Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Quartz

2018-08-24T18:25:53Z

Pinely:

{{Mineral
| name=Quartz
| image=Quartz.jpg
| cdesc=Silicon dioxide
| formula=SiO2
| colors=Clear (with no impurities)
| streak=White
| hardness=7
| cleavage=None
| fracture=Conchoidal
| sgravity=2.65
| csystem=rhombohedral
| chabit=6-sided prism ending in 6-sided pyramid
| enviro=
| occur=Hydrothermal veins, common constituent of granite and other igneous and metamorphic rocks
| nameorigin=[[Germany|German]] "Quarz".
}}
'''Quartz''' is the second most common [[mineral]] found on [[Earth]] being the primary component of [[sand]]. More accurately known as silicon dioxide, quartz has a chemical composition of SiO2 arranged in a repeating lattice forming [[hexagon]]al [[crystal]]s. Pure quartz is clear, but colored variations are created because of impurities in the crystal. Quartz is number 7 on the [[Mohs Hardness Scale]].
 Quartz is used in a number of applications; most commonly in [[glass]] making but also abrasives, electrical components or decorative gemstones especially if colored by impurities.
[[Category:Minerals]]

Matricide

2018-08-07T21:59:09Z

Pinely: Added page links, a category, and a new section. No added information.

'''Matricide''' is the act of one deliberately [[murder]]ing one's own [[mother]].

[[White]] [[male]]s are overwhelmingly likely to commit matricide, and the motive is usually physical and/or emotional abuse.<ref>http://www.practicalhomicide.com/Research/parricide.htm</ref> Committing matricide simultaneously breaks two of the [[Ten Commandments]]- disrespecting one's mother, and murder. [[Salvation]] from matricide is possible with sincere [[penance]] to [[God]] for these [[sin]]s, though such penance is very unlikely.

==Etymology==
The word is [[Latin]], with ''mater'' meaning "mother", and the suffix -cide originating from ''caedere'' meaning "to kill".<ref>http://www.dictionary.com/browse/-cide</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Murder‏‎]]

Menstruation

2018-08-07T21:54:57Z

Pinely: Fixed page link.

'''Menstruation''' or '''menses''' occurs at the end of a [[placenta]]l [[mammal]]'s menstrual cycle. There are two types of menstruation:
* Overt menstruation, occurring in [[human]]s and [[Hominidae|great apes]], in which some of the lining of the [[uterus]] is shed and expelled from the body;
* Covert menstruation, occurring in all other placental mammals, in which the [[endometrium]] is reabsorbed without being expelled.

Over the course of the menstrual cycle, the lining of the uterus builds up in preparation for implantation of a fertilized [[ovum]]. If no conception occurs, the thickened lining is sloughed off and flows out though the cervix and vaginal canal. The process of thickening then starts again for the next menstrual cycle.<ref>[http://www.4woman.gov/faq/menstru.htm#4 Menstruation and the Menstrual Cycle, from the US Dept. of Health and Human Services]</ref> If conception occurs, hormonal changes occur in the body that prevent menstruation from occurring.

Menarche is the onset of menstruation in an adolescent. This average age of menarche is twelve, but there is much variation. Amenorrhea is an unusual absence of menstruation and should be cause for medical consultation.

==Differing Views on the Purpose of Menstruation Through History==
A number of hypotheses have been put forth regarding the purpose or benefit of menstruation:
* The ancient physician [[Hippocrates]] held that menstruation was the body's means of purging itself of bad [[humor]]s, based on his belief that an excess of blood in the body led to health problems;
* Margie Profet argues that menstruation was the body's means of purging the uterus and reproductive system of bacterial infection, based on the fact that menstrual blood contains an unusually large amount of macrophages, or immune cells;<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8210311</ref>
* Beverly Strassmann argued that the purpose of menstruation is energy conservation—that the endometrium is very energy-intensive, so it is more efficient to maintain it for only part of the time. "Endometrial economy," she argued, preserves the metabolic equivalent of six days worth of food for women.<ref>Strassmann, Beverly I. (1996) "The Evolution of Endometrial Cycles and Menstruation", Quarterly Review of Biology 71, 2(June): 181-221.</ref>
* Elsimar M. Coutinho argues that menstruation acted as a sign that a woman had failed to conceive in the past, and as such is now "obsolete" and should be "cured" by modern medicine.<ref>Elsimar M. Coutinho, ''Is Menstruation Obsolete?''</ref>

== Overt and covert menstruation ==
Both overt menstruation and covert menstruation, the majority of the endometrium is reabsorbed. This leaves us with the question: why do humans and great apes experience overt menstruation? Some speculate that the sophistication and size of the endometrium required to support a human and great ape fetus. It may simply be too large to be reabsorbed, and the excess material is expelled via overt menstruation.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8693059</ref>

==Menstruation and the Bible==
Under the [[Mosaic Law]], a woman was to be put apart during menstruation:
{{Bible quote|And if a woman have an issue, [and] her issue in her flesh be blood, she shall be put apart seven days: and whosoever toucheth her shall be unclean until the even. And every thing that she lieth upon in her separation shall be unclean: every thing also that she sitteth upon shall be unclean. And whosoever toucheth her bed shall wash his clothes, and bathe [himself] in water, and be unclean until the even. And whosoever toucheth any thing that she sat upon shall wash his clothes, and bathe [himself] in water, and be unclean until the even. And if it [be] on [her] bed, or on any thing whereon she sitteth, when he toucheth it, he shall be unclean until the even. And if any man lie with her at all, and her flowers be upon him, he shall be unclean seven days; and all the bed whereon he lieth shall be unclean.
|book=Leviticus|chap=15|verses=19-24|version=KJV}}

Also, sex during menstruation was a forbidden form of [[sexual immorality]]:

{{Bible quote|And if a man shall lie with a woman having her sickness, and shall uncover her nakedness; he hath discovered her fountain, and she hath uncovered the fountain of her blood: and both of them shall be cut off from among their people.
|book=Leviticus|chap=20|verses=18|version=KJV}}

Max Neuberger, writing in his "History of Medicine" states:
{{cquote|The commands concern prophylaxis and suppression of epidemics, suppression of venereal disease and prostitution, care of the skin, baths, food, housing and clothing, regulation of labour, sexual life, discipline of the people, etc. Many of these commands, such as Sabbath rest, circumcision, laws concerning food (interdiction of blood and pork), measures concerning menstruating and lying-in women, and those suffering from gonorrhea, isolation of lepers, and hygiene of the camp, are, in view of the conditions of the climate, surprisingly rational.<ref name=Neuberger>Neuburger, Max. ''History of Medicine''. Oxford University Press, 1910, Vol. I, p. 38.</ref>}}

An abstract for the L.L. Ben-Noun 2003 article in the ''European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology'' entitled "What is the biblical attitude towards personal hygiene during vaginal bleeding?" states the following:
{{cquote|To analyze biblical passages associated with personal hygiene during vaginal bleeding. According to the Bible, a woman who is menstruating or who has pathological vaginal bleeding is unclean. Anybody who touches such a woman's bed or her personal things is also regarded as unclean and should therefore, wash carefully. Sexual relations are forbidden within 7 days from the beginning of menstruation and during pathological vaginal bleeding. Seven days after the cessation of vaginal bleeding, a woman is considered as clean, and therefore, sexual contacts are permitted. From a modern perspective sexual contacts during menses are associated with the development of chlamydial and gonococcal diseases, the risk of transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus infection, endometriosis and subsequent infertility.This report indicates that the roots of contemporary obstetric preventive medicine can be traced to Biblical times.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12475597?dopt=Abstract</ref>}}

Also, modern science has only very recently discovered that following such rules dramatically reduces the rate of [[illegitimacy]].<ref>[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/06/120604182027.htm How Religion Promotes Confidence About Paternity]</ref> [[CreationWiki]] sees the biblical injunction about a man not sleeping with a woman who is menstruating as one of the many examples of [[Bible scientific foreknowledge]].<ref>http://creationwiki.org/Bible_scientific_foreknowledge</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Biology]]
[[Category:Human Development]]

Food science

2018-08-07T21:47:00Z

Pinely: Added page links and a category.

The Institute of Food Technologists defines '''food science''' as "the discipline in which the [[engineering]], [[biology|biological]], and physical [[science]]s are used to study the nature of [[food]]s, the causes of deterioration, the principles underlying food processing, and the improvement of foods for the consuming [[public]]".<ref>Heldman, Dennis R. "IFT and the Food Science Profession." Food Technology. October 2006. p. 11.</ref>
== Notes ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
[[Category:Food]]
[[Category:Science]]

Daniel Brandt

2018-08-07T21:44:37Z

Pinely: Added page links.

'''Daniel Brandt''' is best known for operating the now-offline [[website]] "Wikipedia Watch". His site revealed the identities of many Wikipedians.<ref>Wikipedia Watch: (http://www.wikipedia-watch.org/ domain name parked as of 2017)</ref>

== Wikipedia biography deletion wheel-war and arbitration case ==
Brandt's article on [[Wikipedia]] was repeatedly deleted and restored, which eventually led to an arbitration case before the Arbitration Committee;<ref name=ArbCom>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/Daniel_Brandt_deletion_wheel_war Wikipedia Arbitration case]</ref> the "highest tier" of the administrator-run site.<ref>Kohs, Gregory. [http://www.examiner.com/wiki-edits-in-national/wikipedia-arbitration-committee-member-resigns-under-plagiarism-cloud "Wikipedia Arbitration Committee member resigns under plagiarism cloud"], Examiner.com, 1 November 2010</ref> The Arbitration Committee claims that their role on Wikipedia is to "impose binding solutions to disputes between [[editor]]s, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve."<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee Wikipedia Arbitration Committee page]</ref> this practice on Wikipedia is known as "wheel-warring", and is "looked down" upon by the Wikipedia community.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators Wikipedia administrator policy]</ref>

Thrice in October 2005, Brandt's article was deleted for notability reasons;<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ALog&type=delete&user=&page=Daniel+Brandt Daniel Brandt article deletion log]</ref> this was not part of the conflict.<ref name=ArbCom/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* encyclopediadramatica.se/Daniel_Brandt/Wikipedia - Archive of WP entry. (Warning: site has ads and popups and other pages that are not family-friendly)

[[Category:Wikipedia People]]

David Wood

2018-08-07T21:42:19Z

Pinely: Added page links.

'''David Wood''' is a [[Christian]] [[apologist]], and the head of Acts 17 Apologetics, an [[organization]] focused mainly on converting [[Muslim]]s. David, a former [[atheist]] [[psychopath]], realized that [[God]] exists while in [[jail]] for the attempted [[murder]] of his [[father]]. He was a major influence in the conversion of Nabeel Qureshi, [[author]] of "Seeking Allah Finding Jesus".<ref>Acts17.net</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wood, David}}
[[Category: Philosophers]]
[[Category: Christian Apologists]]
[[Category: Religious People]]
[[Category: Former Atheists]]

Dave Barry

2018-08-07T21:16:29Z

Pinely: Added page links.

