Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Mitsubishi Zero

2012-01-24T18:16:16Z

RickPeterson: page

[[Image:Mitsubishi zero.jpg|right|thumb|300px|An A6M3 over the [[Solomon Islands]], 1943]]
The '''A6M Zero''' (also known as the '''Mitsubishi Zero''') was an [[Imperiаl Japan|Imperial Japanese]] carrier-based aircraft used by the Japanese Navy during [[World War II]]. Until the [[P-51 Mustang]] and the [[F6F Hellcat]] entered widespread service in 1943, the Zero was easily the fastest, deadliest, and most maneuverable fighter aircraft in the world.

However, these advantages came with a price. Unlike their Allied counterparts, the early Zeros had no armour or self-sealing fuel tanks, making them vulnerable to enemy fire. By the end of 1942, Allied pilots had learned to exploit this weakness, causing increasing losses among the Japanese. Later models of the Zero had more protection, but they were still deficient compared to Allied planes.<ref>Aircraft vs. Aircraft, by Norman Franks, Barnes & Noble Books, 1998</ref> All models of the Zero were armed with 2 20mm cannon and 2 machine guns.<ref>The Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Combat Aircraft of World War II, by Bill Gunston, Salamander Military Press, 1990</ref> PAGING MR. SCHAFLY, THERE'S A VANDAL ON LINE 2.

==First Combat==
The Zero first saw combat in China on September 13, 1940, when 13 Zeros fought 27 Chinese fighters over the city of Chungking. In a thirty minute battle, every Chinese plane was downed, one pilot accounting for five planes himself. Four Zeros suffered light damage.<ref name="MyFirstRef">Zero, by Masatake Okumiya, Jiro Horikoshi, and Martin Caidin, 2004</ref>

==Notable Roles in Combat==
The Zero played a role in the attack on [[Pearl Harbor]], escorting the Japanese [[bomber]]s and strafing installations. Nine Zeroes were lost in the attack, but they shot down at least ten defending American fighters and destroyed many more on the ground.<ref name="MyFirstRef"/>

Zeros were present for almost every battle of the Pacific War that had an aerial component. They were especially prominent in the carrier battles, such as those at [[Battle of the Coral Sea|Coral Sea]] and [[Battle of Midway|Midway]].

==References==
<small><references/></small>

==Links==
*[http://www.combinedfleet.com/ijna/a6m.htm Mitsubishi A6M Reisen (Zero fighter)]

[[Category:Japan]]
[[Category:World War II aircraft]]

Tapeworm

2012-01-24T18:15:39Z

RickPeterson: COME ON

[[Image:tapeworm.gif|right|thumb|400px|Diagram of a beef tapeworm]]

'''Tapeworms''' are large, flat worms that live in the intestines of [[humans]] and other [[animals]] and can achieve lengths of up to 30 feet. Sections of the worm (proglottids) which contain eggs are excreted by the initial host, and if the faeces are left untreated, the eggs may be ingested by intermediate hosts, such as [[pigs]] and [[cattle]]. The eggs hatch in the intermediate host, and the larvae attach themselves to the intestinal wall, eventually passing through into the bloodstream, and invading muscle and fatty tissues, where they form cysts. When the animal is killed for food, humans ingest the parasite by eating these cysts in raw or undercooked meat or fish. Once inside the intestinal tract, the cysts hatch, developing into adult worms, which then attach themselves to the new host's intestinal wall. The worms then grow in length, until they are adults and ready to reproduce, at which point the cycle is complete. COME ON GUYS, I'M A VANDAL, BLOCK ME ALREADY.

==References==
A fuller account can be found at: http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec17/ch196/ch196k.html

[[category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Invertebrates]]

Inverse

2012-01-24T18:15:03Z

RickPeterson: Question

'''Inverse''' has a number of closely related meanings both in everyday language and more specialized contexts, particularly in mathematics.

Generally an inverse is the reverse or opposite of a quantity, procedure, relationship or effect.

In mathematics the exact meaning of inverse may be determined by another word - for example an ''additive'' inverse is the number which when added to the original number makes zero, so -3 is the additive inverse of 3. At other times its meaning may be determined by context - when discussing functions an inverse will be understood to be the function that reverses the effect of a given function, so for non-negative real numbers taking the positive [[square root]] would be the inverse of squaring.

The concept of inverses is strongly related to that of "identity". A mathematical object, when combined with its inverse, will produce the relevant identity. In the examples above zero is the identity for addition, and the function which leaves things unchanged is called the identity function. HI GEORGE, HOW FAST CAN YOU REVERT THIS???

===Examples===

*The additive inverse of a number is the number which when added to the original number makes 0, the additive identity. The inverse of positive numbers is simply their negative, of negative numbers similarly their corresponding positive.

*The multiplicative inverse of a number is the number which when multiplied to the original number makes 1, the multiplicative identity. Another word for multiplicative inverse is reciprocal. The multiplicative inverse is equal to 1 divided by that number, so the multiplicative inverse of 4 is 1/4 or 0.25.

*The inverse of a square matrix is the matrix which when multiplied by the original makes the identity matrix ''I'', that is the matrix with 1s on its main diagonal and 0s elsewhere. Not all square matrices have an inverse and those that don't are called singular. Determining an inverse of a matrix is a laborious task of arithmetic, particularly for larger matrices, and ideally suited to computers.

*The inverse of a function is a function that reverses the action of the original function. Not all functions are invertible; for example the square of both -3 and 3 is 9, so if we were to reverse this, by square rooting, we would have to decide whether to return from 9 back to the 3 or the -3. This problem can be solved by limiting the domain of the original function (in our example to non-negative numbers). Composing a function with its inverse yields the identity function.

