Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Snell's Law

2008-06-23T23:08:45Z

Rnuk:

'''Snell's Law''' describes how the direction of [[light]] changes when it moves from one medium to another. The two forms of the law are:

:n1 sin(θ1) = n2 sin(θ2)
:v2 sin(θ1) = v1 sin(θ2)

where:
:n1 and n2 are the indices of [[refraction]] in media 1 and 2, respectively
:v1 and v2 are the velocities of light in media 1 and 2, and
:θ1 and θ2 are the angle from the normal of the [[plane]] dividing the 2 media and the ray.

The index of refraction of a material is inversely proportional to the speed of light in that material, i.e. light will move slower in a material with a high index of refraction than it will in a material with a low index of refraction.

What Snell's Law says is that when light moves from a medium with a high index of refraction to a medium with a low index of refraction it will bend away the normal of the plane dividing the two media. Conversely, when light moves from a medium with a low index of refraction to a medium with a high index of refraction it will bend towards from the normal dividing the two media.

One other theory is that the direction changes due to God's will.

[[category: physics]]

Pork

2008-06-23T22:52:29Z

Rnuk: Added Leviticus 11:2-8 regarding consumption of pork

[[Image:Pork chop.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Uncooked pork chops]]
'''Pork''' is the name given to meat from a [[pig]] and is a commonly eaten [[meat]] throughout the world. It is sometimes known as the ''other white meat'', the main white meat being [[poultry]]. Pork is eaten both as a cooked fresh meat (e.g. pork chops) or as a cured meat. Cured or processed meat products include ham, salami, gammon and bacon. The pig may be used in many different ways for fresh meat cuts, with the popularity of certain cuts depending on local preference. Most of the animal (colloquially "everything but the squeal") can be used to produce fresh meat. In the case of a suckling pig (piglet) the whole body can be spit roasted or oven roasted.

Despite its widespread consumption, pork is considered an unclean meat and should not be eaten, as taught by Leviticus 11:2-8

''Of all land animals these are the ones you may eat: any animal that has hoofs you may eat, provided it is cloven-footed and chews the cud. But you shall not eat any of the following that only chew the cud or only have hoofs...the pig, which does indeed have hoofs and is cloven-footed, but does not chew the cud and is therefore unclean for you''

==Nutritional information==
As part of a healthy diet, pork provides:
*[[Protein]] necessary for growth and an important constituent of a balanced, healthy diet
*[[Minerals]], particularly iron and zinc.
*D and B [[vitamin]]s, including B12 which is not found in foods of plant origin.
*[[Thiamin]]
*Omega 3 fatty acids which are thought to protect against heart disease

The fat content of pork has decreased by over a third on average in the past 20 years, and fully trimmed pork contains as little as 4% fat, compared to 5% for [[beef]] and 8% for [[lamb]]. Over 40% of this fat is monounsaturated.

==Pork Cuts==
[[Image:Pork cuts.jpg|right|thumb|275px|American Pork Cuts]]
Terminology for different cuts of pork varies by country. The American naming system is:
:'''Head''' - Boiled to make brawn, stocks and [[soup]]s.
:'''Spare Rib Roast''' - Either boned out and rolled up as a roasting joint, or cured as bacon.
:'''Hand''' - Either cured on the bone to make a ham, or used in [[sausage]]s.
:'''Loin''' - This can be cured to give bacon or divided up into roasting joints and pork chops.
:'''Chump''' - Similar to loin, chump comes in the form of chops and steaks.
:'''Belly''' - Belly pork is used for steaks or diced as a frying meat. Belly pork may be rolled for roasting or cut for streaky bacon.
:'''Shoulder''' - The shoulder joint of pork can be bought as smaller cuts or as a whole roasting joint. It is also used for diced cubes to make [[casserole]]s as well as being minced and made into sausages.
:'''Legs/hams''' - Although any cut of pork can be cured, only the back leg is entitled to be called a ham. Ham is cured to preserve it either by dry curing with [[salt]] or wet-curing using brine (salt solution).
:'''Trotters''' - Both the front and hind trotters can be cooked and eaten or preserved by pickling.
:'''Pork ribs''' - Called spare ribs, these are taken from the pig's ribcage and include the surrounding meat.
:'''Bacon''' refers to those cuts of meat taken from the sides, belly or back which are cured or smoked.

