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Massachusetts

2021-09-01T04:39:59Z

Stephenkollenborn20: massachusetts

{{USState
|name=Massachusetts
|flag=Flag of Massachusetts.png
|motto="Ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem" (By the sword we seek peace, but peace only under liberty)
|nick=The Bay State
|capital=Boston
|language=English
|governor=Charlie Baker
|gparty=Republican
|senator1=Ed Markey
|s1party=Democratic
|s1phone=(202) 224-2742
|s1email=http://www.markey.senate.gov/contact Contact
|senator2=Elizabeth Warren
|s2party=Democratic
|s2phone=(202) 224-4543
|s2email=http://www.warren.senate.gov/?p=email_senator Contact
|population=6,950,000 (2020)
|date=February 6, 1788 (6th)
}}

The '''Commonwealth of Massachusetts''' is a state in the [[New England]] region of the northeastern [[United States]]. Its capital city is [[Boston]]. The name is derived from the Indian tribe that lived there, the "Massachusett". It is one of four states officially known as "commonwealths". It is well known for being a bastion of American liberalism and is known, along with [[California]] and [[New York]], for being one of the "bluest" of [[blue state]]s.

Massachusetts has oppressive [[gun control]] laws which senselessly impose mandatory minimum prison sentences for peaceful possession of a firearm. Travelers through the state on federal highways can be ensnared with immediate imprisonment and subsequent felony convictions merely for having a gun which is lawful in their state of residence.<ref>https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/crime/rise-of-the-moors-member-intends-to-represent-i-95-standoff-suspects-in-court/ar-AALNVdT</ref>

The state Constitution of Massachusetts, like all of the other 50 states, acknowledges God or our Creator or the ''Sovereign Ruler of the Universe''. It says:
:''We, therefore, the people of Massachusetts, acknowledging, with grateful hearts, the goodness of the great Legislator of the universe, in affording us, in the course of His providence, an opportunity, deliberately and peaceably, without fraud, violence or surprise, of entering into an original, explicit, and solemn compact with each other; and of forming a new constitution of civil government, for ourselves and posterity; and devoutly imploring His direction in so interesting a design, do agree upon, ordain and establish the following Declaration of Rights, and Frame of Government, as the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.''

==History==
Massachusetts was first settled by the [[Pilgrims]] who emigrated from [[England]] on the ''[[Mayflower]]'' in 1620 and founded a settlement at [[Plymouth Colony|Plymouth]], and soon afterward by the much larger group the [[Puritans]], who founded the "Massachusetts Bay Colony". Both groups came to America seeking religious freedom.
[[File:Col-mass.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Harvard College was founded in 1638 making Boston the intellectual center of New England]]
The colony was a major center of the [[American Revolution]], as events such as the [[Boston Massacre]] and [[Boston Tea Party]] helped to create a desire for national independence among the Americans. The first battles of the war were fought on April 19, 1775 at [[Lexington]] and [[Concord, MA|Concord]]; the first great American victory was the expulsion of the British from Boston on "Evacuation Day," March 17, 1776.

Shortly after the war ended, tax protesters in the western part of the state revolted in [[Shays' Rebellion]], a major factor leading to demands for a stronger national government at the [[Constitutional Convention]] in 1787. Massachusetts abolished slavery in 1783 and ratified the Constitution on February 6, 1788.

During the 1800s, Massachusetts was marked by increasing industrialization, including the founding of textile mills in towns such as Lowell. Important historical figures during this time included [[Horace Mann]], an important educational reformer, and [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] and [[Henry David Thoreau]], two of the main contributors to the [[Transcendentalism|Transcendental]] movement.

In the 1900s, Massachusetts moved from a factory-based economy to a more service-based economy, sparked by growth in its local colleges and universities as well as by a collapse in the textile industry during the 1920s. This encouraged increased suburbanization, leading to the current demographic situation in which the population is concentrated in suburbs around the city of [[Boston]]. In 1987, the state received federal highway funding for the Central Artery/Tunnel Project, known colloquially as the [[Big Dig]]. The $14.7 billion grant is the largest federal highway project ever approved.

The last [[Republican]] mayor of Boston was elected in 1926.

===2020 Antifa riots===
[[File:Racist Democrats.jpeg|left|350px|thumb|[[Progressive]] [[white supremacist]]s defaced the Monument to the all-volunteer Black 54th Massachusetts Regiment of Union Soldiers in the [[Civil War]].<ref>https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2020/06/02/rioters-deface-glory-monument-to-black-civil-war-soldiers-boston-54th/</ref>]]
:{{See also|2020 Antifa riots}}
In [[Boston]], [[Progressive]] [[white supremacist]] [[riot]]ers defaced the 54th Regiment Memorial to black soldiers in the [[Civil War]] as [[Antifa]] protests moved through the city. A website dedicated to the memorial, which stands at the top of a hill on the Boston Common, explains:
{{Quotebox-float|The most acclaimed piece of sculpture on Boston Common is the Robert Gould Shaw and Massachusetts 54th Regiment Memorial by Augustus Saint-Gaudens; a memorial to that group of men who were among the first African Americans to fight in the Civil War. The monument portrays Shaw and his men marching down Beacon Street past the State House on May 28, 1863 as they left Boston on their way to South Carolina, Shaw erect on his horse, the men marching alongside.}}
The monument, which commemorates black lives dedicated and sacrificed to the struggle against slavery, was defaced with profane anti-police graffiti, as well as tributes to [[George Floyd]].<ref>https://www.westernjournal.com/rioters-deface-monument-black-civil-war-veterans-served-union/</ref>

The story of the 54th was immortalized in the Hollywood movie ''Glory'', for which [[Denzel Washington]] received the Oscar for Best Supporting Actor.

==Politics==
Massachusetts was home of the Kennedy family, with President [[John Kennedy]], Attorney general and later New York Senator [[Robert Kennedy]], and Massachusetts Senator [[Ted Kennedy]], who was the third longest-serving Senator in U.S. history. During the [[2004 Presidential Election]] the Democratic super-majority in the state legislature blocked the Republican Governor [[Mitt Romney]] from appointing an interim senator should [[John Kerry]] be elected President. The legislature changed the law back again after Ted Kennedy's death, allowing Governor [[Deval Patrick]], a Democrat, to appoint a temporary replacement for Kennedy. He chose former Democratic National Committee chairman [[Paul Kirk]]. Kirk did not seek a full term of his own, and a special election was held on January 19, 2010.

Republican State Senator [[Scott Brown]] pulled a major upset, defeating Democratic Attorney General [[Martha Coakley]] in the election. Brown rode on a wave of voter anger at President Obama and his [[health care]] overhaul and won by a 52%-47% margin.<ref>See [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/01/19/us/politics/massachusetts-election-map.html?hp statistical analysis of 2010 vote]</ref>

Although once a bastion of social conservatism (the term "Banned in Boston" is still in widespread use)<ref>http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Massachusetts/id/1896007</ref> Massachusetts is known as one of the most Catholic and most liberal states. It is the most populous state to have all-Democratic congressional representation. In the 1980s Republicans called it "Taxachusetts" because of its high tax rate, which has since been lowered by a series of Republican governors in the 1990s and 2000s ([[William Weld]], [[Paul Cellucci]], [[Jane Swift]] and [[Mitt Romney]]); they were among the most liberal Republican governors in the country.<ref>http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Massachusetts/id/1896007</ref>

Its current [[United States Senate|U.S. Senators]] are [[Ed Markey]] and [[Elizabeth Warren]], who defeated Scott Brown's re-election bid in 2010.

The current governor is [[Charlie Baker]], a Republican, who took office in early 2015.

