Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Renamed countries

2009-03-23T20:30:56Z

Pepperlynn: Added some dates

Some '''renamed countries''' are well known in the West:

*[[Persia]] => [[Iran]] - the language is still called [[Persian]]
*[[Siam]] => [[Thailand]] - they speak [[Siamese]] or [[Thai]]
*[[East Pakistan]] => [[Bangladesh]] - formed after the partition of [[India]], over [[Gandhi]]'s protest, and independent from [[Pakistan]] in 1971.

Others may have escaped all but the best [[geography]] students

==Middle East==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! width="250" | Former name
! width="250" | Current name
! width="125" | Year of change
|-
| [[Muscat & Oman]] || [[Oman]]|| 1970
|-
|[[Transjordan]] || [[Jordan]]|| 1949
|-
|[[Trucial States]] || [[United Arab Emirates]]|| 1971
|}

==Africa==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="250" | Former name
! width="250" | Current name
! width="125" | Year of change
|-
| [[Abyssinia]] || [[Ethiopia]]||
|-
| [[Basutoland]] || [[Lesotho]]|| 1966
|-
| [[Bechuanaland]] || [[Botswana]]|| 1966
|-
| [[Belgian Congo]] || [[Zaire]]|| 1960
|-
| [[Congo Free State]] || [[Belgian Congo]]|| 1908
|-
| [[Dahomey]] || [[Benin]]|| 1975
|-
| [[German East Africa]] (part) || [[Tanganyika]]
|-
| [[German East Africa]] (part) || [[Ruanda-Urundi]] ||1923
|-
| [[Malgasy Republic]] || [[Madagascar]]||1960
|-
| [[Northern Rhodesia]] || [[Zambia]]||
|-
| [[Nyasaland]] || [[Malawi]]||
|-
| [[Rhodesia]] & Southern Rhodesia || [[Zimbabwe]] || 1980 (Rhodesia 1965)
|-
| [[Ruanda-Urundi]] (part)|| [[Burundi]] ||1961
|-
| [[Ruanda-Urundi]] (part)|| [[Rwanda]] ||1961
|-
| [[South West Africa]] || [[Namibia]] || 1990
|-
| [[Spanish Sahara]] || [[Western Sahara]]||
|-
| [[Tanganyika]] & [[Zanzibar]] || [[Tanzania]]
|-
| [[Upper Volta]] || [[Burkina Faso]]||
|-
| [[Zaire]] || [[Democratic Republic of Congo]]||
|-
|}

==Asia==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! width="250" | Former name
! width="250" | Current name
! width="125" | Year of change
|-
|[[Burma]] || [[Myanmar]]||1989
|-
|[[Ceylon]] || [[Sri Lanka]]||1972
|-
|[[Dutch East Indies]] || [[Indonesia]]|| 1949
|-
|[[East Pakistan]] || [[Bangladesh]]||1971
|-
|[[Siam]] || [[Thailand]]||1939-45 and again in 1949
|-
|[[French Indochina]] || [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]], [[Vietnam]]||1953
|-
|[[Malaya]] || [[Malaysia]]|| 1963
|-
|[[Kampuchea]] (1975) || [[Cambodia]]||1991
|-
|}

==Pacific==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! width="250" | Former name
! width="250" | Current name
! width="125" | Year of change
|-
|[[Gilbert and Ellice Islands]] || [[Tuvalu]] & [[Kiribati]] || 1978 & 1979
|-
|[[New Hebrides]] || [[Vanuatu]]|| 1980
|-
|}
[[Category:Former Countries]]

Talk:Essay:Best New Conservative Words

2009-03-23T03:12:29Z

Pepperlynn:

==Couple of points==
* Interventionalism is an ugly kludge. The word should be "interventionism".
* Some of the terms are just not Conservative in '''any''' meaningful way. For example "design by committee" is used by both Liberals and Conservatives to describe the same problem.
* A word to describe Conservative concept may be worth calling a "Conservative word", but the mere fact that Conservatives like or dislike something doesn't mean the word is Liberal or Conservative. "Grassroots" isn't a Conservative word-- it's a word for local community activism, regardless of political bent. Ditto phonics. "Condescention" isn't a Liberal word, and it was originally, considered to be the Christian virtue of treating one's social inferiors as equals.
* I don't know anyone who denies the '''effectiveness''' of abstinence, Liberal, Conservative, or pink-and-green-striped.
[[User:Pepperlynn|Pepperlynn]] 17:48, 23 February 2009 (EST)

: Your first point is good, and I just changed it. You could have changed it yourself.

: Your second point is baseless. The conservative terms do reflect conservative insights. Sure, sometimes liberals use them. Sometimes atheists quote from the Bible too.

: Your third point again is misguided. Liberals say "community organizing" or "community activism." Conservatives say "grassroots". The concepts are different, though similar. Think about it more.

: Your fourth point shows you don't yet recognize the liberal viewpoint in its full deceit. Stick around here and you will. Thanks and Godspeed.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 19:14, 23 February 2009 (EST)

==Some suggestions==
How about 'responsibility' (1737) and 'self-discipline' (1838)? [[User:MikeSalter|MikeSalter]] 08:58, 10 January 2009 (EST)

: Superb ideas!!! Fantastic. Please add them. I have some that will add also.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 09:19, 10 January 2009 (EST)

The list is good, but it doesn't say why they are ''conservative'' words. Perhaps something could be added related to this? Also, I have a suggestion: 'Rags to Riches'? *Hopeful* [[User:ETrundel|ETrundel]] 11:13, 10 January 2009 (EST)

What are the criteria for "conservative words" (as distinct from "liberal words"?) [[User:Reg32Idaho|Reg32Idaho]] 14:10, 10 January 2009 (EST)

As per "radar", I suggest "sonar" and "laser" (also acronyms, from similar domain), and "radio".

: (edit conflict) Words that express more precisely a conservative concept, or criticize more effectively a liberal characteristic. I'm going to insert Mike Salter's suggestions above, for example, and feel free to add your own.

: The distribution of the words as a function of time (and perhaps what was happening at the time) will become illuminating.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 14:20, 10 January 2009 (EST)

: P.S. I don't see sonar, laser and radio as adding any conservative insight.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 14:20, 10 January 2009 (EST)

:: Understood. But "radar" does? [[User:Reg32Idaho|Reg32Idaho]] 14:27, 10 January 2009 (EST)

::: Yes, because it was the first and it has broader use than your other example.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 14:28, 10 January 2009 (EST)
::: I understand precedence going to the earliest word, but don't see how "radar" expresses more precisely a conservative concept, or criticizes more effectively a liberal characteristic. [[User:Reg32Idaho|Reg32Idaho]] 14:33, 10 January 2009 (EST)

:::: Your point is well-taken, and I agree this is borderline. However, I would still say that "radar" is a conservative concept/insight that is used effectively to convey a powerful conservative idea. Let's see what others think before deleting it.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 14:57, 10 January 2009 (EST)

::::: Well, RADAR was created in Britain just before WW2 - indeed, it was one of the reasons why Britain defeated the Luftwaffe in the Battle of Britain. So I'm not really sure why it's on a list of American Conservative words when Britain is highly liberal by comparison to America. Also, I added one - 'self-determination'. [[User:ETrundel|ETrundel]] 15:13, 10 January 2009 (EST)

::::: Frankly, I'm confused. I normally think of "radar" (in the non-scientific sense) as meaning perception. "In the public's radar" means "something the public notices." Is there a different conservative conception of the word? [[User:RodWeathers|- Rod Weathers]] 15:14, 10 January 2009 (EST)

:::::: The inclusion of "radar" is debatable, but essentially it is a powerful self-defense mechanism conceptually analogous to the [[Reagan]]'s concept of [[SDI]] and the [[Second Amendment]], which [[liberals]] loathed.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 16:49, 10 January 2009 (EST)

Here's two:
*pro-life ([http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=pro-life 1976], though I'd prefer a better citation since the quote they have underneath is very anti-conservative.)
*normalcy (1920 in the Conservative sense, although dated back to 1857 in a mathematical sense. In a rare glimmer of unbiased truth on a political subject, the WP article even states: ''"Furthermore, the concept apparently encapsulated what Americans wanted, since he was elected president over his Democratic opponent James Cox by the greatest margin since the popular vote was introduced."'')
-[[User:Foxtrot|Foxtrot]] 14:40, 10 January 2009 (EST)

: Fantastic suggestions, both of them. Very insightful.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 14:57, 10 January 2009 (EST)

"elitism" (1947) - Seems to be used much more widely with this last election campaign. [[User:Reg32Idaho|Reg32Idaho]] 15:26, 10 January 2009 (EST)
:Conversely, "populism" and "grassroots," which have formed an important basis of conservative politics since 1980 (earlier?) [[User:RodWeathers|- Rod Weathers]] 17:17, 10 January 2009 (EST)

:: "grassroots" is a good suggestion, and I just added it. "populism" is not a term used particularly by conservatives; nor does it yield any conservative insight that I am aware of.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 17:40, 10 January 2009 (EST)
:::Seriously? Populism is used continually to refer to Reagan, and more recently, George Bush and Sarah Palin, as they seek to speak for the "people" as opposed to "elites." Strikes me as deeply conservative. [[User:RodWeathers|- Rod Weathers]] 17:44, 10 January 2009 (EST)

:::: I don't doubt that liberals, the media, history books, and a diversity other people use the term. I doubt that any of the conservatives you mention, or any other conservatives, use the term much. It would be easy for you to prove me wrong, if I were wrong. I don't see anything conservative or insightful about the term. Majority rules? That's a mundane, almost meaningless concept at best. It begs the question of what the majority thinks at a particular time, which of course is very fickle.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 17:59, 10 January 2009 (EST)

::::: Pat Buchanan calls himself a populist (though it notes Goldwater and Reagan would not use the term). [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n15_v47/ai_17161967] Rove calls Bush a populist on taxation [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9905EFD61130F930A15752C0A9659C8B63]. I suppose there are two different concepts of the word: first, the classical "majority rules" idea which was rejected by the founding fathers in favor of checks and balances, and second, the modern term, conservative "populism," which refers to deriving your power from the people and relying on widely and deeply held conservative Christian values (example would be Palin's emphasis on the "real America" and blue collar workers) as opposed to deriving your power from intellectuals and media magnates. [[User:RodWeathers|- Rod Weathers]] 18:21, 10 January 2009 (EST)

::::: Phyllis Schlafly refers to the Goldwater ideology as populist, and she'd know! [http://www.eagleforum.org/column/1998/june98/98-06-10.html] [[User:RodWeathers|- Rod Weathers]] 18:31, 10 January 2009 (EST)

::::: The word ''populist'' has a far better tone than the word'' populism''. Similarly, the word ''fundamentalist'' has a far better tone than ''fundamentalism''. In political contexts, these are four completely different words. --[[User:RickD|RickD]] 18:32, 10 January 2009 (EST)

:::::: The problem comes when liberals attempt to use the terms as smears, and we stop using them as a result. I for one am proud to call myself a fundamentalist, and I know many other who feel the same way. [[User:RodWeathers|- Rod Weathers]] 18:35, 10 January 2009 (EST)
:::::: Me too. I take pride in saying I believe in fundamentalism. All would agree that ''-ism'' added to almost any word gives it a negative tone, yes? For example, "science + t + ism = scientism" and scientism always refers to a bad set of science-related ideas. --[[User:RickD|RickD]] 18:42, 10 January 2009 (EST)
(Unindent) You have a point there. But now you have liberals calling muslim terrorists "fundamentalist muslims," to try to paint us with the same brush. [[User:RodWeathers|- Rod Weathers]] 18:54, 10 January 2009 (EST)

::::: The cites above are interesting but inconclusive. RickD's point in distinguishing "populist" from "populism" is superb. None of the above cites refer to "populism" in a conservative or even favorable light.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 19:00, 10 January 2009 (EST)

Some suggestions off the top of my head: Truth, Integrity those these are quite general I think they contrast well with the article on liberal deceit. [[User:JamesDW|JamesDW]] 21:16, 11 January 2009 (EST)

==Pro-life==

Andy, do you have a cite for the earlier attestation of "pro-life" than the one I provided? I think it's great that you've found a date that predates [[Roe v. Wade]]. -[[User:Foxtrot|Foxtrot]] 18:38, 10 January 2009 (EST)

==Atheism==
It's not an English word; it's Greek. The claim is hardly "Silly," ASchlafly. But given your other claims on the page, IE that "quote mining" A: is a word and B: Was never invented, I guess I can forgive you for thinking that. [[User:RaymondS|RaymondS]] 00:04, 11 January 2009 (EST)

== Use of the Adjective "New" ==

Is "new" the right word to be using for terms that originated in the 1600's and 1700's? `I'm not saying they should be removed from the list, but referring to them as "new" implies that they were originated with the modern conservative movement. Maybe these should be referred to as ''Powerful'' or ''Significant'' conservative words, which makes their date of origin irrelevant. --[[User:DinsdaleP|DinsdaleP]] 12:10, 11 January 2009 (EST)

==Origins==
I used the Oxford English Dictionary to correct the years of origin for some conservative words--[[User:Saxplayer|Saxplayer]] 12:45, 11 January 2009 (EST)

: You made a mess of the entry. For example, the date you inserted for "conservative" is not for the political sense used here. Now I have to clean up your mess ....--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 13:13, 11 January 2009 (EST)

::Then you should have made it clear you wished this to done in the current political context.--[[User:Saxplayer|Saxplayer]] 13:20, 11 January 2009 (EST)

:::Be courteous, please. [[User:MikeSalter|MikeSalter]] 13:22, 11 January 2009 (EST)

:: The atheism date may perhaps need changing too, in that case. In the 16th century it probably applied to matters in which there was no superficial need for God, or to people who had never been given a choice regarding the matter (for example, in the 16th century you could be burned for being a Protestant/Catholic or for witchcraft; imagine what they would do to a modern atheist!). Today, however, the term has been changed to mean one who has apparently ''voluntarily'' rejected God. I hope this helps; I also added racism to the list of Liberal words earlier. [[User:ETrundel|ETrundel]] 13:26, 11 January 2009 (EST)

==Spiritualism==
This may be a cultural/linguistic difference, but in the UK 'spiritualism' has a very specific meaning, of belief in communication with the dead. This was very popular in the early twentieth century, even Conan Doyle was a believer, but has since abated, though there are spiritualist 'churches' and mediums around. I would have said that 'spirituality' was the opposite of materialism, or 'religious feeling', 'religiosity', 'belief'. [[User:MikeSalter|MikeSalter]] 13:10, 11 January 2009 (EST)
:Not a cultural difference, but a plurality of definitions. Spirit-conjuring charlatans like to use the term, but in a philosophic context, ti's opposed to materialism. A similar opposite is "idealism," which also a number of unrelated non-philosophical definitions. [[User:RodWeathers|- Rod Weathers]] 13:17, 11 January 2009 (EST)
::I suggested dualism, which seems the best fit to me. Materialism can be phrased as the believe that everything boils down to matter, there is only one ontological world/realm and that's the realm of matter. I don't think there is an exact opposite of that (well, perhaps believing in no worlds at all, but that's just stupid), there are just alternatives like dualism and pluralism which believe in resp. two or more realms of existence and of these two dualism is the strongest held position.
::Another kind of opposite would be idealism, the belief that there is only one ontological realm and that's the realm of the mind, but even this one is more of an alternative than an opposition and not a strong position either.
::Anyways, asking for an opposite of materialism isn't very realistic, since it all depends on what you deem an opposite. What's the opposite of "one"? Is it zero, minus one, any number greater than one or "eno"? It all depends on the context, and in the context of ontological philosophy dualism is the strongest opposition to materialism. --[[User:TBrouwer|TBrouwer]] 18:43, 11 January 2009 (EST)

::: The opposite would be a sensible equivalent of anti-materialism, or immaterialism.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 20:18, 11 January 2009 (EST)

== Reversion ==

I had to revert many of Saxplayer's dates, and some minor edits were lost in the reversion. Feel free to reinstate if their quality is improved (e.g., spell "tyranny" correctly, or give a date of origin for "racism"). Thanks and Godspeed.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 13:33, 11 January 2009 (EST)

== Conservapedia ==

Surely this must be one of the newest words that should earn a place! --[[User:JamesDW|JamesDW]] 23:09, 11 January 2009 (EST)

== Definition / Categorisation ==

I'm reluctant to edit the page, as it may be reverted, but I have a suggestion for the opening. The term "conservative word" isn't defined, and could have many possible meanings, such as "a word coined by a conservative", or "a word for a conservative principle", or "a word commonly used by conservatives, but not by liberals or other groups". The list being produced includes examples of all these. Perhaps the page should therefore be split into accordingly different sections: "Words coined by conservatives to describe liberal principles", "Words which encapsulate conservative principles", "terms and concepts invented by conservatives", and so on.--[[User:Eoinc|Eoinc]] 10:53, 12 January 2009 (EST)

: No, I disagree. The meaning is obvious enough and splintering into different categories would obscure rather than enlighten. Your three suggested "different" meanings in fact lack any significant differences.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 11:25, 12 January 2009 (EST)

:: I concur with ASchlafly. As well as obscuring the information, if I were to go onto a page and see in the contents box "Words coined by conservatives to describe liberal principles" or "Words which encapsulate conservative principles", I would quickly go and find another page. They hardly grab one's interest. [[User:ETrundel|ETrundel]] 11:42, 12 January 2009 (EST)

== New word for 'liberal'? ==

Does anyone have any suggestions for a more descriptive word for 'liberal'? I find 'liberal' to be an unsatisfactory description for liberals in the present day, since they tend to support large government and curbs on freedom. Perhaps an alternative word would better sum up the set of views that liberals hold?--[[User:CPalmer|CPalmer]] 04:47, 3 February 2009 (EST)

==[[Fellow traveller]]==
Is this a conservative word? I think its from the early 1900s and originally described communist sympathizers who did not belong to a communist party. It also might be a good word for now to describe your "terrorist sympathizer" situation.

Other suggestions: design-by-committee and democide. [[User:AddisonDM|AddisonDM]] 13:53, 8 February 2009 (EST)

: All three are superb suggestions for this entry. Please add them with informative material, such as date of first use. Well done!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 20:00, 10 February 2009 (EST)

== New article -> New liberal words? ==

I believe we discussed this prior to the server move where we lost a weeks worth of edits. I remember creating a new article on [[New liberal words]], by removing that section from this article. --[[User:DeanS|DeanStalk]] 14:24, 17 February 2009 (EST)

== Words? ==

Many of these are phrases not words. How long can a phrase get? Can Reagan's acceptance speech be listed as a new word? We need guidance on what a word is. --[[User:Brendanw|Brendanw]] 10:41, 18 February 2009 (EST)

: What are you talking about? The vast majority ''are'' words. If you're genuinely so confused, then I doubt we can help you.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 10:44, 18 February 2009 (EST)

:: "Terms" would probably be a more accurate description than "words". However I assume that most people will be able to work things out from the examples given. [[User:AndyJM|AndyJM]] 10:47, 18 February 2009 (EST)

:: "affirmative action" is two words, "Affirmative" and "Action", a full 43% of the listed "Words" are really phrases like this, not including the words with hyphens. --[[User:Brendanw|Brendanw]] 19:38, 18 February 2009 (EST)

== Humanism ==

Since Humanists and Big Bang were originally pejorative terms should they be under the conservative list? --[[User:Brendanw|Brendanw]] 19:38, 18 February 2009 (EST)

: No, because they are liberal terms now. And I doubt their origin was conservative, either. Fred Hoyle was not a conservative. He was a liberal who rejected the theory of evolution.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 17:27, 20 February 2009 (EST)

::Wasn't Hoyle ''ridiculing'' the idea of the [[Big Bang]]? I'll go take a look at the [[Fred Hoyle]] article. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 17:30, 20 February 2009 (EST)

::: Yes, he was ridiculing it. But liberals adopted the term and made it popular.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 17:59, 20 February 2009 (EST)

:: Evolution is a separate issue. they are only united by the fact that they both are in the standard naturalistic view of the origin of the universe. --[[User:Brendanw|Brendanw]] 11:59, 22 February 2009 (EST)

== We should make a unifying convention or get rid of the divide ==

There are words that belong in both groups, that or we need a clear convention used through out. Communism is most often used by Conservatives, its a sore subject for liberals (you know, with the millions killed and mass poverty and all) and they rarely talk about it. I just want a better convention than "because Andy figures this way is best". --[[User:Brendanw|Brendanw]] 13:17, 23 February 2009 (EST)

== A new word? ==

Andy - "self determination"? It started around colonial times, so it could well be from the 1700's. [[User:ETrundel|ETrundel]] 13:45, 8 March 2009 (EDT)

: Date is 1670, and I'm sure it's all that conservative. Sometimes it is a euphemism for something harmful, like communism in Cuba. But thanks for the suggestion!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 14:12, 8 March 2009 (EDT)

:: You're very welcome - I made the suggestion because I felt that it is one of the reasons that America freed Iraq (a move opposed by liberals and supported by conservatives); so that the people there could hold fair elections, rather than suffer under Hussein's despotism. At the end of the day though, you probably know more than me on this subject, so I'll defer to your wisdom! [[User:ETrundel|ETrundel]] 14:19, 8 March 2009 (EDT)

::: You raise interesting issues, but I think Saddam Hussein was also "self-determination" by Iraqis, right?--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 14:20, 8 March 2009 (EDT)

::::(Edit conflict) Oh, and what about "survival of the fittest" for a liberal word? I noticed you mentioned it in your lecture. [[User:ETrundel|ETrundel]] 14:28, 8 March 2009 (EDT)
::::I think you're right about Saddam Hussein coming to power, but I also believe that towards the end of his reign many wanted him out, but were compelled to vote for him or else be punished (this is why I think the American system, with its two-term limit, is the best in the world). Mugabe is a good example of this; when he came to power, he was hailed as an African anti-oppression hero, and Zimbabwe was held up as an excellent example of post-colonialism. Now, however, his people want him out but are prevented from voting him out by the security forces (and when they did vote him out, it was declared illegal) and the world, including Africa, recognises him as a madman and a tyrant. In the meantime, the country is starving and in the grip of a cholera epidemic. [[User:ETrundel|ETrundel]] 14:28, 8 March 2009 (EDT)

== Reversion explained ==

"Natural selection" is a misleading euphemism, and the explanation discusses why. Also, it's improper to refer to creationists accepting a claim by evolutionists as though that somehow fully resolves the matter.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 15:32, 8 March 2009 (EDT)

== Affirmative Action is a conservative word? ==

Why is "affirmative action" considered a conservative word?