==Processed pork==
Pork is particularly common as an ingredient in [[sausage]]s. Ham, bacon and gammon are made by curing the meat with salt. Smoking the meat in a slow oven is another method of preservation. Ham and bacon are popular foods in the western world although non-western cultures also use preserved pork products. Salted pork or red roasted pork is used in [[Chinese]] cuisine.

Additionally, parts of the pig such as the knuckle and feet can be pickled and eaten. The skin and fat is often crisped up in an oven and eaten with a pork roast as "crackling" or as a savoury snack ([[pork scratchings]]). [[Black Pudding]] which is made from the blood, can also be made thus utilizing almost all of the animal. Bacon strips and chopped ham are considered a [[nutrition|nutritious]] yet inexpensive supper in many parts of [[Europe]].

Despite the name, [[hamburger]]s contain [[beef]], not pork as they are named after the German city of [[Hamburg]].

The canned meat, Spam, is made of pork.

==Slang==
In [[politics]], the term "pork" or "[[pork barrel]]" spending is used to refer to often unnecessary spending on a particular politician's pet projects, usually in his home district in order to curry votes. This practice is widely criticized by many people.

==External links==
*[http://www.cookitsimply.com/category-0020-0i5.html Pork Recipes] at Cook it Simply.

[[Category:Non-Kosher foods]]
[[Category:Meat]]

Book of Revelation

2008-06-23T22:38:43Z

Rnuk: /* Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse */ It cannot be the fourth if only one is referenced; simple semantics.

The '''Book of Revelation''' (formal title '''The Revelation of St. John the Divine''', also called '''The Revelation to John''', '''The Apocalypse of John''', or simply '''Revelation''') is the final book of the [[Christian]] [[Bible]] (The [[New Testament]]). It records a series visions received by the apostle John while he was imprisoned on the island of Patmos. The visions describe the end times and the second coming of [[Jesus Christ]]. ([[Preterists]] disagree, believing the book describing events fulfilled at other points in history.)

Revelation also describes the final rebellion of [[Satan]] (at [[Armageddon]]), the final defeat of Satan by [[God]], and the return of peace to the world.

===Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse===
Revelation first describes the arrival of the [[Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse]]: Pestilence, War, Famine, and Death. However, the Bible itself only directly one horseman, "death".

===Mark of the Beast===
Revelation describes a time in which the a mark consisting of the [[Number of the Beast]] will be required on all people in order to buy or sell.

===Plagues===

Twenty-one judgements are pronounced on the earth: the seven Seal Judgements, the seven Trumpet Judgements, and the seven Bowl Judgements.

[[Category:New Testament Books]]

Pope

2008-06-23T22:36:17Z

Rnuk:

'''The Pope''' (from Greek papas, father) is the [[head]] of the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] Church and the Head of State of the State of the [[Vatican City]]; the Bishop of Rome, who, as successor of [[Saint Peter|St. Peter]], is the chief pastor of the whole Church, the Vicar of Christ upon earth. ''Pontifex summus'' is a title of dignity. There is no explicit mentioning or sanctioning of the Pope in any translation of the Bible.

''Blessed art thou, Simon Bar-Jona: because flesh and blood hath not revealed it to thee, but my Father who is in heaven. And I say to thee: That thou art Peter; and upon this rock (Cepha) I will build my Church.'' Matthew 16:17-19. ''Be the shepherd of my sheep.'' John 21:16.

The Pope ecclesiastical jury is called the [[Holy See]]. Since 1059 The Pope is chosen by the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Catholic Church.

[[Image:XVI.jpg|right|His Holiness Benedict XVI|thumb]]

== Insignia ==

'''Tiara'''

The pope is distinguished by the use of the tiara or triple crown. At what date the custom of crowning the pope was introduced is unknown. It was certainly previous to the forged donation of Constantine, which dates from the commencement of the ninth century, for mention is there made of the pope's coronation. The triple crown is of much later origin. (it remains only a symbol)

'''Cross'''

The pope moreover does not, like ordinary bishops, use the bent pastoral staff, but only the erect cross. This custom was introduced before the reign of Innocent III (1198-1216) (cap. un. X de sacra unctione, I, 15).

