing a hairshirt, or cilice, as an act of penance persists among Catholics today. This eccentric description of John shows him in a state of literally physical discomfort, wearing poor clothing and eating poor food, as an act of penance as he wanders the desert preaching.
|-
|5
|Then went out to him Jerusalem, and all Judaea, and all the region round about Jordan,
|And many citizens of Jerusalem, and of all the neighboring regions, went out to John the Baptist
|
|-
|6
|And were baptized of him in Jordan, confessing their sins.
|and were baptized by him in the Jordan river as they confessed their sins.
|"Baptism" literally means washing by total body immersion.
|-
|7
|But when he saw many of the Pharisees and Sadducees come to his baptism, he said unto them, O generation of vipers, who hath warned you to flee from the wrath to come?
|When John saw how many Pharisees and Sadducees came to be baptized by him, he said to them, "You jerks! Who has warned you to flee from the ''divine'' sentence that's coming ''to you''?
|The phrase '''Γεννηματα εχιδνων''', "sons of snakes," is an insult, akin to "sons of (female dogs)" or "bastards" or simply "jerks."

The word rendered "wrath" is '''οργη''', which refers to the attitude of a magistrate before whom a convict appears for sentencing. In this context, they are clearly attempting to flee from God's justice by baptism. John finds this richly ironic, because he knows that Pharisees and Sadducees would be united in their "citified" contempt of him, because he's a roughneck who doesn't "dress properly," and everyone in Jerusalem surely knows it.
|-
|8
|Bring forth therefore fruits meet for repentance:
|"''If you want to escape that fate,'' show ''in your lives'' fruits that deserve to be called fruits of repentance.
|
|-
|9
|And think not to say within yourselves, We have Abraham to our father: for I say unto you, that God is able of these stones to raise up children unto Abraham.
|"Do not think to yourself, 'We have [[Abraham]] as our patriarch, ''and are saved on that account''." For I tell you now that God could make these stones into children of Abraham ''if He wanted to''."
|God is no Respecter of persons, or of their races or national or clannish origins.
|-
|10
|And now also the axe is laid unto the root of the trees: therefore every tree which bringeth not forth good fruit is hewn down, and cast into the fire.
|"Already the axe is about to fall on the roots of the trees. So every tree that does not bring forth good fruit will be cut down and thrown into the fire.
|
|-
|11
|I indeed baptize you with water unto repentance: but he that cometh after me is mightier than I, whose shoes I am not worthy to bear: he shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost, and with fire:
|On the one hand, I baptize you with water, as you repent: but on the other hand he who will come after me is far mightier, and I don't deserve to carry his shoes. He will immerse you in the Divine Guide, and in fire.
|
|-
|12
|Whose fan is in his hand, and he will throughly purge his floor, and gather his wheat into the garner; but he will burn up the chaff with unquenchable fire.
|His winnowing shovel is in his hand, and he will rid his threshing-floor ''of all impure elements'', and gather his wheat into his barn; and he will burn the chaff with a fire that cannot be quenched.
|The Greek word '''ασβεστος''', meaning "unquenchable", survives as the term [[asbestos]], a mineral once prized as a flame-retardant.
|-
|13
|Then cometh Jesus from Galilee to Jordan unto John, to be baptized of him.
|Now Jesus came from Galilee to Jordan, to be baptized by John.
|
|-
|14
|But John forbad him, saying, I have need to be baptized of thee, and comest thou to me?
|But John begged him to stop, saying, "No, I need to be baptized by you, not you by me."
|
|-
|15
|And Jesus answering said unto him, Suffer it to be so now: for thus it becometh us to fulfil all righteousness. Then he suffered him.
|And Jesus in answer said to him, "Allow yourself to baptize me, for it is necessary and proper." So John allowed it.
|
|-
|16
|And Jesus, when he was baptized, went up straightway out of the water: and, lo, the heavens were opened unto him, and he saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove, and lighting upon him:
|And Jesus, once he was baptized, rose out of the water and the heavens opened for him, and the spirit of God descended like a dove upon him.
|
|-
|17
|And lo a voice from heaven, saying, This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased.
|And a voice spoke from heaven, saying, "This my beloved Son, with whom I am very pleased."
|
|}

== Chapter 4 ==

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Verse
!King James Version
!Proposed Conservative Translation
!Analysis
|-
|1
|Then was Jesus led up of the Spirit into the wilderness to be tempted of the devil.
|Then the Divine Guide led Jesus into the desert to be tested by the Slanderer.
|The word traditionally rendered "to tempt" means "to test," as an engineer will test a new material or assembly, often "to failure." This was Jesus' Final Examination.

The Greek word '''διαβουλος''' literally means "slanderer". The traditional rendition, "devil," is a contraction of the Greek word.

|-
|1b
|Then was Jesus led up of the Spirit into the wilderness to be tempted of the devil.
|Then Jesus was lead by the Holy Spirit into the desert to be tried by the Devil.
|The Aramaic (Syriac) Peshitta provides understanding and is important not only because if is the first translation after the Greek original but also because it captures the "aramaisms in the original
Greek and as some have pointed out, either orally or written, it provides the Aramaic sources from which the Original Greek, that is the earliest we have, might be a translation and reworking.

"Spirit" in Greek, "Holy Spirit" in Aramaic ( Ruha d Qudsha)

