Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Conservapedia:Vandalism Is Pointless

2022-03-04T18:56:22Z

Southeast01:

''CP:VIP redirects here.''

As a wiki, Conservapedia occasionally attracts '''vandalism''', especially when few users are active, during the day. Despite best guesses, we really cannot see how a vandal war on Conservapedia is winnable. Despite this, some people still day in, day out, create accounts here, for a few short moments of vandalism. So, to discourage that, we have put together an explanation for why this is an illogical move.

==So why is vandalism pointless?==

Vandalism is pointless because of two major factors. The pages are freely editable, and all revisions are logged. This means that as easily as you could come in and hit the edit button, someone else could do the same thing, and revert your edits, in a matter of clicks. Even if you try to copy paste a single phrase, and drive by as many as you can, it is still easily visible, from your own contributions log. This effectively means that your edits are only as visible, for as long as no other sysops or for that matter, users are around (hint: never). Furthermore, this will only earn you a swift ban/IP ban, which is easily bypassed LMAO.

People can track edits - anybody and everybody has the ability to track edits to articles without actually having to visit the articles. This little bit of magic is called [[Special:RecentChanges]] (for those who need help, it is linked to from "Special pages" on the left hand sidebar on every page). Vandals are always easy to spot - it's easy for said edit-trackers to spot vandals by certain qualities, so finding vandalism is even easier, especially on a relatively quiet wiki like this.

This is what most vandals look like:
 
(diff | hist) . . PageX; 02:15 . . '''(-3532)''' . . VandalX (Talk | contribs | block) ''(Blanked the page)'';

That is very noticeable. Administrators will descend on it like vultures seeing a carcass, and your stint here will be over. Is that really worth the outburst?
We also have a script to revert blatant vandalism - so you're not even wasting any human effort by vandalizing.
So in short, you are completely wasting (a lot of) your time, and we will waste all of yours. Enjoy staring at a screen forever.

[[Category:Conservapedia]]

Cultural Marxism

2022-03-04T18:52:33Z

Southeast01:

[[File:Gramsci.png|thumb|200px|Antonio Gramsci]]
'''Cultural Marxism''' is a far right conspiracy theory made by Nazis [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism] ''[[Frankfurt School]]'', which had its origins the early part of the twentieth century. Cultural Marxism comprises much of the foundation of [[political correctness]]. It emerged as a response of [[Europe]]an Marxist intellectuals disillusioned by the early political failures of conventional economic Marxist ideology.<ref>cf. External source: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gIdBuK7_g3M Cultural Marxism: The Corruption of America] is a James Jaeger Film with ambition to show how ''a love affair with collectivist ideologies has lead to ever bigger government and the welfare-warfare state. Lead by a Marxist splinter group called the "[[Frankfurt School]]" -- "[[the long march through the institutions]]" has infiltrated every corner of [[Western culture]] to corrupt traditional Christian values with "[[political correctness]]," another name for "cultural Marxism."''</ref>

The central idea of Cultural Marxism is to soften up and prepare [[Western Civilization]] for [[economic]] Marxism after a gradual, relentless, sustained attack on every institution of Western culture,<ref>Ludwig, E. Jeffrey (October 23, 2019). [https://www.lifesitenews.com/opinion/communist-influences-are-destroying-the-us-faster-and-faster Communist influences are destroying the US, faster and faster]. ''LifeSiteNews''. Retrieved October 23, 2019.</ref> including schools,<ref>Svab, Petr (November 25, 2019). [https://www.theepochtimes.com/school-programs-mixed-with-social-marxism-spread-through-america_3152761.html School Programs Mixed With Social Marxism Spread Through America]. ''The Epoch Times''. Retrieved November 25, 2019.</ref> literature, art, film, the [[Judeo-Christian]] worldview tradition, [[marriage]] and the [[Destroying the family|family]],<ref>Solway, David (August 23, 2018). [https://www.lifesitenews.com/opinion/karl-marx-hated-marriage-and-marxism-is-marriages-enemy Karl Marx hated marriage, and Marxism is marriage’s enemy]. ''LifeSiteNews'' (from the ''American Thinker''). Retrieved August 28, 2018.</ref> sexual mores, [[War on Sovereignty|national sovereignty]], etc.<ref>cf. The tendency of dictatorial ideologies to influence public institutions etc. so that these would serve their agendas is termed as [[Gleichschaltung]]. 
See also:
*Warner, Gerald (February 4, 2015). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2015/02/04/for-the-first-time-in-history-conservatives-are-at-the-forefront-of-the-cultural-revolution/ For the First Time in History, ‘Conservatives’ Are at the Forefront of the Cultural Revolution]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved December 25, 2017.
:"By the post-War era the Cultural Marxist programme had a wide-reaching agenda of destruction. It aimed to destroy the family, denying the specific roles of the father and mother, and advocated the teaching of sex and homosexuality to children; mobilisation of women as revolutionaries against men, through aggressive feminism; large-scale immigration to abolish national identity; dependency on the state and state benefits; control and infantilisation of the media."</ref> The attacks are usually framed in Marxist terms as a class struggle between oppressors and oppressed; the members of the latter class allegedly include women, minorities, homosexuals, and adherents of non-Western ideologies such as Islam. Cultural Marxism has been described as "the cultural branch of [[globalism]]."<ref>[https://www.westernmastery.com/2017/03/23/cultural-marxism-is-the-1-enemy-of-western-civilization/ Cultural Marxism is the #1 Enemy of Western Civilization]. ''Western Mastery''. March 23, 2017. Retrieved December 25, 2017.</ref>

While Marx's ''[[Communist Manifesto]]'' focused on the alleged class struggle between bourgeois (owners of the means of production) and proletariat (workers), Marx did address culture, which he intimated would change after his economic vision was implemented. [[Patrick Buchanan]] argues that Cultural Marxism succeeded where Marx failed.<ref>[http://cnsnews.com/blog/grant-m-dahl/buchanan-cultural-marxism-has-succeeded-where-marx-and-lenin-failed Buchanan: ‘Cultural Marxism’ Has Succeeded Where Marx and Lenin Failed], [[CNSNews]]</ref> Marxism has permeated the American Left.<ref>Kirk, Charlie (September 27, 2020). [https://humanevents.com/2020/09/26/far-from-being-dead-true-marxism-is-very-much-alive/ Far From Being “Dead,” True Marxism Is Very Much Alive.] ''Human Events''. Retrieved September 27, 2020.</ref>

Among cultural Marxists, the book ''[[Dialectic of Enlightenment]]'' is considered to be a central text.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/apr/08/frankfurt-school-dialectic-of-enlightenment The Frankfurt school, part 3: Dialectic of Enlightenment ]</ref><ref>''Dialectic of Enlightenment'' was written in 1944 by Theodor W. Adorno and Max Horkheimer</ref>

An effective way for cultural Marxists to influence the culture is to infiltrate schools and indoctrinate students, which the [[Democratic Socialists of America]] explicitly endorsed in 2018.<ref>Newman, Alex (August 29, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/culture/education/item/29907-socialists-urge-infiltration-of-government-schools Socialists Urge Infiltration of Government Schools]. ''The New American''. Retrieved August 29, 2018. See also:
*Newman, Alex (February 6, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/print-magazine/item/31250-education-s-future-globalization-of-indoctrination Education’s Future: Globalization of Indoctrination]. ''The New American''. Retrieved February 6, 2019.</ref>

==History==

===Marx, Engels and Lenin on culture===
The cultural views of [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]] were, in general, different from those of the 20th century Cultural Marxists. Marx and Engels were proponents of [[Realism]] in the arts and culture. They maintained that any honest artist who longs for truth and is guided by sincere ethics, would end up portraying the grueling realities of [[capitalism]] realistically without having to be a [[socialism|socialist]]. They give the example of their contemporary French writer [[Honoré de Balzac]], who, despite being a staunch [[monarchy|monarchist]], his realist literary works laid bare the immorality of 19th century capitalist relations of production and thus Balzac's work is of great value to progressives even though his personal ideology was conservative. Engels called this the "Triumph of Realism" (Sieg des Realismus), explaining that Balzac's sincere ethics and the fact that his heart longed for truth and objectivity inevitably made him a realist critic of capitalist exploitation in his literature, although his personal political alignment always remained [[conservatism|conservative]]. According to Engels: <blockquote>Balzac boldly exposed the contradiction of nascent capitalist society and hence his observation of reality constantly clashed with his political prejudices. But as an honest artist he always depicted only what he himself saw, learned and underwent, concerning himself not at all whether his-true-to-life description of the things he saw contradicted his pet ideas.<ref>https://www.academia.edu/28848230/Two_Balzacs_Two_Gogols_Two_Tolstoys</ref></blockquote>

Engels declared that Balzac was his favorite writer. Marx's Das Kapital also makes some references to the works of Balzac.

[[Vladimir Lenin]] was also a proponent of Realism and stressed its superiority over [[Modernism]]. He considered [[Leo Tolstoy]] to be the most effective depicter of the everyday life of Russian peasants, even though Tolstoy was a nobleman. Lenin once wrote to [[Maxim Gorky]]: "Until this Count, we had no real peasant in our literature."<ref>https://www.marxists.org/archive/gorky-maxim/1924/lenin-the_man.html</ref> Here too, the personal merit of Tolstoy as an author, to Lenin, is not the superlative genius of Tolstoy that enabled him to represent both the Russian [[Kulak|Kulaks]] as well as the Russian Muzhiks so effectively. Ultimately it was the compulsion for truthful representation that made Tolstoy do so.<ref>https://www.academia.edu/28848230/Two_Balzacs_Two_Gogols_Two_Tolstoys</ref>

Both the thesis of Marx-Engels on Balzac and that of Lenin on Tolstoy hold that it is the conditions of the class struggle which determine those of the cultural struggle, not vice versa (for it was the advent of French capitalism in Balzac's case and the fight of Russian peasants for emancipation in Tolstoy's case that "woke up" the two authors and oriented them towards social realism), and thus the cultural struggle must be subordinate to the class struggle.

In short, all three of Marx, Engels and Lenin considered culture to be part of the "superstructure" rather than the "base", and thus maintained that it is the change in the [[economy]] that leads to the change in a society's culture, and ran contrary to the thesis of the Cultural Marxists that a [[Cultural Revolution|cultural revolution]] can be possible before the socio-politico-economic [[proletariat|proletarian]] revolution.

===Soviet Marxism against Cultural Marxism: Lukacs against the Frankfurt School===

Knowing the above, one can more easily understand the nature of the cultural debates between [[Marxism|Marxist]] intellectuals in the 1920s. The Soviet "orthodox" Marxists, such as [[Grigory Zinoviev]], Nikolai Bukharin and Karl Radek, maintained that the revolution in capitalist countries will come only through the [[class warfare|class struggle]] of the workers against the [[bourgeoisie]] and that culture plays a secondary role in this struggle. They also maintained that Marxist art should adhere to a simple, realistic and popularly understandable depiction of the evils of capitalism.