It was first used in [http://www.thecre.com/fedlaw/legal6/eo10925.htm JFK's Executive Order 10925] in 1961 (not 1965, as the essay states), and later "pushed" by LBJ.

Criticism of it is certainly a conservative concept, and it is now largely used critically by conservatives, but it hardly seems to qualify as a conservative "word" (or, more accurately, "term"). [[User:ArthurA|ArthurA]] 08:08, 16 March 2009 (EDT)

: Good point and etymology. I'll move it to the "difficult to classify" section.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 08:26, 16 March 2009 (EDT)

== Politically correct ==

I can't help but notice that this term appears in both the 'New Conservative Terms' and 'New Liberal Terms' section (along with two different dates and explanations). Obviously, it can't be both! While it would appear that it was indeed coined by liberals to help their cause, I would say that its meaning has flipped and it now has negative, oppressive connotations. Perhaps the 'Hard to Classify' section? However, I leave it up the the judgement of an admin to sort this conundrum out. [[User:ETrundel|ETrundel]] 12:13, 16 March 2009 (EDT)
Oh, and 'survival of the fittest' to go with natural selection for a liberal term? (Before I forget!) [[User:ETrundel|ETrundel]] 12:15, 16 March 2009 (EDT)

: Fixed it per your suggestion, figuring that "politically correct" is used more by conservatives now. I don't think either side uses "survival of the fittest" and I think the euphemism "natural selection" covers that concept. Thanks and Godspeed.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 12:42, 16 March 2009 (EDT)

:: Can't say fairer than that. Thanks for the fix! [[User:ETrundel|ETrundel]] 12:56, 16 March 2009 (EDT)

== Some further suggestions for words ==

Constructionist (1835-1845): Clearly, a valuable term when discussing the original intent of the Founding Fathers; equally clearly, a conservative one.

Capitalism (1850-1855): Goes almost without saying.

Big Government (unable to find a date for this one)

Right to Life (1970-1975): Pro-life is already on the list, but I think this is an important term, too, since it emphasizes that life is an essential right.

Moral Sense (1690-1700): Originally coined by Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury.

--[[User:Benp|Benp]] 17:51, 16 March 2009 (EDT)

==Constant==
This word was in use a long time before 1832. It appears in the King James Bible, for example. [[User:Pepperlynn|Pepperlynn]] 23:12, 22 March 2009 (EDT)

Statue of Liberty

2009-03-22T20:37:11Z

Pepperlynn: It's a tablet, not a book.

[[Image:Statue of Liberty.jpg|right]]
The '''Statue of Liberty''' (officially '''Liberty Enlightening the World''', or ''La liberté éclairant le monde'' in French) was a gift from [[France]] to the [[United States]] to celebrate the centennial of American independence. Arriving at the entrance of New York harbor on June 17, 1884, the Statue of Liberty has proudly stood there ever since. The statue stands nearly 150 feet tall and is a woman with her arm held high with a lit torch. In her other hand she is holding a tablet inscribed "July IV, MDCCLXXVI". It was designed by the French sculptor Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi (1834-1904) and erected according to plans by [[Gustave Eiffel]].

In 1903 an inscription was added on the inside which contains the poem [[The New Colossus]] by [[Emma Lazarus]]. The widely quoted poem reads, in part:

{{cquote|Give me your tired, your poor, 
Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, 
The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. 
Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me, 
I lift my lamp beside the golden door!}}

It was designated as a national monument in 1924.<ref>http://www.nps.gov/stli/</ref>

<blockquote>

On February 18, 1879, the French sculptor Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi (1834-1904) earned US Patent #11,023 for a "Design for a Statue." This statue, "Liberty Enlightening the World," would become one of the most famous monuments of world history. At a dinner party in 1865, Bartholdi and his host, historian Edouard-René de Laboulaye, had conceived the idea of France giving the US a monument for its Centennial of 1876. Many people believed Charlotte Bartholdi, the sculptor's mother was the model for the statue. <ref> [http://corrosion-doctors.org/Landmarks/statue-sculptor.htm Statue of Liberty Sculptor] Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi. </ref>
</blockquote>

== See also ==

* [[The New Colossus]]

==External Links==

*[http://www.statueofliberty.org/Statue_of_Liberty.html Statue of Liberty]

==References==
<References/>

[[Category:Landmarks]]
[[Category:Tourist Attractions]]
[[Category:New York City]]
[[Category:United States History]]
[[Category:Gilded Age]]

Talk:Religion of Barack Hussein Obama

2009-03-21T00:10:55Z

Pepperlynn:

==Possible Merge?==

Should this be merged with [[Religion of Barack Obama]]?

== Stub ==

I plan to develop this article and add in all evidence for his different religious faiths. Hopefully all articles that contain material on this subject can be merged here. [[User:NotALiberal|NotALiberal]] 23:36, 31 January 2009 (EST)

== Upload image? ==

Can someone upload this image for me. It's from cbc.ca but it's part of a whitehouse press release 
http://www.cbc.ca/gfx/images/news/photos/2009/01/22/obama-oath-getty-w84398527.jpg 
[[User:NotALiberal|NotALiberal]] 00:16, 1 February 2009 (EST)

Religion of Barack Hussein Obama

2009-03-21T00:06:05Z

Pepperlynn: /* Obama and Christianity */

'''[[Barack Hussein Obama]]'s religious beliefs''' are currently the subject of intense speculation. It is believed that he is either a Muslim, an Atheist or a Christian. There is a significant body of evidence that supports he has a faith in each.

==Obama and Atheism==

*When he initially took the oath of office on Tuesday, January 20, 2009, Obama misspoke (possibly due to [[Chief Justice Roberts]] not being prepared) and out of an "abundance of caution" the oath was retaken the next day. CNN.com noted, "Though a Bible was used in Tuesday's oath, one was not used for Wednesday's." <ref>CNN.com, ''Obama retakes oath of office after Roberts' mistake'', January 22, 2009[http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/01/21/obama.oath/#cnnSTCText]</ref>
*Since assuming office Obama has not attended a single church function. <ref>[http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1108/15902.html|Obama has not attended a Church service since winning the White House] </ref>

==Obama and Islam==

*[[Barack Hussein Obama#Obama_will_likely_be_the_first_Muslim_President|Article on Obama]]

==Obama and Christianity==

Barack Obama and his wife (who was raised a Baptist) were members of the [[United Church of Christ|Trinity United Church of Christ]]<ref>www.tucc.org, Trinity United Church of Christ web site[http://www.tucc.org] ''We are a congregation which is Unashamedly Black and Unapologetically Christian... Our roots in the Black religious experience and tradition are deep, lasting and permanent. We are an African people, and remain "true to our native land," the mother continent, the cradle of civilization. God has superintended our pilgrimage through the days of slavery, the days of segregation, and the long night of racism. It is God who gives us the strength and courage to continuously address injustice as a people, and as a congregation. We constantly affirm our trust in God through cultural expression of a Black worship service and ministries which address the Black Community.''</ref> in Chicago, led by Pastor Jeremiah Wright, for twenty years. The church embraces [[black liberation theology]] and its emphasis on empowering oppressed groups against establishment forces.<ref>www.mcclatchydc.com, ''Obama's church pushes controversial doctrines'', by Margaret Talev, March 20, 2008 [http://www.mcclatchydc.com/227/story/31079.html]</ref> This denomination was the first in America to ordain gays, women and blacks as ministers.{{fact}} According to his sister, Obama was baptized at this church in 1988, when he was in his late 20's.<ref>International Herald Tribune, ''Barack Obama's search for faith'', by Jodi Kantor, April 30, 2007 [http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/04/30/america/30obama.php?page=2]</ref> Obama describes his conversion in his book, ''The Audacity of Hope'', the title of which is taken from one of Pastor Wright's sermons.

In April 2008, Obama disavowed Pastor Wright's views. In May 2008, Obama left his church after twenty years of membership. His response blamed the media , stating “It's not fair to the other members of the church who seek to worship in peace, so our faith remains strong and I suspect we will find another church home for our family."<ref>FoxNews.com, ''Obama Drops Church Membership in Chicago'', May 31, 2008[http://elections.foxnews.com/2008/05/31/obama-resigns-church-membership-in-chicago/], </ref>. He also called Wright's rhetoric "a bunch of rants that aren't grounded in the truth."<ref>USA TODAY, ''Obama breaks with former pastor, Candidate cites rants on U.S. role in terror, AIDS'', by Kathy Kiely and David Jackson, no date given [http://www.usatoday.com/printedition/news/20080430/1a_offlede30_dom.art.htm]</ref><ref>U.S. News and World Report, ''Obama Says He Is Outraged By Wright's "Rants"'', April 30, 2008[http://www.usnews.com/usnews/politics/bulletin/bulletin_080430.htm]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{stub}}

Essay:Greatest Myths of World History

2009-03-20T23:52:43Z

Pepperlynn:

Here is a growing list of the greatest myths of world history:

=== Slaves built the pyramids===
For many years, it was widely believed that the pyramids were built mainly with slave labor.<ref> "The Greek historian [[Herodotus]] described the building of [[Khufu]]'s pyramid by more than 100,000 slaves. [http://science.howstuffworks.com/pyramid.htm/printable] </ref>
We now know that although some of the laborers were conscripts or prisoners of war, most of the laborers were free men.<ref>"Some of the builders were permanent employees of the pharaoh. Others were conscripted for a limited time from local villages." [http://www.nationalgeographic.com/pyramids/pyramids.html National Geographic]</ref>
Most of the men who worked on the pyramids were farmers or farm laborers. In the summer, when the Nile flooded and farm work was impossible, they found work as builders.

===Columbus sets out to discover America===
When Christopher [[Columbus]] sailed the ocean blue, what he was really doing was looking for a sea route to Asia. It didn't turn out quite the way he expected; he made landfall on the island of Hispanola. A related myth is that Columbus discovered or proved that the Earth was round. Unlike many others, these myths are widely known to be false.

===A pox on you!===
Anti-Christians teach that the Christian Europeans deliberately spread [[smallpox]] among the [[American Indians]], as in handing out blankets with the germs. "...the myth is so vibrant that it made its way into a scene in the movie [[Broken Trail]] (2006)."<ref> [http://www.badeagle.com/2009/03/08/pox-pundits-and-american-indian-genocide/]</ref>

In fact, the [[germ theory of disease]] was not even discovered until the 19th century.
:'... at odds with any such idea is the effort of the United States government at this time to vaccinate the native population. Smallpox vaccination, a procedure developed by the English country doctor [[Edward Jenner]] in 1796, was first ordered in 1801 by [[President Jefferson]]. The program continued in force for three decades, though its implementation was slowed both by the resistance of the Indians, who suspected a trick, and by lack of interest on the part of some officials. Still, as Thornton writes: "[[Vaccination]] of American Indians did eventually succeed in reducing mortality from smallpox."'<ref> [http://hnn.us/articles/7302.html]</ref>

==="Let them eat cake!"===
[[Marie Antoinette]]'s "Let them eat cake" was almost certainly never uttered. The phrase was likely invented by anti-monarchist revolutionaries seeking to have Marie and Louis XVI executed. Moreover, even if it was uttered, it would have made sense because there was a shortage of bread and cake was a rational substitute.

The original French would have been "''Qu'ils mangent de la brioche''" (''brioche'' being a rough form of cake made of flour, butter and eggs). Apparently, French law required bakers to sell loaves at fixed prices and fancy loaves had to be sold at the same price as basic breads. Given a flour shortage at the time, brioche would have been an affordable, and available, alternative. Conversely, Rousseau in his memoirs, Confessions says in Vol 6, "At length I recollected the thoughtless saying of a great princess, who, on being informed that the country people had no bread, replied, 'Then let them eat pastry!'" However, Rousseau wrote this in early 1766, when Marie Antoinette was only 10 years old.<ref>http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/227600.html</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Essays]]

Essay:Greatest Myths of World History

2009-03-20T00:40:27Z

Pepperlynn: Slaves built the pyramids. Also, for lack of a better scheme, I'm putting these in rough chronological order.

Here is a growing list of the greatest myths of world history:

=== Slaves built the pyramids===
For many years, it was widely believed that the pyramids were built mainly with slave labor. We now know that they were built by free men. Most of the men who worked on the pyramids were farmers or farm laborers. In the summer, when the Nile flooded and farm work was impossible, they found work as builders.

===Columbus sets out to discover America===
When Christopher [[Columbus]] sailed the ocean blue, what he was really doing was looking for a sea route to Asia. It didn't turn out quite the way he expected; he made landfall on the island of Hispanola. A related myth is that Columbus discovered or proved that the Earth was round. Unlike many others, these myths are widely known to be false.

===A pox on you!===
Anti-Christians teach that the Christian Europeans deliberately spread smallpox among the American Indians, as in handing out blankets with the germs. In fact, the germ theory of disease was not even discovered until the 19th century.

==="Let them eat cake!"===
[[Marie Antoinette]]'s "Let them eat cake" was almost certainly never uttered. The phrase was likely invented by anti-monarchist revolutionaries seeking to have Marie and Louis XVI executed. Moreover, even if it was uttered, it would have made sense because there was a shortage of bread and cake was a rational substitute.

[[Category:Essays]]

Talk:Essay:Greatest Myths of World History

2009-03-20T00:21:15Z

Pepperlynn:

Just pointing out, this list has two "1"s, when it should have a one followed by a 2....--[[User:IScott|IScott]] 11:56, 18 February 2009 (EST)

==Smallpox==
I don't think there's any real support for the idea that Europeans routinely and deliberately infected Native Americans with smallpox, but the idea that smallpox was communicable *was* well known, so much so that variolation against smallpox was practised in Europe from the 1720s. [[User:Pepperlynn|Pepperlynn]]

: You can't jump from that to intentionally spreading the disease to Indians with blankets, as anti-Christians claim.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 22:29, 18 March 2009 (EDT)

::I'm not trying to jump anywhere; I agree that it's a myth. I'm just saying that the lack of knowledge of germ theory is neither here nor there. Incidentally, the *idea* dates to the 1760s-- there just isn't any evidence that anyone actually tried it. [[User:Pepperlynn|Pepperlynn]] 22:46, 18 March 2009 (EDT)

::: Your edit of the content page was hyperbolic, and unsupported, and missed the point. Hence the reversion.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 23:07, 18 March 2009 (EDT)

::::It is not hyperbole to suggest that smallpox needed no help to rampage through a population with little immunity. What is the point that I'm missing? [[User:Pepperlynn|Pepperlynn]] 00:26, 19 March 2009 (EDT)

:::::When and where "germ theory" was "discovered" is not the point I think. Besieging armies had been catapalting plague-ridden corpses over city and castle walls for many centuries, and even when there was no plague, the effect of a putrifying animal flung by trebuchet into the defenders' water supply was well known throughout the Middle Ages. I have always tended to think the deliberate use of pox-ridden blankets was either a myth, or at most a very scarce occurrence, but there were certainly precedents. [[User:AlanE|AlanE]] 00:41, 19 March 2009 (EDT)

:::::: I'm with you-- I have no idea what difference germ theory could possibly make-- I pointed that out above. Basically, I add information to the article, and [[user:Aschlafly]] takes it away-- only now, it's a myth perpetuated by "Anti-Christians". [[User:Pepperlynn|Pepperlynn]] 20:21, 19 March 2009 (EDT)

Essay:Greatest Myths of World History

2009-03-19T22:48:29Z

Pepperlynn:

Here is a growing list of the greatest myths of world history:

==="Let them eat cake!"===
[[Marie Antoinette]]'s "Let them eat cake" was almost certainly never uttered. The phrase was likely invented by anti-monarchist revolutionaries seeking to have Marie and Louis XVI executed.

===Columbus sets out to discover America===
When Christopher [[Columbus]] sailed the ocean blue, what he was really doing was looking for a sea route to Asia. It didn't turn out quite the way he expected; he made landfall on the island of Hispanola. A related myth is that Columbus discovered or proved that the Earth was round. Unlike many others, these myths are widely known to be false.

===A pox on you!===
There are widespread rumours that Europeans deliberately spread smallpox among the American Indians. In fact, smallpox was endemic amongst Europeans, and they introduced it to the Americas unintentionally and without knowing the devastating effects it would have on the local population.

[[Category:Essays]]

Essay:Greatest Myths of World History

2009-03-19T22:48:12Z

Pepperlynn:

Here is a growing list of the greatest myths of world history:

==="Let them eat cake!"===
[[Marie Antoinette]]'s "Let them eat cake" was almost certainly never uttered. The phrase was likely invented by anti-monarchist revolutionaries seeking to have Marie and Louis XVI executed.

===Columbus sets out to discover America===
#When Christopher [[Columbus]] sailed the ocean blue, what he was really doing was looking for a sea route to Asia. It didn't turn out quite the way he expected; he made landfall on the island of Hispanola. A related myth is that Columbus discovered or proved that the Earth was round. Unlike many others, these myths are widely known to be false.

===A pox on you!===
#There are widespread rumours that Europeans deliberately spread smallpox among the American Indians. In fact, smallpox was endemic amongst Europeans, and they introduced it to the Americas unintentionally and without knowing the devastating effects it would have on the local population.

[[Category:Essays]]

Essay:Greatest Myths of World History

2009-03-19T22:44:08Z

Pepperlynn: Formatting

Here is a growing list of the greatest myths of world history:

==="Let them eat cake!"===
[[Marie Antoinette]]'s "Let them eat cake" was almost certainly never uttered. The phrase was likely invented by anti-monarchist revolutionaries seeking to have Marie and Louis XVI executed.

===Columbus sets out to discover America==
#When Christopher [[Columbus]] sailed the ocean blue, what he was really doing was looking for a sea route to Asia. It didn't turn out quite the way he expected; he made landfall on the island of Hispanola. A related myth is that Columbus discovered or proved that the Earth was round. Unlike many others, these myths are widely known to be false.

===A pox on you!===
#There are widespread rumours that Europeans deliberately spread smallpox among the American Indians. In fact, smallpox was endemic amongst Europeans, and they introduced it to the Americas unintentionally and without knowing the devastating effects it would have on the local population.

[[Category:Essays]]

Essay:Greatest Myths of World History

2009-03-19T19:18:36Z

Pepperlynn:

Here is a growing list of the greatest myths of world history:

#[[Marie Antoinette]]'s "Let them eat cake" was almost certainly never uttered. The phrase was likely invented by anti-monarchist revolutionaries seeking to have Marie and Louis XVI executed.
#[[Columbus]] set out to discover America; in fact, he set out to find a route to Asia, only to find an extremely large landmass in his way. Unlike many others, this myth is widely known to be false. A related myth is that Columbus discovered or proved that the Earth was round.
#That the Europeans deliberately spread smallpox to the American Indians; in fact, smallpox was endemic amongst Europeans, and they introduced it to the Americas unintentionally and without knowing the devastating effects it would have on the local population.
[[Category:Essays]]

Essay:Greatest Myths of World History

2009-03-19T19:05:36Z

Pepperlynn: Trying to make this as clear as possible.

Here is a growing list of the greatest myths of world history:

#[[Marie Antoinette]]'s "Let them eat cake" was almost certainly never uttered. The phrase was likely invented by anti-monarchist revolutionaries seeking to have Marie and Louis XVI executed.
#[[Columbus]] set out to discover America; in fact, he set out to find a route to Asia, only to find an extremely large landmass in his way.
#That the Europeans deliberately spread smallpox to the American Indians; in fact, smallpox was endemic amongst Europeans, and they introduced it to the Americas unintentionally and without knowing the devastating effects it would have on the local population.
[[Category:Essays]]

Talk:Essay:Greatest Myths of World History

2009-03-19T04:26:42Z

Pepperlynn:

Essay:Greatest Myths of World History

2009-03-19T03:01:29Z

Pepperlynn:

Here is a growing list of the greatest myths of world history:

#[[Marie Antoinette]]'s "Let them eat cake" was almost certainly never uttered. The phrase was likely invented by anti-monarchist revolutionaries seeking to have Marie and Louis XVI executed.
#[[Columbus]] set out to discover America; in fact, he set out to find a route to Asia, only to find an extremely large landmass in his way.
#That the Europeans intentionally spread smallpox to the American Indians; in fact, there's no real evidence this ever happened. In any case, when smallpox was unintentionally introduced in the Americas, it spread at an unbelievable rate, causing many, many deaths.

