Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Crookes tube

2007-07-02T20:28:44Z

Pdennis:

[[Image:Crookes.jpg|right|250px|thumb|A Crookes tube.]]
'''Crookes tube''' is an experimental device developed by [[William Crookes]]. It is a glass tube that has electrodes within it and a target. Most of the air is evacuated from the tube. Electriced to the electrodes within the tube. Thus, energy passes from one electrode to the other, both of which are within the glass tube. A target is also within the tube so the electrical glow that the tube produces is effected by the target. Crookes used a cross shape for th thus demonstrating that electrical activity flowed in straight lines from one electrode to the tration of the principle can be viewed [http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/java/crookestube/ here]. At one high science, and Crookes tube was used by scientists who followed him as they proved additional principles with electrical energy.

[[Category:Physics]]

Assassination

2007-07-02T20:27:53Z

Pdennis: /* Famous People Who Were Assassinated */

'''Assassination''' is the act of murdering a high ranking politician or an otherwise important figure. Assassinations are usually politically motivated, compared with other murders, although many assassins suffered from some sort of mental imbalance. Revenge, monetary gain, and military operations may also be reasons for assassination.

==Famous People Who Were Assassinated==

*[[John F. Kennedy|John F. Kennedy]]
*[[Martin Luther King|Martin Luther King Jr.]]
nedy]]
*[[Franz Fdinand]]
*[[William Mnley]]
*[[Abraham Lincoln]]
*[[Julius Caesar]]
*[[James Garfield]]
*[[John Lennon]]

==Famous Assassins==
*[[Sirhan Sirhan]]
*[[John Wilkes Booth]]
*[[Leon Czolgosz]]
*[[Lee Harvey Oswald]]

[[Category:Crimes]]

Kingdom of Judah

2007-07-02T20:27:00Z

Pdennis: /* Early History */

[[Image:Judah.jpg|right]]
The '''Kingdom of Judah''' ([[Hebrew]]:''' יהודה''' ''Yehuda'' "praise God") was a kingdom of divided [[Israel]]. It is often referred to as the "Southern Kingdom" to distinguish it from the "[[Northern Kingdom]]" of Israel. This kingdom, like its [[Northern Kingdom|Northern]] counterpart, began with the Revolt of the Ten Tribes in either 975 BC (per [[James Ussher]]<ref name=Ussher>[[James Ussher]], ''[[The Annals of the World]]'', [[Larry Pierce]], ed., Green Forest, AR: Master Books, 2003 (ISBN 0890513600), pghh. 476-482</ref>) or 930 BC (per [[Edwin R. Thiele]]<ref name=Wood>Leon J. Wood, ''A Survey of Israel's History'', rev. ed. David O'Brien, Grand Rapids, MI: Academie Books, 1986 (ISBN 031034770X), pp. 285-286</ref>). It ended with the [[Fall of Jerusalem]] in either 588 BC (Ussher) or 586 BC (Thiele).

== Territorial Extent ==
[[Image:Map Divided Kingdoms Israel.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Territories of the [[Northern Kingdom|Northern]] and [[Judah, Kingdom of|Southern]] Kingdoms]]

The Kingdom of Judah was a monarchy, inclusive only of the tribes of [[Judah (tribe)|Judah]] and [[Benjamin (tribe)|Benjamin]], over which the House of [[David]] enjoyed an unbroken primacy before the [[Fall of Jerusalem]]. It extended in the north as far as [[Bethel]], while in the south it ended in the dry area known as the [[Negev]]. Its eastern and western boundaries were the [[Jordan]] River and the [[Mediterranean]] Sea. [[Jerusalem]] was its capital.

It consisted of those areas, primarily the tribal lands of Judah and Benjamin, that remained loyal to King [[Rehoboam]], the son of King [[Solomon]], when the northern tribes of Israel revolted and named as their king [[Jeroboam I]]. Unlike the Northern kingdom of Israel, which rebelled against God, worshiped pagan gods, and disobeyed divine commandments, in most of its history, Judah loyally worshiped God.

