Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Algebra

2011-11-16T06:11:52Z

Sallyburkhalter: Blood, cum, and fecal matter everywhere.) (using Zalgo.py

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{{Math-e}}
'''Algebra''' is a major branch of [[mathematics]] that analyzes the relationships between quantities or items. In higher math the principal fields of algebra are [[linear algebra]], which focuses on matrices, and [[group theory]].<ref>The name algebra comes from the [[Arabic]] word ''al jebr'', which means reduction or "reunion of broken parts" [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/algebra Algebra] as mentioned in a book ''Hisab al-jabr w'al-muqabala'' translated as ''Science of the Reunion and the Opposition''. This text was written in in about 830 AD by [[Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī| Mohammad ibn-Musa al-Khwarizmi]] of [[Baghdad]]. See the [http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/Museum/alkhwa.html Biography of Al-Khwarizmi]</ref>

==Elementary Algebra==

While algebra is a very wide-ranging and advanced topic in theoretical mathematics, the word also refers to a very important topic in middle-school and high-school mathematics. This topic is the handling of arithmetical expressions and operations involving quantities that aren't known numbers, but are symbols like x, y, or z. These symbols are generally referred to as "variables" or "unknowns".

Whereas, in elementary arithmetic a typical question might be:
::What is the value of 3+4?
in elementary algebra a typical question might be:
::If x+4=7, what is the value of x?

Of course this example is so simple as to be practically pointless—why would someone ask a question this way?—the use of algebra opens up sophisticated ways of solving sophisticated problems.

Before continuing, let's see how we actually solved that. We subtracted 4 from each side of the equation. On the left side, subtracting 4 canceled the "+4", so we got "x+4-4", which is, of course, just x. On the right side, we got 7-4, which is 3. We used the principle that
::You can apply mathematical operations to something, even if it contains unknowns like "x".
The goal was to get an equation that has just "x" on the left side, with some number on the right. In the original problem, x was on the left side, but hidden with some other mathematical operations. Our job was to strip off those operations, one at a time. Here's a more complicated example:
::<math>\left(\frac{\sqrt{x+31}}{3} + 1\right) \times 6 = 18\,</math>
We undo the multiplication, by dividing both sides by 6:
::<math>\frac{\sqrt{x+31}}{3} + 1 = 3\,</math>
We undo the addition:
::<math>\frac{\sqrt{x+31}}{3} = 2\,</math>
We undo the division:
::<math>\sqrt{x+31} = 6\,</math>
We undo the square root:
::<math>x+31 = 36\,</math>
We undo the addition:
::<math>x = 5\,</math>

As one gets more skillful at these kinds of manipulations, one can handle more complex problems. A typical case involves an equation in which the unknown appears in more than one place. After stripping away as many operations as we can, we might be left with something like:
::<math>3 \times x + 4 \times x = 56\,</math>
At this point we use the ''distributive law'', along with the principle that
::The various laws of mathematics (commutative, associative, distributive) work even when the items appearing in the expressions are unknowns.
The distributive law tells us that
::<math>3 \times x + 4 \times x = (3+4) \times x\,</math>
so we get
::<math>(3+4) \times x = 56\,</math>
and hence x=8. You can plug x=8 into <math>3 \times x + 4 \times x\,</math> and see that the result is 24+32, or 56.

==Polynomial Manipulations==
As one's proficiency increases, one can handle increasingly complicated equations. The next step involves things like this:
::<math>\frac{x^2 - 8 x + 15}{x-3} = 7\,</math>
This can be solved if one knows that
::<math>(x-3) \times (x-5) = x^2 - 8 x + 15\,</math>
so
::<math>\frac{x^2 - 8 x + 15}{x-3} = x-5\,</math>
from which one gets x=12.