[[Category:Essays]]

Talk:Essay:Greatest Myths of World History

2009-03-19T02:46:19Z

Pepperlynn: /* Smallpox */

Talk:Essay:Greatest Myths of World History

2009-03-19T02:09:34Z

Pepperlynn:

Noun

2009-03-17T22:14:36Z

Pepperlynn: More eamples

A '''noun''' is a [[word]] used to name a [[person]], [[animal]], [[place]], [[thing]], or an abstract [[idea]]. Nouns are usually the first words which small children learn.<ref> [http://www.arts.uottawa.ca/writcent/hypergrammar/nouns.html The Writing Centre], University of Ottawa </ref> The bold words in the following [[sentence]] are all nouns:

"'''Jesus''' will return to set up His '''kingdom''' on '''Earth'''."

A [[proper noun]] is a name given to a person, place or company or title. "Jesus" is a proper noun, as is the Book of Genesis. Abraham is a proper noun as is the First United Methodist Church. In English, proper nouns are capitalized. A very clear example of proper nouns vs., common nouns is the word "god". God, the Christian Deity by name is a proper noun and is capped. "god" the concept of deity is not a proper noun. Consider this sentence: "The only true god is God".
{| class="wikitable"

|-
! Type of Noun
! Common (concrete)
! Common (abstract)
! Proper
|-
! Examples
| kingdom friend church
| dominion fellowship grace
| Earth Jesus Presbyterian Church of St. Andrew
|}

In English, most capitalized words are also proper nouns or words derived from proper nouns (e.g., the proper noun "America," the [[adjective]] "American," and the [[verb]] "Americanize"). The most common exception is the word "I" which is a [[pronoun]]. That rule varies from language to language; for example, [[German language|German]] capitalizes all nouns, while many [[writing]] systems have no concept of capitalization.

In many languages like Russian, Hebrew, Greek and Latin nouns have different forms in different [[grammatical case|cases]] to show their relationships to other words in the sentence.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Linguistics]]
[[Category:Parts of Speech]]

Talk:French toast

2009-03-16T02:45:22Z

Pepperlynn: New page: I don't know for certain exactly where French toast originates, but I can tell you that early versions appear in 14th-16th century cookbooks from England, France, Italy, etc. ~~~~

I don't know for certain exactly where French toast originates, but I can tell you that early versions appear in 14th-16th century cookbooks from England, France, Italy, etc. [[User:Pepperlynn|Pepperlynn]] 22:45, 15 March 2009 (EDT)

Unintended pregnancy

2009-03-11T19:36:44Z

Pepperlynn: /* Social assistance */ married people have unintended pregnancies, too.

An '''unintended pregnancy''' is a possible result of having [[sexual intercourse]] for reasons other than a desire to [[procreate]].

[[Abortion]] promoters tend to appeal to women who regard carrying a child to term as the undesirable and unhappy outcome of an unintended pregnancy. Often these promoters (e.g. [[Planned Parenthood]]) will use the alternate term '''unplanned pregnancy''' to imply that pregnancies will turn out worse when they are surprises, since "smart" or "accomplished" people try to plan out their lives. This reasoning fallaciously ignores that God gives life many surprises, both as gifts, or vocations, or tests of our faith, and the true accomplishments are what we can do with these surprises.

[[Pro-life]] advocates are more likely to recognize the new life created as a gift from God rather than a punishment even if its [[conception]] was unintentional or unplanned. They know that pregnancy is always planned, as part of God's Plan.

==Social assistance==
Abortion is certainly not the only means of dealing with an unintended pregnancy. There are plenty of social programs that can assist those overwhelmed by pregnancy.

Other possible choices include:
# If they are not already married, the [[mother]] may choose to marry the father and raise the child.
# The mother may choose to raise the child by herself or with assistance from other family members or the state.
# The child may be given up for [[adoption]].

==Barack Obama==
[[Barack Hussein Obama]] is an abortion promoter. Speaking of his daughters, he characterized them having an unintended pregnancy, "If they make a mistake, I don't want them punished with a baby."

==See also==
*[[Teen pregnancy]]

[[Category:Pregnancy]]

Talk:Religion of Barack Obama

2009-03-10T04:28:08Z

Pepperlynn: /* Take Two */

Why are we repeating liberal falsehoods of Newsweek here??? Just a quick glance shows misuse of the word "secular" and the implausible claim that Obama's biological father was an atheist, for starters.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 11:55, 25 February 2009 (EST)
:Taking a step back, may I suggest that with a proper debunking of their falsehoods, we can show that they don't have much of an argument at all? It's important to not give these falsehoods any sense of validity, but I think such analysis can be done successfully and this would be a strength to the article. -[[User:Foxtrot|Foxtrot]] 12:07, 25 February 2009 (EST)

Andrew- The items that I took out were opinions, which clearly goes against your editorial policy. I am undoing your change. This article should be trustworthy and not filled with snark. --[[User: kschroe|Kurt Schroeder]] 3:59, 25 February 2009 (CST)

This article contains many statements that are purely unsubstantiated opinion. As such the article should be considered factually inaccurate until the issues are resolved. --[[User: kschroe|Kurt Schroeder]] 11:40, 27 February 2009 (CST)
:Try it this way, Kurt: write a complete test article and post it on this talk page first. The main question should be "what is Obama's religion", then provide answers to it. Divide the article in three; the first part provides answers and citations based on his Christianity (if any); the second part likewise for Islam; the third part for his secularism/atheism. [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 12:59, 27 February 2009 (EST)

::I'm interested in facts, so if you can convince me I'll add them to the article. Please be patient with us. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 13:37, 27 February 2009 (EST)

:::"[correction: "Christian story"? No real Christian refers to the faith that way.]" Statements like this are opinion, and once we start saying "real" Christian we are not only breaking the Conservapedia Commandments, but we're dividing Christians. If there was a link to a person who was reported as saying that, then we could reference it, but even then what good would it serve. There is a difference between truth and snark. --[[User:Kschroe|Kschroe]] 13:45, 27 February 2009 (EST)
::::So what you are saying is that you won't re-do the article to standards as I suggested above, but will sit and identify what you think is opinion and try to remove only that without facts to back up the removal? [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 13:49, 27 February 2009 (EST)

==How's This?==
The religion of Barack Obama is a hotly debated subject by some people. Despite claiming himself as a [[Christian]], many doubt his claim and look for "secret signs" about his "true religion". Here we shall lay out the cases for the 3 major arguments about Barack's religion: the case for him being either [[Christian]], [[Muslim]], or [[Agnostic]]/[[Atheist]].

-Christian-
* Self identifies as a Christian
* Was a member of a Baptist church for over 20 years
* Baptized in the early 1990's
* Married in a Christian church in 1992
* Celebrates the Christian holidays of Easter and Christmas

-Muslim-
* Speaks affectionately of the Muslim faith
* Uses proper Arabic pronunciation of some words
* Was taught the Muslim faith and principals as a child
* His name is Swahili, and has origins in the Arabic language

-Atheist/Agnostic-
* Has not regularly attended any religious service since severing his ties with his former church.
* Is involved in politics, which is in direct opposition to the Bible and Koran.

Is that what you were looking for Karajou? Of course, this is just a stub, much like this article, and can be expanded on. If you want to replace the current article with it, that's fine. Personally, I feel that the article, as it stands, should have an "Essay:" prefix in front of it. ==[[User:ShawnJ|ShawnJ]] 00:12, 28 February 2009 (EST)
:Something like that, in a "pro/con" sort of fashion. [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 00:49, 28 February 2009 (EST)

::I think we're getting somewhere. Now, if you'll take the trouble to format it as a table, we can have two columns. The left column, of course, will be the liberal or Democrat perspective, i.e., he's a Christian. The right column will be the conservative or Republican slant, i.e., he's "really" a Muslim.
::Each row will cover an aspect such as
::*background of grandparents and parents
::*religion classes taken in elementary school
::*churches attended in Harlem (most a half hour's bike ride from where I'm typing this ;-)
::*churches attended as an adult, including notorious statements by bigmouth pastors, and Obama's response to same
::*connotations and [[implications]] of his name
::*public statements about Islam

::Sometimes it helps to lay it all out in a chart, for easy reference. I can check with Andy to make sure he has no objections. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 11:45, 28 February 2009 (EST)

==Take Two==
Ok, let's see if I can blend your two suggestions together.

The religion of Barack Obama is a hotly debated subject by some people. Despite claiming himself as a [[Christian]], many doubt his claim and look for "secret signs" about his "true religion". Here we shall lay out the cases for the 3 major arguments about Barack's religion: the case for him being either [[Christian]], [[Muslim]], or [[Agnostic]]/[[Atheist]]

{|class=wikitable
!colspan=2|Christian
|-
! Pro
! Con
|-
| Self identifies as a Christian
| Admitted his beliefs may not be the same as some other Christians
|-
| Was a member of a Baptist church for over 20 years
| Lead pastor has made inflammatory anti-American statements
|-
| Baptized in the early 1990's
| has not produced any "Baptism record"
|-
| Married in a Christian church in 1992
| none
|-
| Cerebrates the Christian holidays of Easter and Christmas
| You don't need to be a member of a faith to celebrate holidays
|-
| Has lead the Senate in opening prayer,twice
| none
|-
!colspan=2|Muslim
|-
! Pro
! Con
|-
| Speaks affectionately of the Muslim faith
| Admiration does not imply practice
|-
| Uses proper Arabic pronunciation of some words
| Learning a language does not mean you need to practice a religion
|-
| Was taught the Muslim faith and principals as a child
| Has not been seen practicing any Muslim beliefs as an adult
|-
| His name is Swahili, and has origins in the Arabic language
| He was named after his father, a common practice regardless of religion
|-
| His stepfather was a Muslim
| none
|-
!colspan=2|Atheist/Agnostic
|-
!Pro
!Con
|-
| Has not attended any regular church service since separating from his former Baptist church
| Heavy political professional commitments have made hunting for a new church difficult at best
|-
| Is active in politics, in direct opposition to the Bible and Koran
| So is celebrating any holiday
|}

As before, this table can be expanded upon. I still think, since this article dwells in speculation, it should have the "Essay:" prefix. On a side not, I think my first table ever turned out rather well *pats self on back* --[[User:ShawnJ|ShawnJ]] 21:43, 28 February 2009 (EST)

:Great work! I apologize for the delayed feedback. Can you help with other similar tables? We cover many issues where each side has a set of arguments that mirror each other. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 08:07, 8 March 2009 (EDT)

::Some of those points are pretty specious
* Admitted his beliefs may not be the same as some other Christians (Christians don't all agree on everything, do they?)
* Lead pastor has made inflammatory anti-American statements (Irrelevant, really-- Christian and American patriot are not synonyms)
* has not produced any "Baptism record" (So?)
* You don't need to be a [Christian] to celebrate [Christmas and Easter] (no, indeed you don't-- so the holiday point could only count on the pro side if his observance is religious-- otherwise, it's irrelevant to either side.)
* I don't think the bit about involvement in politics being counter to the Bible and Koran is especially helpful-- or at least, it's putting a '''very''' broad brush into the tar. [[User:Pepperlynn|Pepperlynn]] 00:28, 10 March 2009 (EDT)

Unintended pregnancy

2009-03-10T04:06:54Z

Pepperlynn: Keeping "possible"-- many people have sex without wishing to procreate and succeed. Also removed "child conceived"-- redundant.

An '''unintended pregnancy''' is a possible result of having sex for reasons other than a desire to procreate.

[[Abortion]] promoters tend to sympathise with women who regard carrying a child to term as the undesirable and unhappy outcome of an unintended pregnancy.

Pro-life advocates are more likely to recognise the new life created as a gift from God rather than a punishment even if its conception was unintentional.

==Social assistance==
Abortion is certainly not the only means of dealing with an unintended pregnancy. There are plenty of social programs that can assist those overwhelmed by pregnancy.

Other possible choices include:
# The [[mother]] may choose to marry the father and raise the child.
# The mother may choose to raise the child by herself or with assistance from other family members or the state.
# The child may be given up for [[adoption]].

==Barack Obama==
[[Barack Hussein Obama]] is an abortion promoter. Speaking of his daughters, he characterized them having an unintended pregnancy, "If they make a mistake, I don't want them punished with a baby."

[[Category:pregnancy]]

Talk:Unintended pregnancy

2009-03-10T04:03:01Z

Pepperlynn:

This is fairly offensive.
One, although sex for pleasure is certainly a common path to unintended pregnancy, it's not the only one. Unintended pregnancies also result from rape, incest, etc.
Two, referring to a child as a "consequence" that the mother has to take responsibility for is a horrible attitude to a new life. A baby is a gift from God, not a punishment. That's exactly the kind of punitive attitude that drives the "pro-choice" movement.
Three, it's not fair to imply that only women try to escape "consequences". [[User:Pepperlynn|Pepperlynn]] 23:12, 9 March 2009 (EDT)
:I can agree that pleasure is not the only way, I will change accordingly. Point two, you want to rename consequence? How do you say the result of something which you did not wish for? I was giving the liberal attitude, not the Christian attitude when describing a baby. I know he/she is a gift, Barack Obama and the liberals don't. It is in fact 'her' consequence. The male doesn't have to do anything but conceive. I am definitely saying the male is responsible for his actions before and after, but the burden is on the female.--[[User:Jpatt|jpatt]] 23:29, 9 March 2009 (EDT)
::I think conservatives sometimes fall into the habit of saying "she must take responsibility for the consequences!" in a tone that almost sounds an awful lot like "suffer the consequences". Anyway, I don't mind the word per se, but taking a tone that can be taken to imply that having a baby is somehow a punishment for sin is playing right into "pro-choice" hands. [[User:Pepperlynn|Pepperlynn]] 00:03, 10 March 2009 (EDT)

Unintended pregnancy

2009-03-10T03:25:17Z

Pepperlynn: Tried to give this a more positive pro-life angle

And '''unintended pregnancy''' is a possible result of having sex for reasons other than a desire to procreate.

[[Abortion]] promoters tend to sympathise with women who regard carrying a child to term as the undesirable and unhappy outcome of an unintended pregnancy.

Pro-life advocates are more likely to recognise the new life created as a gift from God rather than a punishment even if its conception was unintentional.

==Social assistance==
Abortion is certainly not the only means of dealing with an unintended pregnancy. There are plenty of social programs that can assist those overwhelmed by pregnancy.

Other possible choices include:
# The [[mother]] may choose to marry the father and raise the child.
# The mother may choose to raise the child by herself or with assistance from other family members.
# The child may be given up for [[adoption]].

[[Category:pregnancy]]

Talk:Unintended pregnancy

2009-03-10T03:12:50Z

Pepperlynn: New page: This is fairly offensive. One, although sex for pleasure is certainly a common path to unintended pregnancy, it's not the only one. Unintended pregnancies also result from rape, incest, e...

Marital rape

2009-03-06T21:18:46Z

Pepperlynn: /* Marital rape and the law */ Tiny cleanup-- he can be Hale or Sir Matthew, but not Sir Hale.

'''Marital rape''', also known within [[law]] as '''Spousal rape''', is the [[Rape|rape]] of a [[wife]] or [[husband]] by their own partner.

Whether marital rape is considered a [[crime]] depends on where you live in the [[world]]. Almost all developed [[countries]], and many developing countries, recognise marital rape as being a crime, including, but not limited too: [[Argentina]], [[Australia]], [[Austria]], [[Barbados]], [[Belize]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Canada]], [[Croatia]], [[Cyprus]], [[Denmark]], [[Ecuador]], the [[Fiji]] Islands, [[Finland]], [[France]], [[Georgia]], [[Germany]], [[Honduras]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Ireland]], [[Israel]], [[Macedonia]], [[Mexico]], [[Namibia]], [[Nepal]], The [[Netherlands]], [[New Zealand]], [[Norway]], The [[Philippines]], [[Poland]], [[South Africa]], [[Spain]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Sweden]], [[Taiwan]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], the [[United Kingdom]] as a whole, the [[United States of America|United States]], [[Uzbekistan]], and [[Zimbabwe]]<ref>http://marriage.about.com/cs/maritalrape/f/maritalrape10.htm</ref>. However, the degree that these countries consider the seriousness of the crime of marital rape compared to 'stranger' rape varies from country to country, and indeed [[state]] to state. While some countries and states consider that marital rape is not as serious a crime as other forms of rape, other countries and states hold it to be as serious a crime, or a worse crime, as incidence of marital rape is a strong indicator that other forms of [[Domestic violence|domestic abuse]] are also taking place.<ref>[http://www.hiddenhurt.co.uk/Articles/maritalrape.htm Marital Rape</ref>

== Marital rape and the law ==

Within [[history]] can be seen the concept that marriage includes within it conjugal rights. In Western culture this was often ascribed to the teaching of [[Saint Paul|St. Paul]]:''"Let the husband render to his wife the affection due her, and likewise also the wife to her husband. The wife does not have authority over her own body, but the husband does. And likewise the husband does not have authority over his own body, but the wife does. Do not deprive one another except with consent for a time, that you may give yourselves to fasting and prayer; and come together again so that Satan does not tempt you because of your lack of self-control."''<ref>1 Corinthians v7, ch3-5, New King James Version Bible</ref>. As a result of this passage the concept of marital rape was considered to be an impossibility, and this was codified by Sir Matthew Hale in the 1736 publication of his work ''Historia Placitorum Coronae, History of the Pleas of the Crown''. Within this work Hale wrote that marital rape could not exist: ''"But the husband cannot be guilty of a rape committed by himself upon his lawful wife, for by their mutual matrimonial consent and contract the wife hath given up herself in this kind unto her husband which she cannot retract."''<ref>''Historia Placitorum Coronae, History of the Pleas of the Crown'', Matthew Hale, Sir</ref> However, it is important to note that Hale wrote this as a matter of legal opinion, not a finding of legal fact, and so technically this concept did not pass into [[common law]], although [[Judge|judges]] treated this piece of opinion as if it had.

As a result of this, judges within the UK treated marital rape as an exception to the rape law until 1991. In 1991 the [[House of Lords]], the highest national court in the UK, sat in judgement on an appeal lodged in the case of ''R v R'' [1992] 1 AC 599. At the heart of the case rested the question of whether one of the parties involved could have have committed rape on the other party (the spouse) given that the two parties were married to each other. The judges found that what had been perceived as [[case law]] regarding marital rape had been made on the basis of Hale's opinion, and that the opinion in question wasn't [[Precedent|precedence]] (as it wasn't the finding of legal fact within a case), then common law granted no exemption for marital rape within the provisions of the statute governing the crime of rape.

In the US marital rape was exempted from prosecution until 1976. In 1975 [[South Dakota]] removed the exception, and now all 50 states consider marital rape to be a crime, although not all states regard it as being as serious as other forms of rape. States that have no legal distinction between rape and marital rape include, but are not necessarily limited to [[Colorado]], [[Delaware]], [[Florida]], [[Georgia]], [[Indiana]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Montana]], [[Nebraska]], [[New Jersey]], [[New Mexico]], [[North Carolina]], [[North Dakota]], [[Oregon]], [[Texas]], [[Utah]], [[Vermont]], [[Wisconsin]] and the [[District of Columbia]].<ref>http://marriage.about.com/cs/maritalrape/f/maritalrape10.htm</ref>

==Effects of Marital rape==

Where people believe that marital rape is a crime, but not as serious a crime as rape by a stranger, there is often found the perception that because the spouses are well known to each other forced intimacy within a marriage is not as traumatic an event as other forms of rape. However, this perception is incorrect. Rape by a stranger, a highly traumatising event itself, is usually a one-time occurrance. Marital rape occurs between partners that could have known each other for years meaning that the victim could have been raped multiple times. Furthermore, it has been found that the act of marital rape is often part of a cycle of domestic violence experienced by the victim.<ref>[http://www.hiddenhurt.co.uk/Articles/maritalrape.htm Marital Rape</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:Crimes]]

Talk:Homeschooled celebrities

2009-03-03T18:06:38Z

Pepperlynn: /* Duplication of effort */

Is this legit? The entire title is a primer to weasel words. It's like writing an article for "People Who Arguably Could Be Considered Historically Important By Certain Individuals With Such An Opinion." And the article itself makes us look lazy- "we haven't done the legwork, but these people could make homeschooling look good if they were, so here's hope"- just comes across poorly. I say we come up with definitive answers for those we can, get rid of the ones who are inconclusive and get rid of this article ASAP. --[[User:DReynolds|DReynolds]] 23:40, 2 March 2009 (EST)
::I agree-- otherwise, it's a big round of speculation. The first two on the list seem to have had a mix of homeschooling and other schooling. Stonewall Jackson was most likely first taught by his mother, a schoolteacher, who died when he was six years old. After that, he attended school where and when he could, and also engaged in a good deal of self-teaching. Alexander Graham Bell was schooled at home until the age of eleven by his father. He later attended two different high schools.[[User:Pepperlynn|Pepperlynn]] 00:24, 3 March 2009 (EST)

== Duplication of effort ==
This page duplicates [[:category:People who were Educated at Home]]. I'd suggest putting everyone listed here into that category, rather than having a separate page.--[[User:CPalmer|CPalmer]] 09:29, 3 March 2009 (EST)
::Sounds like a plan [[User:Pepperlynn|Pepperlynn]] 13:06, 3 March 2009 (EST)

Talk:Homeschooled celebrities

2009-03-03T05:24:46Z

Pepperlynn:

Talk:Homeschooled celebrities

2009-03-03T05:24:24Z

Pepperlynn:

The Parable of the Pharisee and the Publican

2009-03-03T00:48:17Z

Pepperlynn: /* Text */ Tidy-up only

The [[Biblical Parables|parable]] of '''The Pharisee and the Publican''' is a parable of Jesus recounted in the [[Gospel of Luke]]. In it, the Publican's shame at his own sin is held higher than the Pharisee's gratitude for his own virtue. This teaches us the value of humility over pride.