'''Dave Barry''' is an [[American]] [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning [[humor]] [[columnist]] and [[author]], whose works are often depicted as offering entertaining insight into serious problems.<ref>http://www.pulitzer.org/winners/dave-barry</ref> It has been debated whether or not Dave Barry is [[conservative]], but this could be observed from his news-related columns as gathered in his ''History of the Millennium''.<ref>Barry, Dave. ''Dave Barry's History of the Millennium''.</ref><ref>https://babygiraffes.wordpress.com/2012/01/02/dave-barry-closet-conservative/. Blog.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barry, Dave}}
[[Category:American Authors]]
[[Category:Humorists]]
[[Category:Columnists]]

Robert Benchley

2018-08-07T21:16:07Z

Pinely: Added page links.

'''Robert Benchley''' (1889-1945) was an [[American]] [[humorist]] and [[actor]]. His works include ''Love Conquers All'' (1922), ''My Ten Years in a Quandary'' (1936), and ''Benchley Beside Himself'' (1943).<ref>''The New York Public Library Student's Desk Reference''. Prentice Hall, New York, 1993.</ref> He is best remembered for a single quote:{{cquote|Opera is when a man gets stabbed in the back, and, instead of bleeding, sings. --Robert Benchley}}

==Life==
Benchley was born September 15, 1889, into a superficially tragic childhood in the 1890s of [[bee]] stings and cuts, though it was truly darkened by the [[death]] of his [[brother]] Edmund in the [[Spanish-American War]].<ref>https://users.wpi.edu/~cityofwords/benchley.html</ref> He attended [[Harvard University]], where he wrote for the ''Harvard Lampoon'', and later wrote several essays for the ''New Yorker''.<ref>"Benchley, Robert."
''The Famous People''. http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/robert-benchley-2682.php</ref> He was their lead [[drama]] [[critic]] and wrote for the Wayward Press under the name Guy Fawkes before his monologue "The Treasurer's Report," introduced him to the revue and the cinema.<ref>"Benchley, Robert." ''Encyclopedia Britannica Online''.</ref>
During the 1920s, he was a very popular humorist who wrote about daily struggles.<ref>"Robert Benchley."
''Infoplease''. https://www.infoplease.com/people/who2-biography/robert-benchley</ref> He also worked as an actor, receiving over 40 small roles in [[film]]s including ''How to Sleep''.<ref>"Robert Benchley, Synopsis." ''Biography.com''. http://www.biography.com/people/robert-benchley-9206715#synopsis</ref> He considered himself, over all, a lazy [[man]], and member of the Algonquin Club along with [[Dorothy Parker]], Robert Sherwood, and Alexander Parker, a group also called the ''Vicious Circle''.<ref>Pietruza, David. "Robert Benchley: A Profile in Humor." http://www.davidpietrusza.com/benchley.html</ref> Over time, his interested in [[writing]] decreased and he appeared more in films until his death on November 21, 1945.<ref>"Benhcley, Robert."
''Your Dictionary''. http://biography.yourdictionary.com/robert-benchley</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.davidpietrusza.com/benchley.html Profile]
*[https://users.wpi.edu/~cityofwords/benchley.html A City of Words]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Benchley, Robert}}
[[Category:American Authors]]
[[Category:Film Critics]]
[[Category:Humorists]]

Cleaning caddy

2018-08-07T21:10:48Z

Pinely: Added page links.

A '''cleaning caddy''' is a watertight basket for carrying [[cleaning]] [[tool]]s and supplies to and from the work site. A [[bottle]] of bathroom cleaner, a scrub [[sponge]], and a rinse cup might be in the basket or a duster, polish cloth, paper towels, squeegee and [[window]] cleaner. What is placed in the caddy depends on the work to be done. The tools and supplies for the particular task are brought from the utility room to the work site before the cleaning begins. Cleaning caddies are for sale in janitorial, hardware and other stores.<ref>1. Dellutri, L. 2005. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qz8ojGJbfBcC&dq=Speed+Cleaning+101&printsec=frontcover&source=bn&hl=en&ei=IWHvSoOBIYPqsQPS36SFBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CBUQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%22Cleaning%20caddy%22&f=false Speed Cleaning 101.]'' Des Moines, Iowa: Meredith Books. 2. Bredenberg, J. 1998. ''[http://www.rodalestore.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?catalogId=10002&storeId=10051&productId=12573&langId=-1&mag=store&nav_wt=catbestsellers Clean it Fast, Clean it Right]'' Emmaus, PA: Rodale.</ref>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Tools]]

Cohabitation

2018-08-07T21:07:40Z

Pinely: Added page links.

'''Cohabitation''' is a term usually used to describe a couple living together in a [[sex|sexual]] [[relationship]] without the benefit of [[marriage]]. Multiple studies from the 1970s through the present have shown that cohabitating couples are less stable than marriages. On average their relationships will not last as long and the level of satisfaction is lower.<ref>"Married men and women report very active sex lives—as do those who are cohabiting. But the married appear to be more satisfied with sex than others." [http://www.gwu.edu/~icps/waite.html]</ref>
There is also a higher incidence of [[domestic violence]]. Cohabitating couples also have significantly higher rates of [[divorce]] if they do get married.<ref>"... marriages that follow an extensive period of cohabitation ... end in divorce at disproportionately high rates" [http://larison.org/archives/000540.php]</ref>
The more partners someone cohabitates with before marriage, the less likely they are to have a stable marriage relationship.<ref>http://www.foreverfamilies.net/xml/articles/benefitsofchastity.aspx</ref>

In some [[country|countries]] with [[law]]s based on [[England|English]] [[common law]], couples who cohabit may find themselves legally married after a prescribed time. This is referred to as a common law marriage.<ref>[http://www.expertlaw.com/library/family_law/common_law.html common law marriage]</ref>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Marriage]]
[[Category:Culture]]

Ball lightning

2018-08-07T21:02:44Z

Pinely: Added page links and a category.

'''Ball lightning''' refers to mobile bright [[sphere]]s sometimes observed during [[thunderstorm]]s. Most observations of ball lightning are made during thunderstorm activity, within a few feet of the ground. A typical ball lightning is about as big as an [[orange]] or grapefruit, and lasts a few seconds. Visual sightings are often accompanied by sound, odor, and permanent material damage.<ref>[http://istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/earthmag/magnQ&A4.htm NASA.gov]</ref>

Very similar, if not identical [[phenomenon|phenomena]], occur in [[submarine]]s due to [[electricity|electric]] discharge of [[direct current]] across a circuit breaker, and in high-power electrical equipment. Ball lightning is sometimes confused with St Elmo's Fire. St Elmo's fire is a corona discharge from a pointed conducting object, ''which must remain attached to a conductor'', and which usually lasts much longer than ball lightning.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Science]]
[[Category:Electricity]]

Bernard Malamud

2018-08-07T20:59:05Z

Pinely: Added page links.

'''Bernard Malamud''' (1914-1986) was an [[American]] [[author]]. His works include: ''The Natural'' (1961), ''The Fixer'' (1967), ''The Magic Barrel'' (1958), ''The Tenants'' (1971), ''God's Grace'' (1982), and ''A New Life'' (1988). He won a [[Pulitzer Prize]] for ''The Fixer'' and a National Book Award for ''The Fixer'' and ''The Magic Barrel''. He won a Pulitzer Prize for ''The Fixer''<ref>''The New York Public Library Student's Desk Reference''. Prentice Hall: New York, 1991.</ref>

==Life and Works==
Malamud was born in [[Brooklyn]], [[New York]] on April 26, 1914.<ref name="bio">http://www.biography.com/people/bernard-malamud-9396071</ref> His father was a Russian-Jewish [[immigrant]] and grocery store-owner, and his mother a theater fan who died when Malamud was 15.<ref name="jew">http://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/bernard-malamud/</ref> He attended a [[city]] [[college]] and taught at various [[high school]]s, but did not begin writing until after the [[Holocaust]].<ref>http://www.notablebiographies.com/Lo-Ma/Malamud-Bernard.html</ref>

Most of his works use depressing material to form cosmic [[comedy]] in a [[religion|religious]] style, and depict [[Jewish]] life in [[America]].<ref name="brit">"Malamud, Bernard." ''Encyclopedia Britannica Online''.</ref> His ''The Natural'' tells the story of a [[baseball]] player, while his ''The Assistant'' tells the story of a Jewish grocery owner whose store has been robbed trying to make ends meet.<ref name="jew"></ref> In ''The Fixer'', he speaks of a Jewish handyman imprisoned for the [[murder]] of a [[Christian]] boy in tsarist [[Russia]].<ref name="brit"></ref><ref name="jew"></ref> He died on March 18, 1986 in New York.<ref name="bio"></ref><ref>http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/09/28/reviews/malamud-obit.html</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malamud, Bernard}}
[[Category:American Authors]]
[[Category:Jewish Authors]]

Charlotte Brontë

2018-08-07T20:55:59Z

Pinely: Added page links.

'''Charlotte Brontë''' (1816-1855) was the [[British]] [[author]] of ''Jane Eyre'' (1847).<ref>''The New York Public Library Student's Desk Reference''. Prentice Hall: New York, 1991.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bronte, Charlotte}}
[[Category:British Authors]]

Charles Roberts

2018-08-07T20:55:03Z

Pinely: typo

'''Sir Charles G. D. Roberts''' (1860-1943) was a [[Canadian]] [[author]]. His works include ''Orion, and Other Poems'' (1880), ''In Divers Tones'' (1887), ''Songs of the Common Day'' (1893), ''Earth's Enigmas'' (1896), ''The Vagrant of Time'' (1927), ''The Iceberg, and Other Poems'' (1934), and ''Further Animal Stories'' (1936).<ref>''The New York Public Library Student's Desk Reference''. Prentice Hall, New York: 1991.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roberts, Sir Charles G. D.}}
[[Category:Canadian Authors]]

Charles Roberts

2018-08-07T20:54:48Z

Pinely: Added page links.

