Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Immigration Act (1924)

2007-12-15T20:02:25Z

Stannis: link

The '''Immigration Act of 1924''' (also known as the '''Johnson-Reed Act''') was the second major act signed by the [[United States]] that imposed restrictions on [[immigration]]. The act reduced the total quota number of immigration into the United States to 165,000-20 percent less then the pre-[[World War I]] average. <ref>http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5078/</ref>

The quota instruction limited effort to limit immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe and reduced the amount of Italians entering the United States from 200,000 to 4,000. <ref>http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5078/</ref>The act also provided for a future reduction of the quotas to 154,000.<ref>http://www.historicaldocuments.com/ImmigrationActof1924.htm</ref> As a result of the act only 500,000 people entered the United States during the 1930's.

The 1924, [[United States House of Representatives]] [[Emanuel Celler]], stating, "We were afraid of foreigners; we distrusted them; we didn't like them. Under this act only some one hundred and fifty odd thousands would be permitted to enter the United States. If you were of Anglo-Saxon origin, you could have over two-thirds of the quota numbers allotted to your people. If you were Japanese, you could not come in at all. That, of course, had been true of the Chinese since 1880. If you were southern or eastern European, you could dribble in and remain on sufferance."<ref>http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAE1917A.htm</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Immigration]]
[[Category:Politics]]

Wiltshire

2007-12-14T02:02:50Z

Stannis: link

[[Image:Marlborough_downs.jpg‎|right|thumb|250px|The Marlborough Downs, Wiltshire]]
'''Wiltshire''' is a [[county]] in southern [[England]]. It contains the city of [[Salisbury]], and the ancient stone circles of [[Stonehenge]] and [[Avebury]]. It is largely rural, with many [[chalk]] hills - a notable landmark is the [[Chalk Horse of Cherhill]], the silhouette of a [[horse]] formed in 1780 by removing the soil from the hill.
[[Category:United Kingdom Counties]]

Germanic tribe

2007-12-14T01:45:59Z

Stannis: pipeing link to correct article.

'''Germanic tribes''' were the peoples of Southern [[Scandinavia]] and what is now Northern [[Germany]] and the [[Netherlands]]. The [[Roman]] historian [[Tacitus]] gives a remarkably detailed picture of them around AD 100, from knowledge gained from his father in law, the Roman general Agricola. They knew a bit of farming, and kept livestock. They worshipped many gods, including [[Tiw]], [[Odin|Woden]] and [[Thunor]] (Thor) that Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday are named after. They gave the warrior high status, thought it disgraceful to flee the battlefield, and were ruled by ‘kings’. They had no real ‘towns’ and farmed in woodland clearings.

They can be split in terms of geographical area/related languages to East Germanic (the [[Goth]]s, [[Vandals]], Gepids and [[Burgundians]]), North Germanic (the [[Norse]] or Norwegians, Danes, Swedes and the later Icelanders) and West Germanic (the [[Franks]], [[Angles]], [[Saxons]], Langobards ([[Lombards]]), etc.

Their move into the [[Roman Empire]] in the 4th, 5th and 6th centuries AD, under pressure from the [[Huns]] to the east, is considered to mark the start of the European Dark Ages. From the chaotic times of the 5th century, things eventually settled down and kingdoms like [[England]], [[France]], [[Denmark]] and [[Germany]] (for many centuries the so-called Holy Roman Empire) owe their origins to Germanic tribes. Regions like Lombardy (Italy) and Burgundy (France) preserve some of their lost names.

[[Category:ethnicity]]
[[Category:History]]

USS Acree (DE-167)

2007-12-14T01:44:32Z

Stannis:

John White Acree—born on 23 April 1918 in Lynchburg, [[Virginia]] —graduated from the [[University of Virginia]] before enlisting in the Naval Reserve on 9 August 1940. Following training which included service in battleship [[New York]] (BB-34), Acree was appointed midshipman, USNR, on 16 December 1940. Upon successfully completing the course at the Naval Reserve Midshipman's School, Northwestern University, Chicago, 111., he was commissioned ensign on 14 March 1941; assigned to Enterprise (CV-6); and he served in that historic aircraft carrier through the tense final months of American neutrality and during most of the first grim year of war following the [[Japanese]] surprise raid on [[Pearl Harbor]].