== Text ==

From the Gospel of Luke, chapter 18 (King James Version):

<blockquote>
9. And he spake this parable unto certain which trusted in themselves that they were righteous, and despised others:
10. Two men went up into the temple to pray; the one a Pharisee, and the other a publican.
11. The Pharisee stood and prayed thus with himself, God, I thank thee, that I am not as other men are, extortioners, unjust, adulterers, or even as this publican.
12. I fast twice in the week, I give tithes of all that I possess.
13. And the publican, standing afar off, would not lift up so much as his eyes unto heaven, but smote upon his breast, saying, God be merciful to me a sinner.
14. I tell you, this man went down to his house justified rather than the other: for every one that exalteth himself shall be abased; and he that humbleth himself shall be exalted.</blockquote>

The Roman ''publicanus'' was a public contractor and tax-gatherer rather than a publican in the modern sense, and other Bible translations, for example the New International Version, call him a tax collector rather than a publican.

[[category:Jesus]]

The Parable of the Pharisee and the Publican

2009-03-02T04:04:53Z

Pepperlynn: /* Text */ Chapter reference

The [[Biblical Parables|parable]] of '''The Pharisee and the Publican''' is a parable of Jesus recounted in the [[Gospel of Luke]]. In it, the Publican's shame at his own sin is held higher than the Pharisee's gratitude for his own virtue. This teaches us the value of humility over pride.

== Text ==

From the Gospel of Luke, chapter 18 (King James Version):

9. And he spake this parable unto certain which trusted in themselves that they were righteous, and despised others:
10. Two men went up into the temple to pray; the one a Pharisee, and the other a publican.
11. The Pharisee stood and prayed thus with himself, God, I thank thee, that I am not as other men are, extortioners, unjust, adulterers, or even as this publican.
12. I fast twice in the week, I give tithes of all that I possess.
13. And the publican, standing afar off, would not lift up so much as his eyes unto heaven, but smote upon his breast, saying, God be merciful to me a sinner.
14. I tell you, this man went down to his house justified rather than the other: for every one that exalteth himself shall be abased; and he that humbleth himself shall be exalted.

The Roman ''publicanus'' was a public contractor and tax-gatherer rather than a publican in the modern sense, and other Bible translations, for example the New International Version, call him a tax collector rather than a publican.

[[category:Jesus]]

The Parable of the Pharisee and the Publican

2009-03-02T04:04:09Z

Pepperlynn: Improved formatting, wikilink to Biblical Parables

The [[Biblical Parables|parable]] of '''The Pharisee and the Publican''' is a parable of Jesus recounted in the [[Gospel of Luke]]. In it, the Publican's shame at his own sin is held higher than the Pharisee's gratitude for his own virtue. This teaches us the value of humility over pride.

== Text ==

From the Gospel of Luke, King James Version:

9. And he spake this parable unto certain which trusted in themselves that they were righteous, and despised others:
10. Two men went up into the temple to pray; the one a Pharisee, and the other a publican.
11. The Pharisee stood and prayed thus with himself, God, I thank thee, that I am not as other men are, extortioners, unjust, adulterers, or even as this publican.
12. I fast twice in the week, I give tithes of all that I possess.
13. And the publican, standing afar off, would not lift up so much as his eyes unto heaven, but smote upon his breast, saying, God be merciful to me a sinner.
14. I tell you, this man went down to his house justified rather than the other: for every one that exalteth himself shall be abased; and he that humbleth himself shall be exalted.

The Roman ''publicanus'' was a public contractor and tax-gatherer rather than a publican in the modern sense, and other Bible translations, for example the New International Version, call him a tax collector rather than a publican.

[[category:Jesus]]

The Parable of the Pharisee and the Publican

2009-03-02T03:59:37Z

Pepperlynn: Bible text from KJV and very short summary

The parable of '''The Pharisee and the Publican''' is a parable of Jesus recounted in the [[Gospel of Luke]]. In it, the Publican's shame at his own sin is held higher than the Pharisee's gratitude for his own virtue. This teaches us the value of humility over pride.

== Text ==

From the Gospel of Luke, King James Version:

9. And he spake this parable unto certain which trusted in themselves that they were righteous, and despised others:
10. Two men went up into the temple to pray; the one a Pharisee, and the other a publican.
11. The Pharisee stood and prayed thus with himself, God, I thank thee, that I am not as other men are, extortioners, unjust, adulterers, or even as this publican.
12. I fast twice in the week, I give tithes of all that I possess.
13. And the publican, standing afar off, would not lift up so much as his eyes unto heaven, but smote upon his breast, saying, God be merciful to me a sinner.
14. I tell you, this man went down to his house justified rather than the other: for every one that exalteth himself shall be abased; and he that humbleth himself shall be exalted.

The Roman ''publicanus'' was a public contractor and tax-gatherer rather than a publican in the modern sense, and other Bible translations, for example the New International Version, call him a tax collector rather than a publican.

Biblical Parables

2009-03-02T03:45:46Z

Pepperlynn: Added the Pharisee and the Publican

A '''Biblical Parable''' is a symbolic story that teaches gospel truths by comparing them to earthly things.
=Parables in the Old Testament=
* [[The ewe-lamb]] - 2 Samuel 12:1-9
* [[The woman of Tekoah]] - 2 Samuel 14:1-13.

=Parables in the New Testament=
*[[The parable of the sower]] - Matthew 13:3-9, 18-23; Mark 4:3-9, 14-20; Luke 8:5-8, 11-15
*[[The parable of the wheat and the tares]] - Matthew 13:24-30, 36-43
*[[The parable of the grain of mustard seed]] - Matthew 13:31-32; Mark 4:30-32; Luke 13:18-19
*[[The parable of the leaven]] - Matthew 13:33; Luke 13:20-21
*[[The parable of the treasure hid in the field]] - Matthew 13:44
*[[The parable of the pearl of great price]] - Matthew 13:45-46
*[[The parable of the net cast into the sea]] - Matthew 13:47-50
*[[The parable of the householder]] - Matthew 13:51-52
*[[The parable of the lost sheep]] - Matthew 18:12-14; Luke 15:1-7
*[[The parable of the unmerciful servant]] - Matthew 18:23-35
*[[The parable of the laborers in the vineyard]] - Matthew 20:1-16
*[[The parable of the two sons]] - Matthew 21:28-32
*[[The parable of the wicked husbandmen]] - Matthew 21:33-46; Mark 12:1-12; Luke 20:9-20
*[[The parable of the wedding of the king's son]] - Matthew 22:1-14
*[[The parable of the ten virgins]] - Matthew 25:1-13
*[[The parable of the talents]] - Matthew 25:14-30
*[[The parable of the sheep and the goats]] - Matthew 25:31-46
*[[The parable of the candle under a bushel]] - Mark 4:21-25; Luke 8:16-18
*[[The parable of the seed growing secretly]] - Mark 4:26-29
*[[The parable of the good Samaritan]] - Luke 10:25-37
*[[The parable of the lost coins]] - Luke 15:8-10
*[[The parable of the prodigal son]] - Luke 15:11-32
*[[The parable of the unjust steward]] - Luke 16:1-8
*[[Lazarus (Parable) |The parable of Lazarus and the rich man]] - Luke 16:19-31
*[[The Parable of the Pharisee and the Publican]] - Luke 18:9-14
*[[The parable of the pounds]] - Luke 19:11-27
*[[The parable of the good shepherd]] - John 10:1-21
*[[The parable of the lamp under a basket]] - Matthew 5:14-16; Mark 4:21,22; Luke 8:16,17 and 11:33-36
*[[The parable of the wise man who builds on rock]] - Matthew 7:24-27; Luke 6:47-49

== Sources ==

* [http://www.bcbsr.com/survey/jpbl.html The Parables of Jesus Christ]

[[Category:Bible]]

Privateer

2009-02-28T00:43:23Z

Pepperlynn: m

A '''privateer''' is a private warship, that attacks and plunders the vessels of enemy [[nation]]s. The most fundamental difference between privateering and piracy is that a privateer is authorized by Letters of Marque issued by its country's government. Privateers go out without insignia (so for which country they work cannot be proved) and attack the ships of rival or enemy nations. The most famous early privateers were those permitted by [[Elizabeth I]] of [[England]] to harass the [[Spanish Armada]] and disrupt Spanish shipment of precious metals from the [[Americas]]. Sir [[Francis Drake]] was one of the most celebrated English privateers of the 16th century.

Privateering was a common part of Naval warfare from the 16th to early 19th century. The issuance of Letters of Marque and Reprisal was formally abandoned by the many nations who agreed to the Declaration of Paris in 1856. The US did not agree to the declaration, and as such can still authorize privateering. The US last issued a Letter of Marque to the Airship ''Resolute'' in 1941.
[[Category:Military]][[Category:Navy]]

Privateer

2009-02-27T21:35:37Z

Pepperlynn: Revised, expanded

A '''privateer''' is a private warship, that attacks and plunders the vessels of enemy nations. The most fundamental difference is that a privateer is authorized by Letters of Marque issues by it's county's government. Privateers go out without insignia (so for which country they work cannot be proved) and attack the ships of rival or enemy nations. The most famous early privateers were those permitted by Elizabeth I of England to harass the [[Spanish Armada]] and disrupt Spanish shipment of precious metals from the Americas. Sir [[Francis Drake]] was one of the most celebrated English privateers of the 16th century.

Privateering was a common part of Naval warfare from the 16th to early 19th century. The issuance of Letters of Marque and reprisal was formally abandoned by the many nations who agreed to the Declaration of Paris in 1856. The US did not agree to the declaration, and as such can still authorize privateering. The US last issued a Letter of Marque to the Airship ''Resolute'' in 1941.

Talk:Essay:Best New Conservative Words

2009-02-23T22:48:31Z

Pepperlynn:

==Couple of points==
* Interventionalism is an ugly kludge. The word should be "interventionism".
* Some of the terms are just not Conservative in '''any''' meaningful way. For example "design by committee" is used by both Liberals and Conservatives to describe the same problem.
* A word to describe Conservative concept may be worth calling a "Conservative word", but the mere fact that Conservatives like or dislike something doesn't mean the word is Liberal or Conservative. "Grassroots" isn't a Conservative word-- it's a word for local community activism, regardless of political bent. Ditto phonics. "Condescention" isn't a Liberal word, and it was originally, considered to be the Christian virtue of treating one's social inferiors as equals.
* I don't know anyone who denies the '''effectiveness''' of abstinence, Liberal, Conservative, or pink-and-green-striped.
[[User:Pepperlynn|Pepperlynn]] 17:48, 23 February 2009 (EST)

==Some suggestions==
How about 'responsibility' (1737) and 'self-discipline' (1838)? [[User:MikeSalter|MikeSalter]] 08:58, 10 January 2009 (EST)

: Superb ideas!!! Fantastic. Please add them. I have some that will add also.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 09:19, 10 January 2009 (EST)

The list is good, but it doesn't say why they are ''conservative'' words. Perhaps something could be added related to this? Also, I have a suggestion: 'Rags to Riches'? *Hopeful* [[User:ETrundel|ETrundel]] 11:13, 10 January 2009 (EST)

What are the criteria for "conservative words" (as distinct from "liberal words"?) [[User:Reg32Idaho|Reg32Idaho]] 14:10, 10 January 2009 (EST)

As per "radar", I suggest "sonar" and "laser" (also acronyms, from similar domain), and "radio".

: (edit conflict) Words that express more precisely a conservative concept, or criticize more effectively a liberal characteristic. I'm going to insert Mike Salter's suggestions above, for example, and feel free to add your own.

: The distribution of the words as a function of time (and perhaps what was happening at the time) will become illuminating.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 14:20, 10 January 2009 (EST)

: P.S. I don't see sonar, laser and radio as adding any conservative insight.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 14:20, 10 January 2009 (EST)

:: Understood. But "radar" does? [[User:Reg32Idaho|Reg32Idaho]] 14:27, 10 January 2009 (EST)

::: Yes, because it was the first and it has broader use than your other example.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 14:28, 10 January 2009 (EST)
::: I understand precedence going to the earliest word, but don't see how "radar" expresses more precisely a conservative concept, or criticizes more effectively a liberal characteristic. [[User:Reg32Idaho|Reg32Idaho]] 14:33, 10 January 2009 (EST)

:::: Your point is well-taken, and I agree this is borderline. However, I would still say that "radar" is a conservative concept/insight that is used effectively to convey a powerful conservative idea. Let's see what others think before deleting it.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 14:57, 10 January 2009 (EST)

::::: Well, RADAR was created in Britain just before WW2 - indeed, it was one of the reasons why Britain defeated the Luftwaffe in the Battle of Britain. So I'm not really sure why it's on a list of American Conservative words when Britain is highly liberal by comparison to America. Also, I added one - 'self-determination'. [[User:ETrundel|ETrundel]] 15:13, 10 January 2009 (EST)

::::: Frankly, I'm confused. I normally think of "radar" (in the non-scientific sense) as meaning perception. "In the public's radar" means "something the public notices." Is there a different conservative conception of the word? [[User:RodWeathers|- Rod Weathers]] 15:14, 10 January 2009 (EST)

:::::: The inclusion of "radar" is debatable, but essentially it is a powerful self-defense mechanism conceptually analogous to the [[Reagan]]'s concept of [[SDI]] and the [[Second Amendment]], which [[liberals]] loathed.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 16:49, 10 January 2009 (EST)

Here's two:
*pro-life ([http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=pro-life 1976], though I'd prefer a better citation since the quote they have underneath is very anti-conservative.)
*normalcy (1920 in the Conservative sense, although dated back to 1857 in a mathematical sense. In a rare glimmer of unbiased truth on a political subject, the WP article even states: ''"Furthermore, the concept apparently encapsulated what Americans wanted, since he was elected president over his Democratic opponent James Cox by the greatest margin since the popular vote was introduced."'')
-[[User:Foxtrot|Foxtrot]] 14:40, 10 January 2009 (EST)

: Fantastic suggestions, both of them. Very insightful.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 14:57, 10 January 2009 (EST)

"elitism" (1947) - Seems to be used much more widely with this last election campaign. [[User:Reg32Idaho|Reg32Idaho]] 15:26, 10 January 2009 (EST)
:Conversely, "populism" and "grassroots," which have formed an important basis of conservative politics since 1980 (earlier?) [[User:RodWeathers|- Rod Weathers]] 17:17, 10 January 2009 (EST)

:: "grassroots" is a good suggestion, and I just added it. "populism" is not a term used particularly by conservatives; nor does it yield any conservative insight that I am aware of.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 17:40, 10 January 2009 (EST)
:::Seriously? Populism is used continually to refer to Reagan, and more recently, George Bush and Sarah Palin, as they seek to speak for the "people" as opposed to "elites." Strikes me as deeply conservative. [[User:RodWeathers|- Rod Weathers]] 17:44, 10 January 2009 (EST)

:::: I don't doubt that liberals, the media, history books, and a diversity other people use the term. I doubt that any of the conservatives you mention, or any other conservatives, use the term much. It would be easy for you to prove me wrong, if I were wrong. I don't see anything conservative or insightful about the term. Majority rules? That's a mundane, almost meaningless concept at best. It begs the question of what the majority thinks at a particular time, which of course is very fickle.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 17:59, 10 January 2009 (EST)

::::: Pat Buchanan calls himself a populist (though it notes Goldwater and Reagan would not use the term). [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n15_v47/ai_17161967] Rove calls Bush a populist on taxation [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9905EFD61130F930A15752C0A9659C8B63]. I suppose there are two different concepts of the word: first, the classical "majority rules" idea which was rejected by the founding fathers in favor of checks and balances, and second, the modern term, conservative "populism," which refers to deriving your power from the people and relying on widely and deeply held conservative Christian values (example would be Palin's emphasis on the "real America" and blue collar workers) as opposed to deriving your power from intellectuals and media magnates. [[User:RodWeathers|- Rod Weathers]] 18:21, 10 January 2009 (EST)

::::: Phyllis Schlafly refers to the Goldwater ideology as populist, and she'd know! [http://www.eagleforum.org/column/1998/june98/98-06-10.html] [[User:RodWeathers|- Rod Weathers]] 18:31, 10 January 2009 (EST)

::::: The word ''populist'' has a far better tone than the word'' populism''. Similarly, the word ''fundamentalist'' has a far better tone than ''fundamentalism''. In political contexts, these are four completely different words. --[[User:RickD|RickD]] 18:32, 10 January 2009 (EST)

:::::: The problem comes when liberals attempt to use the terms as smears, and we stop using them as a result. I for one am proud to call myself a fundamentalist, and I know many other who feel the same way. [[User:RodWeathers|- Rod Weathers]] 18:35, 10 January 2009 (EST)
:::::: Me too. I take pride in saying I believe in fundamentalism. All would agree that ''-ism'' added to almost any word gives it a negative tone, yes? For example, "science + t + ism = scientism" and scientism always refers to a bad set of science-related ideas. --[[User:RickD|RickD]] 18:42, 10 January 2009 (EST)
(Unindent) You have a point there. But now you have liberals calling muslim terrorists "fundamentalist muslims," to try to paint us with the same brush. [[User:RodWeathers|- Rod Weathers]] 18:54, 10 January 2009 (EST)

::::: The cites above are interesting but inconclusive. RickD's point in distinguishing "populist" from "populism" is superb. None of the above cites refer to "populism" in a conservative or even favorable light.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 19:00, 10 January 2009 (EST)

Some suggestions off the top of my head: Truth, Integrity those these are quite general I think they contrast well with the article on liberal deceit. [[User:JamesDW|JamesDW]] 21:16, 11 January 2009 (EST)

==Pro-life==

Andy, do you have a cite for the earlier attestation of "pro-life" than the one I provided? I think it's great that you've found a date that predates [[Roe v. Wade]]. -[[User:Foxtrot|Foxtrot]] 18:38, 10 January 2009 (EST)

==Atheism==
It's not an English word; it's Greek. The claim is hardly "Silly," ASchlafly. But given your other claims on the page, IE that "quote mining" A: is a word and B: Was never invented, I guess I can forgive you for thinking that. [[User:RaymondS|RaymondS]] 00:04, 11 January 2009 (EST)

== Use of the Adjective "New" ==

Is "new" the right word to be using for terms that originated in the 1600's and 1700's? `I'm not saying they should be removed from the list, but referring to them as "new" implies that they were originated with the modern conservative movement. Maybe these should be referred to as ''Powerful'' or ''Significant'' conservative words, which makes their date of origin irrelevant. --[[User:DinsdaleP|DinsdaleP]] 12:10, 11 January 2009 (EST)

==Origins==
I used the Oxford English Dictionary to correct the years of origin for some conservative words--[[User:Saxplayer|Saxplayer]] 12:45, 11 January 2009 (EST)

: You made a mess of the entry. For example, the date you inserted for "conservative" is not for the political sense used here. Now I have to clean up your mess ....--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 13:13, 11 January 2009 (EST)

::Then you should have made it clear you wished this to done in the current political context.--[[User:Saxplayer|Saxplayer]] 13:20, 11 January 2009 (EST)

:::Be courteous, please. [[User:MikeSalter|MikeSalter]] 13:22, 11 January 2009 (EST)

:: The atheism date may perhaps need changing too, in that case. In the 16th century it probably applied to matters in which there was no superficial need for God, or to people who had never been given a choice regarding the matter (for example, in the 16th century you could be burned for being a Protestant/Catholic or for witchcraft; imagine what they would do to a modern atheist!). Today, however, the term has been changed to mean one who has apparently ''voluntarily'' rejected God. I hope this helps; I also added racism to the list of Liberal words earlier. [[User:ETrundel|ETrundel]] 13:26, 11 January 2009 (EST)

==Spiritualism==
This may be a cultural/linguistic difference, but in the UK 'spiritualism' has a very specific meaning, of belief in communication with the dead. This was very popular in the early twentieth century, even Conan Doyle was a believer, but has since abated, though there are spiritualist 'churches' and mediums around. I would have said that 'spirituality' was the opposite of materialism, or 'religious feeling', 'religiosity', 'belief'. [[User:MikeSalter|MikeSalter]] 13:10, 11 January 2009 (EST)
:Not a cultural difference, but a plurality of definitions. Spirit-conjuring charlatans like to use the term, but in a philosophic context, ti's opposed to materialism. A similar opposite is "idealism," which also a number of unrelated non-philosophical definitions. [[User:RodWeathers|- Rod Weathers]] 13:17, 11 January 2009 (EST)
::I suggested dualism, which seems the best fit to me. Materialism can be phrased as the believe that everything boils down to matter, there is only one ontological world/realm and that's the realm of matter. I don't think there is an exact opposite of that (well, perhaps believing in no worlds at all, but that's just stupid), there are just alternatives like dualism and pluralism which believe in resp. two or more realms of existence and of these two dualism is the strongest held position.
::Another kind of opposite would be idealism, the belief that there is only one ontological realm and that's the realm of the mind, but even this one is more of an alternative than an opposition and not a strong position either.
::Anyways, asking for an opposite of materialism isn't very realistic, since it all depends on what you deem an opposite. What's the opposite of "one"? Is it zero, minus one, any number greater than one or "eno"? It all depends on the context, and in the context of ontological philosophy dualism is the strongest opposition to materialism. --[[User:TBrouwer|TBrouwer]] 18:43, 11 January 2009 (EST)

::: The opposite would be a sensible equivalent of anti-materialism, or immaterialism.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 20:18, 11 January 2009 (EST)

== Reversion ==

I had to revert many of Saxplayer's dates, and some minor edits were lost in the reversion. Feel free to reinstate if their quality is improved (e.g., spell "tyranny" correctly, or give a date of origin for "racism"). Thanks and Godspeed.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 13:33, 11 January 2009 (EST)

== Conservapedia ==

Surely this must be one of the newest words that should earn a place! --[[User:JamesDW|JamesDW]] 23:09, 11 January 2009 (EST)

== Definition / Categorisation ==

I'm reluctant to edit the page, as it may be reverted, but I have a suggestion for the opening. The term "conservative word" isn't defined, and could have many possible meanings, such as "a word coined by a conservative", or "a word for a conservative principle", or "a word commonly used by conservatives, but not by liberals or other groups". The list being produced includes examples of all these. Perhaps the page should therefore be split into accordingly different sections: "Words coined by conservatives to describe liberal principles", "Words which encapsulate conservative principles", "terms and concepts invented by conservatives", and so on.--[[User:Eoinc|Eoinc]] 10:53, 12 January 2009 (EST)

: No, I disagree. The meaning is obvious enough and splintering into different categories would obscure rather than enlighten. Your three suggested "different" meanings in fact lack any significant differences.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 11:25, 12 January 2009 (EST)

:: I concur with ASchlafly. As well as obscuring the information, if I were to go onto a page and see in the contents box "Words coined by conservatives to describe liberal principles" or "Words which encapsulate conservative principles", I would quickly go and find another page. They hardly grab one's interest. [[User:ETrundel|ETrundel]] 11:42, 12 January 2009 (EST)

== New word for 'liberal'? ==

Does anyone have any suggestions for a more descriptive word for 'liberal'? I find 'liberal' to be an unsatisfactory description for liberals in the present day, since they tend to support large government and curbs on freedom. Perhaps an alternative word would better sum up the set of views that liberals hold?--[[User:CPalmer|CPalmer]] 04:47, 3 February 2009 (EST)

==[[Fellow traveller]]==
Is this a conservative word? I think its from the early 1900s and originally described communist sympathizers who did not belong to a communist party. It also might be a good word for now to describe your "terrorist sympathizer" situation.