'''Sir Charles G. D. Roberts''' (1860-1943) was a [[Canadian]] [[author]]. His works include ''Orion, and Other PoemS'' (1880), ''In Divers Tones'' (1887), ''Songs of the Common Day'' (1893), ''Earth's Enigmas'' (1896), ''The Vagrant of Time'' (1927), ''The Iceberg, and Other Poems'' (1934), and ''Further Animal Stories'' (1936).<ref>''The New York Public Library Student's Desk Reference''. Prentice Hall, New York: 1991.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roberts, Sir Charles G. D.}}
[[Category:Canadian Authors]]

Daniel Defoe

2018-08-07T20:53:20Z

Pinely:

'''Daniel Defoe''' (1660-1731) was an [[British|English]] [[author]]. His works include ''Robinson Crusoe'' (1719) and ''Moll Flanders'' (1722).<ref>''The New York Public Library Student's Desk Reference''. Prentice Hall: New York, 1991.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Defoe, Daniel}}
[[Category:British Authors]]

Daniel Defoe

2018-08-07T20:51:30Z

Pinely: Added page links.

'''Daniel Defoe''' (1660-1731) is an [[British|English]] [[author]]. His works include ''Robinson Crusoe'' (1719) and ''Moll Flanders'' (1722).<ref>''The New York Public Library Student's Desk Reference''. Prentice Hall: New York, 1991.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Defoe, Daniel}}
[[Category:British Authors]]

God

2018-08-07T14:25:50Z

Pinely: Are we not going to follow the wiki's Manual of Style on this page? "See also" goes after "References" on the other pages...

''This article is about the biblical God. For the term as used to refer to any divine being, see [[Other gods]]''
[[Image:Alphaomega.jpg|thumb|200px|God is the Alpha and Omega, the first and last, the beginning and the ending <ref>Revelation 22:13</ref>]]
{{trinity}}
{{cquote|'''Genesis 1:1''' In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.}}
'''God''' is the sovereign creator and eternal ruler of all things and beings that exist, whether in the physical [[universe]] or in the spiritual realm ([[Heaven]]). Not only is God the creator and ruler of the things and beings within those two realms, but He is also the creator of the realms themselves. God created the physical universe, and before He acted in this creation, the universe did not exist. Likewise God did with the spiritual realm.

== God is Revealed: How we know about God ==

Other than creation itself, God is revealed in several ways, including [[theological correlates]], conscience, and special revelation (the [[Bible]], and prophets). Most importantly though, God is revealed in [[Jesus Christ]], who is the Son of God.

[[File:Mezquita Catedral Cordoba.jpg|frame|center|[[Cathedral]] Cordoba, Spain.]]

== Attributes or Character of God ==
[[File:Rembrandt Ascension.jpg|thumb|[[Rembrandt]], Ascension.]]
The attributes of God are things that describe who He is. Similar to the way one might describe a close friend to another individual, so too do these attributes describe God's character and nature. Attributes of God include but are not limited to [[Wisdom]], [[Infinitude]], [[Sovereignty]], [[Holiness]], [[Trinity]], [[Omniscience]], [[Faithfulness]], [[Love]], [[Omnipotence]], Self-existence, Self-sufficiency, [[Justice]], [[Immutability]], [[Mercy]], [[Eternal]], [[Goodness]], Graciousness, and [[Omnipresence]]. These attributes all work in complete and perfect harmony with one another.

God exercises eternal and righteous judgment of the wicked in [[hell]], because of an inherent problem in the human heart, namely [[Sin]]. According to the [[Bible]], the sacrifice of [[Jesus Christ]] on the cross of [[Calvary]] and then [[resurrection]], is God's merciful and gracious response to the problem of the human heart.

=== God is Triune ===
{{main|Trinity}}

Although the Bible does not use the term, it is clear that God is a triune God, or three in one.
These are sometimes referred to as ''God the Father'', ''God the Son'' ([[Jesus Christ|Jesus]]), and the ''[[Holy Spirit]]''.

The first hint of the Trinity is in {{Bible ref|Genesis|1|26}} which relates God saying, "Let us make man in our image", indicating that God is a plurality.

The three persons of God are treated as equivalents in these words of Jesus shortly after His resurrection:
{{Bible quote|Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit.|book=Matthew|chap=28|verses=19|version=NIV}}

==== Jesus is God ====
[[Image:Pieta.jpg|thumb|270px|[[Pieta]], [[Michelangelo]].]]

The first verse of the [[Gospel of John]], in which Jesus is referred to as the "Word", makes clear that Jesus is synonymous with God:
{{Bible quote|In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.|book=John|chap=1|verses=1|version=NIV}}
This verse not only says that "the Word" (Jesus) is synonymous with God, but also says that the Word was "in the beginning", which means that He existed before all else existed, something that is only true of God.

This is reinforced two verses later, in which Jesus is described as the creator.
[[Genesis]] refers to God as being the Creator.
{{Bible quote|Through him all things were made; without him nothing was made that has been made.|book=John|chap=1|verses=3|version=NIV}}

==== The Holy Spirit is God ====

In the following passage, the [[Holy Spirit]] is referred to as God:
{{Bible quote|Then Peter said, "Ananias, how is it that Satan has so filled your heart that you have lied to the Holy Spirit and have kept for yourself some of the money you received for the land? Didn't it belong to you before it was sold? And after it was sold, wasn't the money at your disposal? What made you think of doing such a thing? You have not lied to men but to God."|book=Acts|chap=5|verses=3-4|version=NIV}}

=== God is omniscient ===
{{main|omniscience}}

God knows everything:
{{Bible quote|This then is how we know that we belong to the truth, and how we set our hearts at rest in his presence whenever our hearts condemn us. For God is greater than our hearts, and he knows everything.|book=1_John|chap=3|verses=19-20|version=NIV}}

Because God is outside of [[time]], He can see and knows the [[past]] and the [[future]] as well as the present.

== "God" sometimes used to refer to God the Father ==
[[Image:Velasco Padre Eterno.jpg|thumb|left|180px|God the Father by [[Jose Maria Velasco]] (1840-1912).]]
In the Bible, the word "God" (θεός) does not always refer to God's being as a whole, but more specifically refers to the Person of the Father (God the Father). Here are some verses which demonstrate this:
{{cquote|'''John 3:16''' (NASB) For God so loved the world, that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him shall not perish, but have eternal life.}}
{{cquote|'''1 John 4:10''' (NASB) In this is love, not that we loved God, but that He loved us and sent His Son to be the propitiation for our sins.}}
Notice how in each case, "Father" can be substituted for "God." For example, "For the ''Father'' so loved the world, that He gave His only begotten Son," and "not that we loved the ''Father'', but that He loved us and sent His Son."
{{Clear}}

== Terminology ==

The Bible uses several different words to refer to God.
"God" itself is not a name, but an [[Old English]] word meaning ''supreme being, deity'',<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=god God] Online Etymology Dictionary.</ref> which the translators who translated the Bible in to English chose as the appropriate English word for the [[Hebrew]] ''elohim'' and the [[Greek]] ''theos'' used in the [[Old Testament]] and [[New Testament]] respectively.<ref name="DPK">Kruse, Dale P.,[http://www.layevangelism.com/advtxbk/sections/sect-10/sec10-9.htm More on the ''Names'' of God In the Bible], Advanced Training Program of Evangelism.</ref>

The other main term for God is the Hebrew ''adonai'', usually translated ''Lord''.
There are various compound words also used in the Bible, such as ''el shaddai'', which means ''God Almighty'' ("''el''" is a short version of ''elohim'').<ref name="DPK" />

''YHWH'' is given in the Bible as God's actual name. In most English Bibles it is translated as ''Lord'', in small capitals. The name has various other English versions, including Yehovah, Jehovah, and Yahweh.<ref>McHyde, Tim, [http://www.escapeallthesethings.com/yahweh.htm God’s Name: LORD, Yahweh, Yahveh, YHWH, YHVH, Jehovah or Yehovah?]</ref>

== Resources on becoming a Christian ==
[[File:Hoffman Christ in the Garden of Gethsemane.jpg|thumbnail|170px||Christ in the Garden of Gethsemane by Heinrich Hofmann.]]

''see also:'' [[Resources on becoming a Christian]]

'''Below are some resources on becoming a [[Christian]]:'''

*[http://www.jesusfilm.org/film-and-media/watch-the-film Jesus film - free access]

*[http://www.thewordfortoday.org/?page=C2000 Free audio Bible and Bible audio streaming]

*[http://www.gotquestions.org/repentance.html Repentance]

*[http://www.allaboutgod.com/ AllAboutGod.com]

*[[Video testimonies of Christians]]

'''Tips on choosing a Christian church:'''

*[http://www.allaboutreligion.org/choosing-a-christian-church-faq.htm Choosing a Christian Church]

'''Spiritual growth as a Christian:'''

*[http://www.navpress.com/product/9781576839324/The-Pursuit-of-Holiness-Jerry-Bridges The Pursuit of Holiness] by Jerry Bridges
*[http://www.navpress.com/product/9780891099413/The-Practice-of-Godliness-Jerry-Bridges The Practice of Godliness] by Jerry Bridges
*[http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/529785.The_Complete_Book_of_Discipleship The Complete Book of Discipleship: On Being and Making Followers of Christ]

== See also ==
*[[Other gods]]
*[[Atheism]]
*[[Christianity in Conservapedia]]
*[[Bible Art Gallery]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.gotquestions.org/who-is-God.html Who is God?], at [[GotQuestions]]
*[https://www.gotquestions.org/what-is-God.html What is God?], at [[GotQuestions]]
*[https://www.gotquestions.org/is-there-a-God.html Is there a God?], at [[GotQuestions]]
*[https://answersingenesis.org/jesus-christ/jesus-is-god/10-biblical-reasons-jesus-is-god/ 10 Biblical Reasons Jesus Is God], by Simon Turpin at [[Answers in Genesis]], August 8, 2017
*[http://www.theopedia.com/God Theopedia - God]
*[http://christiananswers.net/dictionary/god.html ChristianAnswers.net - God]
*[http://wikible.org/en/God Wikible.org - God]

{{Conservatism}}

[[Category:Christianity]]
[[Category:Divine Beings]]

Ayurvedic medicine

2018-08-07T00:46:01Z

Pinely: Fixed link.

'''Ayurvedic medicine''' (or simply '''Ayurveda''') is an ancient [[medicine|medical practice]] that originated in [[India]] more that 3,000 years ago. It takes a [[holism|holistic]] view of [[health]], focusing on maintaining [[body|physical]], [[mind|mental]], and [[spiritual]] well-being rather than on treating [[illness]].<ref>http://www.webmd.com/balance/guide/ayurvedic-treatments</ref>

Like all [[New Age]] practices, reconciling it with [[Christianity]] can be problematic.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.womenofgrace.com/blog/?p=132 Women of Grace Blog]
* [http://www.colsoncenter.org/the-center/columns/call-response/21453-the-christian-and-holistic-health Colson Center]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Soul

2018-08-07T00:45:15Z

Pinely: Added page links

:''Not to be confused with [[Soul music]]''
The '''soul''' is a person's essential self, the embodiment of his values. A soul is measured in moral rather than [[body|physical]] or [[mind|intellectual]] terms. It transcends the material world.