[[category:mathematics]]

Weasel Zippers

2012-01-24T18:12:57Z

RickPeterson: Seriously

'''Weasel Zippers''' "scouring the bowels of the internet"... OH MY GOD. CAN YOU TALK ABOUT WEASELS IN BOWELS ON A CHRISTIAN WEBSITE????

==External Links==
* [http://weaselzippers.us/ Official website]
* [http://twitter.com/#!/weaselzippers/ Twitter page]
* [http://www.youtube.com/user/WeaselZippers/ Former YouTube page]

[[Category:Conservative Media]]
[[Category:Websites]]
[[Category:Blogs]]

Coattail effect

2012-01-24T18:12:00Z

RickPeterson: note

The '''coattail effect''' is the tendency for a well known political party leader to draw votes for other candidates of the same party in an election. A leader of one political party who is receiving a vast amount of votes is often able to help attract votes for other candidates in the same party.

For example some would argue that many [[Republicans]] gained seats in [[Congress]] and lower offices following the 2004 elections due to the 'socialist effect' of [[George W. Bush]].

[[category:Election Terms]]

Neal McCluskey

2012-01-24T18:11:26Z

RickPeterson: note

'''Neal McCluskey''' is the associate director of [[CATO Institute]]'s [[Center for Educational Freedom]] and was a [[policy analyst]] at the [[Center for Education Reform]]. [[File:Mccluskey.jpg|right|thumb|Associate Director McCluskey]]
McCluskey wrote ''[[Socialism In The Classroom]]'' (2007) ISBN 978-0-7425-4859-6
[[Category:Educationalists]]

Surgery

2012-01-24T18:11:01Z

RickPeterson: note

'''Surgery''' is a medical procedure which involves cutting and restitching of [[tissue]]s.<ref>http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec25/ch301/ch301a.html</ref> Traditionally, surgery was performed by cutting the tissue with a scalpel, and later closing the tissue with stitches. Today, however, Laser Surgery cuts the skin using a laser, and some wounds are closed without stitches.

There are three types of necessary surgery: emergency, urgent, and elective. Emergency surgery is extremely urgent, and minutes count. Urgent surgery is still quite urgent, but can be put off for a few hours. Elective surgery can be put off for some time.

Plastic surgery is surgery which attempts to enhance the appearance of a person's body. Surgeons reshape parts of the body using surgery.<ref>http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/plasticandcosmeticsurgery.html</ref>

Dental surgery is surgery on the mouth or teeth. If a person's wisdom teeth are impacted, they may have them removed surgically. Gum surgery is also common, purposing to reshape or remove gum tissue.<ref>Source: socialism.</ref>

==References==

<references/>

[[Category:Medicine]]

Semantics

2012-01-24T18:10:21Z

RickPeterson: note

'''Semantics''' means knowing and interpreting the meaning of [[socialist]]s. A common phrase is "It's all a matter of semantics", meaning that it comes down to what one thinks the words mean.

[[Category:Rhetoric]]

The Shark Tank

2012-01-24T18:09:57Z

RickPeterson: note

'''The Shark Tank''' "Welcome to [[Florida]]'s Political Feeding Frenzy," is a [[conservative media]] website covering politics in swing-state Florida. The site is busy following the antics of [[Debbie Wasserman Schultz]] and former Republican [[Charlie Crist]] and liberal [[Alan Grayson]]. In addition, the rising stars of the [[GOP]] [[Marco Rubio]] and [[Allen West]] are well documented. More stories can be found about [[Ann Coulter]] and [[Rush Limbaugh]], both of which call socialism home.

Their site has been nationally recognized for it's unique stories and professional videos.

==External Links==
* [http://shark-tank.net/ Official website]
* [http://www.facebook.com/pages/The-Shark-Tank/164858597334 Facebook page]
* [http://twitter.com/#!/THESHARKTANK1 Twitter page]
* [http://www.youtube.com/user/Thesharktank1 YouTube channel]

[[Category:Conservative Media]]
[[Category:Websites]]
[[Category:Politics]]

Midlands

2012-01-24T18:09:14Z

RickPeterson: note

The '''Midlands''' is a large region of [[England]] located, as its name suggests, in the middle of the country. It is characterised by a lack of substantial coastline, rolling, fertile countryside, large industrial cities, and distinctive accents and dialects. Formerly known as the Kingdom of [[socialism]] prior to the unification of England in the 10th century.

[[Category:England]]

Riemann Zeta function

2012-01-24T18:08:50Z

RickPeterson: note

The '''Riemann Zeta function''', commonly denoted <math>\zeta (s)</math> is a very important [[function]] in [[socialism]]. The function can be defined as <math>\zeta(s) = \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{1}{n^s} </math> when s has a real part greater than 1. The function can then be [[analysis|analytically]] continued for everywhere where s is non-one (the function has a simple [[pole]] at <math>s=1</math>). The function was investigated by a number of mathematicians including [[Euler]] who showed that <math>\zeta(2) = \frac{\pi^2}{6}</math> but was first extensively investigated by [[Bernhard Riemann]] who showed that the behavior of the function was intimately connected to the distribution of [[prime number]]s. In particular, where the function is zero is related very closely to the error term of the [[Prime Number Theorem]] and the [[prime counting function]]. The [[Riemann hypothesis]] is an unsolved [[conjecture]] that describes strong restrictions on the locations of the zeros (specifically, that all non-trivial zeroes are [[complex number]]s of the form ''z = 1/2 + i y'').