This was just a case of the principle that you can perform arithmetic operations even when the expression contain unknowns. In this case we were actually applying the distributive law 3 times.
::<math>(x-3) \times (x-5) = (x) \times (x-5) + (-3) \times (x-5) = (x) \times (x) + (x) \times (-5) + (-3) \times (x) + (-3) \times (-5)\,</math>
When we multiply the sum of two things times the sum of two things, we get the sum of four things. This is an extremely common operation, and there is a mnemonic for it—"FOIL"—which stands for "first, outside, inside, last". We multiply the first item in each parenthesized expression; that's x times x. We multiply the "outside" items; that's x times -5. The "inside" items are -3 times x, and the "last" items are -3 times -5.

This same principle applies when there are more than two items in each factor; it just doesn't have a useful mnemonic word. Each term in the first factor (first parenthesized expression) get multiplied by each term in the second factor, and all the products are added up.

==Notes and references==
<references/>

[[Category:Algebra]]
[[Category:Mathematics]]

2004 Orange Revolution

2011-11-16T06:11:51Z

Sallyburkhalter: Blood, cum, and fecal matter everywhere.) (using Zalgo.py

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</pre>The '''Orange Revolution''' was the successful democratic political upheaval of 2004 in [[Ukraine]]. The presidential election of 2004 brought Ukraine to the brink of civil war. Scandal-ridden President [[Leonid Kuchma]] endorsed the candidacy of his Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych, who was also strongly supported by Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]]. [[Viktor Yushchenko]], running on an anticorruption, anticronyism platform, led the opposition.

In September Yushchenko's health strangely deteriorated; he had been poisoned by the Ukrainian State Security Service, which left his face disfigured. Yanukovych also tried to portray Yushchenko as an American lackey who would undermine the stable relationship that Ukraine had developed with Russia under Kuchma. The Yanukovych campaign called his opponent "Bushenko" and circulated posters and leaflets warning of a U.S.-orchestrated civil war in Ukraine similar to those in Bosnia, Serbia, and Iraq should Yushchenko come to power.

The first round on Oct. 31 showed Yanukovych and Yushchenko each with 40%. Yanukovych ran up huge margins in the east, where most Russians lived. The west and Kiev voted for Yushchenko. In the November runoff, the government declared Yanukovych the winner. Yushchenko's supporters charged fraud and staged mass protests that came to be known as the Orange Revolution. Massive demonstrations erupted; Yanukovych's supporters in the east threatened to secede from Ukraine (and join Russia) if the results were overturned. A new runoff was held on Dec. 26. Yushchenko won with 52% and was inaugurated on Jan. 23, 2005.

The outcome was the result of multiple forces: the old system was weakened by
*(1) competitive authoritarianism. Ukraine's three largest oligarchic groups did back Kuchma and used their media and financial resources to back his candidate in 2004, but significant if lesser oligarchs backed Yushchenko, as did tens of thousands of smaller businesspeople. Thus Ukraine's economic elites were divided, not united, in the fall of 2004.
*(2) an unpopular leader. A mere 8% of Ukrainians approved of Kuchma's tenure; 62% disapproved, often believing he engineered the murder of an opponent. Yanukovych was a convicted felon who still maintained ties with criminal circles in his hometown region of Donetsk.
*(3) division among the armed forces.

The factors that strengthened the democratic opposition, were (1) a successful opposition campaign, (2) the ability to expose fraud, (3) the means to communicate information about the falsified vote, and (4) the capability to mobilize masses to protest the fraudulent election.

Although the [[George W. Bush]] administration never targeted its financial resources at fomenting revolution, it spent more than $18 million in election-related assistance efforts in Ukraine in the two years leading up to the 2004 election.

Ukraine's Freedom House scores jumped from ''partially free'' in 2004 to ''free'' in 2005.
[[File:Ukraine-12-13-2004.jpg|thumb|270px|Canadian news magazine reports, Dec. 13, 2004]]
==Interpretation==
The deep divisions that have become evident under Yushchenko had their origins in Ukraine's regionalism, the "Kuchmagate" crisis, antiregime protests, and different attitudes to dealing with the past. The country is divided by linguistic and regional cleavages that appear sharply in regional polarization in national elections. These divisions have led to constant questioning of the viability of the Ukrainian state and predictions of violence and civil war. Secessionist movements have made few inroads, however, and violence has been nonexistent. Because the "minority" group in Ukraine is actually quite large, it has immense influence in the state without resort to regional autonomy or secession. The balance of power between Ukraine's regions and ethnic groups has ensured that neither side has dominated. This does not make for rapid reform, but it has created a stable state.