Most [[Christian]]s regard the soul as the immortal essence of a [[human]] - the seat or locus of human [[will]], [[understanding]], [[morality]] and/or [[personality]]. When a person's physical body [[death|dies]], it is the soul that proceeds to the [[afterlife]] in [[Heaven]] or [[Hell]].

[[Atheist]]ic [[scientist]]s generally ignore or dismiss the soul as unsuitable for study. To be precise, the [[methodological naturalism]] of [[modern science]] is unable to handle the concept of the soul. Anything which is not material is deliberately excluded from consideration, and as the soul is not a material thing scientists accordingly refuse to study it. This has implications for the study of human [[psychology]], despite the fact that the word "psychology" is Latin for "study of the soul." There is also the question of when the soul enters the body, as this is important for the debate on [[abortion]] from a theological position.

It should be noted that there was once a study made at the turn of the 20th century by Duncan MacDougall of the loss of [[weight]] at the time of death. The scientist doing the measurements concluded that this loss of weight (approximately three quarters of an ounce) was due to the soul leaving the body.<ref>http://www.bio.miami.edu/dywang/Soul-Searching.html</ref> He also did a similar experiment with [[dog]]s, but found no change in weight, which would match the Chistian concept that of [[God]]'s [[creation]]s on the earth, humans alone have souls. No known attempts to follow up his work have ever been made.

In [[religion]]s that believe in [[reincarnation]], such as [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Taoism]] and [[Jain]]ism, all [[animal]]s have souls, as they believe that a soul can be [[born]] into any animal after death. This is part of why the [[Jain]] religion and less so in [[Buddhism]], there are strict [[Five Precepts|prohibition]] against indiscriminately killing or harming living things.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Atman]]
* [[Consciousness]] ([[Sanskrit]]: ''Alaya vignana'') in [[Buddhism]]

[[Category:Religion]]
[[Category:Philosophy]]
[[Category:Buddhism]]

Ayurvedic medicine

2018-08-07T00:39:33Z

Pinely:

'''Ayurvedic medicine''' (or simply '''Ayurveda''') is an ancient [[medicine|medical practice]] that originated in [[India]] more that 3,000 years ago. It takes a [[holistic]] view of [[health]], focusing on maintaining [[body|physical]], [[mind|mental]], and [[spiritual]] well-being rather than on treating [[illness]].<ref>http://www.webmd.com/balance/guide/ayurvedic-treatments</ref>

Like all [[New Age]] practices, reconciling it with [[Christianity]] can be problematic.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.womenofgrace.com/blog/?p=132 Women of Grace Blog]
* [http://www.colsoncenter.org/the-center/columns/call-response/21453-the-christian-and-holistic-health Colson Center]
[[Category:Medicine]]

God

2018-08-07T00:35:05Z

Pinely: Fixing to fit the Manual of Style.

''This article is about the biblical God. For the term as used to refer to any divine being, see [[Other gods]]''
[[Image:Alphaomega.jpg|thumb|200px|God is the Alpha and Omega, the first and last, the beginning and the ending <ref>Revelation 22:13</ref>]]
{{trinity}}
{{cquote|'''Genesis 1:1''' In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.}}
'''God''' is the sovereign creator and eternal ruler of all things and beings that exist, whether in the physical [[universe]] or in the spiritual realm ([[Heaven]]). Not only is God the creator and ruler of the things and beings within those two realms, but He is also the creator of the realms themselves. God created the physical universe, and before He acted in this creation, the universe did not exist. Likewise God did with the spiritual realm.

== God is Revealed: How we know about God ==

Other than creation itself, God is revealed in several ways, including [[theological correlates]], conscience, and special revelation (the [[Bible]], and prophets). Most importantly though, God is revealed in [[Jesus Christ]], who is the Son of God.

[[File:Mezquita Catedral Cordoba.jpg|frame|center|[[Cathedral]] Cordoba, Spain.]]

== Attributes or Character of God ==
[[File:Rembrandt Ascension.jpg|thumb|[[Rembrandt]], Ascension.]]
The attributes of God are things that describe who He is. Similar to the way one might describe a close friend to another individual, so too do these attributes describe God's character and nature. Attributes of God include but are not limited to [[Wisdom]], [[Infinitude]], [[Sovereignty]], [[Holiness]], [[Trinity]], [[Omniscience]], [[Faithfulness]], [[Love]], [[Omnipotence]], Self-existence, Self-sufficiency, [[Justice]], [[Immutability]], [[Mercy]], [[Eternal]], [[Goodness]], Graciousness, and [[Omnipresence]]. These attributes all work in complete and perfect harmony with one another.

God exercises eternal and righteous judgment of the wicked in [[hell]], because of an inherent problem in the human heart, namely [[Sin]]. According to the [[Bible]], the sacrifice of [[Jesus Christ]] on the cross of [[Calvary]] and then [[resurrection]], is God's merciful and gracious response to the problem of the human heart.

=== God is Triune ===
{{main|Trinity}}

Although the Bible does not use the term, it is clear that God is a triune God, or three in one.
These are sometimes referred to as ''God the Father'', ''God the Son'' ([[Jesus Christ|Jesus]]), and the ''[[Holy Spirit]]''.

The first hint of the Trinity is in {{Bible ref|Genesis|1|26}} which relates God saying, "Let us make man in our image", indicating that God is a plurality.

The three persons of God are treated as equivalents in these words of Jesus shortly after His resurrection:
{{Bible quote|Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit.|book=Matthew|chap=28|verses=19|version=NIV}}

==== Jesus is God ====
[[Image:Pieta.jpg|thumb|270px|[[Pieta]], [[Michelangelo]].]]

The first verse of the [[Gospel of John]], in which Jesus is referred to as the "Word", makes clear that Jesus is synonymous with God:
{{Bible quote|In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.|book=John|chap=1|verses=1|version=NIV}}
This verse not only says that "the Word" (Jesus) is synonymous with God, but also says that the Word was "in the beginning", which means that He existed before all else existed, something that is only true of God.

This is reinforced two verses later, in which Jesus is described as the creator.
[[Genesis]] refers to God as being the Creator.
{{Bible quote|Through him all things were made; without him nothing was made that has been made.|book=John|chap=1|verses=3|version=NIV}}

==== The Holy Spirit is God ====

In the following passage, the [[Holy Spirit]] is referred to as God:
{{Bible quote|Then Peter said, "Ananias, how is it that Satan has so filled your heart that you have lied to the Holy Spirit and have kept for yourself some of the money you received for the land? Didn't it belong to you before it was sold? And after it was sold, wasn't the money at your disposal? What made you think of doing such a thing? You have not lied to men but to God."|book=Acts|chap=5|verses=3-4|version=NIV}}

=== God is omniscient ===
{{main|omniscience}}

God knows everything:
{{Bible quote|This then is how we know that we belong to the truth, and how we set our hearts at rest in his presence whenever our hearts condemn us. For God is greater than our hearts, and he knows everything.|book=1_John|chap=3|verses=19-20|version=NIV}}

Because God is outside of [[time]], He can see and knows the [[past]] and the [[future]] as well as the present.

== "God" sometimes used to refer to God the Father ==
[[Image:Velasco Padre Eterno.jpg|thumb|left|180px|God the Father by [[Jose Maria Velasco]] (1840-1912).]]
In the Bible, the word "God" (θεός) does not always refer to God's being as a whole, but more specifically refers to the Person of the Father (God the Father). Here are some verses which demonstrate this:
{{cquote|'''John 3:16''' (NASB) For God so loved the world, that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him shall not perish, but have eternal life.}}
{{cquote|'''1 John 4:10''' (NASB) In this is love, not that we loved God, but that He loved us and sent His Son to be the propitiation for our sins.}}
Notice how in each case, "Father" can be substituted for "God." For example, "For the ''Father'' so loved the world, that He gave His only begotten Son," and "not that we loved the ''Father'', but that He loved us and sent His Son."
{{Clear}}

== Terminology ==

The Bible uses several different words to refer to God.
"God" itself is not a name, but an [[Old English]] word meaning ''supreme being, deity'',<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=god God] Online Etymology Dictionary.</ref> which the translators who translated the Bible in to English chose as the appropriate English word for the [[Hebrew]] ''elohim'' and the [[Greek]] ''theos'' used in the [[Old Testament]] and [[New Testament]] respectively.<ref name="DPK">Kruse, Dale P.,[http://www.layevangelism.com/advtxbk/sections/sect-10/sec10-9.htm More on the ''Names'' of God In the Bible], Advanced Training Program of Evangelism.</ref>

The other main term for God is the Hebrew ''adonai'', usually translated ''Lord''.
There are various compound words also used in the Bible, such as ''el shaddai'', which means ''God Almighty'' ("''el''" is a short version of ''elohim'').<ref name="DPK" />

''YHWH'' is given in the Bible as God's actual name. In most English Bibles it is translated as ''Lord'', in small capitals. The name has various other English versions, including Yehovah, Jehovah, and Yahweh.<ref>McHyde, Tim, [http://www.escapeallthesethings.com/yahweh.htm God’s Name: LORD, Yahweh, Yahveh, YHWH, YHVH, Jehovah or Yehovah?]</ref>

== Resources on becoming a Christian ==
[[File:Hoffman Christ in the Garden of Gethsemane.jpg|thumbnail|170px||Christ in the Garden of Gethsemane by Heinrich Hofmann.]]

''see also:'' [[Resources on becoming a Christian]]

'''Below are some resources on becoming a [[Christian]]:'''

*[http://www.jesusfilm.org/film-and-media/watch-the-film Jesus film - free access]

*[http://www.thewordfortoday.org/?page=C2000 Free audio Bible and Bible audio streaming]

*[http://www.gotquestions.org/repentance.html Repentance]

*[http://www.allaboutgod.com/ AllAboutGod.com]

*[[Video testimonies of Christians]]

'''Tips on choosing a Christian church:'''

*[http://www.allaboutreligion.org/choosing-a-christian-church-faq.htm Choosing a Christian Church]

'''Spiritual growth as a Christian:'''

*[http://www.navpress.com/product/9781576839324/The-Pursuit-of-Holiness-Jerry-Bridges The Pursuit of Holiness] by Jerry Bridges
*[http://www.navpress.com/product/9780891099413/The-Practice-of-Godliness-Jerry-Bridges The Practice of Godliness] by Jerry Bridges
*[http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/529785.The_Complete_Book_of_Discipleship The Complete Book of Discipleship: On Being and Making Followers of Christ]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Other gods]]
*[[Atheism]]
*[[Christianity in Conservapedia]]
*[[Bible Art Gallery]]

==External links==
*[https://www.gotquestions.org/who-is-God.html Who is God?], at [[GotQuestions]]
*[https://www.gotquestions.org/what-is-God.html What is God?], at [[GotQuestions]]
*[https://www.gotquestions.org/is-there-a-God.html Is there a God?], at [[GotQuestions]]
*[https://answersingenesis.org/jesus-christ/jesus-is-god/10-biblical-reasons-jesus-is-god/ 10 Biblical Reasons Jesus Is God], by Simon Turpin at [[Answers in Genesis]], August 8, 2017
*[http://www.theopedia.com/God Theopedia - God]
*[http://christiananswers.net/dictionary/god.html ChristianAnswers.net - God]
*[http://wikible.org/en/God Wikible.org - God]

{{Conservatism}}

[[Category:Christianity]]
[[Category:Divine Beings]]

Amygdala

2018-08-06T03:31:02Z

Pinely: Added information and sources.