'''Pallium'''

He further uses the pallium at all ecclesiastical functions, and not under the same restrictions as do the archbishops on whom he has conferred it.
<ref> [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12260a.htm The Pope] Catholic Encyclopedia </ref>

'''Fisherman's Ring'''

It is a gold ring decorated with a depiction of St. Peter in a boat casting his net.

== Benedict XVI ==
[[Image:BENEDETTO XVI.jpg|right]]
Today the Pope is [[Pope Benedict XVI]]. On May 11, 2007 he canonized [[Brazil]]'s first native-born saint. During the ceremonies the Holy Father said that today's world "needs transparent lives, clear souls, pure minds"; Christians, must resist the temptation to think of their lives as "mere objects of pleasure."

''Gerald Fogarty, a [[Jesuit]] priest and professor at the University of Virginia, said that some Catholics were disappointed with Ratzinger's selection because he symbolized the conservative side of the church's ideological split, especially in the United States''.<ref> [http://www.cfr.org/publication/10595/ Benedict XVI: Conservative]</ref>
 
 

== Controversy ==

The Pope is claimed to be infallible in matters of doctrine (see [[Dictatus Papae]]). The concept of [[Papal Infallibility]] is used to proclaim articles of faith, which are essential to adhere to be considered a Catholic. These articles are therefore considered to be a Dogmatic definition. Such pronouncements are rare, and the concept does not mean that Catholics are to believe everything that the Pope says is correct. The last issue was asserting the [[Assumption of Mary]].

[[The First Vatican Council]], of 1870, anathematized all who dispute the Pope's primacy of honor and of jurisdiction (it is lawful to discuss the precise nature of that primacy, provided that such discussion does not violate the terms of the Council's Dogmatic Constitution). [[The Second Vatican Council]] '''modified''' many of the diktats of 1870.

Critics of the papacy claim that past Popes who claimed successorship to St. Peter, such as [[Callixtus III]] and [[Alexander VI]] from the Borgia family, were so corrupt as to be unfit to wield power. An [[omniscient]] and [[omnibenevolent]] [[God]], they claim, would not have given those people the powers claimed for them by the Catholic Church. Opponents of these critics reply that even the worst Popes failed to wreck the traditions of the Church.

== See also ==

*[[Saint Peter]]
*[[Paul]]

== External links ==

*[http://www.cwnews.com/index.cfm Catholic World News] Conservative updates and commentary.
*[http://freeforumzone.leonardo.it/viewmessaggi.aspx?f=65482&idd=431&p=97 Papa Ratzinger Forum]
*[http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/b/benedict_xvi/index.html?inline=nyt-per Times Topics] The New York Times.

== References ==

<references/>

==Previous Popes==

Following the name of each Pope is the year of their accession.