Baker's predecessor was [[Deval Patrick|Deval L. Patrick]], who was the first Democrat to take the office in 16 years, and the first African American to win the post.<ref>http://www.mass.gov/</ref><ref>http://www.nndb.com/gov/911/000051758/</ref> He was elected in 2006 over Republican and former Lieutenant Governor Kerry Healey,<ref>http://www.boston.com/news/local/politics/candidates/governor/patrick/</ref> is A strong liberal in the state that legalized [[homosexual marriage]], Patrick signed a bill which allowed out-of-state gay couples to marry in Massachusetts. In a speech afterward, Patrick was recorded openly mocking gay marriage opponents by stating, "In five years now, ... the sky has not fallen, the earth has not opened to swallow us all up."<ref>https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2008/07/31/massachusetts-gov-patrick-signs-allowing-gay-marriage-non-residents</ref> Patrick did not run for re-election in 2014.

Massachusetts is the home of Presidents [[John Adams]], [[John Quincy Adams]], and [[John F. Kennedy]].

Massachusetts has been a [[blue state]] in presidential elections since 1928 except when it favored [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] and [[Ronald Wilson Reagan]] both terms. In the 1972 Presidential election it was the only state (along with the District of Columbia) to support [[George McGovern]] over [[Richard Nixon]]. Though its congressional and legislative delegations have been almost entirely Democtratic for decades, Massachusetts often elects Republican Governors.

In 2012, an Elementary school in Bellingham, MA attempted to take out the word, "God" from the song, "God Bless the USA" by Lee Greenwood for a school concert. The attempt failed, as parents in the community complained. [https://video.foxnews.com/v/1549117644001/]

Massachusetts [[attorney general]] and [[psychopath]] Maura Healey refused to denounce the violent [[2020 Leftwing riots]] that occurred nationwide and resulted in scores of murders by [[Socialist]]s and hundreds of millions of dollars in lost jobs, property, and businesses, likening the violence and lawlessness to the purifying effects of a forest fire. "Yes, America is burning, but that's how forests grow."<ref>https://freebeacon.com/latest-news/dem-ag-letting-america-burn-is-the-path-to-growth/</ref>

The General Court of Massachusetts Bay Colony enacted a law in November 1646 providing, among other things,[1] for the capital punishment of male children that were disobedient to their parents.[2] Although death as a penalty was later removed and punishment for disobedient daughters was added, the law was not repealed until 1973.[3] Similar laws were enacted in Connecticut in 1650, Rhode Island in 1688, and New Hampshire in 1679.[3]

The Massachusetts law stated: "If a man have a stubborn or rebellious son, of sufficient years and understanding sixteen years of age, which will not obey the voice of his Father, or the voice of his Mother, and that when they have chastened him will not harken unto them: then shall his Father and Mother being his natural parents, lay hold on him, and bring him to the Magistrates assembled in Court and testify unto them, that their son is stubborn and rebellious and will not obey their voice and chastisement, but lives in sundry notorious crimes, such a son shall be put to death."[4]

The penalty of death as a punishment for a delinquent son is included in the book of Deuteronomy chapter twenty-one verses 18 through 21 of the Bible; this part of the Deuteronomic Code provides for stoning a stubborn and rebellious son.[5][6]
==Elected Officials==

===Federal===
*Sen. [[Elizabeth Warren]] (D)
*Sen. [[Ed Markey]] (D)
*Rep. [[Richard Neal]] [D, MA–01]
*Rep. [[Jim McGovern]] [D, MA–02]
*Rep. [[Lori Trahan]] [D, MA–03]
*Rep. [[Jake Auchincloss]] [D, MA–04]
*Rep. [[Katherine Clark]] [D, MA–05]
*Rep. [[Seth Moulton]] [D, MA–06]
*Rep. [[Ayanna Pressley]] [D, MA–07]
*Rep. [[Stephen Lynch]] [D, MA–08]
*Rep. [[William Keating]] [D, MA–09]

===Statewide===
*Governor [[Charlie Baker]] (R)
*Lt. Governor [[Karyn Polito]] (R)
*State Auditor [[Suzanne Bump]] (D)
*Secretary of State [[Bill Galvin]] (D)
*Attorney General [[Maura Healy]] (D)
*State Treasurer [[Deborah Goldberg]] (D)

==Notes/references==
{{reflist|2}}

==See also==
* [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]

{{USstates}}
[[Category:States of the United States]]
[[Category:Massachusetts]]
[[Category:New England]]
[[Category:Blue States]]
[[Category:Thirteen Colonies]]
[[Category:Eastern United States]]
[[Category:Liberalism]]

Articles of Confederation

2021-09-01T04:38:35Z

Stephenkollenborn20: articles of confederation

[[File:Articles-of-confederation.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Articles of Confederation]]
The '''Articles of Confederation''', written in [[1777]], ratified by the colonies March 1, 1781, established the [[United States of America]]. Signed by [[John Dickinson]], [[Benjamin Franklin]], [[Roger Sherman]] and other future [[Framers]] of the [[U.S. Constitution]], the Articles instituted a perpetual union of the [[thirteen colonies]] into a confederation that could operate unitarily in times of [[war]]. The new [[Federal government|national government]] consisted only of a [[Legislature]], with one vote per state. A 3/4 vote was required to pass [[laws]], and amendments required unanimous voting.

The Articles of Confederation invoked spiritual guidance:

:Whereas the delegates of the United States of America in [[Congress]] assembled did on the fifteenth day of November in the [[Year of Our Lord]] 1777, and in the second year of the [[Declaration of Independence|independence of America]] agree on certain Articles of Confederation and perpetual [[union]] between the [[States]] ...

:The said states hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other, for their common [[defense]], the security of their [[liberties]], and their mutual and general welfare, binding themselves to assist each other, against all force ... or attacks made upon them ... on account of [[religion]], [[sovereignty]], [[trade]], or any other pretense. ...

:It has pleased the [[God|Great Governor of the World]] to incline the hearts of the [[Legislature]]s we respectively represent in Congress, to approve of and to authorize us to [[ratify]] the said Articles of Confederation.

==Background==
The Articles of Confederation were primarily an agreement among States (it has virtually no references to the "[[people]]" in terms of political power), while the U.S. Constitution was primarily an agreement among people ("[[We the People]] ....")

After Independence was declared, one of the points of the [[Lee Resolution]] was that a "plan of confederation be prepared and transmitted".

To carry through on this, a group of drafters was assembled. The drafting committee of the ''Articles'' included [[Josiah Bartlett]], [[Samuel Adams]], [[Stephen Hopkins]], [[Robert Livingston]], [[John Dickinson]], [[Thomas McKean]], [[Thomas Stone]], [[Thomas Nelson, Jr.]], [[Joseph Hewes]], [[Edward Rutledge]], and [[Button Gwinnett]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=dISJoojLszUC&pg=PA71 Roger Sherman and the Creation of the American Republic]</ref>

When the Articles were ratified, the [[Congress of the Confederation]] was established.

==Strengths and Successes==
====[[Land Ordinance of 1785]]====
This law dictated that all states give up their claims to western lands. The [[Northwest Territory]] was then set up from these lands. Townships were to be surveyed before settlement. This provided the northwest with efficient and orderly towns, unlike the land claims in the trans-[[Appalachia]]n south, which were often haphazard and led to often violent conflicts.

====[[The Northwest Ordinance]]====
The Northwest Ordinance set up a method of governing the western territories, and a gradual system of how to admit territories as [[States of the United States of America|states]]. When a territory had a population of 1-5000, Congress made laws that were enforced by a territorial [[governor]]. When population surpassed this mark, residents could elect territorial legislatures. When population reached 60,000, the territory was able to apply for statehood by writing a [[state constitution]] that was to be approved by Congress then ratified by the territory's [[voter]]s. Then Congress would vote whether or not to admit the territory into the Union.

