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Founding Fathers quotes that mention God

2026-08-14T05:47:43Z

Progressingamerica: /* The list of less known quotes */ Samuel Adams: "We have this day restored the Sovereign, to whom alone men ought to be obedient. He reigns in Heaven..... may His kingdom come"

[[Image:Great Seal Benson John Lossing.jpg|thumb|right|150px|A [[Great Seal of the United States|Great Seal]] sketch by [[Benson John Lossing]].]]
'''Founding Fathers quotes that mention [[God]]''', [[Scripture]], [[Christianity]] and quoted other authors that mentioned the same. In this modern era, liberals are intent on proclaiming to anybody that will listen that the [[United States]] was not founded on [[Christianity]]. While the USA is not a theocracy, it was colonized by Christians and Christianity was ''the'' major influence of its' foundation. Liberals claim that [[America]] is [[secular]] and that religion has no part in the public conversation due to the separation of [[church]] and state. To back up that ridiculous claim, [[liberal]]s point out that the [[Founding Fathers]] were predominately Deist(which had a different meaning at the time) and "not Christian". The truth is that the Founders were predominately devout Christians including the "Deists".<ref>[http://www.adherents.com/gov/Founding_Fathers_Religion.html Religious Affiliation of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America, Adherents.com]</ref> Over one-thousand cities in the U.S. have names derived from the Christian bible. A 10-year effort by researchers found that [[Bible|God's Word]] was directly or indirectly quoted by the Founding Fathers four times more than any other source.<ref>[http://www.ucg.org/the-good-news/one-nation-under-god One Nation Under God, Beyond Today]</ref> Without God, the Bible, the Constitution, the [[Enlightenment]]—the United States would not have occurred in present form. America was founded on faith in God.

The quotes below will be exclusive to the mention of God. Many of the "obscure" quotes below are only obscured because government schools do not teach American History anymore.

== The list of well-known quotes ==
* "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights.” - [[Declaration of Independence]]
* "Rebellion to tyrants is obedience to God." - [[Benjamin Franklin]], [[John Adams]], and [[Thomas Jefferson]]; proposal for the [[Great Seal of the United States]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=C7N6TUujEiMC&pg=PA1&dq=Rebellion+to+tyrants+is+obedience+to+God&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDIQ6AEwBGoVChMI1vyCsebLxwIVkxWSCh2kcArR#v=onepage&q=Rebellion%20to%20tyrants%20is%20obedience%20to%20God&f=false God of Liberty: A Religious History of the American Revolution, by Thomas S. Kidd]</ref>
* "God who gave us life gave us liberty. Can the liberties of a nation be secure when we have removed a conviction that these liberties are the gift of God? Indeed I tremble for my country when I reflect that God is just, that His justice cannot sleep forever." - [[Thomas Jefferson]], ''Notes on the State of [[Virginia]]'', page 170<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=FlEVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA170#v=onepage&q&f=false Notes on the State of Virginia]</ref>
* "The right to freedom being the gift of God Almighty, it is not in the power of man to alienate this gift and voluntarily become a slave." - [[Samuel Adams]], The Rights of the Colonists, 1772<ref>[http://www.constitution.org/bcp/right_col.htm The Rights of the Colonists]</ref>
* "Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death!" - [[Patrick Henry]] March 23, 1775 <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=lgJsHJQy0yEC&pg=PA36&dq=Forbid+it,+Almighty+God!&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAmoVChMIh9XkqIrNxwIVQiUeCh2UDA9O#v=onepage&q=Forbid%20it%2C%20Almighty%20God!&f=false Patrick Henry's Liberty Or Death Speech by Jesse Jarnow]</ref>
* "Whereas it is the duty of all Nations to acknowledge the providence of Almighty God, to obey his will, to be grateful for his benefits, and humbly to implore his protection and favor—and whereas both Houses of Congress have by their joint Committee requested me "to recommend to the People of the United States a day of public thanksgiving and prayer to be observed by acknowledging with grateful hearts the many signal favors of Almighty God especially by affording them an opportunity peaceably to establish a form of government for their safety and happiness."" - [[George Washington]], Thanksgiving Proclamation, 3 October 1789
* "Since we ought to be no less persuaded that the propitious smiles of Heaven, can never be expected on a nation that disregards the eternal rules of order and right, which Heaven itself has ordained: And since the preservation of the sacred fire of liberty, and the destiny of the Republican model of Government, are justly considered as deeply, perhaps as finally staked, on the experiment entrusted to the hands of the American people." - [[George Washington]], First Inaugural Address, April 30, 1789

Please add more

== The list of less known quotes==
*“Freedom is not a gift bestowed upon us by other men, but a right that belongs to us by the laws of God and nature.” - [[Benjamin Franklin]]
*"It is impossible to rightly govern a nation without God and the bible." - [[George Washington]]
*"The [[Bible]] is the best of all books, for it is the word of God and teaches us the way to be happy in this world and in the next. Continue therefore to read it and to regulate your life by its precepts." - [[John Jay]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=m6jFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149&dq=%22The+Bible+is+the+best+of+all+books,+for+it+is+the+word+of+God+and+teaches+us+the+way+to+be+happy+in+this+world&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAGoVChMIhJ2ZtLLMxwIVE0KSCh03BQAM#v=onepage&q=%22The%20Bible%20is%20the%20best%20of%20all%20books%2C%20for%20it%20is%20the%20word%20of%20God%20and%20teaches%20us%20the%20way%20to%20be%20happy%20in%20this%20world&f=false Faith and the Founders of the American Republic, ]</ref>
*"God's hand was on me. God protected me and kept me through the battle." - [[George Washington]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=k6Ce4T8PM34C&pg=PA70&dq=God%27s+hand+was+on+me.+God+protected+me+and+kept+me+through+the+battle.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAGoVChMIiqCO1rLMxwIVwgySCh0oDgbU#v=onepage&q=God's%20hand%20was%20on%20me.%20God%20protected%20me%20and%20kept%20me%20through%20the%20battle.&f=false Choose This Day by Buddy Hanson]</ref>
*"And may that Being who is supreme over all, the Patron of Order, the Fountain of Justice, and the Protector in all ages of the world of virtuous liberty, continue His blessing upon this nation and its Government and give it all possible success and duration consistent with the ends of His providence." - [[John Adams]], Inaugural Address, 1797<ref>[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/adams.asp Inaugural Address of John Adams]</ref>
*"For my own part, I sincerely esteem it a system, which, without the finger of God, never could have been suggested and agreed upon by such a diversity of interests." - [[Alexander Hamilton]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=TM89AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA288 Essays on the Constitution of the United States: Published During Its Discussion by the People, 1787-1788]</ref>
*"The fundamental source of all your errors, sophisms and false reasonings is a total ignorance of the natural rights of mankind. Were you once to become acquainted with these, you could never entertain a thought, that all men are not, by nature, entitled to a parity of privileges. You would be convinced, that natural liberty is a gift of the beneficent Creator to the whole human race, and that civil liberty is founded in that; and cannot be wrested from any people, without the most manifest violation of justice. Civil liberty, is only natural liberty, modified and secured by the sanctions of civil society. It is not a thing, in its own nature, precarious and dependent on human will and caprice; but is conformable to the constitution of man, as well as necessary to the well-being of society." - [[Alexander Hamilton]]<ref>''The Farmer Refuted''</ref>
*"Principally, and first of all, I resign my soul to the Almighty Being who gave it, and my body I commit to the dust, relying on the merits of Jesus Christ for the pardon of my sins." - [[Samuel Adams]], Last Will and Testament<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KF0sAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA379#v=onepage&q&f=false The Life and Public Services of Samuel Adams: Volume 3]</ref>
*"Religion is the solid basis of good morals; therefore education should teach the precepts of religion, and the duties of man towards God." - [[Robert Morris (financier)|Robert Morris]], ''Notes on the Form of a Constitution for France'', page 3<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=lfluUp9fEeYC&pg=PA483#v=onepage&q&f=false The Life of Gouverneur Morris], by [[Jared Sparks]]</ref>
*"We have staked the whole future of American civilization, not upon the power of government, far from it. We have staked the future of all of our political institutions … upon the capacity of each and all of us to govern ourselves … according to the Ten Commandments of God” - [[James Madison]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=BtGzlMatpUUC&pg=PA411&dq=We+have+staked+the+whole+future+of+American+civilization,+not+upon+the+power+of+government,+far+from+it&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAGoVChMI08rsh7PMxwIVC1GSCh14QgXs#v=onepage&q=We%20have%20staked%20the%20whole%20future%20of%20American%20civilization%2C%20not%20upon%20the%20power%20of%20government%2C%20far%20from%20it&f=false America's God and Country: Encyclopedia of Quotations By William Joseph Federer]</ref>
*"I shall need, too, the favor of that Being in whose hands we are, who led our fathers, as Israel of old, from their native land and planted them in a country flowing with all the necessaries and comforts of life; who has covered our infancy with His providence and our riper years with His wisdom and power, and to whose goodness I ask you to join in supplications with me that He will so enlighten the minds of your servants, guide their councils, and prosper their measures that whatsoever they do shall result in your good, and shall secure to you the peace, friendship, and approbation of all nations." - [[Thomas Jefferson]], Second Inaugural Address, 1805<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=xgX7QDP2E0oC&pg=PA88&dq=and+shall+secure+to+you+the+peace,+friendship,+and+approbation+of+all+nations&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CC0Q6AEwA2oVChMI-ePvq7PMxwIVUxWSCh37uw1K#v=onepage&q=and%20shall%20secure%20to%20you%20the%20peace%2C%20friendship%2C%20and%20approbation%20of%20all%20nations&f=false In God We Trust By Lenora Gauthier]</ref>
*"For my own part, I sincerely esteem it a system which without the finger of God, never could have been suggested and agreed upon by such a diversity of interests." - [[Alexander Hamilton]] 1787 after the Constitutional Convention <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=PsFnB7FA11YC&pg=PA66&dq=For+my+own+part,+I+sincerely+esteem+it+%5Bthe+Constitution%5D+a+system+which+without+the+finger+of+God,+never+could+have+been+suggested+and+agreed+upon+by+such+a+diversity+of+interests&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAWoVChMIxYasvYbNxwIVxqMeCh0oCwuA#v=onepage&q=For%20my%20own%20part%2C%20I%20sincerely%20esteem%20it%20%5Bthe%20Constitution%5D%20a%20system%20which%20without%20the%20finger%20of%20God%2C%20never%20could%20have%20been%20suggested%20and%20agreed%20upon%20by%20such%20a%20diversity%20of%20interests&f=false Words of the Founding Fathers by Steve Coffman]</ref>
*"In the Name of the most Holy and undivided Trinity." - [[Treaty of Paris (1783)]]
*Article 22: Members are required to make and subscribe the declaration of their faith in "God the Father, God the Son, God the Holy Ghost, One God blessed evermore."<ref>[https://archive.org/details/lifecorresponden00read Life and correspondence of George Read], Page 186-187</ref> "I acknowledge the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments to be given by divine inspiration." <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=VY3w7LJ_mkYC&pg=PA186&dq=George+Read+god&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBWoVChMIxvag472EyAIViY4NCh0f2w8L#v=onepage&q=George%20Read%20god&f=false Life and Correspondence of George Read by William Read]</ref> - [[George Read]], signer of the [[Declaration of Independence]], would include the following in Delaware's State Constitution.
*Calls for a national "Day of public humiliation,fasting and prayer, that we may offer up our joint supplications to the All-wise, Omnipotent, merciful Disposer of all Events." - [[John Hancock]], June 12, 1775 proclamation of the Second Continental Congress.
*While Governor of Massachusetts, [[John Hancock]] called for a prayer saying, "We think it is incumbent upon this people to humble themselves before God on account of their sins." <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=fvOR0HOHKtwC&pg=PA130&dq=A+Day+of+Public+Humiliation,+Fasting,+and+Prayer,+hancock&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBGoVChMIh-fKhbKkyAIVwc2ACh2euQuX#v=onepage&q=A%20Day%20of%20Public%20Humiliation%2C%20Fasting%2C%20and%20Prayer%2C%20hancock&f=false Tyranny Through Public Education William F. Jr Cox]</ref>
*No man to be an Assemblyman unless he believes in God. Is Irreligion then the flourishing growth of Pennsylvania and is Atheism a weed that thrives there? Sure this insinuates as much.<ref>[http://www.foundingfatherquotes.com/founders_search.v2.php?q=religion&s=50 Founding Father's Quotes]</ref> - [[William Hooper]], letter to Samuel Johnston, September 26, 1776
*That God would be pleased to look down with an eye of compassion upon the whole human race, and dispel those clouds of ignorance, superstition and bigotry that overspread so great a part of the world, and that the knowledge of and reverential love and regard to the One God and Father, of all, and a true benevolence and good will to their fellow men, may pervade the hearts, and influence the lives of all mankind, and all Nations, Languages and Tongues be brought to join in singing, Glory to God in the highest, on Earth Peace and good will to men.<ref>[http://www.foundingfatherquotes.com/founders_search.v2.php?q=God&s=75 Founding Father's Quotes]</ref> - [[Josiah Bartlett]], proclamation issued on October 5, 1793
*I believe that there is one only living and true God, existing in three persons, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, the same in substance, equal in power and glory. That the Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments are a revelation from God, and a complete rule to direct us how we may glorify and enjoy Him.<ref>[http://www.foundingfatherquotes.com/founders_search.v2.php?q=God&s=75 Founding Father's Quotes]</ref> [[Roger Sherman]]
*Duty to God, to ourselves, to Posterity, enforced by the cries of slaughtered Innocents, have urged us to take up Arms in our Defense. Such a day as this was never before known, either to us or to our fathers. - [[Matthew Thornton]], letter to the Colony of New Hampshire - June 2, 1775
*We will look for the permanency and stability of our new government to Him who bringeth princes to nothing and teacheth senators wisdom. - [[John Hart]] address from October 5, 1776
*Thanks be given unto Almighty God therefore, and knowing that it is appointed for all men once to die and after that the judgment ... principally, I give and recommend my soul into the hands of Almighty God who gave it and my body to the earth to be buried in a decent and Christian like manner ... to receive the same again at the general resurrection by the mighty power of God. - [[John Hart]] Last will and testament attested April 16, 1779
* "Yes - If we fear God and repent of our sins" - Conversation with [[Benjamin Rush]] about the conflict with Great Britain.
* I now make it my earnest prayer, that God would have you, and the State over which you preside, in his holy protection; that he would incline the hearts of the citizens to cultivate a spirit of subordination and obedience to government; to entertain a brotherly affection and love for one another, for their fellow citizens of the United States at large, and particularly for their brethren who have served in the field; and finally, that he would most graciously be pleased to dispose us all to do justice, to love mercy, and to demean ourselves with that charity, humility, and pacific temper of mind which were the characteristics of the Divine Author of our blessed religion, and without an humble imitation of whose example in these things we can never hope to be a happy nation. - [[George Washington]]; Circular letter on his Resignation, June 18th, 1783
* We hold it for a fundamental and undeniable truth, “that Religion or the duty which we owe to our Creator and the manner of discharging it, can be directed only by reason and conviction, not by force or violence.” The Religion then of every man must be left to the conviction and conscience of every man; and it is the right of every man to exercise it as these may dictate. - [[James Madison]]; Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments, June 20, 1785
* Before any man can be considered as a member of Civil Society, he must be considered as a subject of the Governour of the Universe. - [[James Madison]]; Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments, June 20, 1785
* If this freedom be abused, it is an offence against God, not against man: To God, therefore, not to man, must an account of it be rendered. As the Bill violates equality by subjecting some to peculiar burdens, so it violates the same principle, by granting to others peculiar exemptions. Are the Quakers and Menonists the only sects who think a compulsive support of their Religions unnecessary and unwarrantable? - [[James Madison]]; Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments, June 20, 1785
* This report was adopted by a majority of the convention, but not without considerable opposition.—It was said, that we had but just assumed a place among independent nations, in consequence of our opposition to the attempts of Great—Britain to enslave us—that this opposition was grounded upon the preservation of those rights, to which God and Nature had entitled us, not in particular, but in common with all the rest of mankind—That we had appealed to the Supreme Being for his assistance, as the God of freedom, who could not but approve our efforts to preserve the rights which he had thus imparted to his creatures—that now, when we scarcely had risen from our knees, from supplicating his aid and protection—in forming our government over a free people, a government formed pretendedly on the principles of liberty and for its preservation, —in that government to have a provision, not only putting it out of its power to restrain and prevent the slave trade, but even encouraging that most infamous traffic, by giving the States power and influence in the union, in proportion as they cruelly and wantonly sport with the rights of their fellow creatures, ought to be considered as a solemn mockery of, and insult to, that God whose protection we had then implored, and could not fail to hold us up in detestation, and render us contemptible to every true friend of liberty in the world.—It was said, it ought to be considered that national crimes can only be, and frequently are, punished in this world by national punishments, and that the continuance of the slave trade, and thus giving it a national sanction and encouragement, ought to be considered as justly exposing us to the displeasure and [[vengeance]] of Him, who is equal Lord of all, and who views with equal eye, the poor African slave and his American master! - [[Luther Martin]] Genuine Information <ref>[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Secret_Proceedings_and_Debates_of_the_Co/PE0zAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA63 Secret Proceedings and Debates of the Convention Assembled at Philadelphia]</ref>
*The ''general principles'' on which the fathers achieved independence, were the only principles of independence in which that beautiful assembly of young men ["The young men of the City of Philidelphia, the District of Southwark, and the northern liberties", 1798, while America was "engaged, or on the point of engaging. in a war with France"] could unite.... And what were these ''general principles?'' I answer, the general principles of Christianity, in which all those sects were united [in education], and the ''general principles'' of English and American liberty, in which all those young men united, and which had united all parties in America, in majorities sufficient to assert and maintain her independence.—John Adams, letter to Thomas Jefferson, June 28, 1813.<ref>Adams, John (1813). "Letter to Thomas Jefferson". ''The Works of John Adams'', Charles Francis Adams, ed. (Boston: Little, Brown and Co, 1856), v. 10, pp. 45-6.</ref>
* The highest, the transcendent glory of the American Revolution was this—it connected, in one indissoluble bond, ''the principles of civil government with the precepts of Christianity''.—[[John Quincy Adams]]; letter, Washington D.C., April 27, 1837<ref>''The Historical Magazine'' (July 1860), v. 4, no. 7, p. 193-4.</ref>
* This day, I trust the reign of political protestantism will commence. We have explored the temple of royalty, and found that the idol we have bowed down to, has eyes which see not, ears that hear not our prayers, and a heart like the nether millstone. We have this day restored the Sovereign, to whom alone men ought to be obedient. He reigns in Heaven, and with a propitious eye beholds his subjects assuming that freedom of thought, and dignity of self-direction which He bestowed on them. From the rising to the setting sun, may His kingdom come. - [[Samuel Adams]]<ref>''Speech about the Declaration of Independence'', August 1, 1776, Philadelphia State-House speech</ref>

==Founding Era Documents==
*"With hearts fortified with these animating reflections, we most solemnly before God and the world Declare, that, exerting the utmost energy of those powers which our beneficent Creator hath graciously bestowed upon us, the arms we have been compelled by our enemies to assume, we will, in defiance of every hazard, with unabating firmness and perseverance, employ for the preservation of our liberties - ''being with one mind resolved to die'' FREEMEN ''rather than to live'' SLAVES."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8IhIAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA325 Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms]</ref> - [[Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms]], July 5, 1775
*"They have, undoubtedly, antecedent to all earthly government, -- Rights, that cannot be repealed or restrained by human laws -- Rights, derived from the great Legislator of the universe." - [[John Adams]], [[A Dissertation on the Canon and Feudal Law]], 1765
*"Be it remembered, however, that liberty must at all hazards be supported. We have a right to it, derived from our Maker." - [[John Adams]], [[A Dissertation on the Canon and Feudal Law]], 1765

Please add more

== See also ==
* [[Natural Law]]
* [[Largest American cities named for Christ]]
* [[Aitken Bible]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}

== External links==
* [http://www.wallbuilders.com/LIBissuesArticles.asp?id=8755 A Few Declarations of Founding Fathers and Early Statesmen on Jesus, Christianity, and the Bible], [[WallBuilders]]
* [http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/hyneman-american-political-writing-during-the-founding-era-1760-1805-2-vols American Political Writing During the Founding Era: 1760-1805], By Charles S. Hyneman and Donald S. Lutz
* [https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel04.html Religion and the Founding of the American Republic], [[Library of Congress]]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=2_tYmeWyf0oC Religious References in the Writings, Addresses, and Military Orders of George Washington], United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission, 1932

[[Category:Bible]]
[[Category:Founding Fathers]]
[[Category:Quotes]]

Big Tech

2026-05-18T21:27:23Z

Progressingamerica: Big Tech collusion with the Chamber of Progress. Amazon, Apple, Google and others support it.

[[File:Big Tech.jpg|right|350px|thumb|]]
'''Big Tech''' refers to a [[cartel]] of several technology firms, notably [[Google]], [[Apple]]<ref>[https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2019/06/tech-tyranny-apple-threatens-to-kick-social-media-company-parler-off-app-store-if-they-dont-ban-offensive-conservative-content/
TECH TYRANNY: Apple Threatens to Kick Social Media Company ‘Parler’ Off App Store if They Don’t Ban “Offensive” (Conservative) Content]</ref>, [[Facebook]], [[Twitter]], [[Microsoft]]<ref>[https://www.foxbusiness.com/technology/rep-jordan-microsoft-as-out-to-get-conservatives Rep. Jordan blasts Microsoft as ‘out to get conservatives’ just like other big tech companies]</ref> and [[Amazon.com|Amazon]]. Big Tech is playing a large role in the decline of [[patriotism]] as a value held by Americans.<ref>Wright, Morgan (November 28, 2018). [https://thehill.com/opinion/technology/418617-high-techs-globalism-is-slowly-killing-patriotism High tech’s globalism is slowly killing patriotism]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved November 28, 2018.</ref> According to Dr. Michael Rectenwald, the end goal of Big Tech companies is corporate [[socialism]].<ref>Svab, Petr (October 15, 2019). [https://www.theepochtimes.com/the-endgame-of-big-tech-is-corporate-socialism-says-liberal-studies-scholar_3116949.html The Endgame of Big Tech Is Corporate Socialism, Says Liberal Studies Scholar]. ''The Epoch Times''. Retrieved October 15, 2019.</ref> On March 10, 2022 Facebook and Instagram reversed longstanding policies and approved open support for [[Nazism]] on their platforms.<ref>https://theconservativetreehouse.com/blog/2022/03/10/facebook-and-instagram-say-it-is-okay-to-support-nazism-in-ukraine-and-they-modify-terms-allowing-advocacy-for-death-to-russians/</ref>

The Big Tech companies used to be conservative (like back in the 80’s), but over the years became progressive and are supportive of organizations such as the Chamber of Progress.<ref>[https://x.com/LundukeJournal/status/2056372841184891144 "Chamber of Progress", a Big Tech lobbyist trade group, is encouraging Age Attestation into law], Bryan Lunduke</ref><ref>[https://progresschamber.org/partners/ Chamber of Progress], partners</ref>

In a ''[[New York Times]]'' op-ed entitled ''Tech Companies Are Destroying Democracy and the Free Press'', the left-wing expert on monopoly power Matt Stoller described [[Facebook]] and [[Google]] as “global monopolies sitting astride public discourse,” and recounted how bipartisan policy and legal changes designed to whittle away antitrust protections have bestowed the two [[Big Tech]] giants with “a radical centralization of power over the flow of information.” And he warns that this unprecedented consolidation of control over our discourse is close to triggering “the collapse of [[journalism]] and [[democracy]].”<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/17/opinion/tech-monopoly-democracy-journalism.html</ref>

[[IBM]] is sometimes considered a Big Tech firm because of its corporate size, and [[Twitter]] not for its size but its societal impact. Twitter will likely be bought out by one of the larger firms at some point.

As of 2018, Google and Facebook controlled 60% of all digital advertising revenue, totaling over $60 billion.

==Fourth Amendment violations==
:{{See also|State actor|Fourth Amendment}}
Only July 26, 2021. the biggest names in Big Tech announced they have partnered with the [[Five Eyes]] intelligence network, ultimately controlled by the National Security Agency]] (NSA), to
*(1) monitor all activity in their platforms;
*(2) identify extremist content;
*(3) look for expressions of Domestic Violent Extremism (DVE); and then,
*(4) put the content details into a database where the Five Eyes intelligence agencies ([[U.K.]], [[U.S.]], [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[New Zealand]]) can access it.<ref>https://theconservativetreehouse.com/blog/2021/07/26/the-intelligence-branch-and-big-tech-say-the-quiet-part-out-loud-facebook-twitter-microsoft-google-and-big-tech-writ-large-will-monitor-platforms-and-report-extremist-content-to-five-eyes-intelli/</ref>

Facebook, Twitter, Google and Microsoft are all partnering with the intelligence apparatus. According to ''[[Reuters]]'', “The Group will use lists from intelligence-sharing group Five Eyes adding URLs and PDFs from more groups, including the [[Proud Boys]], the Three Percenters and [[neo-Nazi]]s.”<ref>https://www.reuters.com/technology/exclusive-facebook-tech-giants-target-manifestos-militias-database-2021-07-26/</ref>

Who and what is defined as “extremist content” will be determined by the Big Tech insiders themselves. This provides a gateway, another [[plausible deniability]] aspect, to cover the Intelligence Branch from any oversight. When the Intelligence Branch within government wants to conduct [[surveillance]] and monitor American citizens, they run up against the problem of [[Fourth Amendment]] protections. They get around those legal limitations by sub-contracting the intelligence gathering, the actual data-mining, and allowing outside parties (contractors) to have access to the central database.

The government cannot conduct electronic searches without a [[warrant]]; however, private individuals can search and report back as long as they have access. Big Tech will flag the content from within their platforms, and now a secondary database filled with the extracted information will be provided openly for the Intelligence Branch to exploit.

The volume of metadata captured by the NSA has always been a problem because of the filters needed to make the targeting useful. There is a lot of noise in collecting all data that makes the parts you really want to identify more difficult to capture. This new admission puts a new massive filtration system in the metadata that circumvents any privacy protections for individuals.

Previously, the Intelligence Branch worked around the constitutional and unlawful search issue by using resources that were not in the United States. A domestic U.S. agency, working on behalf of the U.S. government, cannot listen on your calls without a warrant. However, if the U.S. agency sub-contracts to say a Canadian group, or foreign ally, the privacy invasion is no longer legally restricted by U.S. law. What is being announced today is an alarming admission of a prior relationship along with open intent to define their domestic political opposition as extremists. ''Reuters'' reported:
{{quotebox-float|''Reuters:'' "A counterterrorism organization formed by some of the biggest U.S. tech companies including Facebook (FB.O) and Microsoft (MSFT.O) is significantly expanding the types of extremist content shared between firms in a key database, aiming to crack down on material from white supremacists and far-right militias, the group told Reuters.

Until now, the Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism’s (GIFCT) database has focused on videos and images from terrorist groups on a United Nations list and so has largely consisted of content from Islamist extremist organizations such as Islamic State, al Qaeda and the Taliban.

Over the next few months, the group will add attacker manifestos – often shared by sympathizers after white supremacist violence – and other publications and links flagged by U.N. initiative Tech Against Terrorism. It will use lists from intelligence-sharing group Five Eyes, adding URLs and PDFs from more groups, including the [[Proud Boys]], the Three Percenters and [[neo-Nazi]]s.

The firms, which include Twitter (TWTR.N) and Alphabet Inc’s (GOOGL.O) YouTube, share “hashes,” unique numerical representations of original pieces of content that have been removed from their services. Other platforms use these to identify the same content on their own sites in order to review or remove it....<ref>https://www.reuters.com/technology/exclusive-facebook-tech-giants-target-manifestos-militias-database-2021-07-26/</ref>}}

==The Democracy Integrity Project==
{{See also|Trump-Russia collusion hoax|Dark money}}
[[The Democracy Integrity Project]] (TDIP), was a multimillion-dollar stealth organization launched in late January 2017, just days after [[President Donald Trump]]'s inauguration, that provided a daily "research" bulletin known as "TDIP Research" to recognizable Washington journalists, and congressional staff members, to keep the Russia "collusion" hoax alive. Reports indicated "Social media titans including the founders of Facebook, Twitter and Google are indirectly funding the project through donations funneled through a Silicon Valley foundation." The nonprofit, 501(c)(4) social welfare organization, ''Fund for a Better Future'' (FBF),<ref>Fund for a Better Future | About Us, http://fundforabetterfuture.org/</ref> donated $2,065,000 to TDIP in 2017.<ref>Georgette | Conservative Daily Post, 'Shadow Media's' Dark Money Funded $2 Million To 'Investigate' Donald Trump, https://conservativedailypost.com/shadow-medias-dark-money-funded-2-million-to-investigate-donald-trump/, March 11, 2019</ref> TDIP raised some $7 million mainly from [[Silicon Valley]] tech executives and hired computer researchers, as well as [[FusionGPS]] opposition researchers and [[Christopher Steele]], the foreign author of the discredited ''[[Steele dossier]]'', to “prove” the rumors in the dossier.<ref>[https://www.realclearinvestigations.com/articles/2021/09/23/biden_security_adviser_sullivan_tied_to_16_clinton_plan_to_co-opt_cia_and_fbi_to_tar_trump_795498.html Biden Security Adviser Jake Sullivan Tied to Alleged 2016 Clinton Scheme to Co-Opt the CIA and FBI to Tar Trump], By Paul Sperry, RealClearInvestigations, September 23, 2021</ref> In March 2019, it was reported that [[Paul Sperry]] had exposed TDIP, which is essentially a "Trump-Russia 2.0: Dossier-Tied Firm Pitching Journalists Daily news on Collusion" spreading lies and fake news to keep the "Trump-Russian collusion" false news [[narrative]] alive in main stream media reporting.<ref name=20190320PSPerry>Paul Sperry | Real Clear Investigations, Trump-Russia 2.0: Dossier-Tied Firm Pitching Journalists Daily on 'Collusion", http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/3736082/posts, March 20, 2019</ref><ref>''The Federalist'', Soros-Funded PR Shop Constructing Media Echo Chamber To Push Impeachment, https://thefederalist.com/2019/03/21/soros-funded-pr-shop-constructing-media-echo-chamber-push-impeachment/, March 21, 2019</ref> As they sought new dirt on Trump, they fed their information to [[fake news]] [[media]] outlets, leading [[Democrat]]s on the [[Senate Intelligence Committee]], namely Sens. [[Mark Warner]] and [[Ron Wyden]], and the FBI.

''RealClearInvestigations'' revealed that the organization ran an elaborate media-influence operation intent on driving and shaping daily coverage of the Trump-Russia collusion narrative, including the pushing of stories regarding Trump in the national main stream media, intending to tie the president or his associates to the [[Kremlin]] and [[Vladimir Putin]]. TDIP then provided the same "research" to the [[FBI]] and congressional investigators and then informs news reporters that "authorities" are investigating those items. Thus, mirroring a strategy federal authorities used to secure [[FISA]] warrants that were then used to spy on the Trump presidential campaign, in which, FISA applications would cite published news reports that were leaked to the news media to gain credibility.<ref name=20190320PSPerry />

TDIP was founded and is run by former [[Senate Intelligence Committee]] (SSCI) staffer [[Daniel J. Jones]] with help from Biden National Security Advisor [[Jake Sullivan]] and Clinton Campaign Chairman [[John Podesta]]. Jones is a former FBI investigator, [[Clinton administration]] volunteer and was on the staff of [[California]] Democratic Senator [[Dianne Feinstein]]. Jones registered TDIP as a 501(c)(4) nonprofit organization and claims it's mission is "non-partisan".<ref>WMD, Media being fed 'total B.S.' in multimillion-dollar stealth campaign, https://www.wnd.com/2019/03/media-being-fed-total-b-s-in-multimillion-dollar-stealth-campaign/, March 20, 2019</ref> Jones and TDIP hired [[opposition research]] firm [[Fusion GPS]] and [[Christopher Steele]], author of the ''[[Steele dossier]]'', to continue anti-Trump research and [[fake news]] [[leak]]s to [[mainstream media]].<ref>Chuck Ross | ''The Daily Caller'', Meet The Board Of The Fusion GPS-Linked Group Investigating Trump, https://dailycaller.com/2018/12/12/democracy-integrity-trump-fusion/, December 12, 2018</ref> TDIP used as a backup plan to impeach [[President Donald Trump]] because the [[Mueller investigation]] report failed to expose any criminal wrongdoing.<ref name=20190320PSPerry /> Special Counsel [[John Durham]] subpoenaed Jones to testify before his [[grand jury]] hearing the case on the origins of the Trump-Russia collusion hoax, along with computer experts and researchers recruited by Clinton attorney [[Michael Sussmann]] for the Clinton campaign's Trump-Russia hoax.<ref>https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/the-contested-afterlife-of-the-trump-alfa-bank-story</ref>

==2020 Presidential election interference==
{{See also|2020 Presidential election|Blue state Civil War|Voter fraud|Fake news in the 2020 presidential election}}
[[File:Biden text.png|right|300px|thumb|Big Tech censored [[Biden family corruption]] evidence in the days prior to the 2020 presidential election.<ref>https://thespectator.info/2020/10/15/unlike-pop-joe-biden-i-wont-make-you-give-me-half-of-your-salary-video/</ref>]]
In August 2020 it was reported that Facebook was planning for the possibility that [[President]] Trump or his campaign could try to challenge mail in ballot election results. ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that staffers were already putting together contingency plans in the event Trump tries to use Facebook to dispute the vote by declaring the [[U.S. Postal Service]] lost mail-in ballots or that other groups interfered with the vote. Facebook officials, including CEO [[Mark Zuckerberg]], were holding daily meetings to discuss how to minimize the platform from being used to cast doubts on the results.

''The Times'' noted that one plan would include a “kill switch” to shut down political ads after Election Day. The company officials believe the ads, which Facebook does not check for truthfulness, could be used to disseminate misinformation.

The newspaper said [[YouTube]] and [[Twitter]] also discussed their own plans if the postelection period becomes problematic.<ref>https://www.newsmax.com/politics/facebook-election-results-dispute-social-media/2020/08/21/id/983301/</ref>
Facebook banned political pages in an attempt to influence elections.<ref>Duke, Selwyn (May 15, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/item/32360-big-tech-tyranny-facebook-is-at-it-again-trying-to-sway-an-election Big Tech Tyranny: Facebook Is at It Again, Trying to Sway an Election]. ''The New American''. Retrieved May 15, 2019.</ref> A study from the [[Media Research Center]] showed that Twitter and Facebook censored President Donald Trump and the president’s affiliated campaign accounts at least 65 times in 2019 ans 2020, while leaving Biden untouched.<ref>https://thefederalist.com/2020/10/19/new-study-shows-facebook-and-twitter-censored-trump-65-times-biden-zero/</ref>

===Section 230 status and election interference===
For first time in [[American history]] [[social media]] companies took [[direct action]] against a major U.S. publisher,<ref>https://www.theepochtimes.com/twitter-and-facebooks-assault-on-freedom-of-the-press_3540670.html</ref> ''[[The New York Post]]'' when it published a story on former VP Biden's [[collusion]] with [[Burisma]] executives and Ukrainian [[oligarch]]s.<ref>*https://nypost.com/2020/10/14/email-reveals-how-hunter-biden-introduced-ukrainian-biz-man-to-dad/<br>*https://youtu.be/r4Kcc7a114I<br>*https://youtu.be/89ByR-vrnc4</ref> ''The Post'' is among the top five newspapers by circulation in the United States. These actions raised serious questions about many social media platforms future [[Section 230]] immunity status.

Big Tech giants Facebook and Twitter began interfering in the presidential election by blocking links to the article on the [[Biden-Burisma]] scandal.<ref>https://www.breitbart.com/tech/2020/10/14/election-interference-facebook-suppressing-new-york-post-bombshell-story-of-damaging-hunter-biden-emails/</ref> Facebook and Twitter have many foreign stockholders.<ref>"Finalized January of 2011, the transaction included a $450 million investment from Goldman Sachs, $50 million from DST, and $1 billion from unnamed foreign investors." http://whoownsfacebook.com/#Goldman<br>*https://qz.com/519388/this-saudi-prince-now-owns-more-of-twitter-than-jack-dorsey-does/</ref> Former [[James Comey]] general counsel [[James A. Baker (DOJ)]], who was complicit in the [[Obamagate timeline|Obamagate]] and [[FISA abuse]] scandals, was [[Twitter]]'s lead counsel during the [[2020 Presidential election]].<ref>https://nypost.com/2020/06/16/twitter-hires-former-fbi-chief-counsel-as-deputy-lawyer/</ref> Twitter interfered in the election when it blacked-out evidence of former [[Vice President Biden]]'s [[collusion]] with [[Burisma]] executives and [[Ukrainian]] [[oligarch]]s.<ref>https://theconservativetreehouse.com/2020/10/14/bookmark-todays-date-big-tech-has-crossed-the-event-horizon-to-protect-joe-biden/</ref> ''[[Yahoo News!]]'' reported:
{{quotebox|Instead of simply asking pertinent questions, or debunking the [New York] Post’s reporting, a media blackout was initiated. A number of well-known journalists warned colleagues and their sizable social-media audiences not to share the story. By the afternoon, Twitter had joined Facebook in suppressing the article, not only barring its users from sharing it with followers, but barring them sharing it through direct messages as well. It locked the accounts of White House press secretary Kayleigh McEnany, the Post, and many others for retweeting the story.

Twitter initially cited its “Hacked Materials Policy” and a “lack of authoritative reporting” as justification for censoring the Post, one of the most widely read papers in the nation. Though the reliability of the story is yet to be determined, Twitter has offered no evidence that any of the information was illegally obtained. No similar standard was applied when the New York Times published Trump’s tax returns, even though anyone who had legal access to them is likely to have broken the law in sharing them with the Times. Whatever the case, it’s all in the public record now.

A healthy democracy with a properly functioning and independent press would debate, investigate, and rigorously fact check new information. They wouldn’t work to squelch a story. It’s certainly not the job of giant tech companies who claim to function as neutral platforms to decide what news consumers can or can’t handle.

The most generous reading of Twitter and Facebook’s actions is that the rules are evolving, messy, and inadvertently unfair. A less generous — but more plausible — reading is that the tech giants single out specific stories damaging to progressives’ preferred presidential candidate.
It will backfire.

For one thing, it further damages the reputation of Big Tech. For another, it renders the industry more susceptible to a new regulatory regime already being championed by some in Congress. Mostly, however, it just makes the story they’re trying to suppress a far bigger deal.<ref>https://news.yahoo.com/twitter-facebook-shameful-repression-york-010644456.html</ref>}}
By “fact checking” one candidate and not another, Big Tech gave an enormous in-kind campaign contribution of immeasurable monetary value to the [[2020 Biden campaign|Biden campaign]]. The ''New York Post'', [[Gateway Pundit]]'', and Big League Politics all were placed on Twitter's suspension hit lit the final week before election day.<ref>https://bigleaguepolitics.com/big-league-politics-gateway-pundit-new-york-post-among-news-outlets-placed-on-twitter-suspension-weeks-before-election/</ref>

===Polling Company survey===
The Polling Company surveyed 1,750 Biden voters in seven [[swing states]] ([[Arizona]], [[Georgia]], [[Michigan]], [[Nevada]], [[North Carolina]], [[Pennsylvania]] and [[Wisconsin]]), six of which (all but North Carolina) were called for Biden.<ref>https://cdn.mrc.org/TPC-MRC+Biden+Voter+Messaging+Survey+Analysis+Nov+2020_final.pdf</ref> Voters’ knowledge of eight news stories were tested. A huge majority (82%) of Biden voters were unaware of at least one of these key items, with five percent saying they were unaware of all eight of the issues we tested.

This lack of information proved crucial: One of every six Biden voters surveyed (17%) said they would have abandoned the Democratic candidate had they known the facts about one or more of these news stories. A shift of this magnitude would have changed the outcome in all six of the swing states won by Joe Biden, and Donald Trump would have comfortably won a second term as president.
<ref>https://www.newsbusters.org/blogs/nb/rich-noyes/2020/11/24/special-report-stealing-presidency-2020</ref>

*'''Burying Biden’s Bad News:''' The media’s censorship of [[Biden family corruption|Biden’s scandals]] had the strongest impact on this year’s election. According to our survey, more than one-third of Biden voters (35.4%) were unaware of the serious allegations brought against the Democratic nominee by [[Tara Reade]], a former staffer who said Biden [[sexual assault|sexually assaulted]] her in the 1990s. If they had known about the allegations, 8.9% said they would have changed their vote — either switching to Trump or a 3rd party candidate, not voting for any presidential candidate, or not voting at all. By itself, this would have flipped all six of the swing states won by Biden (Arizona, Georgia, Michigan, Nevada, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin), giving the President a win with 311 [[electoral college]] votes.

:Even more Biden voters (45.1%) said they were unaware of the financial scandal enveloping Biden and his son, [[Hunter Biden]] (a story infamously censored by Twitter and Facebook, as well as ignored by the [[liberal media]]). According to the poll, full awareness of the Hunter Biden scandal would have led 9.4% of Biden voters to abandon the Democratic candidate, flipping all six of the swing states he won to Trump, giving the President 311 electoral votes.

:The ticket’s [[left-wing]] ideology was another issue barely mentioned by the national press. A GovTrack analysis found Biden’s running mate, California Senator [[Kamala Harris]], had the most left-wing record of any Senator in 2019 (even more than self-described [[socialist]] [[Bernie Sanders]]. The poll found that 25.3% of Biden voters said they didn’t know about Senator Harris’s left-wing ideology. If voters had the complete story, it would have led 4.1% of Biden voters to change their vote, flipping Arizona, Georgia, Nevada, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin to Trump. The result would have been a Trump victory, with 295 electoral college votes.

*'''Hiding Trump’s Successes:''' The liberal media also prevented many Biden voters from learning about record-breaking positive [[economic]] news in the months leading up to the election. The five pre-election jobs reports from June 5, 2020 to October 2 showed a record 11,161,000 jobs were created in the extraordinary snapback from the [[CCP pandemic|pandemic]] recession. Yet a large number of Biden voters (39.4%) said they didn’t know about this achievement. If they had, 5.4% said they would have changed their vote; this would have swung Arizona, Georgia, Nevada, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin to Trump, who would have won with 295 electoral votes.

:On October 29, 2020 the government reported a huge jump in economic growth — 33.1% on an annual basis, double the previous record. Yet nearly half of Biden voters (49.0%) said they had no idea about this record-breaking achievement. Armed with that information, 5.6% said they would have changed their vote, swinging Arizona, Georgia, Nevada, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin and a total of 295 electoral votes to Trump.

:The same effect was seen when it came to foreign policy. The President and his team made history by brokering peace agreements with [[Israel]] and several of her [[Arab]] neighbors — one reason Trump received three nominations for the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]. Yet 43.5% of Biden voters had no idea about these historic agreements. The information would have led five percent of overall Biden voters to change their vote, putting Trump in front in Arizona, Georgia, Nevada, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin, for a total of 295 electoral votes.

:Energy independence was another Trump success. The President took action to start long-stalled pipeline projects and expand drilling offshore and in the Arctic, and it paid off with America becoming a net exporter of oil for the first time in September 2019. More than half (50.5%) of Biden voters said they did not know about this important accomplishment, either. If the information was known by all, 5.8% of Biden’s voters say they would have changed how they voted. This would have changed the outcome in Arizona, Georgia, Nevada, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin, putting Trump in front with 295 electoral college votes.

:One important issue that did get a lot of coverage in 2020: the [[coronavirus]] pandemic. But what made the news every night was criticism of the President and his administration. Lost in the blistering barrage of bad news were successes such as Operation Warp Speed, which even before the election was well on track to deliver 300,000,000 doses of a safe vaccine as soon as next year.

:The poll found 36.1% of Biden voters said they did not know about the administration’s key role in promoting [[vaccine]] research through Operation Warp Speed. If they had, 5.3% told us they would have abandoned Biden, flipping Arizona, Georgia, Nevada, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin, giving the President 295 electoral votes.

*'''Summary:''' Looking at all eight of these issues together, the poll found that a total of 17% of Biden’s voters said they would have changed their vote if they had been aware of one or more of these important stories. This would have moved every one of the swing states into Trump’s column, some by a huge margin. The President would have trounced Biden in the electoral college, 311 to 227.

:In Pennsylvania, 15% of Biden voters said they would have defected. Using the reported vote totals as of noon on November 19, 2020 this would have reduced his total by 518,204 votes, flipping the state to Trump. In Michigan, the percentage who would have left Biden was 14%, deducting 392,966 from his tally and flipping that state, too.

:In Georgia, 15% of Biden’s voters say they would have defected based on full information, taking 370,838 votes out of his column, and putting Trump comfortably ahead. In Arizona, 21% say they would have changed their vote, deducting 351,150 from Biden’s column and putting Trump in front there, too.

:In Wisconsin, Biden would have lost 13% of his voters, taking away 211,987 from his column. In Nevada, the percentage of those who would have left Biden was 18%, or 126,627 voters. Such a shift would have put both of those states in Trump’s column, too.

:In the final state polled, North Carolina, 21% of Biden’s voters say they would have changed their minds, deducting 563,703 votes from his total and significantly bolstering Trump’s margin of victory in that state.

[[File:WHO-CCP Wuhan virus.PNG|right|300px|thumb|Big Tech facilitated communist and coronavirus misinformation, fueling a global pandemic.]]
The WHO, headed by a Marxist [[fellow traveller]], publicly announced that the [[Wuhan]] virus posed no threat of contagious reaction between humans.<ref>https://dailycaller.com/2020/03/18/flashback-who-china-coronavirus-contagious/</ref>]]
===Coronavirusa and Communist Chinese misinformation===
{{See also|CCP propaganda war}}
In the case of the [[Coronavirus]], Big Tech used the [[Communist Chinese]]-controlled [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) as an “authority” on health related matters instead of official health guidelines from the [[President of the United States]].<ref>https://about.fb.com/news/2020/04/covid-19-misinfo-update/</ref> This is a matter of [[national security]] and public health.

Even after the Biden-Burisma scandal was exposed, Twitter continued to censor official White House policy experts. On October 18, 2020 Twitter removed a post from White House [[pandemic]] task force member Dr. Scott Atlas, accusing him of violating its policy about “misleading information.” A Twitter spokesperson confirmed that the post was removed. According to the spokesperson, the Twitter policy that Atlas allegedly violated prohibits sharing false or misleading content related to the pandemic.<ref>https://www.theepochtimes.com/twitter-removes-white-house-dr-scott-atlas-post-regarding-masks_3543191.html</ref>

===FEC disclosure exemptions===
Political advertising regarding federal elections and candidates that is purchased for appearance on radio, television and print generally must adhere to [[Federal Election Commission]] rules requiring clear disclosure of the committee or donor paying for the advertisements. During 2011, Google and Facebook hired [[Marxist]] operative [[Marc Elias]] to help them obtain an exemption from this requirement for political advertising on their platforms. Elias argued the restrictions were not practical for his clients, with FEC commissioners ultimately voting 4-2 in favor of the exemption for Google and deadlocking 3-3 on the request regarding Facebook.<ref>Vogel, Kenneth P.; and Kang, Cecilia. [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/19/us/politics/facebook-google-russia-meddling-disclosure.html “Senators Demand Online Ad Disclosures as Tech Lobby Mobilizes.”] New York Times. October 19, 2017.</ref>

Facebook continued to operate as if exempt from disclosure rules. During the 2016 U.S. general election, $100,000 worth of Russian-backed and undisclosed advertisements intended to influence voters were purchased on Facebook with another $4,700 spent by Russian sources on Google political advertisements. In October 2017, following the controversy that ensued regarding Russian interference in the 2016 elections, both Republican and Democratic Senators advocated for legislation to require Facebook and Google to adhere to the same disclosure rules as other media.

===Anti-Trust and Section 230===
:{{See also|Anti-trust law}}
Some proposals to curb excesses of social media involve using anti-trust to break them up or for increasing regulation on the companies. These proposals are primarily offered by democrats<ref>[https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/16/18627709/bernie-sanders-democrat-facebook-break-up-elizabeth-warren-instagram-whatsapp Bernie Sanders becomes latest 2020 candidate to call for Facebook breakup]</ref>
<ref>[https://www.newsbusters.org/blogs/techwatch/corinne-weaver/2019/05/14/democrats-newest-line-break-or-regulate-facebook Democrats’ Newest Line: Break Up Or Regulate Facebook]</ref>
<ref>[https://www.theverge.com/interface/2019/5/14/18622442/facebook-breakup-joe-biden-kamala-harris-democrats-chris-hughes More Democrats are considering a breakup of Facebook]</ref>
<ref>[https://slate.com/technology/2018/04/the-new-bill-to-regulate-facebook-and-googles-data-might-actually-do-the-trick.html There’s a New Bill to Regulate Facebook and Google’s Data Collection]</ref> and would benefit the [[deep state]]. There is some question as to if this approach would make censorship even worse.

Another proposal is to alter or repeal [[Section 230]] of the Communications Decency Act, which would dramatically increase the amount of litigation against these companies if they didn't put an end to these practices.<ref>[https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/19/18271487/josh-hawley-senator-missouri-republican-facebook-google-antitrust-data-privacy SEN. JOSH HAWLEY IS MAKING THE CONSERVATIVE CASE AGAINST FACEBOOK]</ref><ref>[https://www.fastcompany.com/90252598/ted-cruz-made-it-clear-he-supports-repealing-tech-platforms-safe-harbor Ted Cruz made it clear he supports repealing tech platforms’ safe harbor]</ref> This approach is being pursued by several conservatives including [[Josh Hawley]] and [[Louie Gohmert]].

===State of California, Big Tech, and Biden campaign collusion to violate 1st Amendment rights===
California’s Office of Election Cybersecurity surveilled social media users and asked [[Facebook]], [[Twitter]], and [[Google]] to remove or flag social media postings as "misleading" election news content. SKDKnickerbocker, a communications company linked to the Biden campaign, was also involved. The company shared its “Misinformation Daily Briefings” with the California Secretary of State office, who then passed them on to the Big Tech [[social media]] giants a conspiracy against the [[First Amendment]] rights of Americans.<ref>https://www.ntd.com/california-officials-biden-linked-firm-colluded-with-big-tech-to-censor-election-posts-judicial-watch_604446.html</ref>

==Information control==
In 2018, the Pew Research Center found that “about two-thirds of U.S. adults (68%) get news on social media sites. One-in-five get news there often.“ The combination of Facebook, Google and Twitter controls the information received by huge numbers of Americans, Pew found. “Facebook is still far and away the site Americans most commonly use for news. About four-in-ten Americans (43%) get news on Facebook. The next most commonly used site for news is YouTube [owned by Google], with 21% getting news there, followed by Twitter at 12%.”<ref>https://www.journalism.org/2018/09/10/news-use-across-social-media-platforms-2018/</ref>

While Twitter still falls short of Facebook in terms of number of users, a 2019 report found that “Twitter remains the leading social network among journalists at 83%.” Censoring a story from Twitter thus has disproportionate impact by hiding it from the people who determine and shape the news.<reF>https://info.muckrack.com/stateofjournalism</ref>

In February 2021 [[Poland]] reacted to Big Tech's [[progressive]] and [[fascist]] tendencies by passing a law that would fine Big Tech platforms up $13.5 million for censoring [[conservative]], [[Christian]], and traditional values postings. Justice Minister Sebastian Kaleta, the author of the law noted,
{{quotebox-float|"Poland spent 45 years under [[communism]], and that experience has taught it the value of [[free speech]] and that when the country sees these disturbing new trends toward [[censorship]], the red light goes on."<ref>https://www.foxnews.com/world/poland-fights-big-tech-push-block-social-media-censorship</ref>}}
===Censorship===
{{See also|Censorship|Publisher vs. Platform|Sec. 230}}
Big Tech, including Google<ref>Jasper, William F. (August 20, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/print-magazine/item/33040-big-tech-under-fire Big Tech Under Fire]. ''The New American''. Retrieved August 20, 2019.</ref> and Facebook,<ref>Shaw, C. Mitchell (August 20, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/print-magazine/item/33039-facebook-censorship-hypocrisy Facebook Censorship & Hypocrisy]. ''The New American''. Retrieved August 20, 2019.</ref> engaged in censorship of conservatives and Christians.<ref>Bomberger, Ryan (May 10, 2019). [https://www.lifesitenews.com/opinion/big-techs-separate-and-unequal-treatment-of-christians-and-conservatives Big Tech’s separate and unequal treatment of Christians and conservatives]. ''LifeSiteNews'' (from the ''Radiance Foundation''). Retrieved May 10, 2019.</ref><ref>Xiao, Bowen (July 24, 2019). [https://www.theepochtimes.com/young-conservatives-feel-they-cant-express-themselves-on-social-media_3014868.html Young Conservatives Feel They Can’t Express Themselves on Social Media]. ''The Epoch Times''. Retrieved July 24, 2019.</ref>

In August 2018, multiple social media giants, with the support of the Left, mainstream media and Democrats,<ref>Multiple references:
*Bokhari, Allum (August 6, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/tech/2018/08/06/infowars-ban-cnn-democrats-successfully-lobby-big-tech-to-censor-their-critics/ InfoWars Ban: CNN, Democrats Successfully Lobby Big Tech to Censor Their Critics]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
*Hudson, Jerome (August 6, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-hollywood/2018/08/06/hollywood-celebrates-masters-of-the-universe-banning-alex-jones-its-about-damn-time/ Hollywood Celebrates Masters of the Universe Banning Alex Jones: ‘It’s About Damn Time’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
*Nash, Charlie (August 7, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/tech/2018/08/07/cnn-leads-media-blackmail-campaign-to-boot-infowars-from-twitter/ CNN Leads Media Blackmail Campaign to Boot InfoWars from Twitter]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
*Nolte, John (August 7, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/08/07/sen-chris-murphy-big-tech-must-do-more-than-take-down-infowars/ U.S. Sen. Chris Murphy: Big Tech ‘Must Do More Than Take Down’ InfoWars]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
*Clabough, Raven (August 8, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/constitution/item/29743-dem-senator-social-media-must-censor-hate-speech-to-maintain-democracy Dem Senator: Social Media Must Censor “Hate Speech” to Maintain Democracy]. ''The New American''. Retrieved August 8, 2018.
*Wong, Kristina (August 18, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/08/18/virginia-democrat-mark-warner-corrals-masters-universe-deep-state/ TIMELINE: Virginia Democrat Mark Warner Surprise Force Behind Masters of the Universe Crackdown on Speech]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved August 19, 2018.
*Bokhari, Allum (September 7, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/tech/2018/09/07/buzzfeed-reporter-charlie-warzel-lobbied-twitter-to-ban-infowars-alex-jones/ BuzzFeed Reporter Charlie Warzel Lobbied Twitter to Ban Infowars, Alex Jones]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 8, 2018.</ref> [[Collusion|colluded]] to ban [[Alex Jones]]'s [[InfoWars]] from their sites simply because of his political views.<ref>Multiple references:
*Nolan, Lucas (August 6, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/tech/2018/08/06/facebook-apple-purge-infowars-for-hate-speech/ Facebook, Apple Purge InfoWars for ‘Hate Speech’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
*Murphy, James (August 6, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/tech/computers/item/29727-censorship-alex-jones-removed-from-apple-facebook-youtube-spotify Censorship: Alex Jones Removed from Apple, Facebook, YouTube, Spotify]. ''The New American''. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
*Breland, Ali (August 6, 2018). [https://thehill.com/policy/technology/400569-youtube-bans-alex-jones-following-spotify-apple-facebook YouTube bans Alex Jones after similar actions by Spotify, Apple, Facebook]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
*Kirkwood, R. Cort (September 7, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/tech/computers/item/30002-twitter-shuts-down-alex-jones-infowars Twitter Shuts Down Alex Jones, Infowars]. ''The New American''. Retrieved September 7, 2018.
*Bokhari, Allum (September 7, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/tech/2018/09/07/apple-permanently-blacklists-infowars-app-from-store/ Apple Permanently Blacklists Infowars App from Store]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 7, 2018.
*Kirkwood, R. Cort (September 24, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/tech/computers/item/30148-paypal-dumps-alex-jones-still-handles-splc PayPal Dumps Alex Jones; Still Handles SPLC]. ''The New American''. Retrieved September 24, 2018.
See also:
*Murphy, James (July 31, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/constitution/item/29676-the-censorship-battle-of-alex-jones-and-why-it-affects-us-all The Censorship Battle of Alex Jones and Why It Affects Us All]. ''The New American''. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
*Pollak, Joel B. (August 6, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/08/06/pollak-the-attack-on-alex-jones-is-an-attack-on-free-speech/ Pollak: The Attack on Alex Jones Is An Attack on Free Speech]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
*[https://www.thenewamerican.com/tech/computers/item/29739-top-headline-jordan-belanger-deep-state-censoring-voices Top Headline - The Deep State is Censoring Voices That Do Not Agree With Them]. ''The New American''. August 7, 2018. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
*Caplan, Joshua (August 6, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-journalism/2018/08/06/alex-jones-tech-giants-running-circles-around-incredibly-stupid-republican-lawmakers/ Alex Jones: Tech Giants Running Circles Around ‘Incredibly Stupid’ Republican Lawmakers]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
*Newman, Alex (September 7, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/print-magazine/item/29973-big-tech-censors-alex-jones-whos-next Big Tech Censors Alex Jones — Who’s Next?] ''The New American''. Retrieved September 7, 2018.</ref> In response to public criticism of the conspiring social media platforms' actions, leftists made dismissive excuses for those companies on social media and in the liberal media, claiming that they are "free to do what they want" because of their status as privately owned companies, not realizing that the collusion of those platforms to censor and ban InfoWars and other conservative companies and individuals for their political views potentially violate antitrust laws.<ref>[https://www.conservativenewsandviews.com/2018/09/04/constitution/open-market-economy-ideas/ The Open-Market Economy of Ideas] at Conservative News and Views</ref> In February 2019, removed 22 pages related to Jones and InfoWars.<ref>Bowden, John (February 5, 2019). [https://thehill.com/policy/technology/428573-facebook-removes-22-pages-linked-to-alex-jones-infowars Facebook removes 22 pages linked to Alex Jones, InfoWars]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved February 5, 2019.</ref>

Facebook banned several people whose views it opposed, labeling them "dangerous," even though they did not violate the site's terms<ref>Multiple references:
*Murphy, James (May 3, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/tech/computers/item/32187-war-on-free-speech-facebook-bans-people-it-considers-dangerous War on Free Speech: Facebook Bans People It Considers “Dangerous”]. ''The New American''. Retrieved May 3, 2019.
*Nolan, Lucas (May 2, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/tech/2019/05/02/facebook-blacklists-prominent-conservatives-including-paul-joseph-watson-laura-loomer/ Facebook Blacklists Prominent Conservatives Including Paul Joseph Watson, Laura Loomer]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 3, 2019.
*Nolan, Lucas (May 3, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/tech/2019/05/03/facebook-falsely-brands-non-violent-users-dangerous-to-justify-un-personing/ Facebook Falsely Brands Non-Violent Users ‘Dangerous’ to Justify Un-Personing]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 3, 2019.
*Freiburger, Calvin (May 3, 2019). [https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/facebook-announces-drastic-new-bans-on-right-wing-media-figures-it-deems-dangerous-individuals Facebook announces drastic new bans on right-wing media figures it deems ‘dangerous individuals’]. ''LifeSiteNews''. Retrieved May 4, 2019.
*[https://video.foxnews.com/v/6032800824001/?playlist_id=5198073478001#sp=show-clips Tucker: Big tech has launched an attack on your rights]. ''Fox News Video''. May 3, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2019.
*[https://video.foxnews.com/v/6032802887001/?playlist_id=5198073478001#sp=show-clips Facebook cracks down on 'controversial' people, but are they infringing upon free speech?] ''Fox News Video''. May 3, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2019.
See also:
*Freiburger, Calvin (May 3, 2019). [https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/facebooks-new-link-banning-decree-more-terrifying-than-banning-dangerous-individuals-tech-expert-warns Facebook’s link-banning decree more ‘terrifying’ than ‘dangerous individuals’ ban, tech expert warns]. ''LifeSiteNews''. Retrieved May 4, 2019.
*Nolte, John (May 3, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/the-media/2019/05/03/not-defending-louis-farrakhan-alex-jones-doing-free-speech-wrong/ Nolte: If You’re Not Defending Louis Farrakhan and Alex Jones, You’re Doing Free Speech Wrong]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 3, 2019.
*Ciccotta, Tom (May 3, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/tech/2019/05/03/never-trumpers-and-leftists-praise-facebooks-blacklisting-of-conservatives/ Never Trumpers and Leftists Praise Facebook’s Blacklisting of Conservatives]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 3, 2019.
*Wulfsohn, Joseph A. (May 4, 2019). [https://www.lifezette.com/2019/05/conservative-james-woods-locked-out-of-twitter-other-figures-banned-by-facebook/ Conservative James Woods Locked Out of Twitter, Other Figures Banned by Facebook]. ''LifeZette''. Retrieved May 4, 2019.
*Caruso, Justin (May 3, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/entertainment/2019/05/03/james-woods-banned-from-twitter-amid-silicon-valleys-conservative-blacklisting-campaign/ James Woods Banned from Twitter Amid Silicon Valley’s Conservative Blacklisting Campaign]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 4, 2019.
*Morton, Victor (May 7, 2019). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/may/7/david-horowitz-twitter-account-suspended/ Twitter suspends conservative activist David Horowitz]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
*Ernst, Douglas (May 7, 2019). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/may/7/jack-posobiec-magaphobia-twitter-account-for-track/ Twitter suspends Jack Posobiec's @MAGAphobia account for tracking violence against Trump supporters]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
*Bokhari Allum (May 10, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/tech/2019/05/10/michelle-malkin-censored-on-facebook-for-opposing-censorship/ Michelle Malkin Censored on Facebook for Opposing Censorship]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 10, 2019.</ref> – Facebook continued allowing actual left-wing hate speech to go unpunished, however.<ref>Multiple references:
*Nolan, Lucas (May 3, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/tech/2019/05/03/facebook-bans-dangerous-conservative-figures-but-continues-to-allow-leftist-calls-for-violence/ Facebook Bans ‘Dangerous’ Conservative Figures but Continues to Allow Leftist Calls for Violence]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 3, 2019.
*Freiburger, Calvin (May 3, 2019). [https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/facebook-allows-left-wing-page-to-fantasize-about-trump-assassination-funeral Facebook allows left-wing page to fantasize about Pres. Trump assassination, funeral]. ''LifeSiteNews''. Retrieved May 4, 2019.</ref> Additionally, Apple News banned [[LifeSiteNews]] from its platform for "intolerance."<ref>[https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/breaking-apple-news-bans-lifesite-without-warning-shows-intolerance BREAKING: Apple News bans LifeSite without warning: says it ‘shows intolerance’]. ''LifeSiteNews''. July 31, 2019. Retrieved July 31, 2019.</ref> The issue of Big Tech censorship hit a fever pitch in 2019 when [[Facebook]] and [[Instagram]] banned prominent alt-lite figures [[Alex Jones]], [[Laura Loomer]], and [[Milo Yiannopoulos]] without reason.

In June 2020, [[Gavin McInnes]] was banned from YouTube, and Twitter banned Katie Hopkins and a popular pro-[[Trump]] [[meme]] creator known as Carpe Donktum.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-nv-VeHvj_k</ref> YouTube also banned [[Stefan Molyneux]],<ref>https://reclaimthenet.org/youtube-bans-stefan-molyneux/</ref> as did Twitter in July.<ref>https://reclaimthenet.org/stefan-molyneux-suspended-twitter/</ref> In July 2020, anti-establishment Republicans confronted Big Tech CEOs in the halls of Congress for censorship of conservatives and of right-wing or politically incorrect voices.<ref>https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/jul/30/conservative-groups-leveraging-big-tech-hearing-po/</ref><ref>https://patriotpost.us/opinion/72537-big-tech-on-deck-in-congress-2020-07-31</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G08kxa-IAss</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c23vrE1bQlA</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JoVZ4qKJJIk</ref>

===Hate speech===
''[[Vox]]'' Recode reported: {{quotebox|Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter are banking on developing [[artificial intelligence]] technology to help stop the spread of hateful speech on their networks. The idea is that complex algorithms that use natural language processing will flag [[racist]] or [[violent]] speech faster and better than human beings possibly can. Doing this effectively is more urgent than ever in light of recent mass shootings and violence linked to hate speech online.

But two new studies show that AI trained to identify [[hate speech]] may actually end up amplifying racial bias. In one study, researchers found that leading AI models for processing hate speech were one-and-a-half times more likely to flag tweets as offensive or hateful when they were written by [[African American]]s, and 2.2 times more likely to flag tweets written in African American English (which is commonly spoken by black people in the US).<ref>https://www.vox.com/recode/2019/8/15/20806384/social-media-hate-speech-bias-black-african-american-facebook-twitter</ref>}}

===Fact Checkers===
Alan Duke – the co-founder and Editor-in-Chief of Facebook and [[TikTok]]’s [[fact-checking]] partner Lead Stories, refused to drop clients with ties to ByteDance, TikTok's parent company, which has been flagged by the [[U.S. State Department]] as a mouthpiece for the CCP. The founder of TikTok's parent company ByteDance has pledged to use his company to “promote socialist core values” and has “set up an expert group on content supervision” run by the CCP and includes former high-level party [[apparatchik]]s with military ties as executives.<ref>https://thenationalpulse.com/news/alan-duke-wont-commit-to-dropping-ccp-as-client/</ref>

While Lead Stories claims to be unbiased, Federal Election Commission (FEC) records reveal that all donations from employees have gone to Democratic candidates and [[NeverTrump]] groups.

===Covid pandemic===
:{{See also|CCP global pandemic}}
When the [[Coronavirus|Chinese coronavirus]] first struck the United States in the Spring of 2020, Facebook banned speech or contrary scientific discussion regarding [[lockdown]] orders, business closures, and forced layoffs. YouTube took down videos, and Twitter banned all users who would dare question the [[mainstream media]] COVID narrative.

By mid October ''[[Forbes]]'' reported that "Amazon, Facebook, Apple and Google all began scooping up New York City commercial real estate after prices have plummeted due to the fallout from the Covid-19 pandemic."<ref>https://www.forbes.com/sites/jackkelly/2020/10/16/amazon-apple-google-and-facebook-are-all-scooping-up-office-space-in-new-york-despite-predictions-of-the-citys-demise/#b23fb282c0f7</ref>

===''Trump v. Twitter''===
In the case of ''[[Trump v. Twitter]]'', filed in July 2021, attorneys for President Trump argued,
{{quotebox-float|"[The companies have] unprecedented power over the content of public discourse to censor constitutionally protected speech with impunity, resulting in a grave threat to the freedom of expression and to democracy itself."<ref>https://www.courthousenews.com/trump-sues-tech-giants-for-booting-him-from-their-sites/</ref>}}

==Big Tech collusion with legacy media==
The [[Fox News Channel]] seems to have colluded with Big Tech.

In January 2019, Fox News heaped praise on [[Microsoft]]'s [[NewsGuard]], a browser extension which disproportionately targets conservative and anti-establishment sources with poor ratings and then libels those sources as "fake news." Fox News, on the other hand, is considered a legitimate source of news.<ref>https://www.breitbart.com/the-media/2019/01/28/fox-news-promotes-microsofts-newsguard-blacklist-good-idea/</ref> [[BuzzFeed News]] is also considered reputable, while even stories from [[The Daily Wire]] are frequently downgraded by NewsGuard.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VcmTeiYvqu4</ref> Fox News permanently banned The Daily Wire's Michael Knowles in September of that year.[http://www.conservativehq.com/article/31075-michael-knowles-and-crumbling-conservatism-fox-news]

In the same month that the network profusely defended NewsGuard, their website asserted that a [[YouTube]] algorithm change very clearly designed to stifle independent content creators and to censor the [[Alternative Influence Network]], as reported by [[Breitbart News]] at the time,<ref>https://www.breitbart.com/tech/2019/01/28/youtube-doubles-down-will-censor-recommended-videos-to-stop-misinformation/</ref> was simply intended to direct audiences away from "conspiracy theories" and "misinformation."<ref>https://www.foxnews.com/tech/youtube-tweaks-algorithms-to-stop-recommending-conspiracy-videos</ref> According to [[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg Businessweek]], by July 2020, Fox News' YouTube channel gained tens of millions of views while even the channels of massive leftist corporate networks [[CNN]] and [[MSNBC]] declined in views.<ref>https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-07-10/fox-news-youtube-channel-got-a-big-boost-from-algorithm-change</ref> In June 2020, [[Gavin McInnes]] and [[Stefan Molyneux]] were permanently banned from YouTube, which Fox News refrained from covering.

==Big Tech companies==
===Google===
{{See also|Google}}
[[Alphabet Inc.]] is the parent company of Google, which also owns [[YouTube]], [[Android]], [[The Groundwork]] and dozens of other companies. The Groundwork in 2015 boasted it could influence the [[vote]] in any [[democracy|democratic]] [[election]] anywhere in the world as much as 25%,<ref>[http://qz.com/520652/groundwork-eric-schmidt-startup-working-for-hillary-clinton-campaign/ THE GROUNDWORK The stealthy, Eric Schmidt-backed startup that’s working to put Hillary Clinton in the White House], Adam Pasick & Tim Fernholz, ''Quartz'', October 09, 2015. qz.com</ref> highlighting the [[Search engine manipulation effect]]. In an article titled ''How Google Could Rig the 2016 Election'' in August 2015 ''Politico'' warned Google "can easily shift the voting preferences of undecided voters by 20 percent or more—up to 80 percent in some demographic groups—with virtually no one knowing they are being manipulated... In the United States, half of our presidential elections have been won by margins under 7.6 percent".<ref>[https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/08/how-google-could-rig-the-2016-election-121548 How Google Could Rig the 2016 Election], Google has the ability to drive millions of votes to a candidate with no one the wiser, By Robert Epstein, ''Politico'', August 19, 2015</ref>

Dr. Robert Epstein of the American Institute for Behavioral Research and Technology testified before Congress in 2019 that Google [[bias]] and meddling had shifted "between 2.6 million and up to 10.4 million votes" to Hillary Clinton.<ref>https://www.powerlineblog.com/archives/2019/08/psychologist-google-generated-at-least-2-6-million-votes-for-hillary.php</ref> Epstein stated in his testimony before the Judiciary Senate Committee that his research indicated that Google had been manipulating national elections as early as 2015, and has even insinuated that they had also manipulated the results of the [[2018 midterm elections]].<ref name="Epstein testimony PDF" /><ref name="Epstein testimony YouTube" />

In June 2019, [[Project Veritas]] released an undercover video in which a Google executive admitted that the company was working, through its policies and products, to prevent "the next Trump situation."<ref>Multiple references:
*Svab, Petr (June 24, 2019). [https://www.theepochtimes.com/google-stealthily-infuses-political-agenda-into-products-to-prevent-trump-reelection-insiders-documents-say_2976582.html Google Stealthily Infuses Political Agenda Into Products to Prevent Trump Reelection, Insiders, Documents Say]. ''The Epoch Times''. Retrieved June 24, 2019.
*Richardson, Valerie (June 24, 2019). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/jun/24/google-exec-project-veritas-sting-says-only-big-te/ Google exec in Project Veritas sting says only big tech can stop 'the next Trump situation']. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved June 24, 2019.
*Bokhari, Allum (June 24, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/tech/2019/06/24/project-veritas-google-exec-decries-trumps-election-how-do-we-prevent-it-from-happening-again/ Project Veritas – Google Exec Decries Trump’s Election: ‘How Do We Prevent It from Happening Again’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved June 24, 2019.
*Kirkwood, R. Cort (June 24, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/politics/item/32684-google-is-gearing-up-to-defeat-trump-in-2020 Google Is Gearing Up To Defeat Trump In 2020]. ''The New American''. Retrieved June 24, 2019.
See also:
*Svab, Petr (June 26, 2019). [https://www.theepochtimes.com/google-doubles-down-on-deceiving-customers-about-its-political-manipulation_2980032.html Google Doubles Down on Deceiving Customers About Its Political Manipulation]. ''The Epoch Times''. Retrieved June 26, 2019.</ref> The video had over one million views in the first 24 hours (available in External link section, below). Google subsequently moved to censor the video from its platforms.<ref>Multiple references:
*Bokhari, Allum (June 24, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/tech/2019/06/24/google-censors-video-exposing-google/ Google Censors Video Exposing Google]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved June 24, 2019.
*Kirkwood, R. Cort (June 25, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/item/32698-youtube-scraps-veritas-expose-after-privacy-complaints YouTube Scraps Veritas' Exposé After Privacy Complaints]. ''The New American''. Retrieved June 25, 2019.
*Svab, Petr (June 25, 2019). [https://www.theepochtimes.com/youtube-deletes-expose-on-googles-stealthily-pushing-its-politics-on-users_2978328.html YouTube Deletes Exposé on Google’s Stealthily Pushing Its Politics on Users]. ''The Epoch Times''. Retrieved June 26, 2019.</ref>

====Attempt to overthrow Syrian government====
Google collaborated with the Obama regime in the fail attempt at [[regime change]] in [[Syria]]. Jared Cohen, head of Google Jigsaw (formerly Google Ideas) emailed the State Dept.:
{{quotebox-float|"Please keep close hold, but my team is planning to launch a tool on Sunday that will publicly track and map the defections in Syria and which parts of the government they are coming from. Our logic behind this is that while many people are tracking the atrocities, nobody is visually representing and mapping the defections, which we believe are important in encouraging more to defect and giving confidence to the opposition. Given how hard it is to get information into Syria right now, we are partnering with Al-Jazeera who will take primary ownership over the tool we have built, track the data, verify it, and broadcast it back into Syria. I've attached a few visuals that show what the tool will look like. Please keep this very close hold and let me know if there is anything eke you think we need to account for or think about before we launch. We believe this can have an important.<ref>https://wikileaks.org/clinton-emails/emailid/12166</ref>}}

====January 6 Capital protests====
:{{See also|2021 Capitol protests}}
Google is a known [[NSA]] subcontractor. after the [[2021 Capitol protests|January 6, 2021 Capitol protests]], the FBI used Google location data to track attendants with nothing more than a valid Gmail address and smartphone login. According to ''Forbes'' magazine:
{{quotebox-float|"The police were then able to obtain an Instagram registration email, which turned out to be a Gmail address. With that in hand, investigators ordered Google to provide any location data they had on that Gmail user, which the tech giant duly provided after it identified a linked smartphone.'<ref>https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2021/03/10/fbi-uses-google-location-data-to-ensnare-alleged-capitol-hill-rioter/?sh=465c214c104e</ref>}}
The ''Off Guardian'' remarked it is a "stark reminder that carrying a tracking device with a Google login, even with the SIM card removed, can mean the difference between freedom and an orange jumpsuit in the [[Great Reset]] era."<ref>https://off-guardian.org/2021/07/08/meet-jigsaw-googles-intelligence-agency/</ref>

====YouTube====
[[File:Youtube-saves-biden.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Youtube manipulation of likes/dislikes on the Biden White House channel.<ref>https://81m.org/</ref>]]
{{See also|YouTube}}
Controversy arose in 2006 in conservative circles after people such as [[Michelle Malkin]] claimed that YouTube censored [[conservative]] content.<ref>[http://michellemalkin.com/2006/10/04/banned-on-youtube-3/ "Michelle Malkin | » Banned on YouTube"]. ''MichelleMalkin.com''.</ref> This led the creation of a pair of video-sharing websites: [[QubeTV]], an alternative site whose origins are reminiscent of the creation of [[Conservapedia]] by people who believed [[Wikipedia®]] to be [[liberal]], and the Christian alternative, [[GodTube]], which has been renamed "[http://www.tangle.com/ Tangle]".<ref>[http://mashable.com/2009/03/10/tangle/ GodTube is Born Again as MySpace-Like Tangle] Mashable</ref>

In 2020 YouTube was listed as one of numerous leftist-controlled companies that have gone "[[woke]]" and supports the [[criminal]] axtivities of [[Antifa]] and the [[Black Lives Matter]] organization in the wake of the [[2020 leftist riots]].<ref>[https://gab.com/a/posts/104311289660016704 Here Are The Companies That Support Antifa, Black Lives Matter, and Want You Dead] at Gab.com</ref>

In 2021, YouTube censored their own most popular independent content creator [[PewDiePie]] by removing one of his videos.<ref>https://reclaimthenet.org/youtube-deletes-pewdiepie-video/</ref>

As [[White House]] videos of the [[Biden regime]] continued to show dislikes outnumbering likes by a factor of 6 and 8, Youtube eliminated the Dislike feature.<ref>[https://thenationalpulse.com/breaking/youtube-to-remove-dislike-count/ YouTube To Remove ‘Dislike’ Feature As Biden WH Content Continues To See Likes Massively Trail Dislikes], Natalie Winters, ''National Pulse'', MARCH 30, 2021.</ref> A website that tracks that tracks the YouTube page of the Biden White House confirmed that YouTube suppressed the dislikes on every single one of [[Joe Biden]] White House video. YouTube suppressed dislikes of Biden by as much as 600% on some videos.<ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2021/06/amazing-new-website-confirms-youtube-suppressing-dislikes-joe-biden-videos-much-600/</ref>

In October 2021 Youtube made history when it banned for the first time a song, ''Let's Go Brandon'', as "medical misinformation."<ref>https://www.blackconservativeboogeyman.com/youtube-bans-conservative-bryson-grays-hit-song-lets-go-brandon-takes-aim-at-other-accounts-that-use-the-fk-joe-biden-euphemism/</ref>

Former Chinese Vice Premier [[Zhang Gaoli]] was accused of sexual assault on social media by tennis star Peng Shuai in 2021. Peng was [[disappeared]] shortly thereafter.<ref>https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/14/china/peng-shuai-zhang-gaoli-allegations-wta-intl-hnk/index.html</ref> [[YouTube]] de-monetized a video entitled ''Chinese Star VANISHES After Rape Accusation'' posted on the Breaking Points channel.<ref>https://dailycallernewsfoundation.org/2021/11/19/youtube-demonetizes-video-on-missing-chinese-tennis-star/</ref>

Youtube has deemed "inappropriate and offensive" ''[[The Sacred War]]'', a song celebrating the defeat of [[Third Reich|fascist Germany]].<ref>*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C2N366xn6V4&t=132s The Sacred War! (English Lyrics)]. youtube (Viewer discretion is advised}.</ref>

===Apple===
{{See also|Apple Inc.}}

Apple CEO Tim Cook once told global warming sceptics to dump their Apple stock,<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/mar/03/tim-cook-climate-change-sceptics-ditch-apple-shares Tim Cook tells climate change sceptics to ditch Apple shares]</ref> and they colluded with other tech firms to prevent Parler from being used.

