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Tomaso Albinoni

2020-01-30T03:31:28Z

Sir Rapator: I deleted Adagio in G Minor, as the notion that Albinoni composed it was a musical hoax perpetuated by Remo Giazotto

[[Image:Albinoni.jpg|right]]
'''Tomaso Giovanni Albinoni''' ( born in Venice in 1671 - Venice, 1751) was an [[Italian]] Baroque [[composer]].

<blockquote>
He first came to public notice as a composer when, in 1694, his first opera, ''"Zenobia, regina de Palmireni"'', was produced in Venice and his first collection of instrumental music (''"Sonata a tre, op.1"'') appeared.<ref>[http://www.goldbergweb.com/en/history/composers/10198.php Biography]</ref>
</blockquote>
== Some works ==
Albinoni was a prolific composer.

''Most of his operatic works have been lost, having not been published during his lifetime. Nine collections of instrumental works were however published, meeting with considerable success and consequent reprints; thus it is as a composer of instrumental music (99 sonatas, 59 concertos and 9 sinfonias) that he is known today. '' <ref>[http://www.baroquemusic.org/bqxalb.html Albinoni]</ref>

* Zenobia, regina de Palmireni
* Concerto for String Orchestra Opus 5, No. 1
* La Griselda
* Artamene
* Concerto for Oboe & String in D. Major, Allegro e non-presto

== See also ==

*[[Antonio Vivaldi]]
*[[Johann Sebastian Bach]]
*[[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]

== External links ==

*[http://www.baroquemusic.org/bqxalb.html Tomaso Albinoni]
*[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0016846/ Filmography]

== References ==

<references/>

[[Category:Composers|Albinoni, Tomaso]]

Iran flight 655

2019-12-22T00:14:45Z

Sir Rapator: Fixed a minor typo

'''Iran flight 655''' was an [[Iran]]ian flight to [[Dubai]] that was intercepted by a US navy ship named the USS ''Vincennes'', which the plane down with a missile. The attack has been subject to much controversy ever since it happened in 1988, with people speculating over whether the US navy attacked the passenger plane without the knowledge that the plane was not a fighter jet or whether it was deliberate. The accident resulted in the deaths of 290 passengers, including 66 children, and no survivors, making it the 8th deadliest aviation disaster of all time.

In the aftermath of the incident, the Reagan administration stated that the crew of Vincennes had acted appropriately to the situation. The US government was soon to back down and claim that the incident was an error that occurred because the USS Vincennes mistook the passenger plane's flight for that of an F-14A Tomcat in an attack run, but the combat system of the ship recorded that the plane was ascending, in contrary to an attack run, where the jet should be descending. However, in 2000, the US government stated a more plausible hypothesis that the attack was a result of scenario fulfillment, where soldiers under pressure will carry out a training scenario whilst ignoring elements and information that contradicts it, leading the Navy men to ignore evidence of the plane being a passenger plane such as its flight path, and its relatively slow speed when placed in comparison to that of a F-14A Tomcat.

[[Category:Iran]]
[[Category:1980s]]
[[Category:Reagan Era]]

Iran flight 655

2019-12-20T00:43:33Z

Sir Rapator: I added an image to the article.

[[File:Https://external-preview.redd.it/jcHVIkSnZQFcTq-4vRgPPc45SXqSXk4nNaq2p7q6uxU.jpg?auto=webp&s=bbaf89c2ce5f67aa44c0b534d71c48b9814299e8|thumbnail|Photograph of the corpses of the victims]]
Iran flight 655 was an Iranian flight to Dubai that was intercepted by a US navy ship named the USS ''Vincennes'', which the plane down with a missile. The attack has been subject to much controversy ever since it happened in 1988, with people speculating over whether the US navy attacked the passenger plane without the knowledge that the plane was not a fighter jet or whether it was deliberate. The accident resulted in the deaths of 290 passengers, including 66 children, and no survivors, making it the 8th deadliest aviation disaster of all time.

In the aftermath of the incident the Reagan administration stated that the crew of Vincennes had acted appropriately to the situation. The US government was soon to back down and claim that the incident was an error that occured because the USS Vincennes mistook the passenger plane's flight for that of a F-14A Tomcat in an attack run, but the combat system of the ship recorded that the plane was ascending, in contrary to an attack run, where the jet should be descending. However, in 2000, the US government stated a more plausible hypothesis that the attack was a result of scenario fulfillment, where soldiers under pressure will carry out a training scenario whilst ignoring elements and informations that contradict it, leading the Navy men to ignore evidence of the plane being a passenger plane such as its flight path, and its relatively slow speed when placed in comparison to that of a F-14A Tomcat.

