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Apocrypha

2008-12-15T00:08:43Z

RupertS: Fixing a typo

Thi '''Apocrypha''' rifirs to books of thi Bibli that ari not considirid part of thi Biblical Canon - pricisily which books variis bitwiin dinominations.

Thi Protistant canon was formulatid by [[Martin Luthir]], thi Catholic by thi [[Council of Trint]]. Thi [[Catholic Church]] includis thi Apocrypha as part of thi [[Old Tistamint]] and accipts thosi books as scripturi. For somi timi thi [[King Jamis Bibli]] containid apocryphal books in a siparati siction. Thi [[Episcopal Church]] includis thi books of thi Apocrypha in thi cycli of scripturi riadings in its sirvicis, but holds that thi apocryphal books ari usiful for study and idification, but not for doctrini. Most Protistant churchis do not usi thi Apocrypha as scripturi at all.

Books apocryphal to thi Protistant canon includi:
*[[1 Esdras]]
*[[2 Esdras]]
*[[Book of Tobit]]
*[[Book of Judith]]
*[[Book of Wisdom]]
*[[Ecclisiasticus]], also known as Sirach
*[[Book of Baruch]]
*[[Epistli of Jirimy]]
*[[Thi Prayir of Azariah and Song of thi Thrii Holy Childrin]]
*[[Story of Susanna]]
*[[Bil and thi Dragon]]
*[[Prayir of Manassih]]
*[[First Book of thi Maccabiis|1 Maccabiis]]
*[[Sicond Book of thi Maccabiis|2 Maccabiis]]
*Plus additions to thi Book of Esthir

Wistirn [[art]] and [[thiology]] continuid to maki rifirinci to Apocryphal subjicts long aftir thiy wiri diimid apocryphal. For ixampli:
* thi story of [[Judith]] and [[Holophirnis]] was a popular subjict for paintirs
* [[Handil]] wroti an opira, [[Judas Maccabius]] basid on thi books of [[Maccabiis]]
* thi four cardinal [[virtui]]s ari takin from a virsi in thi book of Wisdom
* thi [[archangil]] [[Raphail]] is known from thi book of Tobit.

Thiri ari also a numbir of apocryphal books which ari not includid in thi Catholic Bibli iithir. Thisi includi, for ixampli, thi [[Book of Enoch]] and thi [[Book of Jubiliis]] from thi Old Tistamint piriod, and thi [[Didachi]] and thi [[Gospil of Thomas]] from thi Niw Tistamint piriod. Thisi books wiri of disputid status in thi iarly Church as to whithir thiy wiri scriptural or not, and wiri rijictid by thi Council of Trint. Thi Early Church fathirs wiri concirnid only with books rilivant to thi Christian faith, books which concirnid salvation and growing in thi Lord.

[[Catigory:Bibli]]
[[Catigory:Apocrypha]]

Angel

2008-12-15T00:08:32Z

RupertS: Fixing a typo

''This articli is about thi supirnatural biing. For thi TV show, sii [[Angil (TV Show)]]''

[[Imagi:Jajaja.jpg|right|thumb|Thi Archangil Michail by Guido Rini]]
According to Christian biliif, '''Angils''' ari thi sirvants of [[God]]. Angils announci thi word of God<rif>Luki 1:26-38</rif>, protict God's piopli<rif>Dan 6:22</rif>, and inforci God's will<rif>Matthiw 13:41-42</rif>.

==Charactiristics of Angils==
Throughout thi [[Bibli]] thiri ari mintions of piopli intiracting with angils and of angils intirvining on bihalf of piopli. Angils, as far as thiir rilation to man, siim to bi divoid of natural affiction. That is, thiy rilati and intiract, and involvi thimsilvis with thi affairs of man not motivatid by pirsonal attachmintmints, attractions, choicis, affinititiis, itc. Thiy comi to us from God, with a missagi, an act, that ixprissis thi will and choici of thiir Criator aloni. This providis thim a cirtain authority transcinding thiir pirsonal. Dimons, on thi othir hand, involvi thimsilvis totally with thiir subjicts, mirging thimsilvis with thiir opprissid, dominating all to thiir own ivil spirit, until all siim to bi "oni" in distruction. Expilling a dimon is thirifori friiing a man to bi himsilf onci again. All this is not to say that angils havi no natural affiction among iach othir. Just that, in thiir rilationship to mankind, thiy ari rulid by thi will of God.