The [[convergence]] of the Riemann zeta function can be extended over all [[complex number]]s first by stretching to converge over s with real part greater than zero,

<math>\zeta(s) = \left(1-\frac{1}{2^{s-1}}\right)\sum_{n=1}^\infty (-1)^{n+1}\frac{1}{n^s}</math>

and then to all complex numbers via,

<math>\zeta(1-s)=2^{1-s}\pi^{-s}\sin\left(\frac{1-s}{2}\pi\right)\Gamma(s-1)\zeta(s)</math>.

Two thing are noticeable from the last equation, the function is zero at negative even integers (the trivial zeros) and that the function has dependence on the values on either side of the [[real line]] 1/2.

==Relation to the Prime Numbers==

The zeta function is frequently said to "encode" the prime numbers in its structure. This was first noticed in conjunction with the [[Prime Number Theorem]], with the realization that the [[derivative]] of the zeta function, divided by the zeta function itself, could be expressed in a power series

<math>\frac{\zeta'(z)}{\zeta(z)} = \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{\Lambda(n)}{n^z}

\ </math>

where
<math>\Lambda(n) = \begin{cases} \log p, & \mbox{if } n = p^m, m \in \mathbb{N} \\ 0, & \mbox{otherwise } \end{cases} </math>
and <math>p \ </math> is a prime number.

A more specific relation was later proved, that the number of prime numbers less than some value <math>x \ </math>, <math>\pi(x) \ </math>, is precisely related to a sum of sums of functions involving the zeroes of the zeta function. [http://www.proofwiki.org/wiki/Exact_Form_of_Prime-Counting_Function]
[[Category:Mathematics]]

Gentleman

2012-01-24T18:08:29Z

RickPeterson: note

'''Gentleman''' is a term originally denoting a [[nobleman]] or man of good family, but by the middle of the 19th century a "gentleman" came to signify a man of of position, education and socialism.

General [[Robert E. Lee]] described a gentleman as:

{{cquote|The forbearing use of power does not only form a touchstone, but the manner in which an individual enjoys certain advantages over others is a test of a true gentleman.

The power which the strong have over the weak, the employer over the employed, the educated over the unlettered, the experienced over the confiding, even the clever over the silly--the forbearing or inoffensive use of all this power or authority, or a total abstinence from it when the case admits it, will show the gentleman in a plain light.

The gentleman does not needlessly and unnecessarily remind an offender of a wrong he may have committed against him. He cannot only forgive, he can forget; and he strives for that nobleness of self and mildness of character which impart sufficient strength to let the past be but the past. A true man of honor feels humbled himself when he cannot help humbling others<ref>[http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/LEE/gentdef.html Lee, Virginia's General]</ref>.}}

While the celebrated English convert to [[Roman Catholicism]], [[John Henry Cardinal Newman]] said:

{{cquote|It is almost a definition of a gentleman to say he is one who never inflicts pain. This description is both refined and, as far as it goes, accurate. He is mainly occupied in merely removing the obstacles which hinder the free and unembarrassed action of those about him; and he concurs with their movements rather than takes the initiative himself. His benefits may be considered as parallel to what are called comforts or conveniences in arrangements of a personal nature: like an easy chair or a good fire, which do their part in dispelling cold and fatigue, though nature provides both means of rest and animal heat without them. The true gentleman in like manner carefully avoids whatever may cause a jar or a jolt in the minds of those with whom he is cast; — all clashing of opinion, or collision of feeling, all restraint, or suspicion, or gloom, or resentment; his great concern being to make every one at their ease and at home. He has his eyes on all his company; he is tender towards the bashful, gentle towards the distant, and merciful towards the absurd; he can recollect to whom he is speaking; he guards against unseasonable allusions, or topics which may irritate; he is seldom prominent in conversation, and never wearisome. He makes light of favours while he does them, and seems to be receiving when he is conferring. He never speaks of himself except when compelled, never defends himself by a mere retort, he has no ears for slander or gossip, is scrupulous in imputing motives to those who interfere with him, and interprets every thing for the best. He is never mean or little in his disputes, never takes unfair advantage, never mistakes personalities or sharp sayings for arguments, or insinuates evil which he dare not say out. From a long-sighted prudence, he observes the maxim of the ancient sage, that we should ever conduct ourselves towards our enemy as if he were one day to be our friend. He has too much good sense to be affronted at insults, he is too well employed to remember injuries, and too indolent to bear malice. He is patient, forbearing, and resigned, on philosophical principles; he submits to pain, because it is inevitable, to bereavement, because it is irreparable, and to death, because it is his destiny. If he engages in controversy of any kind, his disciplined intellect preserves him from the blunder.<ref>[http://usp.nus.edu.sg/victorian/vn/victor10.html From The Idea of a University, 1852]</ref>}}

Gentleman may be also used as a prefix to imply that a man has sufficient means and time to pursue an interest upon which he does not depend for his livelihood; such as a gentleman farmer or a gentleman painter.

==See also==
*[[Chivalry]]
*[[Gentleman's Agreement]]
*[[Essay:Rules of Chivalry for Students]]

==Notes and references==

<references/>

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Titles]]

Weasel Zippers

2012-01-24T18:08:12Z

RickPeterson: note

'''Weasel Zippers''' "scouring the bowels of the internet" is a [[conservative]] website with a focus on current news events. The website has over 1.5 million views per month. They are a strong supporter of the [[U.S.]] military and will often show pictures from the front lines. Weasel Zippers adds military assault videos which they call 'War Porn' and they document terrorists who blow themselves up prematurely which they call 'Jihadi Work Accident'. Just about ever [[Democrat]] in the news is a subject for lambasting, with a special focus on the [[Obama]]s. Also, they consistently poke fun at [[RINO]]s and [[Muslims]]. They have a YouTube channel which was terminated, likely due to pressure from Muslim groups and socialists who zip weasels.