Other suggestions: design-by-committee and democide. [[User:AddisonDM|AddisonDM]] 13:53, 8 February 2009 (EST)

: All three are superb suggestions for this entry. Please add them with informative material, such as date of first use. Well done!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 20:00, 10 February 2009 (EST)

== New article -> New liberal words? ==

I believe we discussed this prior to the server move where we lost a weeks worth of edits. I remember creating a new article on [[New liberal words]], by removing that section from this article. --[[User:DeanS|DeanStalk]] 14:24, 17 February 2009 (EST)

== Words? ==

Many of these are phrases not words. How long can a phrase get? Can Reagan's acceptance speech be listed as a new word? We need guidance on what a word is. --[[User:Brendanw|Brendanw]] 10:41, 18 February 2009 (EST)

: What are you talking about? The vast majority ''are'' words. If you're genuinely so confused, then I doubt we can help you.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 10:44, 18 February 2009 (EST)

:: "Terms" would probably be a more accurate description than "words". However I assume that most people will be able to work things out from the examples given. [[User:AndyJM|AndyJM]] 10:47, 18 February 2009 (EST)

:: "affirmative action" is two words, "Affirmative" and "Action", a full 43% of the listed "Words" are really phrases like this, not including the words with hyphens. --[[User:Brendanw|Brendanw]] 19:38, 18 February 2009 (EST)

== Humanism ==

Since Humanists and Big Bang were originally pejorative terms should they be under the conservative list? --[[User:Brendanw|Brendanw]] 19:38, 18 February 2009 (EST)

: No, because they are liberal terms now. And I doubt their origin was conservative, either. Fred Hoyle was not a conservative. He was a liberal who rejected the theory of evolution.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 17:27, 20 February 2009 (EST)

::Wasn't Hoyle ''ridiculing'' the idea of the [[Big Bang]]? I'll go take a look at the [[Fred Hoyle]] article. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 17:30, 20 February 2009 (EST)

::: Yes, he was ridiculing it. But liberals adopted the term and made it popular.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 17:59, 20 February 2009 (EST)

:: Evolution is a separate issue. they are only united by the fact that they both are in the standard naturalistic view of the origin of the universe. --[[User:Brendanw|Brendanw]] 11:59, 22 February 2009 (EST)

== We should make a unifying convention or get rid of the divide ==

There are words that belong in both groups, that or we need a clear convention used through out. Communism is most often used by Conservatives, its a sore subject for liberals (you know, with the millions killed and mass poverty and all) and they rarely talk about it. I just want a better convention than "because Andy figures this way is best". --[[User:Brendanw|Brendanw]] 13:17, 23 February 2009 (EST)

Talk:Homosexual Historical Revisionism

2009-02-17T23:10:56Z

Pepperlynn:

I have to argue that Alexander at the minimum engaged in long term homosexual relations. This was not uncommon in the greek culture of his day. [[User:EternalCritic|EternalCritic]] 18:00, 10 November 2008 (EST)
:I had occasion to reread Xenophon's ''The Persian Expedition'' recently. Some of the Greeks had their boys along with them. That isn't revisionism...it's primary source. [[User:AlanE|AlanE]] 18:28, 10 November 2008 (EST)

::But that does not mean they had them along for sexual purposes, as gay liberals claim.--[[User:Saxplayer|Saxplayer]] 20:32, 10 November 2008 (EST)
:::I am not going to go through and look for it, but the context was certainly sexual. It was a 1940's translation...Rex Warner...and I remember the class sniggering about it in the late fifties when it was read for our curriculum.[[User:AlanE|AlanE]] 21:12, 10 November 2008 (EST)
:::I've just thought...it seems ironic - or appropriate - that I have just been getting rid of the red links on [[Edward II]]. Including [[Berkeley Castle]].[[User:AlanE|AlanE]] 21:34, 10 November 2008 (EST)

''not supported with any citations see conservapedia commandments.'' Quite right. Do you want cites that claim the individual was gay, or cites that claim that they aren't, or one of each, or what? What would be the best way to proceed? I think the article needs examples.--[[User:Hsmom|Hsmom]] 22:03, 10 November 2008 (EST)

:The article has examples: Jesus, Paul, Robin Hood. The attempt before Conservative's edit to paint ASchlafly as a homosexual is just what a liberal considered humor, and I think you're unlikely to find any citations for it. [[User:BHarlan|BHarlan]] 22:28, 10 November 2008 (EST)

::Correction: I misread. Apparently, it was a different Schlafly, but I'm sure the same applies: this was just a liberal smear that would indicate that anyone was accusing any Schlafly of perversion, even though the intent was that John was not homosexual. Backhanded smears are common [[liberal style]].
::Even if I am wrong, it's just more evidence that liberals love to accuse prominent conservatives of homosexuality, especially if they share a name or lineage with other prominent conservatives like [[Aschlafly]]. [[User:BHarlan|BHarlan]] 00:04, 11 November 2008 (EST)

:::You are right BHarlan, that is why I started this article. Homosexual activists try to appropriate our history by blithely making these outrageous claims that "so and so was gay" with no evidence. This article is designed to highlight, and counter, their ridiculous assertions.--[[User:Saxplayer|Saxplayer]] 07:32, 11 November 2008 (EST)

It's possible you started this article as a parody. I removed the Liberace reference.

We may need an article on famous closet gays who falsely denied their homosexuality. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 09:38, 11 November 2008 (EST)
:Only one I can think of is Alan Turing. At least we can be completly confident this one actually was gay - it drove him to suicide.[[User:NewCrusader|NewCrusader]] 13:35, 12 November 2008 (EST)

:: I thought Turing was fairly open about it, which was what got him in trouble? [http://www.turing.org.uk/bio/part8.html] --[[User:Hsmom|Hsmom]] 10:22, 13 November 2008 (EST)

Fred Mercury was certainly gay, I don't understand his inclusion in this. I thought John Schlafly was openly gay, but I don't think he should be included in the list, for obvious reasons, anyway. [[User:DrSandstone|DrSandstone]] 12:27, 11 November 2008 (EST)

== Smear, smear, smear ==

There are three claims in the article that the purpose of claiming various figures are gay is to smear various groups of people, but this doesn't hold water. First of all, some conservatives think that being called a homosexual is a smear, but certainly gays wouldn't think that, right? So while you might think it is a smear, it is not an "attempt to smear". Second of all, even if it ''were'' their intent, there's not been presented any evidence to this fact. [[User:HelpJazz|Help]][[User talk:HelpJazz|Jazz]] 15:36, 11 November 2008 (EST)

== But but but ==

I was going to put this along with my above comment, but I think I will keep them separated for clarity. Every claim of "being gay" has a reference of someone calling that person gay, but none of them have references that show that these people were not, in fact, gay. In other words, it's not HHR to call a spade a spade, so in order to claim HHR we need to show that these people were not gay. [[User:HelpJazz|Help]][[User talk:HelpJazz|Jazz]] 15:39, 11 November 2008 (EST)

:I was rather puzzled by the presence of [[Freddie Mercury]], a noted pervert, who died of AIDS, on that list. I suspected that Mercury's name might have been added by a vandal, but I wasn't sure. —[[User:AshleyS|Asphalt P. Stanky]] 16:17, 11 November 2008 (EST)
::With this article, it can be hard to tell. [[User:HelpJazz|Help]][[User talk:HelpJazz|Jazz]] 16:19, 11 November 2008 (EST)

:::My intent when I created this article was to point out that homosexual activists falsely claim that certain historical figures were gay, when they were not. Liberace and Freddie Mercury were in fact gay, so they should not be in this article, at least that is the way I see it.--[[User:Saxplayer|Saxplayer]] 16:59, 11 November 2008 (EST)
::::Freddie Mercury was very much Bi, though the general consensus was a preference for homoseuxuality. [[User:EternalCritic|EternalCritic]] 18:21, 11 November 2008 (EST)
:::::Freddie Mercury himself said he was gay in 1974 [http://www.queenarchives.com/index.php?title=Freddie_Mercury_-_03-12-1974_-_NME]. As long as nobody objects, best to remove him from the list.--[[User:Ieuan|Ieuan]] 13:15, 12 November 2008 (EST)
::::::Well it can't, by definition, be historical revisionism if it actually happened, now can it ;-) Yeah, I see no problem in removing it. [[User:HelpJazz|Help]][[User talk:HelpJazz|Jazz]] 13:26, 12 November 2008 (EST)
:::::::I have a philosophical question here. If one nut job is making a claim, is it really fair to suggest that such a claim is at all representative of the gay (or liberal) community at large endorsing that claim? That is to say, I know many gay people, scholars, liberals accept the claim that many Greeks were gay, that DaVinci was gay, etc., and certainly some say Paul was gay, but I know of no main stream, "normal", real, gay or liberal person who would seriously assert that Jesus was gay. Is it fair to include those kinds of "one hit wonder" references here? I'm sure if we look hard enough we can find someone on the internet who has taken any and every preposterous position that can be held. doesn't mean it's worthy of inclusion on an article. --[[User:JeanJacques|JeanJacques]] 13:32, 12 November 2008 (EST)
::::::::You seem to have hit the nail on the head. It's a problem we potentially face on many articles -- how does one tell the difference between a fringe view and a mainstream view? I think in this case it's best to properly denote ''who'' is doing the accusation. [[User:HelpJazz|Help]][[User talk:HelpJazz|Jazz]] 13:41, 12 November 2008 (EST)
::Fringe, mainstream... isn't it just as important to make sure we get the conservative view? That is, after all, why we are here. [[User:NewCrusader|NewCrusader]] 13:51, 12 November 2008 (EST)
I'm glad someone has put the question that way. Let's discuss it and come to a consensus. Then I'll put the result into the [[Conservapedia:guidelines]. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 13:45, 12 November 2008 (EST)

==Hoover==
There's "concrete evidence" he wasn't homosexual? I'd like to see some of that. [[User:LelouchL|LelouchL]] 11:07, 13 November 2008 (EST)

==Tchaikovsky==
Tchaikovsky '''was''' gay. It has always been agreed he was. Nothing to do with "Revisionism". [[User:AlanE|AlanE]] 23:40, 30 November 2008 (EST)

==More Comments==
*I thought it was pretty well accepted that Rock Hudson was gay.
*Robin Hood wasn't a real person, and so doesn't belong on this list.
*As this is an encyclopedia, we should not base articles on what "they" do or say. If there are claims that a historical figure was gay, then the claimant(s) should be named and appropriate evidence cited. [[User:Pepperlynn|Pepperlynn]] 18:10, 17 February 2009 (EST)

Talk:Homosexual Historical Revisionism

2009-02-17T23:10:46Z

Pepperlynn:

Henry VIII

2009-02-16T21:32:15Z

Pepperlynn: /* Later marriages */

'''Henry VIII''' (June 28, 1491, to January 28, 1547) was the King of [[England]] and Lord of [[Ireland]] from April 22, 1509, until his death. A larger-than-life man, he was the second monarch of the [[Tudor Dynasty]] succeeding his father [[Henry VII]] and was one of the most powerful and formative rulers in British history. Henry was a powerfully built, athletic, attractive, domineering charismatic man, educated and accomplished. He was the last English king to rule with absolute power. His need for a male heir to perpetuate the Tudor Dynasty led to his six marriages. He fashioned the [[English Reformation]] as a compromise between the [[Lutheran]]s and [[Calvinist]]s on the one hand and the [[Catholic]]s on the other, and made the [[Church of England]] subordinate to the king. His public image is lustful, egotistical, deceitful, opinionated, and insecure when dealing with his wives, and his vast wasteful luxuries and useless wars depleted the treasury.

== Early life==
Henry was born on the 28th June 1491, the third child and second son of [[Henry VII]] (Tudor) and Elizabeth of York. Henry, as a younger son, was not heir to the throne. His father intended him for the church, and so he received an excellent education. The death of his elder brother Arthur (1502) made him heir to the throne. His father was heir to the Lancastrian claim to the throne, and his mother was the daughter of the Yorkist King [[Edward IV]]. Henry thus symbolized in his person the union of the houses of Lancaster and York whose rivalry had caused the [[War of the Roses]]. Unlike his father, therefore, he could believe himself to be the unquestioned and unquestionable king of God's choice.

==Marriages==

Henry's wives:
*[[Catherine of Aragon]]
*[[Anne Boleyn]]
*[[Jane Seymour]]
*[[Anne of Cleves]]
*[[Katherine Howard]]
*[[Catherine Parr]]

His legal children: (all of whom became monarchs in their own right)
*[[Mary I]]
*[[Elizabeth I]]
*[[Edward VI]]

===First marriage: Katherine of Aragon===
His brother Arthur in 1501 married [[Katherine of Aragon|Katherine]] (1485–1536), the daughter of [[Ferdinand and Isabella]] of Spain. After Arthur's death in 1502, when Henry was ten years old, for reasons of state it was decided to marry Henry to his brother’s widow, who was several years his senior. This raised the question of whether it was moral and legal for Henry to married his late brother’s wife?

For her part, Catherine stated and always affirmed that her marriage to Arthur had never been consummated and she was therefore able to marry Henry. Because her parents wanted the marriage, they did not want there to be any doubt and so they petitioned the Pope to grant a dispensation allowing Catherine and Henry to marry - a dispensation that was granted. These matters would be of great significance later.

== Henry’s accession to the throne ==

===Anne Boleyn===
By 1527 Henry had fallen for [[Anne Boleyn]] (1507–1536). Anne was not content to be a mistress, which set about a chain of events that shook up the nation. Henry sought papal consent to have his marriage to Katherine annulled since she had previously been married to his brother. The papacy, which was under a great deal of pressure from the Spanish not to grant the request, refused. This brought about the downfall of Cardinal Wosley in Henry's sight since he had virtually guaranteed their acceptance. Henry then made the decision to break from the Catholic Church who he claimed had no right to interfere in the political succession of England, which he stated was occurring since he had no male heir through Katherine. Catholic clergy then had to sign an oath to the king over the Pope. Many could not sign -- and died. With Henry now head of the Church, his divorce was granted and he married Anne in 1533 - a very unpopular queen with the people who had loved Katherine. Anne had a daughter in 1533 (the future Queen [[Elizabeth I]]) and not a son like Henry desired. She became pregnant again, but her son was stillborn. (In terms of shaping policy, Anne, who was strongly committed to Protestantism, was the most influential wife. Historians have vigorously debated explanations for the trial and execution of Anne in 1536. One school emphasizes contentious court factions in which Queen Anne was an innocent pawn. G. W. Bernard (1991) argues that she and the five men executed with her were probably guilty of incest and adultery as charged. Both points of view were also expressed by contemporary diplomats reporting from London, who may have been misled by rumors and deliberate government misinformation. Use of traditions of courtly love to explain Anne's relationship with the other accused (opening herself to slander) is speculative. Direct evidence for actual guilt is not convincing. Warnicke (1993) offers a controversial explanation: Anne gave birth to a deformed fetus in January, 1536, provoking in Henry, who learned of the miscarriage and its circumstances after some delay, both rage and fear, as well as a certainty of his consort's adultery and witchcraft, an explanation necessary not only to his psyche but to the preservation of the reputation of his kingdom and the schismatic church that he headed.<ref> G. W. Bernard, "The Fall of Anne Boleyn." ''English Historical Review'' 1991 106(420): 584-610. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/573258 in Jstor]; Retha M. Warnicke, "The Fall of Anne Boleyn Revisited." ''English Historical Review'' 1993 108(428): 653-665. Issn: 0013-8266 [http://www.jstor.org/pss/574751 in Jstor]</ref>

===Later marriages===
In 1536 the death of Katherine of Aragon freed Henry for an unquestionably lawful marriage. In 1536 he chose [[Jane Seymour]] (1509-1537), who died the next year of natural causes after providing a son, the future King [[Edward VI]]. In 1540, Cromwell's Protestant policy involved marriage to [[Anne of Cleves]] (1515–57), whom Henry disliked from the first. The marriage remained unconsummated and ended in annulment. In August 1540 Henry made a love match with [[Catherine Howard]] (1521–1542), but being far younger than him, she did not share a mutual attraction; she was beheaded for adultery. Finally in 1543, he settled for a more placid consort in [[Catherine Parr]] (1512–48).

By 1540 the vigor had gone out of the reign and out of Henry. The debacle of the Cleves marriage cost Cromwell his head and Henry his leading minister. Overconfidence drew the king once more into a continental and Scottish war (1542-1546), a war that gained no glory but whose expense ruined the English economy. In 1541 Henry became king of Ireland (previously he was "Ruler of Ireland.")

==Religion==
Henry started as a staunch Catholic and wrote ''Assertio Septem Sacramentorum'', a treatise in which he defended the Church against [[Martin Luther]] and asserted the primacy of the [[Pope]]. The Pope gave Henry the title Fidei Defensor [[Defender of the Faith]], a style still used by the English monarch today.

However, Henry broke with the Pope on two issues, the divorce, and control over the Church inside England, as he declared himself head of the Church in England. Disagreement with Henry on religious issues was a political affront, and he could not tolerate it. Some wealthy or intellectual Catholics fled to France; others stayed quiet. Moderate reform took place in the 1530s because Queen Anne and top aides Thomas Cranmer and Cromwell had the king's ear and carried out attacks on the old religion. Queen Anne patronized and promoted clergy and bishops of a reforming turn of mind; Cromwell (1485?–1540), the Earl of Essex, was a convinced reformer and in effect the ruthless and unpopular prime minister from 1532 until he fell from favour and was beheaded in 1540. Cranmer (1489–1556) was archbishop of Canterbury after 1533. <ref> After Henry's death Cranmer wrote much of the first ''Book of Common Prayer'' (1549, revised 1552), the centerpiece of the Anglican Church.</ref> Henry persecuted of those who still held to Papal Supremacy, and encouraged Protestant ideas to flourish. Protestantism was officially established during the reign of Henry’s son, [[Edward VI of England|Edward VI]].

==Power and authority==
Henry was the main founder of the Royal Navy; he expanded it from 5 to 53 ships.

Financially, the reign was a near-disaster. After inheriting a prosperous economy, augmented by seizures of church lands heavy spending and high taxes damaged the economy.

From 1514 to 1529 [[Thomas Wolsey]] (1473–1530), a Catholic cardinal, served as lord chancellor and practically controlled domestic and foreign policy for the young king. He negotiated the truce with France that was signaled by the dramatic display of amity on the Field of the Cloth of Gold (1520). He switched England back and forth as an ally of France and the Holy Roman Empire. Wolsey centralized the national government and extended the jurisdiction of the conciliar courts, particularly the Star Chamber. His use of forced loans to pay for foreign wars angered the rich, who were annoyed as well by his enormous wealth and ostentatious living. Wolsey disappointed the king when he failed to secure a quick divorce from Queen Katherine. The treasury was empty after years of extravagance; the peers and people were dissatisfied and Henry needed an entirely new approach; Wolsey had to be replaced. After 16 years at the top he lost power in 1529 and in 1530 was arrested on false charges of treason and died in custody. Henry then took full control of his government, although at court numerous complex factions continued to try to ruin and destroy each other.

