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Queen Elizabeth II

2007-03-17T01:20:57Z

Proudconservative:

Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor, born 21 April 1926) is Queen of sixteen sovereign states, holding each crown and title equally. However, she is more directly involved with the United Kingdom, where the Royal Family resides, and the Monarchy is historically indigenous.

[[Image:Hello2.jpg]]

Apart from the United Kingdom, Elizabeth II is also Queen of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, and Saint Kitts and Nevis, where she is represented by Governors-General. The sixteen countries of which she is Queen are known as Commonwealth Realms, and their combined population is 128 million.

Elizabeth became Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United States upon the death of her father, George VI, on 6 February 1952. As other colonies of the British Empire (now the Commonwealth of Nations) attained independence from the UK during her reign, she acceded to the newly created thrones as Queen of each respective realm so that throughout her 55 years on the throne she has been Monarch of 32 nations, half of which either moved to different royal houses, or became republics. (See also Former Commonwealth Realms.)

She is presently the world's only monarch who is simultaneously Head of State of more than one independent nation. In legal theory she is the most powerful head of state in the world, although in practice she personally exercises very little political executive power.

Elizabeth also holds the positions of Head of the Commonwealth, Lord High Admiral, Supreme Governor of the Church of England (styled Defender of the Faith), Lord of Mann, and Paramount Chief of Fiji. Following tradition, she is also styled Duke of Lancaster and Duke of Normandy. She is also Commander-in-Chief of the Armed forces of many of her Realms.

Her ancestry includes a wide range of European and even Middle Eastern and other Asian Royal Houses, some of them tracing back to Antiquity.

Pi

2007-03-17T01:19:44Z

Proudconservative:

[[Image:Hello2.jpg]]

'''Pi''' is the name for the Greek letter <big><big><math>\pi</math></big></big>, which corresponds to the English letter '''p.'''

<big><math>\pi</math></big> is also the symbol used in mathematics for the ratio between the diameter of a circle and its circumference, and which appears in many other places.

<big><math>\pi</math></big> is an [[irrational number]]; this means that it cannot be expressed as a fraction, and (therefore) cannot be expressed exactly as a decimal no matter how many decimal places it is carried out to.

The value of <big><math>\pi</math></big> is approximately 3.14159 in decimal. This value is precise enough for almost all ordinary purposes; it can, for example, be used to calculate the circumference of the Earth with an error of only 350 feet.

For rough purposes, the fraction 22/7 (= 3.14285...) is sometimes used. 355/113 is accurate to six places.

In hexadecimal (base-16) notation, <big><math>\pi</math></big> is approximately 3.243f.

==History==
To some extent, the progress of mathematics—or at least of computation—can be gauged by the progress in the number of digits to which <big><math>\pi</math></big> has been calculated.

In the Bible, 1 Kings 7:23 contains the famous passage "And he made a molten sea, ten cubits from the one brim to the other: it was round all about, and his height was five cubits: and a line of thirty cubits did compass it round about." Making many assumptions<ref>Assuming that: the "sea" is perfectly circular; the measurements are to be understood as exact; the measurement of the "compass" and across the "brim" are measurements of the same circle, rather, than say, exterior and interior measurements of a wide lip; etc.</ref> this quotation (which predates Greek mathematics) would equate Pi to 3.

Papyrys of Ahmes, dated c. 1650 B.C. circa 1000 years before Book of Kings, shows that ancient Egyptians had value 3 1/6 = 3.166666667. The Babylonian value from same time <big><math>\pi</math></big> 3 1/8 = 3.125(Boyer, A History of Mathematics, 2nd Edition).

In 1873 Abraham Shanks spent twenty years calculating <big><math>\pi</math></big> to 707 places, but unfortunately made a mistake in his calculation and only 527 of them were correct. When electronic computers were developed, <big><math>\pi</math></big> was soon calculated to tens of thousands, millions, and billions of places. As of 2002, the record is held by Yasumasa Kanada of Tokyo University at 1,241,100,000,000 digits. That result was never printed out.

==Recreational use==
Memorizing <big><math>\pi</math></big> is a challenge that appeals to some people. Mnemonics have been devised. Counting the letters in the phrase "Now I want a drink—alcoholic, of course" gives <big><math>\pi</math></big> to seven places (which is more than enough for all ordinary purposes). Numerous other mnemonics of this kind have been devised; in 1995, Michael Keith wrote one entitled [http://users.aol.com/s6sj7gt/mikerav.htm Near a Raven] which simultaneously parodies [[Edgar Allen Poe]]'s poem ''The Raven,'' while encoding <big><math>\pi</math></big> to 740 places.

March 14 marks Pi Day, a holiday on which the mathematical constant is celebrated. The date comes from the first three digits of pi; some people begin their celebration at 1:59 pm, derived from the following three digits.

==Notes and references==
<references/>

[[Category:Mathematics]]

Shark

2007-03-17T01:16:41Z

Proudconservative:

I'M A SHARK
I'M A SHARK
SUCK MY DIIIIIIIIIIIIIICK
I'M A SHARK

Queen Elizabeth II

2007-03-17T01:16:17Z

Proudconservative:

Hal Turner is so fucking cute and sweet. I'd treat him to some fancy restaurant, then take a long romantic walk with him, holding hands and talking about stringing up niggers, gay sex and dreams. Then I'd invite him to my home and ravage his hot ass for hours, and forcing my cock down his throat so he choked on both the throbbing cock and his own rectal juice. I'd then proceed to cum on his cute innocent face. Then, as the ultimate love gift, I'd carry him in my arms to the tub and let my piss wash away the semen and last dignity from him. I'd whisper "I love you" and give him a tender smile, and cut his throat from ear to ear with a knife. Covered in his own warm blood, he'd look straight into my very soul, forgiving, understanding. A bubble from blood and saliva would burst between his lips, then he'd die. After some additional lovemaking, I'd stuff him in a bin bag. Three Weeks later, some playing children will find his mutilated and desecrated body in the forest. They will be scarred for life.Hal Turner is so fucking cute and sweet. I'd treat him to some fancy restaurant, then take a long romantic walk with him, holding hands and talking about stringing up niggers, gay sex and dreams. Then I'd invite him to my home and ravage his hot ass for hours, and forcing my cock down his throat so he choked on both the throbbing cock and his own rectal juice. I'd then proceed to cum on his cute innocent face. Then, as the ultimate love gift, I'd carry him in my arms to the tub and let my piss wash away the semen and last dignity from him. I'd whisper "I love you" and give him a tender smile, and cut his throat from ear to ear with a knife. Covered in his own warm blood, he'd look straight into my very soul, forgiving, understanding. A bubble from blood and saliva would burst between his lips, then he'd die. After some additional lovemaking, I'd stuff him in a bin bag. Three Weeks later, some playing children will find his mutilated and desecrated body in the forest. They will be scarred for life.