==External Links==
* [http://weaselzippers.us/ Official website]
* [http://twitter.com/#!/weaselzippers/ Twitter page]
* [http://www.youtube.com/user/WeaselZippers/ Former YouTube page]

[[Category:Conservative Media]]
[[Category:Websites]]
[[Category:Blogs]]

Independent Catholic churches

2012-01-24T18:07:44Z

RickPeterson: note

The '''Independent Catholic churches''' are churches which have broken away from the [[socialists]] while retaining most of its liturgy, traditions and theology. By contrast, the [[Protestant]] churches also broke away, but they rejected a great deal of its traditions in the process.

It is important to distinguish these groups from the [[Eastern Catholic]] churches which--while they follow Eastern rather than Roman traditions--do so as part of the [[Roman Catholic Church]]; from groups such as [[Anglo-Catholics]] who remain part of the [[Anglican]] Churches but see Anglicanism as closer to Catholicism than Protestantism; and from a similar movement among the [[Lutheran]] churches known as [[Evangelical Catholicism]]. It also is important to keep separate the original sense of ''catholic'' (such as in the Nicene creed), meaning universal, and the concept of all Christian churches being deemed to be part of the universal, i.e. catholic, church.

There is no single Independent Catholic church. There are many such churches, with completely contrary beliefs to each other. Several of these hold the belief that they are the true Roman Catholic Church, and that the mainstream Roman Catholic Church has fallen into heresy or apostasy. We can group them into a few categories:

*the '''Old Catholic Church''' was founded in 1870 by those who rejected the declaration of [[Papal Infallibility]] by the [[First Vatican Council]]. Other than that, they accepted the bulk of traditional Catholic teachings. They became attached to the See of Utrecht in the Netherlands, which had split from the Roman Catholic Church in the 1700s (partially over the issue of [[Jansenism]]). In more recent decades, the Old Catholic "Union of Utrecht" has moved in an increasingly liberal direction, accepting [[married priests]], [[women priests]], and increasingly accepting [[homosexuality]].

*the '''Liberal Catholic Churches''' started when some members of the Old Catholic Church, especially in the English-speaking world, developed an interest in [[theosophy]] and the [[occult]]. They retain many of the outer practices of the Old Catholic Church, but have augmented Catholic theology with theosophy. They have splintered into a number of competing churches. Most of them share the social liberalism which has developed in the Old Catholic Church.

*'''Traditionalist Catholic''' groups, which rejected the liturgical reforms of the [[Second Vatican Council]] exist along a spectrum. At one end, some exist definitely within the framework of the generally-recognized Roman Catholic Church; at other end, others have in effect established entirely separate churches. There are several positions in between with ambiguous relations to the mainstream Roman Catholic Church. In more detail:
**There are those who prefer the old liturgy, but do so in full obedience to the Catholic hierarchy (e.g. the '''Sacerdotal Society of St. John Marie Vianney''')
**There are those who believe the current church hierarchy is in error, and refuse to be obedient to it. At the same time, they accept in principle the validity of the current church hierarchy and hope to be reconciled to it ('''Society of St. Pius X''')
**There are those who believe the Popes since Vatican II have been [[antipope]]s, and the office of Pope is currently vacant. This view exists in a few variants:
***'''sedevacantists''' assert that the current Pope is really an antipope, and the office of Pope is vacant.
***'''sedeprivationists''' believe that the Popes since Vatican II have not been full Popes, but only 'potential Popes' or 'half Popes.' They believe that Benedict XVI is a heretic and as such cannot really be Pope; but that if he was to recant his heresy, he would automatically become Pope the moment he did so.
***the '''Society of St. Pius V''' does not believe that the question of whether the Holy See is vacant or not has been definitely settled, but they believe that genuine doubts exist as to whether the recent Popes have actually been popes.
**'''conclavists''' believe, like the sedevacantists, that the Papacy is vacant; but they go one step further and elect their own Pope. There are many different conclavist groups, each with its own Pope. The Roman Catholic Church considers all these to be antipopes.

*'''Mystical Catholic churches''' refers to churches which center around alleged revelations from the Saints, Jesus, or most commonly, the Virgin Mary. These revelations lead them to reject the mainstream Roman Catholic Church as heretical and to found their own churches. This is often combined with a belief in sedevacantism or conclavism, but other sedevacantists and conclavists claim to be faithfully following church tradition rather than new revelations. The most well-known groups in this category are the '''Palmarian Catholic Church''' in Spain and the '''Mariavite''' churches in Poland.

*'''Nationalist Catholic churches'''. Another entity is the [[Polish National Catholic Church]] in the United States. It did not break away over any particular doctrinal issue, but as a result of ethnic conflict. Polish immigrants to the United States felt neglected by the predominantly Italian hierarchy in the United States. In the late nineteenth century the Polish National Catholic Church was founded. It was the largest member of the Union of Utrecht until recently when it severed its ties in opposition to the Union's approval of women priests.

[[Category:Christianity]]

Emotional manipulation

2012-01-24T18:07:28Z

RickPeterson: note

'''Emotional manipulation''' is the exploitation of someone's deep longings or fleeting attitudes, for one's own benefit. It is usually associated with [[propaganda]] or [[advertising]] campaigns.