Important to leave as the Greek has it the passive. "Jesus was led"
|-
|2
|And when he had fasted forty days and forty nights, he was afterward an hungred.
|And after having fasted for 40 days and nights, Jesus was very hungry.
|
|-
|2b
|And when he had fasted forty days and forty nights, he was afterward an hungred.
|And after having fasted for 40 days and nights, Jesus began to be hungry
|Greek and Syriac strongly imply that Jesus felt no hunger until the end of the 40 days and nights of fast.
|-
|3
|And when the tempter came to him, he said, If thou be the Son of God, command that these stones be made bread.
|And the tester (Satan) came to him and said, "If you are truly the Son of God, order that these rocks be made into food".
|
|-
|3b
|And when the tempter came to him, he said, If thou be the Son of God, command that these stones be made bread.
|And the Tempter came to him and said, "If you are the Son of God, command that these stones become bread".
|"eipe" say, literally say. Less literally but better English, "tell" these stones to become bread. Then Jesus would have been told by the Devil to speak to the stones. I think that the KJV "command" is the best.
|-
|4
|But he answered and said, It is written, Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of God.
|But Jesus said in answer, "Scripture says: The life of Man is not just about consuming food, but about consuming the message of God".
|Satan suggests that Jesus should be an economic Messiah. Jesus rejects this, saying that taking God's message to heart is more important even than the daily diet.
|-
|4b
|But he answered and said, It is written, Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of God.
|But Jesus answered and said, It is written, "Man does not live by bread alone, but also by every word coming from the mouth of God
|The solemn and sonorous Biblical "answered and said" is proliptic and should be retained. It is there to tell us that we are about to hear Holy Writ. "It is written", is literal , understandable , and Hebraic all at once.
|-
|5
|Then the devil taketh him up into the holy city, and setteth him on a pinnacle of the temple,
|Then the slanderer took him into the holy city, and stood him up on the pinnacle of the [[Temple of Jerusalem|Temple]].
|
|-
|5b
|Then the devil taketh him up into the holy city, and setteth him on a pinnacle of the temple,
|Then the Devil took Him into the Holy City, and set Him on the parapet of the Temple.
|
|-
|6
|And saith unto him, If thou be the Son of God, cast thyself down: for it is written, He shall give his angels charge concerning thee: and in their hands they shall bear thee up, lest at any time thou dash thy foot against a stone.
|And he told him, "If you are the Son of God, throw yourself down. Scripture says, ''does it not'', 'He shall give His Messengers a responsibility concerning You, and will carry You in their hands to prevent You from ''so much as'' striking Your foot against a stone.'"
|The word '''αγγελος''' literally means "messenger."
|-
|6b
|And saith unto him, If thou be the Son of God, cast thyself down: for it is written, He shall give his angels charge concerning thee: and in their hands they shall bear thee up, lest at any time thou dash thy foot against a stone.
|The Devil said to Him, "If you are the Son of God, throw yourself down. Yes, it is written, "Concerning you, He will command His angels and they will bear you up in their hands so that not even your foot will hit rock. "
|
|-
|7
|Jesus said unto him, It is written again, Thou shalt not tempt the Lord thy God.
|Jesus told him, "Scripture also says, 'Do not put the Lord your God to the test.'"
|God will provide Divine protection up to a point, but to rely on Him to bail one out of the consequences of bad judgment is bad form. In fact, Satan suggests that Jesus be a magical or wonder-working Messiah, and Jesus rejects that advice as well.
|-
|7b
|Jesus said unto him, It is written again, Thou shalt not tempt the Lord thy God.
|Jesus said to him, "Again, it is written, Do not tempt the Lord your God."
|
|-
|8
|Again, the devil taketh him up into an exceeding high mountain, and sheweth him all the kingdoms of the world, and the glory of them;
|Again the slanderer took Him up to an extremely tall mountain, and showed him all the nation-states of the world and ''all'' their glory,
|The [[Greek]] word '''βασιλεια''', a kingdom, is rendered "nation-state" here because it can stand for any nation-state having any form of government. Representative republics were not known at the time that the Evangelists and Apostles wrote, though they had been known earlier. All heads-of-state with whom these writers were familiar held titles that would translate today as "king" or "emperor." But when Satan shows Jesus all the nation-states of the world, he does not limit this vision only to those nation-states known to the Evangelists, or even only to those nation-states then existing. Rather, Satan demonstrates all nation-states, past, present, and future, as if to say that the governments of men have always been Satan's to bestow on anyone. Such is the measure of Satan's incomparable pride.
|-
|8b
|Again, the devil taketh him up into an exceeding high mountain, and sheweth him all the kingdoms of the world, and the glory of them;
|And again the the Devil took Him up a very high mountain, and showed him all the kingdoms of the world with all their magnificence
|
|-
|9
|And saith unto him, All these things will I give thee, if thou wilt fall down and worship me.
|and told him, "I will give You all these things, if You will fall down and worship me."
|Satan now offers Jesus the chance to be a political Messiah, One Who uses raw political power.
|-
|9b
|And saith unto him, All these things will I give thee, if thou wilt fall down and worship me.
|He said to Him, "I will give You all these things, if You will prostrate yourself and worship me."
|
|-
|10
|Then saith Jesus unto him, Get thee hence, Satan: for it is written, Thou shalt worship the Lord thy God, and him only shalt thou serve.
|Then Jesus told him, "Get away from me, Satan. Scripture says, 'You shall worship the Lord your God, and serve Him alone.'"
|
|-
|10b
|Then saith Jesus unto him, Get thee hence, Satan: for it is written, Thou shalt worship the Lord thy God, and him only shalt thou serve.
|Then Jesus said to him, "Go, Satan! For it is written, 'You shall worship the Lord your God, and Him alone shall you serve.'"
|
|-
|11
|Then the devil leaveth him, and, behold, angels came and ministered unto him.
|Then the slanderer left Him, and suddenly messengers ''of God'' came and waited on Him.
|The word used is '''διακονεω''', which means "I wait on someone like a table waiter." From this root comes the Greek word '''διακονος''' a table waiter, which survives today as the word ''[[deacon]]''.
|-
|11b
|Then the devil leaveth him, and, behold, angels came and ministered unto him.
|Then, when the Devil left Him, the angels came and served Him.
|the "behold" asking us to see, and we do and we see, after the Devil has left, or as he is leaving, the angels, in their turn, are coming in.

|-
|12
|Now when Jesus had heard that John was cast into prison, he departed into Galilee;
|Now when Jesus had heard that John had been arrested, he went away into [[Galilee]];
|
|-
|13
|And leaving Nazareth, he came and dwelt in Capernaum, which is upon the sea coast, in the borders of Zabulon and Nephthalim:
|And leaving Nazareth, he came and settled in Capernaum, which is on the seacoast, near the border between the ''tribal lands of'' Zebulun and Naphthali,
|
|-
|14
|That it might be fulfilled which was spoken by Esaias the prophet, saying,
|in order that the words might be fulfilled that were spoken by [[Isaiah]] the [[prophet]], who said,
|
|-
|15
|The land of Zabulon, and the land of Nephthalim, by the way of the sea, beyond Jordan, Galilee of the Gentiles;
|"The land of Zebulun, and the land of Naphthali, by the way of the sea, beyond the Jordan River, Galilee of the Gentiles;
|The [[Greek]] word '''εθνοι''', "nations," is rendered "Gentiles" from the [[Latin]] ''gens, gentis'' meaning "the nation", or more literally, "the clan."
|-
|16
|"The people which sat in darkness saw great light; and to them which sat in the region and shadow of death light is sprung up.
|"The people that sat in darkness saw a great light; and to them that sat in the region and shadow of death light has dawned."
|
|-
|17
|From that time Jesus began to preach, and to say, Repent: for the kingdom of heaven is at hand.
|From that moment Jesus began to preach, and to say, "Change your hearts, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand."
|Here the Greek word '''βασιλεια''' is properly rendered "kingdom" because [[God]] is, always was, and always will be, a King in the truest sense of that word.
|-
|18
|And Jesus, walking by the sea of Galilee, saw two brethren, Simon called Peter, and Andrew his brother, casting a net into the sea: for they were fishers.
|Now Jesus, as He walked by the sea of Galilee, saw two brothers, Simon, called Peter, and his brother Andrew, as they were casting a net into the sea, for they were fishermen.
|This sea is known today as Lake Tiberias. The name ''Peter'' means "rock."
|-
|19
|And he saith unto them, Follow me, and I will make you fishers of men.
|And he told them, "Follow Me, and I will make you fishers of people."
|The context -- speaking to two rugged fishermen -- makes it clear that the masculine meaning of ανθρωπων was the connotation. In modern terminology, no few would use a football analogy with a gender-neutral pronoun.
|ανθρωπος is a gender-neutral word, which means 'person', not 'man'. What you would like this verse to mean isn't relevant.
|-
|20
|And they straightway left their nets, and followed him.
|And immediately they left their fishing nets behind and followed Him.
|
|-
|21
|And going on from thence, he saw other two brethren, James the son of Zebedee, and John his brother, in a ship with Zebedee their father, mending their nets; and he called them.
|And going on from that place, He saw two other brothers, James son of Zebedee, and his brother John, in a boat with their father Zebedee, mending their nets; and He called them.
|
|-
|22
|And they immediately left the ship and their father, and followed him.
|And immediately they left the boat and their father, and followed Him.
|
|-
|23
|And Jesus went about all Galilee, teaching in their synagogues, and preaching the gospel of the kingdom, and healing all manner of sickness and all manner of disease among the people.
|And Jesus traveled throughout the whole of Galilee, teaching in their synagogues and preaching the gospel of the Kingdom, and healing every kind of chronic illness and every kind of germ among the people.
|
|-
|24
|And his fame went throughout all Syria: and they brought unto him all sick people that were taken with divers diseases and torments, and those which were possessed with devils, and those which were lunatick, and those that had the palsy; and he healed them.
|And the news of him spread throughout the whole of [[Syria]] (Province), and ''people'' brought to him the sick people having various diseases and torments, all demon-oppressed people, and mentally disturbed people, and paralyzed people, and He healed them.
|The [[Greek]] word '''σεληνιαζομαι''' means "I am struck by the [[moon]]." This was the popularly suspected cause of most mental disturbance in those times. Here Matthew clearly distinguishes between ordinary mental illness and oppression or possession by demons.
|-
|25
|And there followed him great multitudes of people from Galilee, and from Decapolis, and from Jerusalem, and from Judaea, and from beyond Jordan.
|And great crowds of people followed Him from Galilee, and from Decapolis, and from [[Jerusalem]] and [[Judea]] and from the far side of the Jordan River.
|
|}