The '''amygdala''' is a structure in the temporal lobe of the [[cerebral hemisphere]]. It is part of the [[limbic system]].<ref>Martin, JH (2003). ''Neuroanatomy text and atlas'', 3rd ed., New York: McGraw-Hill.</ref><ref>Kandel, ER; Schwartz JH, Jessell TM (2000). ''Principles of Neural Science'', 4th ed., New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-8385-7701-6.</ref>

==Amygdala damage==
In 1939, researches found that monkeys with a large amount of their temporal lobes removed, including the amygdala. They were no longer afraid of [[snake]]s and [[human]]s, which are normal fear-provoking stimuli. This effect is known as the Klüver-Bucy syndrome.<ref>Klüver, H., & Bucy, P.C. (1939). Preliminary analysis of functions of the temporal lobes in monkeys. ''Archives of Neurological Psychiatry, 42,'' 979-1000.</ref>

This has also been observed in [[rat]]s and humans. Rats with damaged amygdala showed no fear when placed next to a cat.<ref>Maren, S., and Faneslow, M.S. (1996). The amygdala and fear conditioning: Has the nut been cracked? ''Neuron, 16'', 237-240</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Biology]]
[[Category:Brain]]
[[Category:Neuroscience]]

Brain

2018-08-06T03:25:02Z

Pinely: +Information and citing. More to be added.

[[Image:Cerebellum.png|right|thumb|200px|A human brain]]

The '''brain''' is a major part of the [[central nervous system]]. In vertebrates, the brain is connected to the [[spinal cord]]. In [[invertebrate]]s' [[nervous system]]s, the brain can be a decentralized collection of [[neurons]] or a single [[Ganglia|ganglion]]. In the [[vertebrate]]s, the brain is much more complex and is divided into three separate areas, the [[forebrain]], the [[midbrain]], and the [[hindbrain]]. The brain is involved in higher functioning such as decision-making, [[speech]], and processing of the [[senses]].

In adult humans, the brain weighs about 3 lbs., with 100 billion neurons, and up to 100 trillion connections.

Investigations using new techniques such as [[fMRI]] are expanding knowledge on the relationship between the brain and [[behavior]].

==Parts of the brain==
===Medulla===
The [[medulla]] is located near the top of the spinal column. It is the part of the hindbrain where nerves cross from one side of the body to the opposite side of the brain. It controls life-sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing, and the beating of the heart. (Ciccarelli & White, 70)<ref name="psy">Ciccarelli, Saundra K., and J. Noland White. ''Psychology''. 3rd ed., Pearson, 2012.</ref>
===Cerebellum===
The [[cerebellum]] is located at the base of the skull. It is a part of the hindbrain that controls balance and maintains muscle coordination. It controls all involuntary motor movement, such as sitting upright. It also coordinates in voluntary movements that happen in rapid succession, such as walking, dancing, swimming, and even the movements of speech. Learned reflexes and skills are stored here, allowing them to be more automatic. (Ciccarelli & White, 70)<ref name="psy"></ref>
===Thalamus===
The [[thalamus]] is a part of the forebrain that relays information from sensory organs to the cerebral cortex. It is a round structure in the center of the brain. The thalamus performs some processing of sensory information before sending the it to its specific part of the cortex. (Ciccarelli & White, 71)<ref name="psy"></ref>
===Hypothalamus===
The [[hypothalamus]] is a small structure located below the thalamus and above the [[pituitary gland]]. It is responsible for motivational behavior such as [[sleep]], [[hunger]], [[thirst]], and [[human reproduction|reproduction]]. It also regulates [[body]] [[temperature]], [[emotion]]s, and [[hormone]] regulation.
===Hippocampus===
The [[hippocampus]] is named as such due to the fact that it looks like a [[seahorse]]. The hippocampus forms long-term [[memory|memories]] that are stored elsewhere in the brain.<ref>Bigler, E.D., Johnson, S.C., Anderson, C.V., Blatter, D.D., Gale, S.D., Russo, A.A., Ryser, D.K., Macnamara, S.E., Bailey, B.R., & Hopkins, R.O. (1996). Traumatic brain injury and memory: The role of the hippocampal atrophy. ''Neuropsychology, 10,'' 333-342.</ref>
===Amygdala===
The [[amygdala]] is located near the hippocampus. These two structures are responsible for [[fear]] responses and memory of fear.
==Free Will==
''See also:'' [[Atheism and free will]]

Many [[liberal]] scientists believe that modern [[neuroscience]] is a subversion of [[free will]], and that the brain is all there is to [[personality]]. This is to the direct exclusion of the [[soul]] and [[God]]'s will. For instance, if someone was to commit a crime, that person could be exonerated on the basis of his neurological abnormalities, which are not his fault. [[Descartes]] attempted to avoid this issue by placing the soul at the helm of the individual, stating that it was our spirits that truly drive us. The soul attached to the brain via the [[pineal gland]], communicating with the corporeal matter by squeezing the central gland, and pumping cerebrospinal fluid through the body. However, his [[atheism]] left no place for communion of the soul with God, and Descartes was also mistaken in the belief that only humans have pineal glands. Many conservative scientists are now taking into account the soul, when they factor in free will, which allows for much more variation among individuals.

== Human consciousness and the existence of God ==

''See also:'' [[Atheism and irrationality]]

*[http://www.johnpiippo.com/2012/03/argument-from-consciousness-for.html The Argument from Consciousness for the Existence of God] by John Piippo
*[http://www.johnpiippo.com/2014/04/one-of-atheisms-irresolvable-problems.html Consciousness: One of Atheism's Irresolvable Problems] by John Piippo
*[http://www.tomorrowsworld.org/magazines/2014/september-october/the-enigmatic-human-brain The enigmatic human brain]
*[http://www.creationmoments.com/radio/transcripts/most-complex-structure The human brain: The most complex structure in the universe]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* Martin, JH (2003). Neuroanatomy text and atlas 3rd ed., New York: McGraw-Hill.
* Kandel, ER; Schwartz JH, Jessell TM (2000). Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed., New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-8385-7701-6.

== See also ==
*[[Atheism and the brain]]
*[[Atheism and intelligence]]

[[Category:Brain]]
[[Category:Anatomy]]
[[Category:Neuroscience]]
[[Category:Nervous Systems]]

Psychologist

2018-08-06T02:54:35Z

Pinely: Changing redirect from Psychology to Types of therapists, since Psychiatrist is also redirected there

#redirect [[Types_of_therapists]]

User:Pinely

2018-08-06T02:48:57Z

Pinely:

{{userboxtop|About Me}}
{{User American}}
{{User female}}
{{User Christian1}}
{{User Youngearth}}
{{User Republican}}
{{User limited govt}}
{{User Antihitler}}
{{User Life begins|conception}}
{{User marriage}}
{{User prolife}}
{{Userboxbottom}}

Hello! My name is '''Pinely''', but you can call me Pine, if you'd like. I go by the name Pinely because... I don't know. I just like pine trees. <3

I am 18 years old, and I was saved when I went to a private Christian high school in my freshman year. I trust the King James Bible, but I will read other versions to help me understand. I am a young-Earth creationist and a conservative. I am still learning about Christianity and politics every day (it's not my strong suit), and I hope I will be able to defend my views by learning more with Conservapedia!

I love to talk to people, so don't be afraid to stop by to my [http://www.conservapedia.com/User_talk:Pinely talk page!]!

<nowiki>*My biggest goal is to help clean up Conservapedia by fixing redirects, broken links, and spelling errors.*</nowiki>

=Articles I created=
*[[Capital goods]]
*[[Indirect democracy]]
*[[Prohibitory Act]]
*[[Consumer goods]]
*[[Jealousy]]
*[[Preparedness]]
*[[Cursing]]
*[[Secondary sex characteristic]]
*[[Primary sex characteristic]]
*[[Change blindness]]
*[[Behaviorism]]

Behaviorism

2018-08-06T02:46:31Z

Pinely: New, formatted page with sources.

'''{{PAGENAME}}''' is the [[science]] of [[behavior]]. It focuses solely on observable behavior. It is a major perspective in today's [[psychology]], and also aided in the development of other perspectives, such as [[cognitive psychology]]. [[John Broadus Watson]] is known as the "father of behaviorism" due to his research associated with behaviorism in the early 1900s.

Watson had read [[Ivan Pavlov]]'s work and believed that conditioning may form the basis of his new perspective. He was also aware of [[Sigmund Freud]]'s work, but Watson believed that behavior is learned, not stemmed from unconscious motivation. Watson believed that [[phobia]]s are learned through conditioning, and he wanted to prove this. He took a baby named "Little Albert," who was taught to fear a white rat. Watson successfully achieved this reaction by making a loud noise every time the infant saw the rat. Finally, the mere sight of the rat caused Little Albert to cry. The baby later appeared to fear other fuzzy things such as a rabbit, a dog, and a coat.<ref>Ciccarelli, Saundra K., and J. Noland White. ''Psychology''. 3rd ed., Pearson, 2012.</ref>

Watson was determined to prove that all behavior was a result of a stimulus-response relationship. A student replicated this experiment with another child, "Little Peter." This student, Mary Cover Jones, under Watson's supervision, successfully conditioned the baby to be afraid of a white rabbit. She then counterconditioned Peter by exposing him to the rabbit at a distance while he was eating food that he liked. Each day, they continued this, but instead bringing the rabbit closer each time until Peter was no longer fearful of it.<ref>Jones M.C. (1924). A laboratory study of fear: The case of Peter. ''Pedagogical Seminary, 31,'' 308-315.</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Psychology]]

Change blindness

2018-08-05T20:26:10Z

Pinely:

'''{{PAGENAME}}''' is a phenomenon that applies to how [[human]]s are often "[[blind]]" to even large changes in the environment.