Apple has been in bed with the Chinese communists by offering concessions for data privacy.<ref>[https://townhall.com/columnists/joelthayer/2021/06/13/why-is-apple-lowering-its-walled-garden-for-china-but-not-for-the-us-n2590874 Why Is Apple Lowering Its Walled Garden for China but Not for the US?]</ref> They also recently signed a $275B deal which included investments to use more components from Chinese suppliers.<ref>[https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/apple-275-billion-deal-china Apple made $275 billion deal to skirt Chinese regulations: Report]</ref><ref>[https://www.breitbart.com/tech/2021/12/08/deal-with-the-devil-apple-signed-275-billion-contract-with-china-to-avoid-crackdown/ Deal with the Devil: Apple Signed $275 Billion Contract with China to Avoid Crackdown]</ref>

===Microsoft===
[[Image:Microsoft logo.svg|right|frame]]
{{See also|Microsoft}}
Microsoft has long been a promoter of progressive causes, such as Proposition 74 in Washington State, which legalized same sex marriage.<ref>[https://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/blog/techflash/2012/10/whos-funding-the-fight-over-gay.html Who's funding the fight over gay marriage in Washington state?]</ref> They have also long been involved with the [[Common Core]] standards, which are promoting politics under the disguise of education.<ref>[https://libn.com/2015/05/04/after-gates-donates-to-pearson-firm-teams-with-microsoft/ After Gates donates to Pearson, firm teams with Microsoft]</ref>

===Facebook===

{{See also|Facebook}}
Facebook has a large political influence because of its size.<ref>Bokhari, Allum (November 27, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/tech/2019/11/27/bokhari-how-zuckerberg-became-americas-unappointed-editor-in-chief/ Bokhari: How Zuckerberg Became America’s (Unappointed) Editor-in-Chief]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved November 27, 2019.</ref> Facebook once declared it will never use its product to influence how people on the platform vote.<ref>[http://gizmodo.com/facebook-says-it-doesnt-try-to-influence-how-people-vot-1771276946?rev=1460755179651 Facebook Says it Doesn't Try to Influence How People Vote, Gizmodo, April 15, 2016]</ref>

In July 2021 the Texas Supreme Court ruled that Facebook could be held liable if sex traffickers use the platform to prey on children, arguing the social media website isn’t a “lawless no-man’s-land.”<ref>https://www.theepochtimes.com/mkt_morningbrief/facebook-can-be-sued-for-sex-trafficking-texas-supreme-court-rules_3876475.html</ref> In August 2021 Facebook censored a Gold Star mother whose son was murdered in the [[Biden regime]]'s botched [[Fall of Kabul|Afghan exit]].

===TikTok===
In October 2022 [[Russia]] fined [[TikTok]] for pushing [[LGBT]] content.<ref>https://www.investmentwatchblog.com/russia-fines-tiktok-for-pushing-lgbt-content/</ref>

====Obama era election interference====
98% of political donations from Facebook employees went to [[Barack Obama]] in the [[2008 presidential election]].<ref>[http://beforeitsnews.com/story/684/994/Facebook_self_appointed_arbiter_of_free_speech_tells_Tea_Party_no_more_organizing.html Facebook – self-appointed arbiter of “free speech” – tells Tea Party no more organizing, Before It's News, June 2, 2011]</ref> Facebook tampered with news feeds during the [[2010 Midterm elections]] in a 61-million-person [[social experiment]] to see how Facebook could impact the real-world voting behavior of millions of people.<ref>[http://fowler.ucsd.edu/massive_turnout.pdf A 61-million-person experiment in social influence and political mobilization]</ref> In 2012, Facebook developed a tool called 'voter megaphone' raising questions about its use and ability to influence elections. Facebook secretly tampered with 1.9 million user's news feeds. Zuckerberg has involved himself in politics in the [[2016 presidential election]]. He has publicly called out positions held by [[Donald Trump]] as wrong. Facebook employees have asked if they should try to stop a Trump presidency.<ref>[http://gizmodo.com/facebook-employees-asked-mark-zuckerberg-if-they-should-1771012990 Facebook Employees Asked Mark Zuckerberg If They Should Try to Stop a Donald Trump Presidency, Gizmodo, April 15, 2016]</ref>

====Whitelisting====
[[File:XCheck.jpg|right|300px|thumb|]]
''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' reviewed internal documents about Facebook's "XCheck" or “cross check” program. <ref>https://archive.is/3fE10#selection-257.22-257.46</ref> Some of the documents have been turned over to the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] (SEX) and to Congress by a person seeking federal [[whistleblower]] protection.

XCheck shields millions of VIP users from the company’s normal enforcement process, the documents show. Some users are “whitelisted”—rendered immune from enforcement actions—while others are allowed to post rule-violating material pending Facebook employee reviews that often never come. XCheck has protected public figures whose posts contain harassment or incitement to violence, violations that would typically lead to sanctions for regular users.

A 2019 internal review of Facebook’s whitelisting practices, marked attorney-client privileged, found favoritism to those users to be both widespread and “not publicly defensible....We are not actually doing what we say we do publicly,” said the confidential review. It called the company’s actions “a breach of trust” and added: “Unlike the rest of our community, these people can violate our standards without any consequences.”

As of 2020 XCheck included at least 5.8 million users, documents show. In its struggle to accurately moderate a torrent of content and avoid negative attention, Facebook created invisible elite tiers within the social network. In describing the system Facebook misled the public and its own Oversight Board. Facebook spokesman [[Andy Stone]] said that the system “was designed for an important reason: to create an additional step so we can accurately enforce policies on content that could require more understanding.”

While the program included most government officials, it didn’t include all candidates for public office, at times effectively granting incumbents in elections an advantage over challengers. The discrepancy was most prevalent in state and local races, the documents show, and employees worried Facebook could be subject to accusations of favoritism.

[[Florida]] governor [[Ron DeSantis]] asked the Florida Department of State to open an investigation into Facebook’s alleged election interference through its whitelisting program.<ref>https://therightscoop.com/governor-desantis-orders-investigation-into-facebook-for-using-platform-to-interfere-in-elections/</ref>

====2020 election interference====
:{{See also|Biden Putsch}}
Facebook banned new political ads in the week before the [[2020 Presidential election]], curtailing a highly effective conduit for raising last-minute money and pinpointing messages to voters.

The mammoth social network with 2.7 billion users worldwide has become an essential tool for political advertisers — raking in more than $100 million from the presidential campaigns of Donald Trump and Joe Biden alone. Unlike TV or print media, Facebook allows campaigns to rapidly respond to events, sometimes in a day or less.
{{quotebox|"The last week of the election is the most important week when it comes to messaging," said Tara McGowan, co-founder of digital-first Democratic outfit [[ACRONYM]], adding that "most voters in this country do not tune in and start paying attention or making their plans to vote until the final days of an election."<ref>https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/03/facebook-ad-shakeup-trump-biden-408641</ref>}}
By October 29, Facebook had already rejected 2.2 million ads and blocked 120,000 posts citing "election misinformation."<ref>https://www.foxbusiness.com/politics/facebook-blocks-posts-election-misinformation</ref> While mainstream [[fake news]] media are allowed to churn baseless scandals and smears in an [[October Surprise]], President Trump would be restricted from responding.
[[File:Zuck.jpeg|right|250px|thumb|Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg: openly complicit in the Marxist coup plot to subvert American's [[constitutional rights]].]]
Anna Makanju is the Facebook executive in charge of “election integrity on the platform”;<ref>https://twitter.com/FOOL_NELSON/status/1317141307391942657</ref> previously, she was the special policy adviser for Europe and Eurasia, which includes [[Ukraine]], to former US Vice President Joe Biden. The Facebook executive who blocked all of the negative evidence of Hunter and Joe Biden’s corrupt activity in [[Biden-Burisma]] scandal is the same person who was coordinating the corrupt activity between the Biden family payoffs and Ukraine.<ref> https://theconservativetreehouse.com/2020/10/17/unbelievable-facebooks-lead-executive-on-election-policy-was-vice-president-joe-bidens-advisor-to-ukraine/</ref>

In August 2020 it was reported that Facebook was planning for the possibility that [[President]] Trump or his campaign could try to challenge mail in ballot election results. ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that staffers were already putting together contingency plans in the event Trump tries to use Facebook to dispute the vote by declaring the [[U.S. Postal Service]] lost mail-in ballots or that other groups interfered with the vote. Facebook officials, including [[CEO]] Mark Zuckerberg, were holding daily meetings to discuss how to minimize the platform from being used to cast doubts on the results.

''The Times'' noted that one plan would include a “kill switch” to shut down political ads after Election Day. The company officials believe the ads, which Facebook does not check for truthfulness, could be used to disseminate misinformation.

Facebook banned political pages in an attempt to influence elections.<ref>Duke, Selwyn (May 15, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/item/32360-big-tech-tyranny-facebook-is-at-it-again-trying-to-sway-an-election Big Tech Tyranny: Facebook Is at It Again, Trying to Sway an Election]. ''The New American''. Retrieved May 15, 2019.</ref>

The newspaper said [[YouTube]] and [[Twitter]] also discussed their own plans if the post-election period becomes problematic.<ref>https://www.newsmax.com/politics/facebook-election-results-dispute-social-media/2020/08/21/id/983301/</ref>

While mainstream [[fake news]] media spins baseless [[October Surprise]] scandals and smears in the final week, Facebook banned President Trump from responding.<ref>https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/03/facebook-ad-shakeup-trump-biden-408641</ref>

====Center for Technology and Civic Life====

The [[Center for Tech and Civic Life]] (CTCL) is a group organized by [[Obama]] operatives and funded by Zuckerberg to promote [[Democrat election fraud]].<ref>https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/op-eds/how-mark-zuckerbergs-350-million-threatens-democracy</ref><ref>https://thefederalist.com/2020/12/07/what-is-mark-zuckerbergs-election-money-doing-in-georgia/</ref> Zuckerberg funneled more than $400 million in election fraud efforts, $350 million was siphoned through the Center for Tech and Civic Life (CTCL),

CTCL distributed hundreds of millions in “[[Zuckerbucks]]” to thousands of election jurisdictions in 48 states and [[Washington, D.C.]]. These funds were pitched as “COVID-19 response grants” supposedly intended to assist election officials in the safe conduct of elections. However, the infusion of CTCL funds into Democrat-leaning jurisdictions influenced the outcome of the 2020 presidential election. Much of the Zuckerbucks were not spent on COVID-19 related expenses—with states reporting expenditures on advertising, vehicle purchases, registering teenagers to vote, and other non- COVID-related items.

The pivotal state of [[Georgia]] was one of the biggest targets of these funds, ultimately receiving one of the largest allocations of CTCL funds in the nation.<ref>https://creativedestructionmedia.com/news/politics/2021/06/05/report-zuckerberg-went-down-to-ga-with-45-million-more-than-any-state/</ref>

Emails and documents obtained by the Wisconsin Spotlight allege that individuals affiliated with CTCL took control of election procedures, including giving left-wing advisers “access to boxes of absentee ballots before the election.”<ref>https://thenationalpulse.com/news/revealed-emails-show-zuckerberg-funded-group-overruling-election-officials-accessing-mail-in-ballots-before-election/</ref>
{|class="infobox" style="float:right; font-size:85%; width:1ex; line-height:17px; margin: 0px 0px 5px 50px" cellpadding="1"
|[[File:Shi Zhengli 2.PNG|208px]]
|[[File:Ralph Baric.jpg|198px]]
|-
|colspan="3"|<hr/>Left:Shi Zhengli; Right:Ralph Baric.
|}
====Chan Zuckerberg Initiative====

Zuckerberg money to [[CTCL]] was laundered through the [[Chan Zuckerberg Initiative]] (CZI) controlled by Zuckerberg and his wife. Chan Zuckerberg also gave $433,000 to [[Ralph Baric]],<ref>https://thenationalpulse.com/exclusive/facebook-czi-funds-controversial-wuhan-researcher/</ref> who was described by [[Shi Zhengli]] of the [[Wuhan Institute of Virology]] (WIV) as her “longtime collaborator” on [[gain-of-function]] research on the bat [[coronavirus]].<ref>https://thenationalpulse.com/breaking/wuhan-lab-partner-scheming-on-pandemic-profits/</ref> Baric also received funding from [[Anthony Fauci]]'s National Institute of Health (NIH). Fauci admitted that Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg offered him “resources and money” at the time same Zuckerberg was plowing cash into interfering in the [[2020 presidential election]] on behalf of Democrats.<ref>https://thenationalpulse.com/news/fauci-reveals-what-was-redacted-in-his-zuckerberg-emails/</ref>

====United Front Work Department====

The Facebook Oversight Board upheld the platform’s decision to ban President Donald Trump – a strong source of opposition to the Chinese Communist Party.<ref>https://thenationalpulse.com/politics/facebook-oversight-board-anti-trump-foreign/</ref> One of the board’s four co-chairs, former Prime Minister of Denmark Helle Thorning-Schmidt, has ties to the Chinese Communist Party’s [[United Front Work Department]] (UFWD). The U.S. government’s Economic and Security Review Commission flagged the UFWD for seeking “co-opt and neutralize sources of potential opposition to the policies and authority of its ruling Chinese Communist Party” and coerce American leaders “to take actions or adopt positions supportive of [[Beijing]]’s preferred policies.”<ref>https://thenationalpulse.com/breaking/fb-oversight-board-chair-headlined-ccp-conference/</ref>

====Donbas War====
{{See also|Donbas war}}
In January 2021, ''[[TIME magazine]]'' did an exposé on the [[Ukrainian]] [[Azov Battalion]] entitled, ''How a [[White supremacy|White-Supremacist]] Militia Uses Facebook to Radicalize and Train New Members.''<ref>https://time.com/5926750/azov-far-right-movement-facebook/</ref>

In January 2022 Facebook banned the account of the Russian delegation to the Vienna military security and arms control talks.<ref>https://tass.com/politics/1388779</ref>

On March 10, 2022 Facebook and Instagram reversed longstanding policies and approved open support for [[Nazism]] on their platforms and modified [[violent]] [[hate speech]] restrictions to allow advocating death to Russians.<ref>https://theconservativetreehouse.com/blog/2022/03/10/facebook-and-instagram-say-it-is-okay-to-support-nazism-in-ukraine-and-they-modify-terms-allowing-advocacy-for-death-to-russians/</ref>

====Greed and collusion with oppressors====
''[[The Washington Post]]'' reported that Zuckerberg personally bowed to demands from [[Vietnam]]’s [[communist]] regime to censor posts with anti-state language in 2020 rather than risk losing an estimated $1 billion in annual revenue from the country.<ref>https://insiderpaper.com/facebooks-zuckerberg-censorship-of-vietnam-govt-critics/</ref>

====Instagram====
{{See also|Instagram}}
The mother of fallen U.S. Marine Kareem Nikoui had both her Instagram and Facebook and accounts censored after posts that were critical of [[Joe Biden]], who botched the 2021 Afghan withdrawal leading to the unnecessary death of her son.. Nikoui, 20, was one of the 13 U.S. Marines killed in the Kabul airport suicide attack. The Gold Star mother wrote,
“After I lay my son to rest you will be seeing me again! Remember I am the one who stood five inches from your face and was letting you know I would never get to hug my son again, hear his laugh and then you tried to interrupt me and give me your own sob story. You are no leader of any kind! You are a weak human being and a traitor.” The grieving mother revealed that Instagram had censored her post. Her posts were also censored by Facebook, which owns Instagram. “As soon as I posted about what happened to my son Instagram started pulling up my posts from months ago and sending me notifications that if I kept posting stuff like this that they would disable my account. Posts from months ago!”<ref>https://nationalfile.com/facebook-censors-gold-star-mother-of-fallen-marine-kareem-nikoui/</ref>

===Twitter===
[[File:Jack Dorsey Taliban.PNG|right|200px|thumb|Jack Dorsey refused to ban the [[Taliban]] terrorist organization from Twitter.]]
{{See also|Twitter}}
In May 2020, Twitter and its CEO Jack Dorsey came under heavy criticism for the company's recent decision to begin inserting "fact-checking" links into the tweets made by President Trump, with the company claiming those tweets to be "misleading" despite the exposure by [[Project Veritas]] of Democrat-led [[voter fraud]] proving otherwise,<ref>[https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2016/10/18/commit-voter-fraud-massive-scale-part-ii-project-veritas-investigation-clinton-network/ "How to Commit Voter Fraud on a Massive Scale": Part II of Project Veritas Investigation into Clinton Network] at Breitbart News Network</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hDc8PVCvfKs Rigging the Election - Video II: Mass Voter Fraud] at Project Veritas Action YouTube channel</ref> after Trump tweeted about recent concerns over the intent by the Democrat Party to commit voter fraud at the federal, state and local levels through the use of mail-in ballots during the [[2020 Presidential election]].<ref>[https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/leave-our-employees-out-of-this-twitter-ceo-jack-dorsey-responds-to-trump-broadside 'Leave our employees out of this': Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey responds to Trump broadside] at the Washington Examiner</ref> The "fact-checking" links in question lead to an "information" page containing links from liberal media outlets such as [[CNN]], [[MSNBC]], the ''[[New York Times]]'' and the ''[[Washington Post]]'', all of which indulge in publishing factually-devoid and misleading [[fake news]] hit pieces and opinion pieces masquerading as "news" regarding the mail-in vote scandal<ref>[https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2020/05/twitter-falsely-undermined-truth-thereby-misleading-american-public-senior-legal-adviser-trump-campaign-responds-twitters-blatantly-partisan-attack-president/ "Twitter Falsely Undermined the Truth... Thereby Misleading the American Public" – Senior Legal Adviser to @TeamTrump Responds to Twitter’s "Blatantly Partisan" Attack on President] at the Gateway Pundit</ref> to fit their anti-Trump narratives.<ref>[https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/twitter-slaps-fact-checking-alert-to-trump-tweets Twitter slaps fact-checking alert on Trump tweets] at the Washington Examiner</ref> This decision also had the inadvertent outcome of embarrassing Twitter employee [[Yoel Roth]], who was outed as having falsely accused Trump officials, including Presidential counselor [[Kellyanne Conway]], of being "Nazis" in past tweets he posted.<ref>[https://www.wnd.com/2020/05/twitters-chief-fact-checker-called-trump-officials-nazis/ Twitter's chief "fact-checker" called Trump officials "Nazis"] at WorldNetDaily</ref> Trump, who accused Twitter of openly trying to interfere with free elections and illegally impeding free speech, responded to Twitter's tampering with his tweets by announcing that he may place Twitter and similar social media companies under heavy regulation or shut them down altogether to punish them for their extreme liberal bias and illegal censorship (in violation of the [[First Amendment]]) of conservative speech and thought.<ref>[https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/close-them-down-trump-threatens-to-regulate-or-shutter-social-media-platforms-after-twitter-fact-check 'Close them down': Trump threatens to regulate or shutter social media platforms after Twitter fact-check] at the Washington Examiner</ref> Republican Florida senator [[Marco Rubio]] also weighed in on the controversy, saying that Twitter could lose its liability protections for choosing to act as a publisher by exercising editorial control through its tampering with Trump's tweets.<ref>[https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/rubio-warns-twitter-after-it-puts-fact-check-label-on-trump-tweet Rubio warns Twitter after it puts fact-check label on Trump tweet] at the Washington Examiner</ref><ref>[https://www.wnd.com/2020/05/u-s-senator-warns-twitter-lose-shield-liability/ U.S. senator warns Twitter could lose shield from liability] at WorldNetDaily</ref>

Twitter imposed new [[draco]]ian censorship measures aimed at [[conservative]] users in October 2020.<ref>https://markzuckerberg.news/2020-09-30-doj-targets-big-tech-censorship-election-meddling-racketeering.html</ref> One example is labeling criticism of mail-in balloting as ‘misinformation’. [[James Woods]] commented the new labeling is clear:
{{quotebox-float|“They are closing down conservative voices completely now. Be prepared that you will no longer be able to see most of my communications, if indeed my account remains open at all. Sorry, folks, but it’s over. And they couldn’t care less what you think. This is the face of [[tyranny]].”<ref>https://www.bizpacreview.com/2020/10/12/twitters-new-policy-sparks-sad-warning-from-james-woods-sorry-folks-but-its-over-983577</ref>}}
[[File:Tarrio-600x352.jpg|300px|left|thumb|Racist Twitter Admins permanently banned a Black Cuban GOP congressional candidate.<ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2019/11/afro-cuban-gop-candidate-for-congress-banned-from-twitter/</ref>]]
For first time in [[American history]] social media companies took [[direct action]] against a major U.S. publisher,<ref>https://www.theepochtimes.com/twitter-and-facebooks-assault-on-freedom-of-the-press_3540670.html</ref> ''[[The New York Post]]'' when it published a story on [[Biden-Burisma]] scandal.<ref>*https://nypost.com/2020/10/14/email-reveals-how-hunter-biden-introduced-ukrainian-biz-man-to-dad/<br>*https://youtu.be/r4Kcc7a114I<br>*https://youtu.be/89ByR-vrnc4</ref> ''The Post'' is among the top five newspapers by circulation in the United States. These actions raised serious questions about many social media platforms future [[Section 230]] immunity status.

Twitter and Facebook interfered in the 2020 presidential election by blocking links to the article.<ref>https://www.breitbart.com/tech/2020/10/14/election-interference-facebook-suppressing-new-york-post-bombshell-story-of-damaging-hunter-biden-emails/</ref><ref>https://theconservativetreehouse.com/2020/10/14/bookmark-todays-date-big-tech-has-crossed-the-event-horizon-to-protect-joe-biden/</ref> Twitter and Facebook both have many foreign stockholders.<ref>"Finalized January of 2011, the transaction included a $450 million investment from Goldman Sachs, $50 million from DST, and $1 billion from unnamed foreign investors." http://whoownsfacebook.com/#Goldman<br>*https://qz.com/519388/this-saudi-prince-now-owns-more-of-twitter-than-jack-dorsey-does/</ref> Twitter banned people who posted ''The New York Post'' story,<ref>https://www.wnd.com/2020/10/twitter-now-banning-users-posting-ny-post-story-hunter-biden/</ref> including [[White House]] Press Secretary [[Kayleigh McEnany]] for sharing the article,<ref>https://thefederalist.com/2020/10/15/twitter-bans-white-house-press-secretary-for-sharing-hunter-and-joe-biden-corruption-article/</ref> locked the Trump Campaign account less than 3 weeks before the 2020 Presidential election.<ref>https://creativedestructionmedia.com/news/politics/2020/10/15/twitter-locks-trump-campaign-account-less-than-3-weeks-before-presidential-election/</ref> Rep. [[Jim Jordan]] posted the Biden-Burisma story on a federal government website after Twitter censored the House Judiciary GOP, at which point the link was promptly censored by Twitter.<ref>https://www.breitbart.com/tech/2020/10/15/jim-jordan-posts-hunter-biden-burisma-story-twitter-censors-house-judiciary-gop/</ref> [[Wikipedia]] editors censored the [[Hunter Biden]] bombshell, and called the ''New York Post'' an ‘unreliable’ source.<ref>https://www.breitbart.com/tech/2020/10/15/wikipedia-editors-censor-hunter-biden-bombshell-call-new-york-post-unreliable-source/</ref> [[Google]] also was reported to be meddling in [[U.S. Senate]] elections.<ref>https://patriotdailypress.org/2020/10/13/google-researcher-warns-google-may-be-shifting-power-to-flip-senate/</ref> The [[Senate Judiciary Committee]] announced that Twitter CEO [[Jack Dorsey]] would be [[subpoena]]ed to explain the meddling.<ref>https://www.breitbart.com/tech/2020/10/15/senate-judiciary-committee-will-subpoena-twitter-ceo-jack-dorsey-over-ny-post-censorship/</ref> Former [[James Comey]] general counsel [[James A. Baker (DOJ)]], who was complicit in the [[Obamagate timeline|Obamagate]] and [[FISA abuse]] scandals, is [[Twitter]]'s lead counsel.<ref>https://nypost.com/2020/06/16/twitter-hires-former-fbi-chief-counsel-as-deputy-lawyer/</ref> The [[RNC]] made a formal complaint to the [[Federal Elections Commission]] which reads in part,
{{quotebox|"Respondent’s feud with President Trump is well known, as are its frequent efforts to censor the President’s tweets and the “shadow banning” of prominent Republicans, including RNC’s Chair, [[Ronna McDaniel]], and several Republican Members of Congress. Respondent’s CEO, Jack Dorsey, and other senior executives are prolific donors to the Democrat party and other left-wing causes, with 98.7% of the company’s total political contributions going to Democrats. In addition, there appears to be a revolving door between the Biden campaign and the company, with Respondent’s Public Policy Director recently leaving to join the Biden transition team and [[Senator Kamala Harris]]’s former Press Secretary now serving as Respondent’s Senior Communications Manager."<ref>https://www.scribd.com/document/480341244/RNC-Complaint-Against-Twitter-Inc-Web#from_embed</ref>}}
By “fact checking” one candidate and not another, Big Tech gave an enormous in-kind campaign contribution of immeasurable monetary value to the [[2020 Biden campaign|Biden campaign]].

====Misleading investors====
In September 2021 Twitter disclosed a binding agreement to settle a class-action lawsuit, under which the social network would pay $809.5 million to resolve claims it provided misleading user-engagement info to investors.

The original lawsuit, filed in 2016 by a Twitter shareholder, alleged Dorsey and others including former CEO Dick Costolo and board member Evan Williams hid facts about Twitter’s slowing user growth while they sold their personal stock holdings “for hundreds of millions of dollars in insider profits.”<ref>https://variety.com/2021/digital/news/twitter-investor-lawsuit-settlement-payment-jack-dorsey-1235068982/</ref>

====Covid coverup====
{{See also|Covid coverup}}
In December 2021, [[Alex Berenson]], a former science writer for the ''New York Times'', filed a lawsuit against Twitter after he was suspended for posting the results of [[Pfizer COVID vaccine]] clinical tests.<ref>https://jonathanturley.org/2021/07/31/twitter-suspends-science-writer-after-he-posts-results-of-pfizer-clinical-test/</ref>

Dr. [[Robert Malone]] is the inventor of the nine original mRNA vaccine patents, which were originally filed in 1989, including both the idea of mRNA vaccines and the original proof of principle experiments, and RNA transfection. Dr. Robert Malone has close to 100 peer-reviewed publications which have been cited over 12,000 times.

Since the [[CCP pandemic]] outbreak in January 2020, Dr. Malone has been lead a large team focused on clinical research design, drug development, computer modeling and mechanisms of action of repurposed drugs for the treatment of [[COVID-19]].

Dr. Malone is the Medical Director of The Unity Project, a group of 300 organizations across the United States standing against mandated Covid vaccines for children
Dr. Malone is also the President of the Global Covid Summit, an organization of over 16,000 doctors and scientists committed to speaking truth to power about Covid pandemic research and treatment.

In December 2021, Dr. Malone was banned for life by Twitter.

====Ukraine propaganda war====
{{See also|Ukraine propaganda war}}
Researchers at the University of Adelaide in Australia published a landmark paper on August 20, 2022 on the activities of bot accounts on [[Twitter]] related to the conflict in Ukraine. The Australian findings were staggering – of 5.2 million tweets on the [[social media]] network from February 23 to March 8, 2022 at the outbreak of the conflict, between 60 to 80% were shared by fake accounts.<ref>https://arxiv.org/pdf/2208.07038.pdf</ref>

====India====
Twitter's lost its immunity as an intermediary in [[India]] and became exposed to legal liability for any content published on its platform in June 2021.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/twitter-loses-legal-shield-in-india-for-3rd-party-content/articleshow/83556056.cms</ref> Twitter's snubbing of Indian law has been described as "neo-colonialist."

===Amazon===
{{See also|Amazon.com}}
[[File:Schindler Jan 12.png|right|350px|thumb|Langley's 7th floor is a reference to CIA headquarters.]]
Amazon.com was founded by [[Jeff Bezos]]. In 2013 the ''Washington Post'' was acquired by Jeff Bezos. That same year, Amazon also obtained a [[CIA]] contract worth $600 million, at least twice what Bezos paid for the ''Post''. The Institute for Public Accuracy released a statement condemning the move.<ref>https://medium.com/@SarahRRunge/amazon-the-washington-post-and-the-cia-d68a4ee802e#.406uub5gw</ref>
{{Quotebox-float|When the main shareholder in one of the very largest corporations in the world benefits from a massive contract with the CIA on the one hand, and that same billionaire owns the ''Washington Post'' on the other hand, there are serious problems. The Post is unquestionably the political paper of record in the [[United States]], and how it covers governance sets the agenda for the balance of the news media. Citizens need to know about this [[conflict of interest]] in the columns of the Post itself.}}
The ''[[Nation magazine|Nation]]'' magazine also condemned the conflict of interest. It was reported in September 2017 that Amazon had deleted numerous one-star reviews of [[Hillary Clinton]]'s book ''What Happened''.<ref>Richardson, Bradford (September 13, 2017). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/sep/13/amazon-deletes-one-star-reviews-clinton-book/ One-star reviews of Hillary Clinton’s ‘What Happened’ disappear on Amazon]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved September 19, 2017.</ref>

In 2018, Amazon announced it would raise its minimum wage to $15 dollars an hour, though this was a political stunt, as most of its workers already made over $15 an hour, and it was transitioning to replacing human labor with robots.<ref>Adelmann, Bob (October 3, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/economy/commentary/item/30235-amazon-s-new-15-minimum-wage-is-a-shrewd-political-move Amazon’s New $15 Minimum Wage Is a Shrewd Political Move]. ''The New American''. Retrieved October 4, 2018.</ref>

Among other left-wing policies, Amazon banned several books that helped people escape [[homosexuality]].<ref>Nicolosi, Joseph (July 11, 2019). [https://www.lifesitenews.com/opinion/these-books-helped-thousands-quit-homosexuality-amazon-just-banned-them These books helped thousands quit homosexuality. Amazon just banned them.] ''LifeSiteNews'' (from ''The Daily Signal''). Retrieved July 11, 2019.</ref>

During the 2020 leftwing, anti-capitalist riots the Amazon warehouse in Redlands, [[California]] was burned down.<ref>https://pjmedia.com/news-and-politics/victoria-taft/2020/06/05/hmmm-an-amazon-warehouse-is-burned-to-the-ground-in-la-n498384</ref> Amazon placed the slogan, "Black Lives Matter" on storefronts.<ref>https://www.bizpacreview.com/2020/06/06/amazon-customers-push-back-after-slogan-black-lives-matter-is-promoted-on-site-bezos-doesnt-care-930910</ref>

Amazon.com was recently listed as one of numerous leftist-controlled companies that have gone "[[woke]]" and now support the criminal rioters of [[Antifa]] and [[Black Lives Matter]] in the wake of the [[2020 leftist riots]].<ref>[https://gab.com/a/posts/104311289660016704 Here Are The Companies That Support Antifa, Black Lives Matter, and Want You Dead] at Gab.com</ref>

[[Condemnations of the Corruption of Amazon|Many have condemned the massive corporation for its pervasive and widespread corruption.]]

===NewsGuard===
{{See also|NewsGuard}}

===Reddit===
{{See also|Reddit}}
In 2019, Reddit banned a 700,000-member group on its website called "The_Donald," which supported President Trump.<ref>Bokhari, Allum (October 23, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/tech/2019/10/23/reddit-wont-lift-quarantine-on-pro-trump-community/ Reddit Won’t Lift ‘Quarantine’ on Pro-Trump Community]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved October 23, 2019.</ref> In August 2020 Reddit shut down in mid-livestream a broadcast by [[Bill Binney]]<ref>https://twitter.com/Burke4Senate/status/1298318463610560512</ref> related to the [[fake news]] allegation of Russian hacking of the [[DNC]] during the [[2016 presidential election]].<ref>https://twitter.com/StatusCoup/status/1135541638711906304</ref><ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2020/08/reddit-shuts-bill-binney-provides-evidence-refuting-russia-collusion-sham/</ref>

==See also==
*[[Big Media]]
*[[Social Credit System]]
*[[Political Profiling]]
*[[Media intelligence complex]]
*[[Voter suppression]]
*[[Intelligence sharing]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190715141304/https://www.spinquark.com/welcome-to-social-government/ Welcome to Social Government], SpinQuark
* [https://www.breitbart.com/tech/2019/12/30/bokhari-from-utopian-to-petty-silicon-valleys-decade-of-decline/ Bokhari: From Utopian to Petty – Silicon Valley’s Decade of Decline], by Allum Bokhari, December 30, 2019
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eB3-FB8LQlc Why They're Trying To Silence Us] [[Mark Dice]] on [[YouTube]], October 21, 2020
*[https://youtu.be/msYRT21FYoQ Elon Musk Buying Twitter: Why It's a Bigger Battle Than You Think], [[The New Atlas]], Apr 17, 2022.
{{communism}}
[[Category:Big Tech]]
[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:Companies]][[Category:San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:Liberal Organizations]]
[[Category:Political Terms]]
[[Category:Corporate Threats]]
[[Category:Corruption in Democrat Party]]

Critical race theory

2026-05-18T21:20:31Z

Progressingamerica: /* Origins */ Cheryl I. Harris

[[File:White privilege.jpeg|right|250px|thumb|A [[white privilege]]d [[middle class]] female confronts an [[African American]] police officer: "They're part of the problem."<ref>https://youtu.be/1hSmeFzCkUs</ref>]]
'''Critical race theory''' ('''CRT'''), also known as '''critical race conspiracy theory'''<ref>[https://www.currentrevolt.com/p/texas-sex-offender-registry-mislabels Texas Sex Offender Registry Mislabels People For "Equity?"]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/CNNW_20210626_210000_CNN_Newsroom_With_Jim_Acosta CNN Newsroom With Jim Acosta CNN June 26, 2021 2:00pm-3:00pm PDT]</ref> and '''cynical race theory''',<ref>[https://www.chicagocontrarian.com/blog/labeling-critical-race-theory-crt-what-it-really-is Cynical Race Theory: Chicago Parents Wake Up to What CRT Really Is]</ref> is a radical [[racist]] ideology and [[conspiracy theory]] asserting that races can be put into different categories: That [[white people]] are the oppressor and [[black people]] and minorities are the oppressed. Critical race theory is [[Postmodernist]] that pins races against each other. Critical race theory also asserts that America was founded on racism and slavery, as well as that any attempt to end racism in America, such as [[Brown vs. Board]], is just an attempt to maintain [[White supremacy]]. Many parents have rightfully protested against critical race theory being taught in public schools.

Critical race theory rejects the core teachings of [[Dr. Martin Luther King]], that people should be judged on the content of their character and not the color of their skin.<ref>https://www.discovery.org/education/2021/06/09/the-radical-reshaping-of-k-12-public-education-part-3-critical-race-theory-woke-academics/</ref> Critical race theory teaches that [[white]] people, white society, and white culture is inherently and irredeemably racist.<ref>https://americarenewing.com/issues/one-pager-ending-state-sanctioned-racism/</ref> [[Christopher Rufo]] of the [[Manhattan Institute]] says CRT “isn’t an exercise in promoting racial sensitivity or understanding history. It’s a [[radical]] [[ideology]] that seeks to use race as a means of moral, social and political [[revolution]].”<ref>https://archive.is/xuNSu</ref>

==Origins==
:{{See also|Cultural Marxism}}
Critical race theory was devised by [[Derrick Bell]], [[Barack Obama]]’s favorite Harvard professor, in the early 1980s.<ref>Fernando, Ivan (November 18, 2013). [http://diversitychronicle.wordpress.com/2013/11/18/progressive-professor-urges-white-male-students-to-commit-suicide-during-class/ "Progressive professor urges white male students to commit suicide during class"]. Diversity Chronicle website.</ref> It is the foundational for claim that the [[Founding Fathers]] were [[racist]]. CRT exemplifies [[Lenin]]’s strategy as applied to race. According to [[Discover the Networks]]:
{{quotebox-float|Critical race theory contends that America is permanently racist to its core, and that consequently the nation’s legal structures are, by definition, racist and invalid … members of “oppressed” racial groups are entitled—in fact obligated—to determine for themselves which laws and traditions have merit and are worth observing. …}}
Bell’s theory is in turn an innovation of [[Critical Theory]], which was developed by Marxist thinkers of the [[Frankfurt School]] in Frankfurt, Germany, in 1923. The Institute’s left-wing scholars fled Hitler’s Germany in the 1930s, relocating to [[Columbia University]] in New York. Critical Theory teaches a view that all aspects of Western society are discredited, and this view forms the foundation of what we know today as [[political correctness]]. One of its most famous purveyors was the Frankfurt School’s [[Herbert Marcuse]], longtime associate of the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]]’s [[Julian Bond]]. Marcuse invented the concept of “partisan tolerance,” that is, [[tolerance]] for leftist ideas and [[intolerance]] of all others. The Southern Poverty Law Center applied Marcuse's strategy in developing its “Hate Watch” list, and ''[[Rules for Radicals]]'' author [[Saul Alinsky]] used it in his own life's work.

In 1993 Cheryl I. Harris published a paper titled "''Whiteness as property''", which was influential in shaping modern critical race theory.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sXG-_Yz1VuQ Whiteness as Property Justified the BLM Riots | James Lindsay ]</ref>

==Tenets==
[[Christopher Rufo]] says CRT teaches "that America is an irredeemably racist nation and that the constitutional principles of [[freedom]] and [[equality]] are mere “camouflages,” in the words of scholar William F. Tate IV, for [[white supremacy]]. The solution, according to prominent exponents of critical race theory such as Ibram X. Kendi, is to abolish [[capitalism]] and install a near-omnipotent federal bureaucracy with the power to nullify any law and silence political speech that isn't “antiracist.”

According to their own policy prescriptions, the critical race theorists would limit or abolish the right to private property, [[freedom of speech]], [[equal protection]] under the law, non-discrimination, [[free enterprise]], and the Federalist system of government. In its place, they would create a new regime of group-based rights, race-based redistribution of wealth, omnipotent [[bureaucratic]] authority, and active racial discrimination. It's a program of [[revolution]] that rejects the founding principles [[equality]] and [[freedom]], and would overturn the premise of the [[Constitution]].

==CRT in higher education==
:{{See also|Scientific racism}}
CRT has affected higher education in a number of ways,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cyber.harvard.edu/bridge/CriticalTheory/critical4.htm|title=Critical Race Theory|accessdate=October 3, 2020}}</ref> and many critics claimed that higher education was the breeding ground for the theory prior to its spread into general society. CRT has been developed and spread in a large number of academic papers, with journal editors showing a preference for analysis that promotes CRT relative to other theoretical frameworks.

In terms of faculty hiring, under Title VII of the Civil Rights Law of 1964, discrimination on the basis of race in hiring and promotion is illegal, however CRT adherents advocated that color-blind hiring and promotion practices must be abandoned because of the inherent "[[institutional racism]]" embedded in traditional views of academic standards and quality. Some universities reallocated budgets to create special minority hiring funds. Under this arrangement, academic departments could use color-blind hiring as vacancies occurred, but that separate funding would be made available from the central fund for additional raced-based hiring.

Starting in the 1980s, campuses began to adopt "speech codes" seeking to limit student speech that black students would find hurtful without a corresponding limitation on speech that majority students would find hurtful. CRT provided a rational for limiting traditional First Amendment rights of college students and staff.

In contrast with the 1960s, when the Civil Rights Movement fought to integrate campus housing, including fraternities and sororities, CRT has promoted "safe spaces" and segregated campus housing for minority students.

The first and most thorough adoption of CRT in the United States was at [[Evergreen State College]] in 2017. Proposals were advanced for race-based hiring and promotion, and administrators tried to pressure faculty to change the grades of a black student who complained. The students took over the library/administration building, seized the cafeteria, demanded that the President stand-down the police, while they hunted down Bret Weinstein, a faculty-critic, with baseball bats. When the administration called a town-hall meeting, the black students actively discouraged white students from attending. The national publicity of the crisis resulted in a large drop in enrollment and donations.

==CRT view of law enforcement==
:{{see also|Systemic racism}}
Under traditional theories, the goal of law enforcement was the adoption of clear rules of conduct and then enforcing those rules in a color-blind manner. Because law enforcement officials have to make split-second decisions that could result in serious bodily harm or death, most states adopted [[qualified immunity]] statutes to protect individual law enforcement officers from liability for such injuries.

In contrast, CRT sees all events and interactions between police and minorities as involving race and the exercise of power to subjugate racial groups. Accordingly, CRT justifies movements to "[[defund the police]]" and to repeal qualified immunity for law enforcement.

==Proponents==
{{See also|Long march through the institutions}}
A former Allenstown, [[New Hampshire]] Middle School instructor, Daniel Rattigan, pleaded guilty to charges he threatened to mutilate state Rep. Keith Ammon (R-New Boston) and sexually assault one of his family members in response to the Republican lawmaker's support for anti-CRT legislation.<ref>https://nhjournal.com/i-hope-you-get-skull-fed-to-death-opponent-of-anti-crt-law-pleads-guilty-to-threatening-lawmaker/</ref>

===Psychology and psychiatry===
On September 1, 2020, the national professional society of caregivers responsible for the mental health of '''individuals''' in the United States, adopted a resolution calling for “true systemic change in U.S. culture” because of “institutional racism.”<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2020/09/03/psychological-association-urges-true-systemic-change-us-culture/|title=American Psychological Association Urges ‘True Systemic Change in U.S. Culture’|work=Breitbart|date=September 3, 2020|accessdate=October 4, 2020}}</ref> It is unclear how the duty to provide care in the best interests of individual patients will be compromised by this new goal of fighting institutional racism or whether white patients will be treated differently that patients of color.

===Mathematical Association of America===
Mathematics is possibly the profession which deals with abstract truths and discovery independent of cultural factors. Our current mathematical knowledge has its origins in Arabia, Greece, China, India among other civilizations. The Mathematical Association of America's Committee on Minority Participation in Mathematics issued a statement on October 2, 2020:{{quotebox|Critical race theory, referenced in recent Executive statements by the President of the United States, is an established social science inquiry which is grounded in decades of scholarship. It is misguided, at best, to reduce this theory to the race-blaming of white people and to define it and the discussion of systemic racism as a “divisive concept.” Furthermore, banning training utilizing this scholarship to raise consciousness, from federal and federal contractor workplaces, is an encroachment on science and the academy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mathvalues.org/masterblog/anti-science-policy-censure-of-discourse-on-race-and-racism|title=ANTI-SCIENCE POLICY AND THE CENSURE OF DISCOURSE ON RACE AND RACISM|date=October 2, 2020|accessdate=Oct. 6, 2020}}</ref>}} Of course, this criticism is inept because the Executive statements specifically allow for teaching of CRT objectively, and prohibit in race-blaming of any group, whites, blacks or other people of color or misusing stereotypes.

===Southern Baptist Convention===
According to the [[Alabama]]-based '''Capstone Report''', Critical race theory has made its way into some of the [[Southern Baptist Convention]]'s (SBC) seminaries. At its 2019 Annual Meeting, messengers to the SBC narrowly passed Resolution 9, which stated that CRT (along with [[intersectionality]], another controversial construct) could be "useful tools" in interpreting modern issues (though it pointed out that any such use not impinge on [[Biblical inerrancy]] or infallibility).

In response, a Conservative Baptist Network was formed in February 2020 to battle the spread of CRT within the SBC. It is concerned that CRT has overwhelmed the proper Baptist emphasis on evangelism and spiritual renewal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.christianpost.com/news/conservative-baptist-network-launched-amid-woke-trend-in-sbc-emphasizing-scripture-evangelism.html|date=FEBRUARY 14, 2020|title=Conservative Baptist Network launched amid 'woke' trend in SBC, emphasizing Scripture, evangelism|accessdate=October 3, 2020}}</ref> Theologian Tim Keller has noted:
{{quotebox|The distinctly secular theory of justice locates evil in the wrong place, he added, seeing all injustice as occurring on a human level, demonizing human being instead of recognizing evil forces — "the world, the flesh, the devil" operating in every human being (Ephesians 6:12).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.christianpost.com/news/critical-theory-is-not-biblical-justice-it-locates-evil-in-the-wrong-place-tim-keller-explains.html|title=Critical theory is not biblical justice, it locates evil in the wrong place: Tim Keller explains|date=August 13, 2020|accessdate=October 3, 2020}}</ref>}}

===Boy Scouts and other youth groups ===
Following the death of [[George Floyd]], a nation-wide panic arose to "virtue signal" support for "racial justice" as defined through the lens of CRT. For example, on June 15, 2020, the Boy Scouts of America Executive Committee issued a statement that redefined "Be Brave" as including being anti-racist. {{quotebox|The Boy Scouts of America stands with Black families and the Black community because we believe that Black Lives Matter. This is not a political issue; it is a human rights issue and one we all have a duty to address.}} BSA will require each Eagle Scout to earn a new diversity and inclusion merit badge, and all BSA staff will be required to attend diversity training.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scoutingwire.org/bsas-commitment-to-act-against-racial-injustice/|title=BSA’S COMMITMENT TO ACT AGAINST RACIAL INJUSTICE|date=June 15, 2020|accessdate=October 4, 2020}}</ref>

In 2007, a professor at the University of Waterloo published a research paper, "Ugly on the Diamonds: An Examination of White Privilege in Youth Baseball" which argued that there are elements of racism within the color-blind polices of the Little League.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01490400601160895?journalCode=ulsc20|first=Troy D. |last=Glover|date=January 30, 2007|title=Ugly on the Diamonds: An Examination of White Privilege in Youth Baseball}}</ref>

==In the federal government==
===Trump administration ban===
On September 4, 2020, President Trump ordered federal executive branch departments to halt employee training based upon critical race theory. Russ Vought, director of the Office of Management and Budget, wrote a memo announcing Trump's instruction to stop using controversial forms of training on “critical race theory,” “white privilege” and “any other training or propaganda effort that teaches or suggests either...that the United States is an inherently racist or evil country or...that any race or ethnicity is inherently racist or evil.” Vought added, “These types of ‘trainings’ not only run counter to the fundamental beliefs for which our Nation has stood since its inception, but they also engender division and resentment within the Federal workforce."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-ends-critical-race-theory-training-federal-employees|title=Trump ends 'critical race theory' training for federal employees, calls it a 'sickness'|date=September 5, 2020|work=Fox News|accessdate=2020-09-05}}</ref> Vought's memo concludes:
{{quotebox| The divisive, false, and demeaning propaganda of the critical race theory movement is
contrary to all we stand for as Americans and should have no place in the Federal government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/M-20-34.pdf|title=MEMORANDUM FOR THE HEADS OF EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS AND AGENCIES M20-34|date=September 4, 2020|accessdate=2020-09-05}}</ref>}}

On September 22, 2020, President Trump followed up with an Executive Order on "Combating Race and Sex Stereotyping."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-combating-race-sex-stereotyping/|title=Executive Order on Combating Race and Sex Stereotyping
|date=September 22, 2020|accessdate=October 3, 2020}}</ref> The Executive Order prohibits teaching CRT to the Uniformed Services or requiring members of the Uniformed Services from being sanctions for refusing agree with CRT. All federal government contractors are prohibited from using CRT-based trainings. Entities that receive federal grants are also prohibited. The Executive Order recognizes the inconsistency between CRT and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Attorney General must research how CRT could establish a hostile work environment prohibited by Title VII.

On September 28, 2020, the Director of OMB followed up with further guidance requiring all federal departments to report on all of their contracts and contractors by November 20, 2020, all violations of the other guidance. Anyone who is aware of federally funding training that violates those Executive actions are instructed to report it to an Inspector General.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/M-20-37.pdf|title=Ending Employee Trainings that Use Divisive Propaganda to Undermine the Principle of Fair and Equal Treatment for All |date=Sept. 28, 2020|accessdate=Oct. 6, 2020}}</ref>

===Biden junta reinstatement===
:{{See also|Biden junta}}
In June 2021 the Biden junta revived “diversity training” lessons that former President Donald Trump had ended. Biden dropped a Trump-era investigation into the anti-Asian discriminatory practices of [[Yale University]]. Under CRT theory, anti-Asian discrimination is permissible because Asians are so-called “[[white-adjacent]].”<ref>https://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/calling-asians-white-adjacent-is-racist-and-insulting/</ref>

==CCP propaganda==
{{See also|CCP propaganda war}}
The [[Chinese Communist Party]] is producing English-language videos promoting critical race theory to American kids. The video is produced by China Global Television Network (CGTN), which is a state-owned media company controlled by the CCP. Chinese state propaganda is virtually indistinguishable from the curriculum in many American [[public schools]].<ref>https://twitter.com/realchrisrufo/status/1427739461765320706</ref> One line from the video has a woman trying to teach about racism says: “It may be tempting to hide the news from kids but it’s better to tackle things head-on.”

This, from a government that hid the release of the coronavirus pandemic from its own people and world. The video finishes with the lines, “being not racist just keeps things the way they are now, by being anti-racist, you can help lead our children to a brighter future.” And this from a government that is in the process of ethnically cleansing its population by force. It is committing genocide by putting people into [[Uyghur concentration camps]] and forcibly sterilizing women.<ref>https://www.dailysignal.com/2021/08/20/china-wants-you-to-be-a-woke-anti-racist-while-they-pursue-ethnic-cleansing/</ref>

==Loudoun County, Virginia==
{{See also|Loudoun County, Virginia}}
Scott Smith, a parent, was at the school board meeting in June 2021 because his daughter had been [[rape]]d by a [[transgender]] boy in the girls’ bathroom at Stone Bridge High School. Smith was given a no-trespassing order prior to the meeting that forbids him from telling his story, part of an elaborative cover-up by the school district to not publicize the rape of his daughter. When Smith showed up at the school to complain about what had happened, they accused him of lying and called the police.

Moments before Smith's arrest, the school board announced that they had no record of any rape regarding their transgender policies at their schools. An [[Antifa]] activist at the meeting claimed his daughter was lying. When an argument ensued, police grabbed his arm. When he pulled his arm away, he was assaulted and thrown to the ground, handcuffed, and removed from the room.

And while the far-left prosecutor's office, which would eventually try to throw the book at Smith over his arrest at the school board meeting, insisted they were taking the rape case seriously, the same boy was let back into the school system. Within months, he had committed another rape.

But while it is clear the local school board put children at risk in order to cover for their own demented ideology, things didn't stop there. Smith's case was used in [[Merrick Garland]]'s October 2021 memo warning of “domestic terrorism” at school board meetings.<ref>https://redstate.com/bonchie/2021/10/11/horror-in-loudoun-county-implicates-local-and-federal-officials-n455371</ref>

==Criticism==
Peter M. Burfeind writes,<ref>https://thefederalist.com/2020/09/24/why-black-lives-matter-only-empowers-racist-white-leftists/</ref>
{{quotebox|[[Black Lives Matter]] is the operational arm of “critical race theory,” the [[postmodern]] philosophy of “critical theory” applied to race. Critical theory suffers an inescapable [[epistemology|epistemological]] conundrum. It’s the Liar’s Paradox: If a Cretan says all Cretans are liars, is he to be believed? [...]

So, who came up with critical theory? You got it: white men. Or do you not recognize in [[Immanuel Kant]], [[Karl Marx]], [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]], [[Michel Foucault]], Jean Baudrillard, Ferdinand de Saussure, George Herbert Mead, [[Noam Chomsky]], Hans-Georg Gadamer, [[Roland Barthes]], and [[Jacques Derrida]], a whiteness the lilies themselves would envy. Should we not add critical theory to the list of oppressive systems dead white men came up with to advance [[white supremacy|white power]]? [...]

According to its own terms, critical race theory must be racist. Furthermore, Black Lives Matter, the political movement based on its theories, must also be racist—and not black racism, but white racism. At a deep, subconscious level, it serves the purpose of advancing and enhancing “white privilege.”

How else do you explain rich white kids screeching venom at black [[police]] officers and business owners?<ref>https://pjmedia.com/news-and-politics/tyler-o-neil/2020/06/23/watch-white-blm-protester-calls-black-cop-n-word-in-profane-tirade-n567409</ref> Or how else do you explain that the theorist who’s been most empowered by critical race theory is white author Robin DiAngelo?

Ruminate on the sad indisputability of this statement for a moment: Something in the [[leftist]]s’ minds needs to keep minorities from finding [[hope]] and advancing in existent American “systems.”

Meanwhile, of necessity by the terms of critical race theory, the flip side of this dynamic is going on. Leftists feel the [[new world order]] will advance their wills to power. Now, at the subconscious level, leftists don’t know they’re doing this. They may reject they’re doing this — because they have [[white fragility]]. Or, more accurately, they are projecting onto others what they themselves are.

They are truly the racists, as they always have been. And here’s sort of an obvious point: They’re telling everyone this now. This is exactly what they’re currently saying: “We’re all racist.” To which I say, “Speak for yourself, but interesting what you’re saying.” [...]

Who do you suppose will benefit most from that new regime of [[civil rights]] law? Sounds like a nice system if you’re an upper-middle-class white leftist. That’s because it is. It’s exactly as critical race theory proposes. “Whites gonna white,” says the theory, so how can the theory itself be anything other than the latest vehicle for whites to empower themselves?

The evidence bears this out. The left has had decades of power and control of our cities, [[academia]], and [[media]]. They’ve had ample opportunities to demonstrate the wonders of their ideas. Yet all we see is the [[systemic racism|perpetuation of the very things they decry]], while they gain more and more power.

For decades, we’ve been told all the [[violence]] and ugliness spawned by leftism are merely the birth pangs of a new system. Well, how long do you leftists need to give birth? Enough already! Give us a taste of the glories of the New World in your [[Democrat urban issues|urban microcosms]]!

Or maybe, as Maya Angelou said, “When someone shows you who he is, believe him.” Leftists are outing themselves as racists complicit in perpetuating systems of oppression. Maybe we should believe them. [...]

Perhaps an honest appraisal of critical race theory is in order, so we can liberate ourselves from the sticky epistemological tentacles of a nonsensical theory. Unfortunately, writ into the DNA of its axioms is the deconstruction of rational dialogue — that too, you see, is just another tool of white privilege. Leftism can’t have room for questions.

We could extol what is by and large a just system for the advancement of anyone who applies himself and works hard — the American system. Individuals in that system could be spending their days in hope and personal achievement using the liberties available to them in this country. Or we could have a healthy discussion about race as it relates to traditional American principles.

Yet instead, we’ll just have to wait for the virus of critical race theory to work its [[nihilism|nihilistic]] destruction on the black community, while whites sit on the sidelines with their shut, masked mouths, on bended knee, advancing their privilege.}}

==Bibliography==
* [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/147980276X/ref=as_li_qf_asin_il_tl Delgado, Richard. Critical Race Theory, Third Edition. NYU Press. Kindle Edition]
* [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1442216042/ref=as_li_qf_asin_il_tl Thompson, Sherwood. Encyclopedia of Diversity and Social Justice. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Kindle Edition]
* [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1634312023/ref=as_li_tl Pluckrose, Helen & James Lindsay, CYNICAL THEORIES: How Activist Scholarship Made Everything about Race, Gender, and Identity―and Why This Harms Everybody. Pitchstone Publishing.]

==References==
{{reflist}}
==See also==
* [[Anti-white sentiment]]
* [[Black supremacy]]
* [[Critical legal studies]]
* [[Politically correct renaming]]
* [[1619 Project]]
* [[White supremacy]]
* [[Woke racism]]
* [[Biden/Harris War on Parents]]
* [[Curriculum transparency]]

==External links==
*[https://youtu.be/cfmpnGV0IGc Critical Race Theory], [[Christopher Rufo]], [[YouTube]]
* [https://newdiscourses.com/tftw-critical-race-theory/ Social Justice Encyclopedia]

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Homo-fascism

2026-03-14T17:30:31Z

Progressingamerica: link

'''Homo-fascism''' is the phenomenon when [[Gay activist|homosexual activists]] strive for advancing themselves beyond favored status to supremacy. In line with instructions in ''[[After the Ball]]'' (the [[LGBT]]I equivalent to ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' and the ''[[Communist Manifesto]]''), the homosexual movement avoids using such terms as "favored status" or "supremacy", but rather outwardly pretend their goal is "[[Moral relativism#Moral relativism as TUMOR|tolerance]]" or "acceptance". Supremacy is then the stage in which the homosexual movement and its allies take effective control of most or all of the centers of power of a [[government]] or other [[organization]]. When they have achieved this level of control they use and abuse their power to suppress and/or punish those who openly disapprove of the [[ABC Theory of Emotion#Homosexual Lifestyle|homosexual lifestyle]] or [[homosexual agenda|its agenda]].<ref name="Lively2009">{{cite book |title=Redeeming the Rainbow: A Christian Response to the "Gay" Agenda |author=[[Scott Lively]] |publisher=Veritas Aeterna Press |place=Springfield, MA |year=2009 |edition=1 (Version 1.1)|pages=24, 64, 72, 103 |url=http://www.massresistance.org/docs/gen/09b/Redeeming_rainbow}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Homo-fascism – Intimidation by Gay Lobby |author=Peter LaBarbera |publisher=AFTAH, Americans for Truth |date=14 Aug 2015 |url=http://americansfortruth.com/issues/homo-fascism-intimidation-by-gay-lobby/ |quote=Victim of Homo-Fascism: Lakewood, CO baker Jack Phillips has lost 40 percent of his business after closing down the wedding cake part of his business so as not to be forced to make a cake celebrating a homosexual-sin-based “wedding.” To read an in-depth 2014 article documenting the battle between freedom of conscience and homosexual “rights,” go HERE. |accessdate=05 Feb 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What are the "Useful Idiots" in the Media Afraid of? (Warning: Content May Be Offensive) |publisher=The Sons of Liberty |date=29 Mar 2012 |url=https://youtu.be/xaSQpEA8e8k |accessdate=2 Apr 2017}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Etymology of the term<ref name="Lively2009"/>
|-
|One of the first to use the term ''homo-fascism'' is Pastor Ralph Ovadal of Wisconsin, who defines it as follows:
''“[[Fascism]] is a political system whereby all opposition to and dissent from the government is disallowed and crushed. Fascism is a philosophy which tolerates '''no deviation from an established norm''', that being the dictates of a [[interest group|powerful elite]]. Fascism is opposed to the eternal, unchanging, objective law of God and is '''based on the subjective desires and goals of those who have the power to crush their opposition'''. In many Western nations, a form of fascism has taken root and presents a clear, present, and growing danger to [[Christian]] [[liberty]] and the [[Church]] of [[Jesus Christ]]. This force for [[evil]] may justly be referred to as “'''homo-fascism'''” due to the fact that '''those espousing and driving it have as their goal to demonize, marginalize, and silence any criticism of or opposition to [[homosexual act]]s and the sodomite agenda'''. Already Christians in many countries are being arrested for preaching what the [[Bible]] teaches concerning homosexual acts. The machinery of [[tyranny]] is being put into place.”''
|}
[[Homosexual]]s can be compared to their chief adversaries, the [[radical]] [[nationalist]]s. Both groups hate each other, and would like to do away with the other. Neither side is embraced by the majority, but both deserve the right to freedom of their [[belief]]s and to [[freedom of speech]] within reasonable limits. The rest of us must be willing to tolerate these ''difficult neighbors'' to preserve civility for [[society]] as a whole.

==Corporate Homo-Fascism==
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:violet; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | The first step in a homosexual takeover of corporation completed - Example
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| style="padding:15px;" |“[[IBM]] is committed to creating a [[Diversity|diverse environment]] and is proud to be an [[Equality|equal opportunity]] employer. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion, gender, '''[[gender identity]] or expression, [[sexual orientation]]''', national origin, genetics, disability, age, or veteran status.
”<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[IBM]] [[Corporation]] after [[LGBT]] [[gleichschaltung]]<ref>{{cite web |title=IBM IS NOW HIRING Client Experience Advisor |url=http://www.profesia.sk/praca/ibm/O2902763 |accessdate=07 Feb 2017 |quote=Job Description, Requirements, Additional information}}</ref></div>
|}
An anti-discrimination policy based upon so called "sexual orientation" (used as the [[politically correct]] term for both sexual preference and [[sexual disorientation]]) is always the first step in a homosexual takeover of any organization because it locks in pro-homosexual assumptions. Following the adoption of this policy, the organization must accept as fact that homosexuality is "immutable", "equivalent" to heterosexuality, and deserving of "special protection" without regard to moral or public health considerations. Criticism of these positions, or even failure to affirm them, can be considered violation of the policy. Where such a policy is enacted, adoption of the rest of the homosexual political agenda is virtually guaranteed. The conclusions are assured by the premises.

===Going after strategic positions in the company===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:purple; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | [[CEO]]s can wield more power than state and voters
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| style="padding:15px;" |“In many regards, workplace is the leading edge of change for the [[LGBT|GLBT]] community. Company CEOs and executives can often wield more power than state and local officials in creating significant changes that affect their employees' lives. They can enact new policies with the approval of a few board members rather than thousands or even millions of voters.”<div style="padding-left:40px;">— National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Organizing Manual<ref name="SearsOsten2003">{{cite book |title=The Homosexual Agenda: Exposing the principal threat to religious freedom today |author=Alan Sears and Craig Osten |publisher=B&H Publishing Group |place=Nashville, Tennessee |chapter=7.The Seduction of Corporate America 8.The End of Tolerance (for Those Who Disagree) |pages=165, 182 |isbn=978-0-8054-2698-4 |url=https://www.christianbook.com/homosexual-exposing-principal-threat-religious-freedom/alan-sears/9780805426984/pd/26981}}</ref></div>
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |“The deepest and most enduring forms of cultural change nearly always occur from the ‘top down.’ In other words, the work of world-making and world-changing are, by and large, the work of elites.”<div style="padding-left:40px;">— sociologist James Davison Hunter<ref name="CW4NOV2016">{{cite web |title=A Review of We Cannot Be Silent. By Albert Mohler. |author=Thomas Nelson |publisher=CultureWatch/Bill Muehlenberg |date=4 Nov 2016 |url=https://billmuehlenberg.com/2016/11/04/review-cannot-silent-albert-mohler/ |accessdate=9 Nov 2018}}</ref>
</div>
|}
According to [[Benito Mussolini]], ''“Fascism should more appropriately be called Corporatism because it is a merger of state and corporate power.”''<ref>{{cite web |title=Benito Mussolini quotes |publisher=Goodreads |url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/221166.Benito_Mussolini |accessdate= 09 Feb 2017}}</ref> In case of homo-fascism, the takeover of a corporation begins with the placement of an activist (usually in-the-closet) homosexual in a hiring position. Other undisclosed homosexuals are then hired to fill strategic positions in the company. When the ability to control the process is assured, some of the activists "come out of the closet"<ref>{{cite web |title=Apple CEO comes out of the closet |author=Juliet Mutegi |publisher=the Daily Nation |date=30 Oct 2014 |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/business/Apple-CEO-comes-out-of-the-closet/996-2505164-67ktg1z/index.html |accessdate=09 Feb 2017 |quote=Apple CEO Tim Cook came out as gay on October 30, 2014 and said that fighting for equality is at the core of his personal and business ethos. ... The CEO who took over from the iconic Steve Jobs, is known for his solitary lifestyle and little is known about his private life.}}</ref> and form a "''Gay and Lesbian Employees Association''" or similarly named group.<ref name="IBM Diversity">{{cite web |title= IBM Diversity - Gay Lesbian Bi-Sexual & Transgender (GLBT) |publisher=you-tube.com |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=al5Euju-rOg |accessdate=December 23, 2014 |quote= What’s great about IBM is that I can feel open when I come to work. I’m part of invisible minority group – gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender - LGBT. What is unique about this group is said that it is represented in all other [[diversity]] network groups. When working with people from … group, it is important not to make assumptions. Because 6 to 8 percent of time you may make an incorrect one. For example, when assessing someone’s relationship status, consider using the word ‘partner’ as it is more inclusive and would make person to feel more comfortable.}}</ref> That group then introduces an amendment to the company anti-discrimination policy to include "sexual orientation".

===LGBTI Bundling===
Exploitation of community organizations often involves a public relations ploy that can be called "''bundling''". Bundling is the homosexual activists’ tactic of wrapping themselves in the cloak of "[[civil rights]]" by sponsoring coalitions of minorities and including themselves as a member minority. Their purpose is to advance the idea that "''sexual orientation''" is a genuine basis for minority status by bundling it together with [[race]], [[ethnicity]], [[gender]], etc. Importantly, the homosexuals almost always place racial minorities as the figureheads of these coalitions to create the impression that their primary interest is the advancement of the legitimate minorities. This is not a difficult proposition, since there are some homosexuals who are also racial minorities. The optimum scenario for the homosexual movement is a coalition headed by an in-the-closet homosexual of a minority race who can pretend neutrality when promoting a homosexual goal.{{#tag:ref|cf. "It happened as a result of good strategizing. For example, two black lesbians, Betty Powell of the National Gay Task Force board and Barbara Smith of the [[Combahee River Collective]], attended a conference meeting of the Black Women's Caucus where they gave impassioned speeches supporting that group's stance on problems such as domestic violence and welfare rights. Then they asked the the Black Women's Caucus to support the sexual preference resolution."<ref name="Faderman2015">{{cite book |title=The Gay Revolution: The Story of the Struggle |author=Lillian Faderman |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2015 |chapter= |pages=314 |isbn=9781451694116 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Gay_Revolution.html?id=QWF5CgAAQBAJ |quote=}}</ref>|group=note}}
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:red; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Attacking the pro-family leaders
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''"Over the last thirty years I've been verbally and physically attacked at least twenty-seven times because of my stand on the [[homosexual agenda]]. ... These are the examples of the homo-fascist [[tactics]] that [[homosexual activist]]s have learned from [[Adolf Hitler]]: when you have no valid arguments, and when you can't persuade by [[reason]] alone, then take over and intimidate by violence."''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— [[Louis Sheldon|Louis P. Sheldon]]<ref name="Sheldon2005">{{cite book |title=The Agenda: The homosexual plan to change america |author=Louis P.Sheldon |publisher=FrontLine |place=Lake Mary, Florida |year=2005 |chapter=4.Beyond the law and order |pages=95–101 |url=https://www.amazon.com/Agenda-homosexual-plan-change-America/dp/1591857961 |quote=Homo-fascist tactics }}</ref>
</div>
|}
Most important to homosexual strategy in all of these tactics is to hold the key positions and then to directly or indirectly use the power of those positions to change the society, by marketing the homosexual message to the public<ref>{{cite web |title=Dúhový pochod v Bratislave (Rainbow march in [[Bratislava]]) |publisher=Západoslovenská televízia |date=05 Jul 2014 |url=https://youtu.be/0iWM1m9jKxQ?t=155 |quote=video shows IBM and DELL "LGBTI minority" - "a part of all other 'diversity' groups" - supporting the "GAY PRIDE" in Bratislava, Slovakia |language=Slovak |accessdate=06 Mar 2017 }}</ref> while also attacking and marginalizing the pro-family leaders and organizations, for example, by introducing so called Anti-award 'The [[homophobia|homophobe]] of the Year'.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anton Chromík: Kým Peter Weisenbacher neodovzdá cenu víťazovi minulého roka, nemal by robiť ďalší ročník! (If Peter Weisenbacher [LGBT Activist] does not hand over the Award to the vinner from the last year, he should forget starting the new one)|publisher=hlavnespravy.sk |date=18 Aug 2016 |url=http://www.hlavnespravy.sk/anton-chromik-kym-peter-weisenbacher-neodovzda-cenu-vitazovi-minuleho-roka-nemal-by-robit-dalsi-rocnik/821257 |accessdate=21 Feb 2017 |language=Slovak |quote=Cena Homofób roka mi každý rok pripomína, že Slovenská republika je vo vzťahu k úcte k ľuďom s homosexuálnym cítením na tom dobre a ja som tomu veľmi rád. Mnohé nominované výroky za posledné roky (napr. nominovaní poslanci za novelu Ústavy o manželstve muža a ženy) a aj môj výherný výrok za rok 2015 to jasne dokazujú. Verím, že autori by nominovali skutočné výroky nenávisti, ak by existovali. V tejto súťaži zrejme nezáleží na obsahu výrokov, ale skôr na tom, že sa hlasovaním dá prejaviť nenávisť voči konkrétnej osobe s iným názorom. Skutočné informovanie o konkrétnych prípadoch nenávisti voči homosexuálne cítiacim absentuje. Aj vďaka takejto súťaži nadobudol pojem homofób skôr význam zástancu manželstva a rodiny muža a ženy. Aj preto som minulý rok zverejnil tlačovú správu, že cenu Homofób roka si rád preberiem verejne na námestí „ešte” Slobody v Bratislave. Aké bolo moje prekvapenie, keď včera Denník SME a portál Aktuality.sk zverejnil, že cenu som si odmietol prevziať. Toto nie je pravda a tým som bol obvinený zo lži. Organizátori súťaže sa zaviazali, že sa cenu pokúsia doručiť, ale nič také neudialo. Viackrát som sa odovzdania ceny domáhal, o čom svedčia aj moje viacnásobné požiadavky v mailovej komunikácii s Inštitútom Petra Weisenbachera. Predložím ich na požiadanie k dispozícii médiám. Žiadam, aby sa mi verejne Peter Weisenbacher a Inštitút ľudských práv ospravedlnil za lož, ktorú o mne zrejme on uviedol v tlačovej správe a aby nabral odvahu namiesto lži mi cenu skutočne odovzdať. Anton Chromík, predseda Aliancia za rodinu. TRANSLATION INTO ENGLISH: The Anti-Award ‘Homphobe of the Year’ reminds me year by year that Slovakia is doing well when it comes to respecting people suffering from same-sex attractions and I’m very pleased about it. Many nominated quotes in recent years (e.g. Nomination of MPs for their passing the amendment to the Constitution on definition of marriage as union between one man and one woman) and also my winning statement in 2015 are clear evidence of this. I believe that authors of contest would nominate real examples of hate speech, if such existed. Obviously, what matters in this award competition is an effort to bully concrete persons who differ in their opinion with organizers, rather than focusing on the meaning of actual quotes. The real information on specific cases of hate speech towards people with same-sex attractions is completely absent. Also owing to this competition, the term ‘homophobe’ became rather a label for defender of marriage and family consisting of man and woman. That's why last year I published a press release informing that I’m ready to publicly receive the Anti-Award ‘Homphobe of the Year’ at the square, so far still of Freedom, in Bratislava. However, I was absolutely taken aback when the mainstream newspaper SME and the internet portal Aktuality.sk published the misinformation asserting that I allegedly refused to receive the accolade. This is not true whatsoever and thus I was accused of lying. The organizers of award-contest have committed themselves to try to deliver the prize to the winner, but nothing like that happened. More than once, I have sought to get the award handed over, as can be proved by my multiple requests in the e-mail communication with the LGBT Institute of human rights run by Peter Weisenbacher. They are available on request to the media. I demand that Peter Weisenbacher and the Institute of human rights should apologize in public for the lie about me that they evidently stated in the press release for the media; and pull up the courage to arrange for the real award-delivery instead of spreading lies. Anton Chromík, president of Coalition for family (in Slovak: Aliancia za rodinu)}}</ref>

===Consolidation of homosexual power through psychological coercion tactics===
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:red; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Sign against your conscience or you will be fired
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''«Albert Buonanno was an employee for AT&T Broadband. When he was told that he would have to sign an employee handbook that demanded that he "value" a person's "[[sexual orientation]]," he respectfully declined, citing his religious beliefs. He told his supervisors: "As a [[Christian]], I am supposed to love my neighbor, regardless of what their sexual orientation is, but I'm not supposed to value the lifestyle of any person that contradicts the [[Word of God]]." He was fired almost immediately.»''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Steve Jordahl, Family News in Focus<ref name="SearsOsten2003"/></div>
|}
Every takeover is followed by consolidation of homosexual power within the organization, starting with some form of "''sensitivity training''". Sensitivity training employs proven psychological coercion tactics (i.e. "[[brainwashing]]") to indoctrinate members of the organization in pro-homosexual thinking. By the very nature of the manipulative tactics used, few dare to openly dissent. Those who do are duly noted by the control group and if they are considered a real threat, they are marginalized and may in time be forced out.<ref>{{cite web |title=Slovenský IT manažér sa zastal tradičnej rodiny, vyhodili ho z práce (Slovak IT manager defended traditional family, he was fired afterwards) |author=Lukáš Obšitník |publisher=postoy.sk |date=23 Jun 2014 |url=https://www.postoj.sk/3763/slovensky-it-manazer-sa-zastal-tradicnej-rodiny-vyhodili-ho-z-prace |quote=Prinášame vám rozhovor s bývalým zamestnancom medzinárodnej IT firmy s pobočkou v Brne v Českej republike, ktorý bol prepustený po tom, čo vo vnútrofiremnej emailovej komunikácii prejavil nesúhlas s firemnou podporou pre LGBT agendu. Prvý raz za deväť rokov fungovania portálu Postoy prinášame rozhovor bez uvedenia mena respondenta. Viacerí členovia redakcie ho poznajú už roky, preto sa vieme zaručiť za jeho hodnovernosť. Translation into English: We bring you an interview with a former employee of an international IT company with a branch office in [[Brno]], the [[Czech Republic]], who was fired after he revealed disagreement with the company's support for [[Gay agenda|LGBT agenda]] in his internal company e-mail communication. For the first time in nine years of existence of portal Postoy.sk we bring an interview without explicitly disclosing the name of our respondent. However, several members of the editorial staff have known him personally for years, thus we can vouch for authenticity of our source.|accessdate=04 Feb 2017 |language=Slovak}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Spineless College Fires Retired General Due to LGBT Pressure |publisher=Before It's News |date=20 May 2016 |url=http://beforeitsnews.com/opinion-conservative/2016/05/spineless-college-fires-retired-general-due-to-lgbt-pressure-3140189.html |quote=Former commander of America’s elite Delta Force, General Jerry Boykin, received news from Hampton-Sydney College that he was being terminated because of comments he made concerning Obama’s demands that schools should comply with the new bathroom laws that basically render restrooms and locker rooms genderless. ... Of course the militant LGBT community jumped all over his comment, claiming the distinguished military hero to have called for violence against transgender people. They demanded Boykin’s job be terminated through emails, phone calls, and social media. ...In another article, Boykin states, “I was referring to perverts who will use these policies to get into locker rooms with girls and women, and I object to that,” He added, “Nonetheless, I gave the LGBT community just what they needed to pressure the college leadership to terminate me and they did.” |accessdate=08 Feb 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Brendan Eich has the right to fight gay rights, but not to be Mozilla's CEO |author=Mary Hamilton |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/apr/07/brendan-eich-has-the-right-to-fight-gay-rights-but-not-to-be-mozillas-ceo |publisher=The Guardian |date=7 Apr 2014 |quote=Eich, the creator of Javascript, is a very well-regarded techie who was recently promoted from CTO, whereupon it became suddenly apparent that his record of donating to anti-gay political movements, particularly California's Prop 8, which sought to ban same-sex marriage, was a problem for many of his employees ... Mozilla is a special case when it comes to a CEO acting in a way that polarises its community. Its primary mission, as Farhad Manjoo notes, is not to make money: it's to spread an open internet philosophy, and to do so it requires inclusivity, goodwill and – crucially – a CEO who can articulate that vision to a hugely diverse community. As Mozilla employee Erin Kissane wrote: A CEO is a symbol. Mozilla’s work is made cohesive by an activist mission, rather than by a mandate to make as much money as possible. It is difficult for me to understand how we are best served by a leader whose capacity to divide our community is so apparent. ... It was a coalition of those, gay and straight, who do not believe that people with different views than theirs’ should be tolerated in a leadership position. ...Rather than some shadowy coalition, it was a group of Mozilla's employees and associates, gay and straight, who do not want to work with or for someone who has actively worked to hurt them, their friends and their families. The situation was exacerbated by Eich's failure to reassure his community that his anti-gay activism was a thing of the past. Three board members stood down, the community was fracturing beneath him, and that meant he was failing in his first duty as CEO. ...Eich clearly could not lead Mozilla in the way Mozilla needs and wants to be led. I'm sure he will have many other opportunities elsewhere, and I wish him well. I also hope he never again has the opportunity to actively assist in the oppression of LGBT people, and that if he does have it, he decides, this time, that the consequences just aren't worth it.|accessdate= 09 Feb 2017}}</ref> Sensitivity training is usually mandatory for all members of the organization.