== Chapter 5 ==

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Verse
!King James Version
!Proposed Conservative Translation
!Analysis
|-
|1
|And seeing the multitudes, he went up into a mountain: and when he was set, his disciples came unto him:
|Now when He saw the crowds, He went up into a mountain, and when he had taken His seat , His pupils came to Him.
|The [[Greek]] word '''μαθητης''' means a pupil or student.
|-
|1b
|And seeing the multitudes, her went up into a mountain: and when he was set, his disciples came unto him:
|After seeing the masses before Him, he ascended the Mountain, then He sat down*[to be foot-noted at bottom]. Those who were learning from Him, came to Him
|What would have been understood by the original hearers and readers of Gospel of Matthew - Jesus was the fulfiller and then the displacer of Moses, viewing the crowd, as Moses did, Jesus ascended (dignified reminiscent of the Original Event, and when He got to the top, He SAT DOWN. That is mentioned, seemingly unimportant but actually very important. "Sitting down" was the 1st century act which meant "assumning authority". That is why there was a "seat of Moses" in the synagogue which Jesus said the Pharasees were presently occupying (that is why also the early bishops were represented as sitting with their clergy around them). His Learners - Talmidim (thus the Syriac and Hebrew behind the Greek Mathntns. Talmidim/mathntns does not really mean "pupil" which to the modern ear brings in "classroom", but rather followers or learners by seeing and hearing and doing - apprentices, if you will) came to him.
|-
|2
|And he opened his mouth, and taught them, saying,
|Then he opened His mouth and taught them, saying:
|
|-
|2b
|And he opened his mouth, and taught them, saying,
|He began His Torah*[to be foot-noted at bottom] to them, then, and said:
| Jesus would have had to "open His mouth" in order for him "to say", but it was important to put it this way to thrust the reader to the sonorous solemnity of the Scriptures Va Ya'an vaYomer = He responded (when it was really not a response) and said. What they heard, so the original readers of the Gospel of Matthew would have now learned by this preface, is the new Torah from the One who was greater than Moses, having taken his place on "the mountain" ("mountain" here has an article - "the" precisely because it is specified, though unnamed, in contradistinction to the Mt. Sinai of Moses). The Gospel of Luke has the "sermon" on the plain while Matthew has it on the mountain. Both are correct as it is a plain going on up to the top of a mount on the north shore of the Lake. But Matthew chooses to call it "mountain" precisely because he is presenting the greater than Moses. The hearers and readers of the Gospel of Matthew would not be surprised then to hear later on in the "Sermon on the Mount" (better it be called " The Torah of the Messiah" or the "Law of the Kingdom"), " You have heard it said...but I say to you..." They would understand that the displacer and surpasser of Moses was getting the Torah directly from the Father, and no more would they have need of the line of rabbis and teachers to go back to the time of Moses. Somehow what the original readers and hearers of the Gospel would have understood must come through in the modern language. How that can be done is both an art and a miracle.
|-
|3
|Blessed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
|Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the Kingdom of heaven.
|The [[Greek]] word '''μακαριος''', "blessed," comes from '''μη''' (not) and the root '''καρ-''' which connotes being cut off. Thus when Jesus says that people are blessed, He means that they will not be cut off from God.

The Greek word '''ουρανος''', literally "sky", is always rendered in the plural. (In the Old Testament it was rendered in the Hebrew dual number.)
|-
|3b
|Blessed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
|So truly blessed are those that are not full of the themselves. The Kingdom of heaven is theirs.
|Here and in the rest of the "beatitudes", blessed is a good translation but behind the makarios is the ASHRAIcem, ASHRAIhem of the Hebrew rather than barukh. Ashrai is used for the palpable and overflowwing blessing and presence of God rather than the consecratory state, The root of ashrai is used for "happiness" Change in word order for the this and the rest of beatitudes is permitted by grammar and brings the true and unexpected reversal which is the teaching of Christ.
|-
|4
|Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comforted.
|Blessed are the sad, for they shall be comforted.
|
|-
|4b
|Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comforted.
|So truly blessed those that are grief-stricken. They will be comforted.
|
|-
|5
|Blessed are the meek: for they shall inherit the earth.
|Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth.
|
|-
|5b
|Blessed are the meek: for they shall inherit the earth.
|So truly blessed are the meek. They are the ones to inherit the earth.
|
|-
|6
|Blessed are they which do hunger and thirst after righteousness: for they shall be filled.
|Blessed are they that hunger and thirst for justice, for they shall be satisfied.
|The use of the Greek accusative case connotes persons who actively do and pursue justice in their daily living.
|-
|6b
|Blessed are they which do hunger and thirst after righteousness: for they shall be filled.
|So truly blessed are those that hunger and thirst to see righteousness done. They will have their fill.
|
|-
|7
|Blessed are the merciful: for they shall obtain mercy.
|Blessed are the merciful, for they shall receive mercy.
|
|-
|7b
|Blessed are the merciful: for they shall obtain mercy.
|So truly blessed are those that are merciful. Mercy will come to them.
|
|-
|8
|Blessed are the pure in heart: for they shall see God.
|Blessed are the clean in heart, for they shall see God.
|The [[Greek]] word '''καθαρος''' means "clean." The English word ''pure'' has its roots in metallurgy and connotes a refined metal element separated in a furnace. That metaphor is used elsewhere in Scripture, but not here.
|-
|8b
|Blessed are the pure in heart: for they shall see God.
|So truly blesssed are the pure of heart. They will see God.
|
|-
|9
|Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shall be called the children of God.
|Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called the children of God.
|
|-
|9b
|Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shall be called the children of God.
|So truly blessed are the Makers of Peace. It is Children of God that they will be called.
|developed from the Scripture and current in the 1st cent. and common in the synagogual liturgy - "The One who makes Peace in His Heights, He will make Peace upon us." As God is called according to this His quality, so those who follow Him in this, will also be called, a new name - "Children of God"

|-
|10
|Blessed are they which are persecuted for righteousness' sake: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
|Blessed are they that are persecuted for the sake of justice, for theirs is the Kingdom of heaven.
|The Greek preposition '''ενεκεν''', used with the ablative, means "for the sake of." Here Matthew refers to those who suffer for the cause of justice, whereas before he referred to those who sought to deal justly themselves.
|-
|11
|Blessed are ye, when men shall revile you, and persecute you, and shall say all manner of evil against you falsely, for my sake.
|Blessed are you, when ''men'' shall denounce you, and persecute you, and say everything evil against you (falsely), for My sake.
|Some Greek manuscripts omit the word translated as "falsely."
|-
|12
|Rejoice, and be exceeding glad: for great is your reward in heaven: for so persecuted they the prophets which were before you.
|Rejoice, and be very glad, because your reward is great in heaven: because they persecuted the prophets that came before you in the same manner.
|
|-
|13
|Ye are the salt of the earth: but if the salt have lost his savour, wherewith shall it be salted? it is thenceforth good for nothing, but to be cast out, and to be trodden under foot of men.
|You are the salt of the earth. But if the salt has become bland, what shall it be salted with? It is then good for nothing, and fit only to be thrown out and trodden underfoot by men.
|
|-
|14
|Ye are the light of the world. A city that is set on an hill cannot be hid.
|You are the light of the world. A city cannot be hidden if it stands on a hill.
|
|-
|15
|Neither do men light a candle, and put it under a bushel, but on a candlestick; and it giveth light unto all that are in the house.
|And men do not light a candle and put it under a bushel basket, but on a candlestick; and it shines on everyone in the house.
|
|-
|16
|Let your light so shine before men, that they may see your good works, and glorify your Father which is in heaven.
|Let your light shine in this manner in front of people, so that they may see your good works and give glory to your Father in heaven.
|
|-
|17
|Think not that I am come to destroy the law, or the prophets: I am not come to destroy, but to fulfil.
|Do not think that I have come to tear down the law or the prophets. I have not come to tear these things down, but rather to fulfil them.
|
|-
|18
|For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled.
|For I tell you truly: Until heaven and earth, not one jot or tittle shall pass from the law, in any way, shape or form, until everything is fulfilled.
|The Greek letter ''iota'' derives from the [[Hebrew]] '''י''' or ''yod'', commonly called a "jot" on account of its small size. The phrase "one iota" survives today in common English and means exactly what it meant to St. Matthew: a tiny amount.