You would notice if the person in front of you changed into another person—or so you'd hope. This was experimented on, and produced surprising results. In the research, participants were approached by a stranger that asked for directions. The stranger was blocked from the participants' view by a large object. The stranger was then replaced with another person of the same [[sex]] and [[race]]. A whopping half of the people giving directions never noticed that they were talking to a different person!<ref>Simons, D.J., & Levin, D.T. (1998). Failure to detect changes to people during a real-world interaction. ''Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 5,'' 644-649.</ref>

We normally do not process the facial features of faces or clothing in strangers. Since we do not process them, they are not encoded into memory. Why would we need to recall such information in the first place?<ref name="piyl">Grison, Sarah, and Michael S. Gazzaniga. ''Psychology in Your Life''. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2017.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Attention]]

[[Category:Psychology]]

Talk:Change blindness

2018-08-05T20:25:06Z

Pinely:

Who is Simon and Levin, and what do they have to do with this article? [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] ([[User talk:Karajou|talk]]) 14:44, 5 August 2018 (EDT)
:I'm confused by your confusion. They did the research that I tied the reference to. Simons and Levin demonstrated how change blindness occurs in people. I won't go over the entire research; it's all right there on the page. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/BF03208840 Here's more information]. --[[User:Pinely|Pinely]] ([[User talk:Pinely|TALK]]) 15:06, 5 August 2018 (EDT)
::You posted a couple of names, nothing more. Who is Simon and Levin, and what is the reference? [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] ([[User talk:Karajou|talk]]) 15:17, 5 August 2018 (EDT)
:::Nothing more? I have a date tied with it, and the reference is tied to the research. Simons and Levin conducted a research in 1998, thus, (Simons & Levin, 1998). I got the citing from a book, so I used the book's citation of the researchers and the date of the research. More specifically, Simons is a professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Illinois with a Ph.D. in experimental psychology from Cornell University. Levin, PhD, of Vanderbilt University, is a professor of psychology of the same university, and is Simons' colleague. This is all I know of them. --[[User:Pinely|Pinely]] ([[User talk:Pinely|TALK]]) 15:40, 5 August 2018 (EDT)
::::Disagreeing with you. I do not see at all Simon and Levin's work as a reference. You have cited Simon and Levin as a source, so what is it? What did they write that you have to have it as a separate source reference in the article? All that you did was to add a couple of names from the bibliography of a different book they had no part in writing. [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] ([[User talk:Karajou|talk]]) 15:56, 5 August 2018 (EDT)
:::::If you look up Simons' & Levin's 1998 experiment on change blindness, you will see many works that they have done together in the field, but only one is from 1998. They have a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FWSxSQsspiQ video] and an article that both pertain to the study; Simons, Daniel J.; Levin, Daniel T. (1998), "Failure to detect changes to people during a real-world interaction" (PDF), ''Psychonomic Bulletin and Review'', https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(97)01080-2. I am unclear on why you believe that the "(Simons & Levin, 1998.)" reference on the paragraph of their research is considered unsatisfactory. --[[User:Pinely|Pinely]] ([[User talk:Pinely|TALK]]) 16:16, 5 August 2018 (EDT)
:::::It was completely unsatisfactory that you didn't put it in to begin with. [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] ([[User talk:Karajou|talk]]) 16:22, 5 August 2018 (EDT)
::::::How could I? I had no knowledge of it. I realize now that the book does indeed have the source (I checked twice, so I glossed over it twice), so I will add it. --[[User:Pinely|Pinely]] ([[User talk:Pinely|TALK]]) 16:25, 5 August 2018 (EDT)

Talk:Change blindness

2018-08-05T20:16:25Z

Pinely:

Memory

2018-08-05T19:49:32Z

Pinely:

'''Memory''' is the [[nervous system]]'s capacity to acquire and retain skills and [[knowledge]] for later retrieval. Simply, it is the remembrance of things [[past]].

We have multiple memory systems that have their own "rules." The memory processes that are required for information retrieval in 10 seconds are different than the processes for information retrieval in 10 years. Unlike recordings, our memories are often biased, incomplete, and distorted. Two people can have two vastly different memories of the same event. (Grison & Gazzaniga, pg. 233)<ref name="piyl">Grison, Sarah, and Michael S. Gazzaniga. ''Psychology in Your Life''. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2017.</ref>

==Phases of Memory==
===Encoding===
In the encoding phase, the [[brain]] changes information into a meaningful neural code that it can use, such as how you are reading the text on this page. (Grison & Gazzaniga, pg. 233)<ref name="piyl"></ref>
===Storage===
This stage is how an individual maintains the coded representation in the brain. It can last from a fraction of a section or last as long as a lifetime. There are three storage systems that differ in the length of time that they store information. (Grison & Gazzaniga, pg. 233)<ref name="piyl"></ref>
====Sensory Storage====
The sensory storage creates perceptual continuity for the world around us. It is experienced with every sense: sight, sound, taste, smell, and touch. It lasts up to a few seconds, depending on the sense. It has a vast capacity due to the huge amount of sensory input. (Grison & Gazzaniga, pg. 239)<ref name="piyl"></ref>

Cognitive [[psychologist]] George Sperling's 1960 study provided answers for some of the questions we had for sensory storage. There were three rows of four letters that flashed on a screen for one-twentieth of second. Participants were asked to remember all 12 letters. Most could only name three or four, but the time that it took them to name the first three or four letters, the forgot the other eight or nine. (Grison & Gazzaniga, pg. 239)<ref name="piyl"></ref>
====Short-term Storage====
Short-term storage maintains information for immediate use. It is about 20 seconds to an indefinite amount of time with working memory manipulation of items. It can store about seven items, plus or minus two. The "working memory" enables us to work with short-term storage.(Grison & Gazzaniga, pg. 240)<ref name="piyl"></ref>
====Long-term Storage====
Long-term storage is the accumulation of information for re-access and use at a later time. It ''probably'' has an unlimited duration and capacity of storage.(Grison & Gazzaniga, pg. 242)<ref name="piyl"></ref>
===Retrieval===
In the final phase of memory, retrieval, the individual re-accesses the information from the previous stages. The accuracy of our memories is due in part to how we pay [[attention]].(Grison & Gazzaniga, pg. 234)<ref name="piyl"></ref>

==References==
<references>
[[Category:Psychology]]

Memory

2018-08-05T19:48:54Z

Pinely:

'''Memory''' is the [[nervous system]]'s capacity to acquire and retain skills and [[knowledge]] for later retrieval. Simply, it is the remembrance of things [[past]].

We have multiple memory systems that have their own "rules." The memory processes that are required for information retrieval in 10 seconds are different than the processes for information retrieval in 10 years. Unlike recordings, our memories are often biased, incomplete, and distorted. Two people can have two vastly different memories of the same event. (Grison & Gazzaniga, pg. 233)<ref name="piyl">Grison, Sarah, and Michael S. Gazzaniga. ''Psychology in Your Life'', pg. 233. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2017.</ref>

==Phases of Memory==
===Encoding===
In the encoding phase, the [[brain]] changes information into a meaningful neural code that it can use, such as how you are reading the text on this page. (Grison & Gazzaniga, pg. 233)<ref name="piyl"></ref>
===Storage===
This stage is how an individual maintains the coded representation in the brain. It can last from a fraction of a section or last as long as a lifetime. There are three storage systems that differ in the length of time that they store information. (Grison & Gazzaniga, pg. 233)<ref name="piyl"></ref>
====Sensory Storage====
The sensory storage creates perceptual continuity for the world around us. It is experienced with every sense: sight, sound, taste, smell, and touch. It lasts up to a few seconds, depending on the sense. It has a vast capacity due to the huge amount of sensory input. (Grison & Gazzaniga, pg. 239)<ref name="piyl"></ref>

Cognitive [[psychologist]] George Sperling's 1960 study provided answers for some of the questions we had for sensory storage. There were three rows of four letters that flashed on a screen for one-twentieth of second. Participants were asked to remember all 12 letters. Most could only name three or four, but the time that it took them to name the first three or four letters, the forgot the other eight or nine. (Grison & Gazzaniga, pg. 239)<ref name="piyl"></ref>
====Short-term Storage====
Short-term storage maintains information for immediate use. It is about 20 seconds to an indefinite amount of time with working memory manipulation of items. It can store about seven items, plus or minus two. The "working memory" enables us to work with short-term storage.(Grison & Gazzaniga, pg. 240)<ref name="piyl"></ref>
====Long-term Storage====
Long-term storage is the accumulation of information for re-access and use at a later time. It ''probably'' has an unlimited duration and capacity of storage.(Grison & Gazzaniga, pg. 242)<ref name="piyl"></ref>
===Retrieval===
In the final phase of memory, retrieval, the individual re-accesses the information from the previous stages. The accuracy of our memories is due in part to how we pay [[attention]].(Grison & Gazzaniga, pg. 234)<ref name="piyl"></ref>

==References==
<references>
[[Category:Psychology]]

Memory

2018-08-05T19:45:38Z

Pinely: Pages added

'''Memory''' is the [[nervous system]]'s capacity to acquire and retain skills and [[knowledge]] for later retrieval. Simply, it is the remembrance of things [[past]].

We have multiple memory systems that have their own "rules." The memory processes that are required for information retrieval in 10 seconds are different than the processes for information retrieval in 10 years. Unlike recordings, our memories are often biased, incomplete, and distorted. Two people can have two vastly different memories of the same event.<ref>Grison, Sarah, and Michael S. Gazzaniga. ''Psychology in Your Life'', pg. 233. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2017.</ref>

==Phases of Memory==
===Encoding===
In the encoding phase, the [[brain]] changes information into a meaningful neural code that it can use, such as how you are reading the text on this page.<ref>Grison, Sarah, and Michael S. Gazzaniga. ''Psychology in Your Life'', pg. 233. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2017.</ref>
===Storage===
This stage is how an individual maintains the coded representation in the brain. It can last from a fraction of a section or last as long as a lifetime. There are three storage systems that differ in the length of time that they store information.<ref>Grison, Sarah, and Michael S. Gazzaniga. ''Psychology in Your Life'', pg. 233. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2017.</ref>
====Sensory Storage====
The sensory storage creates perceptual continuity for the world around us. It is experienced with every sense: sight, sound, taste, smell, and touch. It lasts up to a few seconds, depending on the sense. It has a vast capacity due to the huge amount of sensory input.<ref>Grison, Sarah, and Michael S. Gazzaniga. ''Psychology in Your Life'', pg. 239. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2017.</ref>

Cognitive [[psychologist]] George Sperling's 1960 study provided answers for some of the questions we had for sensory storage. There were three rows of four letters that flashed on a screen for one-twentieth of second. Participants were asked to remember all 12 letters. Most could only name three or four, but the time that it took them to name the first three or four letters, the forgot the other eight or nine.<ref>Grison, Sarah, and Michael S. Gazzaniga. ''Psychology in Your Life'', pg. 239. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2017.</ref>
====Short-term Storage====
Short-term storage maintains information for immediate use. It is about 20 seconds to an indefinite amount of time with working memory manipulation of items. It can store about seven items, plus or minus two. The "working memory" enables us to work with short-term storage.<ref>Grison, Sarah, and Michael S. Gazzaniga. ''Psychology in Your Life'', pg. 240. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2017.</ref>
====Long-term Storage====
Long-term storage is the accumulation of information for re-access and use at a later time. It ''probably'' has an unlimited duration and capacity of storage.<ref>Grison, Sarah, and Michael S. Gazzaniga. ''Psychology in Your Life'', pg. 242. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2017.</ref>
===Retrieval===
In the final phase of memory, retrieval, the individual re-accesses the information from the previous stages. The accuracy of our memories is due in part to how we pay [[attention]].<ref>Grison, Sarah, and Michael S. Gazzaniga. ''Psychology in Your Life'', pg. 234. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2017.</ref>

==References==
<references>
[[Category:Psychology]]

Talk:Memory

2018-08-05T19:41:03Z

Pinely:

Specific subtopics need specific page numbers if these multiple references listed here are from a single book. [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] ([[User talk:Karajou|talk]]) 15:39, 5 August 2018 (EDT)
:Got it, I'll add them now. --[[User:Pinely|Pinely]] ([[User talk:Pinely|TALK]]) 15:41, 5 August 2018 (EDT)

Talk:Change blindness

2018-08-05T19:40:09Z

Pinely:

Memory

2018-08-05T19:22:22Z

Pinely: Will flesh out more.