==Weaknesses and Failures==
Though the Articles did have two early successes, its weaknesses were far greater. It established no [[executive]] to enforce laws, no [[army]] or [[navy]], no [[judiciary]], no national [[currency]], could not regulate [[trade]], no way to collect [[taxes]], and [[foreign policy]] was impossible. At the [[Mount Vernon Conference]] in 1785, [[George Washington]] called together elite statesmen (including [[Alexander Hamilton]], [[James Madison]], and [[George Mason]]) to discuss the Articles. At the Conference, they decided they were a failure and needed to be rewritten, calling for an [[Annapolis Convention]] the next year. At the Convention, only five states sent delegates. They proposed to meet in [[Philadelphia]] the next year.

==fourteen men that served alongside george washington==
First United American Republic: United Colonies of North America: 13 British Colonies United in Congress was founded by 12 colonies on September 5th, 1774 (Georgia joined in 1775) and governed through a British Colonial Continental Congress. Peyton Randolph and George Washington served, respectively, as the Republic's first President and Commander-in-Chief;

Second United American Republic: The United States of America: 13 Independent States United in Congress was founded by 12 states on July 2nd, 1776 (New York abstained until July 8th), and governed through the United States Continental Congress. John Hancock and George Washington served, respectively, as the Republic's first President and Commander-in-Chief;
Third United American Republic

Third United American Republic: The United States of America: A Perpetual Union was founded by 13 States on March 1st, 1781, with the enactment of the first U.S. Constitution, the Articles of Confederation, and governed through the United States in Congress Assembled. Samuel Huntington and George Washington served, respectively, as the Republic's first President and Commander-in-Chief;

Fourth United American Republic: The United States of America: We the People was formed by 11 states on March 4th, 1789 (North Carolina and Rhode Island joined in November 1789 and May 1790, respectively), with the enactment of the U.S. Constitution of 1787. The fourth and current United States Republic governs through the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate in Congress Assembled, the U.S. President and Commander-in-Chief, and the U.S. Supreme Court. George Washington served as the Republic's first President and Commander-in-Chief.

there were actually 14 men that served alongside george washington peyton rondolph served as first general and george washington served as second general
he was not the first president until 1789

ARTICLE XI. Canada acceding to this confederation, and
joining in the measures of the united states, shall be
admitted into, and entitled to all the advantages of this
union: but no other colony shall be admitted into the
same, unless such admission be agreed to by nine states.

Congress appointed chaplains for itself and the armed forces, sponsored the publication of a Bible, imposed Christian morality on the armed forces, and granted public lands to promote Christianity among the Indians. National days of thanksgiving and of "humiliation, fasting, and prayer" were proclaimed by Congress at least twice a year throughout the war. Congress was guided by "covenant theology," a Reformation doctrine especially dear to New England Puritans, which held that God bound himself in an agreement with a nation and its people. This agreement stipulated that they "should be prosperous or afflicted, according as their general Obedience or Disobedience thereto appears." Wars and revolutions were, accordingly, considered afflictions, as divine punishments for sin, from which a nation could rescue itself by repentance and reformation.

The first national government of the United States, was convinced that the "public prosperity" of a society depended on the vitality of its religion. Nothing less than a "spirit of universal reformation among all ranks and degrees of our citizens," Congress declared to the American people, would "make us a holy, that so we may be a happy people."

in heaven it is three members of the godhead united as one single legislative
exeuctive and judical branch

on earth it is one single legislature under
moses who is the president
aaron is the vice president
joshua is secretary of the military

each state had a legislative exeuctive and judical branch and the seventy was not part of the government but the church
the state had imposed a rule that churches or the government could not punish violations of the first four of the
ten commandments just the last six this appiled to the religious civil authorites police departments and this appiled to
state leaders as well crimes like muder had to be punished under the church and the state

its supposed to be the bible and the constitution
were supposed to pledge our alligence to under god and not a flag
were supposed to fear god not man

==Signers==
{|background="none" width="100%" border="1"
|-
!''[[Connecticut]]''
!''[[Delaware]]''
!''[[Georgia]]''
!''[[Maryland]]''
!''[[Massachusetts]]''
!''[[New Hampshire]]''
!''[[New Jersey]]''
!''[[New York]]''
!''[[North Carolina]]''
!''[[Pennsylvania]]''
!''[[Rhode Island]]''
!''[[South Carolina]]''
!''[[Virginia]]''
|-
|valign="top"|
* [[Andrew Adams]]
* [[Titus Hosmer]]
* [[Samuel Huntington]]
* [[Roger Sherman]]
* [[Oliver Wolcott]]

|valign="top"|
* [[John Dickinson]]
* [[Thomas McKean]]
* [[Nicholas Van Dyke]]

|valign="top"|
* [[Edward Langworthy]]
* [[Edward Telfair]]
* [[John Walton]]

|valign="top"|
* [[Daniel Carroll]]
* [[John Hanson]]

|valign="top"|
* [[Samuel Adams]]
* [[Francis Dana]]
* [[Elbridge Gerry]]
* [[John Hancock]]
* [[Samuel Holten]]
* [[James Lovell]]

|valign="top"|
* [[Josiah Bartlett]]
* [[John Wentworth Jr.]]

|valign="top"|
* [[Nathaniel Scudder]]
* [[John Witherspoon]]

|valign="top"|
* [[James Duane]]
* [[William Duer]]
* [[Francis Lewis]]
* [[Gouverneur Morris]]

|valign="top"|
* [[Cornelius Harnett]]
* [[John Penn]]
* [[John Williams]]

|valign="top"|
* [[William Clingan]]
* [[Robert Morris (financier)|Robert Morris]]
* [[Joseph Reed]]
* [[Daniel Roberdeau]]
* [[Jonathan Bayard Smith]]

|valign="top"|
* [[John Collins]]
* [[William Ellery]]
* [[Henry Marchant]]

|valign="top"|
* [[William Henry Drayton]]
* [[Thomas Heyward Jr.]]
* [[Richard Hutson]]
* [[Henry Laurens]]
* [[John Mathews]]

|valign="top"|
* [[Thomas Adams]]
* [[John Banister]]
* [[John Harvie]]
* [[Richard Henry Lee]]
* [[Francis Lightfoot Lee]]

|}

----
==Text of the Articles of Confederation==

To all to whom these Presents shall come, we the undersigned Delegates of the States affixed to our Names send greeting.

Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union between the states of [[New Hampshire]], [[Massachusetts]]-bay [[Rhode Island]] and Providence Plantations, [[Connecticut]], [[New York]], [[New Jersey]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Delaware]], [[Maryland]], [[Virginia]], [[North Carolina]], [[South Carolina]] and [[Georgia]].

I.
The Stile of this Confederacy shall be "The United States of America".

II.
Each state retains its [[States' rights|sovereignty]],<ref>See [[Tenth Amendment]] to the [[United States Constitution]] which more clearly elaborated the [[States' rights]]</ref> [[freedom]], and [[independence]], and every power, jurisdiction, and [[inalienable rights|right]], which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled.

III.
The said States hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other, for their [[common defense]], the [[security]] of their [[liberties]], and their mutual and general welfare, binding themselves to assist each other, against all force offered to, or attacks made upon them, or any of them, on account of [[religion]], [[sovereignty]], [[trade]], or any other pretense whatever.