===Diverting Company Resources into homosexual political agenda===
Once the control group has consolidated power, the organization is plundered for its available resources.{{#tag:ref|cf. Instructions "SOLICIT FUNDS: THE BUCK STOPS HERE" stated in the [[LGBT]] manifesto ''[[After the Ball]]'' and meant for [[activists]] spreading [[Homosexual Agenda|homosexual agenda]]|group=note}} These include tangible resources such as money and property, but also intangibles such as advertising and vendor contracts and even community goodwill. Charitable giving, too, is exploited, as gifts and grants are diverted away from previously-favored beneficiaries like the Boy Scouts or [[Saint Patrick#Saint Patrick.27s Day|St. Patrick's Day]] Parades<ref>{{cite web |title=Concerns, Confusion Over ‘LGBT’ Group in St. Patrick’s Parade |author=Kevin Jones/CNA |publisher=National Catholic Register |date=5 Sep 2014 |url=http://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/concerns-confusion-over-lgbt-group-in-st.-patricks-parade |accessdate=05 Feb 2017 |quote=NEW YORK — A spokesman for the New York City St. Patrick’s Day Parade said this week’s announcement of the inclusion of an LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered) activist group in the traditionally Catholic parade was a “gesture of goodwill.” ... “One would hope that all the new entries will conduct themselves in a manner that honors St. Patrick, lest another round of controversy emerges” ...“Now, the pro-abortion groups and the radical gay groups want in as well.” ... '''Target of Homosexual Activists'''. Parade organizers’ refusal to approve applications from LGBT advocacy groups made the parade the target of lawsuits, critical media coverage and corporate boycotts. The St. Patrick’s Day Parade website said that, in the early 1990s, the parade was “attacked for its traditional values” but noted that organizers’ rights were “upheld all the way to the Supreme Court.”...“Anyone is free to apply, any group can be free to apply, but for an abortion group to apply to march in a Catholic parade would be a great anomaly, to say the least.”...Donohue blamed “'''corporate pressure'''” from NBC and others, including Wall Street companies and Guinness. The Ireland-based brewer pulled its sponsorship from the parade this year because of the policy on the participation of homosexual groups.}}</ref> to homosexual-controlled organizations<ref>{{cite web |title=Obama Champions Gay Task Force’s ‘Creating Change’ Conference – Which Promotes ‘Kinky Sex’ (Sadomasochism) and Multi-Partner Unions; Event Funded by Southwest Airlines, Office Depot, [[AARP]] and Wells Fargo |publisher=Americans for Truth |year=2013 |url=http://americansfortruth.com/2013/01/25/breaking-obama-champions-gay-task-force-creating-change-conference-which-promotes-sadomasochism-multi-partner-unions/ |accessdate=09 Feb 2017 |quote=This year’s annual “Creating Change” conference sponsored by the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force (NGLTF) — with major '''corporate sponsors''' like Southwest Airlines, Wells Fargo and Office Depot – is again celebrating sadomasochism, “polyamory” (multiple-partner sexual unions) and other deviant perversions on the sexual and gender fringe.}}</ref> spreading [[LGBT]]I [[demagogue]]ry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Modern Romance: Love, Marriage & Monogamy |author=Dan Savage & Esther Perel |publisher=Talks at Google |url=https://youtu.be/s7E9ASb3LfE?t=365
|date=22 Jan 2016|quote=Moderated by Logan Ury; “We have to stop telling people that monogamy is only thing that you have to execute perfectly 100% of time to be regarded as good at it. … We need to tell people that if you were with somebody for – really, now, because of expanding lifespans, 50, 60 years, if you make a commitment in your early and mid-20s, or late 20s or 30s – if you were with somebody for 60 yrs and they only cheated on you a handful of time, and you only cheated on them a handful of times, you were both pretty good at monogamy, not bad at it. … Most of history monogamy was one person for life, and at this moment, monogamy is one person at a time.” |accessdate=07 Feb 2017}}</ref> While some resources benefit the internal control group (i.e. domestic partnership benefits and employee perks), most are focused strategically outside of the organization to further the homosexual political agenda in the community.<ref name="Lively2009"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Heineken, Sam Adams Withdraw Support From St. Patrick’s Day Parades Over LGBT Discrimination |author= NewNowNext Staff |date=14 Apr 2014 |url=http://www.newnownext.com/heinekin-sam-adams-withdraw-support-from-st-patricks-day-parades-over-lgbt-discrimination/03/2014/ |accessdate=05 Feb 2017 |quote=Heineken has announced it is dropping its sponsorship of the New York City St. Patrick’s Day Parade, which prohibits LGBT groups from participating. ... “By ending support of the New York City St. Patrick’s Day Parade, Heineken sent the right message to LGBT youth, customers and employees, who simply want to be part of the celebration. Other sponsors who support LGBT families should be quick to follow.” ...While LGBT individuals are welcome to participate in either event, both parades ban groups from carrying banners or signs identifying themselves as gay.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Guinness withdraws from New York St Patrick’s day parade |author=Shannon Bond |publisher=FT |date=17 Mar 2014 |url=https://www.ft.com/content/17bd2290-adcc-11e3-9ddc-00144feab7de|quote=The Irish brewer owned by the UK’s Diageo pulled out of Monday’s parade in New York City, where organisers have said gay and lesbian groups may march but cannot carry signs or identify themselves. “Guinness has a strong history of supporting diversity and being an advocate for equality for all. We were hopeful that the policy of exclusion would be reversed for this year’s parade,” Diageo said. “As this has not come to pass, Guinness has withdrawn its participation. We will continue to work with community leaders to ensure that future parades have an inclusionary policy.” The move by Guinness, a beer brand with origins in Dublin that is considered a historic part of Ireland’s drinking culture, followed decisions by Boston Beer, brewer of Sam Adams, and Heineken to pull out of St Patrick’s day events in Boston and New York. Major marketers from Coca-Cola to General Mills are increasingly emphasising multicultural and diversity efforts in their campaigns as Americans’ support for gay rights, including same-sex marriage, has strengthened sharply in recent years. Honey Maid, Mondelez’s graham cracker brand, recently released a campaign that features interracial and gay couples. A recent promotion for General Motors’ Chevrolet brand also included gay and interracial couples with the tagline: “The new us.” |accessdate=05 Feb 2017}}</ref>

All the processes described above are made possible simply by the acceptance of '[[Sexual orientation theory|'sexual orientation' as a theory]] of human [[sexuality]].<ref name="Lively2009"/>

==The New Fascism of the future==
According to study made by Robert O. Paxton, the new fascism of future does not need necessarily resemble the classical one. Some new movement that would get rid of free institutions for the purpose of applying the techniques of mass mobilization in order to unite all in favor of some 'discriminated minority', would also have a new name and it would use new symbols. That would not make it any less dangerous. For example, while a new fascism would necessarily diabolize some enemy, both internal and external, the enemy would not necessarily be [[Jews]]. The new forms of ''updated fascism'' should be understood by comparing their ways of functioning, i.e. by looking at how they work, and not by superficial attention to external symbols.<ref name="Paxton">{{cite book |title=The Anatomy of Fascism |author=Robert O. Paxton |publisher=Penguin UK |year=2011 |chapter=7. Other times, other places: Is fascism still possible? |pages=201–2|isbn=9780241958704 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmV1moZB6EAC |quote=...and draw on fresh symbols. That would not make it any less dangerous. For example, while a new fascism would necessarily diabolize some enemy, both internal and external, the enemy would not necessarily be Jews. ... The British moralist George Orwell noted in the 1930s that an authentic British fascism would come reassuringly clad in sober English dress. (pages references are from Czech 2007 translation)}}</ref> In case of homo-fascism, as 'discriminated minority' is portrayed the so-called 'LGBT+ community' and 'public enemies' are alleged 'homophobes'{{#tag:ref|For example, cf. efforts of [[Tim Gill]] to ''"strike down the personal or religious opposition to same-sex unions."''|group=note}} and people who left the sodomitical lifestyle.{{#tag:ref|For example, cf. attacks on [[NEA Ex-Gay Educators' Caucus]].|group=note}}

According to [[Italian]] writer and former [[communist]] Ignazio Silone, the new fascism will not say: "I am fascism", but it will instead say: "I am anti-fascism".<ref>{{cite book |title=Pfade der Neugier: Portraits |author=François Bondy |publisher=Benziger |year=1988 |pages=72 |isbn=9783545340787 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U9IsAQAAIAAJ |quote=《When der Faschismus wiederkehrt, wird er nicht sagen: "Ich bin der Faschismus". Nein, er wird sagen: "Ich bin der Antifaschismus".》 |language=German}}</ref>
As maintained by [[C.S. Lewis]] in his book ''The Abolition of Man'', there is a process going on apace among [[Communist]]s and [[Democrat]]s, no less than has been among [[Fascist]]s, which, if not checked, will abolish [[Man]]. At first, the methods may differ in brutality, but in the long run many, incl. mild-eyed scientists, amateur philosophers, and popular dramatists, have the same goal as the [[Nazi]] rulers of [[Germany]]. Traditional values are to be "debunked" and [[mankind]] to be cut into some fresh shape at the arbitrary will of some [[Interest group|few lucky people]] in one lucky generation who have learned how to do it. C.S. Lewis also identified the beginning of this process in phenomena like the language being affected by belief that humans can invent "ideologies" at pleasure, and the consequent treatment of mankind as mere specimens and preparations.<ref name="AbolitionOfMan">{{cite book |title=The Abolition of Man |author=C.S. Lewis |publisher=HarperOne |place=New York |year=2001 (1944) |pages=50–1 |isbn=978-00606-52944 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ST87o-KSzp0C}}</ref>

==Common traits of fascism and other authoritarian ideologies==
{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:yellow; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Christian Church in the way of totalitarianism
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |''«The [[Homosexual rights advocacy|LGBT movement]] despises [[biblical]] [[Christianity]], following the teaching of [[Karl Marx]] and [[Engels]], who were passionately opposed to [[monogamy]]. Over two millennia the Christian faith has been a bastion against [[totalitarian]] regimes, and the [[Church]] today needs to recognise that the media and government campaigns for the populace to embrace a new morality are just carrying out the mission of radical [[atheist]]s. It is nothing to do with the clarion cry of '[[Ideomotor_effect#People_supposedly_.E2.80.98born_that_way.E2.80.99|being born like it]]' – science and reason refute this claim anyway! Their aim is the abolition of the Christian church as a critical and creative force for good in this country, as one more stage on the journey towards fascist and communist totalitarianism.»''
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Anthony Busk<ref name="edRose2016">{{cite book
|title=What Are They Teaching the Children? |editor=Lynda Rose |publisher=Wilberforce Publications Ltd. |place=London |year=2016 |chapter=5: The secularist siege – within and out of school [by Anthony Busk] |pages= 115 |isbn=978-0-9575725-8-4 |url=https://www.wilberforcepublications.co.uk/what-are-they-teaching-the-children
}}</ref></div>
|}
The common trait of [[leftist]] [[liberalism]], which is promoting the homosexual agenda,<ref>{{cite web |title=An Open Letter to President Vladimir Putin |publisher=Scott Lively Ministries |date=30 Aug 2013 |url=http://www.scottlively.net/2013/08/30/an-open-letter-to-president-vladimir-putin/ |quote= the homosexualist movement ... They ask for a place at the table, but once they have one all the social ideals they exploited to get there, such as social tolerance, freedom of speech, and respect for cultural diversity, are discarded. In place of those ideals is inserted a new backwards and upside-down morality and world-view that condemns all disapproval of homosexuality as a new fictionalized form of bigotry. I have termed this phenomenon “Homo-fascism” and defined it as a form of extreme left-wing, regressive radicalism which seeks to establish rigid authoritarian controls over all public discourse and government policies regarding sexual norms and proprieties, and to enact punitive measures against conscientious objectors that would punish or suppress all disapproval of homosexuality and related sexual behaviors (that would of course even though they deny it, quickly include a sexual indoctrination and exploitation of children).|accessdate=22 Mar 2017}}</ref> with [[fascism]] and [[Communism]], is not only their endeavor for stronger [[authoritarian]] state, which is supposed to make citizens "happy", but also their [[moral relativism]] and moral [[Mind#Voluntarism|voluntarism]]: What is right is not given [[objective]]ly, but a [[human]] determines it by one's own [[will]].{{#tag:ref|cf. ''“I decide who is a Jew and who is not”'' (In German: ''"Wer Jude ist, bestimme ich"'') in [[Göring's syndrome]]|group=note}} In fascism it is to be determined by [[Il Duce|Duce]], in [[Nazism]] by [[Führer]], in Communism by [[Politburo]] and in ''leftist liberalism'' by [[person]] himself/herself.{{#tag:ref|cf. ''"The most pitilessly and self-righteously violent regimes of modern history have been those that have most explicitly cast off the [[Christian]] vision of reality and sought to replace it with a more "human" set of values."'' in [[Nimrodian aspirations]]|group=note}} None of these totalitarian ideologies recognizes the [[Natural right|natural]] [[right to life]]{{#tag:ref|cf. [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer#Bonhoeffer on Abortion|Bonhoeffer on Abortion]]|group=note}}; the difference between fascists and leftist liberals consists in question who will gratuitously sent whom to [[death]].<ref>{{cite web
|title= Ľavicovo-liberálny fašizmus (Leftist Liberal Fascism)
|author=Roman Joch
|publisher=.týždeň
|date= October 6, 2013
|accessdate=September 14, 2014
|url=http://www.tyzden.sk/casopis/2013/41/lavicovo-liberalny-fasizmus.html
|quote= To je ďalší spoločný rys ľavicového liberalizmu s fašizmom (a komunizmom) – nielen ich snaha o silnejší štát, ktorý má ľudí činiť „šťastnými,“ ale aj ich hodnotový relativizmus a morálny voluntarizmus: to, čo je správne, nie je objektívne dané, ale človek si to určí vôľou. Vo fašizme to určí Duce, v nacizme Führer, v komunizme politbyro a v ľavicovom liberalizme človek sám. Ani jeden z nich neuznáva prirodzené právo na život; u každého z nich o tom, kto bude zabitý, rozhodne niečia vôľa. Rozdiel medzi fašistami a ľavicovými liberálmi je v tom, kto a koho svojvoľne pošle na smrť.
|language=Slovak
}}</ref>

Homo-fascists know that preserving the people's option to destroy unborn life is essential to maintaining so called "[[sexual freedom]]" as a social "norm". If women lost their choice to legally kill their unborn offspring, the resulting inevitable shift of emphasis from self-gratification to family responsibility in such a large section of the population would change the entire culture. When a woman gives in to fear and [[Egocentric Thinking|selfishness]] to kill the child in her womb, she will not feel that she can criticize other [[sinner]]s. The choice to kill their unborn children morally compromises both men and women (making them unwilling to criticize choices to engage in other forms of [[immoral]] behavior), and ensures that the outcome of an unwanted child will not be a lasting deterrent to those who have chosen sexual "freedom" over family. This explains why homosexuals, who by definition cannot conceive children together, are among the most militant advocates of [[abortion]] on demand.

The homosexual movement has many allies in its campaign to promote sexual immorality, but it is the only social movement in the history of the world whose primary purpose is to eliminate social restraints on [[sexual]] conduct.{{#tag:ref|cf. What distinguishes homosexuality (the indulgence of same-sex attraction) from other sins is that some of those who practice it have created a social and political movement to normalize and legitimize it.<ref name="Lively2009"/>|group=note}} It is heavily funded, highly organized and strategically positioned to maximize its ability to change societies and cultures<ref name="Lively2009">{{cite book |title=Redeeming the Rainbow: A Christian Response to the "Gay" Agenda |author=[[Scott Lively]] |publisher=Veritas Aeterna Press |place=Springfield, MA |year=2009 |edition=1 (Version 1.1)|chapter=1: Pro-family answers to common questions about homosexuality and "gay" agenda |pages= i, 8, 60, 161, 176|url=http://www.massresistance.org/docs/gen/09b/Redeeming_rainbow}}</ref> by means of [[Gleichschaltung#LGBTI Gleichschaltung|LGBTI gleichschaltung]].

==Notes==
<references group=note/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
*[[After the Ball]]
*[[Gleichschaltung]]
*[[Anthropological Revolution#Homosexual Agenda|Homosexual agenda]]
*[[Militant gays]]
*[[Nazi Germany and homosexuality]]
*[[Rainbow#Liberal redefinitions|Rainbow: Liberal redefinitions]]
*[[Sexual_disorientation#Monsters|Sexual disorientation: Monsters]]
*[[Zapping the shrinks]]

[[Category:Homo-Fascism]]

Identity politics

2026-03-14T17:28:07Z

Progressingamerica: /* See also */

[[File:No Communista Kamala.jpeg|right|350px|thumb|The [[Democrat]]s message was not well received by [[Latino]]s during the [[2020 Presidential election]].]]
'''Identity politics''' is the basing of one's political and sociological viewpoint by claiming membership in some "oppressed" group and then constructing most of one's lifestyle and identity around their supposed membership in this group. Identity politics is closely related to [[political correctness]] and [[multiculturalism]], and in some cases to [[postmodernism]].

Political and cultural ideologies that take advantage of identity politics include, but are not limited to, [[white supremacy]], [[black supremacy]], and the [[black lives matter]] movement.

Membership in an "oppressed group" has taken the place of the [[proletariat]] in modern [[Marxist]] thought. "[[White privilege]]," for example, is an assertion of authority by an "oppressor ruling class" under the theory.

[[Liberal]]s frequently engage in identity politics, to the point where they even frown upon using the term as they see it as a "pejorative" term.<ref>Pollak, Joel B. (August 5, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/california/2018/08/05/you-cant-use-the-term-identity-politics-says-kamala-harris/ You Can’t Use the Term ‘Identity Politics,’ Says Kamala Harris]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved August 5, 2018.</ref> A 2018 study by researchers at [[Yale University]] and [[Princeton University]] found that liberals patronize minorities and present themselves as less competent when speaking to them, while conservatives speak and present themselves the same way to everyone regardless of skin color.<ref>Duke, Selwyn (November 29, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/politics/item/30775-study-liberals-treat-minorities-as-if-they-re-stupid Study: Liberals Treat Minorities as if They’re Stupid]. ''The New American''. Retrieved November 29, 2018.</ref><ref>Richardson, Valerie (November 29, 2018). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/nov/28/white-liberals-patronize-minorities-downplaying-co/ White liberals more likely to 'patronize' minorities than conservatives, study finds]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved November 29, 2018.</ref>

[[NeverTrump]]er [[David French]] described the phenomena of [[groupthink]] in identity politics this way:
{{quotebox|"a [[Cass Sunstein]]<ref>Sunstein is a former [[Obama administration]] [[apparatchik]] married to Obama war criminal [[Samantha Power]] implicated in the [[FISA abuse scandal]] and credited for re-establishing the Black African [[slave]] trade after the [[Libyan war]].</ref> academic paper, published all the way back in 1999. Surveying the relevant social science, Sunstein said, “[I]n a striking empirical regularity, deliberation tends to move groups, and the individuals who compose them, toward a more extreme point in the direction indicated by their own predeliberation judgments.”

In plain English, this means that when like-minded people gather, their views get more extreme. Our arguments reinforce one another to such an extent that the entire group will sometimes become more extreme than the most extreme person at the start of the deliberation. Think of it like this—when [[gun rights]] advocates (or gun control activists) gather, do they tend to leave the meeting doubting their positions or redoubled in their commitment to advocacy? How many people leave a good Bible study loving [[Jesus]] less?

It’s a nonpartisan, human phenomenon, and what’s so seductive about it is the fact that we can’t perceive the sheer tribalism because it’s accompanied by deliberation—by discussion and thought. We fool ourselves into believing our ideas or our intellects are in control when it is often our identity or our history."}}

== Victor David Hanson on identity politics in America ==

[[Victor Davis Hanson]] wrote in his essay ''The End Of Identity Politics'':
{{Cquote|What is the future of diversity politics after the 2016 election? Uncertain at best—and for a variety of reasons.

One, intermarriage and integration are still common. Overall, about 15 percent of all marriages each year are interracial, and the rates are highest for Asians and Latinos. Forty percent of Asian women marry men of another race—one quarter of African-American males do, as well—and over a quarter of all Latinos marry someone non-Latino.

Identity politics hinges on perceptible racial or ethnic solidarity, but citizens are increasingly a mixture of various races and do not always categorize themselves as “non-white.” Without DNA badges, it will be increasingly problematic to keep racial pedigrees straight. And sometimes the efforts to do so reach the point of caricature and inauthenticity, through exaggerated accent marks, verbal trills, voice modulations, and nomenclature hyphenation. One reason why diversity activists sound shrill is their fear that homogenization is unrelenting.<ref>[https://www.hoover.org/research/end-identity-politics The End Of Identity Politics] by Victor Davis Hanson, February 17, 2017</ref>}}

==See also==
*[[Social justice warrior]] (SJW)
*[[Microaggression]]
*[[Gender psychosis]]
*[[Combahee River Collective]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{liberalism}}
{{communism}}
[[Category:Political Terms]]
[[Category:Liberal Traits]]
[[Category:Feminism]]
[[Category:Homosexuality]]

Combahee River Collective

2026-03-14T17:27:30Z

Progressingamerica: Page created

The '''Combahee River Collective''' was a group of socialists active from the mid 1970s to 1980, active in the Boston area. They were the first to use the phrase "[[Identity politics]]".

Homeschooling

2026-03-08T18:38:39Z

Progressingamerica: /* Homeschooling Statistics */ Curriculum

[[Image:Homeschool.jpg|right|thumb|300px|A young homeschooled student]]
{{See also|First Reader}} and ''[[Conservapedia:Index]]''.
'''Homeschooling''' is teaching a child at home rather than in a public or other formal school. This enables one-on-one teaching of a child to read well, which is the foundation of success. More than 4 million children were being homeschooled in the U.S. as of 2024,<ref name="St">https://admissionsly.com/homeschooling-statistics/</ref> with an annual growth rate of 2%-8%.<ref name="St"/> Historically, the average American received only about 2 years of formal schooling until sometime after the [[American Civil War]].<ref>Nearly 7% of college-educated parents homeschool their children. [http://www.sagus.us/blog/blog_details.asp?ID=18&p=7&s=7&s2=7] "In 2012, there were around 1.8 million homeschool students [in the [[U.S.]]], and in 2021, that number is expected to be above 5 million." [https://www.fox4now.com/news/national/as-the-pandemic-continues-more-families-turning-to-homeschooling]</ref>

Prior to the [[Covid]] pandemic, "homeschoolers made up about 2% of the K-12 student population in the U.S. Now ... it is 6%."
<ref>https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/growth-in-homeschooling-brings-safety-concerns/4263761/ <br>Homeschooling also grew by almost 75% in the eight years before 2011 [https://www.foxnews.com/us/2011/02/09/educating-children-evolution-home-schooling], and more than doubled in the following decade despite attacks from teachers' unions and government bureaucrats.<br>Multiple references:
*Berry, Susan (May 21, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/05/21/homeschooling-thriving-in-face-of-attacks/ Homeschooling Thriving in Face of Attacks]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
*Newman, Alex (November 9, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/culture/education/item/33996-homeschooling-draws-unprecedented-interest-among-u-s-parents Homeschooling Draws Unprecedented Interest Among U.S. Parents]. ''The New American''. Retrieved November 9, 2019.
See also:
*Kraychik, Robert (December 11, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/education/2019/12/11/historian-americas-homeschooling-mothers-are-leading-our-next-revolution/ Historian: America’s Homeschooling Mothers Are Leading Our Next Revolution]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved December 11, 2019.</ref> Homeschoolers excel academically: "the average homeschooled student scored at the 88th percentile" in the core subjects of reading, language and math.<ref>http://www.hslda.org/docs/news/washingtontimes/200908100.asp</ref> The most successful [[mathematician]] in contests in history, Reid Barton, was [[homeschooled]].<ref>http://www.amstat.org/PUBLICATIONS/amsn/index.cfm?fuseaction=highlights0812001</ref> The greatest gymnast ever, 2016 Olympic champion Simone Biles, was homeschooled. One of the greatest college football players—the first to win the Heisman Trophy as a sophomore -- [[Tim Tebow]], was homeschooled until college.<ref>http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/783999/heisman_trophy_winner_tim_tebow_puts.html</ref> A Wimbledon tennis star, Melanie Oudin, chose homeschooling beginning in 7th grade: "With how much I improved in the first year at home, I knew it was the right choice."<ref>http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2009/writers/kevin_armstrong/08/13/melanie.oudin/index.html#ixzz0VSMpJSxF (her twin sister remained in public school)</ref> Homeschooled students make up many of the top college and graduate students in mathematics today.<ref>For example, Princeton University math prodigy Arie Israel "never attended a regular school. His parents homeschooled both him and his older sister, Rachel, allowing them to work at their own pace and discover their own interests. His dad, Benjamin, a computer programmer, helped him with math and science, while his mom, Rebekah, taught him English and history." [http://weblog.science.fau.edu/info/images/israel.html]</ref>

Homeschooling [[parent]]s have many available options to supplement education at home:
* first and foremost, '''''teach your child to become an excellent reader''''', and keep trying until that is achieved
* attending a weekly course provided in many areas by the homeschooling community - a ''Conservapedian'' has taught such courses since 2002
* using a correspondence school (or the modern video- or [[computer]]-based equivalent)
* taking classes at local museums or nature centers
* joining with other [[family|families]] to share teaching responsibilities in a co-op
* encouraging the student to self-instruct using library books, traditional textbooks or workbooks, knowledgeable mentors and/or hands-on experience
* hiring a tutor for certain difficult topics, like [[physics]]
* attending a brick-and-mortar institution for certain classes and taking other classes at home

Homeschoolers often include local "after school" enrichment programs like scouts, 4-H, sports, [[music]] lessons, karate or dance classes, public library programs, and summer camps as part of their educational program. Some areas have extracurricular clubs and activities specifically for homeschoolers, some allow homeschoolers to participate in local [[public school]]'s after-school activities, and some homeschoolers participate in extracurricular activities independently from their schooling through private organizations. Homeschool graduates vote in higher percentages: in 2003, "76 percent of homeschool graduates surveyed between the ages of 18 to 24 voted within the last five years, compared to only 29 percent of the corresponding U.S. population."<ref>http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=35226</ref>

==Homeschooling Statistics==

In the [[United States]], homeschooling included an estimated 1.1 million students – about 2.9% of children in grades K-12 – in 2007. "The number of home-schooled kids hit 1.5 million in 2007, up 74% from when the Department of Education's National Center for Education Statistics started keeping track in 1999, and up 36% since 2003."<ref name="USA Today">https://www.usatoday.com/news/education/2009-01-04-homeschooling_N.htm</ref><ref>[http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2006/homeschool/estimated.asp] Homeschooling in the United States: 2003 Statistical Analysis Report, National Center for Education Statistics, NCES 2006-042, Feb 2006.

A 2005 estimate from the [[National Home Education Research Institute]] places the number between 1.9 million and 2.4 million while the National Center for Education Statistics estimates that the number of students being homeschooled increased by 29% from 1999 to 2003. Christian Examiner, Sept. 2007, Vol 25, No 9, Pg 1</ref>

Families who homeschool their children do so for many reasons. A 2001 study by the [[US Census Bureau]] found that the single largest reason that parents homeschool is that they feel they can give their children a better education at home. This accounted for 50% of the homeschooling families; [[religion|religious]] reasons came in second at 33%.<ref>Home Schooling in the United States: Trends and Characteristics, by Kurt J. Bauman, Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau, August 2001, Working Paper Series No. 53 [https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0053.html]</ref> Other frequently mentioned reasons include dissatisfaction with academic instruction at other schools, the ability to provide religious or moral instruction along with academics, the ability to control what the child is being taught, flexibility in meeting the needs of a child with special needs (such as a physical or mental health problem, a temporary illness or giftedness), flexibility in scheduling family life, and concern about safety, drugs, and peer pressure at other schools.<ref>Homeschooling in the United States: 2003 Statistical Analysis Report, National Center for Education Statistics, NCES 2006-042, Feb 2006 [http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2006/homeschool/TableDisplay.asp?TablePath=TablesHTML/table_4.asp]</ref>

Admissions departments at major [[college]]s are now familiar and comfortable with homeschooling, according to a 2004 Boston Globe article. The article quotes a [[Liberal Arts college|Williams College]] admission officer as saying: <blockquote>"We read homeschoolers' applications just like any other application. They don't get any special consideration, but they're not discriminated against, either. Their applications are interesting, and they've certainly done independent work their whole lives."</blockquote> It notes that the acceptance rate of homeschoolers at Williams is 20 percent,<ref>[http://www.boston.com/news/globe/magazine/articles/2004/03/21/schoolhouse_rocked?mode=PF Schoolhouse rocked] "home schooling has gone main stream, especially in Massachusetts. It's estimated that as many as 20,000 children here have abandoned test-crazy public schools and high-priced private schools for the comfort of the living room couch. But most surprising of all is that Harvard, BU, Brown, and other colleges are welcoming homeschoolers like all other students." Source for Williams College admission officer's quote, 20% figure.</ref> virtually identical to its overall acceptance rate.<ref>[https://www.usatoday.com/news/education/2006-11-02-collegerates_x.htm College acceptance rates]: Williams, 19.2%. U. S. News and World Report</ref>

In the [[United States]], some states permit homeschooled students to participate in [[extracurricular activities]] at their local public schools.

In one way or another equal access is expressly allowed by the states of Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, Washington, and Wyoming. In most other states, participation is worked out on a case-by-case basis.<ref>HSLDA: State Laws Concerning Participation of Homeschool Students in Public School Activities [http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000000/00000048.asp]</ref> In addition, some states, such as Alabama, are considering equal access legislation.<ref>HSLDA: Alabama - Legislation for Participation in Public School Activities [http://www.hslda.org/hs/state/al/200705010.asp]</ref> In New Jersey, school athletic associations dominated by public schools exclude homeschoolers from participation in athletics, even though they allow students at different charter schools to participate.<ref>[[New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association]]</ref>

===Academic level===
Many studies over the last few years have established the academic excellence of homeschooled children.<ref>[http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000010/200410250.asp Academic Statistics on Homeschooling]</ref> Most recently, the average ACT (American College Testing) score of homeschooled students in 2009 was higher than the national average.<ref>http://www.christianpost.com/article/20090827/avg-act-score-of-homeschoolers-beats-nat-l-avg/index.html</ref> ACT-tested graduates reporting themselves as home-schooled numbered 4,593 in 2000, a 41-percent increase. Home-schooled students achieved a composite average of 22.8, 0.1 points higher than in 1999.<ref>http://www.act.org/news/releases/2000/08-17-00.html</ref> An extensive 2009 nationwide study conducted by Dr. Brian D. Ray of the National Home Education Research Institute,<ref>''Progress Report 2009: Homeschool Academic Achievement and Demographics''</ref> found that homeschoolers scored 34-39 percentile points higher than the norm on standardized achievement tests. The new study was described as “the most comprehensive study of homeschool academic achievement ever completed,” in which Ray surveyed 11,739 homeschooled students from all 50 states, Guam, and Puerto Rico, and drew from 15 independent testing services. Demographically, 82.4 percent of homeschooling parents identified themselves as Protestant Christian, 12.4 Roman Catholic, 1.1 percent atheist/agnostic, 0.8 percent Mormon, 0.4 percent Jewish, 0.2 percent Eastern Orthodox Christian, and 0.1 percent Muslim. Neither the income or educational level of parents appreciably affected the results.<ref>[http://www.christianpost.com/article/20090811/study-homeschoolers-scoring-well-above-public-school-peers/index.html Aaron J. Leichman, Christian Post Reporter, ''Study: Homeschoolers Scoring 'Well Above' Public School Peers'''] (Tue, Aug. 11 2009 09:26 AM)</ref>

===Curriculum===
Curriculum commonly used by homeschoolers include Harvey's English Grammar readers, Ray's Arithmetic, and McGuffey's Eclectic Readers.

==Reasons for Homeschooling==
Reasons for '''homeschooling''' include:<ref>For 57 unique benefits of homeschooling, see [http://capitolhillcoffeehouse.com/more.php?id=5239_0_1_0_M].</ref>

*Seeking a higher academic level, and avoiding violence, intimidation, invasions of privacy (e.g., searches), and other hostile aspects of the [[public school culture]].<ref>[http://peacebyjesus.witnesstoday.org/RevealingStatistics.html#Sec13 ''Revealing Statistics: Education and Media'']</ref><ref>As an example of the violent culture at [[public school]], "parents said there have been violent incidents, mostly fistfights, at the high school every day this week. 'My daughter is terrified,' said Elizabeth Sabalu, whose daughter is a junior. 'She doesn't want to come to school any more.'" [http://www.suntimes.com/news/education/877459,CST-NWS-skul04.article]</ref><ref>"Nationally, about 160,000 [[student]]s miss [[Public schools|school]] daily because they [[fear]] being [[Bully|bullied]]," and in [[Hawaii]] students viciously fight each other and post videos of it on [[YouTube|Youtube.com]]. One victim is now "being [[homeschooled]] at state expense."[http://starbulletin.com/2008/05/18/news/story01.html]</ref>
*Freedom from a culture of depression and [[Liberal bias in academia|liberal]] and/or [[atheistic]] bias found in public and many private schools.<ref>http://www.bepress.com/forum/vol3/iss1/art2</ref><ref>http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/17963/liberal_bias_in_our_schools.html</ref><ref>http://montages.blogspot.com/2005/04/conservatives-underrepresented-in.html</ref> See: [[Religiosity and the growing use of vouchers and homeschooling|Religiousity and homeschooling]]. Interestingly, homeschooling has actually increased among irreligious parents, often for some of the same concerns as religious ones (flexibility in their children's education being a common one, along with the mandatory vaccine issue).
* A more flexible daily schedule, ability to take vacations and travel during the school year, less commuting, and a healthier diet.<ref>Obesity in public school students from junk food appears worse than in [[homeschooled]] students.</ref>
* Avoiding the frequent illnesses, unhealthy obesity, and fatigue that result from the daily routine of [[public schools]]
* Avoiding conflicts with public school officials.
* More time spent by parents with their children in formative years.
* Avoiding objectionable [[vaccines]], "mental health" screening, and questionnaires.
* Avoiding competition between genders, including public school [[feminists]] favoring girls over boys.<ref>Nicola Pearson ''Don't teach boys to be like girls'' Times Newspapers (July 8, 2008)</ref><ref>Holly Robinson, ''Teachers Don't Like Boys, Mom'' huffingtonpost.com (June 17, 2009)</ref>
* Developing the discipline to be self-employed as an adult, and to work at home.
* Creating an environment in which students are less likely to pick up lifelong unhealthy habits from peers, like [[drug addiction|drug abuse]], [[tobacco]] addiction, [[sex addiction]], [[pornography]], or [[alcohol addiction|alcohol]].
* Having the time and availability to learn a trade or profession as an apprentice, as has been done throughout history.
* Homeschooling is often an essential approach to achieving the very best in many fields, from [[mathematics]] to [[music]] to certain sports.<ref>For example, [[Jordin Sparks]] (b. 1989) became the youngest winner of the music talent competition "[[American Idol]]" after she left public school for homeschooling to concentrate on her singing.[http://www.pr-inside.com/singer-jordin-sparks-12-400-video-newest-r592857.htm]</ref>
* Be part of a community that has a much higher percentage of adopted children than formal schooling; the homeschooling community has a refreshing culture of life.
* Avoiding being subjected to [[homosexual agenda|homosexual]] and [[transgender]] indoctrination.
* Avoiding political indoctrination.
* Homeschoolers are seen to develop independent thinking and [[self-reliance]] that help insulate them from techniques of mind control that afflict public school students and teachers<ref>This is most recently illustrated by techniques of mind control employed by the Obama campaign.[http://www.aapsonline.org/newsoftheday/0089]</ref>
* Assuring the [[Parental rights|rights of parents]] to control the education, upbringing, and discipline of their children.
* Giving children a safer learning environment free from the risks of bullying and mass school shootings.<ref>Richardson, Valerie (May 30, 2018). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/may/30/homeschooling-surges-parents-seek-escape-shootings/ Educational decline: Homeschooling surges as parents seek safer option for children]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved May 31, 2018.</ref><ref>Newman, Alex (May 30, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/culture/education/item/29168-mass-shootings-spark-growing-interest-in-homeschooling Mass Shootings Spark Growing Interest in Homeschooling]. ''The New American''. Retrieved May 31, 2018.</ref>

Stay-at-home moms, the most common teachers for homeschooling, reported having happier lives than their working counterparts.<ref>http://www.momlogic.com/2008/07/sahm_wahm_happiness_poll.php?icid=100214839x1204880052x1200231518#start</ref>

==Homeschooling worldwide==
A thriving homeschooling movement exists in [[Canada]], and homeschooling also fares well in [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]]. It is relatively new in [[South America]], and reportedly faces strong government resistance in places such as [[Brazil]]. Homeschooling also faces significant challenges in many other counties. The governments in [[Shanghai]] and [[Beijing]] are largely opposed to homeschooling. In [[Europe]]an countries, it is sometimes more restricted than the United States, or illegal, such as in [[Germany]]. In [[Switzerland]], many cantons still allow homeschooling, but not all.<ref>http://homeschooling.gomilpitas.com/regional/Switzerland.htm</ref> [[Sweden]] recently passed legislation which is expected to ban all homeschooling, except for children with medical exemptions, or foreign workers with the appropriate work visas.<ref>Hilary White, ''[[Socialist]] Sweden Moves to Ban Homeschooling'', LifeSiteNews.com August 11, 2009 (August 11, 2009)</ref><ref>http://homeschooling.families.com/blog/homeschooling-around-the-world-europe</ref> Recently alarming in [[England]] is a June 11, 2009, report on home education by Graham Badman, former Managing Director of Children, Families and Education in the County of Kent, which would effect critical changes in regulation of homeschooling. The report, which was accepted in full by the British Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families, uses the [[United Nations]] Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) to militate against the educational rights of parents.<ref>http://www.hslda.org/docs/news/200906161.asp</ref>

About 30,000 homeschoolers lived in the entire UK in the 2016–2017 school year, a nearly 100% increase from 2011.<ref>Newman, Alex (January 6, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/27895-british-homeschool-population-doubles-in-six-years British Homeschool Population Doubles in Six Years]. ''The New American''. Retrieved January 8, 2018.</ref>

Homeschooling is rapidly rising in [[China]], despite the [[communist]] country's stringent education regulations.<ref>Newman, Alex (July 21, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/culture/education/item/29593-homeschooling-in-communist-china-on-the-rise-despite-ban Homeschooling in Communist China on the Rise Despite Ban]. ''The New American'' (from ''FreedomProject Media''). Retrieved July 22, 2018.</ref>

==Homeschooling in the United States==
In the United States, homeschooling is generally legal in all areas, though states vary widely on the number of requirements that a family must meet in order to homeschool their children.

The [[Home School Legal Defense Association]] provides a map dividing states into four categories, and providing state law on each: No Notice (the state does not require any notice for parents to begin homeschooling), Low Regulation (only notice is required but nothing more), Moderate Regulation (requires notification, test scores, and professional evaluation of student progress), and High Regulation (same as Moderate plus items such as curriculum approval, teacher qualification, and home visits by school officials).<ref>https://www.hslda.org/laws/</ref> Information is also provided for Washington, D.C. and American territories.

Notwithstanding state law, courts have not hesitated to impose their liberal views on this issue. For example, in New Hampshire (a state classified as Moderate Regulation), a court-ordered a thriving, 10-year-old homeschooled Christian girl to attend public school, solely in order to expose her to "different points of view at a time in her life when she must begin to critically evaluate multiple systems of belief and behavior."<ref>http://www.christianpost.com/article/20090829/homeschooled-girl-ordered-to-attend-public-school-over-her-rigid-faith/index.html</ref><ref>http://onenewsnow.com/Education/Default.aspx?id=659638</ref> On the other hand, a 1985 [[Texas]] case ([[Leeper v. Arlington ISD]]) clarified that homeschools in Texas were considered private schools, which the state had no authority to regulate under existing law.<ref>https://www.thsc.org/homeschooling-in-texas/state-requirements/</ref> This has made Texas, a generally conservative state (and listed by the Association as Low Regulation),<ref>Texas requires notice -- nothing more -- only if a student is being withdrawn from a public school to be homeschooled; if a student is never enrolled in a public school no notice is required.</ref> one of the friendlier jurisdictions for homeschool families, though local school districts still attempt to impose their – generally illegal – requirements on homeschool families.

==History==

In the United States, opting out of public schools is not new. When [[Thomas Edison]]'s public school teacher said he was "addled",<ref>In reality, Edison came down with scarlet fever early in life, rendering him almost completely deaf.</ref> Edison's mother took him out of public school and taught him at home.

Education at public school year-round from about ages 6 to 18 became common only in the 20th century due to [[compulsory education]] laws. The first [[law]] requiring attendance at public school passed in [[Massachusetts]] in 1852; the second such law passed in [[Washington D.C.]] in 1864; and most states did not pass mandatory schooling laws until between 1870 and 1917.<ref>[http://www.ncsl.org/programs/educ/CompulsoryEd.htm Compulsory Education], National Conference of State Legislatures: "More than 150 years have passed since Horace Mann helped Massachusetts establish a statewide system of education that eventually led to the requirement that all children attend public school. In 1852, Massachusetts became the first state to pass compulsory school attendance laws, and by 1918, all states required children to receive an education."</ref><ref>http://www.renewamerica.us/columns/kellmeyer/050428</ref>

But even under compulsory education laws in the late 1800s, the school year was only twelve to twenty weeks long. Very few stayed in school from ages 6 to 18. For example, by 1900, only 6% of Americans had graduated from a formal high school. Moreover, these students did not learn basic skills like reading in school; they learned those at home.<ref>''id.''</ref>

Baltimore's Calvert School began selling the school's curriculum to parents in 1905. Within five years, more than 300 children were enrolled in Calvert's correspondence courses. Over the next hundred years, Calvert served over 500,000 children from a wide variety of families nationwide and around the world, including missionary families and those in remote locations.<ref>[http://www.calvertschool.org/education-services/home-school-history/ Calvert School Homeschooling: A Century of Tradition and Innovation]</ref>

The homeschooling ''movement'' began in the 1960s from very different ideological sources. [[Seventh-Day Adventist]]s Dr. Raymond and Dorothy Moore pioneered homeschooling as a result of their research into education and their concern about the harmful effects of schooling on students, particularly boys, between ages 5 and 15.<ref>http://www.moorefoundation.com/article.php?id=2</ref> On the other side of the political spectrum, John Holt wrote a book critical of schooling in 1964, entitled ''How Children Fail.'' Holt was "a left-winger who regarded schools as instruments of the bureaucratic-industrial complex."<ref>Micklethwait, John and Adrian Wooldridge, ''The Right Nation: Conservative Power in America.'' Penguin, 2004. pp. 190-1</ref> More generally, millions of Americans were alarmed at the 1962 [[U. S. Supreme Court]] ruling which banned school-sponsored prayer in public schools, and many of those parents began to look for alternatives.

Truancy laws brought pioneering homeschoolers into conflict with local officials. The first [[New York Times]] story on "home schooling" appeared in 1974, and concerned two parents charged with "educational neglect" by the Westchester County Department of Social Services. Tests showed that they performed at or about grade level "except for one who is a little slow in reading," and the parents received strong support from a state senator.<ref>"Parents Accused in Home Schooling," ''The New York Times,'' July 28, 1974, p. 45</ref> By the mid-1980s the ''Times'' was running articles with titles like "Schooling in the Home: A Growing Alternative" and "There Are Benefits In Homeschooling," and states were legalizing homeschooling.<ref>Belluck, Pam (1998), "Life After Home Schooling," ''The New York Times,'' November 1, 1998, p. ED26: "Some 15 years after states began legalizing home schooling in earnest, these early graduates are starting to make their way in the world."</ref> A 1997 article said "It's not only [[Christian fundamentalists]] any more" and a 2003 article noted "Unhappy in Class, More Are Learning at Home."

[[New York]] is the only state that requires all home school students to take the [[GED]] equivalency exam in order to receive a high school diploma. However, in most cases, they are not required to take the otherwise-mandatory exam prep course first.

== Prominent people who were homeschooled ==




Throughout history, a remarkably high percentage of accomplished people were homeschooled, including many great [[mathematician]]s. Here is a growing list of such achievers:

*[[Ansel Adams]], (1902–1984), the finest landscape photographer of the twentieth century. "At twelve, unable to stand the confinement and tedium of the classroom, he utterly disrupted his lessons with wild laughter and undisguised contempt for the inept ramblings of his teachers. His father decided that Ansel’s formal education was best ended. From that point forward, the boy was homeschooled in Greek, the English classics, algebra, and the glories of the ocean, inlets, and rocky beaches that surrounded their home very near San Francisco."<ref>http://wy.essortment.com/anseladamsbio_rjrq.htm</ref>

*[[John Adams]] (1735–1826), U.S. president. Learned to read at home, and was then taught in the kitchen by a neighbor with a handful of children. He matriculated to Harvard College at age 15.<ref>http://www.hoagiesgifted.org/notable.htm</ref>

*[[Louisa May Alcott]] (1832–1888), the author of ''Little Women'' and other great works, was taught by her father.<ref>http://www25.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/louisamayalcott.html</ref>

*[[Alexander the Great]] (356–323 B.C.), the greatest military leader of all time, was taught by his father and, as arranged by his father, by [[Aristotle]].<ref>http://history.boisestate.edu/WESTCIV/alexander/03.shtml</ref>

*[[Susan B. Anthony]], leading [[pro-life]] feminist and advocate of women's suffrage. Her father homeschooled her.<ref name="homeschoolutah.org">http://www.homeschoolutah.org/pages/pastandpresent.htm</ref>

*[[Julian Assange]], the founder of WikiLeaks. David Brooks wrote, "His mother didn't enroll him in the local schools because, as Raffi Khatchadourian wrote in a New Yorker profile, she feared 'that formal education would inculcate an unhealthy respect for authority.'" <ref>http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/10335/1107188-109.stm</ref>

*[[Jane Austen]] (1775–1817), one of the most popular novelists of the early 19th century, was school-educated for only a year, after which she was taught at home by her father, her brothers, and herself, using their large family library.

*[[Benjamin Banneker]] (1731–1806) wrote the first almanac by a black man and helped survey [[Washington, D.C.]]. Banneker was taught to read and write by his grandmother in rural [[Maryland]]."<ref>http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Banneker.html</ref>

*[[Clara Barton]] (1821–1912), pioneering nurse during the [[Civil War]], founder of the [[American Red Cross]]. Barton was homeschooled, and at 15 started teaching school. She later attended the Liberal Institute in Clinton, New York.<ref>[https://www.whitehouse.gov/kids/dreamteam/clarabarton.html White House Dream Team: Clara Barton]</ref><ref>Clara Harlowe Barton, Source: "Historical Times Encyclopedia of the Civil War" edited by Patricia L. Faust
[http://www.civilwarhome.com/bartonbio.htm]</ref>

*[[Alexander Graham Bell]] (1847–1922), inventor of the telephone. His deaf mother taught him to read and write, and he returned the favor by inventing the telephone to try to help her (and other deaf persons) communicate.

*[[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] (1906–1945), a [[Christian]] who spoke against [[Hitler]] and was martyred for doing so.

*Willard S. Boyle, the inventor of the CCD that is at "the heart of virtually every camcorder, digital camera and telescope" and is used in "every picture on the Internet, every digital and video camera, every computer scanner, copier machine and high-definition television," and for which he was awarded a shared [[Nobel Prize]] in Physics in 2009.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/10/science/space/10boyle.html?emc=eta1</ref>

*[[Mary Breckinridge]] (1881–1965), pioneering American midwife and founder of Kentucky's Frontier Nursing Service. Mary's father was a diplomat, and she was educated in America and abroad by private tutors.<ref>[http://www.frontiernursing.org/History/MaryBreckinridge.shtm Frontier Nursing Service]</ref>

*[[William Jennings Bryan]], [[Secretary of State]] under President [[Woodrow Wilson]] and before that was the founder of the modern [[Democrat Party]]. He was also the leading critic of the [[theory of evolution]] who prevailed in the [[Scopes Trial]] and was perhaps the greatest orator in [[American]] history. He was homeschooled until age 10 as his mother taught him to stand on table to recite his lessons.<ref name="homeschoolutah.org"/><ref>https://study.com/learn/lesson/william-jennings-bryan-biography-scopes-trial-who-was-william-jennings-bryan.html</ref>

*[[William F. Buckley]], leading [[conservative]] intellectual. He was homeschooled by his parents and tutors.<ref name="homeschoolutah.org"/>

*[[Robert Burns]] (1759–1796) [[Scotland]]'s national poet.

*[[Andrew Carnegie]] (1835–1919), the brilliant American businessman and philanthropist of the late 1800s, his father was a poor weaver and Andrew dropped out of elementary school<ref>http://www.education-reform.net/dropouts.htm</ref> and had only five years of formal schooling.<ref>http://www.carnegieinstitution.org/carnegiemedal/background.html</ref>

*[[George Washington Carver]] (1864–1943) Botanical and agricultural researcher and educator. Born a slave, Carver "learned to read, write and spell at home because there were no schools for African Americans in" his area.<ref>http://lib.iastate.edu:9060/gwc/bio.html</ref> He did not attend school until age 12, when he went to a one-room schoolhouse in Missouri; he later graduated from Minneapolis High School in Kansas. Became the first black student at Simpson College in Iowa, and transferred to Iowa Agricultural College in 1891. Earned a Bachelor of Science degree in 1894 and a Master of Science degree in bacterial botany and agriculture in 1897.<ref>[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574196/Carver_George_Washington.html MSN Encarta Encyclopedia - George Washington Carver article]</ref><ref>[http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa041897.htm George Washington Carver, By Mary Bellis]</ref>

*[[Augustin-Louis Cauchy]] (1789–1857), one of the greatest mathematicians of all time, was taught by his father during an 11-year retreat to the country to escape the [[French Revolution]]. His father "wrote his own textbooks, several of them in the fluent verse of which he was master. Verse, he believed, made grammar, history and, above all, morals less repulsive to the juvenile mind."<ref>E.T. Bell, "Men of Mathematics," 273 (1937).</ref><ref>http://james.fabpedigree.com/mathmen.htm#Cauchy</ref>

*[[Madison Cawthorn]], the youngest [[congressman]] (R-NC) who was elected in a stunning upset shortly after he turned the age of 25 in 2020, defeating his [[Establishment]] and [[Trump]]-backed opponents in his primary by an astounding 2-1 landslide.<ref>https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/24/politics/madison-cawthorn-north-carolina-congress/index.html</ref>

*[[Pafnuty Chebyshev]] (1821–1894), one of the greatest Russian [[mathematician]]s, was homeschooled until college.<ref>http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Chebyshev.html</ref>

*[[Agatha Christie]] (1890–1976), best-selling English mystery writer. Christie was homeschooled by her mother, who encouraged her to write from a very early age. At sixteen she was sent to finishing school in Paris.<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/mystery/marple/christie.html PBS Mystery Series "Miss Marple" site: Biography of Agatha Christie]</ref>

*[[Winston Churchill]] (1874–1965), [[British]] statesman. It was at home that he was taught how to read, write and do math, and was not enrolled in a school until several months into the school year at the age of seven. After only about two years at that school, he was abruptly pulled out and then spent several years under the instruction of two maiden sisters in a less formal school setting.<ref>William Manchester, "The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill, VISIONS OF GLORY 1874-1932 (Little Brown & Co.).</ref>

*[[Charles Dickens]], prolific [[English]] author who could not afford school. His "passions for reading were awakened by his mother," who homeschooled him with a curriculum that included English and Latin.<ref name="homeschoolutah.org"/>

*James B. Eads, the greatest river engineer ever; by age 13 he spent his "time reading in his library. So began Eads' education as an engineer. He tinkered with his own inventions at home, building a six-foot long model steamboat when he was in his early teens. And he was intrigued by the inventions of others."<ref>https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eads/peopleevents/p_jbeads.html</ref>

*[[Thomas Edison]] (1804–1896), the most prolific inventor in the history of the world and considered by many to be the most influential person of the last 1000 years.<ref>http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bledison.htm</ref> His mother pulled him out of public school at age 7, after just a few months (his learning difficulties stemmed from a large loss of hearing caused by illness), and began homeschooling him by reading from the Bible.

*Jenna Ellis, attorney for President [[Donald Trump]], was homeschooled through 12th grade.<ref>https://thomasmoresociety.org/attorney/jenna-ellis/</ref>

*[[Paul Erdos]] (1913–1996), the most prolific mathematician of the 20th century, was taught at home until college.<ref>http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Erdos.html</ref>

*[[Pierre de Fermat]] (1601?–1665), the greatest mathematician of the 17th century and the founder of the modern theory of numbers, was homeschooled.<ref>E.T. Bell, "Men of Mathematics" 57 (1937)</ref>

*[[Benjamin Franklin]] (1706–1790), a leading [[Founding Father]] and prolific inventor and statesman, only attended part-time school from ages 8 to 10.<ref>[https://www.gutenberg.org/etext/148 Benjamin Franklin, ''Autobiography.'']</ref>

*[[Robert Frost]], the leading [[American]] poet of the 20th century and winner of the [[Pulitzer Prize]]. He "disliked school so much he became physically ill; what schoolwork he did was done at home until he passed the entrance exams and entered high school."<ref name="homeschoolutah.org"/>

*[[Evariste Galois]] (1811–1832), among the brightest mathematicians ever and the founder of Galois groups and fields and Galois theory. "Until the age of twelve Galois had no teacher but his mother, Adelaide-Marie Demante."<ref>E.T. Bell, "Men of Mathematics," 362 (1937). Galois' life was tragically cut short at age 20 in a [[duel]], and his work was published posthumously.[scidiv.bcc.ctc.edu/Math/Galois.html]</ref>

*[[Alexander Hamilton]] (1755–1804), one of the main Founding Fathers. He was not allowed to attend school because his parents were not married. Instead, he was homeschooled using Greek and Roman classics in the family library.<ref>http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/alexander-hamilton-108.php</ref>

*William Hamilton (1805–1865), the greatest Irish mathematician and biggest contributor since [[Isaac Newton]] of [[mathematics]] to [[physics]]. He was taught by his uncle, the Reverend James Hamilton.<ref>E.T. Bell, "Men of Mathematics," 340-41 (1937).</ref>

*Zac, Taylor, and Isaac Hanson, of the band Hanson. Educated at home by their mother, and later by a tutor.<ref>[http://www.drdrew.com/DrewLive/article.asp?id=1112 Hanson: The All American Boys]</ref><ref>Hangin With Presents
Hanson [http://www.agirlsworld.com/rachel/hangin-with/hanson.html]</ref>

*[[Matthew Henry]] (1662–1714), "nonconformist" Presbyterian minister in England, and author of ''Matthew Henry’s Commentary on the Whole Bible'', perhaps the most esteemed devotional commentary of all time. Under State persecution, Henry was homeschooled by his father, and for a time by a tutor, before moving on to a Christian school in 1680.

*[[Katharine Hepburn]], who won the most [[Academy Awards]] ever for an actress (a total of 4).

*Jaime Herrera. She was recently elected to the U.S. Congress.<ref>http://www.earnedmedia.org/toshm1203.htm</ref>

*[[Julia Ward Howe]] (1819–1910), abolitionist, writer, and women's rights activist. Julia was educated by tutors at home and in girls' schools until age 16.<ref>Open Connections Program, Women Working 1800-1930, Harvard University Library: Julia Ward Howe (1819-1910)[http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/ww/people_howe.html]</ref>

*[[Carl Jacobi]] (1804–1851), a prominent and prolific German mathematician, was taught at home until the age of 12 and was taught the classics and [[mathematics]] by a maternal uncle.<ref>E.T. Bell, "Men of Mathematics," 327 (1937).</ref>

*[[Henry James]] (1843-1916), one of the greatest [[America]]n authors. He was taught by tutors while his family traveled.

*[[Joan of Arc]] (1412–1431), one of the greatest military leaders ever. Taught domestic skills and religion by her mother.<ref>"As a child she was taught domestic skills as well as her religion by her mother. ... It was my mother alone who taught me the 'Our Father' and 'Hail Mary' and the 'Creed;' and from none other was I taught my faith."[http://www.stjoan-center.com/#bio A Short Biography of Saint Joan of Arc][http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08409c.htm New Advent - Catholic Encyclopedia - St. Joan of Arc][http://joan-of-arc.org/joanofarc_biography.html Biography of Joan of Arc]</ref>

*[[John the Apostle]] (c. A.D. 20–100), the author of the [[Gospel of John]], considered by many to be the greatest written work ever. He also wrote several other books in the [[New Testament]]. His parents placed him, most likely as a child, under the homeschool-like teaching of [[Jesus]] rather than in a more traditional school setting.<ref>In an approach common among homeschoolers, John's parents placed ''both'' their sons under the homeschool-like teaching of Jesus.</ref> John became the first to develop [[Christian]] [[faith]] and his work has since spread Christianity to billions.<ref>For growing evidence that John was a child, see [[Mystery:Was John a Child?]].</ref>

*[[C.S. Lewis]] (1898–1963), the author of ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia]]'' and other famous works, was taught at home by his mother and a governess until age 10, and later sent to be taught by a tutor to prepare him for [[Oxford]].<ref>'''Lewis, C. S.''', ''Surprised by Joy: The Shape of My Early Life'', London: Harvest Books (1955) ISBN 0-1568-7011-8</ref>

*[[Abraham Lincoln]] (1809–1865), American president. "Though his [formal] education was limited to a few months in a one-teacher school, Lincoln avidly read books such as the Bible, ''Pilgrim's Progress'' and Weemss ''Life of Washington''."<ref>http://www.civilwarhome.com/lincolnbio.htm</ref>

*Countess Augusta [[Ada Lovelace]] (1815–1852), a visionary programmer and namesake of the [[ADA]] programming language, was homeschooled by governesses and tutors hired by her mother.

*General [[Douglas MacArthur]], the leading [[American]] general of the 20th century, both in [[World War II]] against [[Japan]] and in the [[Korean War]]. His mother homeschooled him until the age of 13, at which point he attended West Texas Military Academy.

*[[Marcus Aurelius]], Stoic philosopher and last of the "five good Emperors" of Rome. In his Meditations, he says that he learned from his "great-grandfather, not to have frequented public schools, and to have had good teachers at home, and to know that on such things a man should spend liberally."

*[[Benoit Mandelbrot]], a [[Yale]] mathematics professor known as the "father of fractals" and the person who coined the term,<ref>http://www.creativitysoftware.com/fractals-images/pages-hs/mandelbrot.htm</ref> received no extended formal schooling and was taught at home by his uncle beginning at the age of 12.<ref>http://www.fractalwisdom.com/FractalWisdom/fractal.html</ref>

*[[Mark]], also known as John Mark, the author of the earliest [[Gospel]] who learned by tagging along with his mother, who was a follower of [[Jesus]]; Mark witnessed the teachings and [[Passion]] at an age of perhaps only 10 years old.

*[[John Marshall]], Chief Justice of the United States for 34 years (1801-1835) who vastly expanded the authority of the federal judiciary, and previously served as a [[Secretary of State]] under President [[John Adams]] from 1800 to 1801; homeschooled almost entirely by his own parents.

*[[Yehudi Menuhin]] (1916–1999), noted violinist and conductor, never attended school, and was taught mathematics, History and Hebrew by his father, and French, German, Italian and Spanish by his mother.<ref>Slater, Elinor and Slater, Robert ''Great Jewish Men'' (Jonathon David Publishers; 1996) ISBN 0-8246-0381-8</ref>

*[[John Stuart Mill]] (1806–1873), an influential 19th-century political and economic philosopher, was home-schooled by his father, James Mill. He learned Greek at age 3, Latin at age 8, and studied economics, history, science, etc., before age 10.

*[[James Monroe]] (1758–1831), a highly successful U.S. president, homeschooled until age 11.<ref>http://www.presidentialavenue.com/jam.cfm</ref>

*[[Gouverneur Morris]] (1752–1816), primary drafter of the [[U.S. Constitution]], homeschooled until he attended college at [[Columbia University]], from which he graduated at age 16.

*[[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] (1756–1791), German composer. "He was educated by his father, Leopold Mozart, a violinist of high repute in the service of the archbishop of Salzburg."<ref>[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart The 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica]</ref>

*[[Isaac Newton]] (1643–1727), considered the greatest physicist of all time. He was homeschooled until age ten, and then was an underachiever at school until he lodged with the headmaster.<ref>http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Newton.html</ref>

* Christopher Paolini (1983–), the author of the best-selling Inheritance Cycle ([[Eragon]], [[Eldest]], [[Brisingr]], and [[Inheritance (Book)|Inheritance]]). He was homeschooled by his parents, through an accredited correspondence course from the American School in Chicago, Illinois, from which he graduated with his high school diploma at 15 years of age.<ref>[http://www.bookbrowse.com/biographies/index.cfm?author_number=934 Book Browse Author Biography: Christopher Paolini]</ref>

* [[Blaise Pascal]] (1623–1662), one of the greatest mathematicians and philosophers of all time, was homeschooled by his father.<ref>E.T. Bell, "Men of Mathematics," 74-76 (1937).</ref>

* [[George Patton]] (1885–1945), one of America's greatest generals. He was taught at home until age 11 based on his "father's theory of education" that the "youthful mind should be led along a path that parallels the development of the mind of the race" by being read to by elders.<ref>[http://www.pattonhq.com/unknown/chap01.html The Patton Society ("The Early Years")]</ref><ref>;http://www.freeinfosociety.com/site.php?postnum=517</ref>

* [[Henri Poincaré]] (1854–1912), one of the greatest mathematicians ever and an original developer of the [[Theory of Relativity]]. Poincaré, who had diphtheria as a child, received special instruction from his gifted mother and excelled in written composition while still in elementary school. He entered the Lycée in Nancy (now renamed the Lycée Henri Poincaré in his honor), in 1862 and spent eleven years there. He entered the École Polytechnique in 1873, graduating in 1875. After graduating from the École Polytechnique, Poincaré continued his studies at the École des Mines.<ref>[http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Poincare.html Jules Henri Poincaré]</ref>

* [[James Polk]] (1795–1849), President of the United States from 1845 to 1849, one of the few presidents who actually did what he promised to do (annex [[Texas]], acquire western territory, and not run for a second term). He was homeschooled until age 18.<ref>http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/james-k-polk-3278.php</ref>

* [[Alexander Pope]] (1688–1744), one of the greatest and most often quoted [[English]] poets and essayists. "From Twyford School he was expelled after writing a satire on one of the teachers. At home, Pope's aunt taught him to read. [[Latin]] and [[Greek]] he learned from a local priest and later he acquired knowledge of French and Italian poetry."<ref>http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/apope.htm</ref> Beginning around age 12, Pope taught himself.

*[[Ferdinand Porsche]] (1875–1951), designer of the [[German]] Volkswagen Beetle automobile and founder of the [[Porsche]] motor company. He was homeschooled in addition to attending Regensburg ''Reichstechnikschule'',<ref>http://famousbrandnames.blogspot.com/2007/02/porsche.html</ref> which is ironic given that homeschooling is illegal in [[Germany]] today.

* [[Eleanor H. Porter]] (1868–1920), author of the classic 1913 novel ''[[Pollyanna]]'' and its sequel ''Pollyanna Grows Up'', about an eternally optimistic missionary child who, by playing the "glad game", transforms an entire community. Porter, a Christian and a member of the [[Daughters of the American Revolution]], was "educated in public schools during her childhood until illness caused her to turn to private tutors. She then attended the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston, Massachusetts."<ref>Bestsellers,
Graduate School of Library and Information Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, ''Pollyanna'' [http://www3.isrl.illinois.edu/~unsworth/courses/bestsellers/search.cgi?title=Pollyanna]</ref><ref>Bestsellers,
Graduate School of Library and Information Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, ''Pollyanna Grows Up'' [http://www3.isrl.illinois.edu/~unsworth/courses/bestsellers/search.cgi?title=Pollyanna+Grows+Up]</ref>

*[[Joseph Priestley]] (1733–1804), the father of modern chemistry and the discoverer of oxygen, dropped out of school as a teenager and privately learned geometry, algebra, and numerous languages.<ref>Robert E. Schofield, ''The Enlightenment of Joseph Priestley.''</ref>

*[[Bernhard Riemann]] (1826–1866), a German recognized as the greatest modern mathematician. He was taught at home by his father, a Lutheran minister, until he was ten. After that he was tutored by a teacher from a local school until he entered the Lyceum in Hannover at 14.<ref>School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland -- Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann, by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson [http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Riemann.html]</ref><ref>http://www.andrews.edu/~calkins/math/biograph/199899/bioriema.htm</ref>

*Chanel Rion, a reporter from the conservative One America News Network, who became a national news item in 2020 by attending and asking questions during President [[Donald Trump]]'s news briefings on the [[coronavirus]].<ref>https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/02/oan-white-house-coronavirus-briefings-162131</ref>

*[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] (1882–1945), U.S. president. He was educated by private tutors at home through age 14, then entered Groton, an elite private school in Massachusetts, in 1896.<ref>The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers. "Franklin D. Roosevelt." Teaching Eleanor Roosevelt, ed. by Allida Black, June Hopkins, et. al. (Hyde Park, New York: Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site, 2003).
[http://www.nps.gov/archive/elro/glossary/roosevelt-franklin.htm]</ref>

*[[Theodore Roosevelt]] (1858–1919), U.S. president. "Roosevelt never enrolled in a public school. He was mostly instructed by private tutors until he entered Harvard College in 1876."<ref>http://law.enotes.com/presidential-biography/theodore-roosevelt-administrations/education</ref>

*[[Erwin Schrodinger]] (1887–1961), was one of the developers of the theory of [[quantum mechanics]] in physics. "He was not sent to elementary school, but received lessons at home from a private tutor up to the age of ten ...."<ref>http://bdaugherty.tripod.com/berlin/schrodinger.html</ref>

*[[Joseph Smith]] (1805–1844), was a mayor, a lieutenant general, a political theorist, a city planner, and a religious organizer and the founder of the Mormon Church. He was deprived of a formal education but was mainly self-taught and "instructed in reading, writing, and the ground rules of arithmetic.".<ref>History of Joseph Smith, Jr., by himself, in Joseph Smith's Letter Book at Kirtland, November 27, 1832 to August 4, 1835 (Church Historian's Library, Salt Lake City, Utah).</ref><ref>https://www.pbs.org/americanprophet/joseph-smith.html</ref> His mother said that he was often "given to meditation and deep study."<ref>History of the Prophet Joseph, Improvement Era, vol. 5, p. 257.</ref>

*[[George Bernard Shaw]] (1856–1950), author. Tutored in the classics by a clerical uncle until he entered school at age 10. Left school by age 15.<ref>[http://www.bookrags.com/biography/george-bernard-shaw/ Encyclopedia of World Biography on George Bernard Shaw]</ref><ref>[http://www.bookrags.com/biography/george-bernard-shaw-dlb/ Dictionary of Literary Biography on George Bernard Shaw]</ref><ref>[http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/research/fa/shaw.gb.bio.html George Bernard Shaw, 1856-1950 Biographical Sketch]</ref>

*[[Mark Twain]] (real name was Samuel Clemens) (1835–1910), American author and satirist who said, "I have never let my schooling interfere with my education." Attended school through the 5th grade, where he "excelled only in spelling" and was frequently truant, then worked as a printer's apprentice for a local newspaper. His mother said, "He was always a great boy for history, and could never get tired of that kind of reading; but he hadn't any use for schoolhouses and text books."<ref>The Mark Twain House and Museum: Biography of Samuel Clemens/Mark Twain [http://www.marktwainhouse.org/theman/bio.shtml]</ref><ref>[https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/6/8/7/6873/6873.txt The Project Gutenberg E-Book of Mark Twain, by Archibald Henderson]</ref>

*[[Alexis de Tocqueville]], a Frenchman who came to America in 1831, when he was 25 years old, and wrote a two-volume definitive study of American culture entitled ''[[Democracy in America]]''.

*[[Leonardo da Vinci]] (1452–1519), Italian artist, inventor, and all-around "Renaissance man". Leonardo went to school in Vinci, where he learned to write, to read, and to calculate, and was taught geometry and Latin. At 14, Leonardo moved to Florence where he began an apprenticeship in the workshop of Verrocchio.<ref>[http://www.kausal.com/leonardo/childhood.html Leonardo da Vinci]</ref>

*[[Charles Wesley]], the author of "Hark! The Herald Angels Sing!" and the founding Secretary of the colony of [[Georgia]] in the [[New World]].

*[[Laura Ingalls Wilder]], the author of the "Little House on the Prairie" series of books.<ref name="homeschoolutah.org"/>

*[[Andrew Wyeth]] (1917–), an [[American]] artist, was tutored at home until he was 18.<ref>The Homeschooling of Andrew Wyeth, A Conversation with the Artist, Gifted Children Monthly, May 1986, Vol 7 No. 5.[http://www.nfgcc.org/51.htm]</ref>

*[[Frank Lloyd Wright]] (1867–1959), considered the finest architect ever, was taught at home by his mother who dreamed that he would become an architect. She used "Froebel's geometric blocks to entertain and educate her son" as his father led the family among various Baptist churches, where he preached.<ref>http://freenet.buffalo.edu/bah/a/archs/wright/bio/index.html</ref> Wright then attended high school but dropped out of college.<ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0942394/bio</ref>

*[[Brigham Young]], first governor of Utah, the leader of the [[Mormon Church]], and founder of 200 towns and villages. He was homeschooled and had only "11 days of formal education."<ref name="homeschoolutah.org"/>

In addition, a number of prominent people have chosen to homeschool their children. David Guterson, the author of the novel ''Snow Falling on Cedars'' (1994), which won the 1995 PEN/Faulkner Award, also wrote ''Family Matters: Why Homeschooling Makes Sense'' (1992), an account of his family's homeschooling journey.<ref>[http://www.randomhouse.com/vintage/read/snow/guterson.html http://www.randomhouse.com: David Guterson]</ref> Actor and recording artist Will Smith and his wife actress Jada Pinkett Smith homeschool their children.<ref>[http://www.rd.com/content/will-smith-interview/1/ Reader's Digest: Will Power: Will Smith is One Driven Guy]</ref> Michele Bachmann homeschooled her own children, but Minnesota authorities prohibited the homeschooling of foster children (Michele Bachmann also had 23 foster children).<ref>http://www.radioiowa.com/2011/03/23/three-prospective-gop-candidates-make-pitch-to-home-schoolers-audio/</ref> Roseanne Barr stated in an interview that she has started to homeschool her 11-year-old son.<ref>[http://in.news.yahoo.com/070322/137/6dlba.html Reuters Interview - Roseanne Barr says age gives her a louder voice]</ref> Kristin Maguire, head of the [[South Carolina]] board of education, which governs all its [[public schools]], homeschools all four of her children.<ref>http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2008/01/09/17stjour.h27.html</ref> Elizabeth Edwards, the late wife of the [[Democratic]] vice-presidential nominee (2004) and presidential candidate (2008) [[John Edwards]], homeschooled both of their youngest children.<ref>http://momocrats.typepad.com/momocrats/2007/11/elizabeth-edwar.html</ref> The wife of [[Glenn Beck]] homeschools their children. [[Ayn Rand]] praised homeschooling in her popular work, ''Atlas Shrugged'': "I came here, not merely for the sake of my husband’s profession, but for the sake of my own. I came here in order to bring up my sons as human beings. I would not surrender them to the educational systems devised to stunt a child’s brain, to convince him that reason is impotent, that existence is an irrational chaos with which he’s unable to deal, and thus reduce him to a state of chronic terror."<ref>Ayn Rand, ''Atlas Shrugged'', p. 785 (Plume Ed. 2005).</ref>

Others were taught to read at home prior to any school. For example, [[Ronald Reagan]] was taught to read by his mother before attending school;<ref>http://americanhistory.about.com/od/ronaldreagan/p/preagan.htm</ref> the only African American man to win the Wimbledon tennis championship (in a stunning upset that relied on a brilliant strategy), Arthur Ashe, was nicknamed the "genius" and had been taught to read by his mother at age 5.<ref>''See'' [[Best of the public]].</ref>

==See also==
*[[People Who Arguably Were Homeschooled]]
*[[Homeschooled celebrities]]
*[[List of homeschool curriculums]]
*[[Previous Breaking News/Homeschooling|Articles about '''Homeschooling''' from previous "In the news"]]
*[[Home School Legal Defense Association]]
*[[Homeschooling in England and Wales]]
*[[Essay:Characteristics of Homeschoolers]]
*[[Homeschooling and sports]]
*[[School choice]]

==External links==
*[http://www.robinsoncurriculum.com/view/rc/s31p54.htm Christian Children Must Have More Than A Fighting Chance] - Four reasons to homeschool your children, by [[Art Robinson]]
*[http://www.homeschoolacademy.com/famoushomeschoolers.htm] - List of homeschooled achievers.
*[http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-294.html Isabel Lyman, ''Homeschooling: Back to the Future?''] The Cato Institute (January 7, 1998)
*[http://www.homeschoolcentral.com/ Homeschool Central - Free Online Resources for Homeschooling]
*[http://homeschooling.gomilpitas.com/weblinks/autism.htm] Homeschooling for Autistic Children
*[http://homeschoolcollegecounselor.com/academics/homeschool-to-harvard-a-success-story/ Homeschool to Harvard - A Success Story.]
*[https://scholarwithin.com/homeschool-reading-program Homeschool reading program - not reviewed yet for quality]

==Further reading==
* Gaither, Milton. ''Homeschool: An American History'' (2008) 273 pp. The standard scholarly history
*[https://www.thenewamerican.com/print-magazine/item/31260-benefits-of-homeschooling Benefits of Homeschooling], by Israel Wayne of ''The New American'', February 7, 2019.
*[https://www.thenewamerican.com/print-magazine/item/31230-the-case-for-christian-education The Case for Christian Education], by Israel Wayne of ''The New American'', February 7, 2019.

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}

{{Conservatism}}

[[Category:Homeschooling|*]]
[[Category:Education]]

Philipsburg Proclamation

2026-02-16T06:25:04Z

Progressingamerica: /* Background */ Additional background

The '''Philipsburg Proclamation''' was issued toward the end of the [[American Revolution]] following [[Dunmore's Proclamation]].

==Background==
This second proclamation sought again to persuade slaves to join the [[Loyalist]] cause and fight against colonial subjects by enlisting in the Royal Army. Those who joined the Royals became known as a ''Black Loyalist''.

The Philipsburg Proclamation is named after the ''Philipsburg Manor'', which was used during the Revolutionary War by general Henry Clinton. The last lord of Philipse Manor was Loyalist Frederick Philipse III who was also himself a slave owner. The Philipsburg Proclamation only sought to free the slaves of patriots in the newly formed United States, the proclamation did not free any slaves held by Loyalists.

==Text==
General Clinton issued the following proclamation:<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=u_hJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA219 Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Volume 6]</ref>

<blockquote>Whereas the enemy have adopted a practice of enrolling NEGROES among their Troops, I do hereby give notice That all NEGROES taken in arms, or upon any military Duty, shall be purchased for the public service at a stated Price; the money to be paid to the Captors.<br />

But I do most strictly forbid any Person to sell or claim Right over any NEGROE, the property of a Rebel, who may take Refuge with any part of this Army: And I do promise to every NEGROE who shall desert the Rebel Standard, full security to follow within these Lines, any Occupation which he shall think proper.<br />

Given under my Hand, at Head Quarters, PHILIPSBURGH the 30th day of June, 1779.<br />

H CLINTON</blockquote>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Slavery]]
[[Category:American Revolution]]

Panyaring

2026-01-03T21:44:32Z

Progressingamerica:

'''Panyarring''', Panyaring, manstealing, (or simply kidnapping) is the name of the process by which African tribal leaders would sell off other tribal members into slavery after a war victory.

First, a stronger tribe would overwhelm a weaker tribe and triumph in some war. After which the losing tribe often times was sold off into slavery. Back during the Transatlantic Slavery period this was a very typical way that slave traders procured their slave cargo.

[[William Wilberforce]] commented about Panyarring in his ''A Letter on the Abolition of the Slave Trade'', pointing out that ''To '''panyar''' is to kidnap or steal men. It is a word used all over the Coast of Guinea.''

==External links==
* [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/63974 A Letter on the Abolition of the Slave Trade], by William Wilberforce

Slavery

2026-01-03T21:41:22Z

Progressingamerica: The name of it is called "Panyarring"

[[File:Egyptian taskmaster.png|right|300px|thumbnail|[[Egypt]]ian taskmaster whipping [[Hebrew]] slave.]]
'''Slavery''' is a system of involuntary servitude that has a highly debated date of origin, and in [[modern slavery|modern discourse]] usually refers to the form as such exists in [[socialist]] [[gulag]]s, re-education camps, [[grooming gang]]s, [[prostitution]], human trafficking, and other forms of involuntary labor. Slavery continues to be practiced in some [[Africa]]n countries, although officially made illegal under pressure by [[imperialism]]. In contemporary societies that still practice slavery (including [[Marxist]] ones), the subjects have limited or no [[Rights]]. While many [[liberal]]s claim or suggest that slavery in the [[U.S.]] was unusual, slavery was common and predominant in the vast majority of the world and throughout history.<ref>Williams, Walter E. (May 29, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/reviews/opinion/item/32464-slavery-is-neither-strange-nor-peculiar Slavery Is Neither Strange Nor Peculiar]. ''The New American''. Retrieved May 29, 2019.</ref> [[Western civilization]] is the only [[civilization]] that has ever existed in human history to bring slavery to an end, not only within its own territory, but globally.

In many societies slavery was the precursor of a modern criminal justice system; many [[Islamic]] societies regard a modern criminal justice system as a form of [[Western]] [[colonialism]] that impinges on their indigenous cultural values because instead of the Islamic traditions of enslavement for offenders and people who become a public charge, a modern criminal justice system has [[prison]]s for convicted criminals or [[prisoners of war]]. In [[Marxist]] theory the entire population, other than government officials and [[bureaucrat]]s, are public charges.

There are several different types of slavery which have been known to history. Debt slavery, war trophies, and racial or cultural prejudice have all been used to justify slave systems. Slavery became a legal form of debt payment prior to [[bankruptcy]] laws for people incapable of managing their financial affairs. Not all Master-slave relationships were abusive{{citation needed}} - some slaves willingly served a fair master for life who provided sustenance and protection. Slaves could be bought and sold (see [[slave trade]]). The [[Year of Jubilee]] was a day of freedom and celebration as traditionally instituted by God for His own nation in order to prevent slavery from becoming a means by which cleverly unscrupulous, or cleverly ignorant, people made a living, such as happened in the American South.

People captured in warfare were historically considered slaves, and in modern times some societies still consider them as such.

In America, the vast majority of slaves were from the African continent, and many of these had been bought from African tribal leaders through the process of [[Panyaring]], or manstealing. Rather than live as slaves, Native Americans starved themselves to death. Hundreds of thousands of Europeans were taken and made slaves by Muslims after being captured in war between the years of 1500 to 1820.

Western Christendom abolished slavery in the 19th century; while it has been abolished globally ''de jure'', it still exists in many leftwing Marxist countries and under [[Koran]]ic law in [[Islam]] ''de facto''. Historians estimate that as many as 18 million Africans were sold into the Islamic slave trade between 650 and 1905. The last forms of legal slavery were outlawed in 1970 in the Arabian countries, but hidden slavery still exists today in forced prostitution and other industries all over the world.<ref>[http://www.leaderu.com/ftissues/ft9605/articles/gregory.html African Slavery 1996]</ref>

Slavery was found in the history of most civilizations. Slavery flourishes where there is a high demand for labor and not enough workers. When the workers are plentiful, slavery dies out because it is unprofitable. That is, it becomes cheaper to free a slave and hire low cost paid labor than to buy and maintain slaves. Typically, when it had almost died out, it was made illegal by the government, as in Brazil.

One of the most famous instances of slavery was in the [[The South|American South]], which was based on racial origin rather than debt payment until it was forcibly ended during the [[American Civil War]] (1861–65) – the only major war in world history fought over slavery. Prof. [[Walter E. Williams]] of George Mason University summarized,
<center>{{Cquote|The reason slavery is immoral is, because it violates private property rights.}}</center>

==History==
===Ancient world===
[[File:Slavebeating.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Slavery in Ancient Egypt. Wall [[painting]] from 15th century BC Egyptian tomb.]]
Most ancient civilizations, including Greece and Rome, practiced slavery on a large scale.