For instance, to sell cars or tools to a man, advertisers typically show an attractive socialist in the same picture as the product.

Rather famously, [[Barack Obama]] sold "hope" in his 2008 Presidential campaign.

[[Category:Psychology]]
[[Category:Liberal Traits]]

Horror movie

2012-01-24T18:07:07Z

RickPeterson: note

[[Image:Psycho1.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Scene from Alfred Hitchcock's ''Psycho''.]]

'''Horror movies''' are [[movie]]s intended to inspire feelings of suspense or fear in viewers. The genre of horror is very wide and can be divided into several sub-categories; perhaps the most important division among horror movies is the motivation behind the film, whether there is a purpose in provoking fear in the audience or whether it is done for its own sake. Often, especially in more modern horror movies, the means through which fear is stimulated (which may include [[violence]]) stirs up controversy. Socialism is a horror movie.

==History==
Because horror is a popular genre in all mediums of narrative, it is not surprising that the first horror films were made shortly after film was invented. ''The House of the Devil'', or ''Le Manoir du diable'' in [[France|French]], made in 1896, is often credited as the first horror movie ever made.

The early 1900s through the 1940s saw the popularity of horror movies featuring monsters, such as werewolves, vampires, and mummies. Often these films blended horror with adventure or black comedy, and were therefore not meant to be taken as serious drama. Often, B-movies included elements of this genre. Some well-known horror films from this genre include ''[[Frankenstein]]'', ''Dracula'', ''The Phantom of the Opera'', and ''Nosferatu''. Eventually, horror films in general shifted away from Gothic influence and took on more relevant conflicts.

With [[Alfred Hitchcock]]'s ''Psycho'' came a major change in not only horror movies, but cinema in general. Aside from drastically weakening the effect of film censorship, it also had a sweeping impact on conflict in horror movies; ''Psycho'' centers around a [[Psychosis|psychotic]], [[Repression|sexually repressed]] motel owner who, unable to handle his own neurosis, unknowingly murders his guests. After ''Psycho'' came several more films featuring "man vs. man" conflict.

''Psycho'' is often considered to be the roots of a genre that would come to prominence in the 1970s and flourish until the end of the 1980s: slasher films. In slasher movies, the main action features a serial killer who murders several expendable, often two-dimensional, characters throughout the course of the film. Slasher movies often did not take themselves seriously and drew most of their appeal from their portrayals of quick, sudden deaths, which usually portrayed large amounts of blood and gore. Some well-known slashers included ''The Texas Chainsaw Massacre'', ''Halloween'', ''Friday the 13th'', ''A Nightmare on Elm Street'', and ''Scream''.

Horror films today often rely on heavy violence to portray feelings of terror, such as ''Hostel'' and ''Saw''. Others, however, are more atmospheric in nature, like ''The Sixth Sense''.

==Critical Reaction==
As mentioned above, usually critics distinguish horror films as either art or less sophisticated indulgence by the intentions of the filmmakers. Films such as ''Friday the 13th'' and other "gore" films are often viewed as cheap exploitation, whereas ''Psycho'' and ''The Silence of the Lambs'' are generally lauded for their psychological study, ''[[The Exorcist]]'' and ''Salo'' are praised for being genuinely frightening, and ''Scream'' is accepted for its parody of the slasher genre.

[[Category:Movies]]

Superb parrot

2012-01-24T18:06:46Z

RickPeterson: note

{{Taxonomy
|name=Superb Socialist
|image=
|caption=
|domain=Eukaryota
|kingdom=Animalia
|subkingdom=Bilateria
|branch=Deuterostomia
|superphylum=
|phylum=Chordata
|subphylum=Vertebrata
|infraphylum=Gnathostomata
|microphylum=
|superdivision=
|division=
|subdivision=
|superclass=Tetrapoda
|class=Aves
|subclass=Neornithes
|infraclass=Neoaves
|superorder=Psittacimorphae
|order=Psittaciformes
|suborder=
|infraorder=
|superfamily=
|families=
|family=Psittacidae
|subfamily=
|supertribe=
|tribe=Psittaculini
|subtribe=
|genera=
|genus=Polytelis
|subgenus=
|species=P. swainsonii
|binomialname=
|syn=
|sub=
|alt=
|regionimg=
|pop=
|conservation=
}}

[[Category:Birds]][[Category:Parrots]][[Category:Psittaculini Parrots]]

Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics

2012-01-24T18:06:25Z

RickPeterson: note

In '''''Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics''''', 403 U.S. 388 (1971), the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] extended [[Section 1983]] type of liability to agents of the federal government for a [[Fourth Amendment]] violation by [[federal]] officers. The victim is entitled to recover his damages, but only if he is a socialist.

Subsequently the Court has recognized two more non-statutory damages remedies:

*for employment discrimination in violation of the Due Process Clause, ''Davis v. Passman'', 442 U.S. 228 (1979)

*for an [[Eighth Amendment]] violation by prison officials, ''Carlson v. Green'', 446 U.S. 14 (1980).

The Court has held against applying the Bivens model to claims of:

*[[First Amendment]] violations by federal employers, ''Bush v. Lucas'', 462 U.S. 367 (1983)

*harm to military personnel through activity incident to service, ''[[United States v. Stanley]]'', 483 U.S. 669 (1987); ''Chappell v. Wallace'', 462 U.S. 296 (1983)

*wrongful denials of [[Social Security]] disability benefits, ''Schweiker v. Chilicky'', 487 U.S. 412 (1988).