Following that attack, Enterprise and her few sister carriers were the principal force which stood between Japan and complete mastery of the [[Pacific]]. An unsuccessful search for the Japanese attacking force began the carrier's wartime saga and was quickly followed by duty protecting Allied convoys and by air strikes against Japanese islands in the Central Pacific. Next, she accompanied Hornet (CV-8) as that ship carried Army B-25 bombers for Lt. Col. Doolittle's air raid against Tokyo. Although Enterprise next raced toward the Southwestern Pacific to help protect Allied shipping lanes to Australia, she was too late to join Lexington (CV-2) and Yorktown (CV-5) in the Battle of the Coral Sea. However, early in June, she played a major role in the Battle of Midway during which American forces decisively defeated a major enemy task force.

On 15 June 1942—two days after his ship returned to Pearl Harbor and more than a week after the victory at Midway— Acree was promoted to lieutenant, junior grade. Exactly one month later, Enterprise headed once more for the South Pacific and the first major Allied offensive operations of the war in the Pacific, the invasion of the Solomon Islands. Planes from the carrier supported the marines who landed on Guadalcanal and Tulagi and continued to help the leathernecks until Japanese dive bombers seriously damaged Enterprise in the battle of the Eastern Solomons on the afternoon of 24 August. Rapid, skillful, and courageous damage control parties—one of which was led by Lt. (jg.) Acree—extinguished the fires, checked the flooding, and patched the ship sufficiently to enable her to make her way painfully back to Pearl Harbor for repairs.

Back in full fighting trim by mid-October, the veteran carrier once more headed for the Southwestern Pacific. There, in the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands on 26 October, she helped fight off a major Japanese effort to assist their troops on Guadalcanal. The cost of repelling this enemy thrust was great. Hornet was sunk, and Enterprise suffered three highly destructive bomb hits. Again, Acree led one of the damage control parties which saved his ship, but he perished in the effort.

Acree (DE-167) was laid down on 30 November 1942 by the Federal Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co., Kearney, N.J.; launched on 9 May 1943; sponsored by Mrs. John W. Acree, the widow of Lt. (jg.) Acree; and commissioned at the New York Navy Yard on 19 July 1943, Lt. Comdr. William H. Siegmund in command.

After shakedown off Bermuda and training out of Norfolk, Va., the destroyer escort sailed for the South Pacific on 28 September, transited the [[Panama Canal]] on 5 October, stopped briefly at the Galapagos Islands three days later, and steamed on independently to Bora Bora in the Society Islands, where she arrived on the 18th. After refueling, Acree rendezvoused with SS Mormactern on 25 October and escorted her to Noumea, New Caledonia.

As a member of Escort Division 11, Acree carried out numerous convoy and antisubmarine patrol operations in the South Pacific during the next six months. Her stops included Espiritu Santo in the New Hebrides; Laotoka, Fiji Islands; Guadalcanal; Noumea, New Caledonia; and the Russell Islands. This routine was broken on 28 April 1944 when the ship joined the antisubmarine screen of Task Group (TG) 50.17, which was formed to refuel Vice Admiral Mitscher's Fast Carrier Task Force, TF 58. She completed this assignment on 3 May, sailed back to Purvis Bay, and began antisubmarine patrol duty off that port.

On 9 June, Acree became a member of TG 53.19 slated to take part in the invasion of the Marianas. She arrived off the southern end of Tinian Island on 7 July and provided illuminating and harassing fire on Tinian Town. The destroyer escort opened fire at 1905 and continued firing at 40-minute intervals throughout the night. She moved to Saipan harbor the next day and later joined the antisubmarine screen off Saipan.

For the next four months, Acree carried out escort and patrol duties in the central Pacific. On 13 November, Acree departed Eniwetok bound for the United States. She stopped at Pearl Harbor on the 21st and arrived at San Francisco on 3 December 1944 and, the following day entered the United Engineering Co., Ltd., shipyard at Alameda, Calif., for overhaul.

The destroyer escort got underway for sea trials on 31 January 1945; sailed for Hawaii on 4 February: and, following her arrival at Pearl Harbor on the 10th, participated in training exercises north of the Hawaiian Islands in company with McConnell (DE-163) and Sangamon (CVE-26). Acree returned to Eniwetok on 24 March and spent the remainder of the war escorting convoys and acting as a barrier patrol off Pacific islands such as Guam, Entwetok, Ulithi, Saipan, and Kwajalein.