In a 1924 [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Soviet Communist Party]] congress, many Cultural Marxist and Modernist authors were harshly criticized by Soviet officials as "heretics". In his speech entitled The Struggle Against the Ultra-Lefts and Theoretical Revisionism, Zinoviev fiercely attacked [[Georg Lukacs]]' book History and Class Consciousness, declaring: ‘If we get more of these professors spinning out their Marxist theories, we shall be lost. We cannot tolerate theoretical revisionism of this kind in our Communist International.’ Nikolai Bukharin, soon to replace Zinoviev as [[Joseph Stalin]]’s chief ally in the [[Comintern]], told Karl Korsch, author of one of the most influential Cultural Marxist texts: ‘We can’t put every piece of garbage up for discussion.’<ref>https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/revhist/backiss/vol8/no1/smith.html</ref> Karl Radek also formulated the superiority of classical [[European]] Realism over Modernism, saying "If I were to write novels, I would learn how to write them from Tolstoy and Balzac, not from [[James Joyce]]."<ref>https://www.marxists.org/archive/radek/1934/sovietwritercongress.htm</ref> This year, which coincides with Stalin's takeover of the Party, marks the moment in which the [[Soviet Union]] closed its door to Cultural Marxism. Soon, the USSR made illegal such evils as [[homosexuality]] and [[abortion]].<ref>https://www.marxist.com/from-emancipation-to-criminalisation-stalinist-persecution-of-homosexuals-from-1934.htm</ref><ref>http://soviethistory.msu.edu/1936-2/abolition-of-legal-abortion/</ref>. From now on, Cultural Marxists considered the USSR as the "betrayer of the revolution". The advent of the [[Hitler]] dictatorship in [[Germany]] also meant the Frankfurt School was closed, and from 1933 Cultural Marxists started emigrating to America.

Karl Korsch, [[Georg Lukacs]] (only in his early philosophical period) and [[Antonio Gramsci]] (see below) were the original founders of Cultural Marxism. Their thought influenced that of the members of the [[Frankfurt School]] of [[Critical Theory]] ([[Theodor Adorno]], [[Max Horkheimer]], Walter Benjamin, [[Herbert Marcuse]], [[Erich Fromm]] etc.) who mingled Marxism with the theories of [[Sigmund Freud]], [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]] and [[Immanuel Kant]], something unacceptable for Soviet Marxists. For the Cultural Marxists, the world of ideas is equally important to the material one, and they maintained that it is possible for a revolution in the world of ideas to lead to a revolution in the material world. They also abandoned the defense of realism and instead championed [[modernism]] and [[abstract art]], labelled as "degenerate" by both Nazis and Soviets. In response, they equated [[Nazism]] and [[Stalinism]], being some of the first proponents of the theory of [[totalitarianism]]. The Frankfurt School's theories, akin to neo-Hegelian dialectical idealism and "Freudo-Marxism" focusing on "[[sexual revolution|sexual liberation]]", are what forms the crux of Cultural Marxism.

Lukacs, however, soon repudiated these theories and returned to a much more orthodox Marxist stance, coming at odds with his former Frankfurt comrades, whose theories he now labelled "Café Marxism". He chose to live in the Soviet Union and his native [[Hungary]] and became the Culture Minister of the 1956 [[Hungarian Revolution]] under [[Imre Nagy]]. He fiercely criticized those Frankfurt School intellectuals who instead went to live in the comforts of the [[United States]] and [[West Germany]]. In 1962 Lukacs wrote: <blockquote>A considerable part of the leading German intelligentsia, including [[Theodor Adorno|Adorno]], have taken up residence in the "Grand Hotel Abyss" which I described […] as "a beautiful hotel, equipped with every comfort, on the edge of an abyss, of nothingness, of absurdity. And the daily contemplation of the abyss between excellent meals or artistic entertainments, can only heighten the enjoyment of the subtle comforts offered.<ref>https://www.marxists.org/archive/lukacs/works/theory-novel/preface.htm</ref>.</blockquote>

In the world of Marxist thinkers, what Lukacs said here is the equivalent of flashing a red cloth around at an angry bull. Lukacs said that the Frankfurt School thinkers started to become bourgeois idealists who didn't care about having an active hand in the fight against political exploitation and oppression. Now that they were famous and kind of moneyed, they were sitting at their cozy desks at the luxurious Grand Hotel writing about Marxism, but they were becoming increasingly detached from its political cause. He pretty much accused them of hypocrisy—of living like fat-cat capitalists and losing focus.<ref>https://www.shmoop.com/study-guides/literary-critics/gyorgy-lukacs/quotes</ref>

[[Image:Breitbart1.jpg|thumb|160px|right|Andrew Breitbart]]
[[Andrew Breitbart]] gives a great if not brief crash course discussion about ''Cultural Marxism'' with Peter Robinson of the [[Hoover Institute]] for ''Uncommon Knowledge'', and, in part, this is what he said:
<blockquote>Think about this: These guys left, THESE GUYS LEFT NAZI GERMANY and Mussolini's Italy to come to California in the 1940's and they lived by the beach, and they were depressed by the relentless cheery-ness - the productivity; and the capitalism that they witnessed around them. And they came up with, at the end of the day; We can call it Cultural Marxism, but at the end of the day, we experience it on a day to day basis, by that I mean a minute by minute, second by second basis. It’s political correctness and it’s multiculturalism.<ref>[https://youtu.be/b8CpON8VrRU?t=22m38s Andrew Breitbart - Media War]</ref></blockquote>

In the video, Breitbart discusses the ''Frankfurt School'', ''[[Critical Theory]]'', [[Herbert Marcuse]], [[Antonio Gramsci]], [[Max Horkheimer]], [[Theodor Adorno]], [[Bertolt Brecht]], and others of the German School, many which emigrated to America. He further wrote about ''Cultural Marxism'' more in-depth in his book ''Righteous Indignation''.

===Gramsci===

[[Antonio Gramsci]] was a lieutenant of [[Joseph Stalin]] who headed the [[Italian]] branch of the International Communist movement ([[Comintern]]). After several failed assassination attempts on Mussolini, Gramsci was imprisoned in 1926 until his death in 1937. While in prison Gramsci wrote his ''Prison Notebooks'', speculating on the failure of [[violent]] [[revolution]] to materialize in [[Western Europe]] as [[Karl Marx]] had predicted. Gramsci's works are considered by [[Socialists]] to be foundational to modern [[public education]] and Cultural Marxism.<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/23768314?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents</ref><ref>https://www.marxists.org/archive/gramsci/prison_notebooks/problems/education.htm</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fdTTr4iYT0M</ref>

Gramsci's theory of "cultural hegemony" states that the ruling capitalist "oppressor" class uses cultural institutions, such as "traditional marriage," to maintain power. The "oppressors" develop a "hegemonic culture" using [[ideology]] unlike Socialists who use [[violence]], economic force, and coercion. "Hegemonic culture" propagates its own values and norms so that they become "[[common sense]]" values and thus maintain the [[status quo]]. According to [[Wikipedia]], this "Hegemonic power is therefore used to maintain consent to the capitalist order, rather than coercive power using force" as Marxism does "to maintain order. This cultural hegemony is produced and reproduced" by the dominant Christian oppressor class "through the institutions that form the superstructure."

Joseph A. Buttigieg, [[Pete Buttigieg]]'s father, was a founding member of the International Gramsci Society and served as the executive secretary.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100616163619/http://english.nd.edu/faculty/profiles/joseph-a-buttigieg/</ref>

===Dutschke===
:{{See also|Long march through the institutions}}
The Long march through the institutions is a [[Marxist]] concept formulated in 1967 by the [[West German]] student movement leader Rudi Dutschke. Dutschke reformulated [[Antonio Gramsci]]'s philosophy of cultural Marxism with the phrase ''the long march through the institutions'' (German: ''Marsch durch die Institutionen'') to identify the political war of position or incrementalism, an [[allusion]] to the [[Long March]] (1934–35) of the [[Communist Party of China|Communist Chinese]] [[People's Liberation Army]], by means of which, the [[working class]] or "oppressed" would produce their own intellectuals, civil servants, and culture (dominant ideology) to replace those imposed by the [[bourgeoisie]] or "oppressor class."<ref>{{Citation | url = http://english.nd.edu/faculty/profiles/joseph-a-buttigieg/ | editor1-first = Joseph A | editor1-last = Buttigieg | edition = English critical | last = Gramsci | title = Prison Notebooks | at = p 50 footnote 21 | quote = Long March Through the Institutions21 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100616163619/http://english.nd.edu/faculty/profiles/joseph-a-buttigieg/ | archivedate = 2010-06-16 | df = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1215/01903659-32-1-33| issn = 0190-3659| volume = 32| issue = 1| pages = 33–52| last = Buttigieg| first = Joseph A.| title = The Contemporary Discourse on Civil Society: A Gramscian Critique| journal = Boundary 2| year = 2005}}</ref><ref name= "davidson">{{Citation | format = web log | url = http://carldavidson.blogspot.com/2006/04/strategy-hegemony-long-march.html | title = Strategy, Hegemony & 'The Long March': Gramsci's Lessons for the Antiwar Movement | first = Carl | last = Davidson | date = 6 April 2006}}.</ref><ref>See also [[Carl Davidson]]</ref><ref>Marsch durch die Institutionen|Marsch durch die Institutionen at German Wikipedia.</ref><ref>[[wikiquote:Antonio Gramsci#Misattributed|Antonio Gramsci: Misattributed]] at English Wikiquote for the origin of “The Long March Through the Institutions” quotation.</ref>

[[Karl Marx]] spoke of a sudden [[revolution]], where everything changes in a moment. Gramsci, the head of the [[Italian]] Communist party, was thrown in prison by [[Benito Mussolini]], where he speculated on the failure of Marxist revolution in his ''Prison Notebooks'', and attributed the failure to the cultural hegemony of the bourgeois oppressor class. Dutschke built on Gramsci's writings by proposing a long march through the cultural institutions of society - the church, entertainment, civil service, educational faculties, family institutions and marriage - to replace the dominant culture and replace it with revolutionary godless cultural Marxism.

Dutschke said, {{Quotebox|"Revolution is not a short act when something happens once and then everything is different. Revolution is a long, complicated process, where one [der Mensch] must become different...the process goes along this way, which I have once named ‘The Long March through the Established Institutions’, in which [institutions], through clarification [Aufklärung], systematic clarification and [[direct action]]s, awareness is brought [Bewusstwerdung] to further minorities in and outside the university, in schools, in trade schools, in engineer schools, also technical universities and finally in factories, where workers are currently worrying about their jobs. The process has begun, and that is a long story, which right now has been set on its course by us."<ref>http://crisiscritique.org/nov2018/boris.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q_r_XahzELY</ref>}}

Gramsci theorized that if Communism achieved "mastery of human consciousness," then [[concentration camp]]s and [[mass murder]] would be unnecessary. Mastery over the consciousness of the great mass of people could be attained if Communists or their sympathizers gained control of the organs of culture — [[church]]es, [[education]], [[newspaper]]s, magazines, the electronic media, [[literature]], [[music]], the visual arts, and so on. By winning "cultural hegemony," Communism would control the deepest wellsprings of human thought and imagination. One need not control all information itself if one can gain control over the [[mind]]s that assimilate that information. Under such conditions, opposition would disappear since men are no longer capable of grasping the arguments of Marxism's opponents.<ref>https://www.thenewamerican.com/culture/history/item/15545-gramscis-grand-plan</ref>

==Criticism==

The entire left-wing denies that Cultural Marxism exists, dismissing it as a far right ‘conspiracy theory’ and calling the entire topic a ‘myth’ or ‘hoax’. <ref>[https://attackthesystem.com/2014/05/18/on-the-myth-of-cultural-marxism/ On the Myth of "Cultural Marxism"]</ref> [[Wikipedia]] once provided a more honest [https://archive.md/YzkIS article] discussing the topic, before its irreversible slide into progressive bias compelled it to also write it off as a myth. Wikipedia has an entire section titled ''Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory'' within its page for the ''Frankfurt School''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_School#Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory Frankfurt School - Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory]</ref> As of September 2020, Wikipedia has added an article titled "Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory," using the image of convicted terrorist and self-identified Nazi fascist Anders Behring Breivik to discredit its existence via guilt by association. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory</ref> Virtually every single source trying to prove it’s a myth are [[Conflict of interest|blatantly biased towards the left or even come from fellow Marxists. Most egregiously, at least one widely cited source comes from the Frankfurt School itself]].