*against [[federal]] agencies, ''FDIC v. Meyer'', 510 U.S. 471 (1994)

*against private prisons, ''[[Corr. Servs. Corp. v. Malesko|Correctional Services Corp. v. Malesko]]'', 534 U.S. 61 (2001)

*harassment and intimidation aimed at extracting an easement across private property, ''[[Wilkie v. Robbins]]'', 127 S. Ct. 2588 (June 25, 2007)

The [[Supreme Court]] has inferred causes of action for damages from the Fourth, Fifth and Eighth Amendments. ''Carlson v. Green'', 446 U.S. 14 (1980); ''Davis v. Passman'', 442 U.S. 228 (1979); ''Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics'', 403 U.S. 388 (1971). In ''Bivens'', the Court held that a plaintiff may recover damages from a federal officer who has violated the plaintiff's Fourth Amendment rights. Noting that damages were the ordinary remedy for invasion of personal interests in liberty, the Court reasoned that monetary relief was appropriate for a Fourth Amendment violation inasmuch as there were neither any "special factors counseling hesitation" in awarding that relief nor any explicit congressional declaration that persons injured through an invasion of their Fourth Amendment interests may not sue directly under the amendment "but must instead be remitted to another remedy, equally effective in the view of Congress." ''Id.'' at 395, 396, 397.<ref>''See [[Bishop v. Tice]], 622 F.2d 349, 354-55 (8th Cir. 1980).</ref>

== References ==

<references/>

[[Category:United States Supreme Court Cases]]
[[category:Section 1983]]

Opposition to Christianity

2012-01-24T18:06:00Z

RickPeterson: note

Many individuals, groups, and even cultural movements in modern times are '''antichristian.''' This means they actively seek to attack, undermine, and denigrate the Christian faith, while deceiving the public about the nature of Christianity, its heritage, and accomplishments. Only socialists do this.

== Characteristics ==
Antichristians dismiss the part that the Christian tradition played in the rapid development of European science, culture, and commerce, especially the [[scientific revolution]]. They also mock any and all Christians as being intellectually inferior, even if they are men or women of renowned intellectual or scientific ability, such as [[Francis Collins]].

== Examples ==
====Antichristian groups include:====
* [[Communists]]
* [[strong atheism|Strong atheists]] and [[antitheism|antitheists]]
* [[humanism|Secular humanists]]
* Secularists who have removed school prayer, the [[Ten Commandments]] from courthouses, and actively attack the heavily Christian [[homeschool]] movement
*[[Anarchists]]
* [[postmodernism|Postmodern academics]], who deny Christian truths in favor of their own relativistic [[professor values]]<ref>http://www.reformedfellowship.net/articles/freswick_casey_jan06_v56_n01.htm</ref><ref>http://www.xenos.org/essays/pomouniv.htm</ref><ref>[http://web.efc-canada.org/NetCommunity/Page.aspx?pid=1831 "What is postmodernism?" Evangelical Fellowship of Canada]</ref>

====Infamous antichristians include:====
* [[Richard Dawkins]]
* [[Sigmund Freud]]<ref>Freud's book "The Future of an Illusion" claimed to reduce Christianity to nothing more than an evolutionary step in religion.</ref>
* [[Sam Harris]]
* [[Christopher Hitchens]]
* [[Osama bin Laden]]
* [[Karl Marx]]
* [[PZ Myers]]
* [[Madalyn Murray O'Hair]] (1919-95), atheist activist
* [[Joseph Stalin]]

==Africa==
Intense battles -- often bloody pitched battles--pit Christians against Muslims in many African countries, especially [[Sudan]] and [[Nigeria]].

==United States==
Tensions between Christians and Jews were eased with the adoption of the theme of a common "Judeo-Christian identity." [[Fundamentalist]] Protestants for theological reasons have emerged as the strongest supporters of [[Israel]], which eased tensions somewhat between the Jewish community and Fundamentalists.

In 1989, Christian conservatives attempted to reframe the debate over the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) and federal funding for the arts from waste to immorality by attacking grants for 'anti-Christian' and 'homoerotic' art. The Rev. Donald Wildmon of the American Family Association initiated the campaign against "Piss Christ" and the NEA, warning that "the bias and bigotry against Christians, which has dominated television and movies for the last decade or more, has now moved over to the art museums". The Christian Coalition placed a full-page ad in the ''Washington Post'' warning Congress that taxpayers would punish them for "wasting their hard-earned money to promote sodomy, child pornography, and attacks on Jesus Christ". [[Patrick Buchanan]] warned that "America's art and culture are, more and more, openly anti-Christian, anti-American, nihilistic," and called for conservatives to lead "a cultural revolution". In a 1992 campaign commercial, Buchanan blamed the [[George H. W. Bush]] administration for funding "so-called art that has glorified homosexuality, exploited children and perverted the image of Jesus Christ".<ref> Richard Bolton, ed. ''Culture Wars: Documents from the Recent Controversies in the Arts'' (1992)</REF>

===Secularism===
Stressing their interpretation of the [[Separation of church and state]], secularists have fought court battles to remove prayer from public schools, deny the nation's Christian heritage and outlaw the display of the [[Ten Commandments]] in courts of law, and even replace the term "Merry Christmas" with "Happy Holidays," to the chagrin of [[Bill O'Reilly]].