== The Grounds for the Split ==
: ''See Also: [[Northern Kingdom#The Prophecy|Northern Kingdom]]''

God split the Ten Tribes away from Judah and Benjamin as a punishment for King [[Solomon]], who had debased his kingdom by his worship of the strange gods of his thousand foreign wives and concubines. Furthermore, [[Rehoboam]], Solomon's son and successor, was not a good king, and was very ill-advised:<blockquote>And Rehoboam went to Shechem: for all Israel were come to Shechem to make him king. And it came to pass, when Jeroboam the son of Nebat, who was yet in Egypt, heard of it, (for he was fled from the presence of king Solomon, and Jeroboam dwelt in Egypt;) That they sent and called him. And Jeroboam and all the congregation of Israel came, and spake unto Rehoboam, saying, Thy father made our yoke grievous: now therefore make thou the grievous service of thy father, and his heavy yoke which he put upon us, lighter, and we will serve thee. And he said unto them, Depart yet for three days, then come again to me. And the people departed. And king Rehoboam consulted with the old men, that stood before Solomon his father while he yet lived, and said, How do ye advise that I may answer this people? And they spake unto him, saying, If thou wilt be a servant unto this people this day, and wilt serve them, and answer them, and speak good words to them, then they will be thy servants for ever. But he forsook the counsel of the old men, which they had given him, and consulted with the young men that were grown up with him, and which stood before him: And he said unto them, What counsel give ye that we may answer this people, who have spoken to me, saying, Make the yoke which thy father did put upon us lighter? And the young men that were grown up with him spake unto him, saying, Thus shalt thou speak unto this people that spake unto thee, saying, Thy father made our yoke heavy, but make thou it lighter unto us; thus shalt thou say unto them, My little finger shall be thicker than my father's loins. And now whereas my father did lade you with a heavy yoke, I will add to your yoke: my father hath chastised you with whips, but I will chastise you with scorpions. So Jeroboam and all the people came to Rehoboam the third day, as the king had appointed, saying, Come to me again the third day. And the king answered the people roughly, and forsook the old men's counsel that they gave him; And spake to them after the counsel of the young men, saying, My father made your yoke heavy, and I will add to your yoke: my father also chastised you with whips, but I will chastise you with scorpions. Wherefore the king hearkened not unto the people; for the cause was from the LORD, that he might perform his saying, which the LORD spake by Ahijah the Shilonite unto Jeroboam the son of Nebat. So when all Israel saw that the king hearkened not unto them, the people answered the king, saying, What portion have we in David? neither have we inheritance in the son of Jesse: to your tents, O Israel: now see to thine own house, David. So Israel departed unto their tents. But as for the children of Israel which dwelt in the cities of Judah, Rehoboam reigned over them. Then king Rehoboam sent Adoram, who was over the tribute; and all Israel stoned him with stones, that he died. Therefore king Rehoboam made speed to get him up to his chariot, to flee to Jerusalem. So Israel rebelled against the house of David unto this day.<ref>{{Bible ref|book=I_Kings|chap=12|verses=1-19|version=KJV}}</ref></blockquote>

Rehoboam raised a 180,000-strong army to attempt to crush the revolt, but the [[prophet]] [[Shemaiah]] brought a message from [[God]] telling him to desist.

Rehoboam was one of many wicked kings, those that "did evil in the sight of the LORD." That he did not even last as long as did his rival [[Jeroboam I]] to the north might or might not be significant.

== Early History ==
Rehoboam had an inauspicious seventeen-yeaand in the middle of it [[Pharaoh]] [[Shishak]] raided his kingdom and took much er. Thereafter, the glory of [[Jerusalem]] under Solomon would never be the same. This was the same Shishak who had given asylum tooboam in the last three years of Solomon's reign.

Rehoboam's son [[Abijam]] had an even briefer spell. But [[Asa]] was the first example of a king who did ''ri'' in God's sight. In this regard, not every king who "did right" did ''everything'' rig those who did, tended to have prosperous reigns.

== The Athaliah-Joash Affair ==
The only matrimonial alliance between the Divided Kingdoms Northern and Southern was that of King [[Jehoram]] with the [[House of Omri]] in the [[Northern Kingdom]]. Jehoram accepted [[Athaliah]], daughter of [[Ahab]], as his consort. Their son [[Ahaziah]] fell in battle against the future King [[Jehu]], who at the time was God's chosen champion in the Northern Kingdom.