Perhaps the most common method of ‘rebuttal’ is to accuse those who acknowledge Cultural Marxism’s existence of being anti-semetic. This arises from the tendency of a small minority on the far right to highlight the fact that many of the Frankfurt School’s members were Jewish. The issue with the Frankfurt School is that they are [[Marxists]]; their race, religion, or ethnicity is irrelevant. The overwhelming majority of those who know Cultural Marxism exists share this view, and furthermore don’t rely on finding out if the people responsible for creating and spreading it were Jews either. Indeed, Cultural Marxism’s existence doesn’t rely on any connection to Jewish conspiracy theories.

Other common ‘rebuttals’ include downplaying the impact of the Frankfurt Schools’ ideology on the world, in spite of the fact that [[LGBT|its]] [[BLM|modern-day]] [[Biden regime|adherents]] have unprecedented power and the ideology can be found in the West’s most powerful institutions. There’s also accusations of equating the push for equality and civil rights with a ‘nefarious plot’. Communists have always sought to subvert and co-opt civil rights movements for their own ends, but the fact remains that civil rights and communism are inherently anathema. MLK, the leader of the civil rights movement in the ‘60s, also denounced communism. Cultural Marxism has never truly advocated for civil rights and equality beyond equal outcomes (which they call ‘equity’), the acquisition of which involves severe civil rights violations.

==See also==
*[[Liberal values]]
*[[Anthropological Revolution]]
*[[Critical theory]]
*[[Equity literacy]]
*[[Destroying the family]]
*[[Biden/Harris War on Parents]]
*[[Dialectical unity of self-contradictions]]
*[[Cultural Revolution]]
*[[Frankfurt School]]
*[[Nimrodian aspirations]]
*[[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}

==External links==
* [https://mises.org/blog/cultural-marxism-explained-7-minutes Cultural Marxism Explained in 7 Minutes], by Joseph T. Salerno at the Mises Institute
* [https://www.gotquestions.org/cultural-Marxism.html What is cultural Marxism?], at [[GotQuestions]]
* [http://www.discoverthenetworks.org/viewSubCategory.asp?id=552 Political Correctness / Cultural Marxism], [[Discover the Networks]]
* [https://www.theamericanconservative.com/2009/11/19/the-roots-of-political-correctness/ The Roots of Political Correctness], by William S. Lind
* [https://dailycaller.com/2016/09/29/cultural-marxism-is-destroying-america/ Cultural Marxism Is Destroying America], by Moses Apostaticus, September 29, 2016, ''The Daily Caller''
* [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2015/11/19/cultural-marxism-enemy-review-michael-walshs-book-devils-pleasure-palace/ Cultural Marxism Is the Enemy: Review of Michael Walsh’s Book ‘The Devil’s Pleasure Palace’], by Austin Ruse, Breitbart News, November 19, 2015.
*[https://topdocumentaryfilms.com/cultural-marxism-corruption-america/ Cultural Marxism: The Corruption of America], 99 min. documentary film.
*[https://www.theepochtimes.com/c-how-the-specter-of-communism-is-ruling-our-world How the Specter of Communism Is Ruling Our World]. ''The Epoch Times''.
*[https://www.theamericanconservative.com/dreher/sacred-mission-to-destroy-normality-weimar-america/ The Sacred Mission To Destroy Normality], by Rod Dreher
*Duke, Selwyn (July 18, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/reviews/opinion/item/32884-the-left-is-following-communism-s-playbook-for-revolution The Left Is Following Communism’s Playbook for Revolution]. ''The New American''.
*[https://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/item/33182-behind-the-deep-state-alex-newman-fake-fall-of-communism The Fake Fall of Communism - Behind the Deep State], ''The New American''.
*[https://youtu.be/PPRjsumWt7w Antonio Gramsci & Cultural Marxism], [[John Birch Society]], Feb 1, 2021. youtube

{{Deep State}}
{{communism}}
{{Democrat establishment}}
[[Category:Marxism]]
[[Category:Liberalism]]
[[Category:Globalism]]
[[Category:Marxist Terminology]]
[[Category:Threats]]

Secularized Language

2022-03-04T18:50:48Z

Southeast01:

While [[Essay:Best New Conservative Words|the development of conservative words grows by doubling each century]], those with an [[anti-Christian]] and [[anti-American]] agenda, such as [[liberal]]s, [[homosexual]]s, [[atheist]]s, [[evolutionist]]s and [[leftist]]s, have diluted the [[Christian]] origins of our [[language]] by replacing common phrases with [[secular]]ized versions, which is literally just the normal progression of language. If these guys existed 500 years ago we would be speaking Shakespearian.

For example, "[[God]] be with you" was secularized to "Goodbye". Many more examples are listed below.

By appealing to [[tolerance]] and [[political correctness]], they have succeeded in propagating these secularized versions, even among those who don't share their views. Such [[deceit]]ful tactics are a prime example of [[Liberal redefinition]] and other [[Liberal tools]].

==Calendar Terms==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Original expression
!Secularized version
|-
|B.C./A.D.
|B.C.E./[[C.E.]]1
|-
|Christ's Mass
|Christmas <ref>http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Christmas</ref>
|-
|Christmas
|Xmas2
|-
|Christmas Tree
|Celebration Tree. <ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/us/2011/12/05/christian-book-store-struggles-in-internet-culture/?test=latestnews Christian Book Store Struggles in Internet Culture, Fox News, December 5, 2011]</ref> Holiday Tree
|-
|Christmas Party
|Holiday Party
|-
|Christmas Holiday
|Winter Break
|-
|Easter Holiday
|Spring Break
|-
|Gregorian calendar
|Civil calendar
|-
|All Hallow's Eve<ref>All Hallow's Eve was originally the pre-Roman pagan Celtic holiday of Samhain's Day. In 835 Pope Gregory IV moved All Saint's Day, which celebrates the lives of Catholic martyrs and the communion of saints, to November 1. Thus, Halloween is not itself a Christian holiday, but the evening before the Catholic feast day. [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01315a.htm] [http://www.americancatholic.org/Messenger/Oct2001/Family.asp]</ref>
|Halloween
|-
|Holy Day
|Holiday <ref>http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=holiday</ref>
|-
|Independence Day
|The Fourth of July
|-
|Merry Christmas
|Happy Holidays/Season's Greetings
|-
|Pascha/Resurrection Sunday
|Easter Sunday3
|-
|Saint Patrick's Day
|Paddy's Day
|-
|[[Saint Valentine's Day]]
|Valentine's Day
|-
|Shrove Tuesday
|Fat Tuesday, Mardi Gras, Carnival
|-
|Thanksgiving
|Turkey Day
|-
|The Lord's Day
|Football Sunday
|-
|The Reverend Martin Luther King Day
|MLK Day <ref>http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?c103:6:./temp/~c103JkPHc3::</ref>
|-
|Washington's Birthday4
|President's Day
|-
|}

==Expressions and Colloquialisms==
NOTE: In some cases, the secularized version is used as a "minced oath" in order to avoid using the original expression as a profanity.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Original expression
!Secularized version
|-
|God be with you
|Good luck
|-
|God be with you
|Goodbye
|-
|God bless you/Bless you
|Gesundheit
|-
|Godspeed
|Be good
|-
|God Willing
|Hopefully
|-
|Jesus!
|Gee whiz!
|-
|One nation under God
|One nation5
|-
|Praise the Lord
|Praise be
|-
|Thank God!
|Thank Goodness!
|-
|Thank heavens
|Thank goodness
|-
|Thank the Lord
|Give thanks
|-
|Do God's work
|Do good
|-
|Have a blessed day
|Have a nice/good day
|-
|}

==General Examples==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Original expression
!Secularized version
|-
|Abomination
|Mistake
|-
|Abortion
|Birth control6

|-
|Abortion
|Reproductive Rights

|-
|Act of God
|Natural disaster
|-
|Adultery
|Cheating
|-
|Adultery
|Fooling around
|-
|Angelic
|Pretty
|-
|Religious Suppression
|[[Separation of church and state]]
|-
|Anti-life
|Pro-choice
|-
|Atheistic
|Secular
|-
|Bible study
|Fundamentalism
|-
|Blasphemy
|Secular opinion
|-
|Blasphemy
|Religious "freedoms"
|-
|Blessed
|Lucky
|-
|Chosen lifestyle
|Innate characteristic
|-
|Communist
|Liberal
|-
|Constitutionalist
|Birther
|-
|Contraception
|Protection
|-
|Covetousness
|Inequality
|-
|Creation
|Abiogenesis
|-
|Curse
|Bad luck
|-
|Disciple of Christ
|Christian
|-
|Disciple of Christ
|Wingnut
|-
|Diabolical
|Dishonest/Underhanded
|-
|Domestic Terrorism
|Workplace violence
|-
|Drunkard
|[[Alcoholic]]
|-
|Easter Egg
|Spring Sphere [http://www.mynorthwest.com/?nid=11&sid=459668], Chocolate Egg
|-
|Eternity
|Forever
|-
|Father
|Old man
|-
|Fertile
|Breeder
|-
|Flood
|Myth
|-
|Freedom Fighter
|Terrorist
|-
|Gender confusion
|Living one's truth
|-
|Glory
|Praise
|-
|God
|A higher power
|-
|God
|Mother Nature
|-
|God-fearing
|Intolerant
|-
|God-given
|Natural
|-
|Godless
|Secular
|-
|Golden Rule
|Altruism
|-
|Govern
|Rule
|-
|Harlot
|Sex worker
|-
|Harlot
|Prostitute
|-
|Harlot
|Slut
|-
|Harlot
|Empowerment
|-
|Harlot
|Liberated woman
|-
|Harlort
|Feminist
|-
|Heathen
|Multicultural
|-
|[[Hell]] (or Heaven)
|Afterlife
|-
|Heavenly
|Beautiful
|-
|Heresy
|Scientific theory
|-
|Heresy
|Freedom of Opinion
|-
|Heretic
|Crackpot
|-
|Holy matrimony
|Civil union
|-
|Homosexual
|Gay
|-
|Homosexuality
|Lifestyle choice
|-
|Husband or wife
|Significant other/life partner
|-
|Judgement Day
|Death
|-
|Immoral
|Personal choice
|-
|Islamic Terrorism
|Man-caused disaster <ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/story/2009/03/17/terrorism-is-man-caused-disaster/ Terrorism Is a 'Man-Caused' Disaster?]</ref>
|-
|Lazy
|Lacks motivation
|-
|Living in sin
|Shacking up/cohabitation/domestic partnership
|-
|Lust
|Love
|-
|Mankind
|Humankind
|-
|Meek
|Weak
|-
|Miraculous
|Amazing
|-
|Mother
|Parent
|-
|Morality
|Social Oppression
|-
|Nature
|[[Social construct]]
|-
|Perversion
|Diversity
|-
|Possessed
|Crazy
|-
|Possessed
|Influenced
|-
|Pray
|Plead
|-
|Prayer/blessing
|Moment of silence
|-
|Principled
|Extremist
|-
|Prison
|Correctional center
|-
|Pro-abortion
|Pro-choice
|-
|Pro-murder
|Pro-choice
|-
|Providence
|Lucky break
|-
|Rebuke
|Hate speech
|-
|Reckoning
|Accountability
|-
|Religion
|Spirituality
|-
|Religion
|Superstition
|-
|Righteous
|Law-abiding
|-
|Sacred
|Respected
|-
|Sanctify
|Set apart<ref>See Jeremiah 1:5 in the [[Feminist Bible]].</ref>
|-
|Saintly
|Well-behaved
|-
|Sex before marriage
|Liberated
|-
|Sin
|Crime
|-
|Sin
|Lifestyle Choice
|-
|Sodomite (generally)
|Gay; LGBT
|-
|Sodomite (in antiquity)
|Male shrine prostitute
|-
|Sodomy
|Relations
|-
|Solemn
|Dignified
|-
|Son/Daughter
|Offspring
|-
|Soul
|Spirit
|-
|The State
|The Government
|-
|Terrorist
|Freedom fighter
|-
|Unborn baby
|Fetus
|-
|Virgin
|Young woman
|-
|Wicked
|Antisocial
|-
|Wicked
|Naughty
|-
|Witchcraft
|Wicca, (Neo-)Pagan
|-
|With child
|Pregnant
|-
|}