#[[Peter]] (See Above)
#[[Linus]] (67)
#[[Anacletus]] (76)
#[[Clement I]] (88)
#[[Evaristus]] (97)
#[[Alexander I]] (105)
#[[Sixtus I]] (115)
#[[Telesphorus]] (125)
#[[Hyginus]] (136)
#[[Pius I]] (140)
#[[Anicetus]] (155)
#[[Soter]] (166)
#[[Eleuterus]] (175)
#[[Victor I]] (189)
#[[Zephyrinus]] (199)
#[[Callixtus I]] (217)
#[[Urban I]] (222)
#[[Pontian]] (230)
#[[Anterus]] (235)
#[[Fabian]] (236)
#[[Cornelius]] (251)
#[[Lucius I]] (253)
#[[Stephen I]] (254)
#[[Sixtus II]] (257)
#Dionysius (259)
#Felix I (269)
#Eutychian (275)
#Caius (283)
#Marcellinus(296)
#Marcellus I (308)
#Eusebius (309)
#Miltiades (311)
#Sylvester I (314)
#Mark (336)
#Julius I (337)
#Liberius (352)
#Damasus I (366)
#Siricius (384)
#Anastasius I (399)
#Innocent I (401)
#Zosimus (417)
#Boniface I (418)
#Celestine I (422)
#Sixtus III (432)
#Leo I (440)
#Hilarius (461)
#Simplicius (468)
#Felix III (483)
#Gelasius I (492)
#Anastasius II (496)
#Symmachus (498)
#Hormisdas (514)
#John I, Martyr (523)
#Felix IV (526)
#Boniface II (530)
#John II (533)
#Agapetus I (535)
#Silverius, Marytr (536)
#Vigilius (537)
#Pelagius I (556)
#John III (561)
#Benedict I (575)
#Pelagius II (579)
#[[Gregory the Great|Gregory I]] (590)
#Sabinian (604)
#Boniface III (607)
#Boniface IV (608)
#Adeodatus I (615)
#Boniface V (619)
#Honorius I (625)
#Severinus (640)
#John IV (640)
#Theodore I (642)
#Martin I, Marytr (649)
#Eugene I (654)
#Vitalian (657)
#Adeodatus II (672)
#Donus (676)
#Agatho (678)
#Leo II (682)
#Benedict II (684)
#John V (685)
#Conon (686)
#Sergius I (687)
#John VI (701)
#John VII (705)
#Sisinnius (706)
#Constantine (708)
#Gregory II (715)
#Gregory III (731)
#Zachary (741)
#Stephen II (752)
#Paul I (757)
#Stephen III (768)
#Adrian I (772)
#Leo III (795)
#Stephen IV (816)
#Paschal I (817)
#Eugene II (824)
#Valentine (827)
#Gregory IV (827)
#Sergius II (844)
#Leo IV (847)
#Benedict III (855)
#Nicholas I (858)
#Adrian II (867)
#John VIII (872)
#Marinus I (882)
#Adrian III (884)
#Stephen V (885)
#Formosus (891)
#Boniface VI (896)
#Stephen VI (896)
#Romanus (897)
#Theodore II (897)
#John IX (898)
#Benedict IV (900)
#Leo V (903)
#Sergius III (904)
#Anastasius III (911)
#Landus (914)
#John X (914)
#Leo VI (928)
#[[Pope Stephen VII|Stephen VII]] (928)
#John XI (931)
#Leo VII (936)
#Stephen VIII (939)
#Marinus II (942)
#Agapetus II (946)
#John XII (955)
#Leo VIII (963)
#Benedict V (964)
#John XIII (965)
#Benedict VI (973)
#Benedict VII (974)
#John XIV (983)
#John XV (985)
#Gregory V (996)
#Sylvester II (999)
#John XVII (1003)
#John XVIII (1004)
#Sergius IV (1009)
#Benedict VIII (1012)
#John XIX (1024)
#Benedict IX (1032)
#Sylvester III (1045)
#Benedict IX (1045)
#Gregory VI (1045)
#Clement II (1046)
#Benedict IX (1047)
#Damasus II (1048)
#Leo IX (1049)
#Victor II (1055)
#Stephen IX (1057)
#Nicholas II (1059)
#Alexander II (1061)
#[[Pope Gregory VII|Gregory VII]] (1073)
#Victor III (1086)
#[[Pope Urban II|Urban II]] (1088)
#Paschal II (1099)
#Gelasius II (1118)
#Callixtus II (1119)
#Honorius II (1124)
#Innocent II (1130)
#Celestine II (1143)
#Lucius II (1144)
#Eugene III (1145)
#Anastasius IV (1153)
#[[Adrian IV]] (1154)
#Alexander III (1159)
#Lucius III (1181)
#Urban III (1185)
#Gregory VIII (1187)
#Clement III (1187)
#Celestine III (1191)
#Innocent III (1198)
#Honorius III (1216)
#Gregory IX (1227)
#Celestine IV (1241)
#Innocent IV (1243)
#Alexander IV (1254)
#Urban IV (1261)
#Clement IV (1265)
#Gregory X (1271)
#Innocent V (1276)
#Adrian V (1276)
#John XXI (1276)
#Nicholas III (1277)
#Martin IV (1281)
#Honorius IV (1285)
#Nicholas IV (1288)
#Celestine V (1294)
#Boniface VIII (1294)
#Benedict XI (1303)
#Clement V (1305)
#John XXII (1316)
#Benedict XII (1334)
#Clement VI (1342)
#Innocent VI (1352)
#Urban V (1362)
#Gregory XI (1370)
#Urban VI (1378)
#Boniface IX (1389)
#Innocent VII (1404)
#Gregory XII (1406)
#Martin V (1417)
#Eugene IV (1431)
#Nicholas V (1447)
#Callixtus III (1455)
#Pius II (1458)
#Paul II (1464)
#Sixtus IV (1471)
#Innocent VIII (1484)
#[[Pope Alexander VI|Alexander VI]] (1492)
#Pius III (1503)
#Julius II (1503)
#Leo X (1513)
#Adrian VI (1522)
#Clement VII (1523)
#Paul III (1534)
#Julius III (1550)
#Marcellus II (1555)
#Paul IV (1555)
#Pius IV (1559)
#Pius V (1566)
#[[Pope Gregory XIII|Gregory XIII]] (1572)
#Sixtus V (1572)
#Urban VII (1585)
#Gregory XIV (1590)
#Innocent IX (1591)
#Clement VIII (1592)
#Leo XI (1602)
#Paul V (1605)
#Gregory XV (1621)
#Urban VIII (1623)
#Innocent X (1644)
#Alexander VII (1655)
#Clement IX (1667)
#Clement X (1670)
#Innocent XI (1676)
#Alexander VIII (1689)
#Innocent XII (1691)
#Clement XI (1700)
#Innocent XIII (1721)
#Benedict XIII (1724)
#Clement XII (1730)
#Benedict XIV (1740)
#Clement XIII (1758)
#Clement XIV (1769)
#Pius VI (1775)
#Pius VII (1800)
#Leo XII (1823)
#Pius VIII (1829)
#Gregory XVI (1831)
#Pius IX (1846)
#Leo XIII (1878)
#Pius X (1903)
#Benedict XV (1914)
#[[Pius XI]] (1922)
#[[Pope Pius XII|Pius XII]] (1939)
#[[John XXIII]] (1958)
#[[Paul VI]] (1963)
#[[Pope John Paul I|John Paul I]] (1978)
#[[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]] (1978)