The prime-mark is the [[Hebrew]] ''gerash'', called '''κεραια''' or ''keraia'' in Greek; this was called a "tittle" in Elizabethan [[English]]. The ''gerash'', or the double-prime called ''gershayim'' (dual number), appeared often in Hebrew manuscripts to distinguish numbers (written with ordinary alphabetic letters) from regular text.
''Alternative view'': the phrase 'not one jot or tittle' has passed into everyday English and is generally understood. 'iota' and 'prime-mark' are terms with which few people are familiar.
|-
|19
|Whosoever therefore shall break one of these least commandments, and shall teach men so, he shall be called the least in the kingdom of heaven: but whosoever shall do and teach them, the same shall be called great in the kingdom of heaven.
|And so if any person breaks even one of the least of these commandments, and shall so instruct others, that person shall be called the least in the Kingdom of heaven: but any person who does and teaches the commandments, shall be called great in the Kingdom of heaven.
|
|-
|20
|For I say unto you, That except your righteousness shall exceed the righteousness of the scribes and Pharisees, ye shall in no case enter into the kingdom of heaven.
|For I tell you that unless your justification exceeds the justification of the scribes and the Pharisees, you cannot enter the Kingdom of heaven under any circumstances.
|The manner of that justification will be explained later. Jesus makes a point of setting the bar higher than any man can scale by relying on his own strength.
|-
|21
|Ye have heard that it was said by them of old time, Thou shalt not kill; and whosoever shall kill shall be in danger of the judgment:
|You have heard that it was said in ancient times, "You shall not commit murder," and anyone guilty of committing murder would be liable for trial.
|The Greek verb '''φονευω''' literally means "I commit murder." Therefore, murder is specifically in view here.
|-
|22
|But I say unto you, That whosoever is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment: and whosoever shall say to his brother, Raca, shall be in danger of the council: but whosoever shall say, Thou fool, shall be in danger of hell fire.
|But I tell you that any person who is angry with his brother shall be liable for trial, and anyone who says to his brother, "Airhead!" shall be liable to be brought before the council, but whoever says, "Moron!" shall be liable for the fire of hell.
|The Byzantine family of manuscripts, that form the basis of the [[Textus Receptus]], add the word '''εικη''' or ''eiki'', which means "without proper cause." But whether Jesus would necessarily recognize such a thing as a good cause to stay angry with someone is an open question.
|-
|23
|Therefore if thou bring thy gift to the altar, and there rememberest that thy brother hath ought against thee;
|So if you are bringing your gift to the altar, that your brought has something against you,
|
|-
|24
|Leave there thy gift before the altar, and go thy way; first be reconciled to thy brother, and then come and offer thy gift.
|leave your gift in front of the alter, go away, reconcile yourself to your brother first, and then come and offer your gift.
|One does not offer gifts to God while harboring anger in one's heart; such behavior is dishonoring to God and therefore frowned upon.
|-
|25
|Agree with thine adversary quickly, whiles thou art in the way with him; lest at any time the adversary deliver thee to the judge, and the judge deliver thee to the officer, and thou be cast into prison.
|Be on good terms with your adversary quickly, while you are with him on the road; otherwise he might sometime deliver you to the judge, who will deliver you to the bailiff, and you find yourself thrown into prison.
|The Greek word '''υπηρετης''' or ''hyperetis'' means an attendant; the attendant of a judge would be called a bailiff.
|-
|26
|Verily I say unto thee, Thou shalt by no means come out thence, till thou hast paid the uttermost farthing.
|I tell you truly: you shall not come out of that prison until you have paid back the last cent.
|The Greek word '''κοδραντης''' referred to the Roman ''quadrans'', the smallest coin in the Roman coinage system. The British quarter-penny coin once called a "farthing" was the best equivalent in King James' day.
''Alternative view'': 'cent' is OK as a translation, just as 'farthing' was in the 17th century. Is a quarter-penny a coin which is still in circulation? 'Paid back the last cent' encompasses the meaning of the text nicely.
|-
|27
|Ye have heard that it was said by them of old time, Thou shalt not commit adultery:
|You have heard that they said, "Do not commit adultery."
|
|-
|28
|But I say unto you, That whosoever looketh on a woman to lust after her hath committed adultery with her already in his heart.
|But I tell you that any man who looks at a woman with desire has already committed adultery with her in his heart.
|
|-
|29
|And if thy right eye offend thee, pluck it out, and cast it from thee: for it is profitable for thee that one of thy members should perish, and not that thy whole body should be cast into hell.
|But if your right eye causes you to stumble, take it out and throw it away from you: for it is better for you to have one of your body parts perish than that the whole body be thrown into hell.
|
|-
|30
|And if thy right hand offend thee, cut if off, and cast it from thee: for it is profitable for thee that one of thy members should perish, and not that thy whole body should be cast into hell.
|And if your right hand causes you to stumble, cut it off and throw it away from you: for it is better for you to have one of your body parts perish than that the whole body be thrown into hell.
|
|-
|31
|It hath been said, Whosoever shall put away his wife, let him give her a writing of divorcement:
|It has been said, "Any man who divorces his wife should give her a bill of divorcement."
|
|-
|32
|But I say unto you, That whosoever shall put away his wife, saving for the cause of fornication, causeth her to commit adultery: and whosoever shall marry her that is divorced committeth adultery.
|But I say to you that any man who divorces his wife, ''or fails to marry his betrothed'' for any reason other than improper conduct on her part, causes her to commit adultery; and any person who marries a divorced woman commits adultery.
|In ancient [[Judaism|Jewish]] custom, betrothal was as binding as was actual marriage, in the same way that "earnest money contracts" are binding on would-be buyers and sellers of real estate. The only recognized grounds for not "closing the sale," that is, proceeding with the wedding, was improper conduct by the wife before the date of the wedding. Because Matthew, a Jew, was writing to Jews, he included this exception. Luke, who wrote primarily to Gentiles, did not need to, because Gentiles had no such custom as a binding betrothal.
|-
|33
|Again, ye have heard that it hath been said by them of old time, Thou shalt not forswear thyself, but shalt perform unto the Lord thine oaths:
|Again you have heard that it was said in ancient times, "Do not swear falsely, but keep before the Lord any oath that you do swear."
|
|-
|34
|But I say unto you, Swear not at all; neither by heaven; for it is God's throne:
|But I tell you: don't swear at all, neither by heaven, the throne of God;
|
|-
|35
|Nor by the earth; for it is his footstool: neither by Jerusalem; for it is the city of the great King.
|nor by the earth, His footstool; nor by [[Jerusalem]], the city of the great King,
|
|-
|36
|Neither shalt thou swear by thy head, because thou canst not make one hair white or black.
|nor by your head, because you cannot make one hair white or black.
|
|-
|37
|But let your communication be, Yea, yea; Nay, nay: for whatsoever is more than these cometh of evil.
|But let your word be a simple "Yes" or "No." Anything more than that comes from evil.
|
|-
|38
|Ye have heard that it hath been said, An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth:
|You have heard that it was said, "An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth."
|This was the original ''lex talionis'' and was given to restrain the retaliator from exacting a revenge greater than the original wrong.
|-
|39
|But I say unto you, That ye resist not evil: but whosoever shall smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also.
|But I tell you: Don't ''be quick to'' stand against evil. To whomever hits you on the right cheek, turn the other cheek to him also.
|
|-
|40
|And if any man will sue thee at the law, and take away thy coat, let him have thy cloak also.
|And if any person sues you in a court of law, and takes your coat from you, let him have your cloak as well.
|
|-
|41
|And whosoever shall compel thee to go a mile, go with him twain.
|And if anyone compels you to go a mile with him, go with him two miles.
|A Roman infantryman stationed in the provinces might compel a non-citizen of Rome to carry his backpack for him for one Roman mile, under Roman law and regulation. Jesus urges His followers, in this and other cases, to offer double what another person demands.
|-
|42
|Give to him that asketh thee, and from him that would borrow of thee turn not thou away.
|Give to anyone who asks, and don't turn away from anyone who wants to borrow from you.
|
|-
|43
|Ye have heard that it hath been said, Thou shalt love thy neighbour, and hate thine enemy.
|You have heard that it was said, "Love your neighbor, and disregard your enemy."
|The Greek word '''μισεω''' generally means "I disregard someone." The word connotes not wasting the effort of thought on the other person, rather than cultivating an attitude of anger. Again, Jesus is about to set an even higher standard of human behavior.
|-
|44
|But I say unto you, Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you, and persecute you;
|But I tell you: Love your enemies, bless them who curse you, do good to those who disregard you, and pray for those who treat you spitefully and persecute you,
|Many Greek manuscripts mention only the first and fourth parts of the above, but all four are mutually consistent.
|-
|45
|That ye may be the children of your Father which is in heaven: for he maketh his sun to rise on the evil and on the good, and sendeth rain on the just and on the unjust.
|so that you may be the children of your Father in heaven. He makes His sun to rise on the evil and the good, and sends rain on the just and on the unjust.
|If God is no Respecter of persons in this regard, then what right have we to impose a sanction that God Himself does not impose?
|-
|46
|For if ye love them which love you, what reward have ye? do not even the publicans the same?
|Because if you love them who love you, what reward do you have? Don't even tax collectors do the same thing?
|
|-
|47
|And if ye salute your brethren only, what do ye more than others? do not even the publicans so?
|And if you exchange polite greetings only with your brothers, what are you doing, any more than others do? Don't even tax-collectors behave this way?
|
|-
|48
|Be ye therefore perfect, even as your Father which is in heaven is perfect.
|You should therefore be perfect, even as your Father Who is in heaven is perfect.
|The word translated "perfect" is the Greek '''τελειος''' or ''teleios'', which comes from the root '''τελε-''' meaning far, or at the end. The "perfect person" would be a finished work, having no room for improvement. Jesus necessarily sets the bar high, and encourages His followers to jump as high as they can. But only His substitutionary sacrifice will, in the end, complete the work for anyone.
|}