'''Memory''' is the [[nervous system]]'s capacity to acquire and retain skills and [[knowledge]] for later retrieval. Simply, it is the remembrance of things [[past]].

We have multiple memory systems that have their own "rules." The memory processes that are required for information retrieval in 10 seconds are different than the processes for information retrieval in 10 years. Unlike recordings, our memories are often biased, incomplete, and distorted. Two people can have two vastly different memories of the same event.<ref name="piyl">Grison, Sarah, and Michael S. Gazzaniga. ''Psychology in Your Life''. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2017.</ref>

==Phases of Memory==
===Encoding===
In the encoding phase, the [[brain]] changes information into a meaningful neural code that it can use, such as how you are reading the text on this page.<ref name="piyl"></ref>
===Storage===
This stage is how an individual maintains the coded representation in the brain. It can last from a fraction of a section or last as long as a lifetime. There are three storage systems that differ in the length of time that they store information.<ref name="piyl"></ref>
====Sensory Storage====
The sensory storage creates perceptual continuity for the world around us. It is experienced with every sense: sight, sound, taste, smell, and touch. It lasts up to a few seconds, depending on the sense. It has a vast capacity due to the huge amount of sensory input.<ref name="piyl"></ref>

Cognitive [[psychologist]] George Sperling's 1960 study provided answers for some of the questions we had for sensory storage. There were three rows of four letters that flashed on a screen for one-twentieth of second. Participants were asked to remember all 12 letters. Most could only name three or four, but the time that it took them to name the first three or four letters, the forgot the other eight or nine.<ref name="piyl"></ref>
====Short-term Storage====
Short-term storage maintains information for immediate use. It is about 20 seconds to an indefinite amount of time with working memory manipulation of items. It can store about seven items, plus or minus two. The "working memory" enables us to work with short-term storage.<ref name="piyl"></ref>
====Long-term Storage====
Long-term storage is the accumulation of information for re-access and use at a later time. It ''probably'' has an unlimited duration and capacity of storage.<ref name="piyl"></ref>
===Retrieval===
In the final phase of memory, retrieval, the individual re-accesses the information from the previous stages. The accuracy of our memories is due in part to how we pay [[attention]].<ref name="piyl"></ref>

==References==
<references>
[[Category:Psychology]]

Talk:Change blindness

2018-08-05T19:06:44Z

Pinely: Forgot my siggy

Change blindness

2018-08-05T18:51:17Z

Pinely: Typo: Simon to Simons

'''{{PAGENAME}}''' is a phenomenon that applies to how [[human]]s are often "[[blind]]" to even large changes in the environment.

You would notice if the person in front of you changed into another person—or so you'd hope. This was experimented on, and produced surprising results. In the research, participants were approached by a stranger that asked for directions. The stranger was blocked from the participants' view by a large object. The stranger was then replaced with another person of the same [[sex]] and [[race]]. A whopping half of the people giving directions never noticed that they were talking to a different person!<ref>Simons & Levin, 1998.</ref>

We normally do not process the facial features of faces or clothing in strangers. Since we do not process them, they are not encoded into memory. Why would we need to recall such information in the first place?<ref name="piyl">Grison, Sarah, and Michael S. Gazzaniga. ''Psychology in Your Life''. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2017.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Attention]]

[[Category:Psychology]]

Talk:Change blindness

2018-08-05T18:50:52Z

Pinely:

User:Pinely

2018-08-05T18:43:58Z

Pinely: /* Articles I created */

Attention

2018-08-05T18:43:16Z

Pinely: Added relativity to the Bible

'''Attention''' is the ability to maintain and dedicate [[focus]] to a particular task. Attention is believed to originate from sustained activity within certain areas of the [[brain]], as of yet unknown. It is related to [[memory]] in the sense that stimuli we pay attention to will be recalled at a later time. There are multiple [[theory|theories]] within the cognitive perspective that deal with attention.

==Types of attention==
===Visual===
According to one theory, we automatically pay attention and recognize features in an environment, which includes color, shape, size, orientation, and movement. This allows us to selectively manage a visual stimulus with one important feature by blocking other, dissimilar features.<ref>Treisman & Gelade, 1980.</ref>

For example, a red jacket seems to "pop out" more in a crowd, especially if the rest of the crowd is not red. If the crowd had other red jackets it would take much longer to determine where the original red jacket was. This reveals how attention is a limited process.<ref name="piyl">Grison, Sarah, and Michael S. Gazzaniga. ''Psychology in Your Life''. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2017.</ref>
===Auditory===
Not only is visual attention limited, but auditory attention as well. Imagine being at a party, speaking with a friend, and you hear someone mention your name, or you hear some "juicy" gossip. Your attention will be focused on that conversation instead of the previous one. This proves that it is difficult for us handle two attention-demanding tasks at the same time.<ref name="piyl"></ref>

Selective-listening is what we do with auditory information that is not attended to. Researcher Colin Cherry demonstrated "The Cocktail Party Effect" in a selective-listening study (1953). Participants wore headphones that delivered a single message to one ear and a different message to the other. Each individual was required to attend to one message and "shadow" it by repeating it aloud. The participants often had no knowledge of the message that they did not repeat. However, when the participant's name was given as part of the message that they did not repeat, participants would report hearing their name, but knew nothing about the rest of the message. This study reveals that information must be personally relevant, particularly loud, or different in an obvious way to be attended to.<ref="piyl"></ref>

==Broadbent's Filter Model==
British researcher [[Donald Broadbent]] was the first researcher to present a hypothesis as to how attention would occur, and how one can focus on specific events. This theory is known as "filter theory." Broadbent’s filter model proposes that the mind blocks out information irrelevant to what one is focusing on, such as, say, ignoring another conversation going on at the same time.[http://www.csun.edu/~vcpsy00h/students/arousal.htm] This idea has received criticism owing to the following situation. Assume that you are at a party, engrossed in conversation with another partygoer, and you hear your name on the side. By all likelihood, your attention would be diverted, which contridicts Broadbent's theory.

==Treisman's Attenuation Model==
Triesman's attenuation model is a similar theory to that of Broadbent, but it has one exception. Rather than completely blocking "irrelevant" information, Triesman proposes that the mind merely reduces the scale of the information. This attenuation is similar to having water running through two [[faucet]]s. Triesman proposes that one conversation in the party example would be like having one faucet completely open (the primary conversation) and your name being the second faucet (you receive it, but you miss the rest of the conversation.) In a nutshell, this theory states that the mind does not block other information, but that it instead limits information, and lets through important information.[http://books.google.com/books?id=wGti6_4Qn_QC&pg=PA115&lpg=PA115&dq=Treisman%27s+Attenuation+Model+and+faucet&source=web&ots=wqyBweaV2q&sig=0Fe6UcYVzD4WujNFlK7y6IrnFSo&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result] Examples of blocked information would be, for example, the word "chair" which, in the party situation, would be irrelevant to your conversation.

==The Deutsch-Norman memory selection model==
Unlike the previous models, the Deutsch-Norman theory states that a second selection process occurs in the procedure of determining what is and what is not irrelevant information.[http://books.google.com/books?id=wGti6_4Qn_QC&pg=PR7&lpg=PR7&dq=Deutsch-Norman+memory+selection+model&source=bl&ots=wqyBwebN2r&sig=iMnT7HzriL0IfDjrgT6IrCGrC-g&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA116,M1] In this model, received information is filtered for size, proximity, and other factors that determine how much attention is paid to an object, an example being as follows

<big><big><big>A</big></big></big> A

As per the memory selection model, more attention was paid to the larger A, followed by a close inspection, which noticed the smaller A.

==Attention in the Bible==
What does the [[Bible]] say about attention? Attentiveness to the [[Scripture]] is important to [[God]], as evident by the following verse of Proverbs 4:20 (ESV): {{cquote|My son, be attentive to my words; incline your ear to my sayings."}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Change blindness]]

[[Category:Psychology]]
[[Category:Dictionary]]

Change blindness

2018-08-05T18:34:28Z

Pinely: Created page with "'''{{PAGENAME}}''' is a phenomenon that applies to how humans are often "blind" to even large changes in the environment. You would notice if the person in front of y..."

'''{{PAGENAME}}''' is a phenomenon that applies to how [[human]]s are often "[[blind]]" to even large changes in the environment.

You would notice if the person in front of you changed into another person—or so you'd hope. This was experimented on, and produced surprising results. In the research, participants were approached by a stranger that asked for directions. The stranger was blocked from the participants' view by a large object. The stranger was then replaced with another person of the same [[sex]] and [[race]]. A whopping half of the people giving directions never noticed that they were talking to a different person!<ref>Simon & Levin, 1998.</ref>

We normally do not process the facial features of faces or clothing in strangers. Since we do not process them, they are not encoded into memory. Why would we need to recall such information in the first place?<ref name="piyl">Grison, Sarah, and Michael S. Gazzaniga. ''Psychology in Your Life''. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2017.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Attention]]

[[Category:Psychology]]

Attention

2018-08-05T18:26:03Z

Pinely: Information with sources

'''Attention''' is the ability to maintain and dedicate [[focus]] to a particular task. Attention is believed to originate from sustained activity within certain areas of the [[brain]], as of yet unknown. It is related to [[memory]] in the sense that stimuli we pay attention to will be recalled at a later time. There are multiple [[theory|theories]] within the cognitive perspective that deal with attention.