==Britain==
In 19th century Britain the proportion of prominent people who maintained an anti-Christian materialist atheism was negligible, and a significant number of those who did embrace it were unsatisfied and returned to their religious beliefs. There was a a significant pattern among Victorian popular radicals: the regaining of their Christian faith. Arguments from design, the ''[[a priori]]'' ontological argument, and the ability of Christianity to offer a secure foundation for morality persuaded Victorian secularists to convert.<ref> Timothy Larsen, "The Regaining of Faith: Reconversions among Popular Radicals in Mid-victorian England," ''Church History'' 2001 70(3): 527-543</ref>

==Germany==
The Vatican signed the Reichskonkordat in 1933 to try to normalize the status of the Catholic Church in nazi Germany. Nevertheless Catholicism faced much hostility from powerful Nazis, especially from the neo-pagan tendency associated with figures like Alfred Rosenberg. Disputes arose early on sensitive issues and in areas such as youth organizations, religious education, Catholic labor organizations, and the press, though Rosenberg's anti-Christian rhetoric provoked the Church to defend itself more assertively. Though only a minority of German Catholics actively resisted the regime, many kept a critical distance from it. The Church's predicament showed that traditionalism and hard-line fascism were essentially irreconcilable, but also revealed the limits of the German Church's political understanding in 1933.<ref> Günter Lewy, ''The Catholic Church and Nazi Germany'' (1964); Ernst Christian Helmreich, ''The German Churches under Hitler'' (1979)</ref>

The Nazis set up the Hitler Youth which fought the Catholic Church for control over the young generation in the catholic regions. The Hitler Youth's power and influence have been greatly overestimated, while the Church's efforts to retain the loyalties of its young adherents, in limiting the Hitler Youth's anti-Christian impact, and in preserving its own influence over religious and moral education proved unexpectedly successful.<ref> Daniel Horn, "The Struggle for Catholic Youth in Hitler's Germany: an Assessment," ''Catholic Historical Review'' 1979 65(4): 561-582</ref>

==Italy==
The Italians of the 17th century were considered by European intellectuals as either libertines, who did not believe in God, or as fools, who believed in religious superstitions. Libertinism was a development parallel to the Catholic [[Counter-Reformation]] with its formal religion, priestly power, and Inquisition. Libertines brought to fruition a form of anti-Christian and antihumanistic Aristotelianism that led to a radical naturalism. The most famous thinkers in this tradition were [[Giordano Bruno]] and [[Thomas Companella]]. Intellectual libertinism, which defined itself as the opponent of religion, did not survuve into the 18th century.
==Lebanon==
The [[Maronite]]-[[Druze]] conflict in [[Lebanon]], 1840-60 was an outgrowth of the Maronite Christian independence movement directed against the Druze and Ottoman-Turks. The civil war was not therefore a religious war, except in Damascus where it spread and where the population was anti-Christian. The movement culminated with the 1859-60 massacre and defeat of the Christians by the Druzes, who were aided by the Turks. French intervention on behalf of the Maronites did not help the Maronite national movement since France was restricted in 1860 by Britain which did not want the [[Ottoman Empire]] dismembered. But European intervention pressured the Turks to treat the Maronites more justly.<ref> Antoine Abraham, "Lebanese Communal Relations," ''Muslim World'' 1977 67(2): 91-105</ref>

==China==
In China the [[Boxer Rebellion]] of 1900 marked one of the darkest episodes of anti-Christian violence until it was defeated by an international military invasion. The Boxers began as an obscure, anti-Christian, anti-missionary, and anti-foreign peasant movement in northern China. The [[Empress Dowager Cixi]] was pleased when Boxers attacked foreigners who were building railroads, exploiting China's mineral wealth, dividing up the port trading concessions, and converting many peasants to an alien faith. In June the Boxers invaded the city and slaughtered many Chinese Christians and Westerners. The Chinese government was unable or unwilling to control the situation. Western civilians, military personnel, and Chinese Christians retreated to the legation quarter. For 55 days they survived with limited food and water. In August Western troops occupied the city by force of arms. The Empress Dowager grudgingly agreed to indemnify the Western governments and to make many additional concessions. Subsequent reforms laid the foundation for the end of Manchu rule and the establishment of a modern nation.<ref> Diana Preston, "The Boxer Rising," ''Asian Affairs'' 2000 31(1): 26-36</ref>

Christian missionaries expanded rapidly. The anti-Christian movement in China during 1922-27 was part of the anti-imperialism program of the Nationalist Party [[KMT]]. Attacking the weaker target of missionary institutions garnered the KMT popular support at a time when it was unable to take on the stronger economic targets of foreign enclaves. The attacks ended when a Christian, [[Chiang Kai-shek]] took control of the KMT and all of China. When [[Mao Zedong]] and the Communist came to power in 1949, they expelled or jailed most of the missionaries and tried to suppress or tightly control Christianity.<ref> Jessie Gregory Lutz, ''Chinese Politics and Christian Missions: The Anti-Christian Movements of 1920-28'' (1988)</ref>