Achaemenid Empire

2019-12-20T00:35:14Z

Sir Rapator: Fixed the date, as the conquest was finished in the early 320s and not in the late 330s.

The '''Achaemenid Empire''' (Old Persian ''Hakhāmanishiya'') (559 BC–330 BC) was the first in a series of [[Persia]]n [[empire]]s to rule over [[Greater Iran]], and many other parts of the [[Middle East]]. At its greatest expanse, the Achaemenid Empire ruled over parts of present-day [[Afghanistan]], west [[Pakistan]], northern [[Egypt]], all of [[Iraq]] ([[Mesopotamia]]), [[Syria]], [[Turkey]] (Asia Minor), [[Jordan]], [[Israel]], and northern [[Saudi Arabia]]. The empire was the largest in [[Classical Antiquity|classical antiquity]]. It was fully conquered by [[Alexander the Great]] by 327 BC.
==History==
===Early Years===
===[[Greco-Persian Wars]]===
===Conquered by [[Alexander the Great]]===
==Culture==
===Art===
===Architecture===
===Language===
===Customs===
===Cuisine===
===Religion===
==Politics==
===Government===
===Communication===
===Economy===

[[Category:Ancient History]]

Iran flight 655

2019-12-20T00:31:34Z

Sir Rapator: I created an article about Iran flight 655. It is rather surprising to see that Korean Air Lines Flight 007 has an immense documented article whilst this incident was completely neglected.

Iran flight 655 was an Iranian flight to Dubai that was intercepted by a US navy ship named the USS ''Vincennes'', which the plane down with a missile. The attack has been subject to much controversy ever since it happened in 1988, with people speculating over whether the US navy attacked the passenger plane without the knowledge that the plane was not a fighter jet or whether it was deliberate. The accident resulted in the deaths of 290 passengers, including 66 children, and no survivors, making it the 8th deadliest aviation disaster of all time.

In the aftermath of the incident the Reagan administration stated that the crew of Vincennes had acted appropriately to the situation. The US government was soon to back down and claim that the incident was an error that occured because the USS Vincennes mistook the passenger plane's flight for that of a F-14A Tomcat in an attack run, but the combat system of the ship recorded that the plane was ascending, in contrary to an attack run, where the jet should be descending. However, in 2000, the US government stated a more plausible hypothesis that the attack was a result of scenario fulfillment, where soldiers under pressure will carry out a training scenario whilst ignoring elements and informations that contradict it, leading the Navy men to ignore evidence of the plane being a passenger plane such as its flight path, and its relatively slow speed when placed in comparison to that of a F-14A Tomcat.

Achaemenid Empire

2019-12-19T23:50:05Z

Sir Rapator: Whilst the greatest extent of the Achaemenid empire was 8 million km2, the Macedonian empire's greatest extent was 5.2 million km2, thus Alexander's empire never succeeded to surpass the size of the Achaemenid empire.

The '''Achaemenid Empire''' (Old Persian ''Hakhāmanishiya'') (559 BC–330 BC) was the first in a series of [[Persia]]n [[empire]]s to rule over [[Greater Iran]], and many other parts of the [[Middle East]]. At its greatest expanse, the Achaemenid Empire ruled over parts of present-day [[Afghanistan]], west [[Pakistan]], northern [[Egypt]], all of [[Iraq]] ([[Mesopotamia]]), [[Syria]], [[Turkey]] (Asia Minor), [[Jordan]], [[Israel]], and northern [[Saudi Arabia]]. The empire was the largest in [[Classical Antiquity|classical antiquity]].

==History==
===Early Years===
===[[Greco-Persian Wars]]===
===Conquered by [[Alexander the Great]]===
==Culture==
===Art===
===Architecture===
===Language===
===Customs===
===Cuisine===
===Religion===
==Politics==
===Government===
===Communication===
===Economy===

[[Category:Ancient History]]

Palestine

2019-12-19T23:44:51Z

Sir Rapator: Its spelled 'musakhan' dumbass

[[File:Map of the Holy Land.jpg|thumb|Map of the Holy Land Divided into the XII Tribes of Israel, by Emanuel Bowen, PUBLISHED 1752.]]
'''Palestine''' (from Latin: Palaestina; Hebrew: פלשת‎ Pleshet, פלשתינה Palestina; Arabic: فلسطين‎ Filastīn, Falastīn) is a name sometimes given to part of the land that generally comprises the [[Promised Land]] given to the [[Israelites]] / [[Jews]] in the [[Bible]]. Though historically [[Jews]] did reside there, it is not directly associated with the Jewish promise, as it is a geopolitical designation more than a religious one. Palestine was a later name for the province of Judea in the [[Roman Empire]], who ruled the Jewish people at that time.<ref>http://www.palestinefacts.org/pf_early_palestine_name_origin.php</ref> The Romans also renamed Jerusalem to Aelia Capitolina.