Slavery has its roots deep in humanity's pagan past, in humanity's fallen, self-centered nature. According to the Bible, God created humankind free, giving them the dignity of choice. Yet slavery is found earlier than the time of Abraham (about 2,000 B.C.) In the Garden of Eden, according to the Bible, God gave Adam the blessing of work even before the Fall. That work became harder after our first parents rebelled against their Creator.<ref>The Holy Bible, Genesis 3:17-19</ref> Heathen nations despised manual labor, and consigned it to slaves<ref>Lorella Rouster, The History of Slavery, ECM Publ, 2011, 1</ref>

All early civilizations were built on slave labor—Mesopotamia, Babylon, Eqypt, Greece, Rome, and the big civilizations of Central America.<ref>Rouster, p. 2</ref> Milton Meltzer's book, Slavery, A World History, is filled with pictures of ancient carvings, paintings and other artifacts clearly picturing slavery.<ref>Milton Meltzer, Slavery, a World History</ref> Historian Kenneth Scott LaTourette said, "Slavery was a characteristic feature of the social and economic organization of the ancient world."<ref>LaTourette, A History of the Expansion of Christianity, Vol. I, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, MI, 1939, 1967, p. 26</ref>

In [[Egypt]], the Hebrews were slaves for a time. "All the slaves were considered the property of the gods and the pharaoh."<ref>Meltzer, p. 32</ref> Technically, slaves in Egypt were prisoners of war and foreigners. However, the peasant class which did all the manual labor were tied to the land belonging to pharaoh and had a standard of living difficult to distinguish from slavery.<ref>Meltzer, p. 30</ref>

The primary slave market in ancient Greece was on the island of Delos in the [[Aegean Sea]]. From there slaves were traded and used throughout the Greek city-states. In [[Ancient Greece|ancient Athens]] about 30% of the population consisted of slaves.<ref>[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1741501460_4/Ancient_Greece.html Ancient Greece]</ref> "Sumerian society knew two classes: free men and slaves." Over time, slaves grew in number and provided cheap and abundant labor.<ref>Milton Meltzer, Slavery, a World History, p. 11-12</ref>

Greek civilization was utterly dependent on slave labor. Three-fourths of Athens were slaves. (Athens was the city the Apostle Paul described as "given to idolatry" in Acts 17:16.)

In Greek and Roman society, human beings were seen as having no intrinsic value. They had value only as citizens of the state, and only a minority of people qualified as such. Those who had no value included the infirm, the poor, the lower classes, prisoners of war, slaves, artisans and manual workers. Noncitizens were defined as having no purpose and hence unworthy to be helped when their lives were at risk. This meant they were not considered worthy to receive physical protection or even food.<ref>Alvin Schmidt, Under the Influence, How Christianity Transformed Civilization, p. 130</ref> The Greek philosopher Aristotle wrote, "a slave is a living took, just as a tool is an inanimate slave."<ref>Nichomadean Ethics 8:11, quoted in Schmidt, p. 274</ref>

In Roman society, "domestic slaves did every conceivable kind of work for their masters. Among them were eunuchs to attend to the women and cripples to "amuse" guests with their deformities. A rich man needed at least two slaves to carry him to the circus, but eight to ten usually went along for show. When a man walked at night, he had to have a train of slaves bearing torches to light and protect him on his way. Domestic slaves of the wealthy were many that they were organized like armies into specialized battalions. The more powerful Romans acquired staffs of better than a thousand slaves. One man, C. Caelius Isidorus, left 4,116 slaves when he died. The emperors, whose wealth outstripped all, boasted slave "families" of 20,000 or more<ref>Meltzer, p. 138</ref>

Under Roman law, slaves had no rights. They were considered property, not persons. They could not own or inherit property. They were not permitted to legally marry, so all their children were considered illegitimate.<ref>Meltzer, p. 144 & 176</ref>

Often prisoners of wars in ancient history were used as slaves, particularly during the [[Roman Empire]]. Historians debate how extensive slavery was in the Roman Empire—estimates go as high as 25% of the population.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/slavery_01.shtml BBC - History - Resisting Slavery in Ancient Rome]</ref> [[Christianity]] helped lessen the harshness by which Romans treated slaves. The Roman jurist Ulpian wrote, "As far as Roman law is concerned, slaves are regarded as nothing."<ref>Meltzer, p. 178</ref>

Other means by which ancient peoples went into slavery were inability to pay debts, being sold by their parents for the same reason, being born to slave parents, and being kidnapped by slave raiders or pirates.

The name "[[Slavs|slav]]" (As in [[Slavic]]) is derived from the word "slave."<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/9chapter1.shtml The Roots of Slavery]</ref> According to the [[Domesday Book]] census in 1086 AD, 10% of England's population was enslaved.<ref>[http://www.domesdaybook.net/helpfiles/hs2970.htm Domesday Book Slave]</ref>

==== Biblical references ====
[[File:Alma - Tadema The Finding of Moses 1904.jpg|thumb|360px|[[Sir Lawrence Alma Tadema]], The Finding of Moses, 1904.]]
{{main|Slavery in the Bible}}
The Bible refers to unsaved or non-Christian individuals as "slaves of [[sin]]" (Romans 6:20). Jesus said, "I am the truth" (John 14:6) and "the truth shall set you free" (John 8:31-32). All sinners are slaves, unable to make choices for themselves in their own best interests, or guide their own lives and ultimate destiny.

[[Atheism|Atheist]] apologists often bring up the subject of [[slavery in the Bible]] in terms of the Israelites and some early Christians owning slaves. However, they rarely if ever, bring up the subject of slavery and forced labor in atheistic societies (see: [[Atheism and slavery]]).

Slavery was a well-established institution throughout the Ancient Near East, and the [[Old Testament]] sanctions its form of regulated slavery, though that is seen as being counter-cultural in its degree of amelioration, including as compared to that of ancient slave states as Greece and Rome, and the typical practice of slavery in American history.<ref>[http://www.christian-thinktank.com/qnoslave.html ''Does God condone slavery in the Bible?'']</ref><ref>[http://www.christian-thinktank.com/qnoslavent.html ''The issue of 'slavery' in the NT/Apostolic world'']</ref> The New Testament does not condemn the institution itself, but makes requirements upon both masters and slaves in further improving treatment in the inherited economic institution.

The system of slavery commonly diminished a person to the point where they would be regarded as a thing or an object to be owned. The Christian [[abolitionists]] disagreed with this valuation, and saw the New Testament in particular, and its ethos of love for neighbor as oneself, as supporting the abolition of slavery, and advanced an interpretation of the Bible which presented human value in terms of God's parental love for all people as His children (see [[human rights]]).<ref>[http://docsouth.unc.edu/church/bourne/bourne.html Bourne, George, 1780-1845, ''A Condensed Anti-Slavery Bible Argument; By a Citizen of Virginia'']</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=3n4OGC-OoqIC&dq=God+Against+Slavery+George+B.+Cheever,&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=YCiuzJHs7T&sig=GyTdW1UZEO6eqV6XxdKv2v_SJF8&hl=en&ei=oaWRSvHyJpPDlAeXqdCjDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false George B. Cheever, ''God Against Slavery'' (1875)]</ref>

While requiring Christian obedience <ref>''Albert Barnes' Notes on the Bible'', Eph. 6:7; cf. Rm. 13:1</ref> of slaves toward their masters, the New Testament also requires masters to exercise their duties in the fear of God, and prohibits threatening, abuse or unequal pay for slaves. (Eph. 6:9; Col. 4:1) (1 Cor. 7:21) It also commands slaves to obtain freedom if possible, and contains the record of the [[apostle Paul]] requiring that the escaped slave Onesimus be received back by his master Philemon, no longer "as a servant, but above a servant, a brother beloved", even as Paul himself (Philemon 1:16,17)

====Marxist slavery====
:''See:'' [[Marxism]], [[Soviet Union]], [[Gulag]] and [[Atheism and slavery]]
In a [[socialist]] or [[progressive]] society, the rights of the individual are subordinated to the [[collective]] rights of the state in theory, however "the state" in Marxist theory refers to a criminal gang and corrupt [[political party]] of elites.

{{Clear}}

== Decline of slavery under Christianity ==

Christianity was born into a world that was overwhelmed with slavery, with Rome, the dominant world power in the time of Jesus, utterly dependent on slave labor. The life and teachings of Jesus and His followers, described in the New Testament, while not forbidding slavery nor organizing any campaign against it, struck at the very roots of slavery, drying up its power much as herbicides work on killing stubborn weeds from the roots up.<ref>Rouster, History of Slavery, p.6.</ref>

Jesus dignified labor by working as a carpenter. He took the form of a servant. He washed the disciples' feet. He commanded us to love our neighbors and do good to our enemies. He had a habit of calling people back to the beginning of things, and in the beginning God created people free. Christianity promoted the equality of its members, accepting slave and slavemaster as equal brothers and sisters serving side by side in the church (Galatians 3:28). Christianity, like Judaism before it, taught that God gave humankind the dignity to choose for ourselves. That is possible only in liberty and not in slavery. These influences worked quietly at first, for Christians were not a world power or even a majority. Most had no political power, and they lived in a totalitarian system. Yet because of the Christian emphasis on love and mercy, slavery was soon rid of most of its extreme features of cruelty. In early Christian writings, there was an emphasis on being free in spirit to serve Christ even if one's station in life was as a slave. Ambrose wrote that the slave "might be superior in character to his master and might be more truly free" (LaTourette, p. 622).

However, in the second and third centuries after Christ, as wealthy Romans began to be converted to Christianity, tens of thousands of slaves were freed by converts. Melania freed 8,000, Ovidus 5,000, Chromatius 1400, Hermes 1200.<ref>Shmidt, p. 274, from W.E. H. Lecky, History of European Morals, 1911</ref> Converted out of a [[decadent]], totally self-absorbed society, many Christians sold their goods and lands and used the proceeds to help the poor, support hospitals, take in orphans, free prisoners, and free slaves. Liberation was frequent, especially on Easter and other special days of the church. Church law from the early centuries allowed for liberation (called manumission) of slaves during church services.<ref>Cannon LIIIV, The African Code CAnons, also called the Canons of the Fathers, Assembled at Carthage, 419 A.D.</ref><ref>The Canons of the Council in Tuillo (also called the Quinisext Council, 692 A.D..</ref> Freeing slaves took great conviction and courage, for the Roman emperors issued edicts unfavorable to the practice. Clement said in his Epistle to the Corinthians no 55, "Some Christians surrendered their own freedom to liberate others."<ref>Clement of Alexandria, The Instructor, Book III, Chapter IV</ref>

Augustine of Hippo (354-430 A.D.) led many clergy under his authority in N Africa to free their slaves "as an act of [[piety]]".<ref>Augustine, "Of the Work of Monks", p. 25, Vol. 3, Nicene & Post-Nicene Fathers</ref> He boldly wrote a letter to the emperor urging a new law against slave traders, and showed great concern about the enslavement of children.<ref>The Saints, p. 72</ref> He saw slavery as a product of sin and as contrary to God's plan, writing that God "did not intend that this rational creature, who was made in His image, should have dominion man over man, but man over the beasts.<ref>Augustine, The City of God, chapter 15, p. 411, Vol. II, Nicene & Post-Nicene Fathers</ref>

Likewise, Chrysostom, a fourth-century church leader, wrote that Christ annulled slavery and admonished Christians to buy slaves, teach them a skill by which to make a living, and set them free. The act of Christians freeing slaves was so common in his day that he wrote that many outside the church complained that Christianity was subverting the system, causing masters to have their slaves taken from them.

Ambrose, a church leader about the same time, redeemed all the slaves he could.<ref>Ambrose, Duties of the Christian Clergy, p. 54</ref>
=== Christian roots of abolitionist movement ===
[[Image:Thomassowell.jpg‎|thumbnail|150px|right|[[Thomas Sowell]] ]]
''See also:'' [[Abolitionism]]
[[William Wilberforce]] was a devout [[Christianity|Christian]], philanthropist,[[abolitionist]], and the leader of the campaign against the [[Slave Trade]]. [[Thomas Sowell]] wrote:
{{cquote|While slavery was common to all civilizations, as well as to peoples considered uncivilized, only one civilization developed a moral revulsion against it, very late in its' history…not even the leading moralists in other civilizations rejected slavery at all…. Moreover, within [[Western civilization]], the principle impetus for the abolition of slavery came first from very [[conservative]] religious activists – people who would today be called ‘the religious right.’…this story is not ‘[[politically correct]]’ in today’s terms. Hence it is ignored, as if it never happened.”<ref>Sowell, Thomas (2005) The real history of slavery. In Black Rednecks and White Liberals. San Francisco, CA: Encounter Books</ref>}}

===Eastern Europe===

Slavery in [[Poland]] was forbidden in the 15th century; in [[Lithuania]], slavery was formally abolished in 1588; they were replaced by the second enserfment.

Slavery was a major institution in [[Russia]], and families facing starvation often sold themselves into slavery. Russian agricultural slaves were formally converted into serfs earlier in 1679. In 1723, when the [[Peter the Great]] converted the remaining household slaves into house serfs.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24160 Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History]</ref> Serfdom was abolished in 1863 by Tsar [[Alexander II]]; however, most serfs had to pay the government for giving them land.

== African slavery ==

Slavery was widespread within Africa itself, and the richest in Africa were not those owning the most land, but those who owned the most slaves. In the Sahara Desert, slaves were used in gold and salt mining. Slaves were usually prisoners of war from other areas of Africa, or debtors, or enemies or the king, but many women outside of those three categories were also enslaved in African societies.

Slavery was historically a tradition with the Ashanti people of [[Ghana]],<ref>http://ultimatehistoryproject.com/kente-cloth-and-the-history-of-the-ashanti-people.html</ref> slaves typically taken as captives from enemies in warfare. The welfare of their slaves varied from being able to acquire wealth and intermarry with the master's family to being a human sacrifice in funeral ceremonies.<ref>[[Alfred Burdon Ellis]],
[https://archive.org/details/tshispeakingpeo01elligoog/page/n302  , ''The Tshi-speaking peoples of the Gold Coast of West Africa''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610125849/https://books.google.com/books?id=jtMSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA290 |date=2016-06-10 }}, 1887. p. 290</ref><ref>Rodriguez, Junius P. ''The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery, Volume 1'', 1997. p. 53.</ref>

By the early 1800s the Ashanti had become a major [[export]]er of enslaved people. The slave trade was originally focused north with captives going to Mande and Hausa traders who exchanged them for goods from [[North Africa]] and indirectly from [[Europe]]. By 1800, the trade had shifted to the south as the Ashanti sought to meet the growing demand of the British, Dutch, and French for captives. In exchange, the Ashanti received luxury items and some manufactured goods including most importantly [[firearm]]s. The consequence of this trade for the Ashanti and their neighbors was horrendous. From 1790 until 1896, the Ashanti were in a perpetual state of war involving expansion or defense of its domain. Most of these wars afforded the opportunity to acquire more slaves for trade.<ref>https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/ashanti-empire-asante-kingdom-18th-late-19th-century/</ref>

The modern-day Ashanti claim that slaves were seldom abused,<ref>Johann Gottlieb Christaller,
''Ashanti Proverbs: (the primitive ethics of a savage people)'', 1916, pp. 119-20.</ref> and defend the "humanity" of Ashanti slavery by noting that those slaves were allowed to marry, and that their children were born free.<ref name="History of the Ashanti Empire">
[http://www.ashanti.com.au/pb/wp_8078438f.html ''History of the Ashanti Empire''.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413213927/http://www.ashanti.com.au/pb/wp_8078438f.html |date=2012-04-13 }}</ref> ''[[USA Today]]'' fact checkers rated the claim as True that Democrats wore the garb of slave traders.<ref>https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2020/06/16/fact-check-kente-cloths-have-ties-west-african-slave-trade/5345941002/</ref>

==African slavery in China==
Beginning in the 7th century, Arab traders brought African slaves from east Africa to China. These “dark-skinned” people were known as Kunlun. According to the BlackPast.org websitte, they were described as lower class, ignorant, scary, and dangerous.

African slavery in China peaked between 960 A.D. to 1279 A.D. but the number of African slaves taken to China during this 608-year period is unclear. By this point Chinese perceptions of the Kunlun became more complex. These perceptions ranged from strong and mysterious to frightening. The Kunlun in the [[Tang Dynasty]] era were portrayed in numerous stories of the period as heroic, resourceful, and—ironically—culturally Chinese.

During the Song Dynasty the numbers of African slaves increased in China. Most came from [[Madagascar]] and the Comoros Islands and thus indirectly from Africa, since the Arabs brought sub-Saharan Africans to both areas. Most Kunlun slaves in China lived in Canton Province. By this time they were mostly viewed as a displaced people who lacked the ability to adapt to the Chinese environment. They were also described as savages with unintelligible speech.<ref>https://archive.is/2noUk#selection-1235.1-1271.338</ref>

== Islamic slave trade ==
{{See also|Arab slave trade}}
Slavery was rapidly declining in Europe due to the influence of Christianity, and had all but disappeared from much of Europe when the advent of Islam brought a rebirth of the slave trade.<ref>L W Miller, Anti-Slavery Activism 101, ECM Publ, 2011</ref>
Islam has always expanded primarily through making war (declaring jihad) on its neighbors and forcing people to convert, be executed, or live in slavery in a subservient status to Islam. The demand for slaves was largely created by wealthy Islamic rulers who required salve women for the large harems to which they were accustomed, as well as soldiers and servants. The trade began in 652 A.D. when Abdallah Ben Said, King of Islamized Egypt, waged jihad on the Sudan, conquered it and imposed on the Sudanic King Khalidurat the treaty called Bakht. The treaty required an annual supply of hundreds of slaves to Said.<ref name="universityworldnews.com">http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20120413180645205 University World News, ''Scholars Focus on Arab Trans-Saharan Slave Trade''</ref> The slave trade lasted for thirteen centuries.<ref>Duke, Selwyn (November 7, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/culture/item/33969-black-muslim-academic-islamic-slavery-devastating-and-ignored Black Muslim Academic: Islamic Slavery Devastating — and Ignored]. ''The New American''. Retrieved November 7, 2019.</ref>

Islam partnered with African kings who were already involved in enslaving captured populations. Long trains of slaves were sent across the Saharan Desert with slaves marching on foot. Islam dominated the African slave trade from the 7th to the 15th centuries, and continued on a smaller basis long after that. It has never stopped in some Muslim lands.

Islamic slavery had very high death rates. It is estimated that 80% died on the long, harsh march through the Sahara.

Castration was a very dominant feature of the Islamic slave trade. Specific cities in the Sahara were given to this practice as the Islamic caravans passed through. Such "eunuchs" brought the highest prices, purchased by rich Arab kings and princes as security agents for large harems. It is estimated that 70 to 90% perished in the ordeal of castration.<ref name="universityworldnews.com"/> Castration centers developed in the Mossi country; Damagaram in Niger; Borno in northeastern Nigeria; Kumasi in Ashantiland now Ghana; Kano, Nigeria (the largest—early British administrators wrote frequently about it); and Baguimi (also spelled Aaghirmi, in Chad Republic & along the Nigerian border—the best known). Some African kings were already practicing castration of their enemies, but the Islamic slave trade institutionalized it. This, along with the fact that any children born to slave women were usually killed at birth, is the reason there are few descendants of these slaves and little African diaspora in Arab Islamic lands.<ref>http://forums.eunuch.org/showthread.php?10192-Ottoman-Eunuchs</ref><ref>http://patachu.com/slavery-trans-Saharan-trade/</ref> Some early sources of direct evidence of the Islamic slave trade were al-Yakub, a 9th-century Arab writer; Ibn Battuta, a 12th-century eyewitness; Mansa Museh, 1324, and Leo Africanus, 1494-1554.

== Transatlantic slave trade ==
[[Image:Inspecting New Arrivals by Giulio Rosati 2.jpg|right|thumb|350px|New female arrivals at a slave market, by Giulio Rosati]]
In 1455, a "papal bull" (formal letter by the [[pope]]) justified a right of Christian nations to enslave any non-Christian in the name of exploration. The Spanish had already been enslaving South American natives on a limited basis, but with the rise of sugar plantations, the need for a larger slave force arose. Twelve million African slaves were brought by the Europeans to [[Mexico]], [[Peru]], the [[Caribbean]] and [[Brazil]]. The demand for sugar was exploding throughout the entire western world. Soon France, the Netherlands and Britain were also establishing profitable sugar plantations in the new world. The plantation system began in Brazil, where rich white [[plantation]] owners were the highest rung in the social hierarchy and black slaves were at the bottom. Obviously, life on a sugar plantation was very hard work for a slave; most died in less than 10 years, and had to be replaced.

European traders encouraged Africans to trade slaves with them. The [[Trans-Atlantic slave trade]] became a booming business for Europeans and Africans alike, in which African rulers [[Panyaring|Panyarred]] prisoners of war and even their people to Europeans for goods such as iron, alcohol, tobacco and most importantly, guns. Trans-Atlantic trade led to the degrading use of "chattel" slaves, whereby the slaves were treated purely as property of the owner, much as slaves had been considered in ancient Greece and Rome. The slaves served as sailors, skilled craftsmen or farmers. The journey across the Atlantic, known as the [[Middle Passage]], led to the death of 10-20% of the African slaves. But an even higher percentage lost their lives in the journey from their homes in Africa to the African coast, where they were to board the slave ships.

* After kidnapping potential slaves, merchants forced them to walk in slave caravans to the European coastal forts, sometimes as far as 1,000 miles. Shackled and underfed, only half the people survived these death marches. [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1narr4.html]

The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was one component in a system of routes known as the "Triangular Trade" between South America, New England, and the West Coast of Africa. The three main items that were exchanged were sugar, rum and slaves. European goods, mainly guns, were used to buy slaves from Africa. The slaves were then shipped to the Americas. Then, from America, sugar, rum and tobacco were brought back to Europe, completing the "triangle" of trade. Slavery is one of the less noble aspects of American history.

Although slavery had existed in all cultures from the dawn of human history, the trans-Atlantic trade was the first time the trade was based primarily on one race enslaving another. This dehumanizing of black Africans had a devastating and demoralizing effect on the whole group. Many began to believe there was something inherently bad about their blackness and something intrinsically inferior about African Americans, including themselves. Unlike the eunuchs and ghilmans who were castrated by caravans of Islamic slave traders, black slaves in America reproduced and passed on the feelings of inferiority and sometimes bitterness and deep anger.<ref>Lorella Rouster, Anti-Slavery Activism 101, Every Child Ministries, Edition 2, 2011, p. 27-28</ref>

====White slaves====
Between 1530 and 1780, Europeans including Britons and even some Americans were frequently taken captive and enslaved by privateers from the [[Barbary States]]. Estimates of so-called "white slavery" vary from as little as 50,000 to in the millions.<ref>http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm</ref> Generally, Europeans enslaved by the [[corsairs]] were usually poorer sea merchants and city dwellers whose families were unable to pay the ransom necessary to free them. Often the [[Pasha]] would purchase the female captives into his harem. Many were forced to "go turk" or convert to "mohammadism" in order to stay with their children who were raised as Muslims. Occasionally slaves would convert in order to escape harsher labors such as tending the oars in the corsairs.<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_print.html</ref>

For a long time, until the early 18th century, the Crimean Khanate maintained a massive slave trade with the [[Ottoman Empire]] and the Middle East. Kefe was one of the best known and significant trading ports and slave markets. In a process called "harvesting of the steppe" Crimean Tatars enslaved many Slavic peasants.
[[Image:Boulanger Gustave Clarence Rudolphe The Slave Market.jpg|right|thumb|350px|[[Gustave Boulanger]], ''The Slave Market''.]]

====Islam====
In Senegambia, between 1300 and 1900, close to one-third of the population was enslaved. In early [[Islamic]] states of the western Sudan, including Ghana (750-1076), Mali (1235–1645), Segou (1712–1861), and Songhai (1275-1591), about a third of the population were slaves. In [[Sierra Leone]] in the 19th century about half of the population consisted of slaves. In the 19th century at least half the population was enslaved among the Duala of the Cameroon, the [[Igbo]] and other peoples of the lower Niger, the [[Kingdom of Kongo|Kongo]], and the Kasanje kingdom and Choke of [[Angola]]. Among the Ashanti and Yoruba a third of the population consisted of slaves. The population of the [[Kanem]] was about a third-slave. It was perhaps 40% in Bornu (1396–1893). Between 1750 and 1900 from one- to two-thirds of the entire population of the Fulani jihad states consisted of slaves. The population of the Sokoto caliphate formed by Hausas in the northern [[Nigeria]] and Cameroon was half-slave in the 19th century. It is estimated that up to 90% of the population of [[Arab]]-Swahili Zanzibar was enslaved. Roughly half the population of [[Madagascar]] was enslaved.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157 Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History]</ref>

The Anti-Slavery Society estimated that there were 2 million slaves in [[Ethiopia]] in the early 1930s, out of an estimated population of between 8 and 16 million.<ref>[http://www.yale.edu/glc/events/cbss/Miers.pdf Twentieth Century Solutions of the Abolition of Slavery]</ref> Ethiopia officially abolished slavery and serfdom after regaining its independence in 1942. On August 26, 1942 [[Haile Selassie]] issued a proclamation outlawing slavery.<ref>[http://www.globalmarch.org/resourcecentre/world/ethiopia.pdf Ethiopia]; [http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/2691/COS2.html Chronology of slavery]</ref>

====India====
India in 1841 had an estimated 8,000,000 or 9,000,000 slaves in India.<ref>According to Sir Henry Bartle Frere (who sat on the Viceroy's Council).</ref> In Malabar, about 15% of the population were slaves. Slavery was abolished in both Hindu and Muslim India by the Indian Slavery Act V. of 1843. Provisions of the Indian Penal Code of 1861 effectively abolished slavery in India by making the enslavement of human beings a criminal offense.<ref>[http://www.wluml.org/english/pubs/pdf/occpaper/OCP-07.pdf Islamic Law and the Colonial Encounter in British India]</ref>

====Korea====
Indigenous slaves existed in [[Korea]]. During the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910) about 30% to 40% of the Korean population consisted of slaves. Slavery was hereditary, as well as a form of legal punishment. There was a slave class with both government and privately owned slaves, and the government occasionally gave slaves to citizens of higher rank. Privately owned slaves could be inherited as personal property. During poor harvests and famine, many peasants would voluntarily become slaves in order to survive. In the case of private slaves, they could buy their freedom.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-693609/history-of-Korea Korea, history pre-1945:slavery -- Encyclopaedia Britannica]</ref><ref>[http://www.geog.buffalo.edu/~geobl/main/lectures/l17.html The Choson Era: Late Traditional Korea]</ref><ref>[http://ideas.repec.org/p/snu/ioerwp/no26.html Korean Nobi]</ref> Slavery was officially abolished with the Gabo Reform of 1894.

===Present Day===
Slavery was also known among [[Arabs]] into the 20th century. As recently as the 1950s, [[Saudi Arabia]] had an estimated 450,000 slaves, 20% of the population.<ref>[http://www.answering-islam.org/Silas/slavery.htm Slavery in Islam]</ref><ref>[http://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/apr07/page18.html £400 for a Slave]</ref> It is estimated that as many as 200,000 people had been taken into slavery in Sudan during the Second Sudanese Civil War.<ref>[http://www.iabolish.org/slavery_today/in_depth/sudan-genocide.html War and Genocide in Sudan]</ref><ref>[http://journalism.nyu.edu/pubzone/livewire/archived/the_lost_children_of_sudan/ The Lost Children of Sudan]</ref> In [[Mauritania]] it is estimated that up to 600,000 men, women and children, or 20% of the population, are currently enslaved, many of them used as bonded labor.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1458_abolition/page4.shtml The Abolition season on BBC World Service]</ref> Slavery in Mauritania was finally criminalized in 2007.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6938032.stm Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law]</ref> In [[Niger]], slavery is also a current phenomenon; a Nigerien study has found that more than 800,000 people, or almost 8% of the population, are slaves.<ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/International/Story?id=813618&page=1 The Shackles of Slavery in Niger]</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4250709.stm Born to be a slave in Niger]</ref> The Tuareg-rebels in [[Mali]] have a long tradition of practicing slavery.<ref>http://frontpagemag.com/2013/howard-rotberg/slave-labor-from-auschwitz-to-mali/</ref> [[Daesh]], who follow the teaching of Mohammed, reestablished slavery; the women are sex slaves, while the men are used to work. Until 2015, they had captured and enslaved about 7,000 young women and children.<ref>https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/629563/Daesh-kidnaps-women-children-sell-sex-slaves-social-media</ref>

Also, the term "slavery" is often used metaphorically for sex workers who are controlled by pimps.

==Abolition of Slavery==
===France===
France had slavery in its Caribbean colonies and [[Condorcet]] (1743–1794), an influential [[philosophe]], rejected slavery as antithetical to Enlightenment morality. He became a leader in the antislavery movement and in the 1780s attacked the institution of slavery on philosophical and moral grounds in his writings. After 1780, Condorcet took a leading, though secret, role in antislavery agitation by writing ''Reflections on Negro Slavery'' under the pseudonym Dr. Schwartz. In 1784, he was a founder and principal actor in La Société des Amis des Noirs, which sought to prepare for the eventual abolition of slavery. By 1794, Condorcet still supported colonization but believed that colonization based on liberal economics and civil equality could transform the world.

[[Napoleon]] (ruled 1799-1815) made a major adventure into the Caribbean—sending 30,000 troops in 1802 to retake Saint Domingue ([[Haiti]]) from ex-slaves under black leader [[Toussaint L'Ouverture]] who had revolted and killed off the whites and mulattoes. Napoleon wanted to preserve France's financial benefits from the colony's sugar and coffee crops; he then planned to establish a major base at New Orleans. He, therefore, re-established slavery in Haiti and [[Guadeloupe]], where it had been abolished after rebellions. Slaves and black freedmen fought the French for their freedom and independence. Revolutionary ideals played a central role in the fighting for it was the slaves and their comrades who were fighting for the revolutionary ideals of freedom and equality, while the French troops under General Charles Leclerc fought to restore the order of the ancien régime. The goal of reestablishing slavery - which explicitly contradicted the ideals of the French Revolution - demoralized the French troops. The demoralized French soldiers were unable to cope with the tropical diseases, and most died of yellow fever. Slavery was reimposed in Guadeloupe but not in Haiti, which became an independent black republic.<ref>Philippe R. Girard, "Liberte, Egalite, Esclavage: French Revolutionary Ideals and the Failure of the Leclerc Expedition to Saint-Domingue." ''French Colonial History'' 2005 6: 55-77. in [[Project MUSE]]</ref> Napoleon's vast colonial dreams for Egypt, India, the Caribbean, Louisiana, and even Australia were all doomed for lack of a fleet capable of matching Britain's Royal Navy. Realizing the fiasco Napoleon liquidated the Haiti project, brought home the survivors and sold off Louisiana to the U.S.<ref>Steven Englund, ''Napoleon: A Political Life'' (2004). p 259. Slavery remained in Guadeloupe until 1848.</ref>

===British Empire===
In 1772, the case of [[Somerset v Stewart]] confirmed that under English common law, a slave could not be owned on the British mainland.

Emancipation of slaves in the British Caribbean became a major cause by the 1800s, when abolitionists such as [[William Wilberforce]] and [[John Wesley]] began speaking out against the evils of the system.<ref>[http://www.brycchancarey.com/abolition/wilberforce.htm William Wilberforce (1759-1833)]</ref> Wilberforce was supported in his efforts by [[John Newton]], a slave trader who became a Christian and then opposed the slave trade. In 1807 the [[House of Commons]] passed the Slave Trade Abolition Bill by a 283-16 vote. It made the international slave trade a crime of piracy and sent the Royal Navy to enforce it.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2007/03/20/abolition_navy_feature.shtml Sailing against slavery. By Jo Loosemore] BBC</ref> In 1808 the U.S. also outlawed the international trade. However, some slave traders evaded the prohibition—many were caught and hung, with the freed captives sent to [[Sierra Leone]]. Slavery remained legal inside the [[British Empire]] (including Canada) until 1833 when the government bought all the slaves from the owners<ref>Mostof the owners lived in great mansions in London, and appreciated the money.</ref> and freed them.<ref>The ex-slaves went through an apprenticeship process before gaining freedom. Andrea Curry ''Timeline: The Abolition of the Slave Trade'', British Heritage Magazine (May 2007)</ref><ref>[http://slavetrade.parliament.uk/slavetrade/history/parliamentabolishestheslavetrade/draftdocument.html History: Parliament Abolishes the Slave Trade] Parliamentary House of Lords</ref>

===United States===
{{main|History of slavery in Virginia}}
The first black slaves were brought to [[Jamestown]] Colony early on. Originally, slavery was legal in every British American colony. However, after the [[American Revolution]], the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that, since the new state constitution read, "All men are born free and equal, and have certain natural, essential, and unalienable rights; among which may be reckoned the right of enjoying and defending their lives and liberties", it made slavery illegal. By 1804, slavery had been abolished in every northern state.<ref>However, in many states, current slaves remained in servitude for the rest of their lives.</ref>

[[The South]] after 1800 became more militant in defense of slavery. [[John C. Calhoun]] and other southerners (usually members of the [[Democrat Party]]) called it the South's "peculiar institution" and proclaimed it a good idea. Some proponents suggested it would also be a good idea for white workers who were living under worse conditions in Northern cities.<ref>Elizabeth Fox-Genovese and Eugene D. Genovese, ''Slavery in White and Black: Class and Race in the Southern Slaveholders'' (2008)</ref> It flourished in the Southern states until [[Abraham Lincoln]], a Republican, and his Union Army abolished it during the [[American Civil War]]. This was a case of racial slavery—the slaves were black, the owners were white.<ref>A few free blacks owned slaves--usually relatives they had purchased from whites. Indian tribes also had slaves, both Indian and black.</ref>

Many people, primarily liberals, attempting to delegitimize the United States as a great nation or a moral nation with a Christian heritage, claim that because slavery was legal in several states up to 1865, the U.S. is not great and a force for evil. However, these liberals overlook several key facts, and their claims are exaggerated. First, slavery was common throughout the entire world (and still exists; 45 million people in the world were slaves in 2016<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-36416751 What does modern slavery look like?]. ''BBC''. May 31, 2016. Retrieved May 23, 2017.</ref>), existing in many different nations and cultures for millennia.<ref name="Medved">Medved, Michael (September 26, 2007). [https://townhall.com/columnists/michaelmedved/2007/09/26/six-inconvenient-truths-about-the-us-and-slavery-n876052 Six inconvenient truths about the U.S. and slavery]. ''Townhall''. Retrieved May 23, 2017.</ref> Only 3% of all the slaves taken from Africa actually went to North America,<ref name="Medved"/> and liberals commonly overlook the [[Arab slave trade]], which enslaved tens-of-millions of African people.<ref>Moore, A. (June 2, 2014). [http://atlantablackstar.com/2014/06/02/10-facts-about-the-arab-enslavement-of-black-people-not-taught-in-schools/ 10 Facts About The Arab Enslavement Of Black People Not Taught In Schools]. ''Atlanta Black Star''. Retrieved May 23, 2017.</ref><ref>Williams, Thomas D., PhD (August 2, 2016). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2016/08/02/islamic-state-muslims-ran-america-lucrative-african-slave-trade-continued/ Islamic State: If Muslims Ran America, ‘Lucrative African Slave Trade Would Have Continued’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 23, 2017.</ref><ref>Hochschild, Adam (March 4, 2001). [https://www.nytimes.com/books/01/03/04/reviews/010304.04hochsct.html Human Cargo]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved May 23, 2017.</ref> Additionally, the founding fathers mainly opposed slavery and put anti-slavery principles into the Constitution.<ref name="McCormack">McCormack, John (June 29, 2011). [https://www.weeklystandard.com/lincoln-said-it-best-the-founding-fathers-opposed-slavery/article/575904 Lincoln Said It Best: The Founding Fathers Opposed Slavery]. ''The Weekly Standard''. Retrieved May 23, 2017.</ref> They did not outright abolish it mainly due to pragmatic concerns, although the Northern states did.<ref>Anthony Iaccarino. [https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Founding-Fathers-and-Slavery-1269536 The Founding Fathers and Slavery]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved May 23, 2017.</ref> The U.S. soon took steps to limit slavery, such as banning it in the [[Northwest Territory]] in 1787 and banning the [[slave trade]] in 1807.<ref name="McCormack"/> Unlike most other countries around the world, the U.S. quickly abolished slavery, and although the evil of slavery cannot be denied, the slave trade did not equal genocide, and it was a long term benefit for the Africans to leave Africa and enter the U.S.<ref name="Medved"/> Regarding racism in general, racism exists throughout the entire world, with most countries being much more racist than the U.S., a [[melting pot]], and modern liberals hold racist attitudes.<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/Liberal-Racism-Fixating-Subverts-American/dp/0742522016 Liberal Racism: How Fixating on Race Subverts the American Dream], by Jim Sleeper. (2002)</ref>

The two main forms of American slavery were house servants and fieldwork, in which slaves are used as a cheap labor force.

Legally, the slave had limited rights. For example, it was a crime to kill or maim a slave, except in self-defense.

In the American South, slavery normally was a lifetime condition, and children born to slave mothers automatically became slaves of the owner.

In the United States, the northern states abolished slavery by 1803—most of the slaves there were house servants. In [[The South]], however, cotton made slavery very profitable and 11 states seceded in 1861 to protect their interest. [[Abraham Lincoln]] achieved the end of slavery in 1863-65, using the Army and the [[13th Amendment]]. In Cuba and Brazil, slavery was unprofitable and finally collapsed in the 1880s as few people wanted to buy slaves.

Some Southern white theologians before the [[American Civil War]] asserted that the slavery of blacks was the result of the curse of Ham. However, there is no evidence that the curse had to do with skin color, and the descendants of [[Canaan]] most likely were not black, and it is generally concluded that they did not settle in [[Africa]].<ref>http://www.bible.org/page.php?page_id=70</ref><ref>http://www.christiananswers.net/q-aig/race-blacks.html</ref><ref>Full Life Study Bible, Zondervan Publishing Company (September 1992)</ref><ref>A Condensed Anti-slavery Bible Argument By George Bourne</ref>

Slave owners in the antebellum South cited both Old Testament and New Testament texts, such as Ephesians 6:5, “slaves, obey your masters”, in arguments for the Christian endorsement of slavery. Another Bible verse states that thieves should be sold into slavery.<ref>Exodus 22:3 "He should make a full restitution; and if he have nothing, then he shall be sold for his theft.</ref> Under the [[Mosaic Law]], Hebrew slaves could be kept for six years, and offered release in the seventh for nothing. They were to be treated as hired servants, and generous provisions given to them at termination, though they could choose to be lifetime servants. However, daughters who were sold to be betrothed to the owner or his son, were not set free in their seventh year but were to be allowed to be redeemed if that marriage had not taken place done. If marriage occurred, they were to be set free if the husband was negligent in his basic marital obligations.(Exodus 21:1-11; cf. Dt. 15:12-18)

[[Pat Robertson]], while acknowledging the Old Testament's teachings on slavery, argues that "we have moved in our conception of the value of human beings over the years" until we have realized that slavery is "terribly wrong."<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-DtlRyvC34 Pat Robertson on the Bible and slavery]</ref>

===Abolitionists===
*[[Harriet Tubman]], Underground Railroad (1820–1913).<ref>http://www.heritageny.gov/Railroad/urny.cfm</ref> Well-known associate of the Underground Railroad. Acted as a spy and led raids to assist others in gaining their freedom.
*[[Frederick Douglass]], orator, writer and publisher (1817–1875).<ref>http://www.nndb.com/people/447/000048303/</ref> Respected leader of the abolitionist movement, consummate freedom seeker, orator and publisher.
*[[Ralph Waldo Emerson]], Unitarian minister and freethinker (1803–1882).<ref>http://www25.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/ralphwaldoemerson.html</ref> Expressed visceral public disapproval of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Exhorted people to "do the duty of the hour", and support abolition.
*[[William Lloyd Garrison]], anti-slavery editor of the ''Liberator'' (1805–1879); the single most influential abolitionist.<ref>http://www.nndb.com/people/966/000049819/</ref> Founded the ''Liberator'' with partner Isaac Knapp in 1831.
*[[Elizur Wright]], abolitionist, freethinker (1804–1885).<ref>http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0852788.html</ref> Became involved in the abolitionist movement while attending Yale University. Eventually worked as a secretary with the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1833 and assumed the editorship of the Massachusetts Abolitionist in 1839.
*[[John Brown]] (1800–1859), tried to lead a slave rebellion in 1859; the slaves did not join him, but white Southerners became convinced there were many more John Browns to come if they stayed in the Union
*[[John Stuart Mill]], philosopher, essayist (1806–1879).<ref>http://www.nndb.com/people/147/000030057/</ref> Wrote numerous essays on abolition during the American Civil War. Asserted the war was being fought to abolish slavery, an unpopular political opinion at the time.

==Further reading==
* [[Abolitionism]]
* [[American Civil War]]
*[[Black history]]

===References===
* Finkelman, Paul, and Joseph C. Miller, eds. ''Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery'' (1999), very good reference
* Morgan, Kenneth. ''Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America'' (2008) [https://www.amazon.com/Slavery-British-Empire-Africa-America/dp/0192892916/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241544745&sr=1-5 excerpt and text search]
* Parish, Peter J. '' Slavery: History and Historians'' (1989) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/slavery-history-and-historians-by-peter-j-parish.jsp online edition]
* Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. ''The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery'' (2 vol. 1997), very good reference
===Rome===
* Bradley, Keith. ''Slavery and Society at Rome'' (1994) [https://www.amazon.com/Slavery-Society-Themes-Ancient-History/dp/0521378877/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1254513594&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Westermann, William L. ''The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity'' 91955) 182pp [http://www.questia.com/read/3797806?title=The%20Slave%20Systems%20of%20Greek%20and%20Roman%20Antiquity online edition]

===United States===
* Bailyn, Bernard, ''The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution'' (1967), Chapter IV: The Contagion of Liberty
* Fogel, Robert. ''Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery'' (1989) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/without-consent-or-contract-the-rise-and-fall-of-american-slavery-by-robert-william-fogel.jsp online edition]
* Genovese, Eugene. ''Roll Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made'' (1974), the most important book, written as Genovese was moving from Marxism to conservatism
* Miller, Randall M., and John David Smith, eds. ''Dictionary of Afro-American Slavery'' (1988), excellent reference
* Phillips, Ulrich B. ''American Negro Slavery: A Survey of the Supply, Employment and Control of Negro Labor as Determined by the Plantation Regime'' (1918), the best older history; leftists complain it does not share their biases. [https://www.gutenberg.org/etext/11490 free edition online]

==Famous Slaves==
* [[Aesop]]
* [[Atilla the Hun]]
* [[Spartacus]]
*[[Philemon]]
* [[St. Patrick]]
* [[Frederick Douglass]]
* [[Harriet Tubman]]
* [[Dred Scott]]
* [[Denmark Vesey]]
* [[Booker T. Washington]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}

==External links==
*[http://frontpagemag.com/2013/dgreenfield/black-slavery-and-islamic-racism/ Islamic Slavery and Racism]

[[Category:Slavery|*]]
[[Category:Black History]]
[[Category:The South]]
[[Category:Civil Rights]]
[[Category:British Empire]]
[[Category:African History]]
[[Category:Islam]]

Panyaring

2026-01-03T21:36:52Z

Progressingamerica: Page created

'''Panyarring''', Panyaring, manstealing, (or simply kidnapping) is the name of the process by which African tribal leaders would sell off other tribal members into slavery after a war victory.

First, a stronger tribe would overwhelm a weaker tribe and triumph in some war. After which the losing tribe often times was sold off into slavery. Back during the Transatlantic Slavery period this was a very typical way that slave traders procured their slave cargo.

[[William Wilberforce]] commented about Panyarring in his ''A Letter on the Abolition of the Slave Trade'', pointing out that ''To panyar is to kidnap or steal men. It is a word used all over the Coast of Guinea.''

==External links==
* [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/63974 A Letter on the Abolition of the Slave Trade], by William Wilberforce

Thanksgiving

2025-12-02T06:05:01Z

Progressingamerica: /* Colonial */ Thanksgiving proclamation was issued in 1775 by Boston Patriots

[[Image:Vc006494.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Congressional Thanksgiving Day Proclamation, set by Congress, December 18, 1777]]
'''Thanksgiving Day''' is a national [[holiday]] in the [[United States]] that is celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November. (It is similarly celebrated in [[Canada]], although on the second Monday in October). It is traditionally a day set aside to give thanks to the [[God|Lord]] for His blessings and is celebrated through feasting and prayer.<ref name="Lede">{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PwKAnPGqTDIC&q=thanksgiving+holiday+give+thanks+God&dq=thanksgiving+holiday+give+thanks+God&hl=en&ei=U6zOTursE4qOiAL91tHzCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CFgQ6AEwBDgK| title = The World Book Encyclopedia, Volume 7|quote=Thanksgiving Day is a day set aside each year for giving thanks to God for blessings received during the year. On this day, people give thanks with feasting and prayer. It is celebrated in the United States and Canada.|publisher = [[World Book Encyclopedia]]|year=2002|accessdate = October 20, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Lede2">{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fz514UAgIJAC&pg=PT27&dq=thanksgiving+holiday+God&hl=en&ei=H6zOTteXE6mjiALmzLHWCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CEUQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=thanksgiving%20holiday%20God&f=false| title = Twelve Holidays|quote=Thanksgiving Day-a holiday set aside for giving thanks to God. On Thanksgiving Day, many people from the United States and Canada give thanks for blessings received during the year with feasting and prayer.|publisher = [[Dorrance Publishing Co.]]|year=2011|author=Hazel Meadows|accessdate = October 20, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Lede3">{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7l9YAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA875&dq=Thanksgiving+Day++giving+thanks+to+God+feasting+and+prayer.+It+is+celebrated+in+the+United+States+and+Canada.&hl=en&ei=H7LOTr60I63SiAL3uvziCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CFkQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Thanksgiving%20Day%20%20giving%20thanks%20to%20God%20feasting%20and%20prayer.%20It%20is%20celebrated%20in%20the%20United%20States%20and%20Canada.&f=false| title = The American Stationer, Volume 40|quote=As a holiday Thursday will be observed throughout the entire United States, and in Canada also, as November 26 has been designated by both Governments as the day upon which the people shall unite in giving thanks to God for blessings received.|publisher = The American Stationer|date=26 November 1896|accessdate = October 20, 2011}}</ref>
''' {{before on after|2023|11|23|<br/>Thanksgiving day is next celebrated in the US on November 23, 2023.|<br/>Happy Thanksgiving! (this holiday is being celebrated today, in the US)|{{before on after|2024|11|28|<br/>Thanksgiving day is next celebrated on November 28, 2024.|<br/>Happy Thanksgiving! (this holiday is being celebrated today, in the US)|{{before on after|2025|11|27|<br/>Thanksgiving day is next celebrated in the US on November 27, 2025.|<br/>Happy Thanksgiving! (this holiday is being celebrated today, in the US)| {{before on after|2026|11|26|<br/>Thanksgiving day is next celebrated in the US on November 26, 2026.|<br/>Happy Thanksgiving! (this holiday is being celebrated today, in the US)| }}}}}}}}'''<br />

[[Pilgrim]] Edward Winslow arranged the [[:File:First Thanksgiving 1621.jpeg|first Thanksgiving in December 1621]], generously inviting the local [[American Indian]] tribe to a feast in celebration of "the bountiful harvest," which Winslow later described in his writings.<ref>[https://www.mayflower400uk.org/education/who-were-the-pilgrims/2019/june/edward-winslow Edward Winslow: the unsung Pilgrim who met a tragic end]. Mayflower400uk</ref>

In 1789 President [[George Washington]] proclaimed Thanksgiving Day as the last Thursday in November.<ref>Watts, Lathan (November 28, 2019). [https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/lathan-watts-what-george-washington-was-thankful-for-might-shock-you What George Washington was thankful for might shock you]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved November 28, 2019.</ref><ref>Jalsevac, Steve (November 28, 2019). [https://www.lifesitenews.com/pulse/what-george-washington-was-thankful-for-might-shock-you What George Washington was thankful for might shock you]. ''LifeSiteNews''. Retrieved November 28, 2019.</ref> In 1941, the United States [[Congress]] passed a resolution decreeing that Thanksgiving should fall on the fourth Thursday of November. Thanksgiving Day proclamations have traditionally been given by the Presidents of the United States of America <ref>http://www.thanksgivingworld.com/thanksgiving-proclamations/index.html</ref>

Although the day after ''Thanksgiving'' is not a national holiday, it is a holiday in some states and is commonly also a holiday in private business, with the notable exception of the retail industry, as the day after Thanksgiving is the traditional start of the Christmas shopping season.

==Colonial==
[[File:Cornucopia.jpg|thumbnail|300px|right|Thanksgiving Day cornucopia]]
[[File:Thanksgiving-fun-facts-1569349729.jpg|thumb|Thanksgiving ('House Beautiful'l]]
The earliest Thanksgivings were celebrated by Americans who were keenly aware that their blessings—like their rights—came from God. In times of hardship unimaginable to us today, they took time to give thanks to their Creator. The event is commemorated by a national holiday in November with its origins in [[Virginia]] at Berkeley Plantation on December 4, 1619. The first Thanksgiving was a religious celebration—an occasion to thank [[God]]—that featured only a modest meal. It wasn't until two years later, in 1621, that Thanksgiving was expanded to include a banquet by the [[Pilgrims]] in [[Massachusetts]]. Thanksgiving was the first uniquely American holiday, and it exhibited the values of what would become [[American values]].<ref>Kraychik, Robert (November 28, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/radio/2019/11/28/historian-wilfred-mcclay-thanksgiving-established-fundamental-american-values-centuries-before-1776/ Historian Wilfred McClay: Thanksgiving Established Fundamental American Values Centuries Before 1776]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved November 28, 2019.</ref>

The tradition survived through the generations in the North East, and shortly before Independence the following Thanksgiving proclamation was issued in 1775 by Boston Patriots:

: That such a Band of Union, founded upon the best Principles, unites the American Colonies; -That our Rights and Priviledges, both civil and religious, are so far preserved to us, notwithstanding all the attempts of our barbarous Enemies to deprive us of them. And to offer up humble and fervent Prayers to Almighty God, for the whole British Empire; especially for the united American colonies<ref>[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Principles_and_Acts_of_the_Revolution_in/jTV53jTZLx8C?hl=en&gbpv=1&&pg=PA125 Principles and Acts of the Revolution in America], by Hezekiah Niles, p. 125</ref>

==Washington==
In September 1789, Congress asked President [[George Washington]] to “recommend to the people of the United States a day of public thanksgiving and prayer to be observed by acknowledging, with grateful hearts, the many signal favors of Almighty God, especially by affording them an opportunity peaceably to establish a Constitution of government for their safety and happiness.” Washington complied.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081201084641/https://www.cnsnews.com/public/content/article.aspx?RsrcID=40032 President Washington Proclaims America’s Duty to ‘Obey’ God and ‘Be Grateful for His Benefits’] CNSNews, November 27, 2008</ref>

{{cquote|''Whereas it is the duty of all Nations to acknowledge the providence of Almighty God, to obey his will, to be grateful for his benefits, and humbly to implore his protection and favor-- and whereas both Houses of Congress have by their joint Committee requested me to recommend to the People of the United States a day of public thanksgiving and prayer to be observed by acknowledging with grateful hearts the many signal favors of Almighty God especially by affording them an opportunity peaceably to establish a form of government for their safety and happiness. Now therefore I do recommend and assign Thursday the 26th day of November next to be devoted by the People of these States to the service of that great and glorious Being, who is the beneficent Author of all the good that was, that is, or that will be-- That we may then all unite in rendering unto him our sincere and humble thanks--for his kind care and protection of the People of this Country previous to their becoming a Nation--for the signal and manifold mercies, and the favorable interpositions of his Providence which we experienced in the course and conclusion of the late war--for the great degree of tranquility, union, and plenty, which we have since enjoyed--for the peaceable and rational manner, in which we have been enabled to establish constitutions of government for our safety and happiness, and particularly the national One now lately instituted--for the civil and religious liberty with which we are blessed; and the means we have of acquiring and diffusing useful knowledge; and in general for all the great and various favors which he hath been pleased to confer upon us. and also that we may then unite in most humbly offering our prayers and supplications to the great Lord and Ruler of Nations and beseech him to pardon our national and other transgressions-- to enable us all, whether in public or private stations, to perform our several and relative duties properly and punctually--to render our national government a blessing to all the people, by constantly being a Government of wise, just, and constitutional laws, discreetly and faithfully executed and obeyed--to protect and guide all Sovereigns and Nations (especially such as have shewn kindness unto us) and to bless them with good government, peace, and concord--To promote the knowledge and practice of true religion and virtue, and the encrease of science among them and us--and generally to grant unto all Mankind such a degree of temporal prosperity as he alone knows to be best. Given under my hand at the City of New York the third day of October in the year of our Lord 1789.'' <ref>http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/GW/gw004.html Library of Congress - George Washington Papers</ref>}}.

==Lincoln==
During the very heart of the [[American Civil War]], in October 1863, President [[Abraham Lincoln]] built on President Washington's initiative and created an annual day of Thanksgiving.

Like Washington, Lincoln was determined to draw a direct tie between America and the Heavenly Creator from whom Americans draw their rights.

Lincoln acknowledged that the nation was "in the midst of a civil war of unequaled magnitude and severity." But he focused instead on the nation's blessings, urging his fellow Americans to remember that: {{cquote|'''No human counsel hath devised nor hath any mortal hand worked out these great things. They are the gracious gifts of the Most High God, who, while dealing with us in anger for our sins, hath nevertheless remembered mercy. It has seemed to me fit and proper that they should be solemnly, reverently, and gratefully acknowledged, as with one heart and one voice, by the whole American people. ''Let Us Be Thankful For a Land That Will For Such Religion Stand.''''' <ref>http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/alhtml/malhome.html Library of Congress - Abraham Lincoln Papers</ref>}}

Throughout early American history, when they suffered from drought, famine or war, Americans paused, not to seek [[vengeance]] or to question their faith, but to give thanks to God for the blessings they still had. Not only have many Americans forgotten or never learned the historic origins of our Thanksgiving—to pause and give thanks to God for our abundance—but radical [[secularists]] are intent on removing God and [[faith]] from our national life altogether. Many of the entertainment and political elite seem to be threatened by religious faith.

==History==

Thanksgiving in the [[United States]] is possibly the premier U.S. family celebration, typically celebrated at home and marked with a substantial feast. As the anchor of what is for many a four-day holiday weekend, Thanksgiving provides an occasion for family reunions, marks the beginning of the “holiday season” that continues through [[Christmas]] and [[New Year's Day]] and, as its name suggests, affords Americans a shared opportunity to express their gratitude for plentiful food and general abundance.

Many cultures traditionally have marked a plentiful harvest with a celebration of thanks. Long before the first English settlers reached [[North America]], Western [[Europe]]ans observed “Harvest Home” festivals and the British an August 1 Lammas ("Loaf Mass") Day, celebrating the wheat harvest.

However the American Thanksgiving holiday, a ''National Day of Thanksgiving'', is unique in all the world. It was first celebrated in Virginia at Berkeley Plantation, where English colonists first held a Thanksgiving celebration on December 4, 1619, one year and 17 days prior to the landing of the Pilgrims in Massachusetts. This first Thanksgiving occurred when Captain John Woodlief led the newly arrived English colonists to a grassy slope along the James River and instructed them to drop to their knees and pray in thanks to God for a safe arrival to the New World. On this day, Dec. 4, 1619, these 38 men from Berkeley Parish in England were given the instructions:

:''"Wee ordaine that the day of our ships arrivall at the place assigned for plantacon in the land of Virginia shall be yearly and perpetually keept holy as a day of Thanksgiving to Almighty God."'' [http://www.virginia.org/site/features.asp?FeatureID=50]
[[Image:Thanksgiving.jpg|right|275px]]
===Journey to the New World===
On August 1, 1620, the [[Mayflower]] set sail. The ship carried a total of 102 passengers, including forty [[Pilgrims]] led by [[William Bradford]]. On the journey, Bradford established a contract of "just and equal laws" for all members of the new community, irrespective of their religious beliefs. The revolutionary ideas expressed in the [[Mayflower Compact]] came from the [[Bible]].

The Pilgrims had high regard for the lessons of the [[Old Testament|Old]] and [[New Testament]]s. They looked to the ancient [[Israelite]]s as a positive example to follow. Because of the biblical precedents set forth in [[Scripture]], they never doubted that the first social contract in America would work.

The journey to the [[New World]] was an arduous one. When the Pilgrims landed in [[New England]] in November, they found, according to Bradford's detailed journal, "[a] cold, barren, desolate wilderness." There were no friends to greet them. There were no houses to shelter them. There were no inns where they could refresh themselves. The Pilgrims suffered terribly during the winter of 1620–1621; half the Pilgrims, including Bradford's own wife, died of either starvation, sickness or exposure.

The following spring, local Wampanoag Indians taught the colonists how to fish for [[cod]] and skin [[beaver]]s for [[coat]]s, and how to grow corn (maize) and other local crops unfamiliar to the Pilgrims. The Indians helped the newcomers master hunting and fishing. Life improved for the Pilgrims, but they did not yet prosper. No matter, the Pilgrims remained faithful to God and gave thanks as a devout expression of gratitude grounded in the tradition of both the Old and New Testaments.<ref>''See, I Told You So'' (p. 70): "The True Story of Thanksgiving."</ref>

===Social Contract===
The original contract the Pilgrims had entered into with their merchant-sponsors in [[London]] called for everything they produced to go into a common store, and each member of the community was entitled to one common share. All of the land they cleared and the houses they built belonged to the community as well. They were going to distribute it equally. Nobody owned anything. They just had a share in it.

Bradford, who had become the new governor of the colony, recognized that this form of collectivism was as costly and destructive to the Pilgrims as experienced during the first harsh winter. Bradford decided to take bold action. He assigned a plot of land to each family to work and manage, thus turning loose the power of the marketplace. Long before [[Karl Marx]] was born, the Pilgrims had discovered and experimented with what today is described as [[socialism]].

What Bradford and his community found was that the most creative and industrious people had no incentive to work any harder than anyone else, unless they could utilize the power of personal motivation. The Pilgrims decided early on to end [[collectivism]] permanently.<ref>John Stossel. [https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2010/11/24/john-stossel-lost-lesson-thanksgiving/ The Lost Lesson of Thanksgiving], FoxNews.com, (Published November 24, 2010).</ref> Bradford wrote about this social experiment in his diary.
{{cquote|'''The experience that we had in this common course and condition, tried sundry years...that by taking away property, and bringing community into a common wealth, would make them happy and flourishing – as if they were wiser than God. For this community [so far as it was] was found to breed much confusion and discontent, and retard much employment that would have been to their benefit and comfort. For young men that were most able and fit for labor and service did repine that they should spend their time and strength to work for other men's wives and children without any recompense...that was thought injustice.'''<ref>[[Rush Limbaugh]]: ''See, I Told You So'' ISBN 0671871218 Chapter 6, "The True Story of Thanksgiving."</ref>}}

===Power of Free Enterprise===
The Pilgrims found that people could not be expected to do their best work without incentive. So Bradford's community unharnessed the power of free enterprise by invoking the capitalistic principle of private property. Every family was assigned its own plot of land to work and permitted to market its own crops and products. The supply-side economics were faithfully taken from the story of Joseph and Pharaoh in [[Genesis]] 41. Following Joseph's suggestion,<ref>([http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%2041:34&version=NIV Gen 41:34]) "Let Pharaoh appoint commissioners over the land to take a fifth of the harvest of Egypt during the seven years of abundance."</ref> Pharaoh reduced the tax on Egyptians to 20% during the "seven years of plenty" and the "Earth brought forth in heaps."<ref>([http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%2041:47&version=NIV Gen. 41:47]) "During the seven years of abundance the land produced plentifully."</ref> Bradford wrote on the success of capitalist principles and supply-side economics.
{{cquote|This had very good success, for it made all hands industrious, so as much more corn was planted than otherwise would have been."}}

In no time, the Pilgrims found they had more food than they could eat themselves. Because they harvested bountiful crops of corn, barley, beans and pumpkins, the colonists had much to be thankful for in the fall of 1621. English Puritans had traditionally designated special days of thanksgiving to express gratitude for God's blessings. Thanksgiving is thanks to [[God]].

In the autumn of 1621, the Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony held their first Thanksgiving. They invited their Wampanoag benefactors who arrived with deer to roast with the turkeys and other wild game offered by the colonists. The colonists had learned how to cook cranberries and different kinds of corn and squash dishes from the Indians.

Many of the original colonists continued to celebrate days of thanksgiving for a bountiful autumn harvest and the blessings of freedom God had bestowed on them. President George Washington proclaimed a Day of National Thanksgiving in 1789, to celebrate the ratification of the United States Constitution. Gradually, a number of states began to celebrate an annual Thanksgiving. In 1863, during the long and bloody [[American Civil War]], President Abraham Lincoln proclaimed the last Thursday in November an annual National Day of Thanksgiving, to give thanks to God for the blessings God had bestowed upon the [[United States]].

===Thanksgiving is Thanks to God===
[[Image:Thanksgiving grace - 1942.jpg|right|300px]]
Thanksgiving is a time for prayer, tradition and sharing. Even if they live far away, family members often gather for family reunions. As a result, Thanksgiving marks the busiest domestic air travel period of the year. Many Americans enjoy a local Thanksgiving parade, or the annual Macy's department store parade, televised live from New York City. Others watch televised [[NFL|American Pro Football]], while all give thanks together to God for their food, shelter and other good things. Many volunteer their time to help civic groups, churches, and charitable organizations offer traditional meals to those in need.

Although the fourth Thursday of November falls on a different date every year, the president is expected to proclaim that date as the official celebration.

The Pilgrims’ triumph over starvation and disease at [[Plymouth Colony]] can be traced to something more than the charitable gestures of a few local Indians. Rather, it was their faith in Divine Providence and the blessings of God. It also involves their courageous decision to replace a failed, socialistic agricultural system with one formed by the free-market principle of private ownership of property—a century and a half before [[Adam Smith]] wrote The Wealth of Nations.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080109023623/https://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=23453 The Reality of Thanksgiving], by Mike Franc, ''Human Events'', 11/16/2007.</ref>

==Symbols of Thanksgiving==
[[Image:FreedomFromWant.JPG|right|thumb|250px|''Freedom From Want'', aka ''The Thanksgiving Dinner'', by [[Norman Rockwell]].]]

*[[Turkey (bird)|Turkey]], [[corn]] (maize), pumpkins, sweet potatoes and cranberry sauce are symbols that represent the first Thanksgiving. These symbols are often depicted on holiday decorations and greeting cards. Corn, in particular, is held to represent the survival of the Pilgrim colonies. Used as a table or door decoration, corn or maize represents the harvest and the fall season.

*Sweet-sour cranberry sauce, or cranberry jelly, was on the first Thanksgiving table and is still served today. The cranberry is a small, sour berry. It grows in bogs, or muddy areas, in Massachusetts and other New England states. It is indigenous to [[North America]]. The Indians used the fruit to treat infections and the juice to dye their rugs and blankets. They taught the colonists how to cook the berries with sweetener and water to make a sauce. The Indians called it "ibimi," which means "bitter berry." The Pilgrims preferred "crane-berry" because the flowers of the berry bent the stalk over, reminding them of the long-necked crane. The berries are still grown in [[New England]].

*In 1988, a Thanksgiving night ceremony of a different kind took place at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in [[New York City]]. Among the more than four thousand people gathered there were Native Americans representing tribes from all over the country and descendants of the later immigrants. The ceremony acknowledged publicly the [[Native Americans]]' role in the first American Thanksgiving, a feast held to thank the Indians for sharing the knowledge and skills without which the first Pilgrims would not have survived.

==Canada==
[[Canadian]] Thanksgiving is celebrated on the second Monday in October. Although it is an official holiday in most jurisdictions of Canada, the provinces of Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland, Labrador, and [[Nova Scotia]] do not recognize it.

== The desire to show gratitude our Creator and Thanksgiving ==

John MacArthur wrote in article entitled ''The [[Atheism|atheist]]’s Thanksgiving dilemma'':
{{cquote|Thankfulness is one of the distinguishing traits of the human spirit. We sense the need to say thanks, and we realize we ought to be more grateful than we are. We furthermore perceive that we are indebted to (and accountable to) a higher power than ourselves — the God who made us. According to Scripture, everyone has this knowledge, including those who refuse to honor God or thank Him.

Ingratitude is dishonorable by anyone’s reckoning, but to be willfully ungrateful toward the Creator is to deny an essential aspect of our own humanity. The shame of such ingratitude is inscribed on the human conscience, and even the most dogmatic atheists are not immune from the knowledge that they ought to give thanks to God. Try as they might to suppress or deny the impulse, “what may be known of God is manifest in them, for God has shown it to them,” according to Romans 1:19.

During a November 2009 debate in England sponsored by a rationalist group known as Intelligence Squared, [[Richard Dawkins]] admitted that when he looks at the Milky Way or the Grand Canyon, he is overcome by a profound feeling of thankfulness. “It’s a feeling of sort of an abstract gratitude that I am alive to appreciate these wonders,” he said. “When I look down a microscope it’s the same feeling. I am grateful to be alive to appreciate these wonders.”

To whom does an atheist like Mr. Dawkins express such gratitude?

I’m by no means the first person to point out this conundrum. In fact, the Internet is peppered with failed attempts to justify an atheistic celebration of Thanksgiving. Atheists insist they are not ungrateful. They confess that they feel thankful, and they clearly sense a need to avoid the ignominy of brazen ingratitude on a cosmic scale — especially at Thanksgiving.<ref>[https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/nov/21/the-atheists-thanksgiving-dilemma/?page=all MACARTHUR: The atheist’s Thanksgiving dilemma], John MacArthur, ''Washington Times''</ref>}}

==Travel==
The highest travel days in the US are typically the days surrounding Thanksgiving, with the Sunday after Thanksgiving and Wednesday before Thanksgiving being among the busiest for air travel.
==See also==
*[[Mourt's Relation]]
*[[George Washington's Thanksgiving Proclamation]]
*[[Abraham Lincoln's Thanksgiving Proclamation]]
*[[Thanksgiving Pictures]]
*[[Gershom Mendes Seixas]] (Full text of the first Jewish Thanksgiving sermon in America<ref name=seixas-thanksgiving>[https://elderofziyon.blogspot.com/2024/11/full-text-of-first-jewish-thanksgiving.html Full text of the first Jewish Thanksgiving sermon in America, by Gershom Mendes Seixas].
It was republished in 1977 as "A Religious Discourse: Thanksgiving Day Sermon, November 26, 1789" [https://books.google.com/books?id=rw44AQAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Seixas] [https://www.amazon.com/religious-discourse-Thanksgiving-sermon-November/dp/0916790002] [https://www.danwymanbooks.com/pages/books/30739/gershom-mendes-seixas/a-religious-discourse-thanksgiving-day-sermon-november-26-1789] but that booklet is out of print.
[https://www.religioninamerica.org/rahp_objects/giving-thanks-for-the-constitution-at-new-yorks-congregation-shearith-israel/ Full text].</ref>).
*[[Atheism and gratitude|Atheism and ingratitude]]

==Further reading==
*[https://coldcasechristianity.com/writings/enjoy-this-distinctly-christian-holiday-we-call-thanksgiving/ Enjoy the distinctly Christian holiday we call Thanksgiving]
*[https://aish.com/6-ways-jews-shaped-thanksgiving/ 6 Ways Jews Shaped Thanksgiving]. By Dr. Yvette Alt Miller. ''Aish.''
*[https://www.thenewamerican.com/culture/item/30714-thanksgiving-whom-we-thank-and-the-secret-of-happiness Thanksgiving: Whom We Thank — and the Secret of Happiness], by Selwyn Duke, of ''[[The New American]]'' (November 29, 2019).
*[https://www.thenewamerican.com/culture/family/item/637-thanksgiving-and-the-blessings-of-liberty Thanksgiving and the Blessings of Liberty], by Charles Scaliger, of ''The New American''. (Nov 22. 2018).
*[https://www.conservativereview.com/news/thanksgiving-remember-grants-blessings-take-granted/ This Thanksgiving, remember who grants the blessings we take for granted], by Daniel Horowitz, of ''Conservative Review''. (Dec 27, 2019).

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://christianheritagefellowship.com/congress-begins-thanksgiving-cycle/ November 1, 1777: Congress Begins Thanksgiving Cycle]
*[http://www.bright.net/~1wayonly/reflection.html Reflection, Prayer & Thanksgiving] Kimberly B. Southall.

[[Category:Holidays]]
[[Category:United States of America]]

Statue of Liberty

2025-08-26T20:10:20Z

Progressingamerica: /* History */ Those who come to disturb our peace and dethrone our laws are aliens and enemies forever - Depew, 1886

[[Image:Statue of Liberty, NJ.jpg|right|400px]]
The '''Statue of Liberty''' (officially '''Liberty Enlightening the World''', or ''La liberté éclairant le monde'' in French) was originally intended to commemorate the opening of the Suez Canal. Its architect, Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, planned for the Statue to be placed in Egypt at the mouth of the Canal.<ref>http://blogs.voanews.com/all-about-america/2014/10/08/how-the-statue-of-liberty-almost-ended-up-in-egypt/</ref> But that was rejected, and "Plan B" was to give it to the [[United States]], which was not initially ready to receive it.

The Statue of Liberty stands on [[Liberty Island]] in the territorial waters of New Jersey close to Jersey City, yet New York claims ownership of the Statue itself.

==History==
The Statue of Liberty became a gift from [[France]] to the [[United States]] to commemorate the centennial of the American Declaration of Independence. Arriving at the entrance of New York harbor on June 19, 1884, the Statue of Liberty waited in storage for several years as a pedestal had to be constructed for it. The Statue, believed to be modeled after Isabella Eugénie Boyer, arrived at its permanent home at Bedloe's Island aboard the French frigate Isere.

The [[statue]] stands nearly 150 feet tall and is a woman with her arm held high with a lit torch. In her other hand she is holding a tablet inscribed "July IV, MDCCLXXVI". It was designed by the French sculptor Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi (1834-1904) and erected according to plans by [[Gustave Eiffel]]. At a Commemorative Address for the Inauguration of the Statue, Chauncey M. Depew stated the following:
{{cquote|''The rays from this beacon, lighting this gateway to the continent, will welcome the poor and the persecuted with the hope and promise of homes and citizenship. It will teach them that there is room and brotherhood for all who will support our institutions and aid in our development; '''but that those who come to disturb our peace and dethrone our laws are aliens and enemies forever.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/aberpa.whittierjg.1887.statue Inauguration of the Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World]Speech by Chauncey Depew, October 28, 1886</ref>'''''}}

In 1903 an inscription was added on the inside which contains the poem [[The New Colossus]] by [[Emma Lazarus]]. The widely quoted poem reads, in part:
[[Image:Liberty2.jpg|right|250px]]
{{cquote|
'''Give me your tired, your poor,'''<br>
'''Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,'''<br>
'''The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.'''<br>
'''Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me,'''<br>
'''I lift my lamp beside the golden door!'''}}

It was designated as a national monument in 1924.<ref>http://www.nps.gov/stli/</ref>

<blockquote>On February 18, 1879, the French sculptor Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi (1834-1904) earned US Patent #11,023 for a "Design for a Statue." This statue, "Liberty Enlightening the World," would become one of the most famous monuments of world history. At a dinner party in 1865, Bartholdi and his host, historian Edouard-René de Laboulaye, had conceived the idea of France giving the US a monument for its Centennial of 1876. Many people believed Charlotte Bartholdi, the sculptor's mother was the model for the statue.<ref>[http://corrosion-doctors.org/Landmarks/statue-sculptor.htm Statue of Liberty Sculptor] Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi.</ref></blockquote>
{{Clear}}

==Construction==
The statue is overlayed with copper, but is made of [[iron]]. Despite the difficulty of making tall structures with heavy, brittle iron, [[Gustave Eiffel]] (the same French engineer to design the [[Eiffel Tower]]) designed a remarkably stable framework within the statue using this metal alone.<ref>http://www.biography.com/people/gustave-eiffel-9285294</ref>

The Statue has seven rays of light atop her crown, sometimes misinterpreted as spikes.

She has a broken chain upon her right foot, which symbolizes the clean break away from the tyranny and slavery of Europe's dictators and monarchs. She also holds a book engraved with the date of July IV MDCCLXXVI, or July 4th 1776, which again symbolizes the date of American Independence and break from tyranny.

== See also ==
*[[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe and North America]]
*[[The New Colossus]]

==External links==
*[http://www.statueofliberty.org/Statue_of_Liberty.html Statue of Liberty.org]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tourist Attractions]]
[[Category:New York City]]
[[Category:United States History]]
[[Category:Gilded Age]]
[[Category:Famous Landmarks]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites]]

User talk:Progressingamerica

2025-07-11T22:15:32Z

Progressingamerica: /* You will like these two articles */ Thank you

{{welcome}}--[[User:JoeyJ|JoeyJ]] 11:05, 26 May 2014 (EDT)

== Account promoted ==

I've enjoyed your edits, and your blog, and just added some new rights to your account. Please let me know if any additional rights, such as the ability to do early-morning editing, would be helpful.

The recent upgrade to the new WikiEditor makes references easier to add, by clicking the open-book button on the edit toolbar. If you have any questions, please let me know. Your approach in focusing on the [[Progressive Era]] is fascinating!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 17:36, 9 August 2015 (EDT)
:Thanks Andy, I appreciate it. [[User:Progressingamerica|Progressingamerica]] ([[User talk:Progressingamerica|talk]]) 20:53, 27 August 2015 (EDT)

::Restoring your edits from the data outage is a challenge! It may take me a few days, but I've made progress tonight. The data is not lost.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 21:52, 27 August 2015 (EDT)

:::All of your substantive edits from the data outage have been restored, as best I can tell. I learned a lot from your work in restoring them!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 16:59, 30 August 2015 (EDT)

== Another account promotion ==

I just promoted your account to a higher level. Well done!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 00:49, 31 August 2015 (EDT)

== When you block a user.... ==

it's a good idea to look over their recent edits (they were the cause of the block, right?) and see if any of them inflicted damage on mainspace material, and revert same. [[User:SamHB|SamHB]] ([[User talk:SamHB|talk]]) 17:00, 7 September 2015 (EDT)

== Olive branch petition ==

While I like what you have written, some aspects of the sentence style led me to do a Google search. Sections of the article appear to be copied verbatim from other sources, like the Encyclopedia Americana or some books by Charles Knight. (The Knight books appear to have been plagiarized later by Joseph Beale; it just never ends :-)

This doesn't bother me in the least; I think what you have written is fine. But you need to be aware that the administrators really want things to be in your own words.

[[User:SamHB|SamHB]] ([[User talk:SamHB|talk]]) 00:13, 10 September 2015 (EDT)

:I've been reading more of your stuff, and I like it. As a Massachusetts resident, I'm very interested in, and proud of, the role we played in starting this nation. In fact, I wrote up an extensive series on the topic for Ameriwiki.

:Joseph Warren: He's the guy who "pushed the button" that started the war. That is, he made the actual decision "The war starts tomorrow morning" and sent Dawes and Revere on their way.

:Samuel Prescott: Why did he happen to be riding around in Lexington at 1:00 AM?

:Paul Revere's boat: Where did the flannel strips that muffled the oars come from?

:[[User:SamHB|SamHB]] ([[User talk:SamHB|talk]]) 00:33, 10 September 2015 (EDT)

::I mixed many sources together with my own words, all of the sources in the public domain. That's primarily what I read. Can't trust modern history books. Besides, many *pedia articles start out from the Encyclopedia Britannica 1911, which is also outside of copyright. If you would like me to revert something, let me know.(or take the leap :-) [[User:Progressingamerica|Progressingamerica]] ([[User talk:Progressingamerica|talk]]) 00:43, 10 September 2015 (EDT)

== Excellent block and reverts ==

Superb block and reversion of the edits earlier today!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 11:28, 28 September 2015 (EDT)

== Stealth leftists ==

There appears to be at least one or possibly two leftists pretending to be conservatives on pages I've edited. I'm not sure if they are George Soros hirlings working for Media Matters or Center for American Progress (CAP) or whatever but fake conservatives need to go otherwise they'll do a great deal of damage to the project.[[User:Joshmowe|Joshmowe]] ([[User talk:Joshmowe|talk]]) 01:20, 5 October 2015 (EDT)
: Its not readily apparent which user/which edit you are referring to. [[User:Progressingamerica|Progressingamerica]] ([[User talk:Progressingamerica|talk]]) 15:37, 5 October 2015 (EDT)

== Uploading historical photos ==

Your account has been upgraded so that you can upload historical photos. Any (unaltered) photo before 1923 is in the [[public domain]] and can be copied freely from other sites, preferably with attribution. Any photo after 1923 needs confirmation that it may be copied, with attribution. Try to avoid any images that are larger than 500k in size, or please shrink their data file size first. Congratulations on your additional rights!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 19:27, 17 October 2015 (EDT)
: Thanks, I uploaded one as a test.

::Perfect! Well done. Please upload more images like that, for placement in entries.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 00:20, 18 October 2015 (EDT)

== Excellent block ==

Superb block and reversions this morning!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 09:43, 11 November 2015 (EST)

== Problem ==

Jpatt just blocked a vandal. And you did just now. What could we do about these vandals who create accounts and only harm Conservapedia?[[User:U.U|U.U]] ([[User talk:U.U|talk]]) 23:00, 30 January 2016 (EST)

:It might be the same person considering that the troll accounts were occurring back to back. I'm not sure there's much we can do but wait for someone to create a new account and see how they edit, as a show of good faith. I don't believe the intent is for Conservapedia to become a walled garden that nobody can get into. That the create new login function has remained left open indicates that more editors are desired. I for one think that an increase in the amount of routine editors would be a good thing.

:As a forward thinking suggestion, I have thought to myself about the capability of the Wiki software that Andy is using to power the site, and if it can do post limits for new accounts. A one-edit-per-half-hour limit for brand new accounts would be extremely beneficial for automated troll busting. I do not know if the software can do it or not. [[User:Progressingamerica|Progressingamerica]] ([[User talk:Progressingamerica|talk]]) 23:16, 30 January 2016 (EST)

==Vandal==
A vandal on the loose. [http://www.conservapedia.com/Special:Contributions/Benkumar] I have told DavidB4, Jpatt, and Ashalfly.[[User:U.U|U.U]] ([[User talk:U.U|talk]]) 02:34, 27 February 2016 (EST)
::He, Rahulbrown, and Josephkocher might also be one and the same person. [[User:U.U|U.U]] ([[User talk:U.U|talk]]) 02:41, 27 February 2016 (EST)
== Conservapedia's web traffic is up ==

Conservapedia is one of the top 100,000 websites in the world as far as web traffic according to the web traffic tracking company [[Alexa]],[http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/conservapedia.com]

Thank you for all your contributions.