==Chapter 6==

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Verse
!King James Version
!Proposed Conservative Translation
!Analysis
|-
|1
|Take heed that ye do not your alms before men, to be seen of them: otherwise ye have no reward of your Father which is in heaven.
|Be careful not to perform your acts of charity in front of men, in order to be a spectacle before them; otherwise you will have no reward from your Father in heaven.
|
|-
|2
|Therefore when thou doest thine alms, do not sound a trumpet before thee, as the hypocrites do in the synagogues and in the streets, that they may have glory of men. Verily I say unto you, They have their reward.
|So when you do your duty, do not sound a trumpet before you, the way the hypocrites do in the synagogues and in the streets, so that they may have glory from men. I tell you truly: they will get what's coming to them.
|
|-
|3
|But when thou doest alms, let not thy left hand know what thy right hand doeth:
|But when you do your duties, don't let your left hand know what your right hand is doing,
|
|-
|4
|That thine alms may be in secret: and thy Father which seeth in secret himself shall reward thee openly.
|so that your acts of charity may be hidden, and your Father, who sees in a hidden way Himself, will reward you openly.
|
|-
|5
|And when thou prayest, thou shalt not be as the hypocrites are: for they love to pray standing in the synagogues and in the corners of the streets, that they may be seen of men. Verily I say unto you, They have their reward.
|And when you pray, don't be like the hypocrites. They love to pray when standing in the synagogues and in the street corners, so that they may be seen by men. I tell you truly: They will get what's coming to them.
|
|-
|6
|But thou, when thou prayest, enter into thy closet, and when thou hast shut thy door, pray to thy Father which is in secret; and thy Father which seeth in secret shall reward thee openly.
|But you, when you pray, go into your private room, and when you have shut your door, pray to your Father Who is hidden, and your Father, who sees in a hidden manner, will reward you openly.
|
|-
|7
|But when ye pray, use not vain repetitions, as the heathen do: for they think that they shall be heard for their much speaking.
|And when you do pray, don't use vain repetitions, the way those of other nations do. They think that they'll be heard if they use many words.
|
|-
|8
|Be not ye therefore like unto them: for your Father knoweth what things ye have need of, before ye ask him.
|So don't be like them. Your Father knows what things you need, before you ask Him.
|
|-
|9
|After this manner therefore pray ye: Our Father which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name.
|Therefore, pray this way: "Our Father, who is in heaven, let your Name be Holy.
|The Greek form '''αγιασθητω''' is in the third-person present imperative or ''jussive'' form. This is the equivalent of an English jussive subjunctive.
|-
|10
|Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done in earth, as it is in heaven.
|Let Your kingdom come. Let Your will be done on earth as it is done in heaven.
|Again, the jussive imperative form appears here, not the indicative.
|-
|11
|Give us this day our daily bread.
|Give us our daily bread today.
|In other words: see to our daily needs.
|-
|12
|And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors.
|And forgive us of all our sins, just as we forgive those who sin against us.
|
|-
|13
|And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil: For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, for ever. Amen.
|And do not lead us into testing, but keep us from the evil one. For yours is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, forever. Amen.
|The Byzantine manuscripts add "For yours is the kingdom," etc. Other manuscripts omit this part.
|-
|14
|For if ye forgive men their trespasses, your heavenly Father will also forgive you:
|Because if you forgive men the wrongs they do, your heavenly Father will forgive you as well.
|
|-
|15
|But if ye forgive not men their trespasses, neither will your Father forgive your trespasses.
|But if you do not forgive men their wrongdoings, your Father will not forgive your wrongdoings either.
|
|-
|16
|Moreover when ye fast, be not, as the hypocrites, of a sad countenance: for they disfigure their faces, that they may appear unto men to fast. Verily I say unto you, They have their reward.
|Furthermore, when you fast, do not be gloomy, like the hypocrites. They like to disfigure their faces so that they appear to other people to be fasting. I tell you truly: they will get what's coming to them.
|
|-
|17
|But thou, when thou fastest, anoint thine head, and wash thy face;
|But you, when you fast, rub your head with oil, and wash your face,
|Anointment, or rubbing of the head with oil, was necessary in desert climates to hold the body water in.
|-
|18
|That thou appear not unto men to fast, but unto thy Father which is in secret: and thy Father, which seeth in secret, shall reward thee openly.
|so that you do not look like a man fasting to other men, but to your Father Who is hidden, and your Father, who sees in a hidden manner, will reward you openly.
|
|-
|19
|Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth, where moth and rust doth corrupt, and where thieves break through and steal:
|Don't store up treasures for yourselves on earth, where moths and rust make things unsightly and thieves break through and steal.
|
|-
|20
|But lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt, and where thieves do not break through nor steal:
|But store up treasures for yourselves in heaven, where neither moth nor rust can disfigure and no thief can break in or steal.
|
|-
|21
|For where your treasure is, there will your heart be also.
|For where your treasure is, your heart will also be.
|
|-
|22
|The light of the body is the eye: if therefore thine eye be single, thy whole body shall be full of light.
|The lamp of the body is the eye. So if your eye is single, then your whole body will be bright.
|
|-
|23
|But if thine eye be evil, thy whole body shall be full of darkness. If therefore the light that is in thee be darkness, how great is that darkness!
|But if your eye is evil, then your whole body will be dark. So if the light that is in you is dark, it is very dark indeed.
|
|-
|24
|No man can serve two masters: for either he will hate the one, and love the other; or else he will hold to the one, and despise the other. Ye cannot serve God and mammon.
|No one can serve two masters. He will either hate the one and love the other, or else hold to the one and treat the other with contempt. You cannot at the same time be a slave to God and wealth.
|
|-
|25
|Therefore I say unto you, Take no thought for your life, what ye shall eat, or what ye shall drink; nor yet for your body, what ye shall put on. Is not the life more than meat, and the body than raiment?
|For this reason I tell you: stop worrying about your life, and what you will eat [or drink], or for your body, or what you will wear. Isn't life more than about food, and the body more than about clothes?
|The Greek verb is a negation of a present imperative. Such a construct tells the reader to stop doing something that he is presently doing or in the habit of doing.
|-
|26
|Behold the fowls of the air: for they sow not, neither do they reap, nor gather into barns; yet your heavenly Father feedeth them. Are ye not much better than they?
|Look at the birds in the sky. They neither sow nor reap nor gather into barns, but your heavenly Father feeds them. Aren't you much better than they are?
|
|-
|27
|Which of you by taking thought can add one cubit unto his stature?
|Who among you, by worrying about it, can add one foot to his height?
|
|-
|28
|And why take ye thought for raiment? Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow; they toil not, neither do they spin:
|And why do you worry about your clothes? Look at the lilies of the field, and how they grow. They don't work or spin.
|
|-
|29
|And yet I say unto you, That even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these.
|And yet I tell you that even [[Solomon]] in all his glory was never clothed like one of these.
|
|-
|30
|Wherefore, if God so clothe the grass of the field, which to day is, and to morrow is cast into the oven, shall he not much more clothe you, O ye of little faith?
|So if God can thus clothe the grass of the field, which is here today and thrown into the oven tomorrow, will he not clothe you so much more, you who have so little faith?
|
|-
|31
|Therefore take no thought, saying, What shall we eat? or, What shall we drink? or, Wherewithal shall we be clothed?
|So stop worrying, and saying, "What shall we eat?" or "What shall we drink?" or "What shall we wear?"
|
|-
|32
|(For after all these things do the Gentiles seek:) for your heavenly Father knoweth that ye have need of all these things.
|For the Gentiles seek after all these things, but your heavenly Father knows that you need all these things.
|
|-
|33
|But seek ye first the kingdom of God, and his righteousness; and all these things shall be added unto you.
|But first seek after the Kingdom of God, and His justice, and every one of these things will be added to you.
|
|-
|34
|Take therefore no thought for the morrow: for the morrow shall take thought for the things of itself. Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof.
|So stop worrying about tomorrow, because tomorrow will worry about itself. The bad things that happen today are enough to worry about today.
|
|}