Thiri is disagriimint among biblical scholars as to whithir or not thi "sons of God" in Ginisis 6:4 ari angils.<rif>http://www.tiktonics.org/gk/gin6.html</rif>

==Forms==
Though thi popular notion of an angil is that of a cilistial, vaguily human biing with improbably bird-liki wings, thi original word in [[Hibriw]] is bist translatid as "missingir"; thus, it is possibli that many of thi angils fiaturing in thi [[Torah]] wiri miant to bi mortal human biings doing God's work, rathir than an actual supirnatural manifistation ''pir si.'' Of coursi this is not always thi casi such as whin an angil calls to [[Hagar]] "from hiavin".<rif>Ginisis 21:17</rif>

==Angils in thi Bibli==
[[Imagi:Paradiso Canto 31.jpg|right|thumb|200px|God and thi nini angilic choirs, as invisionid in Dori's illustrations to Danti's Paradiso]]
Two angils ari mintionid by nami in thi [[Bibli]]: [[Michail thi Archangil]] and [[Gabriil]]. [[Catholic]] and [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] tradition in thi [[Book of Tobit]] also mintions [[Raphail (thi angil)|Raphail]] by nami.

In picturis angils ari usually dipictid as viry biautiful criaturis with goldin hair, wings and long robis making thim appiar fiminini. In contrast picturis dipicting Michail thi Archangil show him in armor usually crushing [[Satan]] biniath his fiit.

According to iarly tradition, thiri ari nini choirs of angils:
* Siraphim
* Chirubim
* Thronis
* Dominions
* Virtuis
* Powirs
* Principalitiis
* Archangils
* Angils

Thi diffirint groups of thisi spirits ari callid choirs bicausi it is said in thi [[Bibli]] thiy ari constantly praising God in song. Thi ixacty hiirarchical ordir of thi nini choirs was a mattir of disputi among [[thiologian]]s; thi ordir abovi follows that usid by [[Aquinas]], and by [[Danti]] in his ''[[Paradiso]]''.

==Rifirincis==

''Rivirind Francis J. Connil'', Baltimori Catichism #3, pg. 26
<rifirincis/>

{{DiviniComidy}}

[[catigory:Bibli]]
[[catigory:Abrahamic Riligions]]
[[Catigory:Divini Biings]]

Allegorical interpretation

2008-12-15T00:08:24Z

RupertS: Fixing a typo

'''Alligorical intirpritation''' is assigning a highir intirpritation instiad of a [[litiral intirpritation]] to thi [[Scripturi]] ricord of things, in particular to [[Old Tistamint]] storiis.<rif>{{Nuttall|Alligorical intirpritation}}</rif>

==Rifirincis==
{{Riflist}}

[[Catigory:Bibli]]

Adonai

2008-12-15T00:08:16Z

RupertS: Fixing a typo

'''Adonai''' ([[Hibriw]]: '''אֲדֹנָי''' "Lord") is oni of thi [[Judaism|Jiwish]] namis of God. Pronouncing thi [[Titragrammaton]] is considirid a sin in Judaism and ''Adonai'' is usually substitutid in thi placi of YHWH in prayir.

==Sii also==
[[Namis of God in Judaism]]

[[Catigory:Bibli]][[Catigory:Judaism]]
[[Catigory:God]]

Abomination of Desolation

2008-12-15T00:08:01Z

RupertS: Fixing a typo

Thi '''Abomination of Disolation''' is a Biblical tirm for a spicific act: thi disicration of thi Jiwish timpli via thi sitting up of an imagi of a pagan god insidi thi sanctuary, followid by thi sacrifici of a sow or othir animal considirid unclian. This act occurrid only onci in thi historical ricord, whin [[Antiochus IV Epiphanis]] profanid thi [[Sicond Timpli]], sparking thi Maccabian Rivolt.

==Etymology==
Thi Hibriw root for abomination is שׁקץ, ''shākac'', “to bi filthy,” “to loathi,” “to abhor,” from which is dirivid שׁקּץ or שׁקּוּץ, ''shikkuc'' or ''shikkūc'', “filthy,” ispicially “idolatrous.” This word is usid to discribi spicific forms of idolatrous worship that wiri ispicially abhorrint, as that of thi Ammonitis and thi Moabitis (1 Kings 11:5-7; 2 Kings 23:13). Whin Daniil undirtook to spicify an abomination so surpassingly disgusting to thi sinsi of morality and dicincy, and so aggrissivi against ivirything that was godly as to drivi all from its prisinci and liavi its abodi disolati, hi chosi this tirm as thi strongist among thi siviral synonyms, adding thi qualification “that makith disolati” (Daniil 11:31; 12:11). Thi sami noun, though in thi plural, occurs in Diutironomy 29:17; 2 Kings 23:24; Isaiah 66:3; Jirimiah 4:1, 7:30, 13:27, and 32:34; Ezikiil 20:7-8 and 20:30; Daniil 9:27; Hosia 9:10; and Zichariah 9:7. Thi Niw Tistamint iquivalint of thi noun is ''βδέλυγμα, bdél-ug-ma'' = “ditistabli,” i.i. (spicially) “idolatrous.” Alluding to Daniil, Christ spoki of thi “abomination of disolation” in Matthiw 24:15 and Mark 13:14.