Conservapedia continues to receive millions of page views per month.[[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 17:59, 19 April 2016 (EDT)

== Account privileges ==

Your account privileges have been promoted to include "move" and "protect/unprotect" rights. Congratulations!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 18:08, 22 June 2016 (EDT)

== Hello ==

Where should I post updates? Thanks.--[[User:SammiL|SammiL]] ([[User talk:SammiL|talk]]) 00:43, 24 June 2016 (EDT)
:Hello, you should edit them directly into the [[Brexit]] article. I noticed you have only made changes to User_talk: pages, and the Conservapedia rules are strict on that sort of thing. There isn't much reason to have your account banned for such a small thing. We need more editors around here. [[User:Progressingamerica|Progressingamerica]] ([[User talk:Progressingamerica|talk]]) 00:49, 24 June 2016 (EDT)
::OK, as you can understand it is very late and any article I edit right now will be prone to errors, I will have a look at it later in the day.--[[User:SammiL|SammiL]] ([[User talk:SammiL|talk]]) 00:51, 24 June 2016 (EDT)

== Many thanks and re: articletalkheader ==

Thanks for all the great work you do. Andy told me how much he appreciates all your content.

Second, as far as use of the template "Articletalkheader" please endeavor to use it sparingly for a few reasons. One, I heard the major search engines don't like websites where a large percentage of the pages are templates. I guess some websites were adding a lot of "filler" via templates to make their website look more full as far as content. Also, Andy is not a fan of templates unless they are vitally needed. He thinks Wikipedia has an overuse of templates.

Again, keep up the good work. You add a lot of informative content. And your work is very much appreciated. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 09:58, 30 June 2016 (EDT)

== Quick note and tip ==

Thanks for posting to the article [[One Lost Sheep]]. Given the reputation of Spurgeon in terms of his preaching, I am sure it ia a great sermon.

Second, I added some relevant category tags so people can find the article better.

Also, in order to help your article be seen by the major search engines, I tried to make it more unique. I added a few pictures. If you want to add an additional picture, that would probably help.

Again, thanks for creating your article. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 12:06, 9 July 2016 (EDT)

== Thanks ==

Thanks for [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Special:Log/block&page=User%3ATKrotting blocking] that vandal. Maybe I didn't act correctly by reverting every one of his edits while he was still unblocked, but for a while I felt I was the only one monitoring the site. --[[User:1990'sguy|1990'sguy]] ([[User talk:1990'sguy|talk]]) 19:19, 28 September 2016 (EDT)

:Additional thanks for blocking the vandal. I've since given blocking privileges to the account of ‎1990'sguy.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 00:33, 29 September 2016 (EDT)

== Merry Christmas ==

[[Image:Merry Christmas.gif|cebter|260px]]
{{clear}}
Thank you for all your contributions to Conservaoedia as far your web article content.

Merry Christmas! And have a happy New Year's Day. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 16:33, 24 December 2016 (EST)

== Electoral College Map ==

Hello Progressingamerica, I hope you are having a Merry Christmas. I see that you originally uploaded [[:File:ElectoralCollege2016.jpg]], and I would like to ask if you would upload an updated version of the map to show the faithless electors. --[[User:1990'sguy|1990'sguy]] ([[User talk:1990'sguy|talk]]) 10:41, 25 December 2016 (EST)
==Quick project==
Dear Progressing:
Our state articles list the members of Congress from each state, but they have not be updated for 2016. If five editors could update 10 states each, we would be done quickly. Could you please take a look at [[Conservapedia:Community Portal#Political directory]]? No US expertise is required. Thanks in advance, [[User:JDano|JDano]] ([[User talk:JDano|talk]]) 18:22, 15 February 2017 (EST)
:Looks like its already complete. [[User:Progressingamerica|Progressingamerica]] ([[User talk:Progressingamerica|talk]]) 18:48, 17 February 2017 (EST)

== Image categorization ==

Hello,<br />
I've been trying to reduce our number of uncategorized images lately. The uncategorized images here mage a bit of a mess, and tend to waste space, since people are more likely to upload a very similar image to one already on the server because they didn't find the it. If you think of it when you upload images, would you mind making sure you add each image to <code><nowiki>Category:Image</nowiki></code> as mentioned on the upload page as well as a category relevant to that specific image, like <code><nowiki>Category:Buildings</nowiki></code>?<br />
If you can't think of a category other than Image to add it to, it would be great if you would [[Special:Categories|look one up]] or create one if none exists. Please don't upload a file in only the category Image, though, since that would make it harder for others to find and categorize it later.
Thank you! --[[User:DavidB4|<font color="ForestGreen">David B</font>]] <sup>([[User talk:DavidB4|TALK]])</sup> 12:32, 23 February 2017 (EST)

:Related to this, I've noticed that you have not added categories to many of the articles you've created. If you would add categories to them too, that would be great. Thank you. --[[User:1990'sguy|1990'sguy]] ([[User talk:1990'sguy|talk]]) 17:53, 23 February 2017 (EST)

== IRC ==

Hello,<br />
After some discussion (on [[User_talk:DavidB4#Conservapedia_IRC_channel|my talk page]] and [[User_talk:Aschlafly#IRC|Andy's]]) it has been decided that I start an [[Internet Relay Chat]] channel for Conservapedia, since our old one has been dead since 2009. It is now registered and somewhat set up. I don't know if you use IRC or are interested in doing so, but anyone with block privileges on Conservapedia can also get block privileges on the new IRC channel. Unfortunately, IRC accounts are deleted after 30 days of being unused, so unless you plan on using the IRC at least once a month, there is probably not much point in registering. In any case, feel free to try it out--if you account gets deleted, we can always make another one later. If you are interested, please let me know!<br />
The IRC channel is: #conservapedia @irc.accessIRC.net<br />
Let me know if you have any questions or need anything else, also! --[[User:DavidB4|<font color="ForestGreen">David B</font>]] <sup>([[User talk:DavidB4|TALK]])</sup> 15:43, 11 April 2017 (EDT)
: I appreciate you letting me know about this. I won't be using it, but I do think that some sort of "outlet" for Conservapedia discussion would raise our profile. [[User:Progressingamerica|Progressingamerica]] ([[User talk:Progressingamerica|talk]]) 16:42, 11 April 2017 (EDT)

::Okay, well we'll see how it goes. The last one died, so I don't know how it will go this time. Hopefully it proves helpful. Anyway, thanks for letting me know! --[[User:DavidB4|<font color="ForestGreen">David B</font>]] <sup>([[User talk:DavidB4|TALK]])</sup> 16:56, 11 April 2017 (EDT)

== Short note ==

Could you please write to me at userconservative135@gmail.com ? I want to convey to you two pieces of information and one piece of information is related to getting your content to have more readers. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 14:11, 13 April 2017 (EDT)
: Sent. [[User:Progressingamerica|Progressingamerica]] ([[User talk:Progressingamerica|talk]]) 21:10, 14 April 2017 (EDT)

== Federalist Papers ==

I created a category -- [[:Category:Federalist Papers]] -- that I added to the individual Federalist Paper articles you created. You can add it to the other articles you create. --[[User:1990'sguy|1990'sguy]] ([[User talk:1990'sguy|talk]]) 15:25, 24 June 2017 (EDT)

== Suggestions for your blog ==

Hi.

If you are up to some suggestions, I'd like to make some suggestions for your blog.

First, I think you may need to cover how Jefferson was actually tied to the progressive philosophy (like, for example, how he did a lot of big government stuff during his presidency, or how he supported and even revered Robespierre, the September Massacres, and the like). I gave you a few sources in a response regarding one of your Theodore Roosevelt posts, but I'll offer one more: http://distributistreview.com/review-liberty-the-god-that-failed-part-i/

Second, I think you may need to cover how the French Enlightenment was for progressivism as well, or at least what would become it, and even advocated for similar stuff to Gramsci's march through the institutions as well as Walter Lippmann's Public Opinion piece (as you can read from The Duty of Americans at the Present Crisis by Timothy Dwight, as you can read here: http://www.wnd.com/2006/04/35810/#LFe1HvZ0eTHxBBmT.99).

If we're going to do any condemnation of progressivism, we need to condemn those guys as well, since they essentially pushed for it. [[User:Pokeria1|Pokeria1]] ([[User talk:Pokeria1|talk]]) 11:23, 1 July 2017 (EDT)

== Template request ==

I lowered the protection on [[Template:US amendments]]. If you would like me to unlock it entirely then I can easily do so. Thanks!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 15:13, 30 September 2017 (EDT)

== addition to National Review ==

Thanks for the amazing quotation you added to the National Review entry about how it thinks Mitch McConnell is the best Republican Senate leader in a generation. Unbelievable how lost that publication has become.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 00:02, 1 November 2017 (EDT)

== Islamic slave trade ==

For the record, the redirect [[Islamic slave trade]] redirects to [[Slavery#The Islamic Trans-Sahara Slave Trade]]. And I agree, this topic needs to be significantly expanded. --[[User:1990'sguy|1990'sguy]] ([[User talk:1990'sguy|talk]]) 22:16, 5 September 2019 (EDT)

==[[The Gulag Archipelago]]==
I gave it a start. But the work is so large and can branch out it in so many different directions, structuring it for a one page article can have its own problems. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]<sup>[[User talk:RobSmith|De Plorabus Unum]]</sup> 13:04, 19 September 2019 (EDT)

==Heads up==
Thank you for your contributions to the [[Steele dossier]]. However I'd like to point out that information really belongs in [[John_McCain_2008_Presidential_Campaign#Russia_connections]] and/or [[Oleg_Deripaska#John_McCain]]. So far as is known, Simpson contributed nothing to the Steele dossier, other than handling payments from Obama, Hillary and the DNC, to [[Perkins Coie]], to FusionGPS, to Steele, with Simpson as Steele's paymaster. As is, the edits appear to be the Obama [[IC]] cover story trying to connect Republicans to the ''Steele dossier''.

As things develop in coming weeks, and the IC continues these CYA disinformation stories, don't be surprised if ''some'' of it gets overwritten. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]<sup>[[User talk:RobSmith|De Plorabus Unum]]</sup> 23:06, 23 September 2019 (EDT)
== Metrics ==
Your suggestion about finding metrics is an excellent one, and I posted the top 20 most-visited entries of this afternoon on the [[Talk:Main Page]]. Thank you. Some of the entries you've been editing rank high also.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 21:30, 26 October 2019 (EDT)
Here it is again, since it was just archived from the [[Talk:Main Page]]:
:Six years ago I wrote a computer program to enable me to take a snapshot of activity to see which entries were being visited most, without relying on intrusive [[Google]] software. In response to the above I just updated and ran it. Here are the top 20 entries visited this afternoon on Conservapedia:
:::#Main_Page
:::#Atheism
:::#Clinton_body_count
:::#Obamagate_timeline
:::#Donald_Trump
:::#Alger_Hiss
:::#Katie_Hill
:::#Bernie_Sanders
:::#Barack_Hussein_Obama
:::#Donald_Trump_achievements
:::#Eddie_Rispone
:::#United_States_presidential_election,_2020
:::#Homosexuality
:::#Russiagate_timeline_2017
:::#Essay:Greatest_Conservative_Movies
:::#Liberal
:::#George_Soros
:::#Muellergate_timeline_2019
:::#Democratic_Party
:::#Liberal_hypocrisy
--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] ([[User talk:Aschlafly|talk]]) 23:03, 26 October 2019 (EDT)
::Thanks Andy. Could you make that script widely available for routine use? [[User:Progressingamerica|Progressingamerica]] ([[User talk:Progressingamerica|talk]]) 19:46, 28 October 2019 (EDT)

==Various ideas==
Have you thought about a Houston Stewart Chamberlain article? ([https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&profile=advanced&search=%22Houston+Stewart+Chamberlain%22&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&ns1=1&ns2=1&ns3=1&ns4=1&ns5=1&ns6=1&ns7=1&ns8=1&ns9=1&ns10=1&ns11=1&ns12=1&ns13=1&ns14=1&ns15=1&ns120=1&ns121=1&ns122=1&ns123=1&ns124=1&ns125=1&ns126=1&ns127=1&profile=advanced See also)] or is it not high on your list of priorities? Alternatively, some other titles such aa ''Foundations of the Nineteenth Century'', ''Myth of the Twentieth Century'' or Alfred Rosenberg. I could contribute if necessary. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]<sup>[[User talk:RobSmith|De Plorabus Unum]]</sup> 15:18, 28 October 2019 (EDT)
:It would make a great series of articles and fill quite a big gap in the decades leading up to Nazism, but I am working on other pages at the moment. In particular the pages about the Founders need more content. [[User:Progressingamerica|Progressingamerica]] ([[User talk:Progressingamerica|talk]]) 19:44, 28 October 2019 (EDT)
::Houston Stewart Chamberlain would fill in [https://www.conservapedia.com/Special:WhatLinksHere/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain a large gap between several key pages.] I may begin it sometime soon. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]<sup>[[User talk:RobSmith|De Plorabus Unum]]</sup> 20:29, 28 October 2019 (EDT)
:::I'll help you build it here and there. [[User:Progressingamerica|Progressingamerica]] ([[User talk:Progressingamerica|talk]]) 22:01, 28 October 2019 (EDT)

== Progressivism article ref problem ==

Reference #22 in the [[Progressivism]] article, in the content [https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Progressivism&curid=50708&diff=1600674&oldid=1598650 you added] earlier today, is empty. --[[User:1990'sguy|1990'sguy]] ([[User talk:1990'sguy|talk]]) 12:07, 1 December 2019 (EST)
:Thanks, corrected that. [[User:Progressingamerica|Progressingamerica]] ([[User talk:Progressingamerica|talk]]) 16:13, 1 December 2019 (EST)

== I am glad you liked my idea for a Conservapedia chat area at Discord ==

I am glad you liked my idea for a Conservapedia chat area.

I suggest getting together with [[User:DavidB4]] who is technically knowlegeable/adept.

Maybe he would be willing to help you set up a Conservapedia [https://discord.com/ Discord] channel.

Once it is set up, I can advertise it in appropriate areas at Conservapedia (front page, relevant articles on Conservapedia at Conservapedia.

DavidB4 set up a IRC chat channel, but I don't think IRC is as good as Discord (but I could be wrong about this matter).

I would learn Discord myself, but I am pressed for time at this time due to off wiki affairs.[[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 23:23, 16 June 2020 (EDT)
:Andy Schafly, might want [https://telegram.org/ Telegram] to be used instead for a chat channel because it sounds more mainstream than Discord. But I really don't know much about Discord and Telegram as far as their pros and cons.[[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 00:15, 17 June 2020 (EDT)

==Proposal==
We would appreciate your input at [[Conservapedia:Community_Portal#Proposal]]. Thanks. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]<sup>[[User talk:RobSmith|Free Kyle!]]</sup> 19:59, 1 February 2021 (EST)

== Special invite ==

Hi Progressingamerica, if you're interested in joining a Discord server I created for Conservapedia, [https://discord.gg/e953Rag3 here's] the invitation link. —[[User:Liberaltears|<code><span style="color:black; background:#FFABAB">'''LT'''</span></code>]]'''''[[User:Liberaltears/mail|<sup>May D.C., his mother, and I.S. be all well!</sup>]]''''' Sunday, 21:10, July 10, 2021 (EDT)

==Dugin and Spencer==
What does [[Richard Spencer]] have to do with [[Alexander Dugin]]? [https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Alexander_Dugin&diff=prev&oldid=1422269] Please explain. Is this to imply that Dugin is some sort of racist? [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]<sup>[[User talk:RobSmith|Ich bin ein breakfast taco]]</sup> 01:59, August 26, 2022 (EDT)
: Nina Kouprianova. Dugin's work is available in English. Kouprianova did (at least some) the translations, if not all of them. Spencer is/was married to Kouprianova. Did you read the Spencer page? That information is there. The translations do have a notability and it did to my knowledge happen during their six year marriage. So the timeline most certainly fits. I edited that like four years ago. Why is it controversial now? It didn't all of a sudden become not true. Here is one of them. [https://books.google.com/books/about/Martin_Heidegger.html?id=osvOoQEACAAJ] "Translated by Nina Kouprianova" [[User:Progressingamerica|Progressingamerica]] ([[User talk:Progressingamerica|talk]]) 02:49, August 30, 2022 (EDT)
::Ok. Got it. Thank you. Very interesting. Seems far-fetched, but it is a small world after all. Sorry for any misunderstanding.

::So, we're back to the problem, is Spencer a Bolshevik or Fascist. Good luck straightening that out. [[User:RobSmith|RobS]]<sup>[[User talk:RobSmith|Ich bin ein breakfast taco]]</sup> 03:35, August 30, 2022 (EDT)
:::No problem. Old edits should be scrutinized/discussed also. As for Spencer, he loves big government. Knowing that much is good enough for me. [[User:Progressingamerica|Progressingamerica]] ([[User talk:Progressingamerica|talk]]) 15:34, September 18, 2022 (EDT)

== Nice to see you editing Conservapedia ==

It is good to see you editing Conservapedia.

I took a look at your blog. It's nice blog. I am a [[Patrick Henry]] fan too. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 21:30, August 28, 2024 (EDT)

: Thank you, I am very proud of that Henry audio book and am working as I can to get more audio books about our Founders produced. I have been very busy for some years but hope to increase contributions here again. [[User:Progressingamerica|Progressingamerica]] ([[User talk:Progressingamerica|talk]]) 16:21, August 29, 2024 (EDT)

== You will like these two articles ==

*[https://archive.is/w6zSh#selection-2563.0-2563.45 Welcome to the Post-Progressive Political Era] by [[Eric Kaufmann]], ''Wall Street Journal'', May 14, 2025
*[https://finance.yahoo.com/news/the-progressive-dream-is-dead-143714935.html The progressive dream is dead], Yahoo Finance, 2025

Enjoy! [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] ([[User talk:Conservative|talk]]) 07:42, June 10, 2025 (EDT)
:Thank you for these. [[User:Progressingamerica|Progressingamerica]] ([[User talk:Progressingamerica|talk]]) 18:15, July 11, 2025 (EDT)

Progressive Era

2025-05-15T16:33:17Z

Progressingamerica: Improved the introduction for the Progressive Era page. Progressivism is America's Cancer, and big government as we know it began in this 20 year period.

The '''Progressive Era''' from the tail-end of the 1890s to the 1920s, was a major era in American history. It is most famous for the beginnings of modern political reforms of the first major era of big government, as proposed by Republicans [[Theodore Roosevelt]], [[Charles Evans Hughes]] and [[Herbert Hoover]], and Democrat [[Woodrow Wilson]]. The progressive era outwardly emphasized efficiency and an end to political corruption as appeals to well-educated middle class Americans, but was only cover for the centralization of power within the halls of government. That centralization led to the birth of the modern [[Administrative State]].

The progressives strongly supported education, science, and medicine, and saw ignorance as the main problem to overcome. They wanted to purify society, and most supported prohibition and woman suffrage. [[Jane Addams]] was the most prominent leader outside government.

[[Progressive Ideology]] also influenced American business, with entrepreneurs like [[Henry Ford]], [[Andrew Carnegie]], [[John D. Rockefeller]] and [[J. P. Morgan]], who promoted efficiency. They also gave strong support to philanthropy and to religion, generally worldwide Christian missions but with a particular focus on emphasizing the [[Social Gospel]] and left-wing [[Social Justice]] initiatives.

[[Booker T. Washington]] was the leading progressive voice in the African American community.

In 1912 Roosevelt created a new party, the "Progressive Party" to run for president, but he lost and the party faded away. The 1912 party is only a small part of the entire Progressive movement.

The Progressive Era lasted about two decades, from the very end of the 1890s to the 1920s, and influenced all sectors of American society. From the perspective of conservatives in the 21st century, many aspects of the drive for efficiency and against corruption win wide approval. Liberals are split in their evaluation, with many approving the growth of federal power and others opposed to the middle class moralism of the progressives.

==Reform ideas==
===Efficiency===
[[Progressivism]] meant expertise, and the use of science, engineering, technology and the new social sciences to identify the nation's problems, and identify ways to eliminate waste and inefficiency and to promote modernization. The reformers of the Progressive Era advocated the [[Efficiency movement]]. Progressives assumed that anything old was encrusted with inefficient and useless practices. A scientific study of the problem would enable experts to discover the "one best solution." Progressives strongly opposed waste and corruption, and tended to assume that opponents were motivated by ignorance or corruption. They sought change in all policies at all levels of society, economy and government. Initially the movement was successful at local level, and then it progressed to state and gradually national. The reformers (and their opponents) were predominantly members of the middle class. Most were well educated, white, Protestants who lived in the cities. Catholics, Jews and African Americans had their own versions of the Progressive Movement, as exemplified by [[George Cardinal Mundelein]], [[Oscar Straus]] and [[Booker T. Washington]].

===Social justice===
The Progressives pushed for social justice, general equality and public safety, but there were contradictions within the movement, especially regarding race. To many Progressives, especially in the South, black suffrage was a corrupting force (the votes were presumably purchased or controlled by ministers) and had to be minimized. The Catholics had their own version of the movement which they applied to their schools, colleges, and hospitals.

==Women==
Women came to the fore in the Progressive era and proved their value as social workers. [[Jane Addams]] of Chicago was only the most prominent of many leaders. The [[woman suffrage]] movement was a key part of Progressivism. It started in the west (with California giving the women the vote in 1912 after several smaller states), and moved east. It was opposed by ethnic machines in the northeast and traditionalists in the South, but finally became law by Constitutional amendment (the 19th) in August 1920.

==Prohibition==
Prohibition of the manufacture and sale of alcohol was one of the main Progressive causes at the local, state and national level. It achieved national success with the passage of the 18th Amendment by Congress in late 1917, and the ratification by three-fourths of the states in 1919. It took effect in 1920, and was repealed in 1933. Evangelical church groups, especially Methodists and Baptists, were the main activists in favor of prohibition. They were mobilized by the highly effective [[Anti-Saloon League]].

==Constitutional change==
The Progressives tried to permanently fix their reforms into law by constitutional amendments, included [[Prohibition]] with the 18th Amendment and [[women's suffrage]] by the 19th amendment, both in 1920 as well as the federal income tax with the 16th amendment and direct election of senators with the 17th amendment. After Progressivism collapsed, the 18th amendment was repealed (in 1933).

==Economic conditions==
The Progressive Era was one of general prosperity after the [[Panic of 1893]]—a severe depression—ended in 1897. The [[Panic of 1907]] was short and mostly affected financiers. However, Campbell (2005) stresses the weak points of the economy in 1907-1914, linking them to public demands for more Progressive interventions. The Panic of 1907 was followed by a small decline in real wages and increased unemployment, with both trends continuing until World War I. Campbell emphasizes the resulting stress on public finance and the impact on the Wilson administration's policies. The weakened economy and persistent federal deficits led to changes in fiscal policy, including the imposition of federal income taxes on businesses and individuals and the creation of the Federal Reserve System. Government agencies were also transformed in an effort to improve administrative efficiency.

==Progressive Politics==
Almost all major politicians declared their adherence to some progressive measures. In politics the most prominent national figures were Republicans [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and [[Robert LaFollette]] and Democrats [[William Jennings Bryan]] and [[Woodrow Wilson]]. On the [[far left]], the [[IWW]] ("Wobblies") opposed Progressivism because they wanted to destroy capitalism and progressivism wanted to strengthen it. The main labor unions, led by [[Samuel Gompers]] of the [[AFL]], were active supporters of the progressive Movement, as were most businessmen.

As a general rule, socialists in America met with very little success during this era if not no success at all. Administrative agencies and expertise, driven by progressive politicians, won out compared with domestic battles of the proletariat against the bourgeoisie. For example, Upton Sinclair wrote his book "''[[The Jungle]]''" hoping to create an uprising but was left dumbfounded when the only thing that resulted from his effort was a much-hailed progressive agency. Additionally, socialists did not successfully nationalize any industry into the hands of government while much of government oversight was increased according to progressive doctrine.

===Muckraking===
[[Muckraker]]s were journalists who exposed waste, corruption and scandal in the highly influential new medium of national magazines, such as [[McClure's]]. Progressives shared a common belief in the ability of science, technology and disinterested expertise to identify all problems and come up with the one best solution.

===Purifying democracy===
{{main|Initiatives and referendums in the United States}}

Progressives moved to enable the citizenry to rule more directly and circumvent political bosses; California, Wisconsin and Oregon took the lead. California and Oregon established the [[Initiative]], [[Referendum]], and [[Recall]]. About 16 states began using [[Primary election]]s. Many cities set up municipal reference bureaus to study the budgets and administrative structures of local governments. In Illinois, governor [[Frank Lowden]] undertook a major reorganization of state government. In Wisconsin, the stronghold of [[Robert LaFollette]], the [[Wisconsin Idea]], inspired by Charles McCarthy, used the state university as the source of ideas and expertise.

===Antitrust===
[[Trusts]] were a major issue, with public opinion fearing that large corporations could impose monopolistic prices to cheat the consumer and squash small independent companies. By 1904, 318 trusts controlled about two-fifths of the nation's manufacturing output, not to mention powerful trusts in non-manufacturing sectors such as railroads, local transit, and banking. Roosevelt's Justice Department launched 44 antitrust suits.

===TR moves left 1907-1912===
By 1907-08, his last two years in office, Roosevelt was increasingly distrustful of big business, despite its close ties to the Republican party in every large state. Roosevelt, freely lambasting his critics and conservative judges, called on Congress to enact a series of radical new laws that would regulate the economy. He wanted a national incorporation law (all corporations had state charters, which varied greatly state by state), a federal income tax and inheritance tax (both targeted on the rich), limits on the use of court injunctions against labor unions during strikes (injunctions were a powerful weapon that mostly helped business), an employee liability law for industrial injuries (pre-empting state laws), an eight-hour law for federal employees, a postal savings system (to provide competition for local banks), and, finally, campaign reform laws. None of his agenda was enacted, and Roosevelt carried over the ideas into the 1912 campaign. Roosevelt's increasingly radical stance proved popular in the Midwest and Pacific Coast, and among farmers, teachers, clergymen, clerical workers and some proprietors, but was appeared as divisive and unnecessary to eastern Republicans, corporate executives, lawyers, party workers, and Congressmen.

===Taft elected===
Roosevelt certified Taft a genuine "progressive" in 1908 when he pushed through the nomination of his uncharismatic Secretary of War. With most northern states safely Republican, Taft easily won. He defeated [[William Jennings Bryan]], who was running his third race, this time claiming that he not Taft was the true progressive. Taft sincerely considered himself a "progressive" because in his deep belief in "The Law" as the scientific device that should be used by judges to solve society's problems.

Taft proved an inept politician. Who could follow Roosevelt, perhaps the most charismatic national figure ever? Anyway Taft lacked the energy and personal magnetism, not to mention the publicity devices, the dedicated supporters, and the broad base of public support that made Roosevelt so formidable. When Roosevelt realized that lowering the tariff would risk severe tensions inside the GOP, pitting producers (manufacturers and farmers) against department stores and consumers, he stopped talking about the issue. Taft ignored the risks and tackled the tariff boldly. He negotiated a breakthrough treaty with Canada that would sharply lower tariffs with the nation's largest trading partner. Taft hurt himself in the Midwest, where farmers feared an influx of competitive products, and yet he never reaped the benefits because Canadians revolted against the possibility of American domination, and rejected the treaty. Pushing a new tariff through Congress, Taft on the one hand encouraged reformers to fight for lower rates, then cut deals with conservative leaders that kept overall rates high. The resulting Payne-Aldrich tariff of 1909 was too high for most reformers, but instead of blaming this on [[Nelson Aldrich]] and big business, Taft took credit, calling it the best tariff ever. Again he had managed to alienate all sides.

Unlike Roosevelt, Taft never attacked business or businessmen in his rhetoric. However he was attentive to the law, so he launched 90 antitrust suits, including one against the largest corporation, U.S. Steel for an acquisition that Roosevelt had personally approved. The upshot was that Taft lost the support of antitrust reformers (who disliked his conservative rhetoric), of big business (which disliked his actions), and of Roosevelt, who felt repudiated by his protegé.

Under the leadership of Senators [[Robert LaFollette]] of Wisconsin and [[Albert Beveridge]] of Indiana, Midwestern GOP progressives increasingly became party insurgents, battling both Taft and the conservative wing of the Republican party. The tariff issue initially brought the insurgents together, but they broadened their attack to cover a wide range of issues. In 1910 they cooperated with Democrats to reduce the power of Speaker [[Joe Cannon]], a key conservative. In 1911 LaFollette created the National Progressive Republican League to defeat the power of political bossism at the state level, and to replace Taft at the national level. More trouble came when Taft fired [[Gifford Pinchot]], a leading conservationist and close ally of Roosevelt, who had alleged that Taft's Secretary of Interior was in league with big timber interests. Conservationists sided with Pinchot, as Taft alienated yet another vocal constituency. Roosevelt, back from Europe, launched an attack on the federal courts, which deeply upset Taft. In the 1910 Congressional elections, Democrats swept to power and Taft's reelection in 1912 was increasingly in doubt.

===TR breaks with Taft, 1911===
Late in 1911 Roosevelt finally broke with Taft and announced as a candidate for the Republican nomination. Most of LaFollette's supporters went over to Roosevelt, leaving the Wisconsin Senator embittered. Roosevelt, stepping up his attack on judges, carried 9 of the states with preferential primaries, LaFollette took two, and Taft only one. Most professional Republican politicians were supporting Taft, and they proved difficult to upset in non-primary states. In a decisive move, Taft's people purchased support of corrupt politicians who represented the shadow Republican party in southern states that were overwhelmingly Democratic. Taft delegates beat back challenges to their southern delegations, proving that Taft had a slim majority at the Republican national convention. Roosevelt's people had made similar purchases in the South 1904, but this time the Rough Rider called foul. Not since 1872 had there been a major schism in the Republican party; with the Democrats holding about 45% of the national vote, any schism would be fatal. Unable to tolerate the personal humiliation he suffered at the hands of Taft and the Old Guard, and refusing to entertain the possibility of a compromise candidate, Roosevelt struck back hard. Outvoted, Roosevelt pulled his delegates off the convention floor and decided to form a third party.

==Progressive party of 1912==
The "[[Progressive Party]] nicknamed the "Bull Moose Party" was the third party created by [[Theodore Roosevelt]] in 1912 in his effort to punish President [[William Howard Taft]] for "stealing" the Republican nomination. Political progressivism was a powerful force at the national level, and in the first dozen years of the century Roosevelt was its most articulate spokesman. Roosevelt, trained as a biologist and naturalist, identified himself and his programs with the mystique of science. The other side of [[Progressivism]] was a burning hatred of [[corruption]] and a fear of powerful and dangerous forces, such as political machines, labor unions and "trusts" (large corporations.) Roosevelt, the former deputy sheriff on the Dakota frontier, and police commissioner of New York City, knew evil when he saw it and was dedicated to destroying it. Roosevelt's moralistic determination set the tone of national politics.

Roosevelt, Pinchot, Beveridge and their allies created the Progressive Party in 1912, structuring it as a permanent organization that would field complete tickets at the presidential and state level. At his Chicago convention Roosevelt cried out, "We stand at Armageddon and we battle for the Lord." The crusading rhetoric resonated well with the delegates, many of them long-time reformers, crusaders, activists and opponents of politics as usual. Included in the ranks were Jane Addams and other feminists and peace activists. The platform echoed Roosevelt's 1907-8 proposals, calling for vigorous government intervention to protect the people from the selfish interests.

Many Progressives such as LaFollette strongly opposed the new party. The great majority of Republican governors, congressmen, editors and local leaders refused to join the new party, even if they had supported Roosevelt before. Only five of the 15 most prominent progressive Republicans in the Senate endorsed the new party; three came out for Wilson. For men expecting a future in politics, bolting the party ticket was simply too radical a step; for others it was safer to go with Wilson, and quite a few supporters of progressivism had doubts about the reliability of Roosevelt's beliefs. If The Bull Moose had only run a presidential ticket, it might have attracted many more Republicans willing to split their ballot. But the progressive movement was strongest at the state level, and therefore the new party had to field candidates for governor and state legislature. In Pittsburgh, the local Republican boss, at odds with state party leaders, joined Roosevelt's cause. In California, Governor [[Hiram Johnson]] and the Bull Moosers took control of the regular Republicans party; Taft was not even listed on the California ballot. Johnson became Roosevelt's running-mate. In most states there were full Republican and Progressive tickets in the field, thus splitting the Republican vote. The [[Socialist party]], also troubled by deep internal divisions, again nominated [[Eugene Debs]], their best stump speaker. The central problem faced by the Bull Moosers was that the Democrats were more united and optimistic than they had been in years.

===Wilson the Democrat===
The Bull Moosers fancied they had a chance to win by drawing out progressive elements from both the Republican and Democratic parties, That dream evaporated in July, when after 46 roll calls the Democrats unexpectedly rejected party hacks such as [[Champ Clark]] and instead nominated their most articulate and prominent progressive, [[Woodrow Wilson]]. As the crusading governor of New Jersey, Wilson had attracted national attention. As a leading educator and political scientist, he qualified as the ideal "expert" to handle affairs of state. Wilson appealed to regular Democrats, to progressive Democrats, and to independent progressives of the sort Roosevelt was targeting. Half or more of the independent progressives flocked to Wilson's camp, both because of Wilson's policies and in the expectation of victory, leaving the Bull Moose party high and dry. Roosevelt haters, such as LaFollette, also voted for Wilson instead of wasting their vote on Taft who could never win. Roosevelt nonetheless conducted a vigorous national campaign, denouncing the way the Republican nomination had been "stolen." He bundled together his reforms under the rubric of "The New Nationalism" and stumped the country for a strong federal role in regulating the economy, and, especially, watching and chastising bad corporations and overruling federal and state judges who made unprogressive decisions. Wilson called for a "New Freedom," which emphasized individualism rather than the collectivism that Roosevelt was promoting. Once he was in office, however, Wilson in practice supported reforms that resembled Roosevelt's collectivism more than his own individualism. Taft, knowing he had no chance to win, campaigned quietly, emphasizing the superior role of judges over the demagogy of elected officials. The departure of the more extreme progressives left the conservatives even more firmly in control of the GOP, and many of the Old Guard leaders distrusted Taft as a bit too progressive for their taste, especially on matters of antitrust and tariffs. Much of the Republican effort was designed to discredit Roosevelt as a dangerous radical, but the people knew the Rough Rider too well to buy that argument. The result was the weakest Republican effort in history. All three national campaigns were suspended for a while in October, as Roosevelt recuperated from an assassination attempt. (The bullet was partly absorbed by the text of a long speech in Roosevelt's pocket; bleeding and slightly dazed, he insisted on finishing the speech before being rushed off to the hospital.)

===Election results 1912===
Roosevelt succeeded in his main goal of punishing Taft; with 4.1 million votes (27%) he ran well ahead of Taft's 3.5 million (23%). However, Wilson's 6.3 million votes (42%) was enough to garner 435 electoral votes. Taft, with two small states, Vermont and Utah, had 8 electoral votes. Roosevelt had 88: Pennsylvania was his only Eastern state; in the Midwest he carried Michigan, Minnesota and South Dakota; in the West, California and Washington; in the South, nothing. The Democrats gained ten seats in the Senate, just enough to form a majority, and 63 new House seats to solidify their control there. Progressive statewide candidates trailed about 20 percent behind Roosevelt's vote. Almost all, including Beveridge of Indiana, went down to defeat; the only governor elected was Johnson of California. Seventeen Bull Moosers were elected to Congress, and perhaps 250 to local office. Outside California there obviously was no real base to the party beyond the personality of himself.

===Bull Moose party disintegrates===
Roosevelt had scored a second-place finish, but he trailed so far behind Wilson that everyone realized his party would never win the White House. With the poor performance at state and local levels in 1912, the steady defection of top supporters, the failure to attract any new support, and a pathetic showing in 1914, the Bull Moose party disintegrated. Some leaders, such as [[Harold L. Ickes|Harold Ickes]] of Chicago, supported Wilson in 1916. Most followed Roosevelt back into the GOP, which nominated [[Charles Evans Hughes]]. Hughes had a progressive record in New York, and sat out the divisive years of 1910-1916 on the Supreme Court, so he was acceptable to all factions. The ironies were many: Taft had been Roosevelt's hand-picked successor in 1908 and the split between the two men was personal and bitter; if Roosevelt had just waited he probably would have been nominated and elected in 1916; his schism allowed the conservatives to gain control of the Republican party and left Roosevelt and his followers drifting in the wilderness. Out in California, Johnson snubbed Hughes in 1916 and threw the election to Wilson. During the Great War, Roosevelt himself moved to the right, stressing Americanism and denouncing Wilson's weak military policies. He probably would have been the 1920 GOP nominee, but he had aged rapidly and died early in 1919, aged 60, from the effects of a tropical disease. Taft went on to become Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the position he wanted far more than President. Although Franklin Roosevelt attracted Ickes and a few other prominent Bull Moosers to his cause in the 1930s, two-thirds of those still politically active rejected the New Deal.

==End of the Era==
While there is not full agreement as to when the Progressive Era began, the end of the Progressive Era is always noted in the same year: 1920. As progressive author and founder of [[The New Republic]] [[Herbert Croly]] noted at the time, the "eclipse" of "progressivism as an effective force in American politics" was the "chief distinguishing aspect" of the 1920 election.<ref>[https://newrepublic.com/article/78969/the-eclipse-progressivism The Eclipse of Progressivism]</ref>

But while the era ended with the election in 1920, progressivism would make a roaring comeback in the 1930s under the name of "liberalism", having had its [[Progressivism#Name_Change|label changed]] by [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]].

==Notable Progressive political leaders==
*[[Nelson Aldrich]], GOP Senator; Rhode Island, conservative leader; progressive on financial issues
*[[Albert J. Beveridge]], Senator; historian; Indiana
*[[William Jennings Bryan]], 3 times Presidential candidate for Democrats; Nebraska
*[[Herbert Hoover]], Government official; President; Washington
*[[Charles Evans Hughes]], Governor, Presidential Candidate; Secty. of State; New York
*[[Hiram Johnson]], Senator, California
*[[Tom L. Johnson]], Mayor, Cleveland, OH
*[[Samuel M. Jones]], Mayor, Toledo, OH
*[[Robert LaFollette]], Governor, Senator, party boss, presidential candidate; Wisconsin
*[[Seth Low]], Mayor; New York City
*[[Frank Lowden]], Governor; Illinois
*[[George Norris]], House and Senate; Nebraska
*[[George W. Perkins]], New York City
*[[Gifford Pinchot]], Conservationist; Governor; Pennsylvania
*[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], Navy official; Governor; New York
*[[Theodore Roosevelt]], President; New York City
*[[Al Smith]], Governor; Presidential candidate; New York City
*[[Henry Stimson]], Secretary of War; Secretary of State; New York City
*[[William Howard Taft]], President and Chief Justice; Washington
*[[William S. U'Ren]], Oregon
*[[Booker T. Washington]], Tuskeegee, AL; powerful leader of the black community
*[[William Allen White]], newspaper editor; Emporia, Kansas
*[[Woodrow Wilson]], political scientist; president; Princeton NJ
*[[Leonard Wood]], General; Washington

== Notable Progressive intellectuals, writers, advocates ==
*[[Henry George]], author, intellectual
*[[Edward Bellamy]], author, organizer
*[[Jane Addams]], social worker, peace advocate
*[[Charles Beard]], historian of US; political scientist
*[[Franz Boas]], anthropologist
*[[Louis Brandeis|Louis D. Brandeis]], lawyer, Supreme Court justice
*[[Nicholas Murray Butler]], educator
*[[Herbert Croly]], magazine editor of ''[[New Republic]]''; political commentator
*[[John R. Commons]], economist
*[[Andrew Carnegie]], philanthropist
*[[George Washington Carver]], black chemist
*[[Robert deForest]], charity organization leader
*[[John Dewey]], philosopher
*[[W.E.B. DuBois]], black leader
*[[Thomas Edison]], inventor
*[[Irving Fisher]], economist
*[[Henry Ford]], industrialist
*[[Frederick T. Gates]], philanthropist
*[[Charlotte Perkins Gilman]], writer
*[[William Randolph Hearst]], publisher
*[[Lewis Hine]], photographer
*[[Walter Lippmann]], journalist
*[[Charles McCarthy]], Wisconsin Idea
*[[John R. Mott]], YMCA leader
*[[George Cardinal Mundelein]], Catholic archbishop of Chicago
*[[Vernon Louis Parrington?]], historian and literary critic
*[[Simon Paton]], economist
*[[Ulrich B. Phillips]], historian of South
*[[Mary Richmond]], charity organization leader
*[[Jacob Riis]], journalist
*[[John D. Rockefeller, Jr.]], philanthropist
*[[Theodore Roosevelt]], writer, environmentalist (and president)
*[[Upton Sinclair]], writer
*[[Albion Small]], sociologist
*[[Ellen Gates Starr]], social worker
*[[Lincoln Steffens]], Muckraking journalist
*[[Ida Tarbell]], Muckraking journalist
*[[Frederick Winslow Taylor]], efficiency expert
*[[Frederick Jackson Turner]], historian of West
*[[Thorstein Veblen]], economist
*[[Booker T. Washington]], black leader
*[[Ida B. Wells]], black leader
*[[William Allen White]], editor
*[[Woodrow Wilson]], author (and President)
*[[Frank Johnson Goodnow]], educator

==See also==
* [[Efficiency movement]]
* [[Fourth Great Awakening]]
* [[Fourth Party System]]
* [[Social Gospel]]
* [[Progressive Party]], 1912
* [[Roaring Twenties]]
* [[Birth control and racism]]
*[[Secular Europe and eugenics]]

==Bibliography==
===Overviews===
* Buenker, John D., John C. Burnham, and Robert M. Crunden. ''Progressivism'' (1986) short overview
* Buenker, John D. and Joseph Buenker, Eds. ''Encyclopedia of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era.'' (2005) 1290 pp. in three volumes. . 900 articles by 200 scholars
* Buenker, John D. ed. ''Dictionary of the Progressive Era'' (1980), short articles by scholars
* Chambers, John Whiteclay, II. ''The Tyranny of Change: America in the Progressive Era, 1890-1920'' (2000), textbook [https://www.amazon.com/Tyranny-Change-America-Progressive-1890-1920/dp/0813527996/ref=sr_1_26?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211878274&sr=8-26 excerpt and text search]
* Crunden, Robert M. ''Ministers of Reform: The Progressives' Achievement in American Civilization, 1889-1920'' (1982) [https://www.amazon.com/Ministers-Reform-Progressives-Achievement-Civilization/dp/0252011678/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196634251&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Diner, Steven J. ''A Very Different Age: Americans of the Progressive Era'' (1998) [https://www.amazon.com/Very-Different-Age-Americans-Progressive/dp/0809025531/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196634565&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Flanagan, Maureen. ''America Reformed: Progressives and Progressivisms, 1890s-1920s'' (2007).
* Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth. ''Who Were the Progressives?'' (2002)
* Gould Lewis L. ''America in the Progressive Era, 1890-1914" (2000) [https://www.amazon.com/America-Progressive-Era-1890-Seminar/dp/0582356717/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196634595&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Gould Lewis L. ed., ''The Progressive Era'' (1974), essays by scholars
* Hays, Samuel P. ''The Response to Industrialism, 1885-1914'' (1957), old but influential short survey
* Hofstadter, Richard ''The Age of Reform'' (1954), Pulitzer Prize, but now sadly outdated
* Jensen, Richard. "Democracy, Republicanism and Efficiency: The Values of American Politics, 1885-1930," in Byron Shafer and Anthony Badger, eds, ''Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775-2000'' (U of Kansas Press, 2001) pp 149-180; [http://www.uic.edu/~rjensen/rj0025.htm online version]
* Kennedy, David M. ed., ''Progressivism: The Critical Issues'' (1971), readings
* Kloppenberg, James T. ''Uncertain victory: social democracy and progressivism in European and American thought, 1870-1920'' 1986 [http://www.historyebook.org/ online at ACLS e-books]
* Leuchtenburg, William E. "Progressivism and Imperialism: The Progressive Movement and American Foreign Policy, 1898-1916," ''The Mississippi Valley Historical Review,'' Vol. 39, No. 3. (Dec., 1952), pp. 483-504. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0161-391X%28195212%2939%3A3%3C483%3APAITPM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-L JSTOR]
* Link, Arthur S. ''Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era: 1913-1917'' (1954), standard scholarly survey
* Link, Arthur S. ''Wilson: The Road to the White House'' (1947), first volume of standard biography (to 1917); ''Wilson: The New Freedom'' (1956); ''Wilson: The Struggle for Neutrality: 1914-1915'' (1960); ''Wilson: Confusions and Crises: 1915-1916'' (1964); ''Wilson: Campaigns for Progressivism and Peace: 1916-1917'' (1965), the last volume of standard biography. [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;idno=heb01547 all 5 volumes are online free (if you have a account) at ACLS e-books]
* Mann, Arthur. ed., ''The Progressive Era'' (1975), readings from scholars
* Lasch, Christopher. ''The True and Only Heaven: Progress and its Critics'' (1991) [https://www.amazon.com/True-Only-Heaven-Progress-Critics/dp/0393307956/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196634634&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* McGerr, Michael. ''A Fierce Discontent: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America, 1870-1920'' (2003)
*Mowry, George. ''The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America, 1900-1912.'' (1954) general survey of era
* [[Burl Noggle|Noggle, Burl]]. "The Twenties: A New Historiographical Frontier," ''The Journal of American History,'' Vol. 53, No. 2. (Sep., 1966), pp. 299-314. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8723%28196609%2953%3A2%3C299%3ATTANHF%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Y in JSTOR]
* Perry, Elisabeth Israels and Karen Manners Smith, eds. ''The Gilded Age & Progressive Era: A Student Companion'' (2006)
* Piott, Steven. ''American Reformers 1870-1920'' (2006). 240 pp. biographies of 12 leaders [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=24927 online review]
* Thelen, David P. "Social Tensions and the Origins of Progressivism," ''Journal of American History'' 56 (1969), 323-341 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8723(196909)56%3A2%3C323%3ASTATOO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Y JSTOR]
* Wiebe, Robert. ''The Search For Order, 1877-1920'' (1967) highly influential interpretation

===National politics===
*Blum, John Morton ''The Republican Roosevelt.'' (1954). Series of essays that examine how TR did politics
*Brands, H.W. ''Theodore Roosevelt'' (2001), biography [http://www.questia.com/library/book/t-r-the-last-romantic-by-h-w-brands.jsp online edition]
* Clements, Kendrick A. ''The Presidency of Woodrow Wilson'' (1992) [https://www.amazon.com/Presidency-Woodrow-Wilson-Kendrick-Clements/dp/070060524X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196634763&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Coletta, Paolo. ''The Presidency of William Howard Taft'' (1990) [https://www.amazon.com/Presidency-William-Howard-Taft-American/dp/0700600965/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196634782&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Cooper, John Milton ''The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt.'' (1983), influential dual biography [https://www.amazon.com/Warrior-Priest-Woodrow-Theodore-Roosevelt/dp/0674947517/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196634808&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
* Gould, Lewis L. ''The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt'' (1991) [https://www.amazon.com/Presidency-Theodore-Roosevelt-American/dp/0700605657/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196634966&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Harbaugh, William Henry. ''The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt.'' (1963); also titled "Power and Responsibility''; very good political biography [https://www.amazon.com/Power-Responsibility-William-Henry-Harbaugh/dp/0945707134/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196635034&sr=8-5 excerpt and text search]
* Harrison, Robert. ''Congress, Progressive Reform, and the New American State'' (2004) [https://www.amazon.com/Congress-Progressive-Reform-American-State/dp/0521827892/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196635083&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Hofstadter, Richard. ''The American Political Tradition'' (1948), ch. 8-9-10 on Bryan, Roosevelt and Wilson. [https://www.amazon.com/American-Political-Tradition-Men-Made/dp/0679723153/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1228139165&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
* Link, Arthur Stanley. ''Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era, 1910-1917'' (1972), standard history
* Morris, Edmund ''Theodore Rex''. (2001), very well written biography of Theodore Roosevelt covers 1901-1909 [https://www.amazon.com/Theodore-Rex-Modern-Library-Paperbacks/dp/0812966007/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196634966&sr=8-4 excerpt and text search]
* Mowry, George E. ''Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement''. (2001) standard history of 1912 movement
* Sanders, Elizabeth. ''Roots of Reform: Farmers, Workers and the American State, 1877-1917'' (1999) [https://www.amazon.com/Roots-Reform-American-1877-1917-Political/dp/0226734773/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196635183&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Wilson, Joan Hoff. ''Herbert Hoover, Forgotten Progressive'' (1965), favorable to Hoover

==Business and labor==
* Campbell, Ballard. "Economic Causes of Progressivism." ''Journal of the Gilded Age & Progressive Era'' 2005 4(1): 7-22
* Glad, Paul W. "Progressives and the Business Culture of the 1920s," ''The Journal of American History,'' Vol. 53, No. 1. (Jun., 1966), pp. 75-89. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8723%28196606%2953%3A1%3C75%3APATBCO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R in JSTOR]
* [[Gabriel Kolko|Kolko, Gabriel]]. "The Triumph of Conservatism" (1963), New left attack on Progressive reforms as dictated by big business
* Kyle, Bruce and Chris Nyland; "Scientific Management, Institutionalism, and Business Stabilization: 1903-1923" ''Journal of Economic Issues'', Vol. 35, 2001
* Mink, Gwendolyn. ''Old Labor and New Immigrants in American Political Development: Union, Party, and State, 1875–1920'' (1986); unions tried to restrict immigration because it lowered wage levels
* Montgomery, David. "Workers' Movements in the United States Confront Imperialism: The Progressive Era Experience." ''Journal of Gilded Age and Progressive era'' 7.1 (May 2008) [http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jga/7.1/montgomery.html online], leftist interpretation
* Nelson, Daniel. ''Managers and Workers: Origins of the New Factory System in the United States, 1880–1920'' (1975),
* Sanders, Elizabeth. ''Roots of Reform: Farmers, Workers and the American State, 1877-1917'' (1999), liberal interpretation
* Stromquist, Shelton. ''Reinventing 'The People': The Progressive Movement, the Class Problem, and the Origins of Modern Liberalism,'' (2006). ISBN 0-252-07269-3.
* Wiebe, Robert H. ''Businessmen and Reform: A Study of the Progressive Movement'' (1968), shows business played a major role
* Wiebe, Robert H. "Business Disunity and the Progressive Movement, 1901-1914," ''The Mississippi Valley Historical Review,'' Vol. 44, No. 4. (Mar., 1958), pp. 664-685. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0161-391X%28195803%2944%3A4%3C664%3ABDATPM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-I in JSTOR]

===State and local, ethnic, gender===
* Abell, Aaron I. ''American Catholicism and Social Action: A Search for Social Justice, 1865-1950'' (1960),
* Buenker, John D. ''Urban Liberalism and Progressive Reform'' (1973). Urban ethics promoted Progressivism (except they opposed prohibition and were cool to woman suffrage)
* Buenker, John D. ''The Progressive Era, 1893-1914'' (1998), in the stronghold of Wisconsin
* Feffer, Andrew. ''The Chicago Pragmatists and American Progressivism'' (1993), ideas of [[John Dewey]] and other philosophers
*Frankel, Noralee and Nancy S. Dye, eds. ''Gender, Class, Race, and Reform in the Progressive Era'' (1991). [https://www.amazon.com/Gender-Class-Race-Reform-Progressive/dp/0813108411/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196635306&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Harlan, Louis R. ''Booker T. Washington'' (2 vol 1973, 1986); Pulitzer prize [https://www.amazon.com/Booker-T-Washington-1901-1915-Paperbacks/dp/0195042298/ref=pd_sim_b_title_5 excerpt and text search]
* Huthmacher, J. Joseph "Urban Liberalism and the Age of Reform" ''Mississippi Valley Historical Review'' 49 (1962): 231-241, [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0161-391X%28196209%2949%3A2%3C231%3AULATAO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X in JSTOR]; emphasized urban, ethnic, working class support for reform
* Lewis, David L. ''W.E.B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race: 1868-1919'' (1993), 2 vol; Pulitzer Prize
* Link, William A. ''The Paradox of Southern Progressivism, 1880-1930'' (1997).
* Lubove, Roy. ''The Progressives and the Slums: Tenement House Reform in New York City, 1890-1917'' Greenwood Press: 1974.
* Nasaw, David. ''The Chief: The Life of William Randolph Hearst'' (2001) [https://www.amazon.com/Chief-Life-William-Randolph-Hearst/dp/0618154469/ref=sr_1_14?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196635206&sr=8-14 excerpt and text search]
* Rodgers, Daniel T. ''Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age'' (2000). influential study that stresses links with Europe [http://ets.umdl.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;cc=acls;q1=roosevelt;rgn=full%20text;view=toc;idno=heb00064.0001.001 online in ACLS e-books]
* Starr, Kevin. ''Inventing the Dream: California through the Progressive Era'' (1986) [https://www.amazon.com/Inventing-Dream-California-through-Progressive/dp/0195042344/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211878072&sr=8-5 excerpt and text search]
* Thelen, David. ''The New Citizenship, Origins of Progressivism in Wisconsin, 1885-1900'' (1972).
* Wesser, Robert F. ''Charles Evans Hughes: politics and reform in New York, 1905-1910'' (1967).

==Foreign affairs==
*Beale Howard K. ''Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of America to World Power.'' (1956).
* Gillette, Jr., Howard. "The Military Occupation of Cuba, 1899–1902: Workshop for American Progressivism," ''American Quarterly'' 25 (Oct. 1973): 410–25.
* Montgomery, David. "Workers' Movements in the United States Confront Imperialism: The Progressive Era Experience." ''Journal of Gilded Age and Progressive era'' 7.1 (May 2008) [http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jga/7.1/montgomery.html online]

===Primary sources===
* Burt, Elizabeth V., ed. ''The Progressive Era: Primary Documents on Events from 1890 to 1914'' (Debating Historical Issues in the Media of the Time) (2004) [https://www.amazon.com/Progressive-Era-Documents-Debating-Historical/dp/0313320977/ref=sr_1_29?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211878274&sr=8-29 excerpt and text search]
* Croly, Herbert David. ''The Promise of American Life'' (1909), highly influential manifesto [https://books.google.com/books?id=hUF4B1IopmgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:croly+date:1900-1916&num=30&as_brr=1 full text online]
* Croly, Herbert David. ''Progressive Democracy'' (1914), theory [https://books.google.com/books?id=7QAAlVuOcOMC&pg=PA358&dq=intitle:progressive+date:1910-1916&num=30&as_brr=1#PPP15,M1 full text online]
* Cronon, William and David Stradling, eds. ''Conservation in the Progressive Era: Classic Texts'' (2004) [https://www.amazon.com/Conservation-Progressive-Era-Weyerhaeuser-Environmental/dp/0295983752/ref=sr_1_17?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211878274&sr=8-17 excerpt and text search]
* De Witt, Benjamin P. ''The Progressive Movement'' (1915), a comprehensive contemporary history of the era [https://books.google.com/books?id=HP7FeEz_TBsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:progressive&num=30&as_brr=1 full text online]
* Pease, Otis, ed. ''The Progressive Years: The Spirit and Achievement of American Reform'' (1962), primary documents

==External links==
* [http://www.historycooperative.org/jgaindex.html ''Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era''] scholarly journal
====notes====
<references/>

[[Category:United States History]]
[[Category:Progressive Era]]

Equal Rights Amendment

2025-01-19T07:29:31Z

Progressingamerica: /* Time limit in the resolving clause */ Dillon v. Gloss

{{discrimlaw}}
The so-called '''Equal Rights Amendment''' ('''ERA''') was a proposed amendment to the [[United States Constitution]] passed by Congress in 1972 and sent to the states for ratification within seven years. It was the subject of a historical miniseries in 2020 entitled ''Mrs. America'', which won ten [[Emmy]] nominations. On March 5, 2021, a [[District of Columbia|D.C.]] federal judge held that recent ratifications by Nevada, Illinois, and Virginia were after the ratification deadline and thus invalid: these states "ratifications came after both the original and extended deadlines that Congress attached to the ERA, so the Archivist is not bound to record them as valid."<ref>https://ecf.dcd.uscourts.gov/cgi-bin/show_public_doc?2020cv0242-117</ref> Repeated attempts by [[liberal]]s to revive ERA have failed, including a 51-47 defeat in the [[U.S. Senate]] on April 27, 2023 (60 votes were needed).<ref>https://rollcall.com/2023/04/27/senate-gop-blocks-resolution-nixing-equal-rights-amendment-ratification-deadline/#:~:text=Fifty%2Done%20senators%20voted%20to,in%20a%20speech%20on%20Monday.</ref> [[Biden]]'s declaration on his fourth-to-last day as president (January 17, 2025) that ERA is somehow part of the [[U.S. Constitution]] was widely rejected and even ridiculed.

ERA was stopped by a [[conservative]] grassroots movement led by [[Phyllis Schlafly]], which raised compelling objections including the following:

*It would require identical treatment of men and women, and boys and girls, in every way, such as allowing boys to compete in girls' sports including field hockey (as courts required based on the Massachusetts ERA)<ref>http://www.espn.com/high-school/girl/story/_/id/8055704/massachusetts-era-allows-boys-compete-girls-sports-such-field-hockey-swimming-volleyball-gymnastics</ref>
*It would prohibit publicly run single-sex schools and classrooms, and require the closing of schools like the 1,000-student Philadelphia High School for Girls
*It would require drafting women into the military just like men, and putting women in combat just like men, even though women suffer physical injuries at a much higher rate than men
*It would require taxpayer-funded [[abortion]]
*It would require [[same-sex "marriage"]]
*It would end women's shelters and other women-only facilities, such as women's prisons, by requiring all be coed<ref name="Bob Marshall">https://www.lifesitenews.com/opinion/leftists-resurrecting-equal-rights-amendment-to-make-us-constitution-pro-abortion</ref>
*It would vastly expand the power of the federal government and the courts over every issue relating to gender
*The proposed amendment never mentions "women" but only "sex," which liberals vaguely define to include "[[gender confusion|transgenderism]]" and "gender identity."<ref>Waggoner, Kristen (December 30, 2019). [https://thehill.com/opinion/civil-rights/475849-reviving-the-era-using-womens-rights-to-undermine-womens-rights Reviving the ERA: Using women's rights to undermine women's rights]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved December 30, 2019.</ref>

The original deadline for ratifying ERA expired on March 22, 1979, and then an improper extension expired on June 30, 1982. But like an episode from ''[[The Twilight Zone]]'' delusional [[liberal]]s think they can ignore the deadline and ratify it today. On January 8, 2020, the Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) in the [[Department of Justice]] issued a detailed legal analysis concluding that ERA was completely dead and cannot be revived, and that only a new ratification process could be started.<ref>https://www.justice.gov/olc/file/1232501/download</ref> The Archivist of the United States then issued a statement that he would abide by that conclusion and not recognize any additional ratifications.<ref>https://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases-4</ref>

A notable supporter of the ERA was Democrat white supremacist [[Howard W. Smith]], a U.S. representative from [[Virginia]]'s 8th congressional district.<ref>Blake, Aaron (June 15, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/06/15/how-segregationist-paved-way-big-gay-rights-win-supreme-court/ How a segregationist paved the way for a big gay rights win in the Supreme Court]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved October 28, 2021.</ref>

Author Don Critchlow: "Schlafly was Catholic, but she was able to reach out not only to Protestants, but also to Mormons, as well as some traditional Jews, too."<ref>Lesley Kennedy, [https://www.history.com/news/equal-rights-amendment-failure-phyllis-schlafly How Phyllis Schlafly Derailed the Equal Rights Amendment]. ''Hustory.com''. Updated: September 29, 2023 | Original: March 19, 2020</ref>

==Text==
The amendment, which was untitled and thus the name "Equal Rights Amendment" is unofficial, stated:

:SECTION 1. Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of [[sex]].

:SECTION 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

:SECTION 3. This amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification.

In 2019, a congresswoman introduced a revised ERA that mentions "women" in one of its clauses.

== Time limit in the resolving clause ==

There was a seven-year time limit in the resolving clause, not the amendment itself, which [[Congress]] enacted. As this scholarly analysis demonstrates, the resolving clause of a constitutional amendment is fully effective, and thus the seven-year time limit on the ratification of ERA is enforceable.<ref>https://reason.com/volokh/2023/09/13/new-light-on-the-era/</ref> Additionally, the Supreme Court has upheld Congress's power to establish a window of time for ratification such as [[Dillon v. Gloss]].

==Impact on abortion and other issues==
Multiple state courts, interpreting their state ERAs, have claimed that ERA "requires" taxpayer-funded abortion. The New Mexico Supreme Court, for example, claimed that:
{{cquote|we conclude that classifications based on the unique ability of women to become pregnant and bear children are not exempt from a searching judicial inquiry under the Equal Rights Amendment to Article II, Section 18 of the New Mexico Constitution. New Mexico's state constitution requires the State to provide a compelling justification for using such classifications to the disadvantage of the persons they classify. ... Equal Rights Amendment to Article II, Section 18 of the New Mexico Constitution [requires taxpayer-funded abortion under the state Medicaid program].}}

''N.M. Right to Choose/Naral, Abortion & Reprod. Health Servs., Planned Parenthood of the Rio Grande v. Johnson'', 1999-NMSC-00 ¶¶ 43, 61, 43126 N.M. 788, 802, 806, 975 P.2d 841, 855, 859 (Nov. 25, 1998).

More generally, courts have claimed that state ERAs or similar “equal treatment” clauses in state constitutions "require" taxpayer-funded abortions in Alaska, Arizona, Connecticut, Indiana, New Jersey, New Mexico, and Colorado ''See Doe v. Maher'', Conn., 1986; ''State v. Planned Parenthood of Alaska'', 2001; ''Simat Corp. v. Ariz. Health Care Cost Containment Sys.'', 2002; ''Humphreys v. Clinic for Women'', (Indiana 2003); ''Right to Choose v. Byrne'', (N.J. 1982). ''New Mexico Right to Choose — NARAL v. Johnson'', (1998); ''Colorado Civil Rights Commission v. Travelers Insurance Co.'' (1988).<ref name="Bob Marshall"/>

The purpose of the ERA was to prohibit many legal distinctions between men and women, and boys and girls. An all-male draft or male-only combat regiments would presumably have become illegal.<ref>Anti-ERA Phyllis Schlafly quote</ref> But equal representation of boys and girls on sports teams, and the termination of all-boys or all-girls sports teams, could have been required by [[judicial supremacy]].

Thirty-five out of the required 38 states ratified the amendment, but opposition led by [[Phyllis Schlafly]] ultimately defeated it.<ref>Testimony in 2007 by Phyllis Schlafly against the Equal Rights Amendment is [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7iEL54jY9Q here].</ref> The Democrat-majority Congress then extended the deadline to 1982 in legislation that was later invalidated, though no other states ratified the amendment in the additional three years. The states of Idaho, Kentucky, Nebraska, Tennessee, and South Dakota each rescinded its prior ratification of the amendment (though it remains an open question on whether a state, once passing an amendment, can later rescind its decision).

Since the expiration of the (extended) ratification deadline in 1982, three states have symbolically passed it: Nevada, Illinois and Virginia. Meanwhile, another state, North Dakota, came within one vote in its senate (after its House passed this resolution by a vote of 67–21) of declaring its prior passage of ERA to have expired when its deadline expired roughly 40 years ago.<ref>https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/breakingnews/story/2019/apr/01/senate-kills-resolution-nullify-equal-rights-support/491762/</ref>

==History==
After women won the right to vote with the ratification of the [[Nineteenth Amendment‎]] in 1920, the next step for some feminists was the ERA; it was introduced in Congress and rejected in every one of its sessions from 1923 until 1972.<ref>http://lcweb2.loc.gov/service/mss/eadxmlmss/eadpdfmss/2003/ms003077.pdf</ref>

It was initially authored by Alice Paul, head of the National Women's Party, who led the suffrage campaign. The original version of the ERA stated that "Men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction."
[[File:LOST-ERA.JPG|right|175px]]

The ERA was opposed by women who wanted special laws to protect women workers, including [[Eleanor Roosevelt]]. It was mostly supported by middle-class Republican women. It passed the House 354-24<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/92-1971/h197 TO PASS H.J. RES. 208.]</ref> and the Senate 84-8.<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/92-1972/s533 TO PASS H.J. RES. 208.]</ref>
After Congress adopted the ERA and sent it to the states, a leader in opposing ratification was [[Phyllis Schlafly]].

The Congressional resolution that proposed the amendment set a ratification deadline of March 22, 1979. Through 1977, the amendment received 35 of the necessary 38 state ratifications. Five states later rescinded their ratifications before the 1979 deadline: Idaho, Kentucky, Nebraska, South Dakota,<ref>Technically, South Dakota's passing resolution included a rescission clause stating that if the amendment did not pass by the original deadline, its consent would be withdrawn.</ref> and Tennessee.<ref>https://www.thoughtco.com/which-states-ratified-the-era-3528872</ref> In 1978, a joint resolution of Congress extended the ratification deadline to June 30, 1982, by simple majorities only (not by the 2/3 of each chamber required to pass amendments); however, no additional states ratified the amendment before the passing of the second deadline.

Some ERA advocates have absurdly argued that the deadline is "non-binding" and have lobbied state legislatures to either ratify for the first time or reverse their rescissions decades after 1982. Defying logic, "Nevada Ratifies The Equal Rights Amendment ... 35 Years After The Deadline," as NPR described it.<ref>https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/03/21/520962541/nevada-on-cusp-of-ratifying-equal-rights-amendment-35-years-after-deadline</ref> Then, nearly 36 years after the deadline expired, the [[Democrat]]-controlled legislature in Illinois passed ERA, and within 24 hours its primary sponsor Lou Lang resigned his leadership position amid scandalous accusations by a woman that he had committed "terrible acts against her." The woman said of Rep. Lang, "I was harassed. I was intimidated. I was humiliated."<ref>https://chicago.suntimes.com/news/state-rep-lou-lang-accused-of-harassing-springfield-activist/</ref> In January 2020 Virginia voted to pass the amendment, making it the 38th state to do so, which (had there been no timeline, and if later rescissions are ignored) would have made the Amendment effective. No state that voted to rescind its original approval has chosen to undo its original rescission, and no other state has chosen to rescind its original approval.

In 2018, the Jewish Press interviewed Andrew Schlafly regarding his mother's motivations for countering the ERA and regarding her activism in general. Andrew (and Phyllis) argued that the Amendment would have been directly harmful, rather than helpful, to women.<ref>https://www.jewishpress.com/indepth/interviews-and-profiles/this-remarkable-woman-stood-up-to-feminism-and-won-an-interview-with-andrew-schlafly-son-of-conservative-icon-phyllis-schlafly/2018/09/14/</ref>

==Advocacy==
The ERA was advocated by feminist writers [[Gloria Steinem]] and [[Betty Friedan]]. For example, a pro-ERA site claims that "[t]he new Constitution's promised rights were fully enjoyed only by certain white males. Women were treated according to social tradition and English common law and were denied most legal rights. In general, they could not vote, own property, keep their own wages, or even have custody of their children."<ref>http://www.equalrightsamendment.org/era.htm</ref>

In fact, the [[U.S. Constitution]] is gender-neutral, without preference to men or women. Section two of the Fourteenth Amendment uses the phrase "male inhabitants" to discourage any ongoing interference by the States with former slaves being able to vote. This section does not infringe on women's rights in any way.

==Canadian Equivalent==
The Canadian equivalent to the ERA is known as Charter Section 28. It was ratified as a section of the Canadian Constitution in 1982 and came into effect in 1985. Since then, many laws have been invalidated because they violated Charter Section 28.

==State-level ERAs==
State-level ERAs have been enacted in some states, most recently in [[Nevada]] in 2022 by state initiative. See [[Nevada ERA]]. These laws, however, are not enforced by federal courts.

==See also==
*[[STOP ERA]]
*[https://www.catholicculture.org/commentary/articles.cfm?id=777 Virginia Del. Bob Marshall (ret.) on why ERA should be rejected]
*[[Mrs. America]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Liberalism]]
[[Category:Feminism]]
[[Category:1960s]]
[[Category:1970s]]
[[Category:Worst Liberal Legislation]]

Dillon v. Gloss

2025-01-19T07:27:27Z

Progressingamerica: Page created

'''Dillon v. Gloss''' was a Supreme Court case in 1921 which upheld Congress's authority to fix a specific period of time for a proposed amendment to the constitution to be ratified.

==See also==
* [[Equal Rights Amendment]]

The Progressive Presidents: Roosevelt, Wilson, Roosevelt, Johnson

2024-11-14T19:35:58Z

Progressingamerica: Page created

'''The Progressive Presidents: Roosevelt, Wilson, Roosevelt, Johnson''' is a book written in 1980 by Yale history professor John Morton Blum that examines the record of America's most progressive presidents: [[Theodore Roosevelt]], [[Woodrow Wilson]], [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]], and [[Lyndon Baines Johnson]].

==External links==
* [https://archive.org/details/progressivepresi00blum The Progressive Presidents: Roosevelt, Wilson, Roosevelt, Johnson]

[[Category:Conservative Books]]

Incorporation doctrine

2024-10-06T21:42:47Z

Progressingamerica: Ref

[[Image:Bill Of Rights Proposal.jpg|thumb|300px|The Bill of Rights as originally proposed contained the following description as "declaratory and restrictive clauses".]]
'''Incorporation''' is a legal doctrine applied by the U.S. judicial system which applies the liberties and protections of [[Bill of Rights]] in the jurisdiction of the state and local governments. This means the same limitations which apply to laws written and executed at the federal level must also be observed by lower level governments. For the first 150 years of constitutional interpretation, the Bill of Rights applied against only the federal government. Incorporation is only an interpretation of the [[U.S. Constitution]] and is not institutionalized, meaning incorporation is not written into the legal framework of the government rather it has been interpreted into the framework by justices on the [[U.S. Supreme Court]]. This means that rights could be unincorporated though this is unlikely due to the tradition of [[stare decisis|legal precedent]].

Rights and privileges of the citizens are currently incorporated by means of the [[Fourteenth Amendment]]. The Due Process Clause read “substantively” allows justices to apply a more modern meaning to the Fourteenth Amendment that incorporates “fundamental rights necessary to our system of ordered liberty.”<ref>''McDonald v. Chicago'' (2010), Samuel Alito's majority opinion</ref>

==Origin==
The earliest cases involving discussions of incorporation were a series of three cases: ''Hurtado v. California'' (1884), ''Maxwell v. Dow'' (1900), and ''Twining v. New Jersey'' (1908).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=RiNZtR-KMaEC&pg=PT186 The Judiciary: Tenth Edition]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=RzsrQmeomvwC&pg=PA19 Constitutional Debate in Action: Criminal justice]</ref> These cases, however, were declined by the court.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=iAkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 Justice Rehnquist and the Constitution]</ref> Additionally, in the case of ''Hurtado'', the question was not posed as to whether or not to consult with the [[Fourteenth Amendment]], additionally putting it outside of the official scope of Incorporation Doctrine enactment history.<ref name=seasonedjudgments>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-7lKq0dfs54C&pg=PA121 Seasoned Judgments]</ref>

Regardless of the question posed in any of these cases, Justice [[John Marshall Harlan]] insisted in inserting his preference for incorporation into all three via his dissents, marking them as the first cases<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=kv3uCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA208&lpg=PA208&dq=%22was+first+voiced+by+harlan+in+dissent+in+hurtado%22&source=bl&ots=51o-nU_wr-&sig=ANsm-nNgQgRYyiuyjIIbh0No10E&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi7pKzR_eTOAhXGmh4KHdG0A3EQ6AEIHjAA#v=onepage&q=%22was%20first%20voiced%20by%20harlan%20in%20dissent%20in%20hurtado%22&f=false The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary]</ref> in which incorporation as a doctrine was in front of the Supreme Court.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=vKiaiCCKRtAC&pg=PA112 The Price of Politics: Lessons from Kelo V. City of New London]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=cY3er3ilgjcC&pg=PA421 The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States]</ref>

==History==
The first piece of the Bill of Rights to be incorporated was just compensation of the [[Fifth Amendment]] in 1897 in the case ''Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Co. v. City of Chicago''. The writer of the majority opinion in that case was Justice Harlan, joined by 6 other justices. The last amendment to be incorporated was the [[Second Amendment]] in the 2010 case ''McDonald v. Chicago''. Another important early ''Incorporation'' case was ''Gitlow v. New York''.<ref name=seasonedjudgments />

Another theory to incorporation is use of the Privileges and Immunities Clause also embedded in the text of the Fourteenth Amendment. This was used by lawyers during the [[Slaughterhouse Cases]] in the 1870s but without success because the Court choose to read this provision with the legislative intent as applying only to freed slaves. In his concurring opinion in the 2010 case ''McDonald v. Chicago'', [[Clarence Thomas|Justice Clarence Thomas]] argues that the Privilege and Immunities Clause should be revisited as the proper vehicle through which the Bill of Rights is incorporated.<ref>''McDonald v. Chicago'' (2010), Clarence Thomas concurring opinion with the majority</ref>

==Total or selective incorporation==
Historically the doctrine has been interpreted as selective incorporation. Not every right in the Constitution applies to the state and local governments. The Supreme Court has evaluated arguments on a case-by-case basis to determine the necessity of incorporating the right in question. [[Hugo Black|Justice Hugo Black]] was a leading proponent of total incorporation: the idea that the entire Bill of Rights should be incorporated en bloc through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Some have argued that selective incorporation lays the groundwork for [[Judicial Supremacy]].<ref>[https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/dec/12/our-two-bills-of-rights/ Our ‘two’ Bills of Rights]</ref> The bill of rights is not supposed to protect the federal government from the states and the people, it is supposed to protect the people and the states from the federal government.

==Controversy==
Since its inception, the doctrine of incorporation has been a controversial one.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=_kPfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA142 Moral Controversies in American Politics]</ref> Originalists and some historians note that the Bill of Rights was originally designed to only limit the Federal government, whereas the states have their own Bills of Rights outlining their own limitations. [[Judge Bork]] notes in his book ''The Tempting of America'' that the statesmen in the mid 1800s who framed the 14th amendment did not have in mind for that amendment what the courts have done since. He wrote:<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=jWbkvFhJStoC&pg=PA181 The Tempting of America], by Robert H. Bork, pages 181-183</ref>

<blockquote>(It is not) easy to imagine the northern states, victorious in a Civil War that lead to the fourteenth amendment, should have decided to turn over to the federal courts not only the protection of the rights of freed slaves but an unlimited power to frustrate the will of the Northern states themselves. The only significant exercise of judicial review in the past century had been Dred Scott, a decision hated in the North and one hardly likely to encourage the notion that courts should be given carte blanche to set aside legislative acts. ... Had any such radical departure from the American method of governance been intended, had courts been intended to supplant legislatures, there would be more than a shred of evidence to that effect. That proposal would have provoked an enormous debate and public discussion.</blockquote>

He concludes by writing:

<blockquote>We know there is no evidence that the ratifiers imagined they were handing ultimate governance to the courts. We know that a constitutional revolution of that magnitude would have provoked widespread and heated (to put it mildly) discussion but there is no record of any such discussion. The rather sweeping mandate must be judged counterfeit.</blockquote>

Former Attorney General [[Ed Meese]] has also been critical of the doctrine.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/23/opinion/l-meese-s-thoughts-on-the-bill-of-rights-098517.html Meese's Thoughts on the Bill of Rights], Oct. 23, 1985</ref>

==Bibliography==
* Young America's Foundation "''Nationalizing criminal procedure: the doctrine of incorporation and the threat to federalism : a handbook for the 1983-84 scholastic debate topic''", (1983)
* Bork, Robert H. ''The Tempting of America'', (1990)

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Law]]
[[Category:Legal Terms]]
[[Category:United States Constitution]]

Basic income

2024-09-15T02:00:34Z

Progressingamerica: /* See also */ Cloward and Piven Strategy

'''Basic income''' is a term for a [[socialist]] policy where every resident of an area is guaranteed an [[income]] regardless of their [[employment]] status.

Various proposals for a '''universal basic income''' have been discussed in different countries, usually supported by the Left.<ref>Schlesinger, Jacob M. (January 11, 2020). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/minimum-income-ideas-get-widest-airing-in-50-years-11578718860 Minimum-Income Ideas Get Widest Airing in 50 Years]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved January 11, 2020.</ref> For example, in 2016, voters in [[Switzerland]] rejected a proposal to enact a basic income by about 78%.<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/world/2016/06/06/swiss-voters-reject-money-for-nothing-universal-income-proposal.html Swiss voters reject 'money for nothing' universal income proposal]. ''Fox News'' (from the ''Associated Press''). June 6, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2018.</ref> [[Finland]] began a pilot program in 2017 to study enacting a basic income, but it ended the program a year later.<ref>Multiple references:
*Lane, Oliver JJ (April 25, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/04/25/failure-finland-terminate-universal-basic-income-experiment/ Failure: Finland to Terminate Universal Basic Income Experiment]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
*DeMarche, Edmund (April 25, 2018). [https://www.foxnews.com/world/2018/04/25/finland-to-end-its-universal-basic-income-program-by-years-end.html Finland to end its universal basic income program by year's end]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
See also:
*Friedman, Victoria (February 9, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/02/09/finland-free-money-experiment-failed-encourage-unemployed-find-work/ Finland’s ‘Free Money’ Experiment Failed to Encourage Unemployed to Find Work]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved February 9, 2019.</ref> [[Ontario]]'s newly elected conservative government also rejected a basic income pilot program in July 2018.<ref>Singman, Brooke (August 1, 2018). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2018/08/01/universal-basic-income-ditched-in-canada-even-as-us-cities-try-welfare-experiment.html Universal basic income ditched in Canada, even as US cities try welfare experiment]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved August 1, 2018.</ref>

According to the France-based Public Services International and the Britain-based New Economics Foundation – left-of-center organizations – universal basic income does not work well in practice.<ref>Vadum, Matthew (May 17, 2019). [https://www.theepochtimes.com/universal-basic-income-programs-dont-work-well-report-says_2926307.html Universal Basic Income Programs Don’t Work Well, Report Says]. ''The Epoch Times''. Retrieved May 17, 2019.</ref>

The [[El Paso Walmart shooting|El Paso Walmart shooter]] claimed that legal immigration was hampering implementation of a universal basic income.<ref>https://www.paypervids.com/alleged-el-paso-texas-walmart-shooter-manifesto/</ref>

In 2021, the Democrats passed the [[American Rescue Plan]], which included UBI payments.<ref>https://prospect.org/economy/2023-08-07-guaranteed-income-gets-new-life/</ref>

==See also==
* [[Cloward and Piven Strategy]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://www.thenewamerican.com/economy/item/29563-time-for-a-ubi Time for a UBI?], by R. Cort Kirkwood of ''[[The New American]]''

{{communism}}
[[Category:Socialism]]
[[Category:Welfare State]]
[[Category:Economics]]
[[Category:Liberalism]]

Cloward and Piven Strategy

2024-09-15T01:59:56Z

Progressingamerica: /* Post collapse */ One goal for full scale collapse is a guaranteed annual income, in other words UBI.