After the [[Romans]] renamed Israel as Syria Palestina in 132-135 AD, Palestine is one of many names for the geographic region between the Mediterranean Sea and the River Jordan. Many different definitions of the region have been in usage in the past three thousand years. It was never an Arab state, and much of its history has been falsified by the "Palestinian" movement and its sympathizers in order to create a new identity to give the Arab nations a new weapon to use to fight against the nation of [[Israel]].

==Ancient==
: ''Main Article: [[Israel#History|History of Israel]]''

The Hebrew scriptures call the region Canaan when referring to the pre-Israelite period,(Hebrew: כּנען‎) and afterwards Israel (Yisrael). The name "Land of the Hebrews" (Hebrew: ארץ העברים‎, Eretz Ha-Ivrim) is also found. The wide area appears to be the habitat of the ancient ethnic Hebrews, though perhaps shared with other ethnic groups. The land of Canaan is part of the land given to the descendants of Abraham, which extends from the Nile to the Euphrates River (Genesis 15:18). Already in Genesis 12:6 and 7 we can read: ''And Abram passed through the land unto the place of Sichem, unto the plain of Moreh. And the Canaanite was then in the land. And the LORD appeared unto Abram, and said, Unto thy seed will I give this land.'' This land is said to include an area called Aram Naharaim, which includes Haran in modern Turkey.

In the Koran, the term الأرض المقدسة ("Holy Land", Al-Ard Al-Muqaddasah) is mentioned at least seven times, once which claims [[Moses]] proclaims to the Children of Israel: "O my people! Enter the holy land which Allah hath assigned unto you, and turn not back ignominiously, for then will ye be overthrown, to your own ruin." (Surah 5:21)

Originally inhabited by a loose bonding of [[Canaan]]ite tribes, the Israelites settled into the area after [[the Exodus]] from [[Egypt]] and were partially successful in driving out the Canannites and making it their home. Migrations from the "Peoples of the Sea" led to a strong [[Phillistine]] presence on the coastline, but they were generally subdued by [[King David]] and [[Solomon]] during the height of ancient Israel. The kingdom was subsequently divided into the [[Northern Kingdom]] and [[Judea]] upon the death of Solomon. The Northern Kingdom, and the remnants of the Philistine kingdoms, were conquered by the [[Assyrian]]s in the late 8th century B.C. and the kingdom of Judea fell under [[Babylonian]] control in the late 7th century and lost their independence completely in 586 B.C. with the fall of [[Jerusalem]], their capital. The Jews were allowed to return under the [[Persian Empire]] and the entire area was conquered by [[Alexander the Great]] around 330 B.C. When his empire broke apart at his death and consolidated into four different regions, it was the [[Ptolemies]] centered in Egypt who controlled the region for the better part of the next two centuries, but conquest by the [[Seleucids]] led to a harsh religious persecution on the Jews in the region. The Jews revolted and had their independence for almost 100 years before a civil war courted Roman intervention and the area came under Roman control and eventually became the province of Palestine. Byzantine rule was forcefully removed by the great Islamic waves of the 7th century A.D. Portions of Palestine were reclaimed under Crusader control from the late 11th century until the mid 13th century, but the overall region was under Islamic control for over 1000 years. Worth mentioning that the Philistines who at one time lived in part of the area were completely conquered by [[King David]].

In the mid-1200s, Mamelukes, originally soldier-slaves of the Arabs based in Egypt, established an empire that in time included the area of Palestine. Arab-speaking Muslims made up most of the population of the area once called Palestine. Beginning in the late 1300s, Jews from Spain and other Mediterranean lands settled in Jerusalem and other parts of the land. The Ottoman Empire defeated the Mamelukes in 1517, and Palestine became part of the Ottoman Empire. The Turkish Sultan invited Jews fleeing the Spanish Catholic inquisition to settle in the Turkish empire, including several cities in Palestine.<ref>[http://www.mideastweb.org/briefhistory.htm Israel and Palestine: A Brief History.]</ref>

==Modern History==
The breakup of the [[Ottoman Empire]] after their defeat in [[World War I]] saw the region come under the control of [[Great Britain]]. While there was always a Jewish remnant who never left, Jewish re-emigration to the area increased under the tolerant eyes of the British. This increased after the atrocities of World War II and the areas were given their independence with Palestine being divided into separate Jewish and Arab nations, the Jewish nation being called Israel and the Arab Palestine.