==Names==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Original expression
!Secularized version
|-
|Christian Name
|Given Name, First Name, forename
|-
|[[Mary Magdalene]]
|maudlin
|-
|}

==Historical Examples==

Starting in 1933 [[Nazi]] [[Germany]] had a program to secularize the German language. The Nazis themselves called it ''Sprachregelung'' (regulation of language). The Sprachregelung was mainly directed by the ''Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda'' (RMVP) (Ministry for the enlightenment of the people and propaganda). While the RMVP concentrated mainly on controlling and censoring the language of the media and the language used in movies and other cultural ventures, there were other actions as well. The Nazi government published a new dictionary, which contained only secularized language, that was in unison with the parties ideology. The sad culmination of the ''Sprachregelung'' was in the vocabulary for the ''Endlösung''. ''Humans'' became ''units'', ''murder'' became ''deportation'' etc.<ref>Gerd Simon (Universität Tübingen): Art, Auslese, Ausmerze... etc.: Ein bisher unbekanntes Wörterbuch-Unternehmen aus dem SS-Hauptamt im Kontext der Weltanschauungslexika des 3. Reichs</ref>

[[George Orwell]]'s ''[[1984]]'' describes how a tyrannical government changes language to entrench its power. This is done by the so-called ''Newspeak''. Newspeak is a slimmed down version of normal English. Its goal is to prevent the speaker forming thoughts like rebellion or dislike against the government or one of its leaders. Even if an individual would be able to form such thoughts, it would be impossible to communicate them to others using Newspeak. Orwell's description of newspeak was heavily influenced by the language controls of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.

==Avoiding Blasphemy==

While motivations will vary from from one individual to the next there is a degree to which the secularization of language may be driven by some Christians wanting to avoid breaking the [[The Ten Commandments|Third Commandment]]. In what is sometimes described as a 'minced oath'<ref>http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/minced-oath.html</ref> a speaker, often under stress, begins to form a [[taboo]] term and then corrects himself with an acceptable term that rhymes or has a similar initial sound. Thus 'God' becomes 'gosh', 'golly' or 'goodness gracious'; 'Jesus' becomes 'gee' or 'jeepers creepers'; 'Christ' becomes 'crikey' or 'crumbs'. The taboo term may not have any religious connotations: 'shoot' and 'sugar' are used merely to avoid a vulgarity. The fact that words such as 'crikey' and 'gee' have become less prevalent in recent decades, to be replaced with the original 'Christ' or 'Jesus' may be as much down to a reduction concern about breaching the Third Commandment as it is to an increasing desire to reintroduce Christian terminology into everyday speech.

== 21st century, desecularization and language ==

''See also:'' [[Desecularization]]
[[File:Donald John Trump.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|[[Donald Trump]], courting the vote of religious conservatives, said, "If I become president, we're gonna be saying Merry Christmas at every store ... You can leave happy holidays at the corner."<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2015/10/21/politics/donald-trump-iowa-rally/ Donald Trump's pledge: 'We're gonna be saying Merry Christmas']</ref>]]
The 21st century is expected to be a time of the decline of [[atheism]] in terms of its global market share and religious conservatism/[[fundamentalism]] is expected to grow in both the developing world and in the developed world (see: [[Desecularization]]). There are a [[causes of desecularization|number of causes]] of desecularization in the developed world (and the world at large), but two of the primary causes are the [[Atheism and fertility rates|higher fertility rate]] of religious conservatives and immigration of the religious into developed countries.

The 21st century may see a growing desecularization of language.

[[Donald Trump]], courting the vote of religious conservatives, said, "If I become president, we're gonna be saying Merry Christmas at every store ... You can leave happy holidays at the corner."<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2015/10/21/politics/donald-trump-iowa-rally/ Donald Trump's pledge: 'We're gonna be saying Merry Christmas']</ref> CNN reported about this incident, "Trump supporters in the room said it was precisely Trump's aversion to [[political correctness]] that attracted them to the colorful candidate."<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2015/10/21/politics/donald-trump-iowa-rally/ Donald Trump's pledge: 'We're gonna be saying Merry Christmas']</ref> See also: [[Atheism and Christmas]]

== See also ==

*[[Militant atheism]]
*[[Politically correct]]
*[[Atheists and the endurance of religion]]
*[[Secularization thesis]]
*[[Desecularization]]
*[[Liberal creep]]
*[[Liberal euphemisms]]
*[[Opposition to Christianity]]
* Contrast with [[Essay:Best New Conservative Words]]
*[[Transmigration of Words in Religion: an essay]]

==Notes==

* 1 Sometimes C.E. is an abbreviation for "Christian era" instead of "common era", but this [[CE|also conceals the historical basis]] due to Jesus Christ being Jewish. Christianity would not exist as a separate religion until much later.
* 2 The 'X' in "Xmas" was originally an abbreviation for the Greek letter "chi" translated as "Ch", though the abbreviation eventually became a means of "[[Liberal censorship|crossing out Christ]]".
* 3 Easter was originally a pagan festival, upon which Christianity would later apply the [[Resurrection]] of Christ and surrounding events (such as the [[Crucifixion]] on [[Good Friday]]). "Resurrection Sunday" is often used to emphasize the Resurrection of Christ rather than the pagan holiday.
* 4 Washington's Birthday was February 11 in the Julian calendar, while Lincoln's Birthday was February 12 in the Gregorian. Under the Gregorian calendar, Washington's Birthday would be February 22. Thus Washington's birthday would be more accurate. ([http://usparks.about.com/od/historicalparks/a/Presidents-Day.htm source])
* 5 This was part of the original [[Pledge of Allegiance]]. "Under God" was added in the 1950s at the request of President [[Eisenhower]]. ([http://www.ushistory.org/documents/pledge.htm source]) However, atheists such as [[Michael Newdow]] have been trying to remove the phrase "under God" from the Pledge through the federal courts ([https://www.wnd.com/?pageId=138325 source])
* 6 [[Pro-choice]] people often use the phrase "birth control" regardless of whether conception has occurred.

== References ==

<references/>

{{liberalism}}
{{Conservatism}}
[[Category:Liberalism]]
[[Category:Language]]

Conservative

2022-03-04T18:49:02Z

Southeast01:

A '''conservative''' is someone who hates poor people. A conservative isn't willing to learn and advocate the insights of socialist [[economics]] for the benefit of everyone else. A conservative favors conserving value by not giving handouts to anyone who does not really need them. Conservatives are often innovative, such as [[supply-side economics]] and [[Romanticism]].

A conservative typically adheres to principles of personal [[responsibility]], moral values, and [[limited government]], agreeing with [[George Washington]]'s [[Farewell Address]] that "[[religion]] and [[morality]] are indispensable supports" to political prosperity.<ref>[http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/49.htm United States Department of State] George Washington, farewell address, 1796</ref><ref>[[Merriam-Webster]]'s Online Dictionary has the following definition of conservative: "tending or disposed to maintain existing views, conditions, or institutions : TRADITIONAL"[http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/conservative] Therefore, a conservative Christian would be one that tends to adhere to the morally sound doctrines of the early Christianity and [[Judeo-Christian]] values.</ref>

Religious conservatism is a big driver of [[social conservatism]]. Religious conservatism is growing in the world and it is affecting politics (see: [[Religious conservatism and politics]]).

[[Phil Crane]], the leading conservative congressman in the [[House]] from 1969 to 2005, urged people to make the world a better place than where they found it, and quoted frequently from the [[Bible]] in pursuit of that goal.<ref>http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/chi-phil-crane-obituary-20141109-story.html</ref>

Former President [[Ronald Reagan]] said, "The basis of conservatism is a desire for less government interference or less centralized authority or more individual freedom."<ref>http://www.reason.com/news/show/29318.html</ref>
[[File:460px-Calvin Coolidge photo portrait head and shoulders.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Calvin Coolidge]], the 30th President of the United States, was a conservative who said, "Don't expect to build up the weak by pulling down the strong."]]

==Goals and principles==
{{main|Modern conservatism}}

Specifically, conservatives seek or support:

* Support for [[Natural Law]], [[unalienable rights]], [[republicanism]], and [[Americanism]]
* [[Limited government]] and balanced budgets
* [[Capitalism]] and [[free market|free markets]]
* [[Classroom prayer]]
* Respect for human life and prohibition of [[abortion]]
* [[Abstinence]] education
* Traditional [[marriage]], not [[same-sex "marriage"]]
* The concept of retribution for crimes, including the [[death penalty]] for heinous murders proven beyond reasonable doubt
* [[Family values]], including traditional relationships and division of labor within the household
* Respect for differences between men and women, boys and girls
* Laws against [[pornography]]
* [[First Amendment]] rights to [[free speech]] and [[religious freedom]]
* The [[Second Amendment]] right to keep and bear arms
* Economic allocative efficiency (as opposed to popular equity)
* Parental control of education ([[parental rights]])
* Private medical care and retirement plans
* Canceling failed social support programs
* Opposition to [[globalism]], [[one-world government]], and the [[War on Sovereignty]]
* [[Economic nationalism]] over globalist [[free trade|"free" trade]]
* Valuing [[patriotism]], [[self-governance]], and [[sovereignty]]
* [[Border wall|Border security]] and enforcement of strong [[immigration]] laws, opposition to mass migration and [[open borders]]
* Respect for our military, both past and present
* Rejection of [[junk science]] such as [[evolution]] and [[global warming]]
* Minimal taxation
* [[Federalism]] (Separation of powers among the National, State and Local governments)
* Favoring [[states' rights]] over federal power, while accepting the Constitutional role of the federal government, and favoring [[subsidiarity]]
* Opposition to [[big government]] and the [[Nanny State]]
* A strong national defense
* An [[Originalism|Originalist]] and [[Textualism|Textualist]] interpretation of the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]], and strongly oppose [[judicial activism]]
* A dedication to the truth, and an ability to seek it
* Ending [[entitlement]] programs
* Voluntary charity to those in genuine need
__TOC__ 

==List of prominent conservatives==
===Movement===
[[Movement conservatives]] are those who accept the logic of conservatism across-the-board, and stand up for its powerful principles despite [[liberal]] ridicule. Movement conservative activists in the U.S. include:
*[[Phyllis Schlafly]], defeated the [[ERA]]
*[[Larry McDonald]], Congressman, on board [[KAL 007]] when shot down by the Soviets near [[Moneron Island]].
*[[Jesse Helms]], Senator, specialist in foreign policy
*[[Alan Keyes]], ambassador and commentator
*[[Jim Jordan]], [[Thomas Massie]], [[Steve King]], [[Tom Tancredo]], and [[Dave Brat]], Congressmen
*[[Pat Buchanan]], commentator and presidential candidate
*[[Thomas Sowell]], economist and commentator
*[[Jerry Falwell]], religion
*[[Tucker Carlson]], commentator
*[[Ann Coulter]], commentator
*[[Michelle Malkin]], blogger and columnist
*[[Roy Moore]], judge
*[[Rand Paul]], Senator
*[[Josh Hawley]], Senator
*[[Kris Kobach]], state official
*[[Michele Bachmann]], Congresswoman
*[[Ron DeSantis]], Governor of Florida
*[[George S. Patton]], Four-Star WWII General