Elton (1962) argues there was a major Tudor revolution in government. While crediting Henry with intelligence and shrewdness, Elton finds that much of the positive action, especially the break with Rome, was the work of Thomas Cromwell and not the king. Elton sees Henry as competent, but too lazy to take direct control of affairs for any extended period; that is, the king was an opportunist who relied on others for most of his ideas and to do most of the work. Henry's marital adventures are part of Elron's chain of evidence; a man who marries six wives, Elton notes, is not someone who fully controls his own fate. Elton shows that Thomas Cromwell had conceived of a commonwealth of England that included popular participation through Parliament and that this was generally expressed in the preambles to legislation. Parliamentary consent did not mean that the king had yielded any of his authority; Henry VIII was a paternalistic ruler who did not hesitate to use his power. Popular "consent" was a means to augment rather than limit royal power.<ref> G. R. Elton, ''The Tudor Revolution in Government: Administrative Changes in the Reign of Henry VIII'' (1962) [http://www.questia.com/read/2993196?title=The%20Tudor%20Revolution%20in%20Government%3a%20Administrative%20Changes%20in%20the%20Reign%20of%20Henry%20VIII online edition]; Elton, ''Reform and Reformation: England, 1509-1558'' (1977) is sharply hostile toward the king--an "ego-centric monstrosity," whose reign "owed its successes and virtues to better and greater men about him; most of its horrors and failures sprang more directly from himself." p. 43</ref>

==Reformation==
Henry never formally repudiated the doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church, but he declared himself supreme head of the church in England. This, combined with subsequent actions, eventually resulted in a separated church, the [[Anglican Church|Church of England]]. The pope behaved more as an Italian prince involved in secular affairs, which often obscured his religious role. The Church treated England as a minor stepchild, allowing it one cardinal out of fifty, and no possibility of becoming pope. For reasons of state it was increasingly intolerable that major decisions in England were settled by Italians. The divorce issue exemplified the problem but was not itself the cause of the problem. As long as Cardinal Wolsey dominated the government the widespread sentiment for reform could go nowhere.<ref> A. F. Pollard, ''Henry VIII'' (1905) provides the classic statement of the Henrician position, esp. pp 230-38, noting that Spain and France stayed loyal because they controlled the papacy.</ref>

Henry's reformation of the English church involved more complex motives and methods than his desire for a new wife and an heir. Henry asserted that his first marriage had never been valid, but the divorce issue was only one factor in Henry's desire to reform the church. In 1536-37, he instituted a number of statutes-the act of appeal, the act of succession, the act of supremacy and others-that dealt with the relationship between the king and the pope and the structure of the Church of England. During these years, Henry also suppressed monasteries and pilgrimage shrines in his attempt to reform the church. The kins was always the dominant force in the making of religious policy; his policy, which he pursued skilfully and consistently, is best characterized as a search for the middle way.<ref> G. W. Bernard, ''The King's Reformation: Henry VIII and the Remaking of the English Church'' (2005)</ref>

Questions over what was the true faith were resolved with the adoption of the orthodox "Act of Six Articles" (1539) and a careful holding of the balance between extreme factions after 1540. Even so the era saw movement away from religious orthodoxy, the more so as the pillars of the old beliefs, especially Thomas More and John Fisher, had been unable to accept the change and had been executed in 1535 for siding with the pope against the king.

Critical for the Henrician reformation was the new political theology of obedience to the prince that was enthusiastically adopted by the Church of England in the 1530s. It reflected was [[Martin Luther]]'s new interpretation of the fourth commandment and was mediated to an English audience by [[William Tyndale]]. The founding of royal authority on the Ten Commandments, and thus on the word of God, was a particularly attractive feature of this doctrine, which became a defining feature of Henrician religion. Rival tendencies within the Church of England sought to exploit it in the pursuit of their particular agendas. Reformers strove to preserve its connections with the broader framework of Lutheran theology, with the emphasis on faith alone and the word of God, while conservatives emphasized good works, ceremonies, and charity. The Reformers linked royal supremacy and the word of God in order to persuade Henry to publish the "Great Bible," an English translation that was a formidable prop for his new-found dignity.<ref> Richard Rex, "The Crisis of Obedience: God's Word and Henry's Reformation." ''Historical Journal'' 1996 39(4): 863-894. Issn: 0018-246x [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2639860 in Jstor]</ref>

===Dissolving the monasteries===
England was covered with many medieval monastaries that owned large tracts of land worked by tenants. As a religious institution they were almost defunct and had become handicaps to the economy. Henry dissolved them (1536-1540) and transfered of a fifth of the England's landed wealth to new hands. The program was designed primarily to create a landed gentry beholden to the crown, which would use the lands much more efficiently.

Henry made radical changes in traditional religious practices. He ordered the clergy to preach against superstitious images, relics, miracles, and pilgrimages, and to remove most candles. The catechism of 1545, called the ''King's Primer,'' left out the saints. Latin rituals gave way to English. Shrines to saints were destroyed—including the popular one of St Thomas at Canterbury; relics were ridiculed as worthless old bones.

The reforms alienated pious folk who believed in the old rituals depended on the monasteries for religious devotions and helped provoke the great northern rising of 1536-1537, known as the Pilgrimage of Grace. It was the only real threat to Henry's security on the throne in all his reign. Some 30,000 rebels in nine groups were led by the charismatic Robert Aske, together with most of the northern nobility. Aske went to London to negotiate terms; once there he was arrested, charged with treason and executed. About 200 rebels were executed and the disturbances ended.<ref> M. L. Bush, "The Tudor Polity and the Pilgrimage of Grace." ''Historical Research'' 2007 80(207): 47-72. Issn: 0950-3471 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]; Geoffrey Moorhouse, ''The Pilgrimage of Grace: The Rebellion That Shook Henry VIII's Throne'' (2003) [http://www.amazon.com/Pilgrimage-Grace-Rebellion-Shook-Throne/dp/1842126660/ref=pd_ts_b_33?ie=UTF8&s=books excerpt and text search]</ref> Elsewhere the changes were accepted and welcomed, as those who clung to Catholic rites kept quiet or moved in secrecy; they would reemerge in the reign (1553-58) of Henry's daughter Mary.

==Public image and memory==
Henry worked hard to present an image of unchallengeable authority and irresistible power. He executed at will, beheading more English notables than any monarch before or since. The roll of heads included two wives, one cardinal, twenty peers, four leading public servants, and six of the king's close attendants and friends, not to mention various heads of monasteries. In addition Cardinal Wolsey died in prison.

A big, strong man (over six foot tall and broad in proportion)<ref>People were smaller in those days. A comparable man today would be a star athlete at 6'5" and 250 pounds.</ref>, he excelled at jousting and hunting. More than pastimes, they were political devices that served multiple goals, from enhancing his athletic royal image to impressing foreign emissaries and rulers, to conveying Henry's ability to suppress any rebellion. Thus he arranged a jousting tournament at Greenwich in 1517, where he wore gilded armour, gilded horse trappings, and outfits of velvet, satin and cloth of gold dripping with pearls and jewels. It suitably impressed foreign ambassadors, one of whom wrote home that, "The wealth and civilisation of the world are here, and those who call the English barbarians appear to me to render themselves such." Henry finally retired from the lists in 1536 after a heavy fall from his horse left him unconscious for two hours, but he continued to sponsor two lavish tournaments a year.<ref>Steven Gunn, "Tournaments and early Tudor chivalry," ''History Today,'' (June 1991), Vol. 41, #6 in [[Academic Search Premier]]; James Williams, "Hunting and the Royal Image of Henry VIII" ''Sport in History'' 2005 25(1): 41-59. Issn: 1746-0263 </ref> He then started adding weight and lost that trim athletic look that had made him so handsome; Henry's courtiers began dressing in heavily padded clothes to emulate--and flatter--their increasingly stout monarch.

Henry loved palaces; he began with a dozen and died with fifty-five, in which he hung 2,000 tapestries.<ref>Simon Thurley, "Palaces for a nouveau riche king." ''History Today,'' (June 1991), Vol. 41, #6 in [[Academic Search Premier]]</ref> He took pride in showing off his collection of weapons, which included exotic archery equipment, 2,250 pieces of land ordnance and 6,500 handguns.<ref> Jonathan Davies, "'We Do Fynde in Our Countre Great Lack of Bowes and Arrows': Tudor Military Archery and the Inventory of King Henry VIII," ''Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research'' 2005 83(333): 11-29. Issn: 0037-9700 </ref>

Henry was an intellectual; the first well-educated English king, he was thoroughly at home in his well-stocked library; he personally annotated many books and wrote and published his own book.

To promote the public support for the reformation of the church, Henry had numerous pamphlets and lectures prepared. For example, Richard Sampson's ''Oratio'' (1534) was a legalistic argument for absolute obedience to the temporal power as vested in divine law and Christian love ("obey my commandments"). Sampson cited historical precedents (now known to be spurious) to support his claim that the English church had always been independent from Rome.<ref>Andrew A. Chibi, "Richard Sampson, His Oratio, and Henry VIII's Royal Supremacy." ''Journal of Church and State'' 1997 39(3): 543-560. Issn: 0021-969x Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]</ref>

At the popular level theater and minstrel troupes funded by the crown traveled around the land to promote the new religious practices and ridicule the old. In the polemical plays they presented, the pope and Catholic priests and monks were mocked as foreign devils, while the glorious king was hailed as a brave and heroic defender of the true faith.<ref> See Thomas Betteridge, "The Henrician Reformation and Mid-Tudor Culture." ''Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies'' 2005 35(1): 91-109. Issn: 1082-9636 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]. Original documents are collected by the [http://www.reed.utoronto.ca/index.html Centre for Research in Early English Drama at Victoria University, Toronto]</ref>

Around 1613 [[William Shakespeare]] wrote a favorable play about the king, "The Famous History of the Life of King Henry the Eighth."

===Recent popular culture===
Henry VIII is probably the most famous of all English kings, and has been portrayed n many ways. Charles Laughton's Oscar-winning Henry in "The Private Life of Henry VIII" (directed by Alexander Korda 1933) portrayed the macho, totally self-regarding, totally self-absorbed Henry; it created the popular notion that the Tudors had weak table manners. Laughton shows a lustful monarch, a cock among a bevy of sweet chicks, each with eyes on the royal bed; a man who sees women as objects.<ref> See Greg Walker, ''The Private Life of Henry VIII: A British Film Guide'' (2003) [http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1860649092 excerpt and text search]; also [http://www.amazon.com/Private-Life-Henry-VIII/dp/B000085EF9/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=dvd&qid=1211114013&sr=1-1 DVD]</ref> The same theme appears in the 1994 comedy "Carry On Henry."<ref> see [http://www.amazon.com/Carry-Henry-Sid-James/dp/B000QWGWE0/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&s=dvd&qid=1211113897&sr=8-5 DVD]</ref> Television's "The Six Wives of Henry VIII" (1970) was more accurate Keith Michell's performance was deeper than Laughton's, but as the title shows, the focus was once again on Henry the married man.

==Further reading==
* Gardner, James. "Henry VIII" in ''Cambridge Modern History'' vol 2 (1903), a brief political history [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh213.html online edition]
* Ives, E. W. "Henry VIII (1491–1547)", in ''The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (2004), online at [[OUP]], a good starting point
* Graves, Michael. ''Henry VIII'' (2003) 217pp, topical coverage
* Lindsey, Karen. ''Divorced, Beheaded, Survived: A Feminist Reinterpretation of the Wives of Henry VIII'' (1995) [http://www.questia.com/read/6981860?title=Divorced%2c%20Beheaded%2c%20Survived%3a%20A%20Feminist%20Reinterpretation%20of%20the%20Wives%20of%20Henry%20VIII online edition]
* Pollard, A.F. ''Henry VIII'' (1905) 470 pp; the first modern biography, accurate and still valuable [http://books.google.com/books?id=q0cDAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:henry+intitle:viii+inauthor:pollard&lr=&as_brr=0 online edition]
* Scarisbrick, J. J. ''Henry VIII'' (1968) 592pp, a favourable scholarly biography; his Henry was "a formidable, captivating man who wore regality with a splendid conviction. But easily and unpredictably his great charm could turn into anger and shouting.... He was high-strung and unstable; hypochondriac and possessed of a strong streak of cruelty."
* Smith, Lacey Baldwin. ''Henry VIII: The Mask of Royalty'' (1971), a leading scholar writes the psycho-history of an egotistical border-line neurotic given to great fits of temper and deep and dangerous suspicions, with a mechanical and conventional, but deeply-held piety, and no better than a mediocre intellect to hold these contradictory forces in harness. [http://www.questia.com/read/85955084?title=Henry%20VIII%3a%20The%20Mask%20of%20Royalty online edition]
* Weir, Alison. ''Henry VIII, King and Court'' (2001). 640pp a flattering portrait [http://www.amazon.com/Henry-VIII-King-His-Court/dp/034543708X/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211115337&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

==See also==
* [[Elizabeth I (England)]]
==Bibliography==
===Biographical===
* Erickson, Carolly. ''Mistress Anne: The Exceptional Life of Anne Boleyn.'' (1984) 464 pp. popular biography
* Cressy, David. "Spectacle and Power: Apollo and Solomon at the Court of Henry VIII." ''History Today'' 1982 32(oct): 16-22. Issn: 0018-2753 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]] Traces the transition of Henry from Renaissance monarch (the youthful Apollo) to Reformation patriarch (the aging Solomon) using the graphics and visual images displayed in his court, festivals, and kingdom.
* Gardner, James. "Henry VIII" in ''Cambridge Modern History'' vol 2 (1903), a brief political history [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh213.html online edition]
* Graves, Michael. ''Henry VIII'' (2003) 217pp, topical coverage
* Ives, E. W. "Henry VIII (1491–1547)", in ''The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (2004), online at [[OUP]], a good starting point
* Pollard, A.F. ''Henry VIII'' (1905) 470 pp; the first modern biography, accurate and still valuable value[http://books.google.com/books?id=q0cDAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:henry+intitle:viii+inauthor:pollard&lr=&as_brr=0 online edition]
* Rex, Richard. ''Henry VIII and the English Reformation.'' (1993). 205 pp.
* Ridley, Jasper. ''Henry VIII.'' (1985). 473 pp. popular biography
* Scarisbrick, J. J. ''Henry VIII'' (1968) 592pp, a favourable scholarly biography; his Henry was "a formidable, captivating man who wore regality with a splendid conviction. But easily and unpredictably his great charm could turn into anger and shouting.... He was high-strung and unstable; hypochondriac and possessed of a strong streak of cruelty."
* Smith, Lacey Baldwin. ''Henry VIII: The Mask of Royalty'' (1971), a leading scholar writes the psycho-history of an egotistical border-line neurotic given to great fits of temper and deep and dangerous suspicions, with a mechanical and conventional, but deeply-held piety, and no better than a mediocre intellect to hold these contradictory forces in harness. [http://www.questia.com/read/85955084?title=Henry%20VIII%3a%20The%20Mask%20of%20Royalty online edition]
* Starkey, David. ''Six Wives: the Queens of Henry VIII'' (2003) [http://www.amazon.com/Six-Wives-Queens-Henry-VIII/dp/069401043X/ref=sr_1_9?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211115162&sr=1-9 excerpt and text search]
* Starkey, David. ''The Reign of Henry VIII: Personalities and Politics'' (1986). 174pp
* Weir, Alison. ''Henry VIII, King and Court'' (2001). 640pp a flattering portrait [http://www.amazon.com/Henry-VIII-King-His-Court/dp/034543708X/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211115337&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Weir, Alison. ''The Children of Henry VIII.'' (1996). 400 pp.

===Scholarly studies===
* Bernard, G. W. ''The King's Reformation: Henry VIII and the Remaking of the English Church.'' (2005). 712 pp. [http://books.google.com/books?id=p2MOt53sCCgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:King%27s+intitle:Reformation+inauthor:bernard&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0&sig=WTvpwPbd8txXGzbj0RP3pA9Qut8 excerpts and text search]
* Bernard, G. W. "The Making of Religious Policy, 1533-1546: Henry VIII and the Search for the Middle Way." ''Historical Journal'' 1998 41(2): 321-349. Issn: 0018-246x Fulltext: [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2640109 in Jstor]
* Bernard, G. W. ''War, Taxation, and Rebellion in Early Tudor England: Henry VIII, Wolsey, and the Amicable Grant of 1525.'' (1986). 164 pp
* Elton, G. R. ''The Tudor Revolution in Government: Administrative Changes in the Reign of Henry VIII'' (1953; revised 1962), major interpretation [http://www.questia.com/read/2993196?title=The%20Tudor%20Revolution%20in%20Government%3a%20Administrative%20Changes%20in%20the%20Reign%20of%20Henry%20VIII online edition]
** Coleman, Christoper, and David Starkey, eds. ''Revolution Reassessed: Revision in the History of Tudor Government and Administration'' (1986), evaluates Elton thesis
* Elton, G. R. ''Reform and Reformation: England, 1509-1558'' (1977), hostile to Henry
* Fielder, Martha Anne. "Iconographic Themes in Portraits of Henry VIII." PhD dissertation Texas Christian U. 1985. 232 pp. DAI 1985 46(6): 1424-A. DA8517256 Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]
* Fox, Alistair, and John Guy, eds. ''Reassessing the Henrician Age: Humanism, Politics and Reform 1500-1550'' (1986), 242pp; advanced essays by scholars
* Head, David M. "Henry VIII's Scottish Policy: a Reassessment." ''Scottish Historical Review'' 1982 61(1): 1-24. Issn: 0036-9241 Argues that if Henry intended to take over Scotland then his 1542 victory at Solway Moss was the opportune moment, for the French were unable to intervene, the Scottish nobility was in disarray, and the infant Mary was in line for Scotland's throne. Instead, Henry adopted a policy similar to that in Ireland, since he could not afford outright conquest or the luxury of diplomacy.
* Loades, David. ''Henry VIII: Court, Church and Conflict'' (2007) 248pp; by a leading scholar [http://www.amazon.com/Henry-VIII-Court-Church-Conflict/dp/1903365996/ref=pd_ts_b_10?ie=UTF8&s=books excerpt and text search]
* MacCulloch, Diarmaid, ed. ''The Reign of Henry VIII: Politics, Policy, and Piety.'' (1995). 313 pp. essays by scholars
* Mackie, J. D. ''The Earlier Tudors, 1485-1558'' (1952), a political survey of the era [http://www.questia.com/read/8546253?title=The%20Earlier%20Tudors%2c%201485-1558 online edition]
* Lindsey, Karen. ''Divorced, Beheaded, Survived: A Feminist Reinterpretation of the Wives of Henry VIII'' (1995) [http://www.questia.com/read/6981860?title=Divorced%2c%20Beheaded%2c%20Survived%3a%20A%20Feminist%20Reinterpretation%20of%20the%20Wives%20of%20Henry%20VIII online edition]
* Slavin, Arthur J., ed. ''Henry VIII and the English Reformation'' (1968), readings by historians. [http://www.questia.com/read/97615501?title=Henry%20VIII%20and%20the%20English%20Reformation online edition]
* Smith, H. Maynard. ''Henry VIII and the Reformation'' (1948) [http://www.questia.com/read/8851653?title=Henry%20VIII%20and%20the%20Reformation online edition]
* Walker, Greg. ''Writing under Tyranny: English Literature and the Henrician Reformation.'' (2005). 556 pp.

===Historiography and memory===
* Head, David M. "'If a Lion Knew His Own Strength': the Image of Henry VIII and His Historians." ''International Social Science Review'' 1997 72(3-4): 94-109. Issn: 0278-2308 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
* Hoak, Dale. "Politics, Religion and the English Reformation, 1533-1547: Some Problems and Issues." ''History Compass'' 2005 3 (Britain and Ireland): 7 pp Issn: 1478-0542 Fulltext: [[Blackwell Synergy]]
* Ives, Eric. "Will the Real Henry VIII Please Stand Up?" ''History Today'' 2006 56(2): 28-36. Issn: 0018-2753 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]

===Primary sources===
* Williams, C. M. A. H. ''English Historical Documents, 1485-1558'' (1996) [http://www.questia.com/read/104189416?title=English%20Historical%20Documents%2c%201485-1558 online sources]

====notes====
<references/>

{{Nb_english_monarchs}}
[[Category:English History]]
[[Category:Renaissance]]
[[Category:Reformation]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Henry 8}}

Henry VIII

2009-02-14T03:04:49Z

Pepperlynn: /* Early life */

'''Henry VIII''' (June 28, 1491, to January 28, 1547) was the King of [[England]] and Lord of [[Ireland]] from April 22, 1509, until his death. A larger-than-life man, he was the second monarch of the [[Tudor Dynasty]] succeeding his father [[Henry VII]] and was one of the most powerful and formative rulers in British history. Henry was a powerfully built, athletic, attractive, domineering charismatic man, educated and accomplished. He was the last English king to rule with absolute power. His need for a male heir to perpetuate the Tudor Dynasty led to his six marriages. He fashioned the [[English Reformation]] as a compromise between the [[Lutheran]]s and [[Calvinist]]s on the one hand and the [[Catholic]]s on the other, and made the [[Church of England]] subordinate to the king. His public image is lustful, egotistical, deceitful, opinionated, and insecure when dealing with his wives, and his vast wasteful luxuries and useless wars depleted the treasury.