==Chapter 7==

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Verse
!King James Version
!Proposed Conservative Translation
!Analysis
|-
|1
|Judge not, that ye be not judged.
|Stop judging others, if you do not want to be judged.
|
|-
|2
|For with what judgment ye judge, ye shall be judged: and with what measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you again.
|For with whatever judgment you judge, you will be judged, and with whatever measure you measure out to others, it will be measured to you.
|
|-
|3
|And why beholdest thou the mote that is in thy brother's eye, but considerest not the beam that is in thine own eye?
|And why do you behold the mote in your brother's eye, and not consider the beam in your own eye?
|
|-
|4
|Or how wilt thou say to thy brother, Let me pull out the mote out of thine eye; and, behold, a beam is in thine own eye?
|Or how can you say to your brother, "Let me take the mote out of your eye", while a beam is in your own eye?
|
|-
|5
|Thou hypocrite, first cast out the beam out of thine own eye; and then shalt thou see clearly to cast out the mote out of thy brother's eye.
|Hypocrite! Throw the beam out of your own eye first, and then you will see clearly to throw out the mote in your brother's eye.
|
|-
|6
|Give not that which is holy unto the dogs, neither cast ye your pearls before swine, lest they trample them under their feet, and turn again and rend you.
|Stop giving holy things to the dogs, and throwing your pearls in front of pigs, if you don't want them to trample them underfoot, and turn against you and tear you apart.
|
|-
|7
|Ask, and it shall be given you; seek, and ye shall find; knock, and it shall be opened unto you:
|Ask, and it wiill be given to you; seek, and you will find; knock, and it will be opened to you.
|
|-
|8
|For every one that asketh receiveth; and he that seeketh findeth; and to him that knocketh it shall be opened.
|For everyone who asks, receives; he who seeks, finds; and to him who knocks, it is opened.
|
|-
|9
|Or what man is there of you, whom if his son ask bread, will he give him a stone?
|Or what man is there among you who, if his son asks for bread, will give him a stone?
|
|-
|10
|Or if he ask a fish, will he give him a serpent?
|Or if he asks for a fish, will give him a snake?
|
|-
|11
|If ye then, being evil, know how to give good gifts unto your children, how much more shall your Father which is in heaven give good things to them that ask him?
|If you, then, being evili, know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will your Father in heaven give good things to those who ask Him?
|
|-
|12
|Therefore all things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them: for this is the law and the prophets.
|So however you would want men to treat you, treat them the same way. The law and the prophets require this.
|
|-
|13
|Enter ye in at the strait gate: for wide is the gate, and broad is the way, that leadeth to destruction, and many there be which go in thereat:
|Enter in at the narrow gate. The gate is wide, and the road broad, that leads to destruction, and many people go in that way,
|
|-
|14
|Because strait is the gate, and narrow is the way, which leadeth unto life, and few there be that find it.
|because the gate and the road are narrow, that lead to life, and few people find it.
|
|-
|15
|Beware of false prophets, which come to you in sheep's clothing, but inwardly they are ravening wolves.
|Watch out for false prophets. They come to you in sheep's clothing, but inwardly they are ravenous wolves.
|
|-
|16
|Ye shall know them by their fruits. Do men gather grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles?
|You will know them by their fruits. Do men gather grapes from thorns, or figs from thistles?
|
|-
|17
|Even so every good tree bringeth forth good fruit; but a corrupt tree bringeth forth evil fruit.
|In fact every good makes good fruit, but a corrupt tree makes bad fruit.
|
|-
|18
|A good tree cannot bring forth evil fruit, neither can a corrupt tree bring forth good fruit.
|A good tree cannot make bad fruit, nor a corrupt tree make good fruit.
|
|-
|19
|Every tree that bringeth not forth good fruit is hewn down, and cast into the fire.
|Every tree that does not make good fruit is cut down and thrown into the fire.
|
|-
|20
|Wherefore by their fruits ye shall know them.
|Therefore, by their fruits you will know them.
|
|-
|21
|Not every one that saith unto me, Lord, Lord, shall enter into the kingdom of heaven; but he that doeth the will of my Father which is in heaven.
|Not everyone who says to me, "Lord! Lord!" will enter into the Kingdom of heaven, but rather the one who does the will of My Father in heaven (will so enter).
|
|-
|22
|Many will say to me in that day, Lord, Lord, have we not prophesied in thy name? and in thy name have cast out devils? and in thy name done many wonderful works?
|Many people will say to me in that day, "Lord! Lord! Haven't we told the future in Your Name? Haven't we thrown demons out of people in Your Name? Haven't we done wonderful works in Your Name?"
|
|-
|23
|And then will I profess unto them, I never knew you: depart from me, ye that work iniquity.
|And then I will tell them plainly: "I never knew you. Get away from me, you who work lawlessness."
|
|-
|24
|Therefore whosoever heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them, I will liken him unto a wise man, which built his house upon a rock:
|So everyone who hears these things that I say, and does them, I will compare to a wise man, who built his house on a rock,
|
|-
|25
|And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell not: for it was founded upon a rock.
|and the rain came down, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat on that house, and it did not fall, because it was founded on rock.
|
|-
|26
|And every one that heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them not, shall be likened unto a foolish man, which built his house upon the sand:
|And everyone who hears these things that I say, and does not do them, will be compared to a foolish man, who built his house on sand,
|
|-
|27
|And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell: and great was the fall of it.
|and the rain came down, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat on that house, and it fell, and fell with a great crash.
|
|-
|28
|And it came to pass, when Jesus had ended these sayings, the people were astonished at his doctrine:
|And it came to pass, when Jesus had finished talking, that the crowds were amazed at his teaching,
|
|-
|29
|For he taught them as one having authority, and not as the scribes.
|because when he taught them he spoke with and from authority, and not the way the scribes commonly taught them.
|
|}