[[File:Six Day War Territories.svg.png|thumb|"Six Day War" Territories.]]
A war broke out in which the Jews expanded their borders and the self-claimed Arab nation of "Palestine" was absorbed by Jordan. Hostility between the Arabs and Jews continued and in 1967 Israel conquered the West Bank from Jordan, taking the bulk of the Jewish land that had been the "Palestinian state". UN resolution 242 called for the Israeli removal from that land, but it did not occur. Attempts to hold Israel accountable were vetoed in the Security Council by the United States. Although the land was part of Jordan, Jordan relinquished its rights in the 1980s telling the Israelis to speak with the "Palestinian" Arabs directly. The 1967 Israel borders have no popular support among ordinary "Palestinian" residents. What most people call the 1967 Israel borders is really a cease-fire line (armistice) dating back to 1949; this armistice agreement was never a permanent treaty between Israel and any Arab country.<ref>[https://www.conservativenewsandviews.com/2011/05/21/talk/1967-israel-borders-have-no-basis/ 1967 Israel borders have no basis.]</ref>

In 1988, the Kingdom of Jordan renounced all claims to the territory known as Judea and Samaria within Israel, and "The West Bank" to the rest of the world.<ref name=renounce>"[http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/his_periods9.html Jordan, History of: Disengagement from the West Bank]," from the official histories of Jordan. Retrieved April 8, 2012. Cited in Hurlbut TA, "[https://www.conservativenewsandviews.com/2012/04/02/news/world-news/settlements-israel-legal/ Settlements in Israel: Legal or Not]?" ''Conservative News and Views'', 2 April 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.</ref> In 1994 Jordan made that renunciation permanent. It negotiated a permanent treaty of peace with Israel. That treaty set the boundary along the Jordan and Yarmouk Rivers, through the Dead Sea, then southwest along the ''Emek Ha’arava'' (or ''Wadi Araba'' in [[Arabic]]) line to the Gulf of Aqaba.<ref name=jordantreaty>"[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace%20Process/Guide%20to%20the%20Peace%20Process/Israel-Jordan%20Peace%20Treaty Treaty of Peace Between the State of Israel and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, October 26, 1994]," Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Israel. Retrieved 8 April 2012. Cited in Hurlbut TA, "[https://www.conservativenewsandviews.com/2012/04/02/news/world-news/settlements-israel-legal/ Settlements in Israel: Legal or Not]?" ''Conservative News and Views'', 2 April 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.</ref> For that reason, the Judea-Samaria region is ''not'' an occupied territory at all as anti-Semitic liberals claim it to be, but a territory under military administration, the civilian population of which (with key exceptions) have leaders desiring secession and independence.

Today's "Palestinian" Arabs are children and grandchildren of [[Arab]] immigrants from surrounding nations such as Jordan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Senegal and Sudan.<ref>[https://www.frontpagemag.com/fpm/269039/big-palestinian-lie-daniel-greenfield ]</ref><ref>http://www.peacefaq.com/palestinians.html</ref><ref>http://www.meforum.org/article/522</ref>
[[File:Gaza War 18 07 2014.jpg|thumb|left|East of [[Gaza City]], 18.07.2014]]
The "Palestinian" [[Intifada]] from the late 1980s tried to regain Arab control of the West Bank region of Israel. While first clamping down harshly, Israel did sign an accord to grant the "Palestinian" Arabs autonomy in the West Band and the Gaza Strip, but not full independence. The borders of a future "Palestinian" state has been a stumbling block to a final solution with the Arabs wanting to control all of the area captured in the 1967 War and Israel claiming part of the land for the Jewish people. A continuing series of violent actions on the part of the "Palestinian" Arabs and an inability to find a comprise has prevented any type of permanent solution. The short term solution is bleak. With [[Hamas]], a terrorist entity that does not even recognize Israel's right to exist in its own land (it seeks ethnic cleansing of all Jews in the area and create a radical oppressive Islamic state) having the majority of the control in the "Palestinian" legislature, its head in Damascus, Osama Hamdan, supports Ahmadinejad's genocidal call to "wipe off Israel off the map" <ref>http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/English/eng_n/html/osama_hamdan0807e.htm</ref> and Hamas Cleric Muhsen Abu 'Ita said: "The Annihilation of the Jews in Palestine is One of The Most Splendid Blessings for Palestine".<ref>http://www.memri.org/bin/latestnews.cgi?ID=SD208708</ref>