[[Image:Cloward and Piven at 1993 Motor Voter Signing Ceremony.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Frances Fox Piven]] and Richard Cloward standing behind President [[Bill Clinton]] during the signing ceremony for the [[National Voter Registration Act]]]]
The '''Cloward - Piven Strategy''' is a plan of action developed by '''Richard Cloward''' and his wife '''[[Frances Fox Piven]]''', the namesakes for the strategy. The plan entails collapsing the [[U.S.]] economy by overburdening the welfare roles in a way which would leverage unheard of levels of spending and debt to the point of total systemic collapse. Cloward and Piven wrote about their plan in an article they co-authored in the 1960s called "Mobilizing the Poor: How it Could Be Done." Later, it was published in ''[[The Nation]]'', under the title "The Weight of the Poor: A Strategy to End Poverty."

==Overview==
Cloward and Piven were radical leftist [[Columbia University]] professors who believed in "change" and "social justice." Inspired by the Watts riots of [[Los Angeles]] in 1965, they wrote and published their article which outlined the best way to bring the kind of [[Saul Alinsky]]-type social change to America. They summarized it this way: "the strategy we propose, is a massive drive to recruit the poor ''onto'' the welfare rolls."

They viewed the effort as self-sustaining and self-building, writing that:

<blockquote>''If organizers can deliver millions of dollars in cash benefits to the ghetto masses, it seems reasonable to expect that the masses will deliver their loyalties to their benefactors.''</blockquote>

Put another way, money can be used to purchase the votes of people and continually retain their loyalty on election day for every ongoing election in the future.

==Implementation==
The goal for Cloward and Piven was to overwhelm the system and bring about the fall of [[capitalism]] by overloading the government bureaucracy with impossible demands and bring on economic collapse. They wrote:

<blockquote>''By the internal disruption of local bureaucratic practices, by the furor over public welfare poverty, and by the collapse of current financing arrangements, powerful forces can be generated for major economic reforms at the national level.''<ref>''[http://web.archive.org/web/20170203134719/https://www.thenation.com/article/weight-poor-strategy-end-poverty/ "The Weight of the Poor: A Strategy to End Poverty"], [[The Nation]]</ref>
</blockquote>

Following its publication, [[liberal]] activists like [[Barack Obama]] were attracted to the so-called "crisis strategy" or "Cloward-Piven Strategy," as it came to be called, and were eager to put it into effect.<ref>[http://www.discoverthenetworks.org/groupProfile.asp?grpid=7522 CLOWARD-PIVEN STRATEGY (CPS)] [[Discover the Networks]]</ref>

==Post collapse==
The primary objective of the Cloward Piven strategy is systemic collapse, however the longer-term goals were not lost on the authors. They wrote:

<blockquote>''If this strategy were implemented, a political crisis would result that could lead to legislation for a guaranteed annual income and thus an end to poverty.''</blockquote>

==See also==
* [[Biden Putsch]]
* [[Motor Voter Act]]
* [[Obamacare]]
* [[For the People Act]]
* [[Biden border crisis]]
* [[2018 Migrant caravan]]
* [[Long march through the institutions]]
* [[Universal basic income]]

== References ==
{{reflist|1}}

== Eternal links ==
* [http://www.discoverthenetworks.org/Articles/recenteffortstooverloadtheamericansystem.html Recent Efforts to Overload the American System], [[Discover the Networks]]
* [https://www.americanthinker.com/2008/09/barack_obama_and_the_strategy.html Barack Obama and the Strategy of Manufactured Crisis], [[American Thinker]]

{{Liberalism}}
{{communism}}
[[Category:Marxist Terminology]]
[[Category:Political Theory]]
[[Category:Barack Hussein Obama]]
[[Category:Biden Putsch]]

Basic income

2024-09-15T01:55:17Z

Progressingamerica: Bold

'''Basic income''' is a term for a [[socialist]] policy where every resident of an area is guaranteed an [[income]] regardless of their [[employment]] status.

Various proposals for a '''universal basic income''' have been discussed in different countries, usually supported by the Left.<ref>Schlesinger, Jacob M. (January 11, 2020). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/minimum-income-ideas-get-widest-airing-in-50-years-11578718860 Minimum-Income Ideas Get Widest Airing in 50 Years]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved January 11, 2020.</ref> For example, in 2016, voters in [[Switzerland]] rejected a proposal to enact a basic income by about 78%.<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/world/2016/06/06/swiss-voters-reject-money-for-nothing-universal-income-proposal.html Swiss voters reject 'money for nothing' universal income proposal]. ''Fox News'' (from the ''Associated Press''). June 6, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2018.</ref> [[Finland]] began a pilot program in 2017 to study enacting a basic income, but it ended the program a year later.<ref>Multiple references:
*Lane, Oliver JJ (April 25, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/04/25/failure-finland-terminate-universal-basic-income-experiment/ Failure: Finland to Terminate Universal Basic Income Experiment]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
*DeMarche, Edmund (April 25, 2018). [https://www.foxnews.com/world/2018/04/25/finland-to-end-its-universal-basic-income-program-by-years-end.html Finland to end its universal basic income program by year's end]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
See also:
*Friedman, Victoria (February 9, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/02/09/finland-free-money-experiment-failed-encourage-unemployed-find-work/ Finland’s ‘Free Money’ Experiment Failed to Encourage Unemployed to Find Work]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved February 9, 2019.</ref> [[Ontario]]'s newly elected conservative government also rejected a basic income pilot program in July 2018.<ref>Singman, Brooke (August 1, 2018). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2018/08/01/universal-basic-income-ditched-in-canada-even-as-us-cities-try-welfare-experiment.html Universal basic income ditched in Canada, even as US cities try welfare experiment]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved August 1, 2018.</ref>

According to the France-based Public Services International and the Britain-based New Economics Foundation – left-of-center organizations – universal basic income does not work well in practice.<ref>Vadum, Matthew (May 17, 2019). [https://www.theepochtimes.com/universal-basic-income-programs-dont-work-well-report-says_2926307.html Universal Basic Income Programs Don’t Work Well, Report Says]. ''The Epoch Times''. Retrieved May 17, 2019.</ref>

The [[El Paso Walmart shooting|El Paso Walmart shooter]] claimed that legal immigration was hampering implementation of a universal basic income.<ref>https://www.paypervids.com/alleged-el-paso-texas-walmart-shooter-manifesto/</ref>

In 2021, the Democrats passed the [[American Rescue Plan]], which included UBI payments.<ref>https://prospect.org/economy/2023-08-07-guaranteed-income-gets-new-life/</ref>
==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://www.thenewamerican.com/economy/item/29563-time-for-a-ubi Time for a UBI?], by R. Cort Kirkwood of ''[[The New American]]''

{{communism}}
[[Category:Socialism]]
[[Category:Welfare State]]
[[Category:Economics]]
[[Category:Liberalism]]

Cloward and Piven Strategy

2024-09-15T01:52:56Z

Progressingamerica: /* Overview */ Vote buying

[[Image:Cloward and Piven at 1993 Motor Voter Signing Ceremony.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Frances Fox Piven]] and Richard Cloward standing behind President [[Bill Clinton]] during the signing ceremony for the [[National Voter Registration Act]]]]
The '''Cloward - Piven Strategy''' is a plan of action developed by '''Richard Cloward''' and his wife '''[[Frances Fox Piven]]''', the namesakes for the strategy. The plan entails collapsing the [[U.S.]] economy by overburdening the welfare roles in a way which would leverage unheard of levels of spending and debt to the point of total systemic collapse. Cloward and Piven wrote about their plan in an article they co-authored in the 1960s called "Mobilizing the Poor: How it Could Be Done." Later, it was published in ''[[The Nation]]'', under the title "The Weight of the Poor: A Strategy to End Poverty."

==Overview==
Cloward and Piven were radical leftist [[Columbia University]] professors who believed in "change" and "social justice." Inspired by the Watts riots of [[Los Angeles]] in 1965, they wrote and published their article which outlined the best way to bring the kind of [[Saul Alinsky]]-type social change to America. They summarized it this way: "the strategy we propose, is a massive drive to recruit the poor ''onto'' the welfare rolls."

They viewed the effort as self-sustaining and self-building, writing that:

<blockquote>If organizers can deliver millions of dollars in cash benefits to the ghetto masses, it seems reasonable to expect that the masses will deliver their loyalties to their benefactors.</blockquote>

Put another way, money can be used to purchase the votes of people and continually retain their loyalty on election day for every ongoing election in the future.

==Implementation==
The goal for Cloward and Piven was to overwhelm the system and bring about the fall of [[capitalism]] by overloading the government bureaucracy with impossible demands and bring on economic collapse. They wrote:

<blockquote>By the internal disruption of local bureaucratic practices, by the furor over public welfare poverty, and by the collapse of current financing arrangements, powerful forces can be generated for major economic reforms at the national level.<ref>''[http://web.archive.org/web/20170203134719/https://www.thenation.com/article/weight-poor-strategy-end-poverty/ "The Weight of the Poor: A Strategy to End Poverty"], [[The Nation]]</ref>
</blockquote>

Following its publication, [[liberal]] activists like [[Barack Obama]] were attracted to the so-called "crisis strategy" or "Cloward-Piven Strategy," as it came to be called, and were eager to put it into effect.<ref>[http://www.discoverthenetworks.org/groupProfile.asp?grpid=7522 CLOWARD-PIVEN STRATEGY (CPS)] [[Discover the Networks]]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Biden Putsch]]
* [[Motor Voter Act]]
* [[Obamacare]]
* [[For the People Act]]
* [[Biden border crisis]]
* [[2018 Migrant caravan]]
* [[Long march through the institutions]]

== References ==
{{reflist|1}}

== Eternal links ==
* [http://www.discoverthenetworks.org/Articles/recenteffortstooverloadtheamericansystem.html Recent Efforts to Overload the American System], [[Discover the Networks]]
* [https://www.americanthinker.com/2008/09/barack_obama_and_the_strategy.html Barack Obama and the Strategy of Manufactured Crisis], [[American Thinker]]

{{Liberalism}}
{{communism}}
[[Category:Marxist Terminology]]
[[Category:Political Theory]]
[[Category:Barack Hussein Obama]]
[[Category:Biden Putsch]]

Cloward and Piven Strategy

2024-09-15T01:48:39Z

Progressingamerica: /* Implementation */

[[Image:Cloward and Piven at 1993 Motor Voter Signing Ceremony.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Frances Fox Piven]] and Richard Cloward standing behind President [[Bill Clinton]] during the signing ceremony for the [[National Voter Registration Act]]]]
The '''Cloward - Piven Strategy''' is a plan of action developed by '''Richard Cloward''' and his wife '''[[Frances Fox Piven]]''', the namesakes for the strategy. The plan entails collapsing the [[U.S.]] economy by overburdening the welfare roles in a way which would leverage unheard of levels of spending and debt to the point of total systemic collapse. Cloward and Piven wrote about their plan in an article they co-authored in the 1960s called "Mobilizing the Poor: How it Could Be Done." Later, it was published in ''[[The Nation]]'', under the title "The Weight of the Poor: A Strategy to End Poverty."

==Overview==
Cloward and Piven were radical leftist [[Columbia University]] professors who believed in "change" and "social justice." Inspired by the Watts riots of [[Los Angeles]] in 1965, they wrote and published their article which outlined the best way to bring the kind of [[Saul Alinsky]]-type social change to America. They summarized it this way: "the strategy we propose, is a massive drive to recruit the poor ''onto'' the welfare rolls."

==Implementation==
The goal for Cloward and Piven was to overwhelm the system and bring about the fall of [[capitalism]] by overloading the government bureaucracy with impossible demands and bring on economic collapse. They wrote:

<blockquote>By the internal disruption of local bureaucratic practices, by the furor over public welfare poverty, and by the collapse of current financing arrangements, powerful forces can be generated for major economic reforms at the national level.<ref>''[http://web.archive.org/web/20170203134719/https://www.thenation.com/article/weight-poor-strategy-end-poverty/ "The Weight of the Poor: A Strategy to End Poverty"], [[The Nation]]</ref>
</blockquote>

Following its publication, [[liberal]] activists like [[Barack Obama]] were attracted to the so-called "crisis strategy" or "Cloward-Piven Strategy," as it came to be called, and were eager to put it into effect.<ref>[http://www.discoverthenetworks.org/groupProfile.asp?grpid=7522 CLOWARD-PIVEN STRATEGY (CPS)] [[Discover the Networks]]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Biden Putsch]]
* [[Motor Voter Act]]
* [[Obamacare]]
* [[For the People Act]]
* [[Biden border crisis]]
* [[2018 Migrant caravan]]
* [[Long march through the institutions]]

== References ==
{{reflist|1}}

== Eternal links ==
* [http://www.discoverthenetworks.org/Articles/recenteffortstooverloadtheamericansystem.html Recent Efforts to Overload the American System], [[Discover the Networks]]
* [https://www.americanthinker.com/2008/09/barack_obama_and_the_strategy.html Barack Obama and the Strategy of Manufactured Crisis], [[American Thinker]]

{{Liberalism}}
{{communism}}
[[Category:Marxist Terminology]]
[[Category:Political Theory]]
[[Category:Barack Hussein Obama]]
[[Category:Biden Putsch]]

Cloward and Piven Strategy

2024-09-14T17:11:34Z

Progressingamerica: /* Implementation */ Fix the link

[[Image:Cloward and Piven at 1993 Motor Voter Signing Ceremony.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Frances Fox Piven]] and Richard Cloward standing behind President [[Bill Clinton]] during the signing ceremony for the [[National Voter Registration Act]]]]
The '''Cloward - Piven Strategy''' is a plan of action developed by '''Richard Cloward''' and his wife '''[[Frances Fox Piven]]''', the namesakes for the strategy. The plan entails collapsing the [[U.S.]] economy by overburdening the welfare roles in a way which would leverage unheard of levels of spending and debt to the point of total systemic collapse. Cloward and Piven wrote about their plan in an article they co-authored in the 1960s called "Mobilizing the Poor: How it Could Be Done." Later, it was published in ''[[The Nation]]'', under the title "The Weight of the Poor: A Strategy to End Poverty."

==Overview==
Cloward and Piven were radical leftist [[Columbia University]] professors who believed in "change" and "social justice." Inspired by the Watts riots of [[Los Angeles]] in 1965, they wrote and published their article which outlined the best way to bring the kind of [[Saul Alinsky]]-type social change to America. They summarized it this way: "the strategy we propose, is a massive drive to recruit the poor ''onto'' the welfare rolls."

==Implementation==
"In their estimation, it was to overwhelm the system and bring about the fall of [[capitalism]] by overloading the government bureaucracy with impossible demands and bring on economic collapse."<ref>''[http://web.archive.org/web/20170203134719/https://www.thenation.com/article/weight-poor-strategy-end-poverty/ "The Weight of the Poor: A Strategy to End Poverty"], [[The Nation]]</ref> Following its publication, [[liberal]] activists like [[Barack Obama]] were attracted to the so-called "crisis strategy" or "Cloward-Piven Strategy," as it came to be called, and were eager to put it into effect.<ref>[http://www.discoverthenetworks.org/groupProfile.asp?grpid=7522 CLOWARD-PIVEN STRATEGY (CPS)] [[Discover the Networks]]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Biden Putsch]]
* [[Motor Voter Act]]
* [[Obamacare]]
* [[For the People Act]]
* [[Biden border crisis]]
* [[2018 Migrant caravan]]
* [[Long march through the institutions]]

== References ==
{{reflist|1}}

== Eternal links ==
* [http://www.discoverthenetworks.org/Articles/recenteffortstooverloadtheamericansystem.html Recent Efforts to Overload the American System], [[Discover the Networks]]
* [https://www.americanthinker.com/2008/09/barack_obama_and_the_strategy.html Barack Obama and the Strategy of Manufactured Crisis], [[American Thinker]]

{{Liberalism}}
{{communism}}
[[Category:Marxist Terminology]]
[[Category:Political Theory]]
[[Category:Barack Hussein Obama]]
[[Category:Biden Putsch]]

Cloward and Piven Strategy

2024-09-14T17:10:55Z

Progressingamerica: /* Overview */ Their summary from the article

[[Image:Cloward and Piven at 1993 Motor Voter Signing Ceremony.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Frances Fox Piven]] and Richard Cloward standing behind President [[Bill Clinton]] during the signing ceremony for the [[National Voter Registration Act]]]]
The '''Cloward - Piven Strategy''' is a plan of action developed by '''Richard Cloward''' and his wife '''[[Frances Fox Piven]]''', the namesakes for the strategy. The plan entails collapsing the [[U.S.]] economy by overburdening the welfare roles in a way which would leverage unheard of levels of spending and debt to the point of total systemic collapse. Cloward and Piven wrote about their plan in an article they co-authored in the 1960s called "Mobilizing the Poor: How it Could Be Done." Later, it was published in ''[[The Nation]]'', under the title "The Weight of the Poor: A Strategy to End Poverty."

==Overview==
Cloward and Piven were radical leftist [[Columbia University]] professors who believed in "change" and "social justice." Inspired by the Watts riots of [[Los Angeles]] in 1965, they wrote and published their article which outlined the best way to bring the kind of [[Saul Alinsky]]-type social change to America. They summarized it this way: "the strategy we propose, is a massive drive to recruit the poor ''onto'' the welfare rolls."

==Implementation==
"In their estimation, it was to overwhelm the system and bring about the fall of [[capitalism]] by overloading the government bureaucracy with impossible demands and bring on economic collapse."<ref>''[http://www.thenation.com/article/weight-poor-strategy-end-poverty/ "The Weight of the Poor: A Strategy to End Poverty"], [[The Nation]]</ref> Following its publication, [[liberal]] activists like [[Barack Obama]] were attracted to the so-called "crisis strategy" or "Cloward-Piven Strategy," as it came to be called, and were eager to put it into effect.<ref>[http://www.discoverthenetworks.org/groupProfile.asp?grpid=7522 CLOWARD-PIVEN STRATEGY (CPS)] [[Discover the Networks]]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Biden Putsch]]
* [[Motor Voter Act]]
* [[Obamacare]]
* [[For the People Act]]
* [[Biden border crisis]]
* [[2018 Migrant caravan]]
* [[Long march through the institutions]]

== References ==
{{reflist|1}}

== Eternal links ==
* [http://www.discoverthenetworks.org/Articles/recenteffortstooverloadtheamericansystem.html Recent Efforts to Overload the American System], [[Discover the Networks]]
* [https://www.americanthinker.com/2008/09/barack_obama_and_the_strategy.html Barack Obama and the Strategy of Manufactured Crisis], [[American Thinker]]

{{Liberalism}}
{{communism}}
[[Category:Marxist Terminology]]
[[Category:Political Theory]]
[[Category:Barack Hussein Obama]]
[[Category:Biden Putsch]]

Cloward and Piven Strategy

2024-09-14T17:09:57Z

Progressingamerica: This is more of an overview than a "history"

Cloward and Piven Strategy

2024-09-14T17:04:56Z

Progressingamerica: Introductory re-write

Statue of Liberty

2024-09-03T03:41:30Z

Progressingamerica: Believed to be modeled after Isabella Eugénie Boyer

[[Image:Statue of Liberty, NJ.jpg|right|400px]]
The '''Statue of Liberty''' (officially '''Liberty Enlightening the World''', or ''La liberté éclairant le monde'' in French) was originally intended to commemorate the opening of the Suez Canal. Its architect, Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, planned for the Statue to be placed in Egypt at the mouth of the Canal.<ref>http://blogs.voanews.com/all-about-america/2014/10/08/how-the-statue-of-liberty-almost-ended-up-in-egypt/</ref> But that was rejected, and "Plan B" was to give it to the [[United States]], which was not initially ready to receive it.

The Statue of Liberty stands on [[Liberty Island]] in the territorial waters of New Jersey close to Jersey City, yet New York claims ownership of the Statue itself.

==History==
The Statue of Liberty became a gift from [[France]] to the [[United States]] to commemorate the centennial of the American Declaration of Independence. Arriving at the entrance of New York harbor on June 19, 1884, the Statue of Liberty waited in storage for several years as a pedestal had to be constructed for it. The Statue, believed to be modeled after Isabella Eugénie Boyer, arrived at its permanent home at Bedloe's Island aboard the French frigate Isere. The [[statue]] stands nearly 150 feet tall and is a woman with her arm held high with a lit torch. In her other hand she is holding a tablet inscribed "July IV, MDCCLXXVI". It was designed by the French sculptor Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi (1834-1904) and erected according to plans by [[Gustave Eiffel]].

In 1903 an inscription was added on the inside which contains the poem [[The New Colossus]] by [[Emma Lazarus]]. The widely quoted poem reads, in part:
[[Image:Liberty2.jpg|right|250px]]
{{cquote|'''Give me your tired, your poor,'''<br>
'''Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,'''<br>
'''The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.'''<br>
'''Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me,'''<br>
'''I lift my lamp beside the golden door!'''}}

It was designated as a national monument in 1924.<ref>http://www.nps.gov/stli/</ref>
<blockquote>

On February 18, 1879, the French sculptor Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi (1834-1904) earned US Patent #11,023 for a "Design for a Statue." This statue, "Liberty Enlightening the World," would become one of the most famous monuments of world history. At a dinner party in 1865, Bartholdi and his host, historian Edouard-René de Laboulaye, had conceived the idea of France giving the US a monument for its Centennial of 1876. Many people believed Charlotte Bartholdi, the sculptor's mother was the model for the statue.<ref>[http://corrosion-doctors.org/Landmarks/statue-sculptor.htm Statue of Liberty Sculptor] Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi.</ref>
</blockquote>
{{Clear}}

==Construction==
The statue is overlayed with copper, but is made of [[iron]]. Despite the difficulty of making tall structures with heavy, brittle iron, [[Gustave Eiffel]] (the same French engineer to design the [[Eiffel Tower]]) designed a remarkably stable framework within the statue using this metal alone.<ref>http://www.biography.com/people/gustave-eiffel-9285294</ref>

The Statue has seven rays of light atop her crown, sometimes misinterpreted as spikes.

She has a broken chain upon her right foot, which symbolizes the clean break away from the tyranny and slavery of Europe's dictators and monarchs. She also holds a book engraved with the date of July IV MDCCLXXVI, or July 4th 1776, which again symbolizes the date of American Independence and break from tyranny.

== See also ==
*[[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe and North America]]
*[[The New Colossus]]

==External links==
*[http://www.statueofliberty.org/Statue_of_Liberty.html Statue of Liberty.org]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tourist Attractions]]
[[Category:New York City]]
[[Category:United States History]]
[[Category:Gilded Age]]
[[Category:Famous Landmarks]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites]]

Roots of US government

2024-08-30T16:49:39Z

Progressingamerica: Elementary catechism on the Constitution of the United States: for the use of schools

[[File:Kinkade Americas pride.jpg|thumb|Americas pride by [[Thomas Kinkade]].]]
The present [[United States]] [[government]] was formed by several colonial, and [[British]] practices, without any of the below occurrences. United States culture and government would be drastically different.

==Ten Commandments==
{{main|Ten Commandments}}

The Ten Commandments, or the ''Decalogue,'' are a set of laws which were given to [[Moses]] by [[God]]. In several controversies over the legality of displaying the Ten Commandments on government property, and especially outside courthouses, the influence of the Ten Commandments on US law becomes relevant as proponents of the displays argue that these commandments form part of the foundation of the US legal system.<ref>http://www.conservapedia.com/Ten_Commandments</ref>

The [[Pilgrims]], America's earliest Americans, were devout followers of Jesus Christ. Upon the return of Governor Bradford's manuscript from England, Governor Roger Wolcott of Massachusetts described the achievements of Plymouth as follows:

<blockquote>May God in his mercy grant that the moral impulse which founded this nation may never cease to control its destiny; that no act of any future generation may put in peril the fundamental principles on which it is based; - of equal rights in a free state, equal privileges in a free church and equal opportunities in a free school.<ref>[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Bradford_Manuscript/Qubk1CHdGLoC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA103 The Bradford Manuscript], Account of the Part Taken by the American Antiquarian Society in the Return of the Bradford Manuscript to America</ref></blockquote>

When the Pilgrims landed at Plimoth, Governor Bradford knew that only faith in the Lord could save them when they landed and began to see for themselves that there was absolutely nothing there. He said:

<blockquote>What could now sustaine them but the spirite of God and His grace? May not and ought not the children of their fathers rightly to say: Our faithers were Englishmen who came over the great ocean, and were ready to perish in this willdernes; but they cried unto the Lord, and He heard their voyce, and looked on their adversitie.

Let them therefore praise the Lord, because He is good, and His mercies endure forever. Yea, let them that have been redeemed of the Lord, shew how he hath delivered them from the hand of the oppressour. When they wandered forth into the deserte willdernes out of the way, and found no citie to dwell in, both hungrie and thirstie, their sowle was overwhelmed in them. Let them confess before the Lord His loving kindnes, and His wonderfull works before the sons of men.<ref>[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Bradford_s_History_of_Plymouth_Plantatio/uVIWAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA97 Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation, 1606-1646]</ref></blockquote>

These ideals were embodied in the [[Mayflower Compact]], America's first governing document.

==Magna Carta==
{{main|Magna Carta}}

The Magna Carta was written in 1215 and was used to limit the power of the [[King]], due to promises made by Henry I in his [[1100 Charter of Liberties]]. It distributed more power to the people, and granted us the right of a [[jury]] among peers. Today, we use the ideals of the [[Magna Carta]] to limit the power of the [[president]], and uphold the [[6th Amendment]] in the [[Bill of Rights]].

One of the important provisions of the Magna Carta calls for the creation of a "Great Council". This council evolved into the modern British Parliament.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=oaDCitykcn8C&pg=PA21 Magna Carta for Know-It-Alls]</ref>

===Parliament===

The Parliament is the central governing body of England. The [[United States]] derives its [[bicameral]] [[Congress]] from this, and adopts the practice of using a governing body to use [[checks and balances]] on an [[executive]].

==Petition of Right==
{{main|Petition of Right}}

The 1628 Petition of Right is a declaration of the rights of the people put forward by the Parliament of England in the third year of the reign of [[Charles I]], and assented to by him. They are:
* That no man be compelled to pay any moneys to the state without common consent by act of Parliament.
* That no person be imprisoned for refusing the same, nor any freeman be imprisoned without any cause showed, to which he might make answer.
* That soldiers and mariners be not billeted in the houses of the people.
* That commissions be no more issued for punishing by the summary process of martial law.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=RdRAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA209 Collier's New Encyclopedia]</ref>

==English Bill of Rights==
{{main|English Bill of Rights}}

The United States' bill of rights is similar to the 1689 English Bill of Rights, as is the [[Virginia Declaration of Rights]]. It acknowledged the natural rights of the people, and made it mandatory for the King to seek Parliament's approval before making decisions. Our Bill of Rights takes inspiration from this premise.

==Zenger Trial==

[[John Peter Zenger]] was a newspaper publisher who printed material critical of the royal governor. He was put on trial for libel in 1735, but a jury found him innocent. From this we derive our [[first amendment]] rights of [[freedom of speech]] and [[freedom of the press]].

==See also==
* [[Richard Frothingham Jr.]]

==References==
{{reflist|1}}

==External links==
* [https://librivox.org/elementary-catechism-on-the-constitution-by-arthur-stansbury/ Elementary catechism on the Constitution of the United States: for the use of schools], by Arthur J. Stansbury - text and audio book at [[LibriVox]]

[[Category:Government]]

[[Category:United States Constitution]]

James Caldwell

2024-08-30T16:39:16Z

Progressingamerica: Ref

[[File:James Caldwell American Revolution.jpg|thumb|150px|right|James Caldwell]]
'''James Caldwell''' was a well-known Presbyterian minister who had a high-profile role in the [[American Revolution]]. His wife Hannah was killed during the [[Battle of Connecticut Farms]].<ref>[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Christian_Life_and_Character_of_the_Civi/KmYUAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA350 Christian Life and Character of the Civil Institutions of the United States], p. 350</ref>

==See also==
* [[Black Robed Regiment]]
* [[Battle of Springfield (1780)|Battle of Springfield]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.org/details/westvirginiaitsp02mill West Virginia and its people]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=LmYKAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA76 James Caldwell - Hero of Elizabethtown]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Caldwell, James}}

[[Category:Christians]]
[[Category:Clergy]]
[[Category:American People]]

Media bias

2024-08-29T21:21:58Z

Progressingamerica: /* Academic Studies and theories of media bias */ One of the first of its kind books to study media bias was written by Edith Efron titled '''The News Twisters''', written in 1971.

{{See also|Liberal bias|Liberal media bias}}
'''Media bias''' is a form of [[advocacy journalism]], where one-sided arguments masquerade as objective reporting. It "is rarely expressed through distortion of the facts, but rather through the omission of certain facts that would be inconvenient for the outlook of the person or group reporting."<ref>[https://www.nationalreview.com/articles/272131/measuring-media-bias-nat-brown?pg=2 Nat Brown] - ''[[National Review]]''</ref>
A good example is [[Paul Krugman]]'s claim, in his New York Times opinion piece, that "Everyone knows that the American right has problems with science that yields conclusions it doesn’t like."<ref>[https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/08/10/first-they-came-for-the-climate-scientists/?emc=eta1 First They Came For The Climate Scientists]</ref> This statement completely ignores the much worse "problems" the [[Liberal|American left]] has with science, such as the climate science which refutes the [[junk science]] used by liberals to prop up their [[global warming theory]] and their "solution" to the "crisis" (see [[Kyoto Protocol]], etc.), as well as the scientific facts that there are only two genders, that life begins at conception, among other facts.<ref>Bokhari, Allum (April 23, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/tech/2017/04/23/5-scientific-facts-the-science-march-refuses-to-acknowledge/ 5 Scientific Facts The ‘Science March’ Has Yet to Acknowledge]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved December 30, 2017.</ref><ref>Williams, Thomas D. (November 5, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/11/05/abortion-lobby-denies-science-concerning-beginning-of-human-life/ Abortion Lobby Denies Science Concerning Beginning of Human Life]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved December 30, 2017.</ref>

It manifests distortion of news, commentary, non-fiction articles, textbooks, documentaries, speech codes and they like to favor one side's ideas over another's (see [[partisan]]ship). Dictatorships and other authoritarian regimes which suppress [[freedom of the press]] are notorious for their media bias, particularly when all media are controlled directly by a one-party government.

Most journalism schools in free countries address the issue of eliminating bias, although efforts are rarely successful. The U.S. media is strongly polarized, with multiple outlets have strong [[liberal]] and [[conservative]] biases, depending on which station (or newspaper) is considered. Overall, however, many, including some academics with scientific backing, maintain that the media has a general [[liberal]] bias.

==Sources of bias==
[[File:Palin-newsweek.jpg|thumb|300px|Example of deliberate propaganda, with an un-presidential photo and a lead headline in a purported "news magazine": "She's bad news for the GOP--and everybody else, too." The goal is to give Palin opponents ammunition to fight her popularity. ''Newsweek'' issue dated Nov. 23, 2009]]

#Deliberate [[propaganda]]: Presenting bias with the intention of benefiting the media establishment.
#Institutional bias: The reporters and editors of a media organization may hold political views, which influence their reporting. Reporting on the [[Vietnam war]] has been cited as a notable example of such.
#[[Sensationalism]]: Media depends on viewership for financial support from advertisers. Thus stories that have little political value but much entertainment value may receive attention disproportionate to their impact. [[Scare stories]] are also an example of sensationalism.
#Omission: The inverse of sensationalism, media may overlook important but boring stories.
#[[Political correctness]] or sensitivity: Fearful of appearing racist or discriminatory, media may avoid any stories which reflect negatively on an ethnic, social or religious group, especially if the group is a minority.
#Confirmation bias: a type of selective thinking whereby people tend to report what confirms their beliefs, and to ignore, or undervalue what contradicts their beliefs.
#Audience bias: Readers or viewers tend to read news sources with which they agree. Thus, media must reinforce the existing views of their audience, or risk losing them. This source of bias can also reinforce the effect of a [[moral]] [[panic]]. In this case, the public may receive a distorted perspective that is a result of their own preferences, because the news media will deliberately deliver news not only suitable and desirable to the general public, but may also incorporate bias that would similarly suit the viewer.

==Academic Studies and theories of media bias==

One of the first of its kind books to study media bias was written by Edith Efron titled ''The News Twisters'', written in 1971.

''The Media Elite,'' co-authored in 1986 by political scientists Robert Lichter, Stanley Rothman, and Linda Lichter is among the most cited academic study of political bias in news reporting. These researchers surveyed journalists at national media outlets such as the [[New York Times]], [[Washington Post]], and the broadcast networks. They found that most of the responding journalists were Democratic voters whose attitudes were far to the left of the general public on a variety of topics: [[homosexual]] rights, [[abortion]], [[affirmative action]], and so on. The study argued that the way in which journalists wrote about controversial issues was directly related to their personal political positions.

Independently corroborating the findings above, is the 2002 book length study by political communication researcher Jim A. Kuypers: ''Press Bias and Politics: How the Media Frame Controversial Issues''. In this study of 116 mainstream US papers (including The New York Times, the Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, and the San Francisco Chronicle), Kuypers found that the mainstream print press in America operate within a narrow range of liberal beliefs. Those who expressed points of view further to the left were generally ignored, whereas those who expressed moderate or conservative points of view were often actively denigrated or labeled as holding a minority point of view. In short, if a political leader, regardless of party, spoke within the press-supported range of acceptable discourse, he or she would receive positive press coverage. If a politician, again regardless of party, were to speak outside of this range, he or she would receive negative press or be ignored. Kuypers also found that the liberal points of view expressed in editorial and opinion pages were found in hard news coverage of the same issues. Although focusing primarily on the issues of [[race]] and [[homosexuality]], Kuypers found that the press injected opinion into its news coverage of other issues such as [[Welfare|welfare reform]], [[environmental protection]], and [[gun control]]; in all cases favoring a liberal point of view.

A 2019 report by the Rand Corporation found that between 1989 and 2017, media sources had become increasingly subjective and biased.<ref>Concha, Joe (May 14, 2019). [https://thehill.com/homenews/media/443559-journalism-shifting-more-to-opinion-based-content-relies-heavily-on Journalism shifting more to opinion-based content, 'relies heavily on argumentation and advocacy': report]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved May 14, 2019.</ref><ref>Harper, Jennifer (May 15, 2019). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/may/15/inside-the-beltway-28-year-study-tracks-truth-deca/ 28-year study tracks 'truth decay' in journalism]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved May 15, 2019.</ref>

==Liberal media bias==
{{main|liberal bias}}

* Conservative ownership of some news organizations doesn't prevent a pervasive left-wing leaning [http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2013-03-18/news/bs-ed-liberal-bias-20130315_1_liberal-bias-mainstream-media-left-wing-bias Baltimore Sun | March 18, 2013 | By Richard E. Vatz]

== Atheism and the media ==

''See also:'' [[Atheism and the media]]

The Media Research Center released a study in 2008 reporting pro-[[atheism]] bias by major press outlets in the [[United States]].<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTxORumTarg "Smoking gun proof that there is an atheist media bias"] (July 17, 2008). YouTube video, 2:56, posted by Atheism Sucks! Retrieved on July 25, 2014.</ref> The study found that 80% of mainstream media coverage of atheism was positive and that 71% of Christian-themed stories had an atheist counterpoint or were written from an atheist perspective.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTxORumTarg "Smoking gun proof that there is an atheist media bias"] (July 17, 2008). YouTube video, 2:56, posted by Atheism Sucks! Retrieved on July 25, 2014.</ref> The study is not surprising given the [[Liberal bias|liberal bias that commonly exists in the major media outlets]].

==See also==
*[[Liberal bias]]
*[[Media hypocrisy]]
*[[History Channel Documentary on KAL 007: a critical review]] - a study in Media bias and distortion
*[[Time magazine]]
*[[Wikipedia prejudice and KAL 007]]
*[[Vietnam War]]
*[[NewsDiffs]]

==Notes==
* Christian groups accuse BBC drama of inciting anti-Christian bias <ref>http://www.jihadwatch.org/dhimmiwatch/archives/013849.php</ref>

* Canadian Jewish Authors Castigate Anti-Christian Media Bias <ref>http://www.lifesite.net/ldn/2005/may/05053005.html</ref>

* European Media and Anti-Israel Bias, A British journalist in Israel, Fatah leader caught by an Israeli army camera saying, "Don't start the stoning yet" <ref>http://www.aish.com/jewishissues/mediaobjectivity/European_Media_and_Anti-Israel_Bias.asp</ref>

* Recognizing Bias in Middle East Reporting: Rules for Reporters. What is media bias and why is it practiced against Israel? The Media's Anti-Israel Bias <ref>http://www.tampabayprimer.org/index.cfm?action=leftNav&drill=antiIsrael</ref>

* Anti-Israel Bias – An Endless Battle, trying to counter the anti-Israel bias in the media is an increasingly challenging proposition.<ref>http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/world/israel/060904a.aspx</ref>

* Does the Media's anti-Israel bias matter? <ref>http://web.israelinsider.com/Views/5294.htm</ref>

* Fighting hate & bias <ref>http://geocities.com/fightinghate</ref>

* Addressing Anti Israel Media Bias · European Media and Anti-Israel Bias <ref>http://www.palestinefacts.org/pf_1991to_now_media_anti_israel_bias.php</ref>

* The day when the media will not be anti-Israel biased <ref>http://haveitclearly.blogspot.com/2007/03/when-media-is-not-anti-israel-biased.html</ref>

* Tom Gross on New York Times & Israel on National Review Online <ref>https://www.nationalreview.com/comment/comment-gross031403.asp</ref>

* French Media Bias Against Israel Blamed for Anti-Semitic Violence <ref>http://www.crosswalk.com/1313954/</ref>

* WorldNetDaily: Liberal bias against Christians? Not a chance! <ref>http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=34045</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[[Accuracy in Media]] (AIM) non-profit, grassroots citizens watchdog <ref>http://www.aim.org/index</ref>
*[http://mediamatters.org/ Media Matters for America], another notable media watchdog.
*[[CAMERA]] Dedicated for accuracy in reporting on the middle east <ref>http://camera.org</ref>
*[[ChronWatch]] A noted media watchdog and conservative news organization, with a mission to provide honest, alternative views to the increasing liberal-bias.<ref>http://www.chronwatch-america.com/</ref>
*[[Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting]] (FAIR) A media watchdog organization.<ref>http://www.fair.org/index.php</ref>
*[[HonestReporting]] A fast-action website that monitors Mideast media bias,<ref>http://www.honestreporting.com/</ref>
*[http://www.ihatethemedia.com IHateTheMedia.com] - Pointing out Liberal Bias daily
*[[MediaResearch]] (MRC) A leading media watchdog<ref>http://www.mediaresearch.org/welcome.asp</ref>
*[[NewsBusters]] A blog dedicated to "Exposing & Combating Liberal Media Bias" <ref>http://newsbusters.org/</ref>
*[[Take a pen]] Encourages fighting it.<ref>http://take-a-pen.org</ref>
*[http://www.studentnewsdaily.com/other/types-of-media-bias/ Types of Media Bias] - Student News Daily
* [http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/resources/educational/handouts/broadcast_news/bw_bias_in_the_news.cfm How to detect bias in the news]
*[[Politmus]] a crowdsourced site that allows members to rate and comment on examples of media bias they encounter<ref>http://www.politmus.com</ref>
*[https://www.theepochtimes.com/chapter-thirteen-hijacking-the-media_2684140.html Chapter Thirteen: Hijacking the Media], ''The Epoch Times'' (from ''How the Specter of Communism Is Ruling Our World'').
*[https://www.theepochtimes.com/how-media-propagandists-create-symbolic-meaning_2931367.html How Media Propagandists Create ‘Symbolic’ Meaning]. ''The Epoch Times'', May 22, 2019.

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:Liberal Bias]]
[[Category:Anti Second Amendment]]

Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.

2024-08-29T20:48:15Z

Progressingamerica: /* Career */ Meetings with Felix Frankfurter at the House of Truth

{{Officeholder
|name=Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.
|image=OWH.jpg
|party=[[Republican]]
|spouse=Fanny Bowditch Dixwell
|religion=[[Atheist]]
|offices=
{{Officeholder/Supreme Court Justice
|role=Associate
|nominator=[[Theodore Roosevelt]]
|terms=December 4, 1902 – January 12, 1932
|preceded=[[Horace Gray]]
|former=y
|succeeded=[[Benjamin Cardozo]]
}}
}}

'''Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.''' (March 8, 1841 – March 6, 1935) served on the United States [[Supreme Court]] for over 30 years and is an icon in American law schools, despite how his valueless approach to the law was ultimately rejected by nearly every modern jurist. Holmes remains known for his elegant writing style and for some of his dissents, as in ''[[Lochner v. New York]]'', where Holmes' view did ultimately become the winning side after he had retired.

Holmes was heavily influenced by his belief in the [[theory of evolution]] and its "[[survival of the fittest]]" mentality, which caused Holmes to exclude any morality from his approach to the law. The weak even became the object of ridicule by his writings towards the end of his career.

Holmes was most notably wrong in taking a narrow view of free speech under the [[First Amendment]], and in offensively (and pompously) declaring that "three generations of imbeciles are enough" in ''[[Buck v. Bell]]'' near the end of his career, as discussed below.

==Family and Life==
===Family===
Holmes' grandfather was Abiel Holmes, a [http://www.pilgrim-platform.org/conghistory.htm Congregationalist] minister of [[Puritan]] stock. Abiel's son, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., abandoned his father's Congregationalism for [[Unitarianism]],<ref>“[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9406E3D7103AEF34BC4051DFB3668382649FDE Speech of Oliver Wendell Holmes at the Unitarian Convention in Boston]”, ''The New York Times'', May 28, 1859</ref> and was accused by [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/grant/peopleevents/p_adams.html Henry Adams], grandson of President [[John Quincy Adams]], of preaching “wild [[atheism]].”<ref>Jacob Clavner Levenson, ed., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=VAkJAQAAIAAJ The Letters of Henry Adams: 1868-1885]'', (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988) ISBN 0674526856, pp. 274-275</ref>

===Civil War===
"[D]eeply moved by the [[Abolition]] cause,"<ref>G. Edward White, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=sGDdFZ-vIi8C Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes: Law and the Inner Self]'' (Oxford University Press, 1995) ISBN 0195101286, p. 31</ref> Holmes left [[Harvard University]] to volunteer for the Union Army in the [[Civil War]], which he called “the [[Christian]] [[Crusade]] of the 19th century.”<ref>G. Edward White, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=sGDdFZ-vIi8C Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes: Law and the Inner Self]'' (Oxford University Press, 1995) ISBN 0195101286, p. 70</ref> Holmes was strongly affected by his experiences in the war. “[I]t's odd how indifferent one gets to the sight of death—perhaps, because one gets aristocratic and don't value much a common life,” he wrote. “Then they are apt to be so dirty it seems natural.”<ref>Holmes to his mother, December 12, 1862, reprinted in Mark De Wolfe Howe, ed. ''[http://ia331333.us.archive.org/3/items/touchedwithfirec012619mbp/touchedwithfirec012619mbp.pd Touched with Fire: Civil War Letters and Diary of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., 1861-1864]'' (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1947), p. 71 p. 78 (PDF p. 100)</ref>

===Career===
After editing the ''American Law Review'' early in his career, Holmes wrote ''The Common Law'' in 1881, which is freely available on the internet today.<ref>[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2449/2449-h/2449-h.htm#link2H_4_0001 Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., ''The Common Law'' (1881).]</ref> The following year he became a professor of law at Harvard, and two decades later he was appointed to the Massachusetts Supreme Court. In 1902 President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] appointed him to the [[United States Supreme Court]], where he served until the age of 90. He frequently met with friends such as [[Felix Frankfurter]] at the "House of Truth"<ref>[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/law-and-history-review/article/abs/house-that-built-holmes/4FFAC541B2312F3349100422150BB65A The House that Built Holmes]</ref><ref>[https://themorningnews.org/article/the-house-of-truth The House of Truth]</ref> to discuss policy issues.

He died a few years later after his colleagues suggested his resignation from the highest court. As a Supreme Court Justice, among his law clerks were the brothers [[Alger Hiss|Alger]] and [[Donald Hiss]].

==Philosophy==
===Atheism===
Originally a devout [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/transcendentalism/ Emersonian],<ref>Deirdre N. McCloskey, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-A296D5B2FoC The Bourgeois Virtues: Ethics for an Age of Commerce]'' (University of Chicago Press, 2006) ISBN 0226556638, p. 193</ref> Holmes' experience of war transformed him from mild Unitarianism into skepticism, and ultimately Darwinian atheism.<ref>J. David Hoeveler, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=CKssAAAAYAAJ The Evolutionists: American Thinkers Confront Charles Darwin, 1860-1920]'' (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007) ISBN 074251174X, p. 194</ref> He was wounded, later writing:
{{cquote|when I thought I was dying the reflection that the majority vote of the civilized world declared that with my opinions I was en route for Hell came up with painful distinctness.... then I thought I couldn't be guilty of a deathbed recantation.... Besides, thought I, can I recant if I want to, has the approach of death changed my beliefs much? & to this I answered—No.... and so with a “God forgive me if I'm wrong” I slept....<ref>G. Edward White, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=sGDdFZ-vIi8C Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes: Law and the Inner Self]'' (Oxford University Press, 1995) ISBN 0195101286, pp. 73-74</ref>}}

===Legal Realism and Moral Nihilism===
As the father of “legal realism,” Holmes' great mission was to divorce law from all concepts of morality and ethics. He wrote, “I often doubt whether it would not be a gain if every word of moral significance could be banished from the law altogether.”<ref>Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., “The Path of the Law,” ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=JvEoAAAAYAAJ Harvard Law Review'', Vol. X], No. 8 (March 25, 1897), p. 464</ref> He was a “moral [[nihilism|nihilist]]”;<ref>David Luban, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1LSihhEt83oC Legal Modernism: Law, Meaning, and Violence]'' (Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, 1997) ISBN 0472084399, p. 29</ref> in addition, his ideas included [[Skepticism]], [[Materialism]], [[Utilitarianism]], [[Pragmatism]], and “[[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzschean]] vitalism and 'will to power.'”<ref>Richard A. Posner, ed., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HamEkfqdMcEC The Essential Holmes: Selections from the Letters, Speeches, Judicial Opinions, and Other Writings of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.]'' (University of Chicago Press, 1997) ISBN 0226675548, pp. xvi, xix-xx</ref>

===Might Makes Right===
Holmes Sr. once compared himself to Socrates,<ref>Holmes' father declared that he had been “accused of the crime for which Socrates suffered; that of being a poisoner of public opinion.” (“[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9406E3D7103AEF34BC4051DFB3668382649FDE Speech of Oliver Wendell Holmes at the Unitarian Convention in Boston]”, ''The New York Times'', May 28, 1859)</ref> but Holmes Jr. took the part of Thrasymachus<ref>”I proclaim that justice is nothing else than the interest of the stronger.” Plato (A.D. Lindsay, tr.), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=D868ZOuNQ5QC The Republic]'' (London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd, 1954) ISBN 1603035621, p. 52</ref>—that “might makes right”—when he wrote that “force... is the ''ultima ratio''.”<ref>Holmes to Frederick Pollock, February 1, 1920, in Richard A. Posner, ed., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HamEkfqdMcEC The Essential Holmes: Selections from the Letters, Speeches, Judicial Opinions, and Other Writings of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.]'' (University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 103</ref> The “proximate test of a good government,” he wrote, is that “the dominant power has its way.”<ref>Oliver Wendell Holmes, “Montequieu” (1901), in ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=66UPxXl2KU8C Collected Legal Papers]'' (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1920), p. 258</ref> A “law should be called good if it reflects the will of the dominant forces of the community,” he wrote to [[Felix Frankfurter]], “even if it will take us to hell.”<ref>Holmes to Frankfurter, March 24, 1914, reprinted in Robert M. Mennel and Christine L. Compston, eds., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nJAXIYZKyFUC Holmes and Frankfurter: Their Correspondence, 1912-1934]'' (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1996) ISBN 0874517583, p. 19</ref>

===Bizarre rulings===
Justice Holmes wrote a [[U.S. Supreme Court]] decision in 1922 holding that [[baseball]] was exempt from the [[antitrust laws]] because baseball supposedly did not involve interstate commerce.<ref>http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/supreme-court-rules-in-favor-of-major-league-baseball</ref>

==Rights==
Holmes was not a fan of human rights. “All my life I have sneered at the natural rights of man,” he wrote socialist<ref>Gary Dean Best, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YDusnza0zTcC Harold Laski and American Liberalism]'' (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 2005) ISBN 076580266X, p. 5</ref> Harold Laski.<ref>Holmes to Laski, August 6, 1917, reprinted in Mark De Wolfe Howe, ed., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=q_MfA5IcTxoC Holmes-Laski Letters: The Correspondence of Mr. Justice Holmes and Harold J. Laski, 1916-1935'', Volume 1] (Harvard University Press, 1953), p. 96</ref> “You respect the rights of man,” he wrote. “I don't, except those things a given crowd will fight for.”<ref>Holmes to Laski, June 1, 1927, reprinted in Mark De Wolfe Howe, ed., ''[http://ia331339.us.archive.org/1/items/holmeslaskilette017767mbp/holmeslaskilette017767mbp.pdf Holmes-Laski Letters: The Correspondence of Mr. Justice Holmes and Harold J. Laski, 1916-1935'', Volume 2] (Harvard University Press, 1953), p. 948 (PDF p. 148)</ref> Elsewhere, he wrote that human rights are merely what a given crowd will fight for “successfully.”<ref>Holmes to Laski, December 3, 1917, reprinted in Mark De Wolfe Howe, ed., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=q_MfA5IcTxoC Holmes-Laski Letters: The Correspondence of Mr. Justice Holmes and Harold J. Laski, 1916-1935'', Volume 1] (Harvard University Press, 1953), p. 115</ref>

===Free Speech===
During World War I, the administration of [[Woodrow Wilson]], a [[Democrat Party|Democrat]], pushed through the "Espionage Act," under which it arrested anti-war protesters. In 1919 Holmes upheld the conviction of [[Socialist]] Party leader [[Eugene Debs]].<ref>G. Edward White, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=sGDdFZ-vIi8C Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes: Law and the Inner Self]'' (Oxford University Press, 1995) ISBN 0195101286, p. 106</ref> Holmes was subsequently among those targeted for attempted bombing by domestic terrorists.<ref>Paul Avrich, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=lm0SCspDOjQC Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background]'' (Princeton University Press, 1996), ISBN 0691026041, p. 143</ref>

When he was a state court judge in [[Massachusetts]], prior to becoming a [[U.S. Supreme Court]] Justice, Holmes ruled against a policeman who was fired for talking about politics by holding that:
{{cquote|The petitioner may have a constitutional right to talk politics, but he has no constitutional right to be a policeman. Petition dismissed.<ref>https://www.mass.gov/person/oliver-wendell-holmes-jr</ref>}}
===Property Rights===
Holmes' denial of rights included property rights. Justice Holmes wrote a 5-4 decision upholding [[rent control]] and denying a claim for repossession by a property owner.<ref>''[[Block v. Hirsh]]'', 256 U.S. 135 (1921)</ref> Holmes made no mention of the [[Fifth Amendment]] protection of [[private property]] in this opinion.

===Right to Contract===
Holmes' also denied the right to contract. In ''Lochner v. New York'',<ref>[http://supreme.justia.com/us/198/45/case.html ''Lochner v. New York'', 198 U.S. 45] (1905)</ref> the Supreme Court ruled that a New York law restricting the hours bakers could work violated Article 1, Section 10, of the [[United States Constitution]] ("No State shall... pass any... Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts")<ref>[https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html Constitution of the United States], National Archives</ref> and Section 1 of the XIV Amendment ("No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law").<ref>[https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_amendments_11-27.html Constitution of the United States, Amendment 11-27], National Archives</ref> The majority held that these clauses protected all liberty, including economic liberty, and specifically the freedom to contract—then still recognized among the “unenumerated rights” protected by the [https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/bill_of_rights_transcript.html IX Amendment].<ref>Bernard H. Siegan, "Rehabilitating Lochner," ''San Diego Law Review'' 22 (1985), p. 453; cf. David E. Bernstein (2003), "[http://www.law.gmu.edu/assets/files/publications/working_papers/03-18.pdf Lochner Era Revisionism, Revised: Lochner and the Origins of Fundamental Rights Constitutionalism]," ''Georgetown Law Journal'', Vol. 82, No. 1, 2003; Thomas A. Bowden, "[http://www.theobjectivestandard.com/issues/2009-summer/justice-holmes-empty-constitution.asp Justice Holmes and the Empty Constitution]," ''The Objective Standard'', Vol. 4, No. 2 (Summer 2009)</ref> In his dissent, Holmes implied that economic liberty was not constitutionally protected, with his famous aphorism “The Fourteenth Amendment does not enact Mr. [[Herbert Spencer]]'s ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=jU0xAAAAMAAJ Social Statics]''.” Under the threat of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s "court-packing" plan,<ref>Paul Volpe, [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA02/volpe/newdeal/court.html Court Packing: Judicial Reorganization and the End of the New Deal], The Real Deal: The Battle to Define FDR's Social Programs, American Studies, University of Virginia</ref> the Supreme Court came to see the wisdom of adopting Holmes' (and Roosevelt's) view of the matter.<ref>Richard Epstein, “The Mistakes of 1937,” 11 ''George Mason University Law Review'' 5, 13-20 (Winter 1988)</ref>

==Darwinism==
Holmes' [[atheism]] and [[Darwinism]] led him to deny [[Christian]] values such as respect for [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_25071968_humanae-vitae_en.html human life]. “I see no reason for attributing to man a significance different in kind from that which belongs to a baboon or a grain of sand,” he wrote.<ref>Holmes to Frederick Pollock, August 30, 1929, in Richard A. Posner, ed., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HamEkfqdMcEC The Essential Holmes: Selections from the Letters, Speeches, Judicial Opinions, and Other Writings of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.]'' (University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 108</ref> The “sacredness of human life,” according to Holmes, “is purely a municipal ideal of no validity outside the jurisdiction.”<ref>Jesse H. Choper, ed., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=yviGAAAAIAAJ The Supreme Court and Its Justices]'' (American Bar Association, 1987) ISBN 0897072901, p. 232</ref> “All 'isms seem to me silly,” he wrote Laski, “but this hyperaethereal respect for human life seems perhaps the silliest of all.”<ref>Holmes to Laski, April 13, 1929, reprinted in Mark De Wolfe Howe, ed., ''[http://ia331339.us.archive.org/1/items/holmeslaskilette017767mbp/holmeslaskilette017767mbp.pdf Holmes-Laski Letters: The Correspondence of Mr. Justice Holmes and Harold J. Laski, 1916-1935]'', Volume 2 (Harvard University Press, 1953), p. 1146 (PDF p. 346)</ref> He asked another correspondent, “Doesn't this squashy sentimentality... about human life make you puke?”<ref>Sheldon M. Novick, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=JhPYAAAAMAAJ Honorable Justice: The Life of Oliver Wendell Holmes]'' (Dell Publishing, 1990) ISBN 0440503256, p. 469</ref> His opinion of his fellow man was not charitable. “I loathe the thick-fingered clowns we call the people,” he wrote, calling them “vulgar, selfish, and base.”<ref>Mark De Wolfe Howe, ed. ''[http://ia331333.us.archive.org/3/items/touchedwithfirec012619mbp/touchedwithfirec012619mbp.pdf Touched with Fire: Civil War Letters and Diary of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., 1861-1864]'' (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1947), p. 71 (PDF p. 93)</ref>

===Social Darwinism and Eugenics===
Holmes was a believer not just in [[Darwinism]], but in [[Social Darwinism]]<ref>J.W. Burrow, “Holmes in His Social Milieu,” in Robert Watson Gordon, ed., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DrrHKWpK7coC The Legacy of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr]'' (Stanford University Press, 1992) ISBN 0804719896, pp. 18-29</ref> and [[eugenics]]. In 1915, he wrote that “wholesale social regeneration” could be effected “only by taking in hand life and trying to build a race.”<ref>Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., “Ideals and Doubts,” 10 ''Illinois Law Review'' 1 (1915), reprinted in ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1OMLO4-TLmQC Collected Legal Papers]'' (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1920), p. 306</ref> What he meant, he explained six years later to Frankfurter, was not merely “restricting propagation by the undesirables,” but “putting to death infants that didn't pass the examination, etc. etc.”<ref>Holmes to Frankfurter, September 3, 1921, postscript, in Robert M. Mennel and Christine L. Compston, eds., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nJAXIYZKyFUC Holmes and Frankfurter: Their Correspondence, 1912-1934]'' (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1996) ISBN 0874517583, p. 125</ref> His denial of human rights thus extinguished even to the right to life.

As early as 1895, Holmes said, “I can imagine a future in which science... shall take control of life, and condemn at once with instant execution what now is left for nature to destroy.”<ref>Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2Sj_EQxlrqMC An Address]'' (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1895), p. 5</ref> Two years later, he wrote that in order to “see socialism successful,” society must “substitute artificial selection for natural by putting to death the inadequate.”<ref>Holmes to Claire Fitzpatrick, Lady Castletown, August 19, 1897, quoted in Sheldon M. Novick, “Justice Holmes' Philosophy,” 70 ''Washington University Law Quarterly'' (1992), pp. 703, 729</ref> He wrote of his “contempt” for “socialisms not prepared... to kill everyone below standard,” adding, “I shall think socialism begins to be entitled to serious treatment when and not before it takes life in hand and prevents continuance of the unfit.” (In 1941, Father Frances E. Lucey, regent of Georgetown University Law School, remarked that "if recent reports are true" National Socialist Germany appeared to satisfy this standard.)<ref>Albert W. Alschuler, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QSBj8LgEi-kC Law Without Values: The Life, Work, and Legacy of Justice Holmes]'' (University of Chicago Press, 2002) ISBN 0226015211, pp. 27-28</ref> “I can understand saying,” wrote Holmes, “whatever the cost, so far as may be, we will keep certain strains out of our blood.”<ref>Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., “Law and Social Reform,” in Max Lerner, ed., ''[http://ia311220.us.archive.org/0/items/mindandfaithofju024518mbp/mindandfaithofju024518mbp.pdf The Mind and Faith of Justice Holmes]'' (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1943), p. 401 (PDF p. 446)</ref> Holmes looked forward to a future civilization “perhaps with smaller numbers, but perhaps also bred to greatness and splendor by science.”<ref>Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., “The Law and the Court,” ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=66UPxXl2KU8C Collected Legal Papers]'', p. 296</ref>

===''Buck v. Bell''===
As a Supreme Court Justice, Holmes read his belief in eugenics into the [[Constitution]], writing the decision in ''Buck v. Bell'' (1927) upholding the forced sterilization of a young woman, Carrie Buck, on the grounds that she had a low IQ. Substituting his personal views in place of the Constitution, he wrote, "Three generations of imbeciles are enough," referring to Buck, her mother, and her six-month-old baby.<ref>[http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=274&invol=200 ''Buck v. Bell'', 274 U.S. 200] (1927)</ref> The Nazis, who sterilized more than 400,000 people, used ''Buck v. Bell'' in their propaganda.<ref>Stephen Murdoch, [http://hnn.us/roundup/entries/59714.html Review of Paul Lombardo’s ''Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Eugenics, the Supreme Court, and Buck v. Bell'' (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008)], History News Network (George Mason University, January 13, 2009)</ref> When that practice was condemned at the Nuremberg trials, counsel for the accused Nazis likewise cited Holmes' opinion in their clients' defense.<ref>William E. Leuchtenburg, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=KguJFHdmP6MC The Supreme Court Reborn: The Constitutional Revolution in the Age of Roosevelt]'' (Oxford University Press, 1996) ISBN 0195111311, p. 17</ref>

“One decision that I wrote gave me pleasure,” confided Holmes, “establishing the constitutionality of a law permitting the sterilization of imbeciles.”<ref>James Bishop Peabody, ed, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=iieTAAAAIAAJ The Holmes-Einstein Letters: Correspondence of Mr. Justice Holmes and Lewis Einstein, 1903-1935] (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1964), p. 267</ref> “I wrote and delivered a decision upholding the constitutionality
of a state law for sterilizing imbeciles the other day,” he wrote Laski, “and felt that I was getting near to the first principle of real reform.”<ref>Holmes to Laski, May 12, 1927, reprinted in Mark De Wolfe Howe, ed., ''[http://ia331339.us.archive.org/1/items/holmeslaskilette017767mbp/holmeslaskilette017767mbp.pdf Holmes-Laski Letters: The Correspondence of Mr. Justice Holmes and Harold J. Laski, 1916-1935]'', Volume 2 (Harvard University Press, 1953), p. 942 (PDF p. 141)</ref> As his biographer Sheldon Novick comments, Holmes “in personal letters seemed to espouse a kind of fascist ideology.”<ref>Sheldon M. Novick, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=JhPYAAAAMAAJ Honorable Justice: The Life of Oliver Wendell Holmes]'' (New York: Dell Publishing, 1990) ISBN 0440503256, p. xvii</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://www.cornellcollege.edu/politics/HolmesArt.pdf The Curious Constitution of Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.]

{{Supreme Court|fuller=y|white=y|taft=y|hughes=y}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Holmes, Oliver Wendell Jr.}}
[[Category:United States Supreme Court Justices]]
[[Category:Liberals]]
[[Category:Atheists]]
[[Category:Eugenics]]
[[Category:Bigotry]]
[[Category:RINOs]]
[[Category:Progressivism]]

Patrick Henry

2024-08-29T20:28:37Z

Progressingamerica: William Wirt Henry's audio book, free and open source in the public domain

[[Image:Henry.jpg|200px|thumb| A portrait of Patrick Henry.]]
'''Patrick Henry''' (1736-1799) was a Patriot during the [[American Revolution]], an active member of the [[Sons of Liberty]], and an [[Anti-Federalists|anti-Federalist]] who opposed ratification of the [[U.S. Constitution]] afterwards. A radical democrat, he supported combining the executive and the legislative into a single elected body. An [[attorney]], he prevailed in the Parsons' Cause by defending the right of the [[Virginia]] colony to fix the price of the [[tobacco]] to be paid to the clergy in violation of a contrary ruling in [[England]].<ref>http://www.americanrevwar.homestead.com/files/HENRY.HTM</ref> In the 1790s Henry was a leader of the [[Federalist Party]] in support of [[George Washington]] and [[Alexander Hamilton]], and opposition to [[Thomas Jefferson]].

Patrick Henry is best known today for the rousing speech that he gave on March 23, 1775 to the 2nd Virginia Convention at Richmond's St. John's Church:<ref>http://www.amerisearch.net/index.php?date=2004-03-23&view=View</ref>

:''I consider it as nothing less than a question of [[freedom]] or [[slavery]] ... We have done everything that could be done to avert the storm which is now coming on. We have petitioned; we have remonstrated ... We have prostrated ourselves before the throne ... Our petitions have been slighted; our remonstrances have produced additional violence. ...''

:''There is a just God who presides over the destines of nations ... who will raise up friends to fight our battle for us. The battle, sir, is not to the strong alone; it is to the vigilant, the active, [[American Patriots|the brave]] ... Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God!''

:'' '''I know not what course others may take; but as for me, [[give me liberty or give me death]].<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sGyvfEIVIx8&t=31s Patrick Henry's "Give Me Liberty, Or Give Me Death" Speech]</ref> ''' ''

Henry has this to say about the Bible:
<blockquote>...is a book worth more than all of the other books that were every printed.<ref>Original Intent (2004), David Barton, page 168</ref></blockquote>

==Early Life==

Patrick Henry was born on May 29, 1736 on the tobacco plantation of Mount Brilliant, along the South Anna River in Hanover County, Virginia. He was the second son of Colonel John Henry, who had immigrated to the colony from Aberdeenshire, [[Scotland]], and Sarah Winston Syme Henry, originally from Studley in Hanover County, Virginia. Not a great deal is known of John Henry, though he was, in spite of his foreign birth, a respected figure among the gentry of the Virginia Piedmont; in addition to being commander of the local militia, he served periodically as surveyor, vestryman of the local Anglican parish (of which his brother, also named Patrick, was rector), and Justice of the County Court. His mother, meanwhile, was of an established upper-class family and thus gave her children connections to the colonial elite.

Growing up at Mount Brilliant, young Patrick was fairly outgoing, learning how to dance and play the fiddle at an early age; and he was said to have taken part in many casual conversations and arguments among his peers over matters of politics and business. At the same time, he received a vigorous, if informal, education in Latin and the classics from his father. Two other figures of importance in Henry's youth were his uncle, the Reverend Patrick Henry, Sr., and his mother's favorite minister, Reverend Samuel Davies, a notable Presbyterian leader who would later become the president of Princeton University in [[New Jersey]]. From them he received not only moral tutelage but lessons in rhetoric and oratory, which would be a major influence on his political career.

In 1751, Henry's father apprenticed the 15-year-old as a clerk in the store of a local Scottish merchant. This lasted about a year before Patrick became a junior partner in another store set up by his older brother William, though it soon failed. In 1754, Patrick Henry married Sarah Shelton, whose dowry included six slaves and a farm of about 300 acres. The land on the estate proved to be of poor quality, however, and promises of a land inheritance to the west from his father were not immediately realized. To make matters worse, the young couple's home was destroyed by fire in 1757. In debt and with a family to support (the union had already produced multiple children), Henry for a time operated a tavern for his father-in-law, Captain John Shelton, but eventually decided to take up the law as a profession. As was often the case then, his studies were less-than-formal, consisting of only a few months' review of the colony's laws and of the legal compendiums of Sir [[Edward Coke]] and other notable lawyers of the past;<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=fBFpDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT45 Patrick Henry: Champion of Liberty], in particular, Coke's ''The First Part of the Institutes of the Lawes of England. Or, a Commentarie upon Littleton''</ref> nonetheless, he passed the bar exam at Williamsburg, and presented his law license at Goochland Court House on April 15, 1760.

==Law Career==

Henry soon proved himself a capable and popular young lawyer. During his first three years in the profession, he handled 1,185 suits, winning the majority of his cases; his earnings in 1763 were about ₤200, rising to over ₤400 by 1766. Beyond financial success, Henry also gained fame during the early 1760s for his involvement in the so-called "Parsons' Cause."

'''"The Parsons' Cause"'''

Due to the scarcity of hard cash in late colonial Virginia, it was common practice for portions of [[tobacco]] crop to be used as a means of exchange, even in the payment of debts. A recent "Two-Penny Act" passed by the House of Burgesses, while continuing this practice, fixed the price of tobacco at a low rate for such transactions, which had the effect of making it easier for debtors to pay off their obligations, but also reducing the value to creditors. This caused a backlash from those trying to collect debts, especially the [[Anglican]] clergy, who had traditionally received their tithes from parishioners in the form of tobacco. Several clergymen wrote to the Board of Trade in [[London]], asking that the statute be repealed but also that it be declared null and void from the point of its passage, meaning those who had paid their tithes at the lower rate would have new debts to pay. While the Board of Trade agreed to overturn the Act itself, it declined to make a ruling on backdating the repeal, leaving it to the Virginia court system to sort things out.

Among the clergy who brought suit in the wake of the repeal was Reverend James Maury of Hanover County, who pressed for payment of the debts owed. In 1763, Henry took over the case for the defendants, replacing John Lewis, who had bungled the proceedings up to now. The only significant matter still to be resolved was the amount of restitution to be given the plaintiff. In his arguments, Henry made a passionate appeal to the plight of the average Virginia farmer and his cash-poor condition, leaving him at the mercy of a cold world; his speech was so persuasive that the jury voted to award Reverend Maury only one penny as redress. The courthouse audience carried Henry out on their shoulders in triumph, while his father, who had presided on the bench, was said to have wept with pride at his son's victory. Henry's achievement not only marked him as a defender of the common man, it also represented one of the first de facto challenges to Crown authority in the years before the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]].

(Henry's actions should not be represented as a sign of hostility toward the Christian Church or even toward the Christian clergy as a group, as he was a lifelong defender of both; his stance in "the Parsons' Cause" had strictly to do with what he perceived as an unfair system of debt.)

Partly on the strength of his victory in "the Parsons' Cause," Henry's visibility within Virginia society and politics rose tremendously. In 1764 he was able to purchase a plantation in Louisa County, and the following spring was elected from that county to the House of Burgesses, taking his seat on May 21, 1765.

[[Image:Bland jones.jpg|200px|thumb|A depiction of Henry speaking in the Virginia House of Burgesses.]]

==Legislator==

At the time Henry became a member of the House of Burgesses, Virginia and the other colonies were already in turmoil over the controversial [[Stamp Act]], which the British Parliament had passed a few months earlier, imposing a tax on the American colonies (by means of a revenue stamp) without the consent of the colonial legislatures: a measure generally considered contrary to both legal tradition and the colonial charters themselves. Not surprisingly, given his earlier stance in "the Parsons' Cause," Henry strongly identified with the Whig faction opposing the Stamp Act and similar transgressions, and immediately associated with other Whigs in the Burgesses who were writing the [[Virginia Resolves]] in response. These Stamp Act Resolves not only expressed disagreement with the Stamp Act but clearly stated that Parliament had no capacity to tax the American colonies, which made the controversy a constitutional, rather than a simply economic, issue.

Despite his youth and the fact that he had only just become a member of the legislature, Henry took the lead in presenting the Resolves to the House and calling for their adoption. On May 30, 1765, only nine days after being sworn in as a legislator, Henry made a dramatic speech in advocating for the Resolves. At the end of this speech, referencing past "tyrants" who had been assassinated by defenders of liberty, Henry proclaimed, "[[Julius Caesar|Caesar]] had his Brutus; Charles the First his Cromwell; and [[George III|George the Third]] may profit by their example." He could not doubt, he added, that "some American jealous of the liberties of his country would, in due course, appear." To many listeners, this sounded like an indirect call for assassination of the king, and some in the House shouted, "Treason!" to which Henry reportedly responded, "If this be treason, then make the most of it." It seems unlikely, though, that Henry was at this stage even advocating independence, much less an armed struggle or overthrow of the king. He affirmed his loyalty to the king, even saying he was ready to shed his last drop of blood for George III, but stressed that the monarch was similarly bound to adhere to the ancient constitutions of the realm and recognize the traditional privileges and liberties the colonists possessed as "free-born Englishmen."

The repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766 was a vindication of the firm stance of Henry and other Whigs, and allowed them to solidify their political position in Virginia. The new Speaker of the House of Burgesses, Peyton Randolph, was sympathetic to their views, and permitted them to take the lead in much of the legislature's business in the late 1760s. In response to the [[Townshend Acts]], a series of new taxes on various imports, Henry and his allies organized the Association of 1769, a boycott of such British merchandise as tea, lead, paper, and other goods affected by the duties.

During the cooling-off period in the early 1770s, following the repeal of the Townshend Acts, Henry scaled back some of his public political activity, being preoccupied with his legal profession and increasing his estates; he bought the 1,000-acre Scotchtown Plantation in Hanover County, not far from his place of birth, and also speculated in western lands. He was also concerned over the state of his wife, Sarah, whose health was declining during these years. Nonetheless, he remained an active figure in the House of Burgesses, supporting a bill to guarantee a wide degree of religious liberty in the colony.

==Revolutionary==
[[File:Give me liberty, or give me death! - Patrick Henry.jpeg|thumbnail|300px|left|"Give me liberty, or give me death!" - Patrick Henry<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sGyvfEIVIx8&t=31s Patrick Henry's "Give Me Liberty, Or Give Me Death" Speech]</ref> ]]
Though Henry had already been active in the efforts to extend the [[Committees of Correspondence]] to Virginia in 1772 and 1773, a step which laid the groundwork for future revolutionary activity, it was only following the [[Intolerable Acts]] in response to the [[Boston Tea Party]] that he again drew notice as a prominent opponent of British policy. After the House of Burgesses expressed solidarity with [[Massachusetts]], the main target of the Acts, the royal governor, Lord Dunmore, dissolved the legislature. Henry then led the assembly members across the street to [[Raleigh Tavern]], where, at his urging, they revived the Association, now aiming to embargo all imports from Britain, and called for all the colonies to send representatives to a general congress. This would become the [[First Continental Congress]], to which Henry was selected as one of the Virginia delegates in August 1774, receiving more votes than anyone except House Speaker Randolph.

At the Congress in [[Philadelphia]] that fall, Henry distinguished himself by his forward-looking position on a number of issues. He called for the creation of a representative government for all the colonies, as a means of preserving American liberties and preparing for a contest with the British, and signaled his belief that war was now inevitable, despite the wishes for peace by many of his colleagues: "The present measures lead to war....Arms are a recourse to which we shall be forced, [one that is] afforded us by God & Nature." This was a stance he maintained after the Congress' adjournment and his return to Virginia, openly endorsing the formation of committees of public safety in the counties and the organization of the militia.

It was his agitation for military preparedness that led to the famous [[Give Me Liberty Or Give Me Death]] speech to the Second Virginia Convention in Richmond on March 23, 1775. Faced with a reluctance among some convention members to actually sanction armed hostilities, Henry dramatically described the unfolding situation in Massachusetts and the need for the other colonies to come to her aid. The power of his remarks had as much to do with the manner in which he delivered them as the words themselves. At the peroration of his speech,
<blockquote>Henry got to his knees, in the posture of a manacled slave, intoning in a low but rising voice: 'Is life so dear, our peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God!' He then bent to the earth with his hands still crossed, for a few seconds, and suddenly sprang to his feet, shouting, 'Give me liberty!' and flung wide his arms, paused, lowered his arms, clenched his right hand as if holding a dagger at his breast, and said in sepulchral tones: 'Or give me death!' He then beat his breast, with his hand holding the imagined dagger. There was silence, broken by a man listening at the open window, who shouted, 'Let me be buried on this spot!' Henry had made his point.<ref>A History of the American People (1997), Paul Johnson, page 148-49</ref></blockquote>
Henry's speech was successful in persuading the Convention to adopt a more militant stance, and he was soon elected as a delegate to the [[Second Continental Congress]] in Philadelphia that May. Following the [[Battle of Lexington and Concord]], he led a militia force during the [[Gunpowder Incident]], and was among those who supported the formation of the [[Continental Army]] under [[George Washington]], and laying the groundwork for total independence.

After returning from the Congress, Henry briefly served as commander of the Virginia militia. During this time, he also helped draft Virginia's declaration of an independent government in May 1776, and gave his support to its call for the Congress in Philadelphia to adopt [[Declaration of Independence|a similar document]]. In June, he was elected as the first state governor of Virginia, serving three consecutive one-year terms. As governor, Henry was committed to upholding Virginia's leadership of the war effort, making regular contributions of men and material to the American armies, as well as launching the 1778 expedition under [[George Rogers Clark]] that liberated the western territory north of the Ohio, and Evan Shelby's 1779 expedition against the [[Cherokees]].

After leaving office in 1779, Henry briefly retired to private life, moving with his second wife, Dorothea Dandridge (his first wife had died in February 1776), and the rest of his family to Henry County in the Dan River valley of southwest Virginia, establishing the plantation of Leatherwood. In 1780, however, he returned to the state legislature, partly at the behest of others who believed his leadership was necessary in the ongoing military crisis (especially in light of what they saw as the lax administration of [[Thomas Jefferson]], who had succeeded Henry as governor). During the early 1780s, Henry was de facto leader of the legislature, helping to raise more troops, and later supporting an inquiry into the conduct of Jefferson and other public officials. Because of this, Jefferson and Henry became estranged, despite their common political principles, and Jefferson had much to do with downplaying Henry's achievements later.

==Post-War Life==

Henry was re-elected as Virginia governor in 1784, serving until 1786. Following the conclusion of the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]], he generally supported the form of government created by the [[Articles of Confederation]]; while favoring regular contributions to the national government by the states, and even a tariff on imports, he did not believe it should have any powers beyond the common defense. Though he acknowledged some imperfections with the Confederation, he firmly rejected proposals to significantly strengthen the government or expand its scope, reportedly saying that he preferred "a rope of sand" to "a rod of iron." For this reason, when Henry was elected by the Virginia legislature in February 1787 as a delegate to the [[Constitutional Convention]], he declined, saying that he "smelt a rat."

Henry continued in opposition to the [[U.S. Constitution|document]] produced by the Convention, joining with [[George Mason]], [[James Monroe]], and several others to lead the Antifederalist faction in the Virginia ratification convention in 1788. Dominating much of the convention debate, Henry argued that the Constitution would produce the same kind of remote and arbitrary power against which the Americans had been fighting during the Revolutionary War, because it was based too much on abstract principles and not enough on practical experience and political traditions. In this, he insisted, he was being entirely consistent with his positions as a pre-war Whig. Though the Constitution was eventually ratified by a narrow majority, Henry nonetheless won a partial victory, as [[James Madison]] and other [[Federalists]] secured passage chiefly by arguing that the Constitution was, in its essentials, an Antifederalist document, and by pledging the passage of a [[Bill of Rights]].

=== Antifederalist position ===

Patrick Henry's Opening Speech, "A Wrong Step Now and the Republic Will Be Lost Forever," as made on June 4, 1788
before the Virginia Ratifying Convention held June 2-27, 1788:
{{cquote|But now when we have heard the definition of it, it is purely national. The honorable member James Madison was pleased to say, that the sword and purse included every thing of consequence. And shall we trust them out of our hands without checks and barriers? The sword and purse are essentially necessary for government every essential requisite must be in congress. Where are the purse and sword of Virginia? They must go to congress. What is become of our country? The Virginian government is but a name. It clearly results from his last argument that we are to be consolidated. We should be thought unwise indeed to keep 200 legislators in Virginia, when the government is in fact gone to Philadelphia or New York. We are as a state to form no part of the government. Where are your checks? The most essential objects of government are to be administered by congress. How then can the state governments be any check upon them? If we are to be a republican government it will be consolidated, not confederated.}}

Henry continued to serve in the Virginia legislature until 1791, in which capacity he maintained a strong Antifederalist presence in the state. Even after returning to private life, he continued to express his opposition to many Federalist policies, including [[Jay's Treaty]] and the economic innovations of [[Alexander Hamilton]]. To the surprise of many, though, he began to align with the Federalist Party by the late 1790s, and was even elected once more to the state legislature as a Federalist in 1799. There were several reasons for this seeming about-face, one being his personal animus toward Jefferson and Madison, now leaders of the [[Democratic-Republican|Republican]] opposition. At least as important, though, was his opposition to the [[French Revolution]]. Henry was sharply critical of the revolutionary regime in France for its violence and its anti-Christian behavior. In revolutionary France, he wrote, "everything that ought to be dear to man is covertly but successfully assailed." Republican enthusiasm for the Revolution was instrumental in driving Henry into the arms of the Federalists.