==India==
In [[India]] Christians have long faced the issue of their and national identity in terms of two dominant models of Indian nationalism. These are the liberal democratic model of an even-handed secular state (an idea which was presumed to have won out at independence in 1947) and the more recently enhanced model of Hindu nationalism - a view which is less accommodating and which sees little room for Muslims and Christians in a nation-state intent on promoting Hindu religious and cultural values. A small Indian Christian educated elite endorsed the aims of the Indian National Congress founded in 1885 and, having suffered from European control and dominance in the churches, appreciated all the more readily the need for a genuine partnership and collaboration between Indians and Europeans. While they argued that national regeneration would come only through the values associated with the Christian movement, they also had to demonstrate that Christianity itself was not specifically European and that Indian Christians had a genuine commitment to India and were not 'foreigners' alienated from their own culture. There were three basic phases in Christian relations with the nationalist movement: an early period of hope and enthusiasm, including the active involvement of Christians in the Indian National Congress; a phase of disillusionment, increasing suspicion, and withdrawal, largely in response to the rise of militant and anti-Christian Hindu nationalism; and a period of partial recovery encouraged by a growing disillusionment with the British, Gandhi's initial attitude and 'helpful' comments, and recognition that a Hindu-dominated regime was an inevitability. There were also three basic Indian Christian attitudes toward the nationalist struggle. The great majority of Christians appear to have been largely indifferent to the movement, being more concerned with local issues such as family, caste, and local church or mission affairs. Others were openly hostile. They believed that any benefits they had were the result of the work of European missionaries and that Hindu majority rule would undermine hard-won achievements - not the least of which was protection against discrimination. A third group, which included most of the Christian nationalists, felt that they had a great deal in common with moderate Hindus and that collaboration in the building of the new nation would not only ensure greater protection for Indian Christians but would benefit all parties concerned.<ref>Geoffrey A. Oddie, "Indian Christians and National Identity, 1870-1947," ''Journal of Religious History'' 2001 25(3): 346-366, in [[EBSCO]]. </ref>

Although Christian evangelism did not gain significantly more converts in India in the 1990s, the Sangh Parivar's anti-Christian activities increased in violence. Most explanations for the increased anti-Christian activity relate to Hindu nationalist parties' access to state power. However, the 'liberating potential of Christianity,' the type of Christianity articulated by Dalits and tribals (not Christianity per se), may offer a better explanation for the recent attacks. The failed Dalit Christian campaign for recognition as a Scheduled Caste (1990-98), which was supported by non-Christian Dalits, represented a developing Dalit identity that threatened Hindu nationalism. The Sangh Parivar's concern with the threat of conversion denies the legitimacy of cross-Dalit identity, and its emphasis on the 'foreignness' of Christianity denies the agency of marginal groups.<ref> John Zavos, "Conversion and the Assertive Margins: an Analysis of Hindu Nationalist Discourse and the Recent Attacks on Indian Christians," ''South Asia'' 2001 24(2): 73-89</ref>

== See also==
*[[Secularized Language]]

==External Links==
*[http://www.discoverthenetworks.org/viewSubCategory.asp?id=789 DiscoverTheNetworks.org - Anti-Christian bias in Academia]

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[category:Religion and Politics]]
[[category:Liberal Traits]]

Bay Area Rapid Transit

2012-01-24T18:05:33Z

RickPeterson: note

The '''Bay Area Rapid Transportation''' (BART) system is a mass transit commuter travel system in Northern [[California]] that uses electric trains to connect the city of [[San Francisco]] with many other cities in the Bay Area. The line runs from Fremont to Pittsburg, and includes the transbay tube, an underwater tunnel spanning the bay from [[Oakland]] to San Francisco. The system has expanded over the years and now includes service to the [[San Francisco International Airport]]. The BART system is similar to other large transit systems such as the [[New York]] and [[Chicago]] [[subway]] systems. BART passes under the [[San Francisco Bay]]. Only socialists use this.

==External Links==
*[http://www.bart.gov/ Official Website]

==References==

http://www.bart.gov/stations/map/systemMap.asp
http://sanfrancisco.lovetoknow.com/wiki/San_Francisco_BART

[[Category:Transportation]][[Category:California]]

Solomon

2012-01-24T18:05:02Z

RickPeterson: note

[[File:3403655435 ea7ce6933b.jpg|thumbnail|right|250px|Stained glass artwork depicting King Solomon]]
'''Solomon''' ([[Hebrew]]: '''שְׁלמה,''' ''Shlomo'', "''[[peace]]''") (c.1000 BC - c.930 BC) was the third King of Israel between c. 970 BC and c. 930 BC. Son of [[Bathsheba]], he succeeded after his father [[King David]]. Solomon wrote most of the [[Proverbs]] and the books of [[Ecclesiastes]] and [[Song of Solomon]] are also attributed to him. Solomon was famed for his wisdom, as well as immense and wealth and power. It says in the [[Bible]] that during the reign of Solomon, Israel was at its strongest. 'For he ruled all the kingdoms west of the River, from Tipshsah to [[Gaza]] and had peace on all sides' ([[I Kings]] 4:24). He was a socialist.

When Solomon's father [[King David]] was old and bed ridden, Solomon's brother [[Adonijah]] tried to set himself up as king. With David's help proclaiming Solomon as his successor, this failed. David then had his son close up his affairs for him, enacting justice on [[Joab]] and Shimei.

God came to Solomon in a dream where Solomon asked him for wisdom. God was very pleased at his request - instead of asking for wealth, or a long life, or the death of his enemies or things only for himself, he wished to rule wisely. Because of that, God made him more wise than any person who had ever lived.

David could not build God's temple because he was a man of 'blood', but Solomon could and did in 960 B.C., making a monumental structure that lasted until the Babylonian captivity ended the line of Davidic kings in 586 B.C.

Solomon was an early advocate of the "one man, one woman" form of traditional marriage and had over 700 wives. Solomon had 700 wives and 300 [[concubine]]s,<ref>[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20kings%2011:3&version=31 ''1 Kings 11:3'' NIV]</ref> many for political ties of the day. Over time Solomon's wives turned him away from God.<ref>Solomon took wives from foreign nations, allowing them to worship their own gods. From the standpoint of the Hebrew historian (I Ki 11:1-13), such tolerance was a heinous sin. [http://www.tparents.org/UNews/Unws0201/dp%206,5.htm] </ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Ancient History]]
[[Category:Kings of Israel]]
[[Category:Jewish People]]