IV.
The better to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and intercourse among [[the people]] of the different States in this Union, the free inhabitants of each of these States, paupers, vagabonds, and fugitives from justice excepted, shall be entitled to all [[privilege]]s and immunities of free [[citizen]]s in the several States; and the people of each State shall free ingress and regress to and from any other State, and shall enjoy therein all the privileges of trade and [[commerce]], subject to the same duties, impositions, and restrictions as the inhabitants thereof respectively, provided that such restrictions shall not extend so far as to prevent the removal of [[private property|property]] imported into any State, to any other State, of which the owner is an inhabitant; provided also that no imposition, duties or restriction shall be laid by any State, on the property of the United States, or either of them.

If any person guilty of, or charged with, [[treason]], [[felony]], or other high [[misdemeanor]] in any State, shall flee from justice, and be found in any of the United States, he shall, upon demand of the [[Governor]] or executive power of the State from which he fled, be delivered up and removed to the State having jurisdiction of his offense.

Full faith and credit shall be given in each of these States to the records, acts, and judicial proceedings of the [[courts]] and magistrates of every other State.

V.
For the most convenient management of the general interests of the United States, delegates shall be annually appointed in such manner as the [[legislature]]s of each State shall direct, to meet in [[Congress]] on the first Monday in November, in every year, with a power reserved to each State to [[recall]] its delegates, or any of them, at any time within the year, and to send others in their stead for the remainder of the year.

No State shall be represented in Congress by less than two, nor more than seven members; and no person shall be capable of being a delegate [[term limits|for more than three years]] in any term of six years; nor shall any person, being a delegate, be capable of holding any office under the United States, for which he, or another for his benefit, receives any salary, fees or emolument of any kind.

Each State shall maintain its own delegates in a meeting of the States, and while they act as members of the committee of the States.

In determining questions in the United States in Congress assembled, each State shall have one vote.

[[Freedom of speech]] and debate in Congress shall not be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Congress, and the members of Congress shall be protected in their persons from arrests or imprisonments, during the time of their going to and from, and attendance on Congress, except for treason, felony, or [[breach]] of the peace.

VI.
No State, without the consent of the United States in Congress assembled, shall send any embassy to, or receive any embassy from, or enter into any conference, agreement, alliance or [[treaty]] with any King, Prince or State; nor shall any person holding any office of profit or trust under the United States, or any of them, accept any present, emolument, office or title of any kind whatever from any King, Prince or foreign State; nor shall the United States in Congress assembled, or any of them, grant any title of nobility.

No two or more States shall enter into any treaty, confederation or alliance whatever between them, without the consent of the United States in Congress assembled, specifying accurately the purposes for which the same is to be entered into, and how long it shall continue.

No State shall lay any imposts or duties, which may interfere with any stipulations in treaties, entered into by the United States in Congress assembled, with any King, Prince or State, in pursuance of any treaties already proposed by Congress, to the courts of [[France]] and [[Spain]].

No vessel of war shall be kept up in time of peace by any State, except such number only, as shall be deemed necessary by the United States in Congress assembled, for the defense of such State, or its trade; nor shall any body of forces be kept up by any State in time of peace, except such number only, as in the judgement of the United States in Congress assembled, shall be deemed requisite to garrison the forts necessary for the defense of such State; but every State shall always keep up a well-regulated and disciplined [[militia]], sufficiently armed and accoutered, and shall provide and constantly have ready for use, in public stores, a due number of filed pieces and tents, and a proper quantity of [[arms]], [[ammunition]] and camp equipage.

No State shall engage in any [[war]] without the consent of the United States in Congress assembled, unless such State be actually invaded by enemies, or shall have received certain advice of a resolution being formed by some nation of [[Indians]] to invade such State, and the danger is so imminent as not to admit of a delay till the United States in Congress assembled can be consulted; nor shall any State grant commissions to any ships or vessels of war, nor letters of marque or reprisal, except it be after a [[declaration of war]] by the United States in Congress assembled, and then only against the Kingdom or State and the subjects thereof, against which war has been so declared, and under such regulations as shall be established by the United States in Congress assembled, unless such State be infested by [[pirate]]s, in which case vessels of war may be fitted out for that occasion, and kept so long as the danger shall continue, or until the United States in Congress assembled shall determine otherwise.

VII.
When land forces are raised by any State for the common defense, all officers of or under the rank of colonel, shall be appointed by the legislature of each State respectively, by whom such forces shall be raised, or in such manner as such State shall direct, and all vacancies shall be filled up by the State which first made the appointment.

VIII.
All charges of war, and all other expenses that shall be incurred for the common defense or general welfare, and allowed by the United States in Congress assembled, shall be defrayed out of a common treasury, which shall be supplied by the several States in proportion to the value of all land within each State, granted or surveyed for any person, as such land and the buildings and improvements thereon shall be estimated according to such mode as the United States in Congress assembled, shall from time to time direct and appoint.

The taxes for paying that proportion shall be laid and levied by the authority and direction of the legislatures of the several States within the time agreed upon by the United States in Congress assembled.

IX.
The United States in Congress assembled, shall have the sole and exclusive right and power of determining on peace and war, except in the cases mentioned in the sixth article—of sending and receiving ambassadors—entering into treaties and alliances, provided that no treaty of commerce shall be made whereby the legislative power of the respective States shall be restrained from imposing such imposts and duties on foreigners, as their own people are subjected to, or from prohibiting the exportation or importation of any species of goods or commodities whatsoever—of establishing rules for deciding in all cases, what captures on land or water shall be legal, and in what manner prizes taken by land or naval forces in the service of the United States shall be divided or appropriated—of granting letters of marque and reprisal in times of peace—appointing courts for the trial of piracies and felonies committed on the high seas and establishing courts for receiving and determining finally appeals in all cases of captures, provided that no member of Congress shall be appointed a judge of any of the said courts.

The United States in Congress assembled shall also be the last resort on appeal in all disputes and differences now subsisting or that hereafter may arise between two or more States concerning boundary, jurisdiction or any other causes whatever; which authority shall always be exercised in the manner following. Whenever the legislative or executive authority or lawful agent of any State in controversy with another shall present a petition to Congress stating the matter in question and praying for a hearing, notice thereof shall be given by order of Congress to the legislative or executive authority of the other State in controversy, and a day assigned for the appearance of the parties by their lawful agents, who shall then be directed to appoint by joint consent, commissioners or judges to constitute a court for hearing and determining the matter in question: but if they cannot agree, Congress shall name three persons out of each of the United States, and from the list of such persons each party shall alternately strike out one, the petitioners beginning, until the number shall be reduced to thirteen; and from that number not less than seven, nor more than nine names as Congress shall direct, shall in the presence of Congress be drawn out by lot, and the persons whose names shall be so drawn or any five of them, shall be commissioners or judges, to hear and finally determine the controversy, so always as a major part of the judges who shall hear the cause shall agree in the determination: and if either party shall neglect to attend at the day appointed, without showing reasons, which Congress shall judge sufficient, or being present shall refuse to strike, the Congress shall proceed to nominate three persons out of each State, and the secretary of Congress shall strike in behalf of such party absent or refusing; and the judgement and sentence of the court to be appointed, in the manner before prescribed, shall be final and conclusive; and if any of the parties shall refuse to submit to the authority of such court, or to appear or defend their claim or cause, the court shall nevertheless proceed to pronounce sentence, or judgement, which shall in like manner be final and decisive, the judgement or sentence and other proceedings being in either case transmitted to Congress, and lodged among the acts of Congress for the security of the parties concerned: provided that every commissioner, before he sits in judgement, shall take an oath to be administered by one of the judges of the supreme or superior court of the State, where the cause shall be tried, 'well and truly to hear and determine the matter in question, according to the best of his judgement, without favor, affection or hope of reward': provided also, that no State shall be deprived of territory for the benefit of the United States.