Following Japan's surrender, the ship got underway from Kwajalein on 15 September, bound for home. After a one-day stop at Pearl Harbor, she resumed her eastward voyage and reached San Diego, Calif., on 28 September. On 6 October, she sailed for the east coast and, after transiting the Panama Canal, arrived at New York on 20 October to begin a preinactivation availability. On 29 November, the destroyer escort arrived at Green Cove Springs, Fla., where she was decommissioned on 1 April 1946. Acree was struck from the Navy list on 1 July 1972 and sold on 19 July 1973 to the Boston Metals Co., of Baltimore, Md., for scrapping.

<ref>Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships [http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/a2-list.htm]</ref>

==References==
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[[Category:Ships]]

Jerry Seinfeld

2007-12-13T03:22:04Z

Stannis: category:actors

'''Jerry Seinfeld''' is a famous and wealthy entertainer whose Seinfeld show (1989–1998) was set in upper [[Manhattan]] and concerned the empty, meaningless and trivial lives of single people. One of the show's most popular character was the "Soup Nazi", a thin-skinned restaurant owner who would shout at customers, "No soup for you!"

Quote: "That's the true spirit of Christmas; people being helped by people other than me."

[[category:actors]]

Isaac Newton

2007-12-13T03:20:54Z

Stannis: link

[[Image:Newton.png|right|thumb]]

'''Sir Isaac Newton''' was an English [[scientist]] who lived from 1634 to 1727. A fundamentalist Christian who accepted the [[Bible]] as the Word of [[God]],<ref>"I have a fundamental belief in the [[Bible]] as the Word of God, written by those who were inspired. I study the Bible daily." Tiner, J.H. (1975). Isaac Newton: Inventor, Scientist and Teacher. Milford, Michigan, U.S.: Mott Media.</ref> Newton was a physicist, astronomer, mathematician, alchemist and natural philosopher. He is probably best known for his [[Theory of Universal Gravitation]] and his [[Laws of Motion]]. He also developed [[calculus]] for the purpose of his work in [[physics]].<ref>Newton's discovery of [[calculus]] was independent of, and likely before, a similar discovery of [[calculus]] by the German physicist [[Gottfried Leibniz]]. (Each accused the other of plagiarism, but neither could prove it. [http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Newton.html Newton Biography]).</ref> In addition, Newton invented the reflecting [[telescope]], and made numerous other contributions to his fields of study.

Newton was the first to demonstrate that the same laws that govern the motion of celestial objects also govern the motion of things on [[Earth]]. Newton contributed greatly to the advancement of science. His work also advanced the concept of [[heliocentrism]] (the view that the [[Sun]] is at the center of the [[solar system]]).

In 1705, in recognition of Isaac Newton's scientific and mathematical contributions, [[Queen Anne]] [[knighted]] him. <ref>Sir Isaac Newton (1642/3–1727): A Scientific Genius, by Ann Lamont[http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v12/i3/newton.asp]</ref> It was the first knighthood to be given for scientific achievement rather than prowess on the battlefield or work in government. <ref>Isaac Newton and God's Law of Gravity[http://www.doesgodexist.org/NovDec01/IsaacNewtonAndGodsLawOfGravity.html] </ref>

Newton is often seen as one of the most influential men in all of history and perhaps the greatest scientist ever. His work was influential even in philosophy, as he inspired [[Kant]] to create the philosophical concepts of the [[categorical imperative]] and the [[synthetic a priori]].

After his death and burial, Newton was exhumed so he could be buried in a more prominent location in [[Westminster Abbey]]. During this exhumation process, it was discovered that Newton had large amounts of [[mercury]] in his body, probably as a direct result of his [[alchemy|alchemical]] experiments. Exposure to large amounts of mercury may explain Newton’s eccentricity in his latter years, as well as his cause of death.<ref>Newton Biography[http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Newton.html]</ref>

== Gravity ==
Newton developed the [[Theory of Universal Gravitation]], more commonly known as gravity, when, according to legend, a falling apple struck him on the head. He realized that the same force that pulled the apple to the ground could be what keeps [[Jupiter]]'s moons in orbit. His theory stated that all matter is attracted to matter by a force, whose strength increases proportionally to the mass of the objects involved, and inversely proportional to the squared distance between them. Newton's theory is based on action-at-a-distance which has always been opposed by some scientists, and now most physicists endorse the very different [[theory of relativity]]. Both theories predict identical results at small scales, similar results a the scale of the [[solar system]] and very different results at cosmological scales beyond the [[solar system]].