==Further reading==
* Aslund, Anders, and Michael McFaul, eds. ''Revolution in Orange: The Origins of Ukraine's Democratic Breakthrough'' (2006)
* Aslund, Anders. '' How Ukraine Became a Market Economy and Democracy'' (2009)
* Kubicek, Paul. ''The History of Ukraine'' (2008) [http://www.amazon.com/History-Ukraine-Greenwood-Histories-Nations/dp/0313349207/ref=sr_1_7?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1256898525&sr=8-7 excerpt and text search]
* McFaul, Michael. "Ukraine Imports Democracy: External Influences on the Orange Revolution," ''International Security,'' Volume 32, Number 2, Fall 2007, pp. 45-83 in [[Project MUSE]]
* Wilson, Andrew. ''Ukraine's Orange Revolution'' (2005)

[[Category:Ukraine]]

Ronaldinho

2011-11-16T06:11:48Z

Sallyburkhalter: Blood, cum, and fecal matter everywhere.) (using Zalgo.py

Additive identity

2011-11-16T06:11:47Z

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Abiotic oil

2011-11-16T06:11:45Z

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Addition Property of Equality

2011-11-16T06:11:44Z

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Priesthood

2011-11-16T06:11:43Z

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Abstract algebra

2011-11-16T06:11:41Z

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Essay: Homosexual bait and switch

2011-11-16T06:11:40Z

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Absolute value

2011-11-16T06:11:37Z

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World History Homework Seven Answers - Student Six

2011-11-16T06:11:36Z

Sallyburkhalter: Blood, cum, and fecal matter everywhere.) (using Zalgo.py

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</pre>'''''AnnaM'''''

'''1. Approximately when and where did the Renaissance occur?'''
The [[Renaissance]], meaning 'rebirth', began in the cultured [[Florence]], [[Italy]], but during 1300 to 1600 it spread out to encompass all of [[Europe]].

:Correct!

'''2. Martin Luther: who was he, what did he do, and when did he do it?'''
[[Martin Luther]] was originally a law student. He later became a monk, owing to a very fortunate event, which involved a thunderstorm and his promise to become a monk, if he survived the extremely close lightning strikes. Luckily, he did survive, and joined an Augustinian monastery.
Martin Luther founded [[Protestantism]] in Europe, when, on Halloween of 1517, he nailed 95 issues, or 'Theses' to the door of the Wittenberg Church, which is located in present-day Germany. This infuriated the Pope Leo X, and Martin Luther was later excommunicated from the Catholic Church.
Luther was then ordered to attend a trial by the German Emperor, but owing to fortunate (or unfortunate, depending on how you look at it) circumstances, he had already left before the verdict was rendered. After being named an outlaw, Luther took the guise of 'Junker Jorg', grew a beard and dressed as a knight. He translated the Bible from it's ancient Greek to German, making it possible for lower classes to read it for themselves and discover God's love.
Luther was in poor health for several years before he died, in 1546.

:Excellent and thorough. (Note: "it's" should be "its" in your usage above for the possessive.)

'''3. What was the Baroque style, and what was its motivation?'''
The Baroque style was a sort of 'counter-reformation', by the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. Instead of depicting Saints and [[Christ]], it showed normal people in biblical settings. It used emotion and shadows to create the masterfully inspiration pictures that we see today.

:Correct.

'''''SUBSTITUE:'' H1. What are the particular strengths and advantages of the English language?'''
The [[English]] Language is perhaps one of the most useful languages today, not only because it is spoken by many people, world-wide, but because it has the ability to conform to fit into words from other languages. It is, in fact, comparable as the 'mutt' of languages, as it is formed from many different cultures. It's twenty-six letters can be mixed and matched to create a variety of different words, with different meanings.