All controversies concerning the private right of soil claimed under different grants of two or more States, whose jurisdictions as they may respect such lands, and the States which passed such grants are adjusted, the said grants or either of them being at the same time claimed to have originated antecedent to such settlement of jurisdiction, shall on the petition of either party to the Congress of the United States, be finally determined as near as may be in the same manner as is before prescribed for deciding disputes respecting territorial jurisdiction between different States.

The United States in Congress assembled shall also have the sole and exclusive right and power of regulating the alloy and value of coin struck by their own authority, or by that of the respective States—fixing the standards of weights and measures throughout the United States—regulating the trade and managing all affairs with the Indians, not members of any of the States, provided that the legislative right of any State within its own limits be not infringed or violated—establishing or regulating post offices from one State to another, throughout all the United States, and exacting such postage on the papers passing through the same as may be requisite to defray the expenses of the said office—appointing all officers of the land forces, in the service of the United States, excepting regimental officers—appointing all the officers of the naval forces, and commissioning all officers whatever in the service of the United States—making rules for the government and regulation of the said land and naval forces, and directing their operations.

The United States in Congress assembled shall have authority to appoint a committee, to sit in the recess of Congress, to be denominated 'A Committee of the States', and to consist of one delegate from each State; and to appoint such other committees and civil officers as may be necessary for managing the general affairs of the United States under their direction—to appoint one of their members to preside, provided that no person be allowed to serve in the office of president more than one year in any term of three years; to ascertain the necessary sums of money to be raised for the service of the United States, and to appropriate and apply the same for defraying the public expenses—to borrow money, or emit bills on the credit of the United States, transmitting every half-year to the respective States an account of the sums of money so borrowed or emitted—to build and equip a navy—to agree upon the number of land forces, and to make requisitions from each State for its quota, in proportion to the number of white inhabitants in such State; which requisition shall be binding, and thereupon the legislature of each State shall appoint the regimental officers, raise the men and cloth, arm and equip them in a solid-like manner, at the expense of the United States; and the officers and men so clothed, armed and equipped shall march to the place appointed, and within the time agreed on by the United States in Congress assembled. But if the United States in Congress assembled shall, on consideration of circumstances judge proper that any State should not raise men, or should raise a smaller number of men than the quota thereof, such extra number shall be raised, officered, clothed, armed and equipped in the same manner as the quota of each State, unless the legislature of such State shall judge that such extra number cannot be safely spread out in the same, in which case they shall raise, officer, cloth, arm and equip as many of such extra number as they judge can be safely spared. And the officers and men so clothed, armed, and equipped, shall march to the place appointed, and within the time agreed on by the United States in Congress assembled.

The United States in Congress assembled shall never engage in a war, nor grant letters of marque or reprisal in time of peace, nor enter into any treaties or alliances, nor coin money, nor regulate the value thereof, nor ascertain the sums and expenses necessary for the defense and welfare of the United States, or any of them, nor emit bills, nor borrow money on the credit of the United States, nor appropriate money, nor agree upon the number of vessels of war, to be built or purchased, or the number of land or sea forces to be raised, nor appoint a commander in chief of the army or navy, unless nine States assent to the same: nor shall a question on any other point, except for adjourning from day to day be determined, unless by the votes of the majority of the United States in Congress assembled.

The Congress of the United States shall have power to adjourn to any time within the year, and to any place within the United States, so that no period of adjournment be for a longer duration than the space of six months, and shall publish the journal of their proceedings monthly, except such parts thereof relating to treaties, alliances or military operations, as in their judgement require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the delegates of each State on any question shall be entered on the journal, when it is desired by any delegates of a State, or any of them, at his or their request shall be furnished with a transcript of the said journal, except such parts as are above excepted, to lay before the legislatures of the several States.

X.
The Committee of the States, or any nine of them, shall be authorized to execute, in the recess of Congress, such of the powers of Congress as the United States in Congress assembled, by the consent of the nine States, shall from time to time think expedient to vest them with; provided that no power be delegated to the said Committee, for the exercise of which, by the Articles of Confederation, the voice of nine States in the Congress of the United States assembled be requisite.

XI.
Canada acceding to this confederation, and adjoining in the measures of the United States, shall be admitted into, and entitled to all the advantages of this Union; but no other colony shall be admitted into the same, unless such admission be agreed to by nine States.

XII.
All bills of credit emitted, monies borrowed, and debts contracted by, or under the authority of Congress, before the assembling of the United States, in pursuance of the present confederation, shall be deemed and considered as a charge against the United States, for payment and satisfaction whereof the said United States, and the public faith are hereby solemnly pledged.

XIII.
Every State shall abide by the determination of the United States in Congress assembled, on all questions which by this confederation are submitted to them. And the Articles of this Confederation shall be inviolably observed by every State, and the Union shall be perpetual; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them; unless such alteration be agreed to in a Congress of the United States, and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every State.

And Whereas it hath pleased the Great Governor of the World to incline the hearts of the legislatures we respectively represent in Congress, to approve of, and to authorize us to ratify the said Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union. Know Ye that we the undersigned delegates, by virtue of the power and authority to us given for that purpose, do by these presents, in the name and in behalf of our respective constituents, fully and entirely ratify and confirm each and every of the said Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union, and all and singular the matters and things therein contained: And we do further solemnly plight and engage the faith of our respective constituents, that they shall abide by the determinations of the United States in Congress assembled, on all questions, which by the said Confederation are submitted to them. And that the Articles thereof shall be inviolably observed by the States we respectively represent, and that the Union shall be perpetual.

In Witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands in Congress. Done at Philadelphia in the State of Pennsylvania the ninth day of July in the Year of our Lord One Thousand Seven Hundred and Seventy-Eight, and in the Third Year of the independence of America.

Agreed to by Congress 15 November 1777 In force after ratification by Maryland, 1 March 1781

==See also==
* [[Annapolis Convention]]
* [[Continental Association]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001/llsl001.db&recNum=127 Facsimile of the Articles]

[[Category:Founding Fathers]]
[[Category:American State Papers]]
[[Category:American Revolution]]
[[Category:United States History]]

Articles of Confederation

2021-09-01T04:35:25Z

Stephenkollenborn20: articles of confederation

[[File:Articles-of-confederation.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Articles of Confederation]]
The '''Articles of Confederation''', written in [[1777]], ratified by the colonies March 1, 1781, established the [[United States of America]]. Signed by [[John Dickinson]], [[Benjamin Franklin]], [[Roger Sherman]] and other future [[Framers]] of the [[U.S. Constitution]], the Articles instituted a perpetual union of the [[thirteen colonies]] into a confederation that could operate unitarily in times of [[war]]. The new [[Federal government|national government]] consisted only of a [[Legislature]], with one vote per state. A 3/4 vote was required to pass [[laws]], and amendments required unanimous voting.

The Articles of Confederation invoked spiritual guidance:

:Whereas the delegates of the United States of America in [[Congress]] assembled did on the fifteenth day of November in the [[Year of Our Lord]] 1777, and in the second year of the [[Declaration of Independence|independence of America]] agree on certain Articles of Confederation and perpetual [[union]] between the [[States]] ...

:The said states hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other, for their common [[defense]], the security of their [[liberties]], and their mutual and general welfare, binding themselves to assist each other, against all force ... or attacks made upon them ... on account of [[religion]], [[sovereignty]], [[trade]], or any other pretense. ...

:It has pleased the [[God|Great Governor of the World]] to incline the hearts of the [[Legislature]]s we respectively represent in Congress, to approve of and to authorize us to [[ratify]] the said Articles of Confederation.