[[Category:Catholic Church]]
[[Category:Popes|Popes]]

Grand Canyon National Park

2008-06-23T22:33:20Z

Rnuk: I'm pretty sure there's no such thing as 'secular' geologists.

[[Image:Grandcanyon1.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The Grand Canyon]]
The '''Grand Canyon''' is a 277 mile long canyon in [[Arizona]] famed for its spectacular views. [[Young earth creationists]] believe that it was formed about 4500 years ago by rushing water after the [[Great Flood]].<ref>http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/cfol/ch3-grand-canyon.asp</ref><ref>http://nwcreation.net/grandcanyon.html</ref>
Most [[geologists]], including the National Park Service, and [[Old earth creationists]] claim that the canyon is about six million years old, cut slowly by continual erosion from the [[Colorado River]].<ref>http://www.nps.gov/grca/</ref>

==Photographic Geology Tours==
*[http://3dparks.wr.usgs.gov/2007/grandcanyon/html2/grca1004.htm Colorado River Raft Tour]. Take a virtual raft trip down the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon.
*[http://3dparks.wr.usgs.gov/2006/grandcanyon/html/grand003.htm Phantom Ranch Tour]. Hike into the Grand Canyon to Phantom Ranch along the Kaibab and Bright Angel Trails.
*[http://3dparks.wr.usgs.gov/grandcanyon/html2/gc1739.htm South Rim Tour]. Tour the South Rim from the Little Colorado River Gorge to the Canyon Village area.
*[http://3dparks.wr.usgs.gov/3Dcanyons2/pages/fg01.htm Historic Tour]. See imagery from John Wesley Powell's Second Expedition (1871-1872).

==References==
<references/>

[[category:National Park Service]]
[[Category:Geology]]
[[Category:Tourist Attractions]]
[[Category:Arizona]]