===Presidents===
Periodically a conservative has been elected [[President of the United States of America|President of the United States]]. The most prominent conservative presidents include:
*[[George Washington]] (1789–1797)
*[[James Monroe]] (1817–1825)
*[[Grover Cleveland]] (1885–1889, 1893–1897)
*[[Warren G. Harding]] (1921–1923)
*[[Calvin Coolidge]] (1923–1929)
*[[Dwight D Eisenhower]] (1953-1961)
*[[Ronald Reagan]] (1981–1989)
*[[Donald Trump]] (2017–)

The most prominent conservative Congresses have been:

*The 80th Congress (elected in 1946)
*The 104th Congress (elected in 1994)

===Key leaders===
*[[Robert Taft]] — U.S. Senator, leader of the [[Conservative Coalition]], and unsuccessful 1948 presidential candidate
*[[Barry Goldwater]] — 1964 Republican candidate, lost to liberal Democrat [[Lyndon Johnson]] but revived the conservative movement inside the GOP
*[[Russell Kirk]] — Theorist & intellectual
*[[Robert Bork]] — legal scholar, government official, and unsuccessful Supreme Court nominee
*[[Margaret Thatcher]] — British prime minister between 1979 and 1990, held views similar to Reagan's
*[[Milton Friedman]] — Chicago-school [[libertarian]] [[economist]], influential during Reagan administration; leader of the [[Chicago School of Economics]]
*[[Clarence Thomas]] — Supreme Court justice
*[[James C. Ho]] — Federal judge, thought leader for judicial originalism

===Hall of Fame===
Conservative scholar Clinton Rossiter<ref>Rossiter, "The Giants of American Conservatism," ''American Heritage'' 1955 6(6): 56-59, 94-96, online in [[EBSCO]]</ref> names [[Alexander Hamilton]], [[John Adams]], [[John Marshall]], [[Daniel Webster]], [[John C. Calhoun]], [[Elihu Root]], and [[Theodore Roosevelt]] to the "Conservative's Hall of Fame,"'' with John Adams as the greatest of American conservatives—a dubious choice since President Adams was an ardent opponent of [[free speech]] to criticize government.

==U.S. voters==
In America, most conservatives support the [[Republican Party]], but not exclusively so. In the 2008 election, 35% of the voters identified themselves as conservatives. Of them, 78% voted for [[John McCain]] and 20% for [[Barack Hussein Obama]], with the 20% accounting for Obama's margin of victory. Only 22% of the voters were liberal; they favored Obama 89%-10%. In the middle were 44% who called themselves moderates. They split for Obama by 60%-39%. (Minor candidates won 2% of the vote.)<ref>See [https://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/polls/#USP00p1 Presidential 2008 Exit Poll]</ref>
[[File:Russell Kirk.jpg|thumbnail|300px|[[Russell Kirk]] was an American political theorist, conservative intellectual, historian of ideas, social critic, and man of letters, who is best known for his role in the American conservative movement. ]]
Conservatives generally understand liberals better than liberals understand conservatives.<ref>[https://theindependentwhig.com/haidt-passages/haidt/conservatives-understand-liberals-better-than-liberals-understand-conservatives/ Haidt: Conservatives Understand Liberals Better Than Liberals Understand Conservatives]. ''The Independent Whig''. Retrieved November 13, 2019.</ref>

===Religious differences between political conservatives and political liberals===
The Barna poll conducted in November 2008 shows significant differences between the 32% of Americans who called themselves as “mostly conservative” on social and political matters; and the 17% who called themselves “mostly liberal” on social and political matters. The others—50%--were moderates with positions somewhere in-between.<ref>See [http://www.barna.org/barna-update/article/13-culture/258-survey-shows-how-liberals-and-conservatives-differ-on-matters-of-faith on line results]</ref>

Some findings:
Political liberals are less than half as likely as political conservatives to firmly believe that the Bible is totally accurate in all of the principles it teaches (27% versus 63%, respectively); to strongly believe that [[Satan]] is real (17% versus 36%); and to firmly contend that they have a personal responsibility to share their religious beliefs with others (23% versus 48%).

[Note: "Liberal" and "conservative" in this survey are based on politics]

Liberals are also far less likely than conservatives to strongly believe each of the following:
*their religious faith is very important in their life (54% of liberals vs. 82% of conservatives);
*a person cannot earn their way into [[Heaven]] by doing good deeds or being a good person (23% vs. 37%);
*their faith is becoming an increasingly important moral guide in their life (38% vs. 70%);
*the church they currently attend is very important in helping them find direction and fulfillment in life (37% vs. 62%);
*their primary purpose in life is to love God with all their heart, mind, strength and soul (43% vs. 76%);

political conservatives were more likely than liberals to:
*read the Bible, other than at church events, during the past week (57% vs. 33%, respectively)
*attend a religious service during the past week (62% vs. 35%)
*[[pray]] to God, other than at a religious service, during the past week (91% vs. 76%)
*share their religious beliefs with others, during the past year (56% vs. 39%, among the born again Christians interviewed from each segment)
*have ever participated in a short-term missions trip, either within the U.S. or in another country (12% vs. 6%)

*2% of conservatives and 11% of liberals were [[Atheism|atheist]] or [[agnostic]]
*15% of conservatives and 2% of liberals were [[Evangelical Christians|Christian evangelicals]]
*conservatives were twice as likely as liberals to be categorized as [[born again]], based on their theological views about salvation (63% vs. 32%)
*21% of conservatives were associated with the [[Roman Catholic Church]], compared to 30% among the liberals.

== Conservative organizations ==
{{See also|Major conservative organizations}}
Several organizations exist that promote consistently conservative values.

=== Conservative news ===
{{See also|Conservative news websites}}
Some of the more notable news organizations which tend to be more conservative are [[WorldNetDaily]] and [[NewsMax]]. [[Fox News]], though often called conservative, tends to be more [[neoconservative]] than conservative.

=== Conservative magazines and blogs ===
{{See also|Conservative media}}
Well known conservative magazines in the United States include ''[[National Review]]'', ''[[Policy Review]]'', ''[[The Weekly Standard]]'' and others.

Some notable [[Conservative blogs|conservative political blogs]] include the [[Heritage Foundation]]'s Policy Weblog, ''[[Human Events]]'', [[Michelle Malkin]], Newsbusters, Townhall.com and others.

== Neoconservatives ==

American commentators who ally themselves with the conservative movement but reject its religious or moral underpinnings are generally known as [[neoconservatives]].<ref>Jonah Goldberg, [http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=ZWMxNWNiNDJkY2JmNTExY2E1MzdkYWU3MWU1MTBiOGU= "What Is a 'Conservative'?"], [[National Review|National Review Online]], 11 May 2005</ref>

In the United States, conservatives are generally characterized by the following beliefs:

# Support of [[limited government]].
# A preference for freedom of opportunity over equality of result.
# [[Patriotism]], [[nationalism]], and support of a strong defense.
# Support of the institution of [[marriage]].
# Emphasis on social values, like [[prayer]] and [[pro-life]] principles.

In contrast, neoconservatives generally support [[Big government|bigger government]] and [[globalism]], and tend to downplay the significance of social values.

== Paleoconservatives ==

[[Paleoconservatives]] are conservatives who are more focused on social issues and American [[sovereignty]] and are suspicious of both big government and big business, along with [[globalism]] and [[multiculturalism]]. They also lean against foreign interventionism. Neoconservatives criticize this with the pejorative term of "[[isolationism]]," as they believe in promoting [[democracy]] worldwide, even where different religious or value systems are incompatible with democracy-induced changes in control.

A notable paleoconservative was Democrat Congressman from Georgia, [[Larry McDonald]]. He was also second Chairman of the [[John Birch Society]], and President of Western Goals. McDonald was aboard [[Korean Airlines Flight 007]] when it was shot down by the [[Soviet Union|Soviets]] near [[Moneron Island]] in 1983. Other paleoconservatives include [[Pat Buchanan]] and [[Tom Tancredo]].

==Fiscal Conservatism vs. Social Conservatism==

''For further details on the two related philosophies, see [[Fiscal conservatism]] and [[Social conservatism]]''

Recently, a division has been created between fiscal conservatism and social conservatism. Fiscal conservatism centers around a low and [[Balanced budget|balanced]] government [[budget]], and generally is opposed to programs such as [[Social Security]] and [[Medicare]]. Its primary goal is to reduce government spending significantly. Social Conservatism, on the other hand, focuses on the moral issues of conservatism. A social conservative will oppose [[same-sex marriage]], [[abortion]], and the teaching of [[evolution]] in schools. The majority of Conservatives (including most of the [[Republican Party]]) fall into both categories, however some fall into one or the other, but not both. Notably, [[Libertarians]] are strong fiscal conservatives but are not socially conservative. For instance, the [[Libertarian Party]] Platform <ref>[http://www.lp.org/platform]</ref> expresses support for the fiscally conservative principles of ending publicly funded [[welfare]] and [[healthcare]] programs as well as reducing government spending overall significantly. However, it also expresses support for [[same-sex marriage]] (with some libertarians leaning towards the ultimate goal of total [[marriage privatization]]) as well as maintaining the legal status of abortion.

Some Republicans and [[Democrat Party|Democrats]] also fit one category but not the other. Former [[New Mexico]] governor [[Gary Johnson]], who is seeking the Republican presidential nomination in 2012, was deemed "the most fiscally conservative governor" while he was in office (and probably earned that honor given all the spending cuts he made) but at the same time, he supports [[marriage privatization]] and [[abortion]] (though he believes ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'' should be overturned on Constitutional grounds). Also, several Democrats have expressed opposition to same-sex marriage and/or abortion, but still support liberal fiscal programs such as Social Security. They would be the opposite of Johnson - socially conservative but fiscally liberal.

=== Expected growth of social conservatism and religious conservatism ===

Due to the explosive growth of [[global Christianity]] in traditional cultures and their influence on Western Christianity and the higher birth rate of [[Conservative Christianity|conservative Christians]] and religious conservatives, social conservatism is expected to rise.

The Birkbeck College, University of London professor Eric Kaufman wrote in his 2010 book ''Shall the Righteous Inherit the Earth?'' concerning America:
{{cquote|High evangelical fertility rates more than compensated for losses to liberal Protestant sects during the twentieth century. In recent decades, white secularism has surged, but Latino and Asian religious immigration has taken up the slack, keeping secularism at bay. Across denominations, the fertility advantage of religious fundamentalists of all colours is significant and growing. After 2020, their demographic weight will begin to tip the balance in the [[Culture War|culture wars]] towards the conservative side, ramping up pressure on hot-button issues such as [[abortion]]. By the end of the century, three quarters of America may be pro-life. Their activism will leap over the borders of the 'Redeemer Nation' to evangelize the world. Already, the rise of the World Congress of Families has launched a global religious right, its arms stretching across the bloody lines of the War on Terror to embrace the entire Abrahamic family.<ref>[http://questionevolution.blogspot.com/2012/05/why-are-years-2012-and-2020-key-years.html Why are 2012 and 2020 key years for Christian creationists and pro-lifers?]</ref>}}

== Personal conservatism ==
Because Conservatives often have strong political views, there can be a tendency to see conservatism as a purely political ideology. However, there is also a strong personal side to conservatism - being a conservative is as much about applying conservative values to one's everyday life as it is about campaigning and voting for conservative candidates. In general, conservatives can be characterized by a strong sense of personal [[morality]], a willingness to observe their culture's traditions and customs, and a desire to be respectable and to show due respect to other members of the community.