==Background==
The Articles of Confederation were primarily an agreement among States (it has virtually no references to the "[[people]]" in terms of political power), while the U.S. Constitution was primarily an agreement among people ("[[We the People]] ....")

After Independence was declared, one of the points of the [[Lee Resolution]] was that a "plan of confederation be prepared and transmitted".

To carry through on this, a group of drafters was assembled. The drafting committee of the ''Articles'' included [[Josiah Bartlett]], [[Samuel Adams]], [[Stephen Hopkins]], [[Robert Livingston]], [[John Dickinson]], [[Thomas McKean]], [[Thomas Stone]], [[Thomas Nelson, Jr.]], [[Joseph Hewes]], [[Edward Rutledge]], and [[Button Gwinnett]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=dISJoojLszUC&pg=PA71 Roger Sherman and the Creation of the American Republic]</ref>

When the Articles were ratified, the [[Congress of the Confederation]] was established.

==Strengths and Successes==
====[[Land Ordinance of 1785]]====
This law dictated that all states give up their claims to western lands. The [[Northwest Territory]] was then set up from these lands. Townships were to be surveyed before settlement. This provided the northwest with efficient and orderly towns, unlike the land claims in the trans-[[Appalachia]]n south, which were often haphazard and led to often violent conflicts.

====[[The Northwest Ordinance]]====
The Northwest Ordinance set up a method of governing the western territories, and a gradual system of how to admit territories as [[States of the United States of America|states]]. When a territory had a population of 1-5000, Congress made laws that were enforced by a territorial [[governor]]. When population surpassed this mark, residents could elect territorial legislatures. When population reached 60,000, the territory was able to apply for statehood by writing a [[state constitution]] that was to be approved by Congress then ratified by the territory's [[voter]]s. Then Congress would vote whether or not to admit the territory into the Union.

==Weaknesses and Failures==
Though the Articles did have two early successes, its weaknesses were far greater. It established no [[executive]] to enforce laws, no [[army]] or [[navy]], no [[judiciary]], no national [[currency]], could not regulate [[trade]], no way to collect [[taxes]], and [[foreign policy]] was impossible. At the [[Mount Vernon Conference]] in 1785, [[George Washington]] called together elite statesmen (including [[Alexander Hamilton]], [[James Madison]], and [[George Mason]]) to discuss the Articles. At the Conference, they decided they were a failure and needed to be rewritten, calling for an [[Annapolis Convention]] the next year. At the Convention, only five states sent delegates. They proposed to meet in [[Philadelphia]] the next year.

==fourteen men that served alongside george washington==
First United American Republic: United Colonies of North America: 13 British Colonies United in Congress was founded by 12 colonies on September 5th, 1774 (Georgia joined in 1775) and governed through a British Colonial Continental Congress. Peyton Randolph and George Washington served, respectively, as the Republic's first President and Commander-in-Chief;

Second United American Republic: The United States of America: 13 Independent States United in Congress was founded by 12 states on July 2nd, 1776 (New York abstained until July 8th), and governed through the United States Continental Congress. John Hancock and George Washington served, respectively, as the Republic's first President and Commander-in-Chief;
Third United American Republic

Third United American Republic: The United States of America: A Perpetual Union was founded by 13 States on March 1st, 1781, with the enactment of the first U.S. Constitution, the Articles of Confederation, and governed through the United States in Congress Assembled. Samuel Huntington and George Washington served, respectively, as the Republic's first President and Commander-in-Chief;

Fourth United American Republic: The United States of America: We the People was formed by 11 states on March 4th, 1789 (North Carolina and Rhode Island joined in November 1789 and May 1790, respectively), with the enactment of the U.S. Constitution of 1787. The fourth and current United States Republic governs through the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate in Congress Assembled, the U.S. President and Commander-in-Chief, and the U.S. Supreme Court. George Washington served as the Republic's first President and Commander-in-Chief.

there were actually 14 men that served alongside george washington peyton rondolph served as first general and george washington served as second general
he was not the first president until 1789

If Canada chooses to declare its independence and agrees to the terms of the Articles of Confederation, it can join the union and become a fully sovereign state like the other thirteen states. This offer does not include any other colony but Canada, unless nine states agree to extend this offer to another colony.

Congress appointed chaplains for itself and the armed forces, sponsored the publication of a Bible, imposed Christian morality on the armed forces, and granted public lands to promote Christianity among the Indians. National days of thanksgiving and of "humiliation, fasting, and prayer" were proclaimed by Congress at least twice a year throughout the war. Congress was guided by "covenant theology," a Reformation doctrine especially dear to New England Puritans, which held that God bound himself in an agreement with a nation and its people. This agreement stipulated that they "should be prosperous or afflicted, according as their general Obedience or Disobedience thereto appears." Wars and revolutions were, accordingly, considered afflictions, as divine punishments for sin, from which a nation could rescue itself by repentance and reformation.

The first national government of the United States, was convinced that the "public prosperity" of a society depended on the vitality of its religion. Nothing less than a "spirit of universal reformation among all ranks and degrees of our citizens," Congress declared to the American people, would "make us a holy, that so we may be a happy people."

in heaven it is three members of the godhead united as one single legislative
exeuctive and judical branch

on earth it is one single legislature under
moses who is the president
aaron is the vice president
joshua is secretary of the military

each state had a legislative exeuctive and judical branch and the seventy was not part of the government but the church
the state had imposed a rule that churches or the government could not punish violations of the first four of the
ten commandments just the last six this appiled to the religious civil authorites police departments and this appiled to
state leaders as well crimes like muder had to be punished under the church and the state

its supposed to be the bible and the constitution
were supposed to pledge our alligence to under god and not a flag
were supposed to fear god not man

==Signers==
{|background="none" width="100%" border="1"
|-
!''[[Connecticut]]''
!''[[Delaware]]''
!''[[Georgia]]''
!''[[Maryland]]''
!''[[Massachusetts]]''
!''[[New Hampshire]]''
!''[[New Jersey]]''
!''[[New York]]''
!''[[North Carolina]]''
!''[[Pennsylvania]]''
!''[[Rhode Island]]''
!''[[South Carolina]]''
!''[[Virginia]]''
|-
|valign="top"|
* [[Andrew Adams]]
* [[Titus Hosmer]]
* [[Samuel Huntington]]
* [[Roger Sherman]]
* [[Oliver Wolcott]]

|valign="top"|
* [[John Dickinson]]
* [[Thomas McKean]]
* [[Nicholas Van Dyke]]

|valign="top"|
* [[Edward Langworthy]]
* [[Edward Telfair]]
* [[John Walton]]

|valign="top"|
* [[Daniel Carroll]]
* [[John Hanson]]

|valign="top"|
* [[Samuel Adams]]
* [[Francis Dana]]
* [[Elbridge Gerry]]
* [[John Hancock]]
* [[Samuel Holten]]
* [[James Lovell]]

|valign="top"|
* [[Josiah Bartlett]]
* [[John Wentworth Jr.]]

|valign="top"|
* [[Nathaniel Scudder]]
* [[John Witherspoon]]

|valign="top"|
* [[James Duane]]
* [[William Duer]]
* [[Francis Lewis]]
* [[Gouverneur Morris]]

|valign="top"|
* [[Cornelius Harnett]]
* [[John Penn]]
* [[John Williams]]

|valign="top"|
* [[William Clingan]]
* [[Robert Morris (financier)|Robert Morris]]
* [[Joseph Reed]]
* [[Daniel Roberdeau]]
* [[Jonathan Bayard Smith]]

|valign="top"|
* [[John Collins]]
* [[William Ellery]]
* [[Henry Marchant]]

|valign="top"|
* [[William Henry Drayton]]
* [[Thomas Heyward Jr.]]
* [[Richard Hutson]]
* [[Henry Laurens]]
* [[John Mathews]]

|valign="top"|
* [[Thomas Adams]]
* [[John Banister]]
* [[John Harvie]]
* [[Richard Henry Lee]]
* [[Francis Lightfoot Lee]]

|}

----
==Text of the Articles of Confederation==

To all to whom these Presents shall come, we the undersigned Delegates of the States affixed to our Names send greeting.

Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union between the states of [[New Hampshire]], [[Massachusetts]]-bay [[Rhode Island]] and Providence Plantations, [[Connecticut]], [[New York]], [[New Jersey]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Delaware]], [[Maryland]], [[Virginia]], [[North Carolina]], [[South Carolina]] and [[Georgia]].

I.
The Stile of this Confederacy shall be "The United States of America".

II.
Each state retains its [[States' rights|sovereignty]],<ref>See [[Tenth Amendment]] to the [[United States Constitution]] which more clearly elaborated the [[States' rights]]</ref> [[freedom]], and [[independence]], and every power, jurisdiction, and [[inalienable rights|right]], which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled.

III.
The said States hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other, for their [[common defense]], the [[security]] of their [[liberties]], and their mutual and general welfare, binding themselves to assist each other, against all force offered to, or attacks made upon them, or any of them, on account of [[religion]], [[sovereignty]], [[trade]], or any other pretense whatever.

IV.
The better to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and intercourse among [[the people]] of the different States in this Union, the free inhabitants of each of these States, paupers, vagabonds, and fugitives from justice excepted, shall be entitled to all [[privilege]]s and immunities of free [[citizen]]s in the several States; and the people of each State shall free ingress and regress to and from any other State, and shall enjoy therein all the privileges of trade and [[commerce]], subject to the same duties, impositions, and restrictions as the inhabitants thereof respectively, provided that such restrictions shall not extend so far as to prevent the removal of [[private property|property]] imported into any State, to any other State, of which the owner is an inhabitant; provided also that no imposition, duties or restriction shall be laid by any State, on the property of the United States, or either of them.

If any person guilty of, or charged with, [[treason]], [[felony]], or other high [[misdemeanor]] in any State, shall flee from justice, and be found in any of the United States, he shall, upon demand of the [[Governor]] or executive power of the State from which he fled, be delivered up and removed to the State having jurisdiction of his offense.

Full faith and credit shall be given in each of these States to the records, acts, and judicial proceedings of the [[courts]] and magistrates of every other State.

V.
For the most convenient management of the general interests of the United States, delegates shall be annually appointed in such manner as the [[legislature]]s of each State shall direct, to meet in [[Congress]] on the first Monday in November, in every year, with a power reserved to each State to [[recall]] its delegates, or any of them, at any time within the year, and to send others in their stead for the remainder of the year.

No State shall be represented in Congress by less than two, nor more than seven members; and no person shall be capable of being a delegate [[term limits|for more than three years]] in any term of six years; nor shall any person, being a delegate, be capable of holding any office under the United States, for which he, or another for his benefit, receives any salary, fees or emolument of any kind.

Each State shall maintain its own delegates in a meeting of the States, and while they act as members of the committee of the States.

In determining questions in the United States in Congress assembled, each State shall have one vote.

[[Freedom of speech]] and debate in Congress shall not be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Congress, and the members of Congress shall be protected in their persons from arrests or imprisonments, during the time of their going to and from, and attendance on Congress, except for treason, felony, or [[breach]] of the peace.

VI.
No State, without the consent of the United States in Congress assembled, shall send any embassy to, or receive any embassy from, or enter into any conference, agreement, alliance or [[treaty]] with any King, Prince or State; nor shall any person holding any office of profit or trust under the United States, or any of them, accept any present, emolument, office or title of any kind whatever from any King, Prince or foreign State; nor shall the United States in Congress assembled, or any of them, grant any title of nobility.

No two or more States shall enter into any treaty, confederation or alliance whatever between them, without the consent of the United States in Congress assembled, specifying accurately the purposes for which the same is to be entered into, and how long it shall continue.

No State shall lay any imposts or duties, which may interfere with any stipulations in treaties, entered into by the United States in Congress assembled, with any King, Prince or State, in pursuance of any treaties already proposed by Congress, to the courts of [[France]] and [[Spain]].

No vessel of war shall be kept up in time of peace by any State, except such number only, as shall be deemed necessary by the United States in Congress assembled, for the defense of such State, or its trade; nor shall any body of forces be kept up by any State in time of peace, except such number only, as in the judgement of the United States in Congress assembled, shall be deemed requisite to garrison the forts necessary for the defense of such State; but every State shall always keep up a well-regulated and disciplined [[militia]], sufficiently armed and accoutered, and shall provide and constantly have ready for use, in public stores, a due number of filed pieces and tents, and a proper quantity of [[arms]], [[ammunition]] and camp equipage.

No State shall engage in any [[war]] without the consent of the United States in Congress assembled, unless such State be actually invaded by enemies, or shall have received certain advice of a resolution being formed by some nation of [[Indians]] to invade such State, and the danger is so imminent as not to admit of a delay till the United States in Congress assembled can be consulted; nor shall any State grant commissions to any ships or vessels of war, nor letters of marque or reprisal, except it be after a [[declaration of war]] by the United States in Congress assembled, and then only against the Kingdom or State and the subjects thereof, against which war has been so declared, and under such regulations as shall be established by the United States in Congress assembled, unless such State be infested by [[pirate]]s, in which case vessels of war may be fitted out for that occasion, and kept so long as the danger shall continue, or until the United States in Congress assembled shall determine otherwise.

VII.
When land forces are raised by any State for the common defense, all officers of or under the rank of colonel, shall be appointed by the legislature of each State respectively, by whom such forces shall be raised, or in such manner as such State shall direct, and all vacancies shall be filled up by the State which first made the appointment.

VIII.
All charges of war, and all other expenses that shall be incurred for the common defense or general welfare, and allowed by the United States in Congress assembled, shall be defrayed out of a common treasury, which shall be supplied by the several States in proportion to the value of all land within each State, granted or surveyed for any person, as such land and the buildings and improvements thereon shall be estimated according to such mode as the United States in Congress assembled, shall from time to time direct and appoint.

The taxes for paying that proportion shall be laid and levied by the authority and direction of the legislatures of the several States within the time agreed upon by the United States in Congress assembled.

IX.
The United States in Congress assembled, shall have the sole and exclusive right and power of determining on peace and war, except in the cases mentioned in the sixth article—of sending and receiving ambassadors—entering into treaties and alliances, provided that no treaty of commerce shall be made whereby the legislative power of the respective States shall be restrained from imposing such imposts and duties on foreigners, as their own people are subjected to, or from prohibiting the exportation or importation of any species of goods or commodities whatsoever—of establishing rules for deciding in all cases, what captures on land or water shall be legal, and in what manner prizes taken by land or naval forces in the service of the United States shall be divided or appropriated—of granting letters of marque and reprisal in times of peace—appointing courts for the trial of piracies and felonies committed on the high seas and establishing courts for receiving and determining finally appeals in all cases of captures, provided that no member of Congress shall be appointed a judge of any of the said courts.