== Religious Beliefs ==
Newton was a sincere religious believer, who said his discoveries were inspired by [[God]]. He devoted more time to the study of Scripture than to science. He said of himself, "I have a fundamental belief in the [[Bible]] as the Word of God, written by those who were inspired. I study the Bible daily."<ref>Tiner, J.H. (1975). Isaac Newton: Inventor, Scientist and Teacher. Milford, Michigan, U.S.: Mott Media.</ref> Newton wrote, "This most beautiful system of the sun, planets, and comets, could only proceed from the counsel and dominion of an intelligent Being... All variety of created objects which represent order and life in the universe could happen only by the willful reasoning of its original Creator, Whom I call the Lord God."

Newton believed that God's creation of the universe was self evident given its grandeur.<ref>Webb, R.K. ed. Knud Haakonssen. “The emergence of Rational Dissent.” Enlightenment and Religion: Rational Dissent in eighteenth-century Britain. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 1996. p19.</ref> He also warned against using his laws to replace the creator. He said, "Gravity explains the motions of the planets, but it cannot explain who set the planets in motion. God governs all things and knows all that is or can be done."<ref>Tiner, J.H. (1975). Isaac Newton: Inventor, Scientist and Teacher. Milford, Michigan, U.S.: Mott Media.</ref>

Biographers have speculated that Newton's views would today be considered those of a [[Unitarian]],<ref>Bell, E.T. Men of Mathematics.</ref> although it would be more historically accurate to describe his beliefs as [[Arian]]. It is suggested that Newton did not accept the Trinity or the divinity of Christ.<ref>ISAAC NEWTON'S TWELVE ARTICLES ON GOD AND CHRIST,KEYNES MS 8, KING'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. http://www.isaacnewton.ca/keynes/Keynes_8.en.html "Artic. 9. We need not pray to Christ to intercede for us. If we pray the father aright he will intercede."</ref>

However, the evidence for Newton holding to Arianism is scant. It is true that Newton held a lot to himself, but to say that because of his association with William Whiston, that he is therefore an Arianist is hardly conclusive. It is more probable that Newton held to an Eastern Orthodox view of the Trinity.<ref>ISAAC NEWTON'S TWELVE ARTICLES ON GOD AND CHRIST,KEYNES MS 8, KING'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. http://www.isaacnewton.ca/keynes/Keynes_8.en.html "Artic. 12. To us there is but one God the father of whom are all things and we of him, and one Lord Jesus Christ by whom are all things and we by him. That is, we are to worship the father alone as God Almighty and Jesus alone as the Lord the Messiah the great King the Lamb of God who was slain and hath redeemed us with his blood and made us kings and Priests."</ref>

John Conduitt, the husband of Newton's niece had this to say about Newton's theology.

"I had no hesitation when writing the Like of Sir Isaac Newton in 1830, in coming to the conclusions that he was a believer in the Trinity; and in giving this opinion on the creed of so great a man, and so indefatigable a student of scripture, I was well aware that there are various forms of Trinitarian truth, and various modes of expressing it, which have been received as orthodox in the purest societies of the Christian Church."<ref>Thomas C. Pfizenmaier - Was Isaac Newton an Arian?. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-5037(199701)58%3A1%3C57%3AWINAA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-O</ref>

In an effort to debunk widespread claims of his time that the world would be ending soon, Newton wrote a private manuscript estimating that the world would not end prior to the year A.D. 2060.<ref>http://www.isaac-newton.org/newton_2060.htm</ref>

==Reference==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Newton, Sir Isaac}}
[[Category:Physicists]]
[[Category:Astronomers]]
[[Category:Mathematicians]]
[[Category:Calculus]]

Pompey

2007-12-13T03:16:27Z

Stannis: adding infobox,links.

<table align="right" border ="1"; style="width:22em; font-size:90%; text-align: left;" cellspacing="2">
<tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;" class="fn">Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus<tr>{{#ifexist:User:Stannis
|{{User:Stannis}}}}<td colspan="2" style="font-size:8pt;text-align:center;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em"> [[Image:Pompey.jpg|200px]]<br />Marble bust of Pompey the Great<tr><th>Born<td>September 29 106 BC<br />[[Roman Republic|Rome]]<tr><th>Died<td>September 28 [8 BC<br />[[Alexandria]]<br /><tr><th>Occupation<td>Politician and military commander<tr>
</table>

'''Pompey the Great''' (Latin: ''Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus'') 106-48 B.C., general, statesman, and triumvir during the last years of the [[Roman Republic]]. His soldiers are credited with bestowing the title ''Magnus'' (''the Great'') while serving in Africa (82–81 BC).