== Early life==
Henry was born on the 28th June 1491, the third child and second son of [[Henry VII]] (Tudor) and Elizabeth of York. Henry, as a younger son, was not heir to the throne. His father intended him for the church, and so he received an excellent education. The death of his elder brother Arthur (1502) made him heir to the throne. His father was heir to the Lancastrian claim to the throne, and his mother was the daughter of the Yorkist King [[Edward IV]]. Henry thus symbolized in his person the union of the houses of Lancaster and York whose rivalry had caused the [[War of the Roses]]. Unlike his father, therefore, he could believe himself to be the unquestioned and unquestionable king of God's choice.

==Marriages==

Henry's wives:
*[[Catherine of Aragon]]
*[[Anne Boleyn]]
*[[Jane Seymour]]
*[[Anne of Cleves]]
*[[Katherine Howard]]
*[[Catherine Parr]]

His legal children: (all of whom became monarchs in their own right)
*[[Mary I]]
*[[Elizabeth I]]
*[[Edward VI]]

===First marriage: Katherine of Aragon===
His brother Arthur in 1501 married [[Katherine of Aragon|Katherine]] (1485–1536), the daughter of [[Ferdinand and Isabella]] of Spain. After Arthur's death in 1502, when Henry was ten years old, for reasons of state it was decided to marry Henry to his brother’s widow, who was several years his senior. This raised the question of whether it was moral and legal for Henry to married his late brother’s wife?

For her part, Catherine stated and always affirmed that her marriage to Arthur had never been consummated and she was therefore able to marry Henry. Because her parents wanted the marriage, they did not want there to be any doubt and so they petitioned the Pope to grant a dispensation allowing Catherine and Henry to marry - a dispensation that was granted. These matters would be of great significance later.

== Henry’s accession to the throne ==

===Anne Boleyn===
By 1527 Henry had fallen for [[Anne Boleyn]] (1507–1536). Anne was not content to be a mistress, which set about a chain of events that shook up the nation. Henry sought papal consent to have his marriage to Katherine annulled since she had previously been married to his brother. The papacy, which was under a great deal of pressure from the Spanish not to grant the request, refused. This brought about the downfall of Cardinal Wosley in Henry's sight since he had virtually guaranteed their acceptance. Henry then made the decision to break from the Catholic Church who he claimed had no right to interfere in the political succession of England, which he stated was occurring since he had no male heir through Katherine. Catholic clergy then had to sign an oath to the king over the Pope. Many could not sign -- and died. With Henry now head of the Church, his divorce was granted and he married Anne in 1533 - a very unpopular queen with the people who had loved Katherine. Anne had a daughter in 1533 (the future Queen [[Elizabeth I]]) and not a son like Henry desired. She became pregnant again, but her son was stillborn. (In terms of shaping policy, Anne, who was strongly committed to Protestantism, was the most influential wife. Historians have vigorously debated explanations for the trial and execution of Anne in 1536. One school emphasizes contentious court factions in which Queen Anne was an innocent pawn. G. W. Bernard (1991) argues that she and the five men executed with her were probably guilty of incest and adultery as charged. Both points of view were also expressed by contemporary diplomats reporting from London, who may have been misled by rumors and deliberate government misinformation. Use of traditions of courtly love to explain Anne's relationship with the other accused (opening herself to slander) is speculative. Direct evidence for actual guilt is not convincing. Warnicke (1993) offers a controversial explanation: Anne gave birth to a deformed fetus in January, 1536, provoking in Henry, who learned of the miscarriage and its circumstances after some delay, both rage and fear, as well as a certainty of his consort's adultery and witchcraft, an explanation necessary not only to his psyche but to the preservation of the reputation of his kingdom and the schismatic church that he headed.<ref> G. W. Bernard, "The Fall of Anne Boleyn." ''English Historical Review'' 1991 106(420): 584-610. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/573258 in Jstor]; Retha M. Warnicke, "The Fall of Anne Boleyn Revisited." ''English Historical Review'' 1993 108(428): 653-665. Issn: 0013-8266 [http://www.jstor.org/pss/574751 in Jstor]</ref>

===Later marriages===
In 1536 the death of Katherine of Aragon freed Henry for an unquestionably lawful marriage. In 1536 he chose [[Jane Seymour]] (1509-1537), who died the next year of natural causes after providing a son, the future King [[Edward VI]]. In 1540, Cromwell's Protestant policy involved marriage to [[Anne of Cleves]] (1515–57), whom Henry disliked from the first and soon divorced. In August 1540 Henry made a love match with [[Catherine Howard]] (1521–1542), but being far younger than him, she did not share a mutual attraction; she was beheaded for adultery. Finally in 1543, he settled for a more placid consort in [[Catherine Parr]] (1512–48).

By 1540 the vigor had gone out of the reign and out of Henry. The debacle of the Cleves marriage cost Cromwell his head and Henry his leading minister. Overconfidence drew the king once more into a continental and Scottish war (1542-1546), a war that gained no glory but whose expense ruined the English economy. In 1541 Henry became king of Ireland (previously he was "Ruler of Ireland.")

==Religion==
Henry started as a staunch Catholic and wrote ''Assertio Septem Sacramentorum'', a treatise in which he defended the Church against [[Martin Luther]] and asserted the primacy of the [[Pope]]. The Pope gave Henry the title Fidei Defensor [[Defender of the Faith]], a style still used by the English monarch today.

However, Henry broke with the Pope on two issues, the divorce, and control over the Church inside England, as he declared himself head of the Church in England. Disagreement with Henry on religious issues was a political affront, and he could not tolerate it. Some wealthy or intellectual Catholics fled to France; others stayed quiet. Moderate reform took place in the 1530s because Queen Anne and top aides Thomas Cranmer and Cromwell had the king's ear and carried out attacks on the old religion. Queen Anne patronized and promoted clergy and bishops of a reforming turn of mind; Cromwell (1485?–1540), the Earl of Essex, was a convinced reformer and in effect the ruthless and unpopular prime minister from 1532 until he fell from favour and was beheaded in 1540. Cranmer (1489–1556) was archbishop of Canterbury after 1533. <ref> After Henry's death Cranmer wrote much of the first ''Book of Common Prayer'' (1549, revised 1552), the centerpiece of the Anglican Church.</ref> Henry persecuted of those who still held to Papal Supremacy, and encouraged Protestant ideas to flourish. Protestantism was officially established during the reign of Henry’s son, [[Edward VI of England|Edward VI]].

==Power and authority==
Henry was the main founder of the Royal Navy; he expanded it from 5 to 53 ships.

Financially, the reign was a near-disaster. After inheriting a prosperous economy, augmented by seizures of church lands heavy spending and high taxes damaged the economy.

From 1514 to 1529 [[Thomas Wolsey]] (1473–1530), a Catholic cardinal, served as lord chancellor and practically controlled domestic and foreign policy for the young king. He negotiated the truce with France that was signaled by the dramatic display of amity on the Field of the Cloth of Gold (1520). He switched England back and forth as an ally of France and the Holy Roman Empire. Wolsey centralized the national government and extended the jurisdiction of the conciliar courts, particularly the Star Chamber. His use of forced loans to pay for foreign wars angered the rich, who were annoyed as well by his enormous wealth and ostentatious living. Wolsey disappointed the king when he failed to secure a quick divorce from Queen Katherine. The treasury was empty after years of extravagance; the peers and people were dissatisfied and Henry needed an entirely new approach; Wolsey had to be replaced. After 16 years at the top he lost power in 1529 and in 1530 was arrested on false charges of treason and died in custody. Henry then took full control of his government, although at court numerous complex factions continued to try to ruin and destroy each other.

Elton (1962) argues there was a major Tudor revolution in government. While crediting Henry with intelligence and shrewdness, Elton finds that much of the positive action, especially the break with Rome, was the work of Thomas Cromwell and not the king. Elton sees Henry as competent, but too lazy to take direct control of affairs for any extended period; that is, the king was an opportunist who relied on others for most of his ideas and to do most of the work. Henry's marital adventures are part of Elron's chain of evidence; a man who marries six wives, Elton notes, is not someone who fully controls his own fate. Elton shows that Thomas Cromwell had conceived of a commonwealth of England that included popular participation through Parliament and that this was generally expressed in the preambles to legislation. Parliamentary consent did not mean that the king had yielded any of his authority; Henry VIII was a paternalistic ruler who did not hesitate to use his power. Popular "consent" was a means to augment rather than limit royal power.<ref> G. R. Elton, ''The Tudor Revolution in Government: Administrative Changes in the Reign of Henry VIII'' (1962) [http://www.questia.com/read/2993196?title=The%20Tudor%20Revolution%20in%20Government%3a%20Administrative%20Changes%20in%20the%20Reign%20of%20Henry%20VIII online edition]; Elton, ''Reform and Reformation: England, 1509-1558'' (1977) is sharply hostile toward the king--an "ego-centric monstrosity," whose reign "owed its successes and virtues to better and greater men about him; most of its horrors and failures sprang more directly from himself." p. 43</ref>

==Reformation==
Henry never formally repudiated the doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church, but he declared himself supreme head of the church in England. This, combined with subsequent actions, eventually resulted in a separated church, the [[Anglican Church|Church of England]]. The pope behaved more as an Italian prince involved in secular affairs, which often obscured his religious role. The Church treated England as a minor stepchild, allowing it one cardinal out of fifty, and no possibility of becoming pope. For reasons of state it was increasingly intolerable that major decisions in England were settled by Italians. The divorce issue exemplified the problem but was not itself the cause of the problem. As long as Cardinal Wolsey dominated the government the widespread sentiment for reform could go nowhere.<ref> A. F. Pollard, ''Henry VIII'' (1905) provides the classic statement of the Henrician position, esp. pp 230-38, noting that Spain and France stayed loyal because they controlled the papacy.</ref>

Henry's reformation of the English church involved more complex motives and methods than his desire for a new wife and an heir. Henry asserted that his first marriage had never been valid, but the divorce issue was only one factor in Henry's desire to reform the church. In 1536-37, he instituted a number of statutes-the act of appeal, the act of succession, the act of supremacy and others-that dealt with the relationship between the king and the pope and the structure of the Church of England. During these years, Henry also suppressed monasteries and pilgrimage shrines in his attempt to reform the church. The kins was always the dominant force in the making of religious policy; his policy, which he pursued skilfully and consistently, is best characterized as a search for the middle way.<ref> G. W. Bernard, ''The King's Reformation: Henry VIII and the Remaking of the English Church'' (2005)</ref>

Questions over what was the true faith were resolved with the adoption of the orthodox "Act of Six Articles" (1539) and a careful holding of the balance between extreme factions after 1540. Even so the era saw movement away from religious orthodoxy, the more so as the pillars of the old beliefs, especially Thomas More and John Fisher, had been unable to accept the change and had been executed in 1535 for siding with the pope against the king.

Critical for the Henrician reformation was the new political theology of obedience to the prince that was enthusiastically adopted by the Church of England in the 1530s. It reflected was [[Martin Luther]]'s new interpretation of the fourth commandment and was mediated to an English audience by [[William Tyndale]]. The founding of royal authority on the Ten Commandments, and thus on the word of God, was a particularly attractive feature of this doctrine, which became a defining feature of Henrician religion. Rival tendencies within the Church of England sought to exploit it in the pursuit of their particular agendas. Reformers strove to preserve its connections with the broader framework of Lutheran theology, with the emphasis on faith alone and the word of God, while conservatives emphasized good works, ceremonies, and charity. The Reformers linked royal supremacy and the word of God in order to persuade Henry to publish the "Great Bible," an English translation that was a formidable prop for his new-found dignity.<ref> Richard Rex, "The Crisis of Obedience: God's Word and Henry's Reformation." ''Historical Journal'' 1996 39(4): 863-894. Issn: 0018-246x [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2639860 in Jstor]</ref>

===Dissolving the monasteries===
England was covered with many medieval monastaries that owned large tracts of land worked by tenants. As a religious institution they were almost defunct and had become handicaps to the economy. Henry dissolved them (1536-1540) and transfered of a fifth of the England's landed wealth to new hands. The program was designed primarily to create a landed gentry beholden to the crown, which would use the lands much more efficiently.

Henry made radical changes in traditional religious practices. He ordered the clergy to preach against superstitious images, relics, miracles, and pilgrimages, and to remove most candles. The catechism of 1545, called the ''King's Primer,'' left out the saints. Latin rituals gave way to English. Shrines to saints were destroyed—including the popular one of St Thomas at Canterbury; relics were ridiculed as worthless old bones.

The reforms alienated pious folk who believed in the old rituals depended on the monasteries for religious devotions and helped provoke the great northern rising of 1536-1537, known as the Pilgrimage of Grace. It was the only real threat to Henry's security on the throne in all his reign. Some 30,000 rebels in nine groups were led by the charismatic Robert Aske, together with most of the northern nobility. Aske went to London to negotiate terms; once there he was arrested, charged with treason and executed. About 200 rebels were executed and the disturbances ended.<ref> M. L. Bush, "The Tudor Polity and the Pilgrimage of Grace." ''Historical Research'' 2007 80(207): 47-72. Issn: 0950-3471 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]; Geoffrey Moorhouse, ''The Pilgrimage of Grace: The Rebellion That Shook Henry VIII's Throne'' (2003) [http://www.amazon.com/Pilgrimage-Grace-Rebellion-Shook-Throne/dp/1842126660/ref=pd_ts_b_33?ie=UTF8&s=books excerpt and text search]</ref> Elsewhere the changes were accepted and welcomed, as those who clung to Catholic rites kept quiet or moved in secrecy; they would reemerge in the reign (1553-58) of Henry's daughter Mary.

==Public image and memory==
Henry worked hard to present an image of unchallengeable authority and irresistible power. He executed at will, beheading more English notables than any monarch before or since. The roll of heads included two wives, one cardinal, twenty peers, four leading public servants, and six of the king's close attendants and friends, not to mention various heads of monasteries. In addition Cardinal Wolsey died in prison.

A big, strong man (over six foot tall and broad in proportion) he excelled at jousting and hunting. More than pastimes, they were political devices that served multiple goals, from enhancing his athletic royal image to impressing foreign emissaries and rulers, to conveying Henry's ability to suppress any rebellion. Thus he arranged a jousting tournament at Greenwich in 1517, where he wore gilded armour, gilded horse trappings, and outfits of velvet, satin and cloth of gold dripping with pearls and jewels. It suitably impressed foreign ambassadors, one of whom wrote home that, "The wealth and civilisation of the world are here, and those who call the English barbarians appear to me to render themselves such." Henry finally retired from the lists in 1536 after a heavy fall from his horse left him unconscious for two hours, but he continued to sponsor two lavish tournaments a year.<ref>Steven Gunn, "Tournaments and early Tudor chivalry," ''History Today,'' (June 1991), Vol. 41, #6 in [[Academic Search Premier]]; James Williams, "Hunting and the Royal Image of Henry VIII" ''Sport in History'' 2005 25(1): 41-59. Issn: 1746-0263 </ref> He then started adding weight and lost that trim athletic look that had made him so handsome; Henry's courtiers began dressing in heavily padded clothes to emulate--and flatter--their increasingly stout monarch.

Henry loved palaces; he began with a dozen and died with fifty-five, in which he hung 2,000 tapestries.<ref>Simon Thurley, "Palaces for a nouveau riche king." ''History Today,'' (June 1991), Vol. 41, #6 in [[Academic Search Premier]]</ref> He took pride in showing off his collection of weapons, which included exotic archery equipment, 2,250 pieces of land ordnance and 6,500 handguns.<ref> Jonathan Davies, "'We Do Fynde in Our Countre Great Lack of Bowes and Arrows': Tudor Military Archery and the Inventory of King Henry VIII," ''Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research'' 2005 83(333): 11-29. Issn: 0037-9700 </ref>

Henry was an intellectual; the first well-educated English king, he was thoroughly at home in his well-stocked library; he personally annotated many books and wrote and published his own book.

To promote the public support for the reformation of the church, Henry had numerous pamphlets and lectures prepared. For example, Richard Sampson's ''Oratio'' (1534) was a legalistic argument for absolute obedience to the temporal power as vested in divine law and Christian love ("obey my commandments"). Sampson cited historical precedents (now known to be spurious) to support his claim that the English church had always been independent from Rome.<ref>Andrew A. Chibi, "Richard Sampson, His Oratio, and Henry VIII's Royal Supremacy." ''Journal of Church and State'' 1997 39(3): 543-560. Issn: 0021-969x Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]</ref>

At the popular level theater and minstrel troupes funded by the crown traveled around the land to promote the new religious practices and ridicule the old. In the polemical plays they presented, the pope and Catholic priests and monks were mocked as foreign devils, while the glorious king was hailed as a brave and heroic defender of the true faith.<ref> See Thomas Betteridge, "The Henrician Reformation and Mid-Tudor Culture." ''Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies'' 2005 35(1): 91-109. Issn: 1082-9636 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]. Original documents are collected by the [http://www.reed.utoronto.ca/index.html Centre for Research in Early English Drama at Victoria University, Toronto]</ref>

Around 1613 [[William Shakespeare]] wrote a favorable play about the king, "The Famous History of the Life of King Henry the Eighth."

===Recent popular culture===
Henry VIII is probably the most famous of all English kings, and has been portrayed n many ways. Charles Laughton's Oscar-winning Henry in "The Private Life of Henry VIII" (directed by Alexander Korda 1933) portrayed the macho, totally self-regarding, totally self-absorbed Henry; it created the popular notion that the Tudors had weak table manners. Laughton shows a lustful monarch, a cock among a bevy of sweet chicks, each with eyes on the royal bed; a man who sees women as objects.<ref> See Greg Walker, ''The Private Life of Henry VIII: A British Film Guide'' (2003) [http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1860649092 excerpt and text search]; also [http://www.amazon.com/Private-Life-Henry-VIII/dp/B000085EF9/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=dvd&qid=1211114013&sr=1-1 DVD]</ref> The same theme appears in the 1994 comedy "Carry On Henry."<ref> see [http://www.amazon.com/Carry-Henry-Sid-James/dp/B000QWGWE0/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&s=dvd&qid=1211113897&sr=8-5 DVD]</ref> Television's "The Six Wives of Henry VIII" (1970) was more accurate Keith Michell's performance was deeper than Laughton's, but as the title shows, the focus was once again on Henry the married man.
==Further reading==
* Gardner, James. "Henry VIII" in ''Cambridge Modern History'' vol 2 (1903), a brief political history [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh213.html online edition]
* Ives, E. W. "Henry VIII (1491–1547)", in ''The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (2004), online at [[OUP]], a good starting point
* Graves, Michael. ''Henry VIII'' (2003) 217pp, topical coverage
* Lindsey, Karen. ''Divorced, Beheaded, Survived: A Feminist Reinterpretation of the Wives of Henry VIII'' (1995) [http://www.questia.com/read/6981860?title=Divorced%2c%20Beheaded%2c%20Survived%3a%20A%20Feminist%20Reinterpretation%20of%20the%20Wives%20of%20Henry%20VIII online edition]
* Pollard, A.F. ''Henry VIII'' (1905) 470 pp; the first modern biography, accurate and still valuable [http://books.google.com/books?id=q0cDAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:henry+intitle:viii+inauthor:pollard&lr=&as_brr=0 online edition]
* Scarisbrick, J. J. ''Henry VIII'' (1968) 592pp, a favourable scholarly biography; his Henry was "a formidable, captivating man who wore regality with a splendid conviction. But easily and unpredictably his great charm could turn into anger and shouting.... He was high-strung and unstable; hypochondriac and possessed of a strong streak of cruelty."
* Smith, Lacey Baldwin. ''Henry VIII: The Mask of Royalty'' (1971), a leading scholar writes the psycho-history of an egotistical border-line neurotic given to great fits of temper and deep and dangerous suspicions, with a mechanical and conventional, but deeply-held piety, and no better than a mediocre intellect to hold these contradictory forces in harness. [http://www.questia.com/read/85955084?title=Henry%20VIII%3a%20The%20Mask%20of%20Royalty online edition]
* Weir, Alison. ''Henry VIII, King and Court'' (2001). 640pp a flattering portrait [http://www.amazon.com/Henry-VIII-King-His-Court/dp/034543708X/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211115337&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

==See also==
* [[Elizabeth I (England)]]
==Bibliography==
===Biographical===
* Erickson, Carolly. ''Mistress Anne: The Exceptional Life of Anne Boleyn.'' (1984) 464 pp. popular biography
* Cressy, David. "Spectacle and Power: Apollo and Solomon at the Court of Henry VIII." ''History Today'' 1982 32(oct): 16-22. Issn: 0018-2753 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]] Traces the transition of Henry from Renaissance monarch (the youthful Apollo) to Reformation patriarch (the aging Solomon) using the graphics and visual images displayed in his court, festivals, and kingdom.
* Gardner, James. "Henry VIII" in ''Cambridge Modern History'' vol 2 (1903), a brief political history [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh213.html online edition]
* Graves, Michael. ''Henry VIII'' (2003) 217pp, topical coverage
* Ives, E. W. "Henry VIII (1491–1547)", in ''The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (2004), online at [[OUP]], a good starting point
* Pollard, A.F. ''Henry VIII'' (1905) 470 pp; the first modern biography, accurate and still valuable value[http://books.google.com/books?id=q0cDAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:henry+intitle:viii+inauthor:pollard&lr=&as_brr=0 online edition]
* Rex, Richard. ''Henry VIII and the English Reformation.'' (1993). 205 pp.
* Ridley, Jasper. ''Henry VIII.'' (1985). 473 pp. popular biography
* Scarisbrick, J. J. ''Henry VIII'' (1968) 592pp, a favourable scholarly biography; his Henry was "a formidable, captivating man who wore regality with a splendid conviction. But easily and unpredictably his great charm could turn into anger and shouting.... He was high-strung and unstable; hypochondriac and possessed of a strong streak of cruelty."
* Smith, Lacey Baldwin. ''Henry VIII: The Mask of Royalty'' (1971), a leading scholar writes the psycho-history of an egotistical border-line neurotic given to great fits of temper and deep and dangerous suspicions, with a mechanical and conventional, but deeply-held piety, and no better than a mediocre intellect to hold these contradictory forces in harness. [http://www.questia.com/read/85955084?title=Henry%20VIII%3a%20The%20Mask%20of%20Royalty online edition]
* Starkey, David. ''Six Wives: the Queens of Henry VIII'' (2003) [http://www.amazon.com/Six-Wives-Queens-Henry-VIII/dp/069401043X/ref=sr_1_9?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211115162&sr=1-9 excerpt and text search]
* Starkey, David. ''The Reign of Henry VIII: Personalities and Politics'' (1986). 174pp
* Weir, Alison. ''Henry VIII, King and Court'' (2001). 640pp a flattering portrait [http://www.amazon.com/Henry-VIII-King-His-Court/dp/034543708X/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211115337&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Weir, Alison. ''The Children of Henry VIII.'' (1996). 400 pp.