The United States in Congress assembled shall also be the last resort on appeal in all disputes and differences now subsisting or that hereafter may arise between two or more States concerning boundary, jurisdiction or any other causes whatever; which authority shall always be exercised in the manner following. Whenever the legislative or executive authority or lawful agent of any State in controversy with another shall present a petition to Congress stating the matter in question and praying for a hearing, notice thereof shall be given by order of Congress to the legislative or executive authority of the other State in controversy, and a day assigned for the appearance of the parties by their lawful agents, who shall then be directed to appoint by joint consent, commissioners or judges to constitute a court for hearing and determining the matter in question: but if they cannot agree, Congress shall name three persons out of each of the United States, and from the list of such persons each party shall alternately strike out one, the petitioners beginning, until the number shall be reduced to thirteen; and from that number not less than seven, nor more than nine names as Congress shall direct, shall in the presence of Congress be drawn out by lot, and the persons whose names shall be so drawn or any five of them, shall be commissioners or judges, to hear and finally determine the controversy, so always as a major part of the judges who shall hear the cause shall agree in the determination: and if either party shall neglect to attend at the day appointed, without showing reasons, which Congress shall judge sufficient, or being present shall refuse to strike, the Congress shall proceed to nominate three persons out of each State, and the secretary of Congress shall strike in behalf of such party absent or refusing; and the judgement and sentence of the court to be appointed, in the manner before prescribed, shall be final and conclusive; and if any of the parties shall refuse to submit to the authority of such court, or to appear or defend their claim or cause, the court shall nevertheless proceed to pronounce sentence, or judgement, which shall in like manner be final and decisive, the judgement or sentence and other proceedings being in either case transmitted to Congress, and lodged among the acts of Congress for the security of the parties concerned: provided that every commissioner, before he sits in judgement, shall take an oath to be administered by one of the judges of the supreme or superior court of the State, where the cause shall be tried, 'well and truly to hear and determine the matter in question, according to the best of his judgement, without favor, affection or hope of reward': provided also, that no State shall be deprived of territory for the benefit of the United States.

All controversies concerning the private right of soil claimed under different grants of two or more States, whose jurisdictions as they may respect such lands, and the States which passed such grants are adjusted, the said grants or either of them being at the same time claimed to have originated antecedent to such settlement of jurisdiction, shall on the petition of either party to the Congress of the United States, be finally determined as near as may be in the same manner as is before prescribed for deciding disputes respecting territorial jurisdiction between different States.

The United States in Congress assembled shall also have the sole and exclusive right and power of regulating the alloy and value of coin struck by their own authority, or by that of the respective States—fixing the standards of weights and measures throughout the United States—regulating the trade and managing all affairs with the Indians, not members of any of the States, provided that the legislative right of any State within its own limits be not infringed or violated—establishing or regulating post offices from one State to another, throughout all the United States, and exacting such postage on the papers passing through the same as may be requisite to defray the expenses of the said office—appointing all officers of the land forces, in the service of the United States, excepting regimental officers—appointing all the officers of the naval forces, and commissioning all officers whatever in the service of the United States—making rules for the government and regulation of the said land and naval forces, and directing their operations.

The United States in Congress assembled shall have authority to appoint a committee, to sit in the recess of Congress, to be denominated 'A Committee of the States', and to consist of one delegate from each State; and to appoint such other committees and civil officers as may be necessary for managing the general affairs of the United States under their direction—to appoint one of their members to preside, provided that no person be allowed to serve in the office of president more than one year in any term of three years; to ascertain the necessary sums of money to be raised for the service of the United States, and to appropriate and apply the same for defraying the public expenses—to borrow money, or emit bills on the credit of the United States, transmitting every half-year to the respective States an account of the sums of money so borrowed or emitted—to build and equip a navy—to agree upon the number of land forces, and to make requisitions from each State for its quota, in proportion to the number of white inhabitants in such State; which requisition shall be binding, and thereupon the legislature of each State shall appoint the regimental officers, raise the men and cloth, arm and equip them in a solid-like manner, at the expense of the United States; and the officers and men so clothed, armed and equipped shall march to the place appointed, and within the time agreed on by the United States in Congress assembled. But if the United States in Congress assembled shall, on consideration of circumstances judge proper that any State should not raise men, or should raise a smaller number of men than the quota thereof, such extra number shall be raised, officered, clothed, armed and equipped in the same manner as the quota of each State, unless the legislature of such State shall judge that such extra number cannot be safely spread out in the same, in which case they shall raise, officer, cloth, arm and equip as many of such extra number as they judge can be safely spared. And the officers and men so clothed, armed, and equipped, shall march to the place appointed, and within the time agreed on by the United States in Congress assembled.

The United States in Congress assembled shall never engage in a war, nor grant letters of marque or reprisal in time of peace, nor enter into any treaties or alliances, nor coin money, nor regulate the value thereof, nor ascertain the sums and expenses necessary for the defense and welfare of the United States, or any of them, nor emit bills, nor borrow money on the credit of the United States, nor appropriate money, nor agree upon the number of vessels of war, to be built or purchased, or the number of land or sea forces to be raised, nor appoint a commander in chief of the army or navy, unless nine States assent to the same: nor shall a question on any other point, except for adjourning from day to day be determined, unless by the votes of the majority of the United States in Congress assembled.

The Congress of the United States shall have power to adjourn to any time within the year, and to any place within the United States, so that no period of adjournment be for a longer duration than the space of six months, and shall publish the journal of their proceedings monthly, except such parts thereof relating to treaties, alliances or military operations, as in their judgement require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the delegates of each State on any question shall be entered on the journal, when it is desired by any delegates of a State, or any of them, at his or their request shall be furnished with a transcript of the said journal, except such parts as are above excepted, to lay before the legislatures of the several States.

X.
The Committee of the States, or any nine of them, shall be authorized to execute, in the recess of Congress, such of the powers of Congress as the United States in Congress assembled, by the consent of the nine States, shall from time to time think expedient to vest them with; provided that no power be delegated to the said Committee, for the exercise of which, by the Articles of Confederation, the voice of nine States in the Congress of the United States assembled be requisite.

XI.
Canada acceding to this confederation, and adjoining in the measures of the United States, shall be admitted into, and entitled to all the advantages of this Union; but no other colony shall be admitted into the same, unless such admission be agreed to by nine States.

XII.
All bills of credit emitted, monies borrowed, and debts contracted by, or under the authority of Congress, before the assembling of the United States, in pursuance of the present confederation, shall be deemed and considered as a charge against the United States, for payment and satisfaction whereof the said United States, and the public faith are hereby solemnly pledged.

XIII.
Every State shall abide by the determination of the United States in Congress assembled, on all questions which by this confederation are submitted to them. And the Articles of this Confederation shall be inviolably observed by every State, and the Union shall be perpetual; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them; unless such alteration be agreed to in a Congress of the United States, and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every State.

And Whereas it hath pleased the Great Governor of the World to incline the hearts of the legislatures we respectively represent in Congress, to approve of, and to authorize us to ratify the said Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union. Know Ye that we the undersigned delegates, by virtue of the power and authority to us given for that purpose, do by these presents, in the name and in behalf of our respective constituents, fully and entirely ratify and confirm each and every of the said Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union, and all and singular the matters and things therein contained: And we do further solemnly plight and engage the faith of our respective constituents, that they shall abide by the determinations of the United States in Congress assembled, on all questions, which by the said Confederation are submitted to them. And that the Articles thereof shall be inviolably observed by the States we respectively represent, and that the Union shall be perpetual.

In Witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands in Congress. Done at Philadelphia in the State of Pennsylvania the ninth day of July in the Year of our Lord One Thousand Seven Hundred and Seventy-Eight, and in the Third Year of the independence of America.

Agreed to by Congress 15 November 1777 In force after ratification by Maryland, 1 March 1781

==See also==
* [[Annapolis Convention]]
* [[Continental Association]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001/llsl001.db&recNum=127 Facsimile of the Articles]

[[Category:Founding Fathers]]
[[Category:American State Papers]]
[[Category:American Revolution]]
[[Category:United States History]]