:Superb!

'''5. Chinese dynasties (any one or all), Vietnam, Korea and Cambodia: take your pick and write about one.'''
The three kingdoms of Korea were united in 688 A.D. Korea was one of the first nation-states to emerge in the world, and it's culture has remained literally 'un-altered' by the changing world today. Today, South Korea is one of the most Christian nations in the world.

:Good.

'''6. Why did the Renaissance occur in Europe, and not in other areas of the world, such as Asia?'''
During the Renaissance, Europe was experiencing a kind of 'economic boom'. It was mostly Christian, it was a bit like the 50s, in American history, a time of peace, after a war.

:Good, but note that the Renaissance was more profound than just an economic boom like in the 50s. Culture blossomed, and maybe the 20s in American history would be a better analogy. But the Renaissance was far greater and longer than that decade too.

'''7. Current events: Who would you describe as "Machiavellian" today, and why?'''
Barack Obama, of course. He is staunchly oppositional to any ideas but his own, and tries to hide his doings by pointing fingers elsewhere. His many 'bills' and economic plans are directly opposed by the constitution, but he is a bit like a bulldozer, and instead of trying to create a better economy for his people, he runs over all in his path.

:Excellent choice, but the description of "Machiavellian" could be a bit better, such as including "the end always justifies the means." Machiavellian is not as straightforward as a bulldozer.

:Superb work! 70/70. Well done!

[[Category:World History lectures]]

Abelian group

2011-11-16T06:11:35Z

Sallyburkhalter: Blood, cum, and fecal matter everywhere.) (using Zalgo.py

First Epistle to the Corinthians (Translated)

2011-11-16T06:11:32Z

Sallyburkhalter: Blood, cum, and fecal matter everywhere.) (using Zalgo.py

Pidgin

2011-11-10T04:29:07Z

Sallyburkhalter:

'''Pidgin''' is a chat program which lets people log in to accounts on multiple chat networks simultaneously. The user can be chatting with friends on MSN, talking to a friend on Google Talk, and sitting in a Yahoo chat room simultaneously.

Pidgin runs on [[Windows]], [[Linux]], and other [[UNIX]] operating systems.

Pidgin is compatible with the following chat networks:
*AIM
*ICQ
*Google Talk
*Jabber/XMPP
*MSN Messenger
*Yahoo!
*Bonjour
*Gadu-Gadu
*IRC
*Novell GroupWise Messenger
*QQ
*Lotus Sametime
*SILC
*SIMPLE
*MXit
*MySpaceIM
*Zephyr

Pidgin supports many features of these chat networks, such as file transfers, away messages, buddy icons, custom smilies, and typing notifications. Numerous plugins also extend Pidgin's functionality above and beyond the standard features.

Pidgin is [[free software]], [[open source]] and licensed under the GNU General Public License.

Pidgin

2011-11-10T04:28:36Z

Sallyburkhalter:

''''Pidgin'' is a chat program which lets people log in to accounts on multiple chat networks simultaneously. The user can be chatting with friends on MSN, talking to a friend on Google Talk, and sitting in a Yahoo chat room all at the same time.

Pidgin runs on [[Windows]], [[Linux]], and other [[UNIX]] operating systems.

Pidgin is compatible with the following chat networks:
*AIM
*ICQ
*Google Talk
*Jabber/XMPP
*MSN Messenger
*Yahoo!
*Bonjour
*Gadu-Gadu
*IRC
*Novell GroupWise Messenger
*QQ
*Lotus Sametime
*SILC
*SIMPLE
*MXit
*MySpaceIM
*Zephyr

Pidgin supports many features of these chat networks, such as file transfers, away messages, buddy icons, custom smilies, and typing notifications. Numerous plugins also extend Pidgin's functionality above and beyond the standard features.

Pidgin is [[free software]], [[open source]] and licensed under the GNU General Public License.