When Ahaziah died, Athaliah then tried to kill all the royal family. But Ahaziah's infant son [[Joash]] escaped her notice. Six years later, the High Priest in Jerusalem presented Joash to the people and had him crowned. Athaliah tore her royal robes in indignation and accused everyone present of treason, whereupon the High Priest had her arrested, taken outside the city, and summarily executed.<ref>{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=11|verses=1-16}}</ref>

Joash grew to be a no-nonsense king. Significant among his accomplishments was the repair of the [[Temple of Jerusalem]], which by then had fallen into disrepair. But then Joash made a major mistake: he paid tribute to King [[Hazael]] of [[Syria]] and used dedicated Temple objects to do it. Perhaps out of outrage, the palace staff conspired against Joash and killed him. His son [[Amaziah]] then took over.

== After Athaliah ==
The kings of the Southern Kingdom seemed to alternate between right-doing and evil-doing kings. Sadly, the right-doing kings of this period ([[Joash]], [[Amaziah]], [[Uzziah]], and [[Jotham]]) appeared not to have their hearts in doing right. Joash fell almost completely away from the faith after his old counselor Jehoiada died. Amaziah is described as doing right, "but not with a perfect heart." Uzziah let his pride overcome him, to the degree that he presumed to burn incense in the [[Temple of Jerusalem|Temple]], and for that [[God]] struck him with leprosy. Jotham was absent from the Temple and was an absentee father--with scandalous results.

The deeds of Jotham's son, [[Jehoahaz I]], or '''Ahaz''' as his name is spelled in [[II Kings]], were especially odious even before he came of age. Note the following:<blockquote>In the seventeenth year of Pekah the son of Remaliah Ahaz the son of Jotham king of Judah began to reign. Twenty years old was Ahaz when he began to reign, and reigned sixteen years in Jerusalem, and did not that which was right in the sight of the LORD his God, like David his father.<ref>{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=16|verses=1-2|version=KJV}}</ref></blockquote>
But now consider this:<blockquote>Now it came to pass in the third year of Hoshea son of Elah king of Israel, that Hezekiah the son of Ahaz king of Judah began to reign. Twenty and five years old was he when he began to reign; and he reigned twenty and nine years in Jerusalem. His mother's name also was Abi, the daughter of Zachariah. And he did that which was right in the sight of the LORD, according to all that David his father did.<ref>{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=18|verses=1-3|version=KJV}}</ref></blockquote>
A careful consideration of the ages-at-ascendancy of these two kings, and the length-of-reign of Ahaz (whose son Hezekiah succeeded him with ''no'' interregnum), indicates that Ahaz sired Hezekiah ''when he, Ahaz, was only eleven years of age.'' Moreover, the Zachariah referred to in the quote was a Levite and a priest in Jerusalem. The situation must have been a near-scandal to all concerned, and that Ahaz would turn out to be an especially "evil-doing" king should surprise no one. The actual surprise was that Hezekiah would turn out to be not only "right-doing," but especially renowned as a reformer.

== The Two Great Reformers ==
By far the best chapters in the history of the Southern Kingdom were the reigns of [[Hezekiah]] and [[Josiah]]. Hezekiah was the first to undertake the most thoroughgoing of religious reforms: unlike many of his predecessors, he destroyed the pagan temples, or "[[high place]]s," that so many of his people had built, and cut down the wood-carved [[Asherah]] poles, or "groves," throughout his kingdom. He also broke up the brass serpent that [[Moses]] had earlier fashioned as a reminder to the people of [[Israel]] to remember who God was. The people had begun to venerate it as an idol, and Hezekiah recognized that such behavior was inappropriate. Hezekiah also had the [[Temple]] repaired and cleaned out, and commanded the observance of the much-neglected Feast of [[Passover]].

Hezekiah held the throne during the [[Fall of Samaria]]. Later, [[Sennacherib]] of [[Assyria]] launched an invasion of the Southern Kingdom. Hezekiah famously consulted the great prophet [[Isaiah (Prophet)|Isaiah]] for help and prayed earnestly to God. In reply, God struck the armies of Sennacherib with a pestilence, so that Sennacherib raised his siege of Jerusalem and went back home.

Subsequently, Hezekiah fell ill and consulted Isaiah again, prompting this famous exchange:<blockquote>And Isaiah said, This sign shalt thou have of the LORD, that the LORD will do the thing that he hath spoken: shall the shadow go forward ten degrees, or go back ten degrees? And Hezekiah answered, It is a light thing for the shadow to go down ten degrees: nay, but let the shadow return backward ten degrees. And Isaiah the prophet cried unto the LORD: and he brought the shadow ten degrees backward, by which it had gone down in the dial of Ahaz.<ref>{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=20|verses=9-11|version=KJV}}</ref></blockquote>
Unhappily, Hezekiah foolishly boasted of his riches and accomplishments when the King of [[Babylon]] came to visit him after that episode. Isaiah later issued the baleful prophecy of the Southern Kingdom's eventual defeat and exile.