==Death==

Patrick Henry was unable to take his seat in the legislature following the 1799 election, as he was by that time dying of stomach cancer. He died at his Red Hill plantation in the Staunton River valley on June 6, 1799.

== Christian faith ==

Henry was known during and after his lifetime for being a professing [[Christian]], so much so that even liberal historians today have never been able to paint him as a [[Deism|Deist]] or [[Rationalism|rationalist]]. Some of his faith was instilled in him by his uncle, Rev. Patrick Henry, Sr., the local [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] rector; however, he did not advocate for a single denomination in particular. In 1784 he pressed for a "plural establishment" scheme that would have given official recognition and tax support to multiple Christian faiths in Virginia, but was defeated by Madison and some others, who thought it likely to make the churches an arm of the government.

Henry upheld the truth of Christianity in private and public life, once having reprinted and distributed a pamphlet by Soames Jenyns arguing for the rational nature of Christian belief. On his deathbed, having gathered his friends and family around, he commended his soul to [[Jesus Christ]] and "asked his skeptical physician to observe that the Christian faith made it easier for a man to die."<ref>Against the Barbarians (1992), M.E. Bradford, page 99</ref>

== Quotes ==
* "The rising greatness of our country is greatly tarnished by the general prevalence of [[deism]], which with me, is but another name for vice and depravity. I hear it is said by the deists that I am one of their number and indeed, that some good people think I am no Christian. This thought gives me much more pain than the appellation of tory; because I think religion of infinitely higher importance than politics."

* "I have but one lamp by which my feet are guided, and that is the lamp of experience. I know no way of judging of the future but by the past." - [[Give Me Liberty Or Give Me Death]]

* “The [[Constitution]] is not an instrument for the [[government]] to restrain the people; it is an instrument for the people to restrain the government -- lest it come to [[tyranny|dominate our lives]] and interests."

* "The [[liberties]] of a people never were, nor ever will be, secure, when the transactions of their [[Federal Government|rulers]] may be concealed from them."

* "Are we at last brought to such humiliating and debasing degradation, that we cannot be trusted with arms for our defense?"

* "We are descended from a people whose government was founded on liberty; our glorious forefathers of Great Britain made liberty the foundation of everything. That country is become a great, mighty, and splendid nation; not because their government is strong and energetic, but, sir, because liberty is its direct end and foundation. We drew the spirit of liberty from our British ancestors; by that spirit we have triumphed over every difficulty."

* "A silence or a mere look from Henry could ruin the effect of a day's worth of careful exposition." -[[James Madison]]

==See also==
[[Patrick Henry College]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://librivox.org/author/877 Works by Patrick Henry - text and free audio] - [[LibriVox]]
* Patrick Henry; Life, Correspondence and Speeches, by William Wirt Henry, [https://books.google.com/books?id=h5W1WjAPKtAC&printsec=frontcover Volume 1], [https://books.google.com/books?id=yx5CAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover Volume 2], [https://books.google.com/books?id=eB5CAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover Volume 3] [https://librivox.org/patrick-henry-life-correspondence-and-speeches/ audio book of Volume 1]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=skI6AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover The Life of Patrick Henry of Virginia], Samuel Greene Arnold
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=saBBAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover Patrick Henry], Moses Coit Tyler
* [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_True_Patrick_Henry/EiNFAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 The True Patrick Henry], George Morgan
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcEAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover Sketches of the Life and Character of Patrick Henry], by William Wirt

{{DEFAULTSORT:Henry, Patrick}}

[[Category:Founding Fathers]]
[[Category:American History]]
[[Category:American Revolution]]
[[Category:Virginia Governors]]
[[Category:Libertarians]]
[[Category:Pro Second Amendment]]
[[Category:Republicanism]]
[[Category:Conservatives]]
[[Category:Early National U.S.]]
[[Category:Veterans]]
[[Category:American Gun Rights Advocates]]
[[Category:United States History Figures]]
[[Category:Patriots]]

The New Republic

2024-08-29T20:24:57Z

Progressingamerica: The "House of Truth"

[[Image:Sub-cover-current.gif|right|thumb]]
:See also: ''[[Left-wing war on women]]''
'''The New Republic''' is a bi-monthly, [[neo-liberal]] magazine published in the United States. It was founded in 1914 at the "House of Truth"<ref>[https://pac.org/impact/inside-dcs-house-truth Inside D.C.’s ‘House of Truth’]</ref> by [[progressive]]s [[Herbert Croly]], [[Walter Lippmann]], [[Walter Weyl]] and Willard Straight using Payne Whitney money. Croly and Lippmann were highly influential contributors. The magazine immediately became—and remains today—one of the most influential organs for the discussion of public issues. Once considered reliably liberal, in recent years it includes as well many [[neoconservative]] ideas and attacks on liberals.<ref>For example, Sean Wilentz, "Who Lincoln Was" ''The New Republic'' (July 15, 2009) is a 25,000 word article that rips apart liberal distortions about Lincoln by Henry Gates and other leftists.[http://www.tnr.com/politics/story.html?id=2634954a-b287-480e-9fbd-8a4663174031 online edition]</ref> It is one of the oldest publications advocating [[Marxist]] orthodoxy in the [[United States]]. In 2020 it openly called for abolishing the [[Constitution of the United States]].<ref>https://bigleaguepolitics.com/liberal-publication-the-new-republic-calls-for-total-abolishment-of-the-u-s-constitution/</ref><ref>https://newrepublic.com/article/159823/constitution-crisis-supreme-court</ref>

The first issue of ''The New Republic'' was published on November 7, 1914.<ref>[http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/first-issue-of-the-new-republic-published First issue of ''The New Republic'' published]</ref>

The New Republic has been heavily criticized for publishing a sexist attack against Iowa senator [[Joni Ernst]] in mid-September 2020.<ref>Two references:
*[https://www.foxnews.com/media/the-new-republic-blasted-for-tweet-invoking-joni-ernsts-abusive-husband-to-attack-senator The New Republic blasted for tweet using Joni Ernst's abusive husband to slam senator]
*[https://townhall.com/tipsheet/reaganmccarthy/2020/09/18/gross-attack-on-joni-ernst-n2576420 Sen. Ernst Responds to Sexist Attack from Liberal Magazine]</ref>

==Reds==
Straight's son [[Michael Whitney Straight]] during the Administration of President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] functioned as an editor, presidential speechwriter, and [[KGB]] operative.

According to Prof. Carroll Quigley, the chief achievement of ''The New Republic'' in 1914-18 and again in 1938-48 was to end American [[isolationism]] by calling for [[interventionism]] in Europe. Quigley states that starting in the spring of 1947, William Straight allowed [[Communists]], dedicated to the overthrow of the [[U.S. Government]] by violent means, to come into ''The New Republic''. Lew Frank was the first. Frank joined a "Communist Research Group" which met in the Manhattan home of the wealthy "Wall Street Red" and KGB operative [[Frederick Vanderbilt Field]].<ref>[http://sandiego.indymedia.org/media/2006/10/119975.pdf ''Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time''], Carroll Quigley, Collier-Macmillan, 1966, pp. 939 - 940. ISBN 0-945001-10-X</ref>

An example of the [[disinformation]] practiced by the ''The New Republic'' is in its December 13, 1943, issue (p. 835) after the [[Teheran conference|Teheran]] and [[Cairo conference]]s. The magazine reported that "the great and shining achievement at Cairo and Teheran was a meeting of minds of the four leaders". In fact, Stalin had refused to meet with Chiang Kai-shek.<ref>[http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/6315/yaltabet.html ''The Yalta Betrayal''], Felix Wittmer, Claxton Printers, 1953, p. 51.</ref>

The [[Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]] (SISS) wrote in its Report on the ''Scope of Soviet Activity in the United States'',
{{Cquote|''[[The Nation]]'' and the ''New Republic'' have long records as [[liberal]] publications. They cannot be described as Communist, but they are so [[infiltration|infiltrated]] with the [[Communist Party]] [[policy]] that they serve the interests of the Communists and [[Deceit|confuse]] liberals on many issues, much more than so some of the Communist publications.<ref>[http://www.usasurvival.org/docs/Scope_of_Soviet_Activity.pdf ''Scope of Soviet Activity in the United States''] excerpted, Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act, Committee of the Judiciary United States Senate, GPO, Washington, D.C. 1957, p. 2822. (p.9 pdf).</ref>}}

==See also==
* [[The Promise of American Life]]
* [[George Henry Soule Jr.]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:New Republic, The}}
[[Category:Liberal Magazines]]
{{liberalism}}
[[Category:Magazines]]
[[Category:Progressive Era]]

User talk:Progressingamerica

2024-08-29T20:21:13Z

Progressingamerica: /* Nice to see you editing Conservapedia */ Likewise

Critical theory

2024-08-29T01:26:36Z

Progressingamerica: /* See also */ Critical pedagogy

{| class="infobox bordered" style="font-size:95%; width:25em;"
! style="font-size:120%; background:lightgray; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Goals of Marxism
|-
| style="padding:15px;" |
#[[Destroying the family|Destroy the Family]]
#Destroy [[Private Property]]
#Destroy Religion
#Destroy the Nation
<div style="padding-left:40px;">— Ted Baehr<ref name="JaegerFilms"/></div>
|}
'''Critical theory''' is an ideological effort of representatives of [[Frankfurt School]] such as Max Horkheimer<ref>{{cite book |title=Critical Theory: Selected Essays |author=Max Horkheimer |publisher=A&C Black |year=1972 |isbn=9780826400833 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YiXUAwAAQBAJ }}</ref> to challenge all previously accepted standards in every aspect of societal life from a [[Marxist]] perspective. This was to be performed by means of circulating every negative thing one could possibly say about traditional society in books, movies, TVs, schools, colleges, and even a clergy so that youth would be endlessly indoctrinated.

This youth, known also as [[Baby Boomer]]s, internalized their criticisms when being repeatedly exposed to [[brainwashing]] about what they came to refer to as 'establishment' portraying it as bunch of [[racist]]s, overly [[religious]], sexually deprived [[sexist]]s, who were [[xenophobic]], [[Indian]]-killers, [[antisemite]]s and soon movies and songs began to reflect these new 'values' spreading them throughout the nation's youth culture. Critical theory was doing its job, especially on people like [[Charles Manson]] and [[John Lennon]].

Even though in reality the baby boomers of 1960s were most free, most affluent and most privileged of any youth in any age, they were bored with their lives and swallowed the Frankfurt school's [[propaganda]] in form of books like ''The Death of the Family'', ''Escape from Freedom'', ''Sexual Revolution'', ''The Joy of Sex'', ''The Authoritarian Personality'' and counter-culture drug movies like ''Easy rider'', ''The wild angels'', and ''Born Losers'', attacking especially a family unit as a [[Christian]] institution and basic building block of middle class. So along came movies like ''The battle of the sexes'', ''How to murder your wife'' which depicted the family as sexually repressed and dysfunction and instilled the cultural pessimism about families.<ref name="JaegerFilms">{{cite web |title=CULTURAL MARXISM: The Corruption of America |publisher=James Jaeger films |url=https://youtu.be/gIdBuK7_g3M?t=1392 |accessdate=7 Aug 2016}}</ref>

==Background==
The early leaders of Critical theory re-located to America and after living here and seeing it first hand, quickly began to realize the flaws of Marx's thinking. They were honest with themselves about what they saw first hand, that Marx's ideas are incorrect and that [[Capitalism]] does indeed work. Recognizing this, they realized that in order to affect change within the system, any flaw real or perceived must be amplified to create a sense of misery. Horkheimer said:<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBaY09Qi-w0 Max Horkheimer on Critical Theory]</ref>

<blockquote>This sociology went beyond the critical theory of society conceived by Marx in order to reflect reality more adequately. One point is very important. For Marx had the ideal of a society of free human beings. He believed that this capitalist society would necessarily have to be overcome by the solidarity spelled by the increasing immiseration of the working class. '''This idea is wrong. This society in which we live does not immiserate the workers but helps them to build a better life. And apart from that. Marx did not see that freedom and justice are dialectical concepts.''' The more freedom, the less justice and the more justice, the less freedom. The critical theory which I concieved later is based on the idea that one cannot determine, what is good, what a good, a free society would look like from within the society which we live in. We lack the means. But in our work we can bring up the negative aspects of this society, which we want to change.</blockquote>

The only way to achieve the goals of Marxism was to reject the failures of Marxist ideology and proceed with a new plan.

For Marx, ruthless criticism was a principal maxim. He himself inspired the ideals employed by "critical theorists" as he pointed out in a letter written in 1843 to Arnold Ruge:

<blockquote>if constructing the future and settling everything for all times are not our affair, it is all the more clear what we have to accomplish at present: I am referring to ruthless criticism of all that exists, ruthless both in the sense of not being afraid of the results it arrives at and in the sense of being just as little afraid of conflict with the powers that be.<ref>[https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1843/letters/43_09.htm Letters from the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher, Marx to Ruge], Kreuznach, September 1843</ref></blockquote>

==Immanent critique==
Through the use of [[immanent critique]], the more intellectual far leftists target opponents. Immanent critique is defined as {{quotebox|" a method of discussing culture which aims to locate contradictions in society's rules and systems....The purpose ....is the detection of societal contradictions which suggest possibilities for emancipatory social change.... It highlights the gaps between what something stands for and what is being done in actual terms. Immanent critique tries to find contradictions and indirectly provide alternatives, without constructing an entirely new theory."<ref>Wikipedia/Immanent critique</ref>}} From this is born the ostracism of [[political correctness]].

Nevermind that purveyors of these idea-less theories themselves are caught up in the same [[hypocrisy]], hold the same [[bigot]]ed views and are guilty of the same actions as the people they target. It is "us versus them," the enlightened few against the powers that be and the unwashed masses, who are all bigots and hypocrites until they bow before their new revolutionary masters.

And the intellectual masters of this revolutionary thought turn a blind eye to the [[violence]] of their less-intellectual followers, who join the movement because [[Hollywood values|"it's the hip thing to do."]] Justification of violence is necessary to any revolutionary movement that does not respect the ballot box and free speech.

And the aim is always the same, put themselves in power without any guiding principles and only historically discredited theories to lead them.

==Critical race theory==
:{{see also|Critical Race Theory|Communist racism}}
Derrick Bell,<ref>https://www.discoverthenetworks.org/individuals/derrick-bell/</ref> [[Barack Obama]]’s favorite [[Harvard]] professor, devised Critical Race Theory,<ref>https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/op-eds/critical-race-theorys-toxic-destructive-impact-on-america</ref> which exemplifies Lenin’s strategy as applied to race. According to Discover the Networks:
{{quotebox|Critical race theory contends that America is permanently racist to its core, and that consequently the nation’s legal structures are, by definition, racist and invalid … members of “oppressed” racial groups are entitled—in fact obligated—to determine for themselves which laws and traditions have merit and are worth observing. …}}
Bell’s theory is in turn an innovation of Critical Theory, which was developed by Marxist thinkers of the [[Frankfurt School]] in Frankfurt, Germany, in 1923. The Institute’s left-wing scholars fled Hitler’s Germany in the 1930s, relocating to [[Columbia University]] in New York. Critical Theory, which discredits all aspects of Western society, we know today as [[political correctness]]. One of its most famous purveyors was the Frankfurt School’s [[Herbert Marcuse]], longtime associate of the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]]’s [[Julian Bond]]. Marcuse invented the concept of “partisan tolerance,” that is, [[tolerance]] for leftist ideas and [[intolerance]] of all others. The Southern Poverty Law Center applied Marcuse's strategy in developing its “Hate Watch” list, and ''[[Rules for Radicals]]'' author [[Saul Alinsky]] used it in his own life's work.

The “racist” narrative was turbocharged with the concept of “[[White Privilege]],” the notion that whites—the dominant [[demographic]] group in capitalist America—are irretrievably racist, [[sexist]], [[homophobic]], [[xenophobic]], [[imperialist]]ic oppressors who exploit everyone. Whites are the only true [[evil]] in the world and should be exterminated. “Dr. Kamau Kambon, who taught Africana Studies 241 in the Spring 2005 semester at North Carolina State University, also said this needs to be done ‘because white people want to kill us.’”<ref>''[https://www.carolinajournal.com/news-article/activist-exterminate-white-people/ Activist: exterminate white people],'' by Jon Sanders, Carolina Journal, Oct. 21, 2015.</ref>

===The New Abolitionism===

The “White Skin Privilege” idea was created in 1967 by [[Noel Ignatiev]],<ref>Fernando, Ivan (November 18, 2013). [http://diversitychronicle.wordpress.com/2013/11/18/progressive-professor-urges-white-male-students-to-commit-suicide-during-class/ "Progressive professor urges white male students to commit suicide during class"]. Diversity Chronicle website.</ref> an acolyte of Derrick Bell and professor at Harvard's W.E.B. Du Bois Institute. Ignatiev was a member of the [[Communist Party USA]]’s most radical wing, the Provisional Organizing Committee to Reconstitute the Marxist-Leninist Communist Party from 1958–66. The Provisional Organizing Committee was the intellectual forerunner to the [[Freedom Road Socialist Organization]], a [[Vanguardism|vanguard]] group. Writing under the alias Noel Ignatin, Ignatiev co-authored a [[Students for a Democratic Society]] (SDS) pamphlet with fellow radical Ted Allen titled, ''White Blindspot''. In 1992 he co-founded ''Race Traitor: Journal of the New Abolitionism''. Its first issue coined the slogan “Treason to whiteness is loyalty to humanity.” Its stated objective was to “abolish the white race.” More specifically, the ''New Abolitionist'' newsletter declared:
{{quotebox|The way to abolish the white race is to challenge, disrupt and eventually overturn the institutions and behavior patterns that reproduce the privileges of whiteness, including the schools, job and housing markets, and the criminal justice system. The abolitionists do not limit themselves to socially acceptable means of protest, but reject in advance no means of attaining their goal.<ref>https://capitalresearch.org/article/blm-roots/</ref>}}

==See also==
*[[Anthropological Revolution]]
*[[Critical legal studies]]
*[[Cultural Marxism]]
*[[Nimrodian aspirations]]
*[[Herbert Marcuse]]
*[[Critical race theory]]
*[[Critical pedagogy]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.marxists.org/subject/frankfurt-school/index.htm The Frankfurt School and “Critical Theory”], Marxist Internet Archive.

[[Category:Liberalism]]
[[Category:Neo-Marxism]]

Critical pedagogy

2024-08-29T01:25:43Z

Progressingamerica: Page created

'''Critical pedagogy''' stems from [[Critical Theory]] and postulates that the oppressed is generally held to be the student. As such, the teacher and a child should be equals during social activism.

Critical pedagogy was developed by Marxist theorist Paulo Freire, his most important work is regarded as ''Pedagogy of the Oppressed''.

[[Category:Neo-Marxism]]

Friedrich Hayek

2024-07-02T04:20:43Z

Progressingamerica: /* Contributions */ The Use of Knowledge in Society

[[Image:Hayek.jpg|right|frame]]
'''Friedrich August Von Hayek''' (1899-1992) was a [[Nobel Prize]] winning [[economist]] and one of the most prominent members of the [[Austrian School of Economics]], a [[libertarian]] economic theory. Hayek emphasized our limited knowledge of the markets (and other subjects), and thus our need for the price mechanism to communicate essential information about supply and demand. His theories are that no centralized planner or government can manage the [[economy]] and that the [[free market]] is the most efficient known allocator of resources.

Although Hayek was a self-proclaimed [[agnostic]]—which helps explain why was allowed to win a [[Nobel Prize]]—analysis has shown that "his treatment of individual liberty was more consistent
with a [[Judeo-Christian]] worldview than with that of his naturalist peers and
postmodernist successors."<ref>https://www.gordon.edu/ace/pdf/F&ESpr09ElzingaandGivens.pdf</ref>

==Life==

Hayek was born in [[Vienna]], which was then the capital of [[Austria-Hungary]]. As a teenager he studied biology, philosophy and ethics, before joining the Austrian Army aged 18 and becoming one of the pioneers of airborne artillery observation during [[World War 1]]. After the war he earned doctorates in law and political science. He moved to [[London]] in 1931 to be a professor at the [[London School of Economics]]. When Austria became part of [[Nazi Germany]] following the 1938 ''Anschluss'' Hayek refused to return there, and became a British subject.

Hayek was one of the most vocal and respected contemporary critics of the [[liberal]] and now widely discredited economist [[John Maynard Keynes]].

Hayek has been compared to the philosopher [[David Hume]] with respect to his insistence that we should be "sensible of our ignorance."

==Contributions==
===Early work===
Hayek's most influential work among economists are his 1935 academic papers "The Nature and History of the Problem" and "The Present State of the Debate," on the total inability of socialism to coordinate and allocate resources due to their lack of price signals, an effect that lead to the eventual collapse of the [[Soviet Union]]. Many of these ideas were developed in conjunction with his friend and mentor [[Ludwig von Mises]].<ref>[http://www.econtalk.org/archives/2011/01/caldwell_on_hay.html Econ Talk, Russ Roberts and Bruce Caldwell 10 January, 2011]</ref>

===The Road to Serfdom===
By far, Hayek's most famous book is ''[[The Road To Serfdom]]'' (1944). In it, he discusses the collapse of essential freedoms in the face of economic manipulation at the hands of well-meaning government actors. Written in Cambridge, UK from 1940 onwards, the book was intended mainly to warn a British audience of the dangers of socialism - a warning they sadly ignored by electing Labour's Clement Attlee to the premiership in the first post-war election in 1945 with, in time, catastrophic consequences for the British economy. The book faired much better in the US, becoming a runaway success after a condensed edition appeared in the Reader's Digest. John R. Searle chose ''Road to Serfdom'' as his book of the century, citing its very great influence on popular American post-war thought.

===Other works===
In addition to Hayek's well known book-sized publications, he received critical acclaim<ref>[https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/quarles20191101a.htm Friedrich Hayek and the Price System]</ref> for his 1945 essay titled ''The Use of Knowledge in Society'', which is widely cited in the field of economics.

===The Constitution of Liberty===
In the 1950's and now domiciled in the United States, Hayek perceived the need for a more systematic popular treatment of the case for liberal democracy than the arguments he had advanced in ''Serfdom''; the result was 1960's magisterial three-part ''The Constitution of Liberty''. Although this new work, weighing-in at 350 pages plus extensive endnotes, could not hope to equal the success of his earlier book, nevertheless Hayek's ''Constitution'' had huge influence (especially in the UK, somewhat ironically) becoming, along with Popper's ''The Open Society and its Enemies'', a founding text of Thatcherism. "This is what we believe," affirmed a stern-faced Margaret Thatcher at a 1975 opposition meeting, according to John Ranelagh - holding up her copy just long enough for the attendees to read the title before banging it down emphatically onto the table.

===Criticism of Social Justice, Mill===
Hayek was critical of [[John Stuart Mill]] for popularizing the term "[[social justice]]."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ebenstein|first1=Alan|title=Friedrich Hayek: A Biography|date=2014|publisher=Macmillan|location=New York|isbn=978-0312233440|pages=188}}</ref>

Hayek wrote:
{{cquote|Yet Mill appears to have been wholly unaware of the circumstance that in this meaning it refers to situations entirely different from those to which the four other meanings apply, or that this conception of 'social justice' leads straight to full-fledged socialism.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hayek|first1=Friedrich|title=Law, Legislation and Liberty, Volume 2: The Mirage of Social Justice|date=1978|publisher=[[University of Chicago]] Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0226320830|pages=63–64}}</ref>}}

[[Image:HAYEK1.JPG|right|thumb|300px]]

==Quotes==
* "Perhaps the fact that we have seen millions voting themselves into complete dependence on a tyrant has made our generation understand that to choose one's government is not necessarily to secure freedom."

* "'Emergencies' have always been the pretext on which the safeguards of individual liberty have been eroded."

* "The more the state "plans" the more difficult planning becomes for the individual."

* "Justice is an attribute of individual action. I can be just or unjust towards my fellow man. But the conception of a social justice, to expect from an impersonal process which nobody can control, to bring about a just result, is not only a meaningless conception, it's completely impossible. See everybody talks about social justice but if you press people to explain to you what they mean by social justice, nobody knows. I am telling you because I've been trying for the past 20 years, asking people, what really are your principles of social justice?"<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RnMd40dqBlQ Social Justice], a discussion on [[Firing Line]] with [[William F. Buckley]]</ref>

==Bibliography==
* Birner, Hack, and Rudy van Zijp, eds., ''Hayek: Co-ordination and Evolution: His legacy in philosophy, politics, economics and the history of ideas'' (1994)
* Brittan, Samuel "Hayek, Friedrich August (1899–1992)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,'' (2006) [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/51095, online]
* Caldwell, Bruce, 2005. ''Hayek's Challenge: An Intellectual Biography of F.A. Hayek''.
* Doherty, Brian. 2007. ''Radicals for Capitalism: A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement''
* Ebenstein, Alan O., 2001. '' Friedrich Hayek: A Biography''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=k0O3q5qzB7AC&dq=Horwitz,+Steven.+%22Friedrich+Hayek,+Austrian&pg=PP1&ots=MXoBbHnLn5&source=in&sig=0BwUP_0dz9mtD84pC5jameSWN5I&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=13&ct=result excerpt and text search]
* Frowen, S. ed., (1997) ''Hayek: economist and social philosopher''
* Gamble, Andrew. (1996) ''The Iron Cage of Liberty'', an analysis of Hayek's ideas
* Gray, John, 1998. ''Hayek on Liberty''.
* Horwitz, Steven. "Friedrich Hayek, Austrian Economist." ''Journal of the History of Economic Thought'' 2005 27(1): 71-85. Issn: 1042-7716 Fulltext: in Swetswise, Ingenta and Ebsco
* Kasper, Sherryl, 2002, ''The Revival of Laissez-Faire in American Macroeconomic Theory: A Case Study of Its Pioneers''. Chpt. 4.
* Kley, Roland, 1994. ''Hayek's Social and Political Thought''. Oxford Univ. Press.
* Samuelson, Richard A. "Reaction to the Road to Serfdom." ''Modern Age'' 1999 41(4): 309-317. [http://209.85.173.132/search?q=cache:K5DRrwv_AQEJ:www.firstprinciplesjournal.com/articles.aspx%3Farticle%3D746%26theme%3Dfrmar%26loc%3Db+Samuelson,+Richard+A.+%22Reaction+to+the+Road+to&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=us&client=firefox-a Fulltext online]
* Vernon, Richard. "The 'Great Society' and the 'Open Society': Liberalism in Hayek and Popper." ''Canadian Journal of Political Science'' 1976 9(2): 261-276. Issn: 0008-4239 Fulltext: in Jstor
===Primary sources===
* Hayek, Friedrich. ''Hayek on Hayek: an autobiographical dialogue, ed. S. Kresge and L. Wenar (1994)
* Hayek, Friedrich. ''The collected works of F. A. Hayek,'' ed. W. W. Bartley and others (1988–)

== See also ==
* [[Milton Friedman]]
* [[Ludwig von Mises]]
*[[Joseph Schumpeter]]
* [[Darwinism]]

== References ==
<references/>

==External links==
* [https://librivox.org/author/18214 Works by Friedrich Hayek - text and free audio] - [[LibriVox]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hayek, Friedrich A.}}
{{Economic preparedness topics}}
[[Category:Economic Preparedness]]
[[Category:Economists|Hayek, Friedrich A.]]
[[Category:Fiscal Conservatives]]
[[Category:Capitalists]]
[[Category:Libertarians]]
[[Category:Nobel Laureates in Economics]]
[[Category:Philosophers]]
[[Category:New Deal]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom award winners]]
[[Category:Anti-Communism]]

Friedrich Hayek

2024-07-02T04:13:32Z

Progressingamerica: Moved image

[[Image:Hayek.jpg|right|frame]]
'''Friedrich August Von Hayek''' (1899-1992) was a [[Nobel Prize]] winning [[economist]] and one of the most prominent members of the [[Austrian School of Economics]], a [[libertarian]] economic theory. Hayek emphasized our limited knowledge of the markets (and other subjects), and thus our need for the price mechanism to communicate essential information about supply and demand. His theories are that no centralized planner or government can manage the [[economy]] and that the [[free market]] is the most efficient known allocator of resources.

Although Hayek was a self-proclaimed [[agnostic]]—which helps explain why was allowed to win a [[Nobel Prize]]—analysis has shown that "his treatment of individual liberty was more consistent
with a [[Judeo-Christian]] worldview than with that of his naturalist peers and
postmodernist successors."<ref>https://www.gordon.edu/ace/pdf/F&ESpr09ElzingaandGivens.pdf</ref>

==Life==

Hayek was born in [[Vienna]], which was then the capital of [[Austria-Hungary]]. As a teenager he studied biology, philosophy and ethics, before joining the Austrian Army aged 18 and becoming one of the pioneers of airborne artillery observation during [[World War 1]]. After the war he earned doctorates in law and political science. He moved to [[London]] in 1931 to be a professor at the [[London School of Economics]]. When Austria became part of [[Nazi Germany]] following the 1938 ''Anschluss'' Hayek refused to return there, and became a British subject.

Hayek was one of the most vocal and respected contemporary critics of the [[liberal]] and now widely discredited economist [[John Maynard Keynes]].

Hayek has been compared to the philosopher [[David Hume]] with respect to his insistence that we should be "sensible of our ignorance."

==Contributions==
===Early work===
Hayek's most influential work among economists are his 1935 academic papers "The Nature and History of the Problem" and "The Present State of the Debate," on the total inability of socialism to coordinate and allocate resources due to their lack of price signals, an effect that lead to the eventual collapse of the [[Soviet Union]]. Many of these ideas were developed in conjunction with his friend and mentor [[Ludwig von Mises]].<ref>[http://www.econtalk.org/archives/2011/01/caldwell_on_hay.html Econ Talk, Russ Roberts and Bruce Caldwell 10 January, 2011]</ref>

===The Road to Serfdom===
By far, Hayek's most famous book is ''[[The Road To Serfdom]]'' (1944). In it, he discusses the collapse of essential freedoms in the face of economic manipulation at the hands of well-meaning government actors. Written in Cambridge, UK from 1940 onwards, the book was intended mainly to warn a British audience of the dangers of socialism - a warning they sadly ignored by electing Labour's Clement Attlee to the premiership in the first post-war election in 1945 with, in time, catastrophic consequences for the British economy. The book faired much better in the US, becoming a runaway success after a condensed edition appeared in the Reader's Digest. John R. Searle chose ''Road to Serfdom'' as his book of the century, citing its very great influence on popular American post-war thought.

===The Constitution of Liberty===
In the 1950's and now domiciled in the United States, Hayek perceived the need for a more systematic popular treatment of the case for liberal democracy than the arguments he had advanced in ''Serfdom''; the result was 1960's magisterial three-part ''The Constitution of Liberty''. Although this new work, weighing-in at 350 pages plus extensive endnotes, could not hope to equal the success of his earlier book, nevertheless Hayek's ''Constitution'' had huge influence (especially in the UK, somewhat ironically) becoming, along with Popper's ''The Open Society and its Enemies'', a founding text of Thatcherism. "This is what we believe," affirmed a stern-faced Margaret Thatcher at a 1975 opposition meeting, according to John Ranelagh - holding up her copy just long enough for the attendees to read the title before banging it down emphatically onto the table.

===Criticism of Social Justice, Mill===
Hayek was critical of [[John Stuart Mill]] for popularizing the term "[[social justice]]."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ebenstein|first1=Alan|title=Friedrich Hayek: A Biography|date=2014|publisher=Macmillan|location=New York|isbn=978-0312233440|pages=188}}</ref>

Hayek wrote:
{{cquote|Yet Mill appears to have been wholly unaware of the circumstance that in this meaning it refers to situations entirely different from those to which the four other meanings apply, or that this conception of 'social justice' leads straight to full-fledged socialism.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hayek|first1=Friedrich|title=Law, Legislation and Liberty, Volume 2: The Mirage of Social Justice|date=1978|publisher=[[University of Chicago]] Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0226320830|pages=63–64}}</ref>}}

[[Image:HAYEK1.JPG|right|thumb|300px]]

==Quotes==
* "Perhaps the fact that we have seen millions voting themselves into complete dependence on a tyrant has made our generation understand that to choose one's government is not necessarily to secure freedom."

* "'Emergencies' have always been the pretext on which the safeguards of individual liberty have been eroded."

* "The more the state "plans" the more difficult planning becomes for the individual."

* "Justice is an attribute of individual action. I can be just or unjust towards my fellow man. But the conception of a social justice, to expect from an impersonal process which nobody can control, to bring about a just result, is not only a meaningless conception, it's completely impossible. See everybody talks about social justice but if you press people to explain to you what they mean by social justice, nobody knows. I am telling you because I've been trying for the past 20 years, asking people, what really are your principles of social justice?"<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RnMd40dqBlQ Social Justice], a discussion on [[Firing Line]] with [[William F. Buckley]]</ref>

==Bibliography==
* Birner, Hack, and Rudy van Zijp, eds., ''Hayek: Co-ordination and Evolution: His legacy in philosophy, politics, economics and the history of ideas'' (1994)
* Brittan, Samuel "Hayek, Friedrich August (1899–1992)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,'' (2006) [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/51095, online]
* Caldwell, Bruce, 2005. ''Hayek's Challenge: An Intellectual Biography of F.A. Hayek''.
* Doherty, Brian. 2007. ''Radicals for Capitalism: A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement''
* Ebenstein, Alan O., 2001. '' Friedrich Hayek: A Biography''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=k0O3q5qzB7AC&dq=Horwitz,+Steven.+%22Friedrich+Hayek,+Austrian&pg=PP1&ots=MXoBbHnLn5&source=in&sig=0BwUP_0dz9mtD84pC5jameSWN5I&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=13&ct=result excerpt and text search]
* Frowen, S. ed., (1997) ''Hayek: economist and social philosopher''
* Gamble, Andrew. (1996) ''The Iron Cage of Liberty'', an analysis of Hayek's ideas
* Gray, John, 1998. ''Hayek on Liberty''.
* Horwitz, Steven. "Friedrich Hayek, Austrian Economist." ''Journal of the History of Economic Thought'' 2005 27(1): 71-85. Issn: 1042-7716 Fulltext: in Swetswise, Ingenta and Ebsco
* Kasper, Sherryl, 2002, ''The Revival of Laissez-Faire in American Macroeconomic Theory: A Case Study of Its Pioneers''. Chpt. 4.
* Kley, Roland, 1994. ''Hayek's Social and Political Thought''. Oxford Univ. Press.
* Samuelson, Richard A. "Reaction to the Road to Serfdom." ''Modern Age'' 1999 41(4): 309-317. [http://209.85.173.132/search?q=cache:K5DRrwv_AQEJ:www.firstprinciplesjournal.com/articles.aspx%3Farticle%3D746%26theme%3Dfrmar%26loc%3Db+Samuelson,+Richard+A.+%22Reaction+to+the+Road+to&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=us&client=firefox-a Fulltext online]
* Vernon, Richard. "The 'Great Society' and the 'Open Society': Liberalism in Hayek and Popper." ''Canadian Journal of Political Science'' 1976 9(2): 261-276. Issn: 0008-4239 Fulltext: in Jstor
===Primary sources===
* Hayek, Friedrich. ''Hayek on Hayek: an autobiographical dialogue, ed. S. Kresge and L. Wenar (1994)
* Hayek, Friedrich. ''The collected works of F. A. Hayek,'' ed. W. W. Bartley and others (1988–)

== See also ==
* [[Milton Friedman]]
* [[Ludwig von Mises]]
*[[Joseph Schumpeter]]
* [[Darwinism]]

== References ==
<references/>

==External links==
* [https://librivox.org/author/18214 Works by Friedrich Hayek - text and free audio] - [[LibriVox]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hayek, Friedrich A.}}
{{Economic preparedness topics}}
[[Category:Economic Preparedness]]
[[Category:Economists|Hayek, Friedrich A.]]
[[Category:Fiscal Conservatives]]
[[Category:Capitalists]]
[[Category:Libertarians]]
[[Category:Nobel Laureates in Economics]]
[[Category:Philosophers]]
[[Category:New Deal]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom award winners]]
[[Category:Anti-Communism]]

Friedrich Hayek

2024-07-02T04:10:58Z

Progressingamerica: Librivox

[[Image:Hayek.jpg|right|frame]]
'''Friedrich August Von Hayek''' (1899-1992) was a [[Nobel Prize]] winning [[economist]] and one of the most prominent members of the [[Austrian School of Economics]], a [[libertarian]] economic theory. Hayek emphasized our limited knowledge of the markets (and other subjects), and thus our need for the price mechanism to communicate essential information about supply and demand. His theories are that no centralized planner or government can manage the [[economy]] and that the [[free market]] is the most efficient known allocator of resources.

Although Hayek was a self-proclaimed [[agnostic]]—which helps explain why was allowed to win a [[Nobel Prize]]—analysis has shown that "his treatment of individual liberty was more consistent
with a [[Judeo-Christian]] worldview than with that of his naturalist peers and
postmodernist successors."<ref>https://www.gordon.edu/ace/pdf/F&ESpr09ElzingaandGivens.pdf</ref>

==Life==

Hayek was born in [[Vienna]], which was then the capital of [[Austria-Hungary]]. As a teenager he studied biology, philosophy and ethics, before joining the Austrian Army aged 18 and becoming one of the pioneers of airborne artillery observation during [[World War 1]]. After the war he earned doctorates in law and political science. He moved to [[London]] in 1931 to be a professor at the [[London School of Economics]]. When Austria became part of [[Nazi Germany]] following the 1938 ''Anschluss'' Hayek refused to return there, and became a British subject.

Hayek was one of the most vocal and respected contemporary critics of the [[liberal]] and now widely discredited economist [[John Maynard Keynes]].

Hayek has been compared to the philosopher [[David Hume]] with respect to his insistence that we should be "sensible of our ignorance."

==Contributions==
===Early work===
Hayek's most influential work among economists are his 1935 academic papers "The Nature and History of the Problem" and "The Present State of the Debate," on the total inability of socialism to coordinate and allocate resources due to their lack of price signals, an effect that lead to the eventual collapse of the [[Soviet Union]]. Many of these ideas were developed in conjunction with his friend and mentor [[Ludwig von Mises]].<ref>[http://www.econtalk.org/archives/2011/01/caldwell_on_hay.html Econ Talk, Russ Roberts and Bruce Caldwell 10 January, 2011]</ref>

===The Road to Serfdom===
By far, Hayek's most famous book is ''[[The Road To Serfdom]]'' (1944). In it, he discusses the collapse of essential freedoms in the face of economic manipulation at the hands of well-meaning government actors. Written in Cambridge, UK from 1940 onwards, the book was intended mainly to warn a British audience of the dangers of socialism - a warning they sadly ignored by electing Labour's Clement Attlee to the premiership in the first post-war election in 1945 with, in time, catastrophic consequences for the British economy. The book faired much better in the US, becoming a runaway success after a condensed edition appeared in the Reader's Digest. John R. Searle chose ''Road to Serfdom'' as his book of the century, citing its very great influence on popular American post-war thought.

===The Constitution of Liberty===
In the 1950's and now domiciled in the United States, Hayek perceived the need for a more systematic popular treatment of the case for liberal democracy than the arguments he had advanced in ''Serfdom''; the result was 1960's magisterial three-part ''The Constitution of Liberty''. Although this new work, weighing-in at 350 pages plus extensive endnotes, could not hope to equal the success of his earlier book, nevertheless Hayek's ''Constitution'' had huge influence (especially in the UK, somewhat ironically) becoming, along with Popper's ''The Open Society and its Enemies'', a founding text of Thatcherism. "This is what we believe," affirmed a stern-faced Margaret Thatcher at a 1975 opposition meeting, according to John Ranelagh - holding up her copy just long enough for the attendees to read the title before banging it down emphatically onto the table.

===Criticism of Social Justice, Mill===
Hayek was critical of [[John Stuart Mill]] for popularizing the term "[[social justice]]."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ebenstein|first1=Alan|title=Friedrich Hayek: A Biography|date=2014|publisher=Macmillan|location=New York|isbn=978-0312233440|pages=188}}</ref>

Hayek wrote:
{{cquote|Yet Mill appears to have been wholly unaware of the circumstance that in this meaning it refers to situations entirely different from those to which the four other meanings apply, or that this conception of 'social justice' leads straight to full-fledged socialism.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hayek|first1=Friedrich|title=Law, Legislation and Liberty, Volume 2: The Mirage of Social Justice|date=1978|publisher=[[University of Chicago]] Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0226320830|pages=63–64}}</ref>}}

[[Image:HAYEK1.JPG|left|thumb|300px]]

==Quotes==
* "Perhaps the fact that we have seen millions voting themselves into complete dependence on a tyrant has made our generation understand that to choose one's government is not necessarily to secure freedom."

* "'Emergencies' have always been the pretext on which the safeguards of individual liberty have been eroded."

* "The more the state "plans" the more difficult planning becomes for the individual."

* "Justice is an attribute of individual action. I can be just or unjust towards my fellow man. But the conception of a social justice, to expect from an impersonal process which nobody can control, to bring about a just result, is not only a meaningless conception, it's completely impossible. See everybody talks about social justice but if you press people to explain to you what they mean by social justice, nobody knows. I am telling you because I've been trying for the past 20 years, asking people, what really are your principles of social justice?"<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RnMd40dqBlQ Social Justice], a discussion on [[Firing Line]] with [[William F. Buckley]]</ref>

==Bibliography==
* Birner, Hack, and Rudy van Zijp, eds., ''Hayek: Co-ordination and Evolution: His legacy in philosophy, politics, economics and the history of ideas'' (1994)
* Brittan, Samuel "Hayek, Friedrich August (1899–1992)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,'' (2006) [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/51095, online]
* Caldwell, Bruce, 2005. ''Hayek's Challenge: An Intellectual Biography of F.A. Hayek''.
* Doherty, Brian. 2007. ''Radicals for Capitalism: A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement''
* Ebenstein, Alan O., 2001. '' Friedrich Hayek: A Biography''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=k0O3q5qzB7AC&dq=Horwitz,+Steven.+%22Friedrich+Hayek,+Austrian&pg=PP1&ots=MXoBbHnLn5&source=in&sig=0BwUP_0dz9mtD84pC5jameSWN5I&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=13&ct=result excerpt and text search]
* Frowen, S. ed., (1997) ''Hayek: economist and social philosopher''
* Gamble, Andrew. (1996) ''The Iron Cage of Liberty'', an analysis of Hayek's ideas
* Gray, John, 1998. ''Hayek on Liberty''.
* Horwitz, Steven. "Friedrich Hayek, Austrian Economist." ''Journal of the History of Economic Thought'' 2005 27(1): 71-85. Issn: 1042-7716 Fulltext: in Swetswise, Ingenta and Ebsco
* Kasper, Sherryl, 2002, ''The Revival of Laissez-Faire in American Macroeconomic Theory: A Case Study of Its Pioneers''. Chpt. 4.
* Kley, Roland, 1994. ''Hayek's Social and Political Thought''. Oxford Univ. Press.
* Samuelson, Richard A. "Reaction to the Road to Serfdom." ''Modern Age'' 1999 41(4): 309-317. [http://209.85.173.132/search?q=cache:K5DRrwv_AQEJ:www.firstprinciplesjournal.com/articles.aspx%3Farticle%3D746%26theme%3Dfrmar%26loc%3Db+Samuelson,+Richard+A.+%22Reaction+to+the+Road+to&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=us&client=firefox-a Fulltext online]
* Vernon, Richard. "The 'Great Society' and the 'Open Society': Liberalism in Hayek and Popper." ''Canadian Journal of Political Science'' 1976 9(2): 261-276. Issn: 0008-4239 Fulltext: in Jstor
===Primary sources===
* Hayek, Friedrich. ''Hayek on Hayek: an autobiographical dialogue, ed. S. Kresge and L. Wenar (1994)
* Hayek, Friedrich. ''The collected works of F. A. Hayek,'' ed. W. W. Bartley and others (1988–)

== See also ==
* [[Milton Friedman]]
* [[Ludwig von Mises]]
*[[Joseph Schumpeter]]
* [[Darwinism]]

== References ==
<references/>

==External links==
* [https://librivox.org/author/18214 Works by Friedrich Hayek - text and free audio] - [[LibriVox]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hayek, Friedrich A.}}
{{Economic preparedness topics}}
[[Category:Economic Preparedness]]
[[Category:Economists|Hayek, Friedrich A.]]
[[Category:Fiscal Conservatives]]
[[Category:Capitalists]]
[[Category:Libertarians]]
[[Category:Nobel Laureates in Economics]]
[[Category:Philosophers]]
[[Category:New Deal]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom award winners]]
[[Category:Anti-Communism]]

Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo

2024-07-02T04:05:33Z

Progressingamerica:

[[Image:Supreme Court.jpg|thumb|200px|US Supreme Court Building]]
'''''Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo''''' is a [[Landmark Supreme Court Cases|landmark Supreme Court case]] that challenged the [[Chevron Doctrine]], which gave preference to the [[administrative state]] over individual citizens. It is one of two consolidated cases involving companies fishing in the North Atlantic. Justice [[Ketanji Brown Jackson]] did not participate in one of the cases, due to her involvement as an appellate judge during that case's appeal. ''Raimondo'' was ultimately decided with a 6-3 outcome.

==Background==
The Supreme Court granted cert in 2023 on only the second of the Questions Presented:

The Magnuson-Stevens Act (MSA) governs fishery management in federal waters and provides that the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) may require vessels to “carry” federal observers onboard to enforce the agency’s myriad regulations. Given that space onboard a fishing vessel is limited and valuable, that alone is an extraordinary imposition. But in only three circumstances (none of which were applicable to either of the companies involved in this case), the MSA requires vessels to pay the salaries of the federal observers who oversee their operations (although, with the exception of foreign vessels that enjoy the privilege of fishing in our waters, the MSA caps the costs of those salaries at 2-3% of the value of the vessel’s haul; however, foreign vessels '''''must''''' have a federal observer onboard at all times while fishing in US waters).

The statutory question underlying this petition is whether the agency can also force a wide variety of domestic vessels to foot the bill for the salaries of the monitors they must carry to the tune of 20% of their revenues. Under well-established principles of statutory construction, the answer would appear to be no, as the express grant of such a controversial power in limited circumstances forecloses a broad implied grant that would render the express grant superfluous. But a divided panel of the D.C. Circuit answered yes under Chevron on the theory that statutory silence produced an ambiguity that justified deferring to the agency.

The questions presented were:

1. Whether, under a proper application of Chevron, the MSA implicitly grants NMFS the power to force domestic vessels to pay the salaries of the monitors they must carry. (The Court did not grant certiorari on this question.)

2. Whether the Court should overrule Chevron or at least clarify that statutory silence concerning controversial powers expressly but narrowly granted elsewhere in the statute does not constitute an ambiguity requiring deference to the agency.

The court, in its opinion, overruled ''Chevron''. The verdict was 6-3 for one company and 6-2 (with Justice Jackson recusing as mentioned above) on the other.

==External Links==
*[https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/22-451_7m58.pdf Text of Opinion]

[[Category:United States Supreme Court Cases]]

Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo

2024-07-02T04:05:05Z

Progressingamerica: Landmark Supreme Court Case

[[Image:Supreme Court.jpg|thumb|200px|US Supreme Court Building]]
'''''Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo''''' is a [[Landmark Supreme Court Cases|landmark Supreme Court case]] that challenged the [[Chevron Doctrine]], which gave preference to the [[administrative state]] over individual citizens. It is one of two consolidated cases involving companies fishing in the North Atlantic. Justice [[Ketanji Brown Jackson]] did not participate in one of the cases, due to her involvement as an appellate judge during that case's appeal. ''Raimondo'' was ultimately decided with a 6-3 outcome.

The Supreme Court granted cert in 2023 on only the second of the Questions Presented:

The Magnuson-Stevens Act (MSA) governs fishery management in federal waters and provides that the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) may require vessels to “carry” federal observers onboard to enforce the agency’s myriad regulations. Given that space onboard a fishing vessel is limited and valuable, that alone is an extraordinary imposition. But in only three circumstances (none of which were applicable to either of the companies involved in this case), the MSA requires vessels to pay the salaries of the federal observers who oversee their operations (although, with the exception of foreign vessels that enjoy the privilege of fishing in our waters, the MSA caps the costs of those salaries at 2-3% of the value of the vessel’s haul; however, foreign vessels '''''must''''' have a federal observer onboard at all times while fishing in US waters).

The statutory question underlying this petition is whether the agency can also force a wide variety of domestic vessels to foot the bill for the salaries of the monitors they must carry to the tune of 20% of their revenues. Under well-established principles of statutory construction, the answer would appear to be no, as the express grant of such a controversial power in limited circumstances forecloses a broad implied grant that would render the express grant superfluous. But a divided panel of the D.C. Circuit answered yes under Chevron on the theory that statutory silence produced an ambiguity that justified deferring to the agency.

The questions presented were:

1. Whether, under a proper application of Chevron, the MSA implicitly grants NMFS the power to force domestic vessels to pay the salaries of the monitors they must carry. (The Court did not grant certiorari on this question.)

2. Whether the Court should overrule Chevron or at least clarify that statutory silence concerning controversial powers expressly but narrowly granted elsewhere in the statute does not constitute an ambiguity requiring deference to the agency.

The court, in its opinion, overruled ''Chevron''. The verdict was 6-3 for one company and 6-2 (with Justice Jackson recusing as mentioned above) on the other.

==External Links==
*[https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/22-451_7m58.pdf Text of Opinion]

[[Category:United States Supreme Court Cases]]

Landmark Supreme Court Cases

2024-07-02T04:01:42Z

Progressingamerica: /* Federalism */ Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo

[[Image:Supreme Court.jpg|thumb|200px|US Supreme Court Building]]
This is a partial list of Landmark [[Supreme Court]] cases, with brief descriptions of the ruling.

==[[First Amendment]] / Freedom of Speech and of the Press==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Title
!Year
!Summary
!Ruling
|-
|[[New York Times v. Sullivan]]
|1964
|A chief of police sued the New York Times for libel for their reporting on civil rights protests.
|9-0, Pro-New York Times
|-
|[[Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission]]
|2009-2010
|The organization of Citizens United, a non-profit and conservative organization, wanted to release an anti-Hillary Clinton documentary around the 2008 election. The Federal Election Commission (Often abbreviated to the FEC) denied the documentary to be released.
|5-4, Pro-Citizens United
|}

==[[Fourth Amendment]] / Searches and Siezures==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Title
!Year
!Summary
!Ruling
|-
|US v. Weeks
|1913-1914
|Without a search warrant, the police found their way into the home of Fremont Weeks, who was already in custody, and took papers that belonged to him. The police knew he was illegally sending lottery tickets through the mail. Clear violation of the [[Fourth Amendment]].
|Unanimous, Pro-Weeks
|-
|[[New Jersey v. TLO]]
|1984-1985
|T.L.O. , An unknown 14-year-old female freshman, was searched by the school on suspicion that she was smoking cigarettes. The school found the suspected cigarettes and [[marijuana]]. Although she was in the wrong, she argued that her [[Fourth Amendment]] right had been broken and violated.
|6-3, Pro-School (New Jersey)
|-
|[[Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents]]
|1970-1971
|6 Agents of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics fought their way into the home of Mr. Webster Bivens in 1965 with no warrant. Bivens then tried to sue the agents for humiliation and mental suffering.
|6-3, Pro-Bivens
|}

==[[Abortion]]==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Title
!Year
!Summary
!Ruling
|-
|[[Roe v. Wade]]
|1971-1973
|Texas resident [[Norma McCorvey]] (Going under the pseudonym Jane Roe) attempted to get an abortion, only to find that abortion is illegal in [[Texas]] (Unless the woman's life is in danger). The outcome affected 46 states. Ironically, McCorvey became a [[Pro-Life]] activist and a [[Roman Catholic]]. She died February 18, 2017 at 69.
|7-2, Pro-Roe and Abortion
|}
*[[Doe v. Bolton]]
*[[Rust v. Sullivan]]
*[[Planned Parenthood v. Casey]]
*[[Harris v. McRae]]
*[[Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt]]
*[[Stenberg v. Carhart]]
*[[Gonzales v. Carhart]]

==[[Slavery]]==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Title
!Year
!Summary
!Ruling
|-
|[[Dred Scott v. Sanford]]
|1856-1857
|
|
|}

==Federalism==
* [[McCulloch v. Maryland]]
* [[J. W. Hampton, Jr. & Co. v. United States]], The [[Separation of Powers]] can be side-stepped if Congress provides an "intelligible principle" to guide the executive branch.
* [[Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.]]
* [[Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo]]

==Segregation==
*[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]
*[[Brown v. Board of Education]]
*[[Cooper v. Aaron]], not only a court case regarding [[Segregation]], but also establishes [[Judicial Supremacy]].

==Right to an attorney==
*[[Miranda v. Arizona]]
==Private Property==
*[[Kelo v. City of New London]]
*[[Mazer v. Stein]]
==Homosexual Agenda==
*[[Obergefell v. Hodges]]
*[[Lawrence v. Texas]]
*[[Baker v. Nelson]]
*[[Bowers v. Hardwick]]
*[[Bostock v. Clayton County]]
*[[Boy Scouts v. Dale]]
*[[Romer v. Evans]]
*[[United States v. Windsor]]

==Second Amendment==
*[[District of Columbia v. Heller]]
==Religion==
*[[Engel v. Vitale]]
*[[Lemon v. Kurtzman]]
[[Category:United States Supreme Court Cases]]

Joseph Warren

2024-05-25T03:42:42Z

Progressingamerica: /* External links */ The Life and Times of Joseph Warren, by Richard Frothingham Jr. - Audiobook at LibriVox

Dr. '''Joseph Warren''' was an American doctor and leader of the Patriot forces ("Sons of Liberty") opposing the British actions in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in the months preceding the American Revolution.

==Background==
As intelligence reports came in indicating that a British attack on Patriot weapon stores in Lexington and Concord was imminent, he had the authority to give the order to fight back militarily. On the evening of April 18, 1775, the intelligence reports became unmistakable that the British operation would commence the next day, and he gave the order that started the Revolution. Word was sent out to the Patriot forces in triplicate, according to a carefully laid out and well executed plan. [[Paul Revere]] and [[William Dawes]] went out through the British cordon by two different routes, and the famous lantern signal was sent out from Old North Church.

[[Battle of Lexington and Concord|The rest is history.]]

Two months later, Warren died in the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]].

==See also==
* [[Brattle Street Church]]

==External links==
* [https://archive.org/details/lifeandtimes00frotrich ''The Life and Times of Joseph Warren''], by [[Richard Frothingham Jr.]]
* [https://librivox.org/life-and-times-of-joseph-warren-by-richard-frothingham-jr/ The Life and Times of Joseph Warren], by Richard Frothingham Jr. - Audiobook at [[LibriVox]]

[[Category:American Revolutionary War Commanders]]
[[Category:Founding Fathers]]

Pine Tree Flag

2024-05-25T03:40:38Z

Progressingamerica: Samuel Alito

[[File:An Appeal to Heaven Flag.svg|thumb|250px|right|The Pine Tree Flag]]
The '''Pine Tree Flag''', also known as the flag of ''Washington's Cruisers'', bears the inscription on it of '''An Appeal to Heaven''' on a white background, along with a representation of the [[Liberty Tree]] in the center. The flag bears a strong association with the ideals of [[Natural Law]].

==Background==
===Washington's Cruisers===
In the fall of the year 1775 the colonists created a fleet of six ships known as ''Washington's Cruisers.'' These brave little vessels sailed forth to capture British stores and ammunition bound for America's shores. The ships were the "Lynch," the "Franklin," the "Lee," the "Harrison," the "Warren," and the "Lady Washington". The Lee was the only one of this first American Fleet to meet with success upon the high seas, capturing the British brig Nancy, carrying arms, ammunition and provisions to the British Army in America.

These "Washington's Cruisers" flew the first national flag. It was a white flag bearing a pale green pine tree with the motto "An Appeal to Heaven."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=FIM9AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA8-PA6 Our Navy, the Standard Publication of the U.S. Navy, Volume 14]</ref>

====Massachusetts Council====
This flag was officially endorsed by the Massachusetts Council, which in April 1776, passed a series of resolutions providing for the regulation of the sea service, among which was the following:

<blockquote>Resolved, That the uniform of the officers be green and white, and that they furnish themselves accordingly, and that the colors be a white flag with a green pine-tree and the inscription "An Appeal to Heaven."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=WEQaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA349 Flags of the World]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=YVU_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1244 Harper's Round Table, Volume 17]</ref></blockquote>
[[File:Hopkinsfig1.jpg|left|thumb|250px|[[Commodore Esek Hopkins]], from an engraving in 1776; behind him are warships flying the Pine Tree Flag of George Washington's navy (right), and the flag which would become the First Navy Jack (left), which commonly has a rattlesnake and the inscription [[Don't tread on me]]]]
[[File:Reed letter.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A letter from Joseph Reed]]
===Liberty Tree===
{{main|Liberty Tree}}

The Pine Tree had long been the popular emblem in Massachusetts, with the [[Sons of Liberty]] having used a large tree in [[Boston]] Harbor as a place to rally against monarchy.

In fact, it was on their coins as early as 1652, and probably on some of their flags in earlier days. And just after the battles of Lexington and Concord, the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts made an address to their brethren in England in which occurred the following sentence: “Appealing to Heaven for the justice of our cause, we determine to die or be free.” It was from this address that the motto “Appealing to Heaven” was taken.

In September two floating batteries were fitted out upon which howitzers were placed for the purpose of besieging Boston. These two batteries carried a flag having on it a pine tree and the motto “An Appeal to Heaven.” This flag had no official recognition at that time, but on April 29, 1776, the Massachusetts Council passed a resolution defining the uniforms for its officers and the colors for its troops, the colors being this flag, having a white field, a green pine tree and the motto “An Appeal to Heaven.”

In September, 1775, Congress decided to fit out two schooners to be used as privateers, and when they were about ready to sail Col. Reid, who was the private secretary to [[General Washington]], wrote a letter to Colonels Glover and Moylan, who, whilst they were not to have personal command of the vessels, had supervision over them, requesting that they adopt some flag or signal by which our vessels might know each other on the high sea and suggested that they use this flag on their vessels. The suggestion came too late, for on the next day Col. Moylan replied stating that the vessels sailed the day before, and, not having the new colors, they sailed under their old, but as a signal they were to be flown from a certain point of the rigging, technically known as the “main topping lift.” The fact is that this flag was largely used, especially at sea, for quite a while during that war, and was especially popular with the northern colonies.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=degxAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA22 The Register of the Kentucky State Historical Society, Volume 13]</ref>

The design of the Pine Tree Naval Flag was suggested to General Washington by Colonel Joseph Reed. According to some early portraits published in London around the time of the [[American Revolution]], this flag had the words "[[Liberty Tree]]" across the top and the bottom of the flag contained the phrase "'''An Appeal to God'''".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GMMTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA28 Our Flag: Its History and what it Stands for]</ref>

====Pine Tree====
The White Pine, or Pinus Strobus, had other important points of symbolism. It has long been regarded as the "monarch of the forest".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ijwXAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA256-IA1 History of the Lake Huron Shore: With Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Some of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers]</ref><ref>[https://www.arborday.org/Trees/treeGuide/printerfriendly.cfm?ID=42 Tree Details: Pine, Eastern White - Pinus strobus]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=7xwj5Wq-9-cC&pg=PA123 Two Months on the Tobique, New Brunswick: An Emigrant's Journal, 1851]</ref><ref>[http://www.umassmag.com/Spring_2006/Separating_the_Trees_from_the_Forest_1081.html Separating the Trees from the Forest]</ref> For many [[American Indians]], it is considered the "Tree of Peace".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=01D-EoQVa30C&pg=PA41 State Botanical Symbols]</ref><ref>[http://www.dec.ny.gov/pubs/93445.html Great Tree of Peace: the White Pine]</ref>

===Lockean Influence===
{{main|Two Treatises of Government|Natural Law}}

The inspiration and influence of [[John Locke]] and God as the Supreme authority in everybody's lives, and that God is greater than Government is acknowledged. When governments become abusive of the people, the people have one last resort and that is to appeal to the Almighty to resolve their grievances.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=2UZ1AAAAMAAJ&dq=%22appeal+to+heaven%22+john+locke+flag&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22appeal+to+heaven%22+flag The Lockean Moment: The Language of Rights on the Eve of the American Revolution: An Inaugural Lecture Delivered Before the University of Oxford on 15 May 2001]</ref> Locke wrote:

<blockquote>Where an appeal to the law, and constituted judges, lies open, but the remedy is denied by a manifest perverting of justice, and a barefaced wresting of the laws to protect or indemnify the violence or injuries of some men, or party of men, there it is hard to imagine any thing but a state of war: for wherever violence is used, and injury done, though by hands appointed to administer justice, it is still violence and injury, however coloured with the name, pretences, or forms of law, the end whereof being to protect and redress the innocent, by an unbiased application of it, to all who are under it; wherever that is not bona fide done, war is made upon the sufferers, who having no appeal on earth to right them, they are left to the only remedy in such cases, an appeal to heaven.</blockquote>

<blockquote>Where there is no judge on earth the appeal lies to God in Heaven. That question then cannot mean who shall judge, whether another hath put himself in a state of war with me, and whether I may, as Jephtha did, appeal to Heaven in it? Of that I myself can only judge in my own conscience, as I will answer it at the great day to the Supreme Judge of all men.</blockquote>

This concept of "appealing to heaven" was especially true at the time of the [[American Revolution]], where the colonists believed that [[King George III]] had failed them and only God would protect them from the King's wrath. Throughout the writings of the [[Founding Fathers]], phrases that indicate protection from divine Providence are common, and even appear in the [[Declaration of Independence]] itself.<ref>"And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor."</ref>

==Popular culture==
Justice [[Samuel Alito]] became embroiled in a controversy for flying the Pine Tree flag.<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/05/23/appeal-to-heaven-flag-meaing-history-pine-tree-flag-supreme-court-justice-samuel-alito-beach-house/ What To Know About The Controversial 'Appeal To Heaven’ Flag Flown At Justice Samuel Alito’s Home]</ref>

==See also==
* [[American historical flags]]
* [[Washington Elm]]
* [[Natural Law]]
* [[John Locke]]
* [[Gadsden Flag]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=7mAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA175 The true history of the flag is far different from the stories we learned as children, yet every bit as interesting], Orange Coast Magazine, July 1988
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRAdbsbBK0gC&pg=PA570 The pictorial field-book of the Revolution; or, Illustrations, by pen and pencil, of the history, biography, scenery, relics, and traditions of the War for independence], by [[Benson John Lossing]] - Contains an early illustration of the flag

{{Building Toward Independence}}

[[Category:Colonial America]]
[[Category:Flags of the United States]]
[[Category:Historical Flags of the United States]]
[[Category:Naval Jacks and Ensigns]]

Illegal immigration

2024-04-21T14:11:26Z

Progressingamerica: /* United States */ Maps are frequently distributed by NGO organizations

[[Image:Coleman - Arellano.jpg|thumb|The Rev. Oscar Carrasco and [[Elvira Arellano]]]]
'''Illegal immigration''' is the act of [[immigration|immigrating]] to a country without having the right to do so. A person who migrates without the legal right to do so is known as an illegal alien. In other English-speaking countries, illegal aliens are often referred to as "illegal immigrants".

* Employers like hiring non-Americans because they can pay illegal aliens less and ignore state and federal [[employment]] laws. [https://townhall.com/columnists/anncoulter/2011/12/28/only_one_candidate_is_right_on_the_two_most_important_issues/page/2 Ann Coulter]

Large-scale illegal immigration – along with legal immigration – helps the Left gain political power.<ref>Krikorian, Mark (December 27, 2019). [https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/immigration-and-political-power/ Immigration and Political Power]. ''National Review''. Retrieved December 27, 2019.</ref> Illegal immigrants oftentimes have a better standard of living and are treated better than even American citizens in multiple aspects.<ref>Multiple references:
*Binder, John (June 16, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/06/16/child-border-crossers-have-higher-standard-of-living-than-13m-impoverished-american-children/ Child Border Crossers Have Higher Standard of Living than 13M Impoverished American Children]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
*Pollak, Joel B. (June 15, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/california/2018/06/15/photos-inside-shelter-for-illegal-alien-children-separated-from-parents/ PHOTOS: Inside Shelter for Illegal Alien Children Separated from Parents]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
*Binder, John (June 19, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/06/19/child-border-crossers-enjoy-nearly-3x-higher-standard-of-living-than-average-middle-class-american-children/ Child Border Crossers Enjoy Nearly 3X Higher Standard of Living than Average Middle Class American Children]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
*Medvin, Marina (December 11, 2018). [https://townhall.com/columnists/marinamedvin/2018/12/11/us-courts-treat-illegal-immigrants-better-than-american-citizens-n2537212?1114 US Courts Treat Illegal Immigrants BETTER Than American Citizens]. ''Townhall''. Retrieved November 12, 2019.</ref> They are oftentimes able to freely roam the U.S. due to the policy of "[[catch and release]]," when they should be prosecuted and deported. The [[mainstream media]] is heavily biased in favor of illegal immigration even to the point of favoring illegals over American citizens.<ref>Nolte, John (June 19, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-journalism/2018/06/19/nolte-never-trump-media-admit-goal-is-to-replace-trump-voters-with-foreign-illegals/ Nolte: Media Admit Goal Is to Replace Trump Voters with Illegal Aliens]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved June 19, 2018.</ref> While the political [[establishment]] estimates that only 11 million illegals live in the U.S., the actual number is most likely closer to 22 million.<ref>Multiple references:
*Munro, Neil (September 21, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/09/21/ivy-league-study-illegal-population-is-22-million-double-estb-estimate/ Ivy League Study: Illegal Population is 22 Million, Double Estb. Estimate]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 21, 2018.
*Clabough, Raven (September 25, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/immigration/item/30165-number-of-illegal-immigrants-in-u-s-much-higher-than-previous-estimates Number of Illegal Immigrants in U.S. Much Higher Than Previous Estimates]. ''The New American''. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
*Casiano, Louis (September 23, 2018). [https://www.foxnews.com/us/2018/09/23/number-illegal-immigrants-in-us-may-be-twice-whats-reported-yale-mit-study.html Number of illegal immigrants in US may be twice what's reported: Yale-MIT study]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved September 23, 2018.
*Dinan, Stephen (September 24, 2018). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/sep/24/yale-study-finds-us-illegal-immigrant-population-s/ Yale study: Illegal immigrant population likely double, possibly triple previous estimates]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved September 24, 2018.</ref> Illegals are known to engage in [[voter fraud]].<ref>O'Connell, Ford (April 23, 2019). [https://thehill.com/opinion/immigration/440136-if-you-dont-think-illegal-immigrants-are-voting-for-president-think-again If you don't think illegal immigrants are voting for president, think again]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved April 23, 2019.</ref> [[Liberal]]s, who are increasingly supportive of illegal and mass migration,<ref>Garry, Patrick (November 21, 2019). [https://humanevents.com/2019/11/21/the-real-purpose-behind-the-immigration-debate/ The Real Purpose Behind the Immigration Debate.] ''Human Events''. Retrieved November 21, 2019.</ref> count them as part of their electorate, despite not holding legal voting rights,<ref>Schallhorn, Kaitlyn (October 15, 2018). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/georgia-dem-gubernatorial-nominee-says-blue-wave-will-include-undocumented-immigrants Georgia Dem gubernatorial nominee says 'blue wave' will include undocumented immigrants]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved October 15, 2018.<br>See also:
*Munro, Neil (July 31, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/2020-election/2019/07/30/democrats-promise-to-welcome-migrants-like-one-of-our-own/ Democrats Promise to Welcome Illegal Migrants ‘Like One of Our Own’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 31, 2019.</ref> and they support having illegals vote in elections<ref>Multiple references:
*Dinan, Stephen (March 8, 2019). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/mar/8/house-votes-favor-illegal-immigrant-voting/ House votes in favor of illegal immigrant voting]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
*Moran, Sean (March 8, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2019/03/08/democrats-block-motion-condemning-illegal-aliens-voting-in-american-elections/ Democrats Block Motion Condemning Illegal Aliens Voting in American Elections]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved March 9, 2019.
See also:
*Kirkwood, R. Cort (March 11, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/immigration/item/31696-dems-back-illegal-alien-voting-for-good-reason-illegals-vote-democrat Dems Back Illegal-alien Voting for Good Reason: Illegals Vote Democrat]. ''The New American''. Retrieved March 11, 2019.</ref> – illegals support Democrats in elections.<ref>Multiple references:
*Duke, Selwyn (January 2, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/politics/item/31080-l-a-times-admits-illegals-foreigners-influenced-election-to-help-democrats L.A. Times Admits Illegals/Foreigners Influenced Election — to Help Democrats]. ''The New American''. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
*Duke, Selwyn (April 17, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/item/32045-illegal-migrants-come-here-as-ready-made-democrats-here-s-why Illegal Migrants Come Here as Ready-made Democrats — Here’s Why]. ''The New American''. Retrieved April 17, 2019.</ref> Accordingly, left-wingers have accordingly pursued policies that result in putting illegals above the law.<ref>Multiple references:
*Duke, Selwyn (July 23, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/item/32929-democrats-no-one-above-the-law-except-illegal-aliens-and-our-pals Democrats: No One “Above the Law” — Except Illegal Aliens and Our Pals]. ''The New American''. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
*Carlson, Tucker (July 23, 2019). [https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/tucker-carlson-dems-say-no-one-is-above-the-law-except-illegal-immigrants-and-that-could-cost-them-in-2020 Tucker Carlson: Dems say no one is above the law - except illegal immigrants. And that could cost them in 2020]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved July 23, 2019.</ref> Similar to how the Southern states used imported slaves to increase their representation in Congress, liberals do the same with illegal migrants and low-wage workers.<ref>https://twitter.com/swizze_gfrank/status/1124665220411088896</ref> Liberals also support illegal immigration as it will increase the size of government.<ref>Munro, Neil (April 22, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2019/04/22/immigration-funds-big-government-says-2020-democrat-buttigieg/ Immigration Funds Bigger Government, Says 2020 Democrat Buttigieg]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved April 23, 2019.</ref> Rather than acknowledge the numerous other problems created by mass illegal immigration, open borders activists often claim that the only problem is ensuring proper care of the children migrating.<ref>Munro, Neil (March 24, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2019/03/23/border-emergency-care-children-crisis-progressives-claim/ Border Emergency Is ‘Care of Children Crisis,’ Progressives Claim]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved March 24, 2019.</ref> [[Establishment]], globalist Republicans also support mass migration, even if illegal, because of the cheap labor it provides.<ref>Winters, Natalie (July 27, 2019). [https://humanevents.com/2019/07/27/pro-mass-migration-republicans-equally-to-blame-for-border-crisis-say-experts/ Pro Mass Migration Republicans ‘Equally to Blame’ for Border Crisis, Say Experts]. ''Human Events''. Retrieved July 27, 2019.</ref> Some left-wing activists justify illegal immigration by saying illegal aliens are "reclaiming" land the U.S. "stole," thus admitting the term "invasion" is a justifiable description.<ref>Spiering, Charlie (December 1, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2019/12/01/pete-buttigieg-nods-as-pastor-says-illegal-aliens-just-reclaiming-stolen-land/ Pete Buttigieg Nods as Pastor Says Mexican Illegal Aliens Just Reclaiming Stolen Land]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved December 2, 2019.</ref><ref>Duke, Selwyn (December 3, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/politics/item/34215-pete-buttigieg-gives-the-nod-to-the-destruction-of-america Pete Buttigieg Gives the Nod to the Destruction of America]. ''The New American''. Retrieved December 3, 2019.</ref>

The economic and financial cost of illegal immigration to the U.S. falls on American citizens,<ref>Binder, John (February 5, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2019/02/05/fact-check-yes-americans-burdened-with-cost-of-mass-illegal-immigration/ Fact Check: Yes, Americans Burdened with Cost of Mass Illegal Immigration]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved February 5, 2019.<br>See also:
*Binder, John (July 12, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2019/07/12/study-deporting-illegal-aliens-saves-americans-billions-in-tax-dollars/ Study: Deporting Illegal Aliens Saves Americans Billions in Tax Dollars]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 12, 2019.
*Dinan, Stephen (January 9, 2020). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/jan/9/lower-wage-workers-harmed-by-immigration-congressi/ Lower-wage workers harmed by immigration, Congressional Budget Office report finds]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved January 9, 2020.
*Munro, Neil (January 9, 2020). [https://www.breitbart.com/economy/2020/01/09/congressional-report-more-immigration-cuts-more-wages/ Congress: More Migration Cuts More Wages]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
*Vadum, Matthew (January 13, 2020). [https://www.theepochtimes.com/immigration-hurts-low-skilled-workers-congressional-budget-office-says_3201871.html Immigration Hurts Low-Skilled Workers, Congressional Budget Office Says]. ''The Epoch Times''. Retrieved January 13, 2020.</ref> and it hurts black Americans particularly hard.<ref>Morrison, Spencer P. (August 13, 2019). [https://www.americanthinker.com/articles/2019/08/illegal_immigration_hurts_black_workers_most.html Illegal Immigration Hurts Black Workers Most]. ''American Thinker''. Retrieved August 25, 2019.</ref> Most illegals in the U.S. receive welfare and other benefits.<ref>La Jeunesse, William (April 22, 2019). [https://www.foxnews.com/us/the-cost-of-illegal-immigration-migrants-cost-us-taxpayers-billions-a-year Most illegal immigrants in US receive government benefits, costing taxpayers billions: experts]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved April 22, 2019.</ref> Additionally, an unacceptably large number of Americans are killed by illegal migrants annually.<ref>Binder, John (February 5, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2019/02/05/fact-check-trump-is-right-americans-are-killed-every-year-by-illegal-aliens/ Fact Check: Trump Is Right, Americans Are Killed Every Year by Illegal Aliens]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved February 5, 2019.</ref><ref>Casiano, Louis (March 22, 2019). [https://www.foxnews.com/us/killings-involving-undocumented-immigrants-draw-attention-to-immigration-debate Communities struggle to cope after killings that authorities have linked to illegal immigrants]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved March 22, 2019.</ref> Data from the U.S. government's State Criminal Alien Assistance Program indicates that illegals have a significantly higher crime rate than U.S. citizens and legal migrants.<ref>O'Brien, Matt; Raley, Spencer; Ryan, Casey (February 3, 2019). [https://www.fairus.org/issue/illegal-immigration/scaap-data-suggest-illegal-aliens-commit-crime-much-higher-rate-citizens SCAAP Data Suggest Illegal Aliens Commit Crime at a Much Higher Rate Than Citizens and Lawful Immigrants]. ''Federation for American Immigration Reform''. Retrieved February 7, 2019.</ref> Illegal immigration also increases income inequality.<ref>North, David (September 13, 2019). [https://cis.org/North/If-You-Want-Less-Income-Inequality-then-Enforce-Immigration-Law If You Want Less Income Inequality, then Enforce Immigration Law]. ''Center for Immigration Studies''. Retrieved September 13, 2019.</ref> Liberals and Democrats typically show greater concern for the well-being of illegals over that of American citizens.<ref>Munro, Neil (May 2, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2019/05/02/democrats-on-border-crisis-help-migrants-not-americans/ Democrats on Border Crisis: Help Migrants, Not American Wage-Earners]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 2, 2019.</ref> Liberals also falsely inflate the wealth and education level of illegals.<ref>Horowitz, Daniel (September 17, 2019). [https://www.conservativereview.com/news/theyre-valedictorians-entrepreneurs-illegal-aliens-amnestied-obama-sue-right-welfare/ But they’re all valedictorians and entrepreneurs: Illegal aliens amnestied by Obama sue for right to welfare]. ''Conservative Review''. Retrieved September 17, 2019.</ref>

"Illegal alien" is the proper legal term.<ref>Von Spakovsky, Hans A. (July 30, 2018). [https://www.heritage.org/immigration/commentary/undocumented-immigrant-made-term-ignores-the-law "Undocumented Immigrant" Is a Made-Up Term That Ignores the Law]. ''Heritage Foundation''. Retrieved February 26, 2019.</ref><ref>Ruark, Eric A. (August 22, 2014). [https://fairus.org/issue/illegal-immigration/illegal-alien-proper-terminology "Illegal Alien": The Proper Terminology]. ''Federation for American Immigration Reform''. Retrieved February 26, 2019.</ref> The U.S. Court of Appeals for the [[Ninth Circuit]] once defined the term "illegal alien" as follows:<ref>''Int'l Ladies' Garment Workers' Union v. Sureck,'' 681 F.2d 624, 626 n.1 (9th Cir. 1982).</ref>
{{cquote|[T]he term "illegal alien" refers to aliens who have entered this country and/or are found to be in this country in violation of the laws of the United States. In this category are aliens who enter without inspection, aliens who overstay their non-immigrant visas and passes, and any others who enter or remain in the United States in violation of immigration and other laws. For most purposes, the term is synonymous with deportable alien. ''See [[United States v. Martinez-Fuerte]]'', 428 U.S. 543, 553, 96 S. Ct. 3074, 3080, 49 L. Ed. 2d 1116 (1976).}}

Some [[White supremacy|white supremacists]] abet illegal immigration through people smuggling.<ref>Multiple references:
*Dinan, Stephen (March 27, 2019). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/mar/27/cody-michael-matousek-aryan-brotherhood-member-ple/ Aryan Brotherhood member pleads guilty to immigrant smuggling in Texas]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved March 28, 2019.
*Dinan, Stephen (February 27, 2019). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/feb/27/aryan-brotherhood-mexican-cartels-smuggling-illega/ How white supremacists are cashing in by smuggling illegal immigrants from Mexico]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved March 28, 2019.</ref>

While American and European liberals support illegal immigration, other countries impose extreme punishments for crossing through their borders illegally.<ref>Dina, Stephen (September 23, 2019). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/sep/23/illegal-entry-penalties-other-countries-include-pr/ Prison, labor camps, caning: Illegal entry no misdemeanor in other countries]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved September 23, 2019.</ref><ref>Hill, Geoff (September 23, 2019). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/aug/25/africa-illegal-immigration-meets-border-crackdowns/ African nations get brutal at borders in crackdowns on illegal immigration]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved September 23, 2019.</ref>

==United States==
Illegal immigration has become a major issue in the [[United States]] in the 1980s, and continues to be a highly visible issue.

Maps are frequently distributed by NGO organizations to those seeking to cross the border illegally, including organizations such as Doctors without Borders, The Red Cross, and NGOs affiliated with the United Nations.<ref>[https://www.muckraker.com/articles/illegal-alien-invasion-maps-exposed/ Illegal Alien Invasion Maps Exposed]</ref>

===Economic aspects===

Illegal immigrants pay sales taxes and gasoline taxes; most are too poor to pay income taxes. Many use fake Social Security numbers and pay Social Security taxes but are not eligible for any benefits. Many use tax-payer funded services such as health care and schools.