===Scholarly studies===
* Bernard, G. W. ''The King's Reformation: Henry VIII and the Remaking of the English Church.'' (2005). 712 pp. [http://books.google.com/books?id=p2MOt53sCCgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:King%27s+intitle:Reformation+inauthor:bernard&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0&sig=WTvpwPbd8txXGzbj0RP3pA9Qut8 excerpts and text search]
* Bernard, G. W. "The Making of Religious Policy, 1533-1546: Henry VIII and the Search for the Middle Way." ''Historical Journal'' 1998 41(2): 321-349. Issn: 0018-246x Fulltext: [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2640109 in Jstor]
* Bernard, G. W. ''War, Taxation, and Rebellion in Early Tudor England: Henry VIII, Wolsey, and the Amicable Grant of 1525.'' (1986). 164 pp
* Elton, G. R. ''The Tudor Revolution in Government: Administrative Changes in the Reign of Henry VIII'' (1953; revised 1962), major interpretation [http://www.questia.com/read/2993196?title=The%20Tudor%20Revolution%20in%20Government%3a%20Administrative%20Changes%20in%20the%20Reign%20of%20Henry%20VIII online edition]
** Coleman, Christoper, and David Starkey, eds. ''Revolution Reassessed: Revision in the History of Tudor Government and Administration'' (1986), evaluates Elton thesis
* Elton, G. R. ''Reform and Reformation: England, 1509-1558'' (1977), hostile to Henry
* Fielder, Martha Anne. "Iconographic Themes in Portraits of Henry VIII." PhD dissertation Texas Christian U. 1985. 232 pp. DAI 1985 46(6): 1424-A. DA8517256 Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]
* Fox, Alistair, and John Guy, eds. ''Reassessing the Henrician Age: Humanism, Politics and Reform 1500-1550'' (1986), 242pp; advanced essays by scholars
* Head, David M. "Henry VIII's Scottish Policy: a Reassessment." ''Scottish Historical Review'' 1982 61(1): 1-24. Issn: 0036-9241 Argues that if Henry intended to take over Scotland then his 1542 victory at Solway Moss was the opportune moment, for the French were unable to intervene, the Scottish nobility was in disarray, and the infant Mary was in line for Scotland's throne. Instead, Henry adopted a policy similar to that in Ireland, since he could not afford outright conquest or the luxury of diplomacy.
* Loades, David. ''Henry VIII: Court, Church and Conflict'' (2007) 248pp; by a leading scholar [http://www.amazon.com/Henry-VIII-Court-Church-Conflict/dp/1903365996/ref=pd_ts_b_10?ie=UTF8&s=books excerpt and text search]
* MacCulloch, Diarmaid, ed. ''The Reign of Henry VIII: Politics, Policy, and Piety.'' (1995). 313 pp. essays by scholars
* Mackie, J. D. ''The Earlier Tudors, 1485-1558'' (1952), a political survey of the era [http://www.questia.com/read/8546253?title=The%20Earlier%20Tudors%2c%201485-1558 online edition]
* Lindsey, Karen. ''Divorced, Beheaded, Survived: A Feminist Reinterpretation of the Wives of Henry VIII'' (1995) [http://www.questia.com/read/6981860?title=Divorced%2c%20Beheaded%2c%20Survived%3a%20A%20Feminist%20Reinterpretation%20of%20the%20Wives%20of%20Henry%20VIII online edition]
* Slavin, Arthur J., ed. ''Henry VIII and the English Reformation'' (1968), readings by historians. [http://www.questia.com/read/97615501?title=Henry%20VIII%20and%20the%20English%20Reformation online edition]
* Smith, H. Maynard. ''Henry VIII and the Reformation'' (1948) [http://www.questia.com/read/8851653?title=Henry%20VIII%20and%20the%20Reformation online edition]
* Walker, Greg. ''Writing under Tyranny: English Literature and the Henrician Reformation.'' (2005). 556 pp.

===Historiography and memory===
* Head, David M. "'If a Lion Knew His Own Strength': the Image of Henry VIII and His Historians." ''International Social Science Review'' 1997 72(3-4): 94-109. Issn: 0278-2308 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
* Hoak, Dale. "Politics, Religion and the English Reformation, 1533-1547: Some Problems and Issues." ''History Compass'' 2005 3 (Britain and Ireland): 7 pp Issn: 1478-0542 Fulltext: [[Blackwell Synergy]]
* Ives, Eric. "Will the Real Henry VIII Please Stand Up?" ''History Today'' 2006 56(2): 28-36. Issn: 0018-2753 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]

===Primary sources===
* Williams, C. M. A. H. ''English Historical Documents, 1485-1558'' (1996) [http://www.questia.com/read/104189416?title=English%20Historical%20Documents%2c%201485-1558 online sources]

====notes====
<references/>

{{Nb_english_monarchs}}
[[Category:English History]]
[[Category:Renaissance]]
[[Category:Reformation]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Henry 8}}

Natural selection

2009-02-13T04:21:15Z

Pepperlynn: /* General Requirements */

The fundamental statement of '''natural selection''' is that heritable traits which are beneficial will tend to become more numerous in successive generations, while heritable traits which are harmful will tend to become more scarce. The traits are defined to be beneficial if they become more numerous in successive generations. This principle is general, and applies to any system of individuals which reproduce; it is most commonly applied to systems of living organisms. It is sometimes summarized by the slogan, ''survival of the fittest''.

Natural selection is often thought of as being synonymous with [[Theory of evolution|evolution]],<ref>For example, a draft [[New Zealand]] science curriculum confuses the two. Lamb, Andrew, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/5047/ Evaluating an evolutionary science curriculum], 14th April, 2007 (Creation Ministries International).</ref> although they are distinct concepts, and [[creationism|creationists]] accept that natural selection is a real, observed, process.

==General Requirements==
Natural selection will automatically take place in any system which follows a certain set of rules. These rules are:

#There must be a set of individuals.
#These individuals must reproduce somehow.
#The probability or rate of reproduction must be somehow dependent on a heritable trait of the individual (where a heritable trait is one that is more likely to be present in an individual's offspring than it is in the general population).

In any such system, individuals whose traits allow them to reproduce more effectively will soon come to dominate the population.

Natural selection has been called a tautology because it follows from its definition, and because it has no observable consequences by itself that anyone has ever tested against an alternate theory.

==Variation and Randomness==
Natural selection becomes interesting when there is the possibility of random variation in the duplication of individuals--in other words, when an individual is copied, the copy may be slightly different from the original. It is important to note that, as stated above, the ''mechanism'' for this variation is not explained or even taken into account by natural selection. All that matters is that there is ''some'' process that produces variation. In this case, some of the offspring of an individual will be better (where "better" is defined as "more likely to successfully reproduce"--one can think of it as scoring higher on an evaluation) and some will be worse. The higher-scoring offspring will soon come to dominate the population, and over successive generations the average score will also rise.

==Role in Life Sciences==
Natural selection is a principle that was popularized by [[Charles Darwin]] and Alfred Russel Wallace, who noted that organisms which were better adapted to their environment tended to survive longer and reproduce more than less well-adapted organisms. They used the term "natural" to mean that it occurred in nature, as opposed to selection performed by animal breeders or by a deity. The term "survival of the fittest" is often attributed to Darwin but was in fact coined by the philosopher and sociologist Herbert Spencer.

Together with [[mutation]] (an altogether distinct phenomenon that should not be confused with natural selection), natural selection forms the basis of evolutionary theory. As stated above, in any system where selection combines with random variation, successive generations will become better adapted to reproduce. [[Evolution]] is the theory that this combination of genetic variation (which may be either mutation of the parent or, in most cases, sexual reproduction) and natural selection leads to [[speciation]].

Natural selection has been used to explain many organism traits. For example, deer run fast because slower deer have been eaten by predators, and the faster deer are more likely to pass their traits to the next generation. [[Selection pressure]] is seldom so one-sided; for example, the long tail of the [[peacock]] leaves it vulnerable to predators. However, since peahens are far less likely to mate with short-tailed peacocks, a long tail is an overall advantage and thus is selected for.

==An Example==
Here is an example of how an engineer might use an algorithm that is analogous to the combination of mutation and natural selection in the evolution of organisms.

An engineer starts with 10,000 different sets of plans for a hydroelectric dam. His dam must complete two basic tasks: it must hold back a lake with minimal flooding of the surrounding area, and it must maximize power generation. The intrinsic worth of a dam is determined by how well it completes these tasks; a dam which produces 100 kW of electricity while only raising water levels 2 feet is superior to one which produces 10 kW of electricity while raising water levels 5 feet.

In our simplified example, let us assume that the design of a dam is based on just a few numerical parameters: height, width, thickness, concrete mixture, hydroelectric turbine size, curvature, etc. After evaluating all the plans, the engineer picks the 100 best and discards the rest. He then copies each of these plans 100 times. When copying, the engineer randomly introduces minor differences: say he rolls a die each time he copies a design parameter; if he rolls a six, he then changes that parameter by 1%, flipping a coin to determine if he will increase or decrease the parameter.

Once he has finished copying, he will have 10,000 more plans, most of them very similar to the original 100 but with some small differences. He then evaluates these 10,000 plans again, picks the best 100, and copies them again, introducing random "errors" in the same way. After completing this process several thousand times, the engineer has 10,000 plans, all of which perform excellently. He picks the best of them and thus has an excellent design, without ever doing any real "design" himself.

Note that this engineer need not be conscious of the overall goal--he is just applying a simple algorithm over and over. Indeed, the engineer need not be conscious of anything at all--his task could be performed automatically and without sentience or intelligence. Note also that the final plan may be very different from any of the original plans.

==Local and Non-Local Improvement==
The above section illustrates how natural selection and random variation can combine to create improved individuals. However, it is important to note that there is no long-term planning involved in natural selection. This means that all changes must be locally beneficial in order to survive. Essentially, no improvement can take place if a deterioration must take place first. In order for a change to propagate to future "generations" of individuals, it must not be significantly harmful to ''any'' generation.

In the language of the above example, let us say that one of the plans would be much improved if the curvature were increased by 10%, but would be worsened considerably if the curvature was 3 to 7% higher. Since curvature can only change by 1% at a time, and a regime of "bad" curvature lies between the current regime and the regime of "good" curvature, the dam will never reach the "good" regime. Thus, in order for a large change to take place over several generations, it must be beneficial (or at least not significantly harmful) at ''each'' generation.

Again returning to the peacock, it might be an overall advantage to have a very short tail or no tail at all, since predators would be easy to avoid. However, since a ''slightly'' shorter tail gives little help in avoiding predators and also is much less attractive to females, short tails are unlikely to come about.

==Natural selection and evolution==
Natural selection is often considered to be synonymous with [[Theory of evolution|evolution]], but the two ideas are distinct.

Concepts similar to Natural Selection were described by a number of people before Darwin, and in particular by creationist [[Edward Blyth]], from 1835 to 1837.
Blyth described it as "a mechanism by which the sick, old and unfit were removed from a population; that is, as a preserving factor and for the maintenance of the status quo—the created kind".<ref>Grigg, Russell, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/493/ Darwin’s illegitimate brainchild], ''Creation'' 26(2):39–41, March 2004.</ref>

Evolution uses the idea of Natural Selection to explain why some living things survive at the expense of other living things, but Natural Selection doesn't explain how the variations to select from came to be.
Variations can arise in at least two different ways.
* When male and female produce offspring, half the offspring's [[Deoxyribonucleic acid|DNA]] is derived from each parent. Thus the offspring have a different selection of genetic [[information]] than either parent.
* Mutations can alter the genetic information.
Some of the variations produced by these mechanisms are better suited for given environments than other variations.
Natural Selection removes the variations that are unsuited or less suited to those environments, in favour of those more suited ("fitter") to those environments.

According to evolution, mutations can give rise to new genetic information, thus the offspring can have new capabilities that were not coded in the DNA of their parents, and that Natural Selection will therefore select for these new capabilities if they constitute a survival advantage.

Creationists reject this claim (of mutations producing new genetic information), on the grounds that it has not been observed in science. However, point mutations, insertions, and deletions to an organism's genetic code may all contribute to such an increase, rendering such objections meaningless.

In the example above of plans for a dam, the engineer started off with plans that had been designed by someone, and although some of the measurements were altered, nothing new was introduced.
For example, if the original plans did not include a bypass tunnel, no amount of altering measurements on the plan would produce one.

This is analogous to what we observe in nature.
We see that variations only come to already-existing plans (DNA), and that changes to the plans produce nothing new.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Biology]]
[[Category:Genetics]]
[[Category:Evolution]]

Punjab

2009-02-12T19:34:24Z

Pepperlynn: Tidy up

'''Punjab''' is a state of [[India]] in the north western part of the country, near the border with [[Pakistan]]. [[Sikhism]] was founded in the Punjab , and the majority of Punjabis are Sikhs.

==Religious Affiliation in Punjab==

*Sikhs 63%
*Hindus 34.5%
*Muslims 1.2%
*Christians 1.1%
*Others <0.5%

<ref>http://www.censusindia.gov.in</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{stub}}
[[Category:Indian States]]
[[Category:Sikhism]]

Trowel

2009-02-12T19:12:17Z

Pepperlynn:

A '''trowel''' is a small tool used in a variety of small-scale activities.

The common gardening '''trowel''' has a pointed, dished blade like that of an elongated miniature shovel. It is designed for small-scale earth moving tasks, such as digging, planting, and weeding.

A '''pointed trowel''' (also known as a '''bricklayer's trowel''') has a flat blade and ends at a point and is used in [[construction]] tasks, such as applying mortar or plaster. The pointed trowel is also used as an excavation tool by archaeologists.

The bricklayer's trowel is regarded as an important symbol by [[Freemasons]].

[[category:tools]]
[[category:gardening]]
[[category:construction]]

Trowel

2009-02-12T19:11:36Z

Pepperlynn: Cleaned up

A '''trowel''' is a small tool used in a variety of small-scale activities.

The common gardening '''trowel''' has a pointed, dished blade like that of an elongated miniature shovel. It is designed for small-scale earth moving tasks, such as digging, planting, and weeding.

A '''pointed trowel''' (also known as a '''bricklayer's trowel''') has a flat blade and ends at a point and is used in [[construction]] tasks, such as applying mortar or plaster. The pointed trowel is also used as an excavation tool by archaeologists.

The trowel is regarded as an important symbol to the organization of [[Freemasons]].

[[category:tools]]
[[category:gardening]]
[[category:construction]]

Trowel

2009-02-12T19:08:10Z

Pepperlynn:

A '''trowel''' is a small tool used in a variety of small-scale activities.

The normal '''trowel''' (used for gardening) has a curved, scooped blade that is purposely intended to disturb and remove earth. Digging, planting, and weeding are common examples of use.

A '''pointed trowel''' (also known as a '''bricklayer's trowel''') has a flat blade and ends at a point, which is useful for [[construction]] tasks, such as applying mortar and concrete. The pointed trowel is commonly used as an excavation tool by archaeologists.

The trowel is regarded as an important symbol to the organization of [[Freemasons]].

[[category:tools]]
[[category:gardening]]
[[category:construction]]

Cat

2009-02-12T02:37:58Z

Pepperlynn:

:''For the biological cat family, see [[Felidae]]''.
{{Taxonomy|image = cat.jpg|kingdom = Animalia|phylum = Chordata|subphylum = Vertebrata|class = Mammalia|order = Carnivora|family = Felidae|genus = Felis|species = F. silvestris|sub = F. s. catus (Domesticated cat)}}

'''Cats''' are a group of [[carnivore|carnivorous]] [[mammals]] with sharp [[teeth]] and retractable [[claw]]s (except in the case of the [[cheetah]]) on their paws, originally distributed worldwide apart from [[Australasia]], [[Madagascar]] and [[Antarctica]]. Several of the larger kinds of cat can be dangerous to humans.

The [[domestic cat]], believed to derive from the [[Africa]]n wildcat, has been used to control [[vermin]] or kept as a pet for thousands of years, and worshiped as a god by the ancient [[Egyptian]]s, amongst others. Today the domestic cat remains extremely popular as a [[pet]]; there are an estimated 76 million pet cats in the [[United States]].

Species of cat include the [[lion]], [[tiger]], [[leopard]], [[cheetah]], [[jaguar]], [[puma]], [[cougar]], [[ocelot]], [[lynx]], [[caracal]], [[serval]] and many smaller breeds.

==Feral Cats==

A '''feral cat''' is a direct descendant of a domestic cat but is untamed and generally frightened of any human contact. A feral cat is usually one that has returned to the wild, foraging for food and living in areas with open space. This is usually as a result of someone abandoning a cat (or cats), some of which are able to survive in the wild and breed, which leads to the establishment of a colony of feral cats. Such colonies usually exist for social and mutual protection purposes, but individual cats within each colony are expected to find their own food.

The life of a feral cat is usually difficult, and many do not survive for very long, due to various factors such as having to catch their own food, inadequate shelter from the elements, encounters with other animals ([[skunk]], [[raccoon]], etc) or dogs or other feral cats, dangers from vehicles on roadways, and not receiving medical treatment for illnessess or injuries. Cats as domesticated animals (pets) on average are afforded better care and thus have a better quality of life and longer life spans.

A ''stray'' cat is a cat that is unowned, but generally accepts [[human]] [[touch]], may take food directly from a human, etc. The terms are often interchangeable, especially in popular usage.

==External Links==
*[http://www.feralcat.com/ Feral Cat Coalition]
*[http://www.hsus.org/pets/issues_affecting_our_pets/feral_cats/ Humane Society Info on feral cats]

*[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,290840,00.html FOXNews.com - Oscar the Cat Predicts Nursing Home Deaths]

{{Nb_zl_felines}}
[[Category:Felines]]
[[Category:Domestic Animals]]

Vinegar

2009-02-12T02:29:17Z

Pepperlynn:

'''Vinegar''' is a food [[condiment]] traditionally made by using a acetic acid forming bacteria (such as those in the genera Acetobacter and Gloconobacter) and to ferment [[wine]] or similar ethanol-containing liquid. In modern times, white vinegar is produced chemically, as it is essentially dilute acetic acid.

In addition to its many culinary uses, vinegar is also commonly used to clean [[glass]], cutting through [[grease]] and leaving a smear-free finish.

==Types of Vinegar==
* White Vinegar
* Red Wine Vinegar
* Balsalmic Vinegar
* Rice Vinegar
* Umeboshi Vinegar
* Malt Vinegar
* Apple Cider Vinegar

[[category:Food and Drink]]

Vinegar

2009-02-12T02:27:27Z

Pepperlynn: Corrected information about fermentation

'''Vinegar''' is a food [[condiment]] traditionally made by using a acetic acid forming bacteria (such as those in the genera Acetobacter and Gloconobacter) and to ferment [[wine]] or similar ethanol-containing liquid. In modern times, white vinegar is produced chemically, as it is essentially acetic acid. It is also commonly used to clean [[windows]], cutting through [[grease]] and leaving a smear-free finish.

==Types of Vinegar==
* White Vinegar
* Red Wine Vinegar
* Balsalmic Vinegar
* Rice Vinegar
* Umeboshi Vinegar
* Malt Vinegar
* Apple Cider Vinegar

[[category:food and Drink]]

Lard

2009-02-12T00:26:44Z

Pepperlynn: Removed error about cow's fat. Tidied up.

'''Lard''' is the rendered [[fat]] of a [[pig]]. At room temperature, it is pale white in color and solid. It is sold in blocks similar to [[butter]].

==WWII Rationing==
In [[Britain]] during [[WWII]], butter was in very short supply and severely [[rationing|rationed]], so lard (which keeps well even at room temperature) started to be used in its place.

==Traditional Recipes==
Although lard was originally used as a frying medium, over the years many recipes have been created using lard as an ingredient. Traditional British delicacies made from lard include lardy cakes and "lardy bombers", pastry cases filled with seasoned lard and deep fried.

==External Links==
http://www.foodandwine.com/articles/lard-the-new-health-food

[[Category:Food and Drink]]