==Chapter 8==

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Verse
!King James Version
!Proposed Conservative Translation
!Analysis
|-
|1
|When he was come down from the mountain, great multitudes followed him.
|When He had come down from the mountain, great crowds of people followed him.
|
|-
|2
|And, behold, there came a leper and worshipped him, saying, Lord, if thou wilt, thou canst make me clean.
|And then a leper came and fell down at His feet, saying, "Lord, if You are willing, You can make me clean."
|
|-
|3
|And Jesus put forth his hand, and touched him, saying, I will; be thou clean. And immediately his leprosy was cleansed.
|And He put out his hand, and touched him, and said, "I am willing. Be clean." And immediately the man's [[leprosy]] was cleansed.
|The [[leprosy]] in view here could be any of a number of contagious skin disorders common to the Middle East in that time, and not necessarily [[Hansen's Disease]] caused by ''Mycobacterium leprae''.
|-
|4
|And Jesus saith unto him, See thou tell no man; but go thy way, shew thyself to the priest, and offer the gift that Moses commanded, for a testimony unto them.
|And Jesus told him, "Don't breathe a word of this to anyone, but go, show yourself to the priest, and offer the sacrifice that Moses commanded as a testimony to them."
|Someone might occasionally find himself free of the particular skin disorder that fell under the general heading of "leprosy." Such a man was always supposed to offer a sacrificial animal to give thanks to God.
|-
|5
|And when Jesus was entered into Capernaum, there came unto him a centurion, beseeching him,
|And when Jesus had gone into Capernaum, a centurion came to him, begging him,
|A Roman centurion ([[Greek]] '''εκατονταρχ''', literally, "leader of a hundred") was the lowest-ranking commissioned officer in the Roman army. He commanded a century of troops, consisting typically of eighty fighting men and twenty auxiliaries.
|-
|6
|And saying, Lord, my servant lieth at home sick of the palsy, grievously tormented.
|and saying, "Lord, my servant is bedridden in my house, paralyzed and in great pain."
|
|-
|7
|And Jesus saith unto him, I will come and heal him.
|And Jesus told him, "I will come and heal him."
|
|-
|8
|The centurion answered and said, Lord, I am not worthy that thou shouldest come under my roof: but speak the word only, and my servant shall be healed.
|In answer, the centurion said, "Lord, I don't deserve to have you come under my roof. Just say the word, and my servant will be healed.
|
|-
|9
|For I am a man under authority, having soldiers under me: and I say to this man, Go, and he goeth; and to another, Come, and he cometh; and to my servant, Do this, and he doeth it.
|"For I am part of a chain of command, and I have soldiers under my command. I tell this man, "Go" and he goes, and another, "Come" and he comes, and my servant, "Do this," and he does it."
|
|-
|10
|When Jesus heard it, he marvelled, and said to them that followed, Verily I say unto you, I have not found so great faith, no, not in Israel.
|When Jesus heard that, he was amazed, and said to those that were following him, "I tell you truely, I have not found such great faith, even in [[Israel]].
|
|-
|11
|And I say unto you, That many shall come from the east and west, and shall sit down with Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob, in the kingdom of heaven.
|"And I tell you that many will come from east and west, and will sit down with [[Abraham]], and [[Isaac]], and [[Jacob]], in the Kingdom of heaven.
|
|-
|12
|But the children of the kingdom shall be cast out into outer darkness: there shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth.
|"But the children of the Kingdom will be thrown out into outer darkness; there will be weeping and grinding of teeth."
|
|-
|13
|And Jesus said unto the centurion, Go thy way; and as thou hast believed, so be it done unto thee. And his servant was healed in the selfsame hour.
|And Jesus said to the centurion, "Go, and as you have believed, so let it be done for you." And his servant was healed in that very hour.
|
|-
|14
|And when Jesus was come into Peter's house, he saw his wife's mother laid, and sick of a fever.
|And when Jesus had come into Peter's house, he saw his wife's mother, bedridden and ill with fever.
|
|-
|15
|And he touched her hand, and the fever left her: and she arose, and ministered unto them.
|And He touched her hand, and the fever left her, and she got up and waited on them.
|
|-
|16
|When the even was come, they brought unto him many that were possessed with devils: and he cast out the spirits with his word, and healed all that were sick:
|That evening, they brought to Him many that were demon-oppressed, and He threw out the spirits with His word, and healed all the sick people,
|
|-
|17
|That it might be fulfilled which was spoken by Esaias the prophet, saying, Himself took our infirmities, and bare our sicknesses.
|so that this might be fulfilled that was spoken by [[Isaiah]] the prophet, who said, "He Himself took our infirmities, and bore our sicknesses."
|
|-
|18
|Now when Jesus saw great multitudes about him, he gave commandment to depart unto the other side.
|Now when Jesus saw great crowds of people around him, he gave orders to leave for the other side.
|
|-
|19
|And a certain scribe came, and said unto him, Master, I will follow thee whithersoever thou goest.
|And a certain scribe came, and told Him, "Master, I will follow you wherever you go."
|
|-
|20
|And Jesus saith unto him, The foxes have holes, and the birds of the air have nests; but the Son of man hath not where to lay his head.
|And Jesus told him, "[[Fox]]es have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but the Son of man has no place to rest His head."
|
|-
|21
|And another of his disciples said unto him, Lord, suffer me first to go and bury my father.
|And another of His pupils said to him, "Lord, first permit me to go to bury my father."
|
|-
|22
|But Jesus said unto him, Follow me; and let the dead bury their dead.
|But Jesus told him, "Follow Me, and let the dead bury their own."
|
|-
|23
|And when he was entered into a ship, his disciples followed him.
|And when He had gone into a boat, His pupils followed Him.
|This was a small fishing sloop, probably not more than fifteen feet from stem to stern.
|-
|24
|And, behold, there arose a great tempest in the sea, insomuch that the ship was covered with the waves: but he was asleep.
|And behold, a great storm arose on the lake, so much that the boat was swamped with the waves. But He was asleep.
|
|-
|25
|And his disciples came to him, and awoke him, saying, Lord, save us: we perish.
|And His pupils came to Him, and woke Him up, saying, "Lord, save us; we're dying!"
|
|-
|26
|And he saith unto them, Why are ye fearful, O ye of little faith? Then he arose, and rebuked the winds and the sea; and there was a great calm.
|And He said to them, "Why are you afraid, you of little faith?" Then He got up, and gave an order to the winds and the sea; and a great calm fell.
|
|-
|27
|But the men marvelled, saying, What manner of man is this, that even the winds and the sea obey him!
|But the men were amazed, saying, "What kind of Man is this? Even the winds and the sea obey Him!"
|
|-
|28
|And when he was come to the other side into the country of the Gergesenes, there met him two possessed with devils, coming out of the tombs, exceeding fierce, so that no man might pass by that way.
|And when He had come to the other side into the country of the Gadarenes, two demon-possessed men met Him, coming out of the tombs, so fierce that no man dared pass by that way.
|The Byzantine family renders this "Gergesenes." In fact, this was Gadite country, and so "Gadarene" is proper.
|-
|29
|And, behold, they cried out, saying, What have we to do with thee, Jesus, thou Son of God? art thou come hither to torment us before the time?
|And suddenly they cried out, saying, "What business do we have with You, Jesus, Son of God? Have you come here to torment us before the time?"
|All demons know that God will deal definitively with them eventually, and still they demand more time, as if they can possibly escape the judgment that will come to them.
|-
|30
|And there was a good way off from them an herd of many swine feeding.
|And a herd of many pigs was feeding a fair distance from them.
|
|-
|31
|So the devils besought him, saying, If thou cast us out, suffer us to go away into the herd of swine.
|So the demons begged Him, saying, "If you're going to throw us out, let us go away into the herd of pigs."
|
|-
|32
|And he said unto them, Go. And when they were come out, they went into the herd of swine: and, behold, the whole herd of swine ran violently down a steep place into the sea, and perished in the waters.
|And He said to them, "Go." And when they came out of the two men, they went into the herd of pigs. And the entire herd of pigs ran pell-mell down a steep bank into the sea, and drowned in the waters.
|
|-
|33
|And they that kept them fled, and went their ways into the city, and told every thing, and what was befallen to the possessed of the devils.
|And those who had been keeping the pigs ran away, and went back into the city, and told about everything that had happened, and what had happened to the formerly demon-possessed men.
|
|-
|34
|And, behold, the whole city came out to meet Jesus: and when they saw him, they besought him that he would depart out of their coasts.
|And then the entire city came out to meet Jesus, and when they saw Him, they begged Him to go away from their coasts.
|
|}