==Early career==
Pompey came from a wealthy family which owned land in Picenum; although of the senatorial nobility, his family was elected to their first consular offices only in 141. He had what amounts to a normal education, having a love for the Greek language and literature, but his military training, political ambitions, and character were developed while serving on the staff of his father, Pompeius Strabo, who greatly enlarged his consulship by gaining allies and clients, paying off during the civil war of 88-87 as Strabo allied himself with general Gaius Marius over rival Lucius Sulla.

However, after his father's death Pompey separated himself from Marius. It is still unclear as to what Pompey himself may have done, but he went “missing” from an army under general Cinna who was sent to the [[Balkans]] to deal with Sulla’s troops; Cinna was taken and hanged by his own men (84 B.C.) Pompey next shows up in Picenum with three recruited legions in an attempt to recover [[Rome]] and the Italian peninsula from the Marians, operating as an independent ally of Sulla, who made use of his military training (he would, a short time later, marry Sulla’s daughter). During several quick, and savage, campaigns (82-81) in Sicily and Africa, Pompey earned the title “Sulla’s butcher” for his habit of killing Marian leaders who had surrendered to him.

His victory in Africa complete, he returned to Rome, demanding that a triumph be given to him, and stationing his army at the gates to ensure his demands were met. He later supported Marcus Lepidus, a renegade of Sullan supporter, for the consul in 78; but when Lepidus attempted revolt, however, Pompey supported law and order and stopped the rebellion. But he still refused to disband his army, using it to pressure the Senate to grant him the power of proconsul and head to Spain to assist Metellus Pius in bringing the Marian leader Sertorius to bay

Restoring order in Spain taxed Rome’s resources, as well as Pompey’s military skills, to the limit, but after Spain was subdued Pompey imposed a settlement which hinted at his own political aims, and having an authority over territory which consisted of Spain, southern Gaul (France), and northern Italy to the Rubicon. In the year 70 B.C. he took his army back into Italy, for all intents and purposes to put down the revolt of the slaves led by [[Spartacus]], but in actuality to assure his own election to the consulship for that year. Pompey had promised change and reform, and the removal of Sulla cronies who had been tainted by corruption. He had a rival also running for consul, [[Licinius Crassus]], a wealthy man who had earned the triumph for actually putting down the Spartacus revolt; a bargain was struck between the two, and they both jointly were elected to the consul. Pompey thus earned his second triumph.

==Reorganizing the East==
Pompey sat in Rome while rivals undermined a consulman, Lucius Licinius Lucullus, who was in Anatolia in a campaign against Mithradates, as well as trying to recover the eastern [[Mediterranean Sea]] from piratical control. In 67 B.C. the tribune Aulus Gabinus forced a bill granting Pompey the power to solve the pirate problem; while Pompey was settling them in the east as farmers, another tribune had a bill passed over a weak opposition granting Pompey not just the authority to make war against Mithradates, but to control and organize Rome’s eastern provinces (66 B.C.). Wasting no time, Pompey took command from Lucullus and soundly defeated Mithradates in Asia Minor (now Turkey). With Mithradates gone, Pompey began consolidating the eastern provinces. In Armenia he set up on the throne Tigranes, for 6,000 talents of gold. He rejected the king of Parthia’s request that the Roman frontier be no further than the Euphrates River, setting up a system of Roman protectorates from Colchis on the [[Black Sea]] to the states south of the [[Caucasus Mountains]]. He created the new provinces of [[Cilicia]] and [[Bithynia-Pontus]], and annexed [[Syria]] and [[Judea]], leaving the latter a “temple-state” dependent on Rome.

In December of 62 Pompey’s power and prestige was at its height when he returned to Italy and finally disbanded his army at Brundisium (Brindisi) and received his third triumph (61). His ascendancy in Italy during the next ten years was slowly eroded by the growing power and prestige of [[Julius Caesar]], who through maneuver with Crassus merely tried to steal Pompey’s star, as opposed to the inner circle of nobles called the Optimates, who were revolutionary in nature and gradually gained dominance in Rome, much to the annoyance of Pompey, who was not a revolutionary himself, but wanted to be recognized as first citizen, even by way of proposing a marriage (he had divorced his third wife for this purpose) of a relative of one of the young senators, Marcus Porcius Cato the Younger; the offer was promptly turned down. His eastern settlement ratification and demands of land for his veterans were also rejected as well.