==History of American conservatism==
===Textbook problems===
{{See also|Textbook bias}}
College-level teaching about conservatism has been distorted by a "liberal state paradigm"—that is, [[textbook]]s usually interpret recent American history in terms of the origins and successes of political liberalism—especially the [[New Deal]], the [[welfare state]], [[labor union]]s, and [[Civil Rights Movement|Civil Rights]] for blacks and [[equality]] for women. Conservative politics is usually defined as a reaction: as a [[free market]] reply to the growth of [[big government]]; as an expression of outrage against declining support for tradition and Christian morality. Where the violent Wobblies ([[Industrial Workers of the World|IWW]]) and illegal sit down strikes of the 1930s are seen as heroic, exposing [[Communist]] subversion by [[Joe McCarthy]] is denounced as the nadir of political morality.<ref>See Leonard Moore, "Approaching Conservatism," ''OAH Magazine of History,'' 17 (January 2003) [http://www.oah.org/pubs/magazine/conservatism/moore.html online edition]</ref>

===Loyalists===
The [[Loyalists]] of the [[American Revolution]] were mostly political conservatives, some of whom produced political discourse of a high order, including lawyer [[Joseph Galloway]] and governor-historian [[Thomas Hutchinson]]. However, when the crisis came, they stood with the Crown as it tried to destroy American political liberties. After the war, the great majority remained in the U.S. and became citizens, but some leaders emigrated to other places in the British Empire. [[Samuel Seabury]] was a Loyalist who stayed and as the first American bishop played a major role in shaping the [[Episcopal]] religion, a stronghold of conservative social values. While the Loyalist political tradition died out totally it the U.S., it survives in Canadian conservatism.

===Founding Fathers===
The [[Founding Fathers]] created the single most important set of political ideas in American history, known as [[Republicanism]], which all groups, liberal and conservative alike, have drawn from. Two parties were named "Republican"—the one founded in 1794 by [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[James Madison]] (it disappeared in the 1820s), and the modern GOP founded in 1854.

During the [[First Party System]] (1790s–1820s) the [[Federalist Party]], led by [[Alexander Hamilton]], developed an important variation of republicanism that can be considered conservative. Rejecting [[monarchy]] and [[aristocracy]], they emphasized civic virtue as the core American value. The Federalists spoke for the propertied interests and the upper classes of the cities. They envisioned a modernizing land of banks and factories, with a strong army and navy. [[George Washington]] was their great hero.

On many issues, American conservatism also derives from the republicanism of [[Thomas Jefferson]] and his followers, especially [[John Randolph of Roanoke]] and his "Old Republicans" or "[[Quids]]." They idealized the [[yeoman]] farmer as the epitome of civic virtue, warned that banking and industry led to [[corruption]], that is to the illegitimate use of government power for private ends. Jefferson himself was a vehement opponent of what today is called [[judicial activism]].
<ref>[http://etext.virginia.edu/jefferson/quotations/jeff1030.htm]</ref> The Jeffersonians stressed small government.

===Ante-Bellum: Calhoun and Webster===
During the [[Second Party System]] (1830–54) the [[Whig Party]] attracted most conservatives, such as [[Daniel Webster]] of New England. [[Daniel Webster]] and other leaders of the [[Whig Party]], called it the conservative party in the late 1830s.<ref>The word was originally used in the [[French Revolution]]. The British used it after 1839 to describe a major party. The first American usage is by Whigs who called themselves "Conservatives" in the late 1830s. Hans Sperber and Travis Trittschuh, ''American Political terms: An Historical Dictionary'' (1962) 94-97.</ref> [[John C. Calhoun]], a Democrat, articulated a sophisticated conservatism in his writings. [[Richard Hofstadter]] (1948) called him "The [[Karl Marx|Marx]] of the Master Class." Calhoun argued that a conservative minority should be able to limit the power of a "majority dictatorship" because tradition represents the wisdom of past generations. (This argument echoes one made by [[Edmund Burke]], the founder of British conservatism, in ''Reflections on the Revolution in France'' (1790)). Calhoun is considered the father of the idea of minority rights, a position adopted by liberals in the 1960s in dealing with [[Civil Rights]].

The conservatism of the antebellum period is contested territory; conservatives of the 21st century disagree over what comprises their heritage. Thus [[William J. Bennett]] (2006), a prominent conservative leader, warns conservatives to NOT honor Calhoun, [[Know nothing party|Know-Nothings]], [[Copperheads (politics)|Copperheads]] and 20th century [[isolationist]]s. Other conservatives disagree with Bennett.

===Lincoln to Cleveland===
Since 1865 the [[Republican Party]] has identified itself with President [[Abraham Lincoln]], who was the ideological heir of the [[Whig Party|Whigs]] and of both [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]] and [[Alexander Hamilton|Hamilton]]. As the [[Gettysburg Address]] shows, Lincoln cast himself as a second Jefferson bringing a second birth of freedom to the nation that had been born 86 years before in Jefferson's [[Declaration of Independence|Declaration]]. The [[Copperheads (politics)|Copperheads]] of the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] reflected a [[reactionary]] opposition to modernity of the sort repudiated by modern conservatives. A few libertarians have adopted a neo-Copperhead position, arguing Lincoln was a dictator who created an all-powerful government.

In the late 19th century the [[Bourbon Democrat]]s, led by President [[Grover Cleveland]], preached against corruption, high taxes (protective [[tariff]]s), and [[imperialism]], and supported the [[gold standard]] and business interests. They were overthrown by [[William Jennings Bryan]] in 1896, who moved the mainstream of the Democrat Party permanently to the left.

The 1896 presidential election was the first with a conservative versus liberal theme in the way in which these terms are now understood. Republican [[William McKinley]] won using the pro-business slogan "[[sound money]] and protection," while Bryan's anti-bank populism had a lasting effect on economic policies of the Democrat Party.

[[William Graham Sumner]], [[Yale University|Yale]] professor (1872–1910) and polymath, vigorously promoted a libertarian conservative ethic. After dallying with [[Social Darwinism]] under the influence of [[Herbert Spencer]], he rejected [[evolution]] in his later works, and strongly opposed imperialism. He opposed monopoly and [[paternalism]] in theory as a threat to equality, democracy and middle class values, but was vague on what to do about it.<ref>Curtis, Bruce. "William Graham Sumner 'On the Concentration of Wealth.'" Journal of American History 1969 55(4): 823-832.</ref>

===Early 20th century===
In the [[Progressive Era]] (1890s-1932), regulation of industry expanded as conservatives led by Senator [[Nelson Aldrich]] of [[Rhode Island]] were put on the defensive. However, Aldrich's proposal for a strong national banking system was enacted as the [[Federal Reserve System]] in 1913. [[Theodore Roosevelt]], the dominant personality of the era, was both liberal and conservative by turns. As a liberal he took a tough [[Regulation|regulatory]] approach toward businesses and [[trust]]s, and (post-presidency) fought for social insurance for the elderly. As a conservative he led the fight to make the country a major naval power, and demanded entry into [[World War I]] to stop what he saw as the [[German Empire|German]] attacks on civilization. [[William Howard Taft]] promoted a strong federal judiciary that would overrule excessive legislation. Taft defeated Roosevelt on that issue in 1912, forcing Roosevelt out of the GOP and turning it to the right for decades. As president, Taft remade the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] with five appointments; he himself presided as chief justice in 1921–30, the only former president ever to do so.
[[Image:Gop-plank.JPG|thumb|275px|1936 cartoon shows GOP building its platform from the conservative planks abandoned by the Democrats]]
Pro-business Republicans returned to dominance in 1920 with the election of President [[Warren G. Harding]]. The presidency of [[Calvin Coolidge]] (1923–29) was a high water mark for conservatism, both politically and intellectually. Classic writing of the period includes ''Democracy and Leadership'' (1924) by Irving Babbitt and [[H.L. Mencken]]'s magazine ''American Mercury'' (1924–33). The [[Efficiency Movement]] attracted many conservatives such as [[Herbert Hoover]] with its pro-business, pro-engineer approach to solving social and economic problems. In the 1920s many American conservatives generally maintained anti-foreign attitudes and, as usual, were disinclined toward changes to the healthy economic climate of the age.

During the [[Great Depression]], other conservatives participated in the taxpayers' revolt at the local level. From 1930 to 1933, Americans formed as many as 3,000 taxpayers' leagues to protest high [[property tax]]es. These groups endorsed measures to limit and rollback taxes, lowered penalties on tax delinquents, and cuts in government spending. A few also called for illegal resistance (or tax strikes). The best known of these was led by the Association of Real Estate Taxpayers in [[Chicago]] which, at its height, had 30,000 dues-paying members.

An important intellectual movement, calling itself [[Southern Agrarians]] and based in Nashville, brought together like-minded novelists, poets and historians who argued that modern values undermined the traditions of American [[Republicanism]] and civic virtue.

The Depression brought [[liberal]]s to power under President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] (1933). Indeed, the term "liberal" now came to mean a supporter of the [[New Deal]] and Roosevelt's powerful [[New Deal Coalition]]. In 1934 [[Al Smith]] and pro-business Democrats formed the [[American Liberty League]] to fight the new liberalism, but failed to stop Roosevelt's shifting the Democrat Party to the left. In 1936 the Republicans rejected Hoover and tried the more liberal [[Alf Landon]], who carried only [[Maine]] and [[Vermont]]. When Roosevelt tried to pack the Supreme Court in 1937 the conservatives finally cooperated across party lines and defeated it with help from Vice President [[John Nance Garner]]. Roosevelt unsuccessfully tried to purge the conservative Democrats in the 1938 election. The conservatives in Congress then formed a bipartisan informal [[Conservative Coalition]] of Republicans and southern Democrats. It largely controlled Congress from 1937 to 1964. Its most prominent leaders were Senator [[Robert Taft]], a Republican of [[Ohio]], and Senator [[Richard Russell]], Democrat of [[Georgia]].

In the United States, the [[Old Right]], also called the Old Guard, was a group of [[libertarianism|libertarian]], free-market anti-interventionists, originally associated with Midwestern Republicans and Southern Democrats. The Republicans (but not the southern Democrats) were [[isolationist]]s in 1939–41, (see [[America First]]), and later opposed [[NATO]] and U.S. military intervention in the [[Korean War]].

===Later 20th century: Goldwater and Buckley ===
By 1950, [[American liberalism]] was so dominant in academia and journalism that liberal critic [[Lionel Trilling]] dismissed contemporary conservatism and anti-communism as "irritable mental gestures which seek to resemble ideas." <ref>Lapham 2004</ref> But just as Trilling was writing a revival was underway. In the 1950s, principles for a conservative political movement were hashed out in books like [[Russell Kirk]]'s ''The Conservative Mind'' (1953) and in the highly influential new magazine ''[[National Review]]'', founded by [[William F. Buckley]] in 1955.

Whereas Taft's [[Old Right]] had been [[isolationist]] the new conservatism favored American intervention overseas to oppose [[Communism]]. It looked to the [[Founding Fathers]] for historical inspiration as opposed to [[John C. Calhoun|Calhoun]] and the antebellum South.

The success of the [[Civil Rights movement]] came in the Civil Rights Act of 1957, the [[bi-partisan]] [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] and the [[Voting Rights Act]] of 1965. Conservatives supported all, but [[Barry Goldwater]] bucked party leadership to win a few Southern states for the first time since Reconstruction. Until then southern whites (both liberal and conservative) had been locked into the Democrat Party. That lock was now broken and some southern conservatives voted for Goldwater for president in 1964. In 1968, southern Democrats ran their own candidate against Richard Nixon. The southern blacks now began to vote in large numbers, and buoyed by [[Great Society]] [[entitlement]]s became Democrats, moving that party in the south to the left. In 1972 fully one third of all Democrats joined Richard Nixon's Silent Majority coalition against the far left progressive Democrats. Democrats shifted their strategy to nominating Southerners for president, Jimmy Carter in 1976, Bill Clinton in 1992 and 1996, and Al Gore in 2000. As the South became less racist, it became more Republican. By 2000, for the first time, all southern states had a conservative GOP and a liberal Democrat Party. The region split in both federal and state contests. In 2008 the [[Barack Hussein Obama|Obama]] campaign rebuilt the Clinton coalition in [[Florida]], [[Virginia]] and [[North Carolina]].