==Chapter 9==

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Verse
!King James Version
!Proposed Conservative Translation
!Analysis
|-
|1
|And he entered into a ship, and passed over, and came into his own city.
|And he boarded a boat, and crossed the lake, and came into his own city.
|
|-
|2
|And, behold, they brought to him a man sick of the palsy, lying on a bed: and Jesus seeing their faith said unto the sick of the palsy; Son, be of good cheer; thy sins be forgiven thee.
|And they brought to Him a paralyzed man, lying on a pallet. And Jesus, seeing their faith, said to the paralytic, "Son, cheer up; your sins are forgiven you."
|
|-
|3
|And, behold, certain of the scribes said within themselves, This man blasphemeth.
|And some of the scribes said among themselves, "This man is speaking blasphemy."
|
|-
|4
|And Jesus knowing their thoughts said, Wherefore think ye evil in your hearts?
|And Jesus, Who knew what they were thinking, said, "Why do you think evil in your hearts?
|
|-
|5
|For whether is easier, to say, Thy sins be forgiven thee; or to say, Arise, and walk?
|"For which would be easier to say: 'Your sins are forgiven you,' or 'Get up and walk'?
|
|-
|6
|But that ye may know that the Son of man hath power on earth to forgive sins, (then saith he to the sick of the palsy,) Arise, take up thy bed, and go unto thine house.
|"But so that you may know that the Son of man has the authority on earth to forgive sins..." Then he said to the paralyzed man, "Get up, take up your pallet, and go to your house."
|
|-
|7
|And he arose, and departed to his house.
|And he got up and went away to his house.
|
|-
|8
|But when the multitudes saw it, they marvelled, and glorified God, which had given such power unto men.
|But when the crowds saw it, they were very much afraid, and gave glory to God, Who had given power like that to men.
|The Byzantine family has the verb '''θαυμαζω''', which means, "I make someone say, 'Wow!'" But the best manuscripts say that the people in those crowds were afraid, not merely impressed with an amazing spectacle.
|-
|9
|And as Jesus passed forth from thence, he saw a man, named Matthew, sitting at the receipt of custom: and he saith unto him, Follow me. And he arose, and followed him.
|And as Jesus walked away from that place, he saw a man, Matthew by name, sitting in the tax office, and He said to him, "Follow Me." And he got up and followed Him.
|
|-
|10
|And it came to pass, as Jesus sat at meat in the house, behold, many publicans and sinners came and sat down with him and his disciples.
|And it came to pass, as He reclined to dine in the house, many tax-gatherers and sinners came and reclined with Him and His pupils.
|Men in those days did not ''sit'' down at the dinnertable; they ''lay'' down on couches set alongside the table, held themselves up on one elbow, and reached for their food.
|-
|11
|And when the Pharisees saw it, they said unto his disciples, Why eateth your Master with publicans and sinners?
|And when the [[Pharisees]] saw this, they said to His pupils, "Why is your Master eating with tax-gatherers and sinners?"
|[[Pharisees]] constantly held themselves "holier than" the rest of their society. Tax-gatherers were the lowest of the low in Jewish society, primarily on account of the methods they employed. They were not direct government employees, but were private collection agents, to whom the Romans "farmed out" the tax-collection task. This "farming-out" caused great controversy even in the Senate of Rome and was one of the sorest points of anti-Roman resentment among the Jews.
|-
|12
|But when Jesus heard that, he said unto them, They that be whole need not a physician, but they that are sick.
|But when Jesus heard that, He told them, "The well do not need to see the doctor, but the sick do.
|
|-
|13
|But go ye and learn what that meaneth, I will have mercy, and not sacrifice: for I am not come to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance.
|"But you go and learn what this means: 'I desire mercy, and not sacrifice.' For I haven't come here to call the just, but sinners to change their hearts."
|
|-
|14
|Then came to him the disciples of John, saying, Why do we and the Pharisees fast oft, but thy disciples fast not?
|Then some followers of John the Baptist came to him, saying, "Why do we and the Pharisees fast often, but Your students do not fast?"
|
|-
|15
|And Jesus said unto them, Can the children of the bridechamber mourn, as long as the bridegroom is with them? but the days will come, when the bridegroom shall be taken from them, and then shall they fast.
|And Jesus told them, "Can the members of the wedding party mourn, so long as the groom is with them? But a time will come when the groom will be taken from them, and then they will fast.
|
|-
|16
|No man putteth a piece of new cloth unto an old garment, for that which is put in to fill it up taketh from the garment, and the rent is made worse.
|"No man puts a piece of new cloth onto an old garment. What is put in to fill the tear takes something from the old garment, and the hole is torn even wider.
|
|-
|17
|Neither do men put new wine into old bottles: else the bottles break, and the wine runneth out, and the bottles perish: but they put new wine into new bottles, and both are preserved.
|Neither do men put freshly-squeezed grape juice into old skins; otherwise the skins break, the juice runs out, and the skins are ruined. Instead they put fresh juice into new skins, and both are preserved.
|The [[Greek]] word '''οινος''' means simply "the fruit of the vine." Wine in the modern sense of an [[alcoholic drink]] was not a common drink, especially among the Jews. Contrary to popular belief, connoisseurs of grape juice actively sought to stop it from fermenting and in fact had five different methods available to them to accomplish this. See, e.g., "Oinos: a discussion of the Bible wine question," by Leon C. Field (1883).
|-
|18
|While he spake these things unto them, behold, there came a certain ruler, and worshipped him, saying, My daughter is even now dead: but come and lay thy hand upon her, and she shall live.
|While He was speaking these things to them, behold, a certain ruler came to Him, and fell down at His feet, saying, "My daughter is dead even now. But come and lay Your hand on her, and she will live."
|
|-
|19
|And Jesus arose, and followed him, and so did his disciples.
|And Jesus got up and followed him, and so did His students.
|
|-
|20
|And, behold, a woman, which was diseased with an issue of blood twelve years, came behind him, and touched the hem of his garment:
|And behold, a woman, who had been hemorrhaging for twelve years, came behind Him, and touched the hem of His robe.
|
|-
|21
|For she said within herself, If I may but touch his garment, I shall be whole.
|For she said to herself, "If I could just touch His robe, I will be made well."
|
|-
|22
|But Jesus turned him about, and when he saw her, he said, Daughter, be of good comfort; thy faith hath made thee whole. And the woman was made whole from that hour.
|But Jesus turned around, and when He saw her, He said, "Daughter, take heart; your faith has made you well." And the woman was made well from that hour.
|
|-
|23
|And when Jesus came into the ruler's house, and saw the minstrels and the people making a noise,
|And when Jesus came to the ruler's house, and saw the [[music]]ians and the crowds making a scene,
|
|-
|24
|He said unto them, Give place: for the maid is not dead, but sleepeth. And they laughed him to scorn.
|He told them, "Give Me room. This young woman is not dead; she is asleep." And they laughed at Him scornfully.
|
|-
|25
|But when the people were put forth, he went in, and took her by the hand, and the maid arose.
|But when the crowds were put outside, He went in, and took her by the hand, and the young woman got up.
|
|-
|26
|And the fame hereof went abroad into all that land.
|And the news of this event went out into that entire land.
|
|-
|27
|And when Jesus departed thence, two blind men followed him, crying, and saying, Thou Son of David, have mercy on us.
|And when Jesus went away from that place, two blind men followed Him, crying out and saying, "Have mercy on us, Son of David!"
|
|-
|28
|And when he was come into the house, the blind men came to him: and Jesus saith unto them, Believe ye that I am able to do this? They said unto him, Yea, Lord.
|And when he had come into the house, the blind men came to Him. Jesus said to them, "Do you believe that I can do this?" They said to Him, "Yes, Lord."
|
|-
|29
|Then touched he their eyes, saying, According to your faith be it unto you.
|Then He touched their eyes, saying, "According to your faith, let it work out for you."
|
|-
|30
|And their eyes were opened; and Jesus straitly charged them, saying, See that no man know it.
|And their eyes were opened, and Jesus gave them strict orders, saying, "Don't let any man know anything about this."
|
|-
|31
|But they, when they were departed, spread abroad his fame in all that country.
|But they, when they had left, spread the news of him in that entire country.
|
|-
|32
|As they went out, behold, they brought to him a dumb man possessed with a devil.
|As they went out, some people brought to him a mute demon-possessed man.
|
|-
|33
|And when the devil was cast out, the dumb spake: and the multitudes marvelled, saying, It was never so seen in Israel.
|And when the demon was thrown out, the mute spoke. The crowds said, "Wow! Nothing like this has ever been seen in Israel!"
|
|-
|34
|But the Pharisees said, He casteth out devils through the prince of the devils.
|But the Pharisees said, "He throws out demons by calling upon the leader of demons."
|
|-
|35
|And Jesus went about all the cities and villages, teaching in their synagogues, and preaching the gospel of the kingdom, and healing every sickness and every disease among the people.
|And Jesus went around to all the cities and towns, teaching in their synagogues, and preaching the Good News of the Kingdom, and healing every sickness and every disease among the people.
|
|-
|36
|But when he saw the multitudes, he was moved with compassion on them, because they fainted, and were scattered abroad, as sheep having no shepherd.
|But when He saw the crowds, He was moved with compassion for them, because they were worried, and were scattered about like sheep without a shepherd.
|
|-
|37
|Then saith he unto his disciples, The harvest truly is plenteous, but the labourers are few;
|Then He said to His students, "The harvest is truly bountiful, but the harvesters are few.
|
|-
|38
|Pray ye therefore the Lord of the harvest, that he will send forth labourers into his harvest.
|So pray to the Lord of the harvest, that He will send out workmen to gather in His harvest.
|
|}

[[Category:Conservative Bible]]