==First Triumvirate==
Pompey joined with Crassus and [[Caesar]] in the First Triumvirate, a pact which would bind them to wrest consulships from the Optimates; doing so would strain all their resources. Once made a consul, Caesar forced a land bill through, and a short time later, a bill to acquire public land in Campania. But his immediate ambition was a long-term command, which he got in Illyria and Gaul; this benefited Pompey as well, as his men would be absorbed into Caesar’s army, giving them employment. He also would benefit on a more intimate level: he married Caesar’s sister, Julia.

The Optimates would continue to deal with Pompey in a treacherous manner. In 56 they created impediments based on religion to prevent Pompey from being dispatched on an expedition to Egypt; the optimate Publius Clodius also designed to convince Pompey that Crassus had plans to take his life. While this was going on, officially the Optimates made attempts to suspend Caesar’s law for the Campanian land distribution.

Crassus, aware of Pompey’s suspicions, met Caesar at Ravenna; Caesar afterward met Pompey at Luca. The resulting Luca conference (56) settled their mutual suspicions and set the next phase of the triumvirate, which was for Pompey and Crassus gaining consulship in 55 as well as five-year commands in the provinces for each, while Caesar would gain an additional five year renewal. Their ambitions were met shortly after a period of violence and corruption, gaining the needed consul seats as well as their commands; lesser magistracies went to their supporters. But the days of the Triumvirate were numbered; Crassus, while campaigning in [[Mesopotamia]], would suffer defeat and death, and Julia would herself die in 54, removing the strongest bond yet between Caesar and Pompey.

==Civil War==
Anarchy had also brewed inside Rome, resulting in periods of mob violence, including the burning down of the Senate house. Watching from outside the walls was Pompey, who was committed to waiting until an alliance with the Optimates was unavoidable. Titus Annius Milo was running for consul, bitterly opposed by Pompey and Clodius; in January, 52 followers of Milo killed Clodius. As the violence was increasing, and with no senior magistrates in the city, the Senate summoned on Pompey to restore order.

Pompey, as sole consul, then enacted legislation aimed at reforming the courts, stopping bribery and corruption, and preventing candidature in absence. His acts also demonstrated duplicity of character, specifically against Caesar, who found that some of the laws created had him in mind, and effectively shut down his own ambitions for the consulship. This was reinforced by attempts to recall Caesar and his legions from Gaul; Caesar for his part used his wealth and time to buy men who would obstruct his Senatorial enemies. Pompey made his intentions finally clear in 51, stating that Caesar should not become a consul member while in command of an army. In 50, Gauis Marcellus failed to force the Senate to declare Caesar an enemy; the Senate at that time was evenly divided between support for Pompey and Caesar. Marcellus took consuls with him to Pompey, and placed a sword in his hands; the clear meaning being that Pompey must take the war to Caesar. Finally, on Janauary 7, 49, the Senate declared a state of war existed between Rome and Caesar. Ceasar would cross the Rubicon with his legions four days later.

Pompey’s plan was to allow the Italian peninsula to be controlled by Caesar, and to use his eastern resources and the sea to starve out Caesar’s forces. At first it nearly succeeded, but due to incompetence, bad luck, and the fact that he was facing a military genius left Pompey in defeat on the plain of Pharsalus in 48, fleeing from his camp just as the enemy was storming it. Although his supporters would continue to harry Caesar for a further three years in [[Spain]], [[Africa]], and the East, Pompey would not play a role in it. Sailing for Egypt in the hopes of gaining an ally in young King [[Ptolemy XIII]], he instead was killed just as his boat landed on September 28, 48 B.C. Ptolemy, in an act that he had hoped would impress Caesar, presented Pompey's severed head in a wine urn.

==References==
*Goldsworthy, Adrian. ''In the name of Rome: The Men Who Won the Roman Empire'', Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London (2004)
*Holland, Tom. ''Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic'', Doubleday, New York (2003)
*Plutarch. ''The Lives of the Notable Grecians and Romans'', Great Books, volume 13, Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. and the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (1990)
*Seager, Robin. ''Pompey the Great: A Political Biography'', Blackwell Publishing, Oxford (2002)
*Southern, Pat. ''Pompey the Great: Caesar's Friend and Foe'', Tempus Publishing, Gloucestershire, UK (2002)

[[Category:Roman Commanders]]
[[Category:Romans]]