Goldwater, a charismatic figure whose intense opposition to all [[New Deal]] programs angered liberals, was defeated in a landslide in 1964. Goldwater faded and his supporters regrouped under new leadership, especially that of [[Ronald Reagan]] in [[California]], and regained strength nationally in the 1966 elections. Conservatives voted for [[Richard Nixon]] in 1968, who narrowly defeated the New Deal champion [[Hubert Humphrey]], and southern demagogue [[George Wallace]]. Nixon had come to terms with both the Goldwater wing of the party and the still-influential Rockefeller Republicans (Republicans from the [[Northeast]] who supported many New Deal programs).

===Nixon, Reagan, and Bush===

The Republican administrations of President [[Richard Nixon]] in the [[1970s]] were characterized more by their emphasis on ''[[realpolitik]]'', [[détente]], and socialist [[economic planning]] policies such as [[wage and price controls]], than by their adherence to conservative rhetoric and more liberal actions.

In the eight years of [[Ronald Reagan]]'s presidency 1981-89 the American conservative movement achieved ascendancy. In 1980 the GOP took control of the Senate for the first time since 1954, and [[conservative principles]] dominated Reagan's economic and foreign policies, with [[supply side economics]] as well as a strict opposition to [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Communism]]. The [[free trade]] movement was used as a means to promote [[capitalism]] in the [[Third World]] to counter [[Marxist]] [[national liberation movement]]s. Reagan promised to cut [[welfare]] spending but failed to do so. He did cut taxes, but raised [[military spending]] and created large [[federal deficit]]s that turned out working to our advantage, because at that time, deficits didn't matter. It should be known that the Republicans also [[Balanced budget|balanced]] the [[budget]] in the late 1990s.

An icon of the American conservative movement, Reagan is credited by his supporters with transforming American politics, galvanizing the Republican Party, uniting a coalition of economic conservatives who supported his supply-side economic policies, known as "[[Reaganomics]]," foreign policy conservatives who favored his success in stopping and rolling back Communism, and social conservatives who identified with Reagan's conservative religious and social ideals.

=== Barack Obama and American Conservatism backlash ===
In October 2009, Niles Gardiner reported in the [[Britain|British]] newspaper ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'':
{{cquote|This week’s striking [[Gallup]] poll on political ideology is further confirmation that the United States is in essence a conservative nation, which has ironically become even more conservative under [[Barack Obama]]. According to Gallup, 40 percent of Americans describe their political views as conservative, 36 percent as moderate and 20 percent as liberal. This is the first time conservatives have outnumbered moderates in America since 2004.<ref>http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/nilegardiner/100014891/barack-obama-has-failed-to-defeat-conservatism-in-america/</ref>}}

"Forty percent of Americans now self-identify as conservatives — double the amount of self-professed liberals — largely because independents are beginning to take sides."<ref>http://www.ashbrook.org/publicat/onprin/winter11/spalding.html</ref>

Conservatives strongly criticized Obama for his far-left and negative policies and the negative impact of those policies.<ref>Scaliger, Charles (February 23, 2017). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/politics/item/25433-barack-obama-s-legacy Barack Obama's Legacy]. ''The New American''. Retrieved June 20, 2018.</ref><ref>Adelmann, Bob (January 20, 2017). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/politics/item/25183-is-obama-worst-u-s-president Is Obama Worst U.S. President?] ''The New American''. Retrieved June 20, 2018.</ref><ref>Vargas, Mark (September 16, 2018). [https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/the-legacy-of-barack-obama-and-its-not-a-good-one The legacy of Barack Obama (and it's not a good one)]. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved September 16, 2018.</ref> [[Dinesh D'Souza]] wrote, "Obama's legacy is to double the national debt & dramatically reduce US influence in the world."<ref>https://twitter.com/dineshdsouza/status/760447860638789632</ref> During Obama's 8 years in office, Democrats lost over 1,000 seats in the federal and state governments.<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2016/12/27/democrats-lost-over-1000-seats-under-obama.html?refresh=true Democrats lost over 1,000 seats under Obama]. ''Fox News''. December 27, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2016.</ref>

Compare [[Progressive liberalism]].

===Donald Trump===
{{See also|Donald Trump achievements}}
Despite heavy opposition from the political [[establishment]], businessman [[Donald Trump]] defeated sixteen other candidates in the Republican primaries and defeated the heavy favorite in the general election, Hillary Clinton. As president, Trump enacted strongly conservative policies in issues such as deregulation, trade, immigration, religious freedom, abortion, and judges.

==Conservatism outside the United States==
===Conservatives in continental Europe===
Conservatism in Europe is generally synonymous with [[Euroskepticism]] and [[right-wing populism]] – ideologies that support local control, [[self-governance]], [[patriotism]] and national identity, [[sovereignty]], less immigration, and a more limited government as opposed to an endless EU bureaucracy. While mainstream [[establishment]] parties in Europe are also occasionally labeled "conservative" by the media, they share many of the same policies as globalism and liberalism.

Conservative parties in Europe include the [[Swiss People's Party]], [[Law and Justice]], [[Fidesz]], [[Lega Nord]], the [[Austrian Freedom Party]], [[Sweden Democrats]], [[Finns Party]], [[Conservative People's Party of Estonia]], [[Vox (Spain)|Vox]], and the [[Alternative for Germany]], among other parties. Prominent continental European conservatives include [[Viktor Orbán]], [[Václav Klaus]], [[Matteo Salvini]], [[Santiago Abascal]], [[Christoph Blocher]], [[Jarosław Kaczyński]], [[Santiago Abascal]], and [[Norbert Hofer]].

Right-wing populism in Europe has grown since the [[Eurozone Crisis]] and [[European migrant crisis]].

===Conservatives in Britain===

Conservatism has a strong tradition in the [[United Kingdom]], with figures such as [[John Locke]] and [[Edmund Burke]] laying its philosophical foundation. Most British conservatives belong to the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] – a [[big tent]] party that includes both consistent conservatives and liberal [[globalists]] – as well as the [[United Kingdom Independence Party]], [[Brexit Party]], and the [[Democratic Unionist Party]]. Some notable British conservatives include [[Winston Churchill]], [[Enoch Powell]], [[Margaret Thatcher]], [[Ian Paisley]], [[Nigel Farage]], [[Raheem Kassam]], and [[Jacob Rees-Mogg]].

Up until the mid-19th century, the forerunner of the Conservative Party were known as [[Tory|Tories]], and the name has persisted as a common nickname both for the political party and those believed to be in agreement with it. Since the mid-to-late 1970s, British conservatives have been defined by an advocacy of [[laissez-faire]] economics, privatization and lower taxation. In recent years the Conservative Party has moved away from the social conservatism which once characterized it, and the current party policy includes, for example, support for [[abortion]] on demand, gay [[civil partnership]], the [[Kyoto Treaty]] and to oppose [[capital punishment]] (although it should be noted that such policies have little support among the party's grassroots membership).<ref>John Charmley, ''A History of Conservative Politics Since 1830'', (2nd ed. 2008)</ref> In common with conservatives in many other countries, British Conservatives tend towards a patriotic rather than internationalist outlook, and are traditionally skeptical of the [[European Union]].

[[Margaret Thatcher]] revitalized the British conservatives much like Reagan revitalized American conservatives. During her tenure as Prime Minister, she cut taxes, trimmed back at government waste, and exercised a strong national defense abroad (including the [[Falklands War]] of 1982).

Levels of prayer and worship are much lower in [[England]] and [[Wales]] than in the U.S., and religious issues thereby play less of a role in public discourse. However, religious issues remain a significant factor in [[Northern Ireland]] and in 2008 religious issues were significant during a special election in [[Scotland]].

The broadcast media (dominated by the [[BBC]]) is almost exclusively [[liberal]] in tone. The print media is slightly different with conservative-leaning newspapers like the ''[[Daily Mail]]'', ''[[Daily Express]]'' and ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' selling more copies than their rivals.<ref>[http://www.mediauk.com/the_knowledge/i.muk/An_introduction_to_newspapers_in_the_UK Media UK; Introduction to newspapers in the UK]</ref> However, even the print media generally leans liberal.

===Conservatives in Canada===
Many Canadian conservatives align with the [[Conservative Party of Canada]], though the party does not strongly adhere to conservative values. The [[Christian Heritage Party]] is an example of a smaller but more consistent conservative Canadian party.

===Conservatives in Australia===

Australia was once more conservative than England but sweeping [[gun control]] laws pushed the nation leftward toward greater dependency on government in the last decade. In 2009, opposition to government control based on alleged [[global warming]] galvanized conservatives there and they led the [[Liberal Party of Australia]] to a repudiation of an emissions trading scheme.<ref>http://www.smh.com.au/national/shock-result-as-abbott-wins-liberal-leadership-by-one-vote--ets-dead-20091201-k1uz.html</ref> Conservatives also support smaller political parties such as the [[Family First Party]].

=== Conservatives in Latin America ===
In the early 21st century, [[Latin America]] has been shifting to the right,<ref>Multiple references:
* https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/18/world/americas/chile-election-latin-america-politics.html
*Martel, Frances (December 25, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/national-security/2017/12/25/5-major-conservative-victories-latin-america-2017/ 5 Major Conservative Victories in Latin America in 2017]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
*Pearson, Samantha (April 8, 2018). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/brazil-turns-rightward-heralding-new-chapter-for-latin-america-1523216901 Brazil Turns Rightward, Heralding New Chapter for Latin America]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
*Pearson, Samantha; Magalhaes, Luciana (October 28, 2018). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/brazilians-head-to-polls-in-divisive-presidential-election-1540724400 Conservative’s Win Signals Sharp Rightward Turn in Brazil]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
*Kew, Ben (December 25, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/national-security/2018/12/25/crash-of-the-pink-tide-latin-america-continues-shift-rightwards-in-2018/ Crash of the Pink Tide: Latin America Continues Shift Rightwards in 2018]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved January 1, 2019.
*Forero, Juan; Luhnow, David (December 19, 2019). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-leftist-pink-tide-in-latin-america-is-receding-11576772757 The Leftist ‘Pink Tide’ in Latin America Is Receding ]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
See also:
*Martel, Frances (December 22, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/latin-america/2018/12/22/brazils-conservatives-turn-ambitions-towards-global-anti-socialist-alliance/ Brazil’s Conservatives Turn Ambitions Towards Global Anti-Socialist Alliance]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved January 1, 2019.</ref> and conservative [[evangelical Christians]] have been growing in political influence.<ref>Puglie, Frederic (February 19, 2018). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/feb/19/latin-american-voters-turn-evangelicals-social-con/ Evangelicals' newfound political clout in Latin America unnerves politicians, Catholic Church]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved October 28, 2018.</ref><ref>Polimédio, Chayenne (January 24, 2018). [https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/01/the-evangelical-takeover-of-brazilian-politics/551423/ The Rise of the Brazilian Evangelicals]. ''The Atlantic''. Retrieved October 28, 2018.</ref>

Some notable Latin American conservatives include [[Jair Bolsonaro]] (Brazil), [[Eduardo Bolsonaro]] (Brazil), [[Ernesto Araújo]] (Brazil), [[Agustín Laje]] (Argentina), [[Nicolás Márquez]] (Argentina), [[José Antonio Kast]] (Chile), [[Hermógenes Pérez de Arce]] (Chile), [[Jimmy Morales]] (Guatemala), [[Fabricio Alvarado]] (Costa Rica),<ref>Cullinan Hoffman, Matthew (February 5, 2018). [https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/christian-minister-dominates-costa-rican-presidential-election-polls-after Christian minister takes lead in Costa Rican presidential election after vowing to stop gay agenda]. ''LifeSiteNews''. Retrieved October 28, 2018.</ref> [[Alberto Fujimori]] (Peru), [[Keiko Fujimori]] (Peru), [[Alvaro Uribe]] (Colombia) and [[Mario Abdo Benítez]] (Paraguay).