<blockquote>
The Palestinian National Authority (PNA) is an autonomous national entity comprising the territories of Gaza (formerly under Egyptian sovereignty) and West Bank (formerly under Jordan sovereignty), which were occupied by the Israeli Defense Forces in Jun 1967. As provided by the Israeli-PLO Declaration of Principles signed on 13 Sep 1993 and upon the Agreement signed on 4 May 1994, the PNA was inaugurated on 5 Jul 1994 as a transitional status including "Palestinian" interim self-governing and a phased transfer of powers and territories (towns and areas of the West Bank). Negotiations on the permanent status, which could end in a "Palestinian State", are under way. Headquarters: Ramallah, Chairmen of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO): [[Mahmoud Abbas|Mahmoud Ridha Abbas]]<ref>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Palestinian_National_Authority.htm Palestinian National Authority.]</ref>
</blockquote>

=== "State of Palestine" ===
{{Main article|State of Palestine}}
Currently, the "Palestinians" living in disputed territories are trying to create a state called "Palestine" even though, in truth, there is no such country called "Palestine" and there never has been, just as there is likewise no such thing as an actual "Palestinian" people.<ref>[https://www.americanthinker.com/articles/2012/02/there_was_never_a_country_called_palestine.html There Was Never a Country Called Palestine] at American Thinker</ref><ref>[http://nopalestinianpeople.blogspot.ca/2011/08/there-is-no-such-thing-as-palestine-nor.html There is no such thing as "Palestine" nor "Palestinian people" ]</ref><ref>[http://www.targetofopportunity.com/palestinian_truth.htm The Truth About the
"Palestinian" People]</ref> The [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] has declared the "[[State of Palestine]]", which is misguidedly recognized by 130 United Nations member states, the [[Arab League]], and the United Nations.

=== Protesters 2011 ===
Each year, "Palestinians" throughout the region mark the ''Nakba'' (or catastrophe) ''Day'' with demonstrations; they use the term "nakba" to describe their defeat and displacement in the war that followed Israel's founding on May 15, 1948 when hundreds of thousands of "Palestinians" were uprooted. But never before have marchers descended upon Israel's borders from all directions. The Syrian incursion in May 2011 was especially surprising. The events carried a message for Israel: Even as it wrestles with the "Palestinian" demand for a state in the West Bank, Gaza and east Jerusalem — areas Israel captured in the 1967 Mideast war — there is a related problem of neighboring countries that host millions of "Palestinians" with aspirations to return.

International Protesters in the United Kingdom, led by Dave Randall, released a song in May 2011 as support for the "Palestinians".<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V28HnPTYz-I</ref> This has brought about huge criticism from Glenn Beck.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zj02pJKI9NI About Freedom for Palestine single!]</ref>

==Culture of "Palestine"==
"Palestine" is claimed by its supporters to be part of a region of the Middle East known as the [[Levant]] and is claimed to have cultural similarities to actual Levantine countries such as [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]] and [[Jordan]]. The signature dish of the "Palestinians" is musakhan, a chicken dish.<ref>http://www.cliffordawright.com/caw/recipes/display/recipe_id/804/</ref>

==See also==
*[[Yasser Arafat]]
*[[Neturei Karta]]
*[[List of States which recognize Palestine as an independent state.|List of states which recognize "Palestine" as an "independent state"]]

==External links==
*[http://switch5.castup.net/frames/20041020_MemriTV_Popup/video_480x360.asp?ai=214&ar=1468wmv&ak=null Graduation Ceremony in a Hamas Kindergarten], Al-Aqsa TV (The Palestinian Authority), May 31, 2007. Children vow to die for [[Allah]].
*[http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=56241 Christians warned: Accept Islamic law], 'New Hamas rule means real changes,' missionaries to be 'dealt with harshly', By Aaron Klein, ''WorldNetDaily.com'', June 19, 2007.
*[https://www.conservativenewsandviews.com/2011/05/21/talk/1967-israel-borders-have-no-basis/ 1967 Israel borders have no basis.]
*[http://www.palestinefacts.org/pf_early_palestine_christians.php What about Christians in Palestine?]
*[http://jdl-uk.blogspot.mx/2012/02/jewish-settler-plans-to-run-against.html A "Jewish Settler" plans to run against Netanyahu.] Who has a proposal to pay Palestinians to leave the West Bank and Gaza regions.
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/sep/01/state-palestine-play-into-israeli-hands A State of Palestine would backfire on its own people.]

== References ==
<references/>

==Backgrounders==

* [http://mythsandfacts.com Myths & facts]
* [http://palestinefacts.org Palestine facts]
* [http://peacefaq.com Peace dictionary]

[[Category:Disputed Territories]]