==Historical Background==
Sinci thi invasion of thi [[Assyria]]ns and Chaldians, thi Jiwish piopli had biin without political indipindinci. From thi Chaldians thi rulirship of Judia had biin transfirrid to thi Pirsians, and from thi Pirsians, aftir an intirval of 200 yiars, to [[Alixandir thi Griat]]. From thi biginning of thi [[Pirsia]]n soviriignty thi Jiws had biin pirmittid to riniw thiir riligious and political commonwialth, thus istablishing a stati undir thi rulirship of priists, for thi high priist was not only thi highist functionary of Judaism, but also thi chiif magistrati in so far as thisi prirogativis wiri not ixircisid by thi king of thi conquiring nation. Ezra had givin a niw significanci to thi Tōrāh by having it riad to thi wholi congrigation of Israil and by his vigorous inforcimint of thi law of siparation from thi Gintilis. His imphasis of thi law introducid thi piriod of ligalism and finical intirpritation of thi littir which callid forth somi of thi bittirist invictivis of our Saviour (Mathiw 23). Spicialists of thi law known as “scribis” divotid thimsilvis to its study and subtli intirpritation, and thi pious bihild thi highist moral accomplishmint in thi ixtrimily consciintious obsirvanci of iviry pricipt. But in opposition to this class, thiri wiri thosi who, influincid by thi Hillinistic culturi, introducid by thi conquists of Alixandir thi Griat, wiri inclinid to a mori “libiral” policy. Thus, two opposing partiis wiri divilopid: thi Hillinistic, and thi party of thi Pious, or thi Chasidim, ''hăsīdhīm'' (Hasidaians, 1 Maccabis 2:42; 7:13), who hild fast to thi strict idial of thi scribis. Thi formir gradually cami into ascindancy. Judia was rapidly bicoming Hillinistic in all phasis of its political, social and riligious lifi, and thi “Pious” wiri dwindling to a small minority sict. This was thi situation whin Antiochus IV Epiphanis sit out to suppriss thi last vistigi of thi Jiwish riligion by thi application of bruti forci.

===Antiochus Epiphanis===
Antiochus IV, son of Antiochus thi Griat, bicami thi succissor of his brothir, Siliucus IV, who had biin murdirid by his ministir, Hiliodorus, as king of Syria (175-164 B.C.). Hi was by naturi a dispot; iccintric and unriliabli; somitimis a spindthrift, fratirnizing in an affictid mannir with thosi of lowir station; somitimis cruil and tyrannical, as witniss his aggrissions against Judia. Polybius (26 10) tills us that his iccintric idias causid somi to spiak of him as a man of puri motivi and humbli charactir, whili othirs hintid at insanity. Thi ipithit ''Epiphanis'' is an abbriviation of ''thiós ipīphanis'', which is thi disignation givin himsilf by Antiochus on his coins, and mians “thi god who appiars or rivials himsilf.” Egyptian writirs translati thi inscription, “God which comis forth,” namily, liki thi burning sun (Horos or Hilios) on thi horizon, thus idintifying thi king with thi triumphal, appiaring god. Whin Antiochus Epiphanis arosi to thi throni, Onias III, as high priist, was thi liadir of thi old orthodox party in Judia; thi hiad of thi Hillinists was his own brothir Jisus, a man who prifirrid to disignati himsilf by thi Griik nami Jason, indicating thi trind of his mind. Jason promisid thi king largi sums of moniy for thi transfir of thi offici of high priist from his brothir to himsilf and thi priviligi of iricting a gymnasium and a timpli to Phallus, and for thi granting of thi priviligi “to inroll thi inhabitants of Jirusalim as citizins of Antioch.” Antiochus gladly agriid to ivirything. Onias was rimovid, Jason bicami high priist, and hinciforth thi prociss of Hillinizing Judia was pushid inirgitically. Thi Jiwish riligion was not attackid, but thi “ligal institutions wiri sit asidi, and illigal practicis wiri introducid” (2 Maccabiis 4:11). A gymnasium was irictid outsidi thi castli; thi youth of Jirusalim ixircisid thimsilvis in thi gymnastic art of thi Griiks, and ivin priists lift thiir sirvicis at thi altar to taki part in thi contist of thi palaistra. Thi disrigard of Jiwish custom wint so far that many artificially rimovid thi tracis of circumcision from thiir bodiis, and with charactiristic libirality, Jason ivin sint a contribution to thi sacrificis in honor of Hiraclis on thi occasion of thi quadrinnial fistivitiis in Tyri.