==Types of attention==
===Visual===
According to one theory, we automatically pay attention and recognize features in an environment, which includes color, shape, size, orientation, and movement. This allows us to selectively manage a visual stimulus with one important feature by blocking other, dissimilar features.<ref>Treisman & Gelade, 1980.</ref>

For example, a red jacket seems to "pop out" more in a crowd, especially if the rest of the crowd is not red. If the crowd had other red jackets it would take much longer to determine where the original red jacket was. This reveals how attention is a limited process.<ref name="piyl">Grison, Sarah, and Michael S. Gazzaniga. ''Psychology in Your Life''. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2017.</ref>
===Auditory===
Not only is visual attention limited, but auditory attention as well. Imagine being at a party, speaking with a friend, and you hear someone mention your name, or you hear some "juicy" gossip. Your attention will be focused on that conversation instead of the previous one. This proves that it is difficult for us handle two attention-demanding tasks at the same time.<ref name="piyl"></ref>

Selective-listening is what we do with auditory information that is not attended to. Researcher Colin Cherry demonstrated "The Cocktail Party Effect" in a selective-listening study (1953). Participants wore headphones that delivered a single message to one ear and a different message to the other. Each individual was required to attend to one message and "shadow" it by repeating it aloud. The participants often had no knowledge of the message that they did not repeat. However, when the participant's name was given as part of the message that they did not repeat, participants would report hearing their name, but knew nothing about the rest of the message. This study reveals that information must be personally relevant, particularly loud, or different in an obvious way to be attended to.<ref="piyl"></ref>

==Broadbent's Filter Model==
British researcher [[Donald Broadbent]] was the first researcher to present a hypothesis as to how attention would occur, and how one can focus on specific events. This theory is known as "filter theory." Broadbent’s filter model proposes that the mind blocks out information irrelevant to what one is focusing on, such as, say, ignoring another conversation going on at the same time.[http://www.csun.edu/~vcpsy00h/students/arousal.htm] This idea has received criticism owing to the following situation. Assume that you are at a party, engrossed in conversation with another partygoer, and you hear your name on the side. By all likelihood, your attention would be diverted, which contridicts Broadbent's theory.

==Treisman's Attenuation Model==
Triesman's attenuation model is a similar theory to that of Broadbent, but it has one exception. Rather than completely blocking "irrelevant" information, Triesman proposes that the mind merely reduces the scale of the information. This attenuation is similar to having water running through two [[faucet]]s. Triesman proposes that one conversation in the party example would be like having one faucet completely open (the primary conversation) and your name being the second faucet (you receive it, but you miss the rest of the conversation.) In a nutshell, this theory states that the mind does not block other information, but that it instead limits information, and lets through important information.[http://books.google.com/books?id=wGti6_4Qn_QC&pg=PA115&lpg=PA115&dq=Treisman%27s+Attenuation+Model+and+faucet&source=web&ots=wqyBweaV2q&sig=0Fe6UcYVzD4WujNFlK7y6IrnFSo&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result] Examples of blocked information would be, for example, the word "chair" which, in the party situation, would be irrelevant to your conversation.

==The Deutsch-Norman memory selection model==
Unlike the previous models, the Deutsch-Norman theory states that a second selection process occurs in the procedure of determining what is and what is not irrelevant information.[http://books.google.com/books?id=wGti6_4Qn_QC&pg=PR7&lpg=PR7&dq=Deutsch-Norman+memory+selection+model&source=bl&ots=wqyBwebN2r&sig=iMnT7HzriL0IfDjrgT6IrCGrC-g&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA116,M1] In this model, received information is filtered for size, proximity, and other factors that determine how much attention is paid to an object, an example being as follows

<big><big><big>A</big></big></big> A

As per the memory selection model, more attention was paid to the larger A, followed by a close inspection, which noticed the smaller A.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Change blindness]]

[[Category:Psychology]]
[[Category:Dictionary]]

Testes

2018-08-05T17:49:50Z

Pinely:

The '''testes''' (singular: '''testicle''') are the reproductive [[organ]]s that produce [[sperm]].<ref>Wile, Dr. Jay L. ''Exploring Creation With Biology''. Apologia
Educational Ministries, Inc. 1998</ref> The XY [[sex chromosomes]] begin developing these sex glands in [[embryo]]s.

Unlike the female sex glands, [[ovary|ovaries]], the testes are located outside of the body in the scrotum. This is to achieve temperature regulation necessary for optimal sperm production, as normal body temperature is too warm for this. As the testicular temperature drops, the testes are drawn closer to the body for additional warmth. As the testicular temperature increases, the testes lower away from the body in order to cool off.

The testes are a part of the [[endocrine]] system, a network in the body that releases [[hormone]]s into the bloodstream. The hormones released by the testes allows the individual to mature through their physical appearance, thoughts, and behavior.<ref>Grison, Sarah, and Michael S. Gazzaniga. ''Psychology in Your Life''. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2017.</ref>

The testes release sex hormones called [[androgen]]s, while the ovaries produce hormones called [[estrogen]]s, mainly "estradiol." Within the class of androgens, a hormone called "[[testosterone]]" increases about 20 times the level it was before [[puberty]].<ref>Roche & Sun, 2003</ref> Though both males and females have estrogen and androgens, it is the increase of estradiol in girls and testosterone in boys that causes the first physical changes during puberty, which are known as "[[secondary sex characteristic]]s."

==See also==
*[[Gonad]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Reproduction‏]]

Memory

2018-08-05T07:22:33Z

Pinely: Information with sources

Emoji

2018-08-05T07:03:16Z

Pinely: Page links added

An '''emoji''' is a "small digital image or [[icon]] used to express an [[idea]] or [[emotion]] in [[electronic]] [[communication]]."<ref>[http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/emoji Oxford Dictionaries]</ref>
== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Language]]

Peter Brock

2018-08-05T07:01:07Z

Pinely: Added page links. Fixed category.

{{uncited}}
'''Peter Geoffrey Brock''' (February 26, 1945 - September 8, 2006) was an [[Australian]] racecar driver.

== Early years ==
Brock was born in the [[Victorian]] country [[town]] of [[Hurstbridge]], [[Victoria]]. His father was a mechanic, and instilled in him his love of [[car]]s.

== Racing career ==
Brock rose to public attention in touring car racing, winning the [[Bathurst 1000]], Australia's most prominent domestic motorsport event, a total of nine times through the 1970s and '80s. As the lead driver for the pseudo-factory Holden Dealer Team, in a succession of [[Holden]] Toranas and later Commodores the smooth-talking, clean-cut Brock became a household name well beyond motor racing fans, and was probably the best known modern Australian racing driver (Sir [[Jack Brabham]] being the most well known "classic" driver).

Brock and the Holden Dealer Team became involved, with full factory approval and assistance, in producing a number of high-performance modifications to the Commodores from 1980 to 1988. It was around this time that Brock began his run of six Bathurst 1000 wins in seven years, including his victory in the 1979 event, which he won by a record six laps. He has won a total of 9 Bathurst 1000 events and 1 Bathurst 24h event.

HDT, under Brock's direction and with Holden factory approval, produced a number of modified high-performance roadgoing Commodores through the early and mid 1980s. Some were "homologation specials" produced to meet the Group A racing regulations.

Brock also worked with the Victorian authorities on promoting the campaign against [[drink driving]]. The most obvious sign of this association was the racecar number "05" which related to the 0.05% blood alcohol limit in Victoria. Most cars he raced in, regardless of the motor racing division, bore this number, including the one in which he died.

Brock developed an interest in [[New Age]]-style spirituality through practitioner Eric Dowker. Brock began publicly supporting, and eventually began to fit to HDT specials, a device called the "Energy Polarizer", containing strong permanent magnets, which claimed to improve the performance and handling of vehicles through "aligning the molecules". The overwhelming majority of the Australian motoring community regarded the device as [[pseudoscience]]. Brock also recommended tyre pressures of 22psi(150kPa) for his polariser-equipped vehicles, a level which many regarded as near-dangerously low. Holden, fearing the consequences of being associated with the device, cut ties with Brock and set up an alternative racing/modification operation, Holden Special Vehicles.

Brock continued to race in privately-supported teams for some years afterwards, but returned to the factory Holden Racing Team in 1994. Brock retired from full-time driving in 1997.

After his 'retirement' he made two returns to Bathurst (2002 and 2004) and competed in the Nations Cup for highly modified and exotic cars in 2004. In 2002, he returned to top-level touring car racing as a team owner with the entry of "Team Brock" into the [[V8 Supercar]] category. However, he sold his share in the team to Kees Weelat the end of 2003.

== Death ==
Peter Brock died at the age of 61 in a racing accident. The Confederation of Australian Motor Sport<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cams.com.au/content.asp?PageID=Article&ObjectID=775|title=Australian Motor Racing Legend Dies in Targa West|publisher=Confederation of Australian Motorsport|date=September 8, 2006}}</ref> and Western Australian Police confirmed that he lost control of his vehicle on a bend<ref name="abc">{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200609/s1736485.htm|title=Racing legend Brock killed in car crash|publisher=ABC News}}</ref> and collided with a tree while driving in the ''Targa West '06'' rally at 11.50am on September 8, 2006, near the township of Gidgegannup, Western Australia, 40 km north-east of Perth. Brock and co-driver Mick Hone were in a 2001 Daytona Coupe. Hone was taken to hospital in a stable condition.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Australian People]]

Jim Wallace

2018-08-05T06:57:26Z

Pinely:

'''Jim Wallace''' is the [[Conservative]] managing director of the [[Australian Christian Lobby]] and former commander of the Australian Special Air Service Regiment.

[[Category:Christians]]
[[Category:Australian People]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:WALLACE, JIM}}

Clive Palmer

2018-08-05T06:56:49Z

Pinely: Page links added and fixed category

'''Clive Palmer''' is an [[Australian]] [[mining]] magnate with a net worth of $895 million (as of January 2013). He is well known for his outlandish statements and [[politics|political views]].<ref>[http://www.forbes.com/profile/clive-palmer/ Clive Palmer - Forbes]</ref>

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Australian People]]

Bernard Gaynor

2018-08-05T06:56:20Z

Pinely:

'''Major Bernard Gaynor''', officer in [[Australian]] armed forces, who was sacked from his job despite a distinguished career, for objecting to servicemen illegally participating in [[Gay Pride]] events while wearing their uniforms. After a three-year legal battle, Gaynor was in December 2015 vindicated by the highest court and re-instated.
<ref>bernardgaynor.com.au</ref> <ref>
https://gaybullyingitisreal.wordpress.com/2015/12/08/victory-for-bernard-gaynor/</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaynor<Bernard}}
[[Category:Conservatives]]
[[Category:Australian People]]