=== Conservatism and the French Revolution ===

Conservatism in France and the European continent generally arose in the after 1790 as a response to the radicalism of the [[French Revolution]].

== Benefits of Conservatism ==

Several facets of conservatism function in unison to make it an effective and powerful philosophy. Conservatism emphasizes personal freedom, independence, and initiative; this allows the [[best of the public]] to rise to their natural level of achievement. Conservatives recognize that [[big government]] fosters dependency and stifles individual achievement—and thus, weakens society as a whole.

At the same time, conservatives also recognize that with individual freedom comes [[individual responsibility]]. In the absence of a hand-holding [[nanny state]], it is imperative that each individual take responsibility for his own actions, and exercise his rights and freedoms wisely and with discretion. Thus, [[social conservatism]] is also critical to a successful society, as it emphasizes the importance of [[morality]], duty, and responsibility to one's self and fellow men.

=== American conservatives and happiness ===

''See also:'' [[American liberalism and 21st century political losses]] and [[Secular leftists and psychogenic illness]]

''Time'' magazine reported: "In the "who's happier?" race, a whole body of research shows conservatives report being happier. [http://www.sciencemag.org/content/347/6227/1243 Four new studies] published in ''Science'' hint at a possible reason why.<ref>[http://time.com/3744433/liberals-conservatives-happiness/ Liberals are More Honest Than Conservatives When They Smile], Time Magazine, 2015</ref>

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| style="text-align: center; padding: 10px 40px 10px 40px;" | [[Previous Breaking News/Conservatives|Previous Breaking News: Conservatives]]
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== See also ==
*[[Modern conservatism]]
*[[Conservative resources]]
*[[Previous Breaking News/Conservatives|Articles about '''Conservatives''' from previous "Breaking News"]]
*[[More News/Conservatives|Articles about '''Conservatives''' from "More News"]]
*[[Conservative Links]]
*[[Essay:Fair and balanced is not part of the Conservative platform]]
*[[Conservative politicians]]
*[[Liberal]]
*[[Larry McDonald]]

==Further reading==
* Critchlow, Donald T. ''The Conservative Ascendancy: How the GOP Right Made Political History'' (2007)
* Filler, Louis. ''Dictionary of American Conservatism The First Complete Guide to Issues, People, Organizations and Events'' (1987), useful older encyclopedia
* Frank, Thomas. ''What's the Matter with Kansas?: How Conservatives Won the Heart of America'' (2005), a liberal perspective [https://www.amazon.com/Whats-Matter-Kansas-Conservatives-America/dp/080507774X/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193685789&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Frohnen, Bruce et al. eds. ''American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia'' (2006), the most detailed reference
* Judis, John B. ''William F. Buckley, Jr.: Patron Saint of the Conservatives'' (1988) [https://www.amazon.com/William-F-Buckley-Jr-Conservatives/dp/0743217977/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1207759425&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Kirk, Russell. ''The Conservative Mind''. (7th ed. 2001). highly influential conservative history of ideas [http://www.historyebook.org/ online at ACLS e-books]
* Link, William A. ''Righteous warrior: Jesse Helms and the rise of modern conservatism'' (2008) 643 pages
* Micklethwait, John, and Adrian Wooldridge. ''The Right Nation,'' (2004) influential survey [https://www.amazon.com/Right-Nation-Conservative-Power-America/dp/B000F71124/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1205919226&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Micklethwait, John, and Adrian Wooldridge. ''God Is Back: How the Global Revival of Faith Is Changing the World'' (2009)
* Nash, George. ''The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945'' (2006), excellent scholarly history. [https://www.amazon.com/Conservative-Intellectual-Movement-America-Since/dp/1933859121/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241925238&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
*Pemberton, William E. ''Exit with Honor: The Life and Presidency of Ronald Reagan'' (1998) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/exit-with-honor-the-life-and-presidency-of-ronald-reagan-by-william-e-pemberton.jsp online edition]
*Perlstein, Rick. ''Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus'' (2004) on 1964 [https://www.amazon.com/Before-Storm-Goldwater-Unmaking-Consensus/dp/0809028581/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193684721&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
*Perlstein, Rick. ''Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America'' (2008) [https://www.amazon.com/Nixonland-Rise-President-Fracturing-America/dp/074324303X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241924189&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Schneider, Gregory L. ed. ''Conservatism in America Since 1930: A Reader'' (2003)
*Schoenwald; Jonathan. ''A Time for Choosing: The Rise of Modern American Conservatism'' (2002) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104931191 online edition] also [http://www.historyebook.org/ online at ACLS e-books]
* Schweizer, Peter, and Wynton C. Hall, eds. ''Landmark Speeches of the American Conservative Movement'' (2007) [https://www.amazon.com/Landmark-Speeches-American-Conservative-Movement/dp/1585445983/ref=sr_1_4/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193685365&sr=1-4 excerpt and text search]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.aim.org/wls/category/conservatives/ What Liberals Say - Category: Conservatives], [[Accuracy In Media]]
*[https://www.youtube.com/user/rescueKAL007#p/a/FD3DE4F0642C350C/0/1c8v-kgLvhM Pat Buchanan's "Crossfire" interview with [[Larry McDonald]] 3 months before downing of [[KAL 007]], Ron Paul intro]
*[http://www.conservativedirectory.com Directory of Conservative Websites - Category: Conservatives], [[Politics]]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnYUbkVWglc Coming Out in 2019], Neel Kolhatkar, Jan 22, 2019.

{{Conservatism}}
[[Category:Conservative]]
[[Category:American History]]
[[Category:Reagan Era]]
[[Category:1960s]]

Hell

2022-03-04T18:46:13Z

Southeast01:

[[Image:Hieronymus Bosch - The Garden of Earthly Delights - Hell.jpg|right|300px|thumb|''Hell'', painted by [[Hieronymus Bosch]], part of ''[[The Garden of Earthly Delights]]''.]]
'''Hell''' is where this sites admins are going.

In the English translation of the [[Bible]]'s [[Old Testament]], the word '''Hell''' normally corresponds to the [[Hebrew]] ''sheol'', which was simply the place of the dead. But in the [[Greek language|Greek]] [[New Testament]] the word used is either ''Gehenna'' (the garbage dump outside the walls of Jerusalem where fires were kept eternally burning to consume the refuse and keep down the stench) or ''Hades'', the [[Greek mythology|Greek]]s' dark, gloomy underworld. The modern English word appears to derive most directly from "Hel", goddess of the dead in Germanic/[[Norse mythology]]. When the [[Anglo-Saxons]] later embraced [[Christianity]], the existing word in the language was reused in the new Christian concepts.

According to [[G. K. Chesterton]], Hell is God's great compliment to the reality of human freedom and the dignity of human choice.<ref>{{cite web |title=Famous quotes by Gilbert Keith Chesterton |author=Gilbert Keith Chesterton |publisher=Quotes.net |url=http://www.quotes.net/authors/Gilbert+Keith+Chesterton |quote=Hell is God's great compliment to the reality of human freedom and the dignity of human choice.}}</ref> To Christians, Hell is a place where the souls of the wicked are punished eternally for all the [[sins]] they perpetrated during their lifetime on Earth. Since all have sinned (Rom 3:23), Hell can not be avoided on one's own merits, but through the love gift of [[Jesus]] one can know, love, and serve [[God]] and share eternity with Him in [[Heaven]].

Christian and [[Muslim]] religious traditions often emphasize the ''Gehenna'' aspect: Hell is extremely hot and filled with fire and [[brimstone]]. Opinion varies on the question of whether, while Hell itself is eternal, experience of it purges away the sins of sufferers to the point of eventual redemption. See [[purgatory]]. A minority of Christians do not believe in an eternal Hell as punishment, believing instead that the souls of the wicked are annihilated. This view, which is directly contradicted by Scripture, is referred to as [[Annihilationism]]. Other deniers of Scripture question whether Hell has a literal burning fire, or it is merely separation from God and therefore has the same torment as if there were a burning fire. This view has been supported by writers such as [[J.P. Moreland]], although the Bible clearly contradicts this view and other symbolic interpretations of Hell. In truth, Hell is a real, spiritual place where God is absent and the wicked are punished for their sins.

== Hell in the Bible ==

Although Hell is a focus and a concern in Christian theology, the Bible has an even greater focus. In the [[King James Version]] the word Hell is mentioned 54 times, but [[Heaven]] is mentioned 551 times.

* [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] 13:41-42 - ''The Son of man shall send forth his angels, and they shall gather out of his kingdom all things that offend, and them which do iniquity; And shall cast them into a furnace of fire: there shall be wailing and gnashing of teeth.'''

* Matthew 25:41 - ''Then shall he say also unto them on the left hand, Depart from me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the devil and his angels.''

* Matthew 25:46 - ''And these shall go away into everlasting punishment: but the righteous into life eternal.''

* [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]] 9:43 - ''And if thy hand offend thee, cut it off: it is better for thee to enter into life maimed, than having two hands to go into Hell, into the fire that never shall be quenched.''

* 2 Thes 1:7-8 - ''And to you who are troubled rest with us, when the Lord Jesus shall be revealed from Heaven with His mighty angels, in flaming fire taking vengeance on them that know not God, and that obey not the Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ.''

* [[Book of Revelation|Revelation]] 20:10 - ''And the devil that deceived them was cast into the lake of fire and brimstone, where the beast and the false prophet are, and shall be tormented day and night for ever and ever.''

* Revelation 20:14-15 - ''And death and Hell were cast into the lake of fire. This is the second death. And whosoever was not found written in the book of life was cast into the lake of fire.''

== Atheism and Hell ==
[[File:Damned souls going to hell.jpg|thumbnail|260px|right|Last Judgment by Johann Georg Unruhe - Damned souls going to [[Hell]].]]
''See also:'' [[Atheism and Hell]] and [[Atheism and death]]

[[Atheism|Atheists]] often disagree with the [[Christianity|Christian]] belief of eternal punishment in Hell, yet they never explain how justice is accomplished relative to evildoers who escape punishment on earth (see: [[Atheism and justice]]). And rather than [[repentance|repent]] and accept the [[gospel]] message, they engage in [[denial]]ism about their [[sin]] and attempt to suppress the truth of [[God]]'s existence. See also: [[Atheism and hatred of God]]

The Christian evangelist [[Ray Comfort]] often gives atheists the [https://www.livingwaters.com/are-you-a-good-person/ good person test] in order to assist atheists in recognizing their sinful nature.

=== The journalist and ex-atheist Peter Hitchens and fear of hell ===

The journalist and [[ex-atheists|ex-atheist]] [[Peter Hitchens]], who is the brother of the late atheist [[Christopher Hitchens]], said upon seeing an art exhibit of [[Michelangelo]]'s painting ''The Last Judgment'' he came to the realization that he might be judged which startled him.<ref>[http://vimeo.com/10354237 Interview of Peter Hitchens] - Video at Vimeo</ref> This started a train of thought within Peter Hichens that eventually led him to become a [[Christian]].<ref>[http://vimeo.com/10354237 Interview of Peter Hitchens] - Video at Vimeo</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Dante's Inferno]]
* [[Mystery:What Percentage Go To Hell?|What percentage of people go to Hell?]]
* [[Mystery:Why would a loving God send people to hell for eternity?|Why would a loving God send people to hell for eternity?]]
* [[Degrees of punishment in hell]]
* [[Revelation, Book of (historical exegesis)]]

==External links==
*[http://bertschlossberg.blogspot.com/ The Gates of Hell: Assault on the Enemy Kingdom]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Abrahamic Religions]]