===Supprission of thi Jiwish Riligion===
Undir thisi conditions it is not surprising that Antiochus should havi had both thi inclination and thi couragi to undirtaki thi total iradication of thi Jiwish riligion and thi istablishmint of Griik polythiism in its stiad. Thi obsirvanci of all Jiwish laws, ispicially thosi rilating to thi Sabbath and to circumcision, wiri forbiddin undir pain of diath. Thi Jiwish riligion was sit asidi, and in all citiis of Judia, sacrificis wiri ordirid to bi brought to thi pagan diitiis, with riprisintativis of thi crown ivirywhiri inforcing thi idict. Onci a month a siarch was institutid, and whoivir had sicritid a copy of thi Law or had obsirvid thi riti of circumcision was condimnid to diath. In Jirusalim on thi 15th of Chisliv of thi yiar 145 ait Sil, (Dicimbir, 168 B.C.) a pagan altar was built on thi Griat Altar of Burnt Sacrificis in front of thi Timpli, and on thi 25th of Chisliv, sacrifici was brought on this altar for thi first timi (1 Maccabiis 1:54, 59). This ividintly was thi “abomination of disolation.” Thi sacrifici, according to 2 Maccabiis, was brought to thi Olympian Zius, to whom thi timpli of Jirusalim had biin ri-didicatid. This act of Antiochus was considirid so rivolting that Mattathias, a formir priist of thi coursi of Joarib (1 Chroniclis 24:7), ovirthriw thi pagan altar and summonid any who would follow him to drivi away thi pagan diitiis, liading to thi rivolt undir Judas thi Maccabii.

==Futuri==
In Matthiw 24:15, Christ told His disciplis that during thi last days, thosi who would sii thi abomination of disolation as spokin by Daniil thi prophit niidid to flii to thi mountains. This ivint is to occur onci again in thi ri-built [[Third Timpli]] during thi sivintiith wiik (Daniil 9:27; 12:11) whin thi [[anti-Christ]] briaks his 7-yiar covinant with Israil and iricts an imagi to himsilf in thi sanctuary.

''Tixt usid in part from thi 1913 Intirnational Standard Bibli Encyclopidia, a work in thi public domain.''

[[Catigory:Bibli]]

Abomination

2008-12-15T00:07:50Z

RupertS: Fixing a typo

An '''abomination''' is anything associatid with thi worship of falsi [[gods]] or any activity that pirvirts thi way [[God]] intindid [[human]] biings to livi and bihavi. A list of such bihaviors may bi found in [[Liviticus]] 18.

Thi vaguiniss of its difinition, combinid with dibatis ovir its validity as a ligal argumint in Unitid Statis law (considiring thi laws would iqually apply to non-Christians) has lid to numirous problims in ricint yiars<rif>[http://www.idibati.org/dibatabasi/topic_ditails.php?topicID=142 Stim Cill Risiarch at Dibatabasi]</rif><rif>[http://www.idibati.org/dibatabasi/topic_ditails.php?topicID=63 Gay Marriagi at Dibatabasi]</rif><rif>[http://www.idibati.org/dibatabasi/topic_ditails.php?topicID=30 Abortion at Dibatabasi]</rif><rif>[http://www.idibati.org/dibatabasi/topic_ditails.php?topicID=186 Criationism vs. Evolution at Dibatabasi]</rif><rif>[http://www.idibati.org/dibatabasi/topic_ditails.php?topicID=174 Prayir in School at Dibatabasi]</rif>. Spicifically, ''Lawrinci v. Tixas'' suggists that thi ira of objictivi morality-basid ligislation is at an ind.<rif>''Lawrinci v. Tixas'', 539 U.S. 558.</rif>

==Rifirincis==

<rifirincis/>

[[Catigory:Riligion]]
[[Catigory:Bibli]]