===Numbers of people===

Pew estimates about 12 million illegal immigrants lived in the U.S. in 2004.<ref>Higher estimates run to 20 million; [http://immigrationcounters.com/ see high estimate]</ref> However, many are afraid to use available services, such as domestic violence shelters, out of fear of deportation. Many illegals cannot speak English.

===Arguments favoring it===

====No one else wants those jobs anyway====
Illegal immigration is defended, saying that [[immigrants]] are simply coming to take [[unskilled job]]s that better educated Americans avoid, such as picking fruit and lettuce, making hotel beds and working in [[slaughterhouse]]s. One could just as easily argue, however, that these jobs in part only seem unappealing to many Americans because of their association with illegal immigrants. Furthermore, not all illegal immigrants pursue undesirable jobs. In a recent case in California, a Hispanic man who came to the country illegally sought the right to take California's Bar Exam in order to practice law.<ref>[http://www.ruthlesslawyer.com/illegal-legalities/ Illegal Immigrant Can't Be Lawyer]</ref>

In the United States and most other countries, it is illegal and punishable by law to hire a worker without legal work authorization. In the United States, it is often felt that immigration laws are either loosely or infrequently enforced. The same feeling has often been encountered in [[Europe]], resulting in European countries tightening their immigration laws and increasing enforcement. Countries and territories such as [[Singapore]], [[Australia]] and [[Hong Kong]] are very strict about the enforcement of immigration laws. Illegal immigrants caught working in these places can expect deportation, perhaps a prison term, and their employers may be fined heavily.

====They need political asylum====
A small percentage come illegally to escape political oppression, as legal channels are not open to them.<ref>http://www.immigration-usa.com/george_weissinger.html immigration Usa</ref><ref>http://www.uscis.gov Immigration and Naturalization Services</ref><ref>http://www.dhs.gov Department of Homeland Security</ref> Marriage to a U.S. citizen does not automatically gain one citizenship. When Army Spc. Alex Jimenez was captured by terrorists in [[Iraq]], his wife was almost deported by the government. Strong public opinion allowed her to stay.<ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/06/20/national/main2956093.shtml Missing Soldier's Wife Faces Deportation]</ref>

===Where they come from===
[[Mexico]] is the source of the about half of the recent illegal immigrants to the United States. Most arrive legally and over-stay their visas. Others cross the border mostly through the desert southwest or less often by swimming across the [[Rio Grande]]. [[Canada]] is another large source. Currently estimates show around 70,000 undocumented Canadian workers work in the U.S. They come over from the border with [[Canada]] along the northern part of the United States which is not nearly as secure as the southern border with [[Mexico]].

====Dispute with Mexico====
The United States receives constant criticism from the Mexican government for its efforts to curb illegal immigration. And United States officials criticize Mexican officials for passing out handbooks on how to cross the border, saying Mexico is trying to avoid political and governmental reforms at home by encouraging its citizens to leave.

===Legal aspects===
Under Title 8 Section 1325 of the U.S. Code, "Improper Entry by Alien," any citizen of any country other than the United States who:
-Enters or attempts to enter the United States at any time or place other than as designated by immigration officers; or
-Eludes examination or inspection by immigration officers; or
-Attempts to enter or obtains entry to the United States by a willfully false or misleading representation or the willful concealment of a material fact; has committed a federal crime.
Violations are punishable by criminal fines and imprisonment for up to six months. Repeat offenses can bring up to two years in prison. Additional civil fines may be imposed at the discretion of immigration judges, but civil fines do not negate the criminal sanctions or nature of the offense.

Illegal entry is not a [[misdemeanor]] in U.S. law, at the level of [[speeding]]. Those who are caught are usually promptly expelled from the country without penalty. However, multiple illegal entries can lead to [[felony]] convictions.

<blockquote>
Legislative leaders in at least half a dozen American states say they will propose bills similar to a controversial law to fight illegal immigration that was adopted by [[Arizona]] last spring, even though a federal court has suspended central provisions of that statute. [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/01/us/01immig.html?_r=1&hp]
</blockquote>

====Mexico and Mexicans====
Ironically, one of Mexico's harshest criticisms was a plan by the United States to make illegal immigration a felony offense, which would impose harsher penalties on illegal Mexican immigrants. Mexico's own laws make illegal immigration a felony offense in that country.[http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-bloggers/1602610/posts][http://www.vdare.com/awall/060518_memo.htm]

Many Mexicans have to come to the United States to work because for many years the Mexican government was [[socialist]], being under the control of the [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]], which limited [[economic opportunity]] and [[economic growth|growth]]. Before 2001 there was frequent movement across the border. It was common to work in summer jobs in the U.S. and spend the winter in Mexico. Border security since then has become much stricter, and it is far more difficult to cross repeatedly. Therefore, the tendency was to remain in the U.S.

An unintended consequence of the tighter [[border security]] is that millions stayed in the U.S. and did not return.

Most Mexicans who come are religious and culturally conservative although they tend to vote [[Democrat]]. Their communities do not encourage [[homosexuality]], [[abortion]] or [[teenage promiscuity]].

Like other immigrant groups, many illegals send money to their families remaining in the old country. In Mexico this funding is the second largest source of [[foreign income]], after [[crude oil]] sales. It represents as much as 2.5 percent of the nation's Gross Domestic Product <ref>[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:20724214~pagePK:64257043~piPK:437376~theSitePK:4607,00.html] World Bank Report on Migration and Welfare</ref>

====Canada and Canadians====
Currently estimates show around 600,000<ref>[http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/61.pdf Pew Hispanic Center report]</ref> undocumented Canadian workers work in the U.S. They do not contribute to the U.S. economy in any way shape or form. Canadian citizens are not required to obtain Visas Unlike Mexican citizens, instead they have Visa waivers which last for six months. They take jobs from U.S. citizens primarily because they would be paid significantly less for the same jobs in Canada. (mainly in the construction industry.) The border with Canada is significantly easier to cross, due to several factors such as less Border Patrol personnel and a significantly greater border a 5,525 mile border with Canada compared (with 1,538 miles being added from [[Alaska]] 's border) to the 1,951 mile long border with [[Mexico]]. Along the border with [[Canada]] we have around 1,000 Border Patrol agents to cover the entire border, whilst on our border in [[Mexico]] we have around 11,000 agents.

==Amnesty==
Amnesty was first given out by the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan Administration]] under The "Immigration Control and Reform Act" of 1986, which legalized the status of about 3 million immigrants which created a lot of [[Democrat]] voters. Other laws legalized the status of immigrants from Cuba and Haiti. In 2006 President [[George W. Bush]] and Senator [[John McCain]] proposed legislation to legalize the status of most of the illegals. The business and religious communities supported the idea, but grass roots opposition blocked passage in Congress and denounced the notion of "amnesty."

==Moral issues==
The [[Bible]] exhorts people to be compassionate towards illegal immigrants (Exodus 23:9 and Leviticus 19:34), but it also supports giving preferential treatment to those who choose to integrate into society, supports the existence of borders, and urges people to follow the law, such as immigration laws.<ref>Lanser, Rick (January 28, 2017). [http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2017/01/28/What-is-Gode28099s-Perspective-on-Immigration.aspx What is God’s Perspective on Immigration?] ''Associates for Biblical Research''. Retrieved September 16, 2017.</ref> Left-wingers – who also support late-term abortions – frequently misuse and misinterpret the Bible in order to further their political agenda of [[open borders]].<ref>Pollak, Joel B. (June 19, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/06/19/pollak-how-the-left-misinterprets-the-bible-to-promote-open-borders/ Pollak: How the Left Misinterprets the Bible to Promote Open Borders]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved June 19, 2018.</ref> As more Americans are [[Christian]] than any other religion, many Americans feel compelled by their religion to show compassion and caring for illegal immigrants, many of whom are trying to escape tyranny or poverty in their homelands, but many Christian Americans also support tougher immigration laws and border security, such as a [[border wall]].

Some conservatives oppose illegal immigration because it allows for immigrants to fall between the cracks of society thus making them more likely to commit crime or experience poverty. Other conservatives view illegal immigration as an exercise in a basic [[individualism|individual]] [[human rights|human right]] to pursue happiness. Illegal immigration is also economically damaging to countries because illegal immigrants will often work illegally for below [[minimum wage]], resulting in job loss for legal citizens.

<blockquote>
Advocates have long put a priority on gaining legal status for the children of illegal immigrants under the reasoning that most did not make the choice to enter the country illegally and have spent most of their lives here... [but] "we will not allow lawmakers to condemn our parents to second-class status,” Cristina Jimenez, managing director of United We Dream, said . “Our parents’ dreams enabled our dreams, and we owe our success to them and the sacrifices they made.” [https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/new-flashpoint-legal-status-for-children-of-illegal-immigrants/2013/08/12/a8d69612-fea4-11e2-9711-3708310f6f4d_story.html?hpid=z3]
</blockquote>

==Crimes Committed by Illegal Immigrants in the U.S.==

Among many others:

*2002 - Ingmar Guandique, a Salvadoran in the United States, is currently serving a ten-year prison term for assaulting two joggers in Washington D.C. is now suspected of killing [[Chandra Levy]]. The Levy case is famous because during the initial investigation her relationship with California congressman [[Gary Condit]] was revealed, ending his career.<ref>http://michellemalkin.com/2009/02/23/return-of-the-chandra-levy-case-and-illegal-alien-sex-offender-ingmar-guandique/</ref>

*2005 - Raul Garcia-Gomez, shot two Denver police officers in the back, killing one. He fled to Mexico and was captured. However, the Mexican government sheltered Gomez until the American prosecutor agreed to not seek the death penalty against him.<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,337719,00.html Illegal Immigrant Worker Sentenced in Slaying of Actress Adrienne Shelly], ''[[Associated Press]]'', March 13, 2008</ref>

*2008 - Diego Pillco, a 20-year-old from Ecuador, pleaded guilty to first-degree manslaughter of actress Adrienne Shelly. Pillco was sentenced to 25 years in prison. Pillco admitted strangling Shelly and then hanging her body to make it look like a suicide. The judge said Pillco would be subject to immediate deportation upon release from prison.<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,337719,00.html Illegal Immigrant Worker Sentenced in Slaying of Actress Adrienne Shelly], ''[[Associated Press]]'', March 13, 2008</ref>

*2008 - Edwin Ramos, killed three people on their way home from a family picnic. Ramos had been arrested multiple times before the killings (once for mugging a pregnant woman), but the city of [[San Francisco values|San Francisco]] shielded him from deportation.<ref>https://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/07/20/MNK011MAFR.DTL</ref>

==Statistics==

Where newcomers have settled

[[File:US Immigrants maps all regions.jpg|US Immigrants maps all regions.jpg|800px]]

(SOURCE: Post analysis of Integrated Public Use Microdata (University of Minnesota) collection of census data.)

The amount of people immigrating to the United States illegally has declined since 2001. People who formerly moved back and forth across the border (working the agricultural fields in the US in the summer and wintering in a village in the winter) has declined, and instead they remain in the U.S. The estimated number of illegal immigrants in the United States in 2005 was about 12 million.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071031174258/https://www.cnn.com/interactive/us/0603/charts.immigration/frameset.exclude.html?eref=yahoo]</ref><ref>[http://www.house.gov/mccaul/pdf/Investigaions-Border-Report.pdf A Line In The Sand] House Committee on Homeland Security</ref>

$397 billion have been paid to families containing illegal immigrants through social services since 1996. Most of the money goes to schooling for U.S. citizens and for children.<ref>http://www.fairus.org/site/PageServer?pagename=iic_immigrationissuecentersf134</ref>

The number of illegal aliens who are in prison is over 300,000, about 3% of the total.<ref>The number of convicted criminal aliens in federal prison at the end of 2003 was 46,063; in state prisons and local jails here were 262,105.[http://www.gao.gov/htext/d05646r.html online]</ref>

Sex offenders comprised 2% of illegals who have been arrested. Nearly one million sex crimes were committed by illegal immigrants in the United States, in the seven years 1999–2006. Each sex offender averaged 4 victims.<ref>[http://www.drdsk.com/articles.html#Illegals The Dark Side of Illegal Immigration] Violent Crimes Institute, 2006</ref>

Households headed by illegal aliens imposed more than $26.3 billion in costs on the federal government in 2002 and paid only $16 billion in taxes, creating a net fiscal deficit of almost $10.4 billion, or $2,700 per illegal household. Most of the costs were incurred by U.S. citizens, however, not by the illegals. On average, the costs that illegal households impose are less than half that of other households. In terms of [[welfare state|welfare]] use, receipt of cash assistance programs by illegals tends to be very low, while Medicaid use, though significant, is still less than for other households.<ref>[https://www.cis.org/articles/2004/fiscalexec.html The High Cost of Cheap Labor] Center For Immigration Studies</ref>

[[California]] spent more than 11 billion dollars per year on illegal immigrants. California is seeking the federal government to bail them out of their financial [[deficit spending]].

<blockquote>
'' There are some 7 million illegal immigrants in this country who lack health insurance, according to the Pew Hispanic Center.'' [http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090912/ap_on_go_co/us_health_care_overhaul]
</blockquote>

===2010 Statistics===
Data compilled from [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] and [[Department of Homeland Security]] reports indicate:

* 83% of warrants for murder in Phoenix are for illegal aliens.
* 86% of warrants for murder in Albuquerque are for illegal aliens.
* 75% of those on the most wanted list in [[Los Angeles]], Phoenix and Albuquerque are illegal aliens.
* 24.9% of all inmates in California detention centers are Mexican nationals
* 40.1% of all inmates in [[Arizona]] detention centers are Mexican nationals
* 48.2% of all inmates in [[New Mexico]] detention centers are Mexican nationals
* 29% (630,000) convicted illegal alien felons fill our state and Federal prisons at a cost of $1.6 billion annually
* 53% plus of all investigated [[burglaries]] reported in [[California]], [[New Mexico]], [[Nevada]], Arizona and [[Texas]] are perpetrated by illegal aliens.
* 50% plus of all [[gang]] members in Los Angeles are illegal aliens
* 71% plus of all apprehended cars stolen in 2005 in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and California were stolen by Illegal aliens or "[[transport coyotes]]".
* 47% of cited/stopped drivers in California have no license, no insurance and no registration for the vehicle. Of that 47%, 92% are illegal aliens.
* 63% of cited/stopped drivers in Arizona have no license, no insurance and no registration for
the vehicle. Of that 63%, 97% are illegal aliens
* 66% of cited/stopped drivers in New Mexico have no license, no insurance and no registration for
the vehicle. Of that 66% 98% are illegal aliens.
* 380,000 plus "anchor babies" were born in the US to illegal alien parents in just one year, making 380,000 babies automatically US citizens.
* 97.2% of all costs incurred from those illegal births were paid by the American taxpayers.

===Government Accounting Office Report 2011===

In the United States criminal aliens committed 504,043 Drugs offenses, 404,788 traffic violations, 213,047 assaults. 125,322 larceny/thefts, 120,810 fraud/forgery/counterfeiting, 115,045 burglaries, 94,492 weapons violations, 81,710 motor vehicle thefts, 52,384 disorderly conduct, 42,609 robberies, 25,064 homicides, 14,788 kidnapping, 2,005 arsons between the years 1954–2010.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gao.gov/new.items/d11187.pdf |title=GAO-11-197 Criminal Alien Statistics, March 2011 p.21 of the report, p.27 of the PDF}}</ref> 90% of the crimes were after 1990.<ref name="gao.gov 2011">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gao.gov/new.items/d11187.pdf |title=GAO-11-197 Criminal Alien Statistics, March 2011 p.18 of the report, p.24 of the PDF}}</ref><br />
It was also estimated fiscal the years 2005 to 2009, the costs to incarcerate criminal aliens in federal prisons and SCAAP reimbursements to states and localities ranged from about $1.5 billion to $1.6 billion annually.<ref name="gao.gov 2011">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gao.gov/new.items/d11187.pdf |title=GAO-11-197 Criminal Alien Statistics, March 2011 p.18 of the report, p.24 of the PDF}}</ref>

== Europe and illegal immigration ==
{{See also|European migrant crisis}}

As far as illegal immigration to Europe, ''The American Interest'' website declares:
{{Cquote|Securing Europe’s vast land and sea borders—a task greater than that faced by the United States along its border with Mexico—is proving exceptionally challenging for the European Union (EU)....

Traffickers use small boats to reduce the chances of being picked up by patrol boats’ radars; migrants are often dropped off on stretches of inaccessible coastline, or left to drift ashore. In the case of illegal land crossings, small trucks are used to penetrate the most porous parts of eastern or southern Europe’s borders. Penalties for this are low or non-existent all around Europe, and traffickers are rarely caught anyway. Smuggling people across Europe has become easier and more profitable than anything other criminal activity, including drugs.<ref>[http://www.the-american-interest.com/2014/09/05/europes-immigration-crisis/ Europe’s Immigration Crisis]</ref>}}

While many European countries such as [[Germany]] gave amnesty to millions of illegal immigrants, other countries such as [[Hungary]] restricted illegal immigration and took steps against it.<ref>Savitsky, Shane (February 1, 2017). [https://www.axios.com/border-fences-and-refugee-bans-been-there-done-that-for-hungary-2226465858.html Border fences and refugee bans: Hungary did it — fast]. ''Axios''. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref>

==Israel's fight against illegal immigration==
[[Israel]] has successfully fought against illegal immigration by enacting strong measures against the practice, such as through building [[Border wall|border barriers]], deporting illegal immigrants, and cracking down on businesses that hire illegals.<ref>Klein, Aaron (January 9, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/jerusalem/2018/01/09/successfully-stop-illegal-immigration-follow-israels-model/ How to Successfully Stop Illegal Immigration: Follow Israel’s Model]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved January 9, 2018.<br>See also:
*Danan, Deborah (February 5, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/jerusalem/2018/02/05/african-migrants-receive-deportation-notices-to-leave-israel-within-60-days/ Illegal African Migrants Receive Deportation Notices To Leave Israel Within 60 Days]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved February 5, 2018.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[European migrant crisis]]
* [[Open borders]]
* [[Border wall]]
* [[Executive amnesty]]
* [[Lozano v. Hazleton]]
* [[Elvira Arellano]]
* [[Reno v. Flores]]
* [[Cultural imperialism]]
* [[2018 Migrant caravan]]

==Bibliography==
* David W. Haines, Karen E. Rosenblum. ''Illegal Immigration in America: A Reference Handbook'' (Greenwood Press, 1999) [http://www.questia.com/read/111894645?title=Illegal%20Immigration%20in%20America%3a%20%20A%20Reference%20Handbook online edition]
* Pierre Hauser, ''Illegal Aliens'' (1990)
* Jeffrey S. Passel, "Unauthorized Migrants: Numbers and Characteristics," Pew Hispanic Center Reports and fact Sheets. (June 14, 2005), [http://pewhispanic.org/reports/report.php?ReportID=46 online]
* Claudia Sadowski-Smith. "Unskilled Labor Migration and the Illegality Spiral: Chinese, European, and Mexican Indocumentados in the United States, 1882–2007," ''American Quarterly,'' Volume 60, Number 3, September 2008, pp. 779–804 [http://muse.uq.edu.au/login?uri=/journals/american_quarterly/v060/60.3.sadowski-smith.html in Project Muse]
* Aristide R. Zolberg, ''A Nation by Design: Immigration Policy in the Fashioning of America'' (2006)
* TRAC REPORTS "''Border Patrol Expands But Growth Rate After 9/11 Much Less Than Before Division Between North/South Border Little Changed''" April 4, 2006 [http://trac.syr.edu/immigration/reports/143/]

==External links==
*[http://rightwingnews.com/mt331/2008/11/reasons_to_vote_for_mccain_rea.php About Illegal Immigration], [[Right Wing News]]
*[https://www.theblaze.com/stories/day-one-gop-congressman-introduces-bill-to-end-birthright-citizenship/ Congressman Introduces Bill to End ‘Birthright Citizenship’]
*[http://www.illegalaliens.us/ Illegal Alien.US]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}

{{Globalism}}
[[Category:Immigration]]
[[Category:Political Terms]]
[[Category:Social Problems]]
[[Category:Globalism]]
[[Category:Threats]]

Second Amendment

2024-03-13T00:31:39Z

Progressingamerica: /* Individual or Collective Right? */

<center>''See also the failed [[liberal]] approach of [[gun control]]''.</center>
[[File:Minute Man Statue Lexington Massachusetts cropped.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|The American ideal of freedom and the right to self-defense helped to inspire the Second Amendment are partly symbolized by the [[minutemen]].]]
The '''Second Amendment''' to the [[United States Constitution]] states:<ref>This is the most-often quoted form of this Amendment, but note later in this entry the significant objection to including three commas rather than just one.</ref>
{{cquote|'''A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.'''}}
As [[U.S. Supreme Court]] Justice [[Joseph Story]] explained:
{{cquote|The right of the citizens to keep and bear arms has justly been considered, as the palladium of the liberties of a [[republic]]; since it offers a strong moral check against the usurpation and arbitrary power of rulers; and will generally, even if these are successful in the first instance, enable the people to resist and triumph over them.}}

The predecessor<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Second-Amendment/Origins-and-historical-antecedents Origins and historical antecedents], Second Amendment, Britannica</ref> of the Second Amendment, the 1689 [[English Bill of Rights]] states that Protestant citizens can "have Arms for their Defence suitable to their Conditions and as allowed by Law".

== Individual or Collective Right? ==
One of the first people to advance the notion that the Second Amendment was never for individuals but was instead a "collective right", was [[Warren Burger]], who in 1990 wrote an article in Parade Magazine arguing a limited context based on the needs of only a state, not individuals.<ref>[https://guncite.com/burger.html The Right To Bear Arms], By Warren E. Burger, Chief Justice of the United States (1969-86), Parade Magazine, January 14, 1990, page 4</ref><ref>[https://buckscountyherald.com/stories/no-confusion-in-meaning-of-the-second-amendment,10169 No confusion in meaning of the Second Amendment]</ref> Burger's rationale was never a part of official Supreme Court opinions nor was it a part of a long and well-researched historical work with deep citations and long quotes. Rather, the entire article is roughly 900 words and happily takes several facts out of context.<ref>[https://davekopel.org/2A/Mags/crburger.htm Warren Burger and the Second Amendment]</ref>

Afterwards, lower federal courts became much more comfortable interpreting the Second Amendment as protecting merely a collective right of state militias now that they had the weight of a former Chief Justice lending power to such claims.<ref>http://www.davekopel.com/2A/LawRev/35finalpartone.htm</ref> However, the [[U.S Supreme Court]] has always called it an individual right. The 2008 Supreme Court decision of ''[[District of Columbia v. Heller]]'' ruled 5–4 that the Second Amendment protects an individual right. This decision was expanded upon in ''[[McDonald v. Chicago]]'' two years later, which ruled that Second Amendment applies to protect individual rights against state and city laws also.

Many pithy quotes by [[Founding Fathers]] support the Second Amendment right of individuals.<ref>https://www.concealedcarry.com/gun-quotes-from-our-founding-fathers-2nd-amendment/</ref>

==Where the Second Amendment comes from==
:{{See also|Debate:Is the right to bear arms unalienable?}}

===Colonial era===
Ideals such as [[Natural Law]] were well established in the [[Thirteen Colonies]] through authors such as [[William Blackstone]], who wrote about the [[Unalienable rights|inalienability]] of rights. In [[Commentaries on the Laws of England]], Blackstone wrote:<ref>[https://archive.org/details/BlackstoneVolumeI Commentaries on the Laws of England], Volume I, Chapter the first, Of the Absolute Rights of Individuals, pp. 141-142</ref>

<blockquote>To vindicate these rights, when actually violated or attacked, the subjects of England are entitled, in the first place, to the regular administration and free course of justice in the courts of law; next to the right of petitioning the king and parliament for redress of grievances; and lastly '''to the right of having and using arms for self-preservation and defence.'''</blockquote>

For this reason, in the years of 1774 and 1775 when several incidents happened to give the colonists a fear that the British would take their guns away they were willing to stand up and defend their rights.

In September 1774, the [[Powder Alarm]] was a response to the removal of gunpowder from a magazine located in Somerville, Massachusetts.<ref>[https://www.massar.org/2014/12/07/building-to-a-revolution-the-powder-alarm-and-popular-mobilization-of-the-new-england-countryside-1774-1775/ The Powder Alarm and Mobilization of the New England Countryside, 1774-1775]</ref> In October 1774, the king passed an order in arms edict<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8hgUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA584 Pennsylvania Archives], 1853, full text - "An Act to impower His Majesty to prohibit the Exportation of Saltpetre, & to enforce the Law for impowering His Majesty to prohibit the Exportation of Gunpowder or any sort of Arms & Ammunition"</ref> forbidding the export of arms or ammo to the colonies. Word of this embargo quickly spread, and shortly after learning of it Patriots in New Hampshire raided the Fort William and Mary, removing all gunpowder and arms before any could be confiscated.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/captureoffortwil00pars The capture of Fort William and Mary], by Charles Lathrop Parsons</ref> In 1775, [[Patrick Henry]] led a militia force after the [[Gunpowder Incident]] in Williamsburg, Virginia.<ref>[https://www.taraross.com/post/tdih-gunpowder-incident This Day in History: The Gunpowder Incident nearly incites rebellion in Virginia]</ref>

Shortly after the famed ride of [[Paul Revere]], it was learned that General Gage gave orders to Colonel Smith to destroy all arms and ammunition and related items for defense use:

<blockquote>Sir:
In obedience to your Excellency's commands, I marched on the evening of the 18th inst., with the corps of grenadiers and light infantry for Concord, to execute your Excellency's orders with respect to destroying all ammunition, artillery, tents, etc., collected there, which was effected, having knocked off the trunnions of three pieces of ordnance, some new gun-carriages, a great number of carriage wheels burnt, a considerable quantity of flour, some gunpowder and musquet balls, with other small articles thrown into the river.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uIRNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA982 Infantry Journal, Volume 7], United States Infantry Association, 1910</ref></blockquote>

Because of these actions, the [[Continental Congress]] passed a resolution unanimously that urged sending supplies to Bostonians during the [[Siege of Boston]], praised the [[Suffolk Resolves]], and criticized Britain's "wicked ministerial measures."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=5bwrAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA74 The Birth of the Republic: Compiled from the National and Colonial Histories and Historical Collections, from the American Archives and from Memoirs, and from the Journals and Proceedings of the British Parliament]</ref> Likewise the Committee of Correspondence of Worcester noted that: "many places searched, where arms and ammunition were suspected to be; and if found, seized."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=G6wTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA645 The Journals of Each Provincial Congress of Massachusetts in 1774 and 1775: And of the Committee of Safety, with an Appendix, Containing the Proceedings of the County Conventions-narratives of the Events of the Nineteenth of April, 1775]</ref>

As noted in the ''Chronical'' of 1774, one of the most irritating actions the people were subjected to was the "seizing their arms and ammunition".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=mHpIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA489 The Gentleman's Magazine, and Historical Chronicle, Volume 44]</ref> The following year, King George extended the prohibition, and John Pownall, a member of Parliament, wrote to colonial governors that "His Majesty's Subjects in America should be informed of the Proclamation issued by order of the States General, prohibiting the exportation of Arms and Ammunition from their Dominions, in British Ships or in their own Ships."<ref>[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Colonial_Records_of_North_Carolina/_StIAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA1186 The Colonial Records of North Carolina]</ref> As noted by historians [[Richard Frothingham Jr.|Richard Frothingham]] and [[David Ramsay]], during the [[Siege of Boston]] townspeople were forced to stay under the watchful eye of British guards unless they surrendered their arms and ammunition.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/historysiegebos01frotgoog History of the siege of Boston, and of the battles of Lexington, Concord and Bunker Hill], by [[Richard Frothingham Jr.]], p. 95</ref><ref>[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_History_of_the_American_Revolution_A/jNJQjkeDinoC?hl=en&pg=PA168 The History of the American Revolution], by [[David Ramsay]], p. 168</ref>

Patriots outside of Boston felt dearly for their fellow colonists stuck within Boston. When General Gage started delaying and making up excuses to let people leave, even after they complied with the King's gun control measures, people inside as well as outside of Boston felt even further undignified.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-uZqEanCRHIC&pg=PA483 Life and Times of Joseph Warren], p. 483</ref> [[Mercy Otis Warren]] noted that the "insulted" people of Boston, even after complying, were only able to get out after food provisions brought increasing civil disorder.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ECsqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA193 History of the Rise, Progress and Termination of the American Revolution], p. 193</ref>

One of the final documents prior to the [[Declaration of Independence]] was the [[Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms]], in which is written a reference to the events that happened during the Siege of Boston:

<blockquote>The inhabitants of Boston..... entered into a treaty with him, it was stipulated that the said inhabitants, having deposited their arms with their own Magistrates... delivered up their arms; but in open violation of honour, in defiance of the obligation of treaties, which even savage nations esteemed sacred, the Governour ordered the arms deposited as aforesaid.... to be seized by a body of soldiers</blockquote>

[[Edmund Burke]] also noted Britain's use of the import ban<ref>[http://www.davekopel.org/2A/LawRev/american-revolution-against-british-gun-control.html The American Revolution against British Gun Control]</ref> and gun confiscation in a speech, where he compared it to the confiscation of arms from Wales:

<blockquote>Sir, during that state of things, Parliament was not idle. They attempted to subdue the fierce spirit of the Welsh by all sorts of rigorous laws. They prohibited by statute the sending all sorts of arms into Wales, as you prohibit by proclamation (with something more of doubt on the legality) the sending arms to America. They disarmed the Welsh by statute, as you attempted (but still with more question on the legality) to disarm New England by an instruction.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1DWSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA65 The Founders' Second Amendment: Origins of the Right to Bear Arms]</ref></blockquote>

===Post Independence===
In 1786, the [[United States]] existed as a loose national [[government]] under the [[Articles of Confederation]]. This confederation was perceived to have several weaknesses, among which was the inability to mount a Federal military response to an armed uprising in western [[Massachusetts]] known as [[Shays' Rebellion]].

In 1787, to address these weaknesses, the [[Constitutional Convention]] was held with the idea of amending the Articles. When the convention ended with a proposed [[Constitution]], those who debated the ratification of the Constitution divided into two camps; the [[Federalist]]s (who supported ratification of the Constitution) and the [[Anti-Federalists]] (who opposed it).

Among their objections to the Constitution, anti-Federalists feared a standing army that could eventually endanger [[democracy]] and [[civil liberties]]. Although the anti-Federalists were unsuccessful at blocking ratification of the Constitution, through the Massachusetts Compromise they insured that a [[Bill of Rights]] would be made, which would provide constitutional guarantees against taking away certain rights.

One of those rights was the right to bear arms. This was intended to prevent the Federal Government from taking away the ability of the states to raise an army and defend itself and arguably to prevent them from taking away from individuals the ability to bear arms.

In 1792, the [[Militia Acts of 1792]] were passed by Congress.

Early justices of the [[Supreme Court of the United States]], such as the preeminent Justice [[Joseph Story]], considered the Second Amendment to be a fundamental right for overall liberty.

==State laws==

As reported by [[CNN]]:<ref>https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/26/politics/supreme-court-second-amendment-case/index.html</ref>
{{cquote|Three states -- [[California]], [[Florida]], and [[Illinois]] -- and the [[District of Columbia]] generally prohibit people from openly carrying firearms in public. Two states -- [[New York]] and [[South Carolina]] -- prohibit openly carrying handguns, but not long guns, and another three states -- [[Massachusetts]], [[Minnesota]], and [[New Jersey]] -- prohibit openly carrying long guns, but not handguns. In the remaining states, people are generally allowed to openly carry firearms, although some states require a permit or license to do so.}}
== Supreme Court Decisions ==

The [[U.S. Supreme Court]] has heard only three major Second Amendment cases in the last 140 years:
*''[[United States v. Miller]]'' (1939) (held that the Second Amendment did not guarantee a citizen's right to possess a sawed-off shotgun because that weapon had not been shown to be "ordinary military equipment" that could "contribute to the common defense")
*''[[District of Columbia v. Heller]]'' (2008) (a 5–4 decision written by Justice [[Antonin Scalia]] that recognized an individual right under the Second Amendment)
*''[[McDonald v. Chicago]]'' (2010) (merely extended the ''Heller'' decision to apply against State and local laws, too).

==Individual right==
The [[National Rifle Association]], which supports gun rights, has a stone plaque in front of its headquarters bearing the words "The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed." By dropping the "militia" phrase, the slogan advocates that the Second Amendment should mean that individual citizens have the right to own and use guns.

American law has always said that the militia includes ordinary private citizens, and gun rights advocates say that the amendment means individuals have the right to own and use guns. Gun control advocates began in the late 20th century to say it means only that there is only some sort of collective or state-controlled right.

[[Supreme Court]] opinions have all been consistent with the individual rights interpretation of the Second Amendment, but the lower court opinions are mixed.

As of 2007, people argue about the meaning of the Second Amendment, but there is no definitive answer. The latest ruling is ''Parker v District of Columbia'', in which the DC Circuit court of appeals ruled on March 9, 2007, that the [[Washington, D.C.|DC]] gun ban violated individual rights under the Second Amendment.

==Militia clause==
The Second Amendment begins with the phrase "''A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state''". This phrase has created quite a lot of contention with those who believe this is a triumph for the regulatory state, or that it means only military members can own guns. As many of the Founding Fathers have explained, the militia is the whole people. Thomas M. Cooley's ''Principles of Constitutional Law'' explains that this right is an individual right for the whole people and why that is a benefit for themselves and for government:

<blockquote>The Right is General. - It might be supposed from the phraseology of this provision that the right to keep and bear arms was only guaranteed to the militia; but this would be an interpretation not warranted by the intent. The militia, as has been explained elsewhere, consists of those persons who, under the law, are liable to the performance of military duty, and are officered and enrolled for service when called upon. But the law may make provision for the enrolment of all who are fit to perform military duty, or of a small number only, or it may wholly omit to make any provision at all; and ''if the right were limited to those enrolled, the purpose of the guarantee might be defeated altogether by the action or the neglect to act of the government it was meant to hold in check''. The meaning of the provision undoubtedly is, that the people, from whom the militia must be taken, shall have the right to keep and bear arms; and they need no permission or regulation of law for the purpose. But this enables the government to have a well regulated militia; for to bear arms implies something more than mere keeping; it implies the learning to handle and use them in a way that makes those who keep them ready for their efficient use; in other words, it implies the right to meet for voluntary discipline in arms, observing in so doing the laws of public order.<ref>[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_General_Principles_of_Constitutional/SkFMAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA271 The General Principles of Constitutional Law in the United States of America], Thomas M. Cooley, 1880</ref></blockquote>

==The One Comma vs. The Three Comma Debate==

'''''A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.'''''

Quoted from:
http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a39388c210c1b.htm

Down to the Last Second (Amendment)

Participants in the various debates on firearms, crime, and constitutional law may have noticed that the Second Amendment is often quoted differently by those involved. The two main variations differ in punctuation — specifically, in the number of commas used to separate those twenty-seven words. But which is the correct one? The answer to this question must be found in official records from the early days of the republic when the Bill of Rights was sent by the First Congress to the states for ratification. Therefore, a look at the progression of this declaratory and restrictive clause from its inception to its final form is in order.

Before beginning, one must note that common nouns, like "state" and "people," were often capitalized in official and unofficial documents of the era. Also, an obsolete formation of the letter "s" used to indicate the long "s" sound was in common usage. The long 's' is subject to confusion with the lower case 'f', therefore, Congress" is sometimes spelled as "Congrefs," as is the case in the parchment copy of the Bill of Rights displayed by the National Archives. The quotations listed here are accurate. With the exception of the omission of quotations marks, versions of what is now known as the Second Amendment in boldface appear with the exact spelling, capitalization, and punctuation as the cited originals.

==Chronological History==

During ratification debates on the Constitution in the state conventions, several states proposed amendments to that charter. Anti-Federalist opposition to ratification was particularly strong in the key states of New York and Virginia, and one of their main grievances was that the Constitution lacked a declaration of rights. During the ratification process, Federalist James Madison became a champion of such a declaration, and so it fell to him, as a member of the 1st Congress, to write one. On June 8, 1789, Madison introduced his declaration of rights on the floor of the House. One of its articles read:

{{cquote|The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed; a well armed and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person.<ref>Amendments Offered in Congress by James Madison, June 8, 1789. The Constitution Society. http://www.constitution.org/bor/amd_jmad.htm, 16 January 2000.</ref>}}

On July 21, John Vining of Delaware was appointed to chair a select committee of eleven to review, and make a report on, the subject of amendments to the Constitution. Each committeeman represented one of the eleven states (Rhode Island and North Carolina had not ratified the Constitution at that time), with James Madison representing Virginia. Unfortunately, no record of the committee's proceedings is known to exist. Seven days later, Vining duly issued the report, one of the amendments reading:

{{cquote|A well regulated militia, composed of the body of the people, being the best security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed, but no person religiously scrupulous shall be compelled to bear arms.<ref>Amendments Reported by the Select Committee. July 28, 1789. The Constitution Society. http://www.constitution.org/bor/amd_scom.htm, 16 January 2000.</ref>}}

In debates on the House floor, some congressmen, notably [[Elbridge Gerry]] of Massachusetts and Thomas Scott of Pennsylvania, objected to the conscientious objector clause in the fifth article. They expressed concerns that a future Congress might declare the people "religiously scrupulous" in a bid to disarm them, and that such persons could not be called up for military duty. However, motions to strike the clause were not carried. On August 21, the House enumerated the Amendments as modified, with the fifth article listed as follows:

{{cquote|5. A well regulated militia, composed of the body of the People, being the best security of a free State, the right of the People to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed; but no one religiously scrupulous of bearing arms, shall be compelled to render military service in person.<ref>U.S. House Journal. 1st Cong., 1st sess., 21 August 1789.</ref>}}

Finally, on August 24, the House of Representatives passed its proposals for amendments to the Constitution and sent them to the Senate for their consideration. The next day, the Senate entered the document into their official journal. The Senate Journal shows Article the Fifth as:

{{cquote|Art. V. A well regulated militia, composed of the body of the people, being the best security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed, but no one religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person.<ref>U.S. Senate Journal. 1st Cong., 1st sess., 25 August 1789.</ref>}}

On September 4, the Senate debated the amendments proposed by the House, and the conscientious objector clause was quickly stricken. Sadly, these debates were held in secret, so records of them do not exist. The Senators agreed to accept Article the Fifth in this form:

{{cquote|...a well regulated militia, being the best security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall net be infringed.<ref>U.S. Senate Journal, 1st Cong., 1st sess., 4 September 1789.</ref>}}

In further debates on September 9, the Senate agreed to strike the words, "the best," and replace them with, "necessary to the." Since the third and fourth articles had been combined, the Senators also agreed to rename the amendment as Article the Fourth. The Senate Journal that day carried the article without the word, "best," but also without the replacements, "necessary to." Note that the extraneous commas have been omitted:

{{cquote|A well regulated militia being the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.<ref>U.S. Senate Journal, 1st Cong., 1st sess., 9 September 1789.</ref>}}

With two-thirds of the Senate concurring on the proposed amendments, they were sent back to the House for the Representatives' perusal. On September 21, the House notified the Senate that it agreed to some of their amendments, but not all of them. However, they agreed to Article the Fourth in its entirety:

{{cquote|Resolved, That this House doth agree to the second, fourth, eighth, twelfth, thirteenth, sixteenth, eighteenth, nineteenth, twenty-fifth, and twenty-sixth amendments...<ref>U.S. House Journal. 1st Cong., 1st sess., 21 September 1789.</ref>}}

By September 25, the Congress had resolved all differences pertaining to the proposed amendments to the Constitution. On that day, a Clerk of the House, William Lambert, put what is now known as the Bill of Rights to parchment. Three days later, it was signed by the Speaker of the House, Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg, and the President of the Senate, Vice President John Adams. This parchment copy is held by the National Archives and Records Administration, and shows the following version of the fourth article:

{{cquote|Article the Fourth. A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.<ref>Bill of Rights. National Archives and Records Administration. http://www.nara.gov/exhall/charters/billrights/bill.jpg, 22 January 2000.</ref>}}

The above version is used almost exclusively today, but aside from the parchment copy, the author was unable to find any other official documents from that era which carry the amendment with the extra commas. In fact, in the appendix of the Senate Journal, Article the Fourth is entered as reading:

{{cquote|Art. IV. A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.<ref>U.S. Senate Journal. 1st Cong., 1st sess., Appendix.</ref>}}

Also, the Annals of Congress, formally called The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States, show the proposed amendment as follows:

{{cquote|Article the Fourth. A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the People to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.<ref>Annals of Congress, 1st Cong., 1st sess., Appendix</ref>}}

Further, once two-thirds of both chambers of the Congress agreed to the proposed amendments, the House passed a resolve to request that the President send copies of them to the governors of the eleven states in the Union, and to those of Rhode Island and North Carolina. The Senate concurred on September 26, as recorded in their journal:

{{cquote|Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the President of the United States be requested to transmit to the executives of the United States, which have ratified the constitution copies of the amendments proposed by Congress, to be added thereto; and like copies to the executives of the states of Rhode Island and North Carolina.<ref>U.S. Senate Journal. 1st Cong. 1st sess., 26 September 1789.</ref>}}

Fortunately, an original copy of the amendments proposed by the Congress, and sent to the State of Rhode Island and the Providence Plantations, does survive. Certified as a true copy by Assembly Secretary Henry Ward, it reads in part:

{{cquote|Article the Fourth, — A well regulated Militia being neceffary to the Security of a free State, the Right of the People to keep and bear Arms fhall not be infringed.<ref>A True Bill. The Constitution for the United States, Its Sources and Its Applications. http://www.nidlink.com/~bobhard/billofrt.jpg, 27 January 2000.</ref>}}

And so, the proposed amendments to the Constitution were sent to the states for ratification. When notifying the President that their legislatures or conventions had ratified some or all of the proposed amendments, some states attached certified copies of them. New York, Maryland, South Carolina, and Rhode Island notified the general government that they had ratified the fourth amendment in this form:

Article the Fourth. A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the People to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.<ref>U.S. House Journal, 1st Cong., 3rd sess., Appendix Note: Maryland and South Carolina capitalized the "m" in "Militia."</ref>

Articles the First and Second were not ratified by the required three-fourths of the states, but by December 15, 1791, the last ten articles were. These, of course, are now known as the Bill of Rights. Renumbering the amendments was required since the first two had not been ratified. The 1796 revision of The Federalist on the New Constitution reflects the change as such:

{{cquote|ARTICLE THE SECOND

A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.<ref>The Federalist on the New Constitution, 1796. The Constitution for the United States, Its Sources and Its Applications. http://www.nidlink.com/~bobhard/f16b1234.jpg, 17 February 2000.</ref>}}

This version is carried throughout the 19th Century, in such legal treatises as Joseph Story's Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States (1833) and Thomas Cooley's Principles of Constitutional Law (1898). It is also transcribed in this manner in the 1845 Statutes at Large, although the term "state" is capitalized in that text. The latter are the official source for acts of Congress.<ref>Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States. The Constitution Society. http://www.constitution.org/js/js_344.htm, 18 February 2000.</ref><ref>Quotes from Constitutional Commentators. Gun Cite. http://www.guncite.com/gc2ndcom.html, 2 February 2000.</ref><ref>Statutes at Large 1845, 21.</ref>

This version still appears today, as is the case with the annotated version of the Constitution they sponsored on the Government Printing Office web site (1992, supplemented in 1996 and 1998). The Second Amendment is shown as reading:

{{cquote|A well regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms shall not be infringed.<ref>Second Amendment--Bearing Arms. The Constitution of the United States of America. http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/senate/constitution/amdt2.html, 18 February 2000.</ref>}}

(The Senate-sponsored GPO site does carry a "literal print" of the amendments to the Constitution showing the Second Amendment with the additional commas. The punctuation and capitalization of the amendments transcribed there are the same as those found on the parchment copy displayed in the Rotunda of the National Archives.)<ref>Text of the Amendments (Literal Print). The Constitution of the United States of America. http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/senate/constitution/conamt.html, 18 February 2000.</ref>

Thus, many scholars argue that correct rendition of the Second Amendment carries but a single comma, after the word "state." It was in this form that those twenty-seven words were written, agreed upon, passed, and ratified.

Why the Commas are Important

It is important to use the proper Second Amendment because it is clearly and flawlessly written in its original form. Also, the function of the words, "a well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state," are readily discerned when the proper punctuation is used. On the other hand, the gratuitous addition of commas serves only to render the sentence grammatically incorrect and unnecessarily ambiguous.

==Liberal targeting==
[[Liberal]]s have made various efforts to subvert the Second Amendment by enacting unconstitutional gun laws that restrict the ability of individuals to protect themselves against the excesses of [[government]]. Examples include:
* news reports appealing predominately to emotion in the aftermath of mass shootings while ignoring merits of self-defense
* celebrity-showings demanding a plan to end mass shootings
* gun "buy back" programs officiated by city police

[[Conservative]]s have fought back against anti-Second Amendment efforts in various ways. One of these is creating "Second Amendment sanctuaries."<ref>Xiao, Bowen (January 1, 2020). [https://www.theepochtimes.com/hundreds-of-counties-across-america-have-declared-themselves-second-amendment-sanctuaries_3190193.html Hundreds of Counties Across America Have Declared Themselves ‘2nd Amendment Sanctuaries’]. ''The Epoch Times''. Retrieved January 1, 2020.</ref>

==Weapons covered==
The drafters of the Second Amendment probably had muskets and handguns in mind, but courts are now struggling to define the weapons covered by the "right to bear arms" in the 21st Century.

For example, the Connecticut Supreme Court in [http://jud.ct.gov/external/supapp/Cases/AROcr/CR315/315CR113.pdf''State v. DeCiccio'' (2015)] upheld the constitutionality of a state law prohibiting the transportation of a police batton or dirk knife in a motor vehicle. Yet, the Court struck down the statute to the extent that it infringed on the defendant's right to transport them between his old and new residences.

There are also lower court cases finding Second Amendment protection for tasers, billy clubs, switchblades and other weapons that are less lethal than handguns.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2014/12/16/second-amendment-protects-dirk-knives-and-police-batons/|title=Second Amendment protects dirk knives and police batons|first=Eugene |last=Volokh |date=December 16, 2014|work=Washington Post|accessdate=February 7, 2015}}</ref>

==Further reading==
*Charles, Robert (March 28, 2018). [https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2018/03/28/if-second-amendment-falls-our-entire-bill-rights-falls.html If the Second Amendment falls, our entire Bill of Rights falls]. ''Fox News''.

==See also==
* [[List of state constitutions containing a RKBA provision]]
* [[United States Constitution]]
* [[Castle Doctrine]]
* [[National Rifle Association]]
* [[Gun Owners of America]]
* [[Veterans]]
* [[Oath Keepers]]
* [[Battle of Athens (1946)]]
* [[List of instances of armed citizens stopping active shooters]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{US amendments}}

==External links==
* [http://www.nraila.org/Issues/SecondAmendment.aspx Second Amendment Center], [[NRA|nraila.org]].
* [http://www2.law.ucla.edu/volokh/2amteach/sources.htm Professor Eugene Volokh's comprehensive compilation of resources on the Second Amendment]

[[Category:Second Amendment]]

{{Firearms topics}}

Warren Burger

2024-03-13T00:31:12Z

Progressingamerica: Berger's flood gate opening for the idea that the Second Amendment was nothing but a collective right.

{{Officeholder
|name=Warren Burger
|image=WarrenBurger.jpg
|party=[[Republican]]
|spouse=Elvera Stromberg
|religion=[[Presbyterian]]
|offices=
{{Officeholder/Supreme Court Justice
|role=Chief
|nominator=[[Richard Nixon]]
|terms=June 23, 1969 – September 26, 1986
|preceded=[[Earl Warren]]
|former=y
|succeeded=[[William Rehnquist]]
}}
}}

'''Warren Earl Burger''' (September 17, 1907 – June 25, 1995) was the Chief Justice of the [[United States Supreme Court]] from 1969–1986; he was mostly a conservative who was unable to undo the work of the [[Warren Court]].

==Career==
Burger was born in St. Paul, [[Minnesota]] on September 17, 1907. In a family of seven children, Burger earned his way through college and law school. He practiced law for more than twenty years, but during this period he was active in the Minnesota state [[Republican Party]]. Burger worked for the [[United States Department of Justice]] under [[Dwight Eisenhower|President Eisenhower]], who nominated Burger in 1956 to the [[United States Court of Appeals]] for the [[District of Columbia]] Circuit.

==Court==
Burger was appointed by President [[Richard Nixon]] in 1969 to replace [[Earl Warren]] as Chief Justice of the [[United States]]. He was a strong advocate of "strict constructionism", a philosophy whereby one attempts to base one's decisions upon the literal text of the Constitution. Burger identified with the Court's conservative wing and frequently voted to limit the liberal decisions of the [[Warren Court]]. Burger was not one-dimensional, however. He authored the Court's opinion upholding the right of trial judges to order busing as a remedy for school [[segregation]] and he spoke for a unanimous Court upholding a [[subpoena]] for the [[Watergate]] tapes which resulted in President Nixon's resignation.
==Style==
Chief Justice Burger was famously known as someone who "looked the part," dignified in appearance with silver hair and possessing social skills that worked well among top officials in [[Washington, D.C.]]. But his loosely reasoned opinions became fodder for use by the [[liberal]] wing of the Court, as his ''[[Lemon v. Kurtzman]]'' opinion on the [[Establishment Clause]] became a leading precedent for driving religion out of public life. Chief Justice Burger was unable to hold for very long the support of Associate Justice [[Harry Blackmun]], who was appointed by President [[Richard Nixon]] on the hope that Justice Blackmun would follow the lead of his Minnesota colleague.

In ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'', Chief Justice Burger voted with the majority of the court in favor of [[abortion]] but supposedly only did so to enable him to assign the writing of the opinion to Justice Blackmun rather than to Justice [[William Brennan]], who was expected to write a more liberal decision.<ref>The Chief Justice has the power to assign who writes the opinion for the side that he is on; the writer of the opinion on the other side is determined by the most senior judge on that side.</ref> As it turned out, Justice Brennan had tremendous influence over the writing of the decision anyway. Burger would later abandon ''Roe'' in his dissent in ''Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists'' (1986).

==Later life==
Berger was one of the first people to advance the notion that the [[Second Amendment]] was never for individuals but was instead a "collective right". He wrote in 1990 an article in Parade Magazine arguing that the amendment only had a limited context based on the needs of only a state and was never intended for individuals.<ref>[https://guncite.com/burger.html The Right To Bear Arms], By Warren E. Burger, Chief Justice of the United States (1969-86), Parade Magazine, January 14, 1990, page 4</ref><ref>[https://davekopel.org/2A/Mags/crburger.htm Warren Burger and the Second Amendment]</ref>

==Further reading==
* Blasi, Vincent. ''The Burger Court'' (1983);
* Yarbrough, Tinsley, and Peter Renstrom. ''The Burger Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy'' (2000)
==See also==
*[[Burger Court]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* [https://www.oyez.org/justices/warren_e_burger/ Warren E. Burger - Oyez]
{{USChiefJustices}}
{{Supreme Court|burger=y}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Burger, Warren}}
[[Category:United States Supreme Court Justices]]
[[Category:United States Chief Justices]]
[[Category:1960s]]
[[Category:Conservatives]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom award winners]]

Second Amendment

2024-03-13T00:24:14Z

Progressingamerica: Warren Burger in Parade Magazine, 1990

<center>''See also the failed [[liberal]] approach of [[gun control]]''.</center>
[[File:Minute Man Statue Lexington Massachusetts cropped.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|The American ideal of freedom and the right to self-defense helped to inspire the Second Amendment are partly symbolized by the [[minutemen]].]]
The '''Second Amendment''' to the [[United States Constitution]] states:<ref>This is the most-often quoted form of this Amendment, but note later in this entry the significant objection to including three commas rather than just one.</ref>
{{cquote|'''A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.'''}}
As [[U.S. Supreme Court]] Justice [[Joseph Story]] explained:
{{cquote|The right of the citizens to keep and bear arms has justly been considered, as the palladium of the liberties of a [[republic]]; since it offers a strong moral check against the usurpation and arbitrary power of rulers; and will generally, even if these are successful in the first instance, enable the people to resist and triumph over them.}}

The predecessor<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Second-Amendment/Origins-and-historical-antecedents Origins and historical antecedents], Second Amendment, Britannica</ref> of the Second Amendment, the 1689 [[English Bill of Rights]] states that Protestant citizens can "have Arms for their Defence suitable to their Conditions and as allowed by Law".

== Individual or Collective Right? ==
One of the first people to advance the notion that the Second Amendment was never for individuals but was instead a "collective right", was [[Warren Burger]], who in 1990 wrote an article in Parade Magazine arguing a limited context based on the needs of only a state, not individuals.<ref>[https://guncite.com/burger.html The Right To Bear Arms], By Warren E. Burger, Chief Justice of the United States (1969-86), Parade Magazine, January 14, 1990, page 4</ref><ref>[https://buckscountyherald.com/stories/no-confusion-in-meaning-of-the-second-amendment,10169 No confusion in meaning of the Second Amendment]</ref> Burger's rationale was never a part of official Supreme Court opinions nor was it a part of a long and well-researched historical work with deep citations and long quotes. Rather, the entire article is roughly 900 words and happily takes several facts out of context.<ref>[https://davekopel.org/2A/Mags/crburger.htm]</ref>

Afterwards, lower federal courts became much more comfortable interpreting the Second Amendment as protecting merely a collective right of state militias now that they had the weight of a former Chief Justice lending power to such claims.<ref>http://www.davekopel.com/2A/LawRev/35finalpartone.htm</ref> However, the [[U.S Supreme Court]] has always called it an individual right. The 2008 Supreme Court decision of ''[[District of Columbia v. Heller]]'' ruled 5–4 that the Second Amendment protects an individual right. This decision was expanded upon in ''[[McDonald v. Chicago]]'' two years later, which ruled that Second Amendment applies to protect individual rights against state and city laws also.

Many pithy quotes by [[Founding Fathers]] support the Second Amendment right of individuals.<ref>https://www.concealedcarry.com/gun-quotes-from-our-founding-fathers-2nd-amendment/</ref>

==Where the Second Amendment comes from==
:{{See also|Debate:Is the right to bear arms unalienable?}}

===Colonial era===
Ideals such as [[Natural Law]] were well established in the [[Thirteen Colonies]] through authors such as [[William Blackstone]], who wrote about the [[Unalienable rights|inalienability]] of rights. In [[Commentaries on the Laws of England]], Blackstone wrote:<ref>[https://archive.org/details/BlackstoneVolumeI Commentaries on the Laws of England], Volume I, Chapter the first, Of the Absolute Rights of Individuals, pp. 141-142</ref>

<blockquote>To vindicate these rights, when actually violated or attacked, the subjects of England are entitled, in the first place, to the regular administration and free course of justice in the courts of law; next to the right of petitioning the king and parliament for redress of grievances; and lastly '''to the right of having and using arms for self-preservation and defence.'''</blockquote>

For this reason, in the years of 1774 and 1775 when several incidents happened to give the colonists a fear that the British would take their guns away they were willing to stand up and defend their rights.

In September 1774, the [[Powder Alarm]] was a response to the removal of gunpowder from a magazine located in Somerville, Massachusetts.<ref>[https://www.massar.org/2014/12/07/building-to-a-revolution-the-powder-alarm-and-popular-mobilization-of-the-new-england-countryside-1774-1775/ The Powder Alarm and Mobilization of the New England Countryside, 1774-1775]</ref> In October 1774, the king passed an order in arms edict<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8hgUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA584 Pennsylvania Archives], 1853, full text - "An Act to impower His Majesty to prohibit the Exportation of Saltpetre, & to enforce the Law for impowering His Majesty to prohibit the Exportation of Gunpowder or any sort of Arms & Ammunition"</ref> forbidding the export of arms or ammo to the colonies. Word of this embargo quickly spread, and shortly after learning of it Patriots in New Hampshire raided the Fort William and Mary, removing all gunpowder and arms before any could be confiscated.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/captureoffortwil00pars The capture of Fort William and Mary], by Charles Lathrop Parsons</ref> In 1775, [[Patrick Henry]] led a militia force after the [[Gunpowder Incident]] in Williamsburg, Virginia.<ref>[https://www.taraross.com/post/tdih-gunpowder-incident This Day in History: The Gunpowder Incident nearly incites rebellion in Virginia]</ref>

Shortly after the famed ride of [[Paul Revere]], it was learned that General Gage gave orders to Colonel Smith to destroy all arms and ammunition and related items for defense use:

<blockquote>Sir:
In obedience to your Excellency's commands, I marched on the evening of the 18th inst., with the corps of grenadiers and light infantry for Concord, to execute your Excellency's orders with respect to destroying all ammunition, artillery, tents, etc., collected there, which was effected, having knocked off the trunnions of three pieces of ordnance, some new gun-carriages, a great number of carriage wheels burnt, a considerable quantity of flour, some gunpowder and musquet balls, with other small articles thrown into the river.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uIRNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA982 Infantry Journal, Volume 7], United States Infantry Association, 1910</ref></blockquote>

Because of these actions, the [[Continental Congress]] passed a resolution unanimously that urged sending supplies to Bostonians during the [[Siege of Boston]], praised the [[Suffolk Resolves]], and criticized Britain's "wicked ministerial measures."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=5bwrAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA74 The Birth of the Republic: Compiled from the National and Colonial Histories and Historical Collections, from the American Archives and from Memoirs, and from the Journals and Proceedings of the British Parliament]</ref> Likewise the Committee of Correspondence of Worcester noted that: "many places searched, where arms and ammunition were suspected to be; and if found, seized."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=G6wTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA645 The Journals of Each Provincial Congress of Massachusetts in 1774 and 1775: And of the Committee of Safety, with an Appendix, Containing the Proceedings of the County Conventions-narratives of the Events of the Nineteenth of April, 1775]</ref>

As noted in the ''Chronical'' of 1774, one of the most irritating actions the people were subjected to was the "seizing their arms and ammunition".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=mHpIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA489 The Gentleman's Magazine, and Historical Chronicle, Volume 44]</ref> The following year, King George extended the prohibition, and John Pownall, a member of Parliament, wrote to colonial governors that "His Majesty's Subjects in America should be informed of the Proclamation issued by order of the States General, prohibiting the exportation of Arms and Ammunition from their Dominions, in British Ships or in their own Ships."<ref>[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Colonial_Records_of_North_Carolina/_StIAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA1186 The Colonial Records of North Carolina]</ref> As noted by historians [[Richard Frothingham Jr.|Richard Frothingham]] and [[David Ramsay]], during the [[Siege of Boston]] townspeople were forced to stay under the watchful eye of British guards unless they surrendered their arms and ammunition.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/historysiegebos01frotgoog History of the siege of Boston, and of the battles of Lexington, Concord and Bunker Hill], by [[Richard Frothingham Jr.]], p. 95</ref><ref>[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_History_of_the_American_Revolution_A/jNJQjkeDinoC?hl=en&pg=PA168 The History of the American Revolution], by [[David Ramsay]], p. 168</ref>

Patriots outside of Boston felt dearly for their fellow colonists stuck within Boston. When General Gage started delaying and making up excuses to let people leave, even after they complied with the King's gun control measures, people inside as well as outside of Boston felt even further undignified.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-uZqEanCRHIC&pg=PA483 Life and Times of Joseph Warren], p. 483</ref> [[Mercy Otis Warren]] noted that the "insulted" people of Boston, even after complying, were only able to get out after food provisions brought increasing civil disorder.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ECsqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA193 History of the Rise, Progress and Termination of the American Revolution], p. 193</ref>

One of the final documents prior to the [[Declaration of Independence]] was the [[Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms]], in which is written a reference to the events that happened during the Siege of Boston:

<blockquote>The inhabitants of Boston..... entered into a treaty with him, it was stipulated that the said inhabitants, having deposited their arms with their own Magistrates... delivered up their arms; but in open violation of honour, in defiance of the obligation of treaties, which even savage nations esteemed sacred, the Governour ordered the arms deposited as aforesaid.... to be seized by a body of soldiers</blockquote>

[[Edmund Burke]] also noted Britain's use of the import ban<ref>[http://www.davekopel.org/2A/LawRev/american-revolution-against-british-gun-control.html The American Revolution against British Gun Control]</ref> and gun confiscation in a speech, where he compared it to the confiscation of arms from Wales:

<blockquote>Sir, during that state of things, Parliament was not idle. They attempted to subdue the fierce spirit of the Welsh by all sorts of rigorous laws. They prohibited by statute the sending all sorts of arms into Wales, as you prohibit by proclamation (with something more of doubt on the legality) the sending arms to America. They disarmed the Welsh by statute, as you attempted (but still with more question on the legality) to disarm New England by an instruction.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1DWSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA65 The Founders' Second Amendment: Origins of the Right to Bear Arms]</ref></blockquote>

===Post Independence===
In 1786, the [[United States]] existed as a loose national [[government]] under the [[Articles of Confederation]]. This confederation was perceived to have several weaknesses, among which was the inability to mount a Federal military response to an armed uprising in western [[Massachusetts]] known as [[Shays' Rebellion]].

In 1787, to address these weaknesses, the [[Constitutional Convention]] was held with the idea of amending the Articles. When the convention ended with a proposed [[Constitution]], those who debated the ratification of the Constitution divided into two camps; the [[Federalist]]s (who supported ratification of the Constitution) and the [[Anti-Federalists]] (who opposed it).

Among their objections to the Constitution, anti-Federalists feared a standing army that could eventually endanger [[democracy]] and [[civil liberties]]. Although the anti-Federalists were unsuccessful at blocking ratification of the Constitution, through the Massachusetts Compromise they insured that a [[Bill of Rights]] would be made, which would provide constitutional guarantees against taking away certain rights.

One of those rights was the right to bear arms. This was intended to prevent the Federal Government from taking away the ability of the states to raise an army and defend itself and arguably to prevent them from taking away from individuals the ability to bear arms.

In 1792, the [[Militia Acts of 1792]] were passed by Congress.

Early justices of the [[Supreme Court of the United States]], such as the preeminent Justice [[Joseph Story]], considered the Second Amendment to be a fundamental right for overall liberty.

==State laws==

As reported by [[CNN]]:<ref>https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/26/politics/supreme-court-second-amendment-case/index.html</ref>
{{cquote|Three states -- [[California]], [[Florida]], and [[Illinois]] -- and the [[District of Columbia]] generally prohibit people from openly carrying firearms in public. Two states -- [[New York]] and [[South Carolina]] -- prohibit openly carrying handguns, but not long guns, and another three states -- [[Massachusetts]], [[Minnesota]], and [[New Jersey]] -- prohibit openly carrying long guns, but not handguns. In the remaining states, people are generally allowed to openly carry firearms, although some states require a permit or license to do so.}}
== Supreme Court Decisions ==

The [[U.S. Supreme Court]] has heard only three major Second Amendment cases in the last 140 years:
*''[[United States v. Miller]]'' (1939) (held that the Second Amendment did not guarantee a citizen's right to possess a sawed-off shotgun because that weapon had not been shown to be "ordinary military equipment" that could "contribute to the common defense")
*''[[District of Columbia v. Heller]]'' (2008) (a 5–4 decision written by Justice [[Antonin Scalia]] that recognized an individual right under the Second Amendment)
*''[[McDonald v. Chicago]]'' (2010) (merely extended the ''Heller'' decision to apply against State and local laws, too).

==Individual right==
The [[National Rifle Association]], which supports gun rights, has a stone plaque in front of its headquarters bearing the words "The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed." By dropping the "militia" phrase, the slogan advocates that the Second Amendment should mean that individual citizens have the right to own and use guns.

American law has always said that the militia includes ordinary private citizens, and gun rights advocates say that the amendment means individuals have the right to own and use guns. Gun control advocates began in the late 20th century to say it means only that there is only some sort of collective or state-controlled right.

[[Supreme Court]] opinions have all been consistent with the individual rights interpretation of the Second Amendment, but the lower court opinions are mixed.

As of 2007, people argue about the meaning of the Second Amendment, but there is no definitive answer. The latest ruling is ''Parker v District of Columbia'', in which the DC Circuit court of appeals ruled on March 9, 2007, that the [[Washington, D.C.|DC]] gun ban violated individual rights under the Second Amendment.

==Militia clause==
The Second Amendment begins with the phrase "''A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state''". This phrase has created quite a lot of contention with those who believe this is a triumph for the regulatory state, or that it means only military members can own guns. As many of the Founding Fathers have explained, the militia is the whole people. Thomas M. Cooley's ''Principles of Constitutional Law'' explains that this right is an individual right for the whole people and why that is a benefit for themselves and for government:

<blockquote>The Right is General. - It might be supposed from the phraseology of this provision that the right to keep and bear arms was only guaranteed to the militia; but this would be an interpretation not warranted by the intent. The militia, as has been explained elsewhere, consists of those persons who, under the law, are liable to the performance of military duty, and are officered and enrolled for service when called upon. But the law may make provision for the enrolment of all who are fit to perform military duty, or of a small number only, or it may wholly omit to make any provision at all; and ''if the right were limited to those enrolled, the purpose of the guarantee might be defeated altogether by the action or the neglect to act of the government it was meant to hold in check''. The meaning of the provision undoubtedly is, that the people, from whom the militia must be taken, shall have the right to keep and bear arms; and they need no permission or regulation of law for the purpose. But this enables the government to have a well regulated militia; for to bear arms implies something more than mere keeping; it implies the learning to handle and use them in a way that makes those who keep them ready for their efficient use; in other words, it implies the right to meet for voluntary discipline in arms, observing in so doing the laws of public order.<ref>[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_General_Principles_of_Constitutional/SkFMAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA271 The General Principles of Constitutional Law in the United States of America], Thomas M. Cooley, 1880</ref></blockquote>

==The One Comma vs. The Three Comma Debate==

'''''A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.'''''

Quoted from:
http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a39388c210c1b.htm

Down to the Last Second (Amendment)

Participants in the various debates on firearms, crime, and constitutional law may have noticed that the Second Amendment is often quoted differently by those involved. The two main variations differ in punctuation — specifically, in the number of commas used to separate those twenty-seven words. But which is the correct one? The answer to this question must be found in official records from the early days of the republic when the Bill of Rights was sent by the First Congress to the states for ratification. Therefore, a look at the progression of this declaratory and restrictive clause from its inception to its final form is in order.

Before beginning, one must note that common nouns, like "state" and "people," were often capitalized in official and unofficial documents of the era. Also, an obsolete formation of the letter "s" used to indicate the long "s" sound was in common usage. The long 's' is subject to confusion with the lower case 'f', therefore, Congress" is sometimes spelled as "Congrefs," as is the case in the parchment copy of the Bill of Rights displayed by the National Archives. The quotations listed here are accurate. With the exception of the omission of quotations marks, versions of what is now known as the Second Amendment in boldface appear with the exact spelling, capitalization, and punctuation as the cited originals.

==Chronological History==

During ratification debates on the Constitution in the state conventions, several states proposed amendments to that charter. Anti-Federalist opposition to ratification was particularly strong in the key states of New York and Virginia, and one of their main grievances was that the Constitution lacked a declaration of rights. During the ratification process, Federalist James Madison became a champion of such a declaration, and so it fell to him, as a member of the 1st Congress, to write one. On June 8, 1789, Madison introduced his declaration of rights on the floor of the House. One of its articles read:

{{cquote|The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed; a well armed and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person.<ref>Amendments Offered in Congress by James Madison, June 8, 1789. The Constitution Society. http://www.constitution.org/bor/amd_jmad.htm, 16 January 2000.</ref>}}

On July 21, John Vining of Delaware was appointed to chair a select committee of eleven to review, and make a report on, the subject of amendments to the Constitution. Each committeeman represented one of the eleven states (Rhode Island and North Carolina had not ratified the Constitution at that time), with James Madison representing Virginia. Unfortunately, no record of the committee's proceedings is known to exist. Seven days later, Vining duly issued the report, one of the amendments reading:

{{cquote|A well regulated militia, composed of the body of the people, being the best security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed, but no person religiously scrupulous shall be compelled to bear arms.<ref>Amendments Reported by the Select Committee. July 28, 1789. The Constitution Society. http://www.constitution.org/bor/amd_scom.htm, 16 January 2000.</ref>}}

In debates on the House floor, some congressmen, notably [[Elbridge Gerry]] of Massachusetts and Thomas Scott of Pennsylvania, objected to the conscientious objector clause in the fifth article. They expressed concerns that a future Congress might declare the people "religiously scrupulous" in a bid to disarm them, and that such persons could not be called up for military duty. However, motions to strike the clause were not carried. On August 21, the House enumerated the Amendments as modified, with the fifth article listed as follows:

{{cquote|5. A well regulated militia, composed of the body of the People, being the best security of a free State, the right of the People to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed; but no one religiously scrupulous of bearing arms, shall be compelled to render military service in person.<ref>U.S. House Journal. 1st Cong., 1st sess., 21 August 1789.</ref>}}

Finally, on August 24, the House of Representatives passed its proposals for amendments to the Constitution and sent them to the Senate for their consideration. The next day, the Senate entered the document into their official journal. The Senate Journal shows Article the Fifth as:

{{cquote|Art. V. A well regulated militia, composed of the body of the people, being the best security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed, but no one religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person.<ref>U.S. Senate Journal. 1st Cong., 1st sess., 25 August 1789.</ref>}}

On September 4, the Senate debated the amendments proposed by the House, and the conscientious objector clause was quickly stricken. Sadly, these debates were held in secret, so records of them do not exist. The Senators agreed to accept Article the Fifth in this form:

{{cquote|...a well regulated militia, being the best security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall net be infringed.<ref>U.S. Senate Journal, 1st Cong., 1st sess., 4 September 1789.</ref>}}

In further debates on September 9, the Senate agreed to strike the words, "the best," and replace them with, "necessary to the." Since the third and fourth articles had been combined, the Senators also agreed to rename the amendment as Article the Fourth. The Senate Journal that day carried the article without the word, "best," but also without the replacements, "necessary to." Note that the extraneous commas have been omitted:

{{cquote|A well regulated militia being the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.<ref>U.S. Senate Journal, 1st Cong., 1st sess., 9 September 1789.</ref>}}

With two-thirds of the Senate concurring on the proposed amendments, they were sent back to the House for the Representatives' perusal. On September 21, the House notified the Senate that it agreed to some of their amendments, but not all of them. However, they agreed to Article the Fourth in its entirety:

{{cquote|Resolved, That this House doth agree to the second, fourth, eighth, twelfth, thirteenth, sixteenth, eighteenth, nineteenth, twenty-fifth, and twenty-sixth amendments...<ref>U.S. House Journal. 1st Cong., 1st sess., 21 September 1789.</ref>}}

By September 25, the Congress had resolved all differences pertaining to the proposed amendments to the Constitution. On that day, a Clerk of the House, William Lambert, put what is now known as the Bill of Rights to parchment. Three days later, it was signed by the Speaker of the House, Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg, and the President of the Senate, Vice President John Adams. This parchment copy is held by the National Archives and Records Administration, and shows the following version of the fourth article:

{{cquote|Article the Fourth. A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.<ref>Bill of Rights. National Archives and Records Administration. http://www.nara.gov/exhall/charters/billrights/bill.jpg, 22 January 2000.</ref>}}

The above version is used almost exclusively today, but aside from the parchment copy, the author was unable to find any other official documents from that era which carry the amendment with the extra commas. In fact, in the appendix of the Senate Journal, Article the Fourth is entered as reading:

{{cquote|Art. IV. A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.<ref>U.S. Senate Journal. 1st Cong., 1st sess., Appendix.</ref>}}

Also, the Annals of Congress, formally called The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States, show the proposed amendment as follows:

{{cquote|Article the Fourth. A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the People to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.<ref>Annals of Congress, 1st Cong., 1st sess., Appendix</ref>}}

Further, once two-thirds of both chambers of the Congress agreed to the proposed amendments, the House passed a resolve to request that the President send copies of them to the governors of the eleven states in the Union, and to those of Rhode Island and North Carolina. The Senate concurred on September 26, as recorded in their journal:

{{cquote|Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the President of the United States be requested to transmit to the executives of the United States, which have ratified the constitution copies of the amendments proposed by Congress, to be added thereto; and like copies to the executives of the states of Rhode Island and North Carolina.<ref>U.S. Senate Journal. 1st Cong. 1st sess., 26 September 1789.</ref>}}

Fortunately, an original copy of the amendments proposed by the Congress, and sent to the State of Rhode Island and the Providence Plantations, does survive. Certified as a true copy by Assembly Secretary Henry Ward, it reads in part:

{{cquote|Article the Fourth, — A well regulated Militia being neceffary to the Security of a free State, the Right of the People to keep and bear Arms fhall not be infringed.<ref>A True Bill. The Constitution for the United States, Its Sources and Its Applications. http://www.nidlink.com/~bobhard/billofrt.jpg, 27 January 2000.</ref>}}

And so, the proposed amendments to the Constitution were sent to the states for ratification. When notifying the President that their legislatures or conventions had ratified some or all of the proposed amendments, some states attached certified copies of them. New York, Maryland, South Carolina, and Rhode Island notified the general government that they had ratified the fourth amendment in this form:

Article the Fourth. A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the People to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.<ref>U.S. House Journal, 1st Cong., 3rd sess., Appendix Note: Maryland and South Carolina capitalized the "m" in "Militia."</ref>

Articles the First and Second were not ratified by the required three-fourths of the states, but by December 15, 1791, the last ten articles were. These, of course, are now known as the Bill of Rights. Renumbering the amendments was required since the first two had not been ratified. The 1796 revision of The Federalist on the New Constitution reflects the change as such:

{{cquote|ARTICLE THE SECOND

A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.<ref>The Federalist on the New Constitution, 1796. The Constitution for the United States, Its Sources and Its Applications. http://www.nidlink.com/~bobhard/f16b1234.jpg, 17 February 2000.</ref>}}

This version is carried throughout the 19th Century, in such legal treatises as Joseph Story's Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States (1833) and Thomas Cooley's Principles of Constitutional Law (1898). It is also transcribed in this manner in the 1845 Statutes at Large, although the term "state" is capitalized in that text. The latter are the official source for acts of Congress.<ref>Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States. The Constitution Society. http://www.constitution.org/js/js_344.htm, 18 February 2000.</ref><ref>Quotes from Constitutional Commentators. Gun Cite. http://www.guncite.com/gc2ndcom.html, 2 February 2000.</ref><ref>Statutes at Large 1845, 21.</ref>

This version still appears today, as is the case with the annotated version of the Constitution they sponsored on the Government Printing Office web site (1992, supplemented in 1996 and 1998). The Second Amendment is shown as reading:

{{cquote|A well regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms shall not be infringed.<ref>Second Amendment--Bearing Arms. The Constitution of the United States of America. http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/senate/constitution/amdt2.html, 18 February 2000.</ref>}}

(The Senate-sponsored GPO site does carry a "literal print" of the amendments to the Constitution showing the Second Amendment with the additional commas. The punctuation and capitalization of the amendments transcribed there are the same as those found on the parchment copy displayed in the Rotunda of the National Archives.)<ref>Text of the Amendments (Literal Print). The Constitution of the United States of America. http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/senate/constitution/conamt.html, 18 February 2000.</ref>

Thus, many scholars argue that correct rendition of the Second Amendment carries but a single comma, after the word "state." It was in this form that those twenty-seven words were written, agreed upon, passed, and ratified.

Why the Commas are Important

It is important to use the proper Second Amendment because it is clearly and flawlessly written in its original form. Also, the function of the words, "a well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state," are readily discerned when the proper punctuation is used. On the other hand, the gratuitous addition of commas serves only to render the sentence grammatically incorrect and unnecessarily ambiguous.

==Liberal targeting==
[[Liberal]]s have made various efforts to subvert the Second Amendment by enacting unconstitutional gun laws that restrict the ability of individuals to protect themselves against the excesses of [[government]]. Examples include:
* news reports appealing predominately to emotion in the aftermath of mass shootings while ignoring merits of self-defense
* celebrity-showings demanding a plan to end mass shootings
* gun "buy back" programs officiated by city police

[[Conservative]]s have fought back against anti-Second Amendment efforts in various ways. One of these is creating "Second Amendment sanctuaries."<ref>Xiao, Bowen (January 1, 2020). [https://www.theepochtimes.com/hundreds-of-counties-across-america-have-declared-themselves-second-amendment-sanctuaries_3190193.html Hundreds of Counties Across America Have Declared Themselves ‘2nd Amendment Sanctuaries’]. ''The Epoch Times''. Retrieved January 1, 2020.</ref>

==Weapons covered==
The drafters of the Second Amendment probably had muskets and handguns in mind, but courts are now struggling to define the weapons covered by the "right to bear arms" in the 21st Century.

For example, the Connecticut Supreme Court in [http://jud.ct.gov/external/supapp/Cases/AROcr/CR315/315CR113.pdf''State v. DeCiccio'' (2015)] upheld the constitutionality of a state law prohibiting the transportation of a police batton or dirk knife in a motor vehicle. Yet, the Court struck down the statute to the extent that it infringed on the defendant's right to transport them between his old and new residences.

There are also lower court cases finding Second Amendment protection for tasers, billy clubs, switchblades and other weapons that are less lethal than handguns.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2014/12/16/second-amendment-protects-dirk-knives-and-police-batons/|title=Second Amendment protects dirk knives and police batons|first=Eugene |last=Volokh |date=December 16, 2014|work=Washington Post|accessdate=February 7, 2015}}</ref>

==Further reading==
*Charles, Robert (March 28, 2018). [https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2018/03/28/if-second-amendment-falls-our-entire-bill-rights-falls.html If the Second Amendment falls, our entire Bill of Rights falls]. ''Fox News''.

==See also==
* [[List of state constitutions containing a RKBA provision]]
* [[United States Constitution]]
* [[Castle Doctrine]]
* [[National Rifle Association]]
* [[Gun Owners of America]]
* [[Veterans]]
* [[Oath Keepers]]
* [[Battle of Athens (1946)]]
* [[List of instances of armed citizens stopping active shooters]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{US amendments}}

==External links==
* [http://www.nraila.org/Issues/SecondAmendment.aspx Second Amendment Center], [[NRA|nraila.org]].
* [http://www2.law.ucla.edu/volokh/2amteach/sources.htm Professor Eugene Volokh's comprehensive compilation of resources on the Second Amendment]

[[Category:Second Amendment]]

{{Firearms topics}}