King [[Josiah]] was, if anything, an even greater reformer. He assumed his throne at the age of eight, and by the age of sixteen was already actively studying with the priests in Jerusalem. As soon as he came of age, he gave the same sort of orders as Hezekiah had given, for the systematic destruction of places and objects of pagan worship, and for the repair and cleaning-out of the Temple. In the process, the then-serving High Priest found "the book of the Law," which many believe was a copy of the Book of [[Deuteronomy]] or even a full set of the [[Pentateuch]]. Josiah had this read to him, and when he realized just how far his people had strayed, he tore his royal robes in deep sorrow. Then, again like Hezekiah, he ordered a restitution of [[Passover]], which again had fallen into neglect.

Unhappily, Josiah received a prophecy that the eventual destruction of the Southern Kingdom was inevitable. God would grant Josiah this boon, however: that he would not live to see it.

== The Fall of Jerusalem ==
: ''Main Article: [[Fall of Jerusalem]]''

== Later History ==
[[Nebuchadnezzar II]], of course, made the territory a [[Babylonia]]n province. The [[Persia]]n Empire, beginning with [[Cyrus the Great]] and continuing especially with [[Artaxerxes I]], restored the kingdom to an at least nominal independence.

Then came [[Alexander the Great]], commanding the unified army of the [[Greco-Macedonian Empire]]. When he appeared, the high priests who ruled [[Jerusalem]] at the time surrendered immediately. Alexander, in return, granted to his new province, which he named ''Ioudaia'' in [[Greek]], the right to rule itself according to its old laws.

After Alexander died, it was largely contested between the Ptolemaic empire of [[Egypt]] and the Seleucid empire of [[Syria]], until [[Judas the Maccabee]] led a successful revolt in 165 BC. Eventually, however, [[Pompey]] the Great, the Special High Commissioner in the Near East for the Senate of [[Rome]], made the kingdom a Roman province under the name ''Judea''. The region retained that name until AD 70, when the future Emperor [[Titus]] destroyed the city and the [[Temple of Jerusalem]].

In AD 135, [[Simon bar Kochva]] led an unsuccessful revolt against Emperor [[Hadrian]]. He then scattered the [[Judaism|Jews]] throughout the Roman empire (now in its farthest extent) and renamed the region ''Palaestina'', in an apparent evocation of the name of [[Philistia]]. The region continued to carry the name of Palaestina, or ''Palestine'', until 1948, when the present Republic of [[Israel]] established itself in a year-long war for independence.

== Synoptic King List==

{| class="wikitable"
!
!
!Ussher I
!
!Ussher II
!
!Ussher III
!
!Ussher IV
!
!Thiele I
!
!Thiele II
!
!Thiele III
!
!Thiele IV
!
|-
![[Epoch]]
!Authority
!AM
!BC
!AM
!BC
!AM
!BC
!AM
!BC
!AM
!BC
!AM
!BC
!AM
!BC
!AM
!BC
|-
|[[Rehoboam]]
|{{Bible ref|book=I_Kings|chap=12-13}}, {{Bible ref|book=II_Chronicles|chap=9|verses=30}}, {{Bible ref|book=II_Chronicles|chap=10}}
|3029
|975
|2969
|975
|3244
|975
|3184
|975
|3029
|930
|2969
|930
|3244
|930
|3184
|930
|-
|[[Abijam]]
|{{Bible ref|book=I_Kings|chap=15|verses=1}}, {{Bible ref|book=II_Chronicles|chap=13|verses=1-2}}
|3046
|958
|2986
|958
|3261
|958
|3201
|958
|3046
|913
|2986
|913
|3261
|913
|3201
|913
|-
|[[Asa]]
|{{Bible ref|book=I_Kings|chap=15|verses=9}}, {{Bible ref|book=II_Chronicles|chap=14|verses=1}}
|3048
|956
|2988
|956
|3263
|956
|3203
|956
|3049
|910
|2989
|910
|3264
|910
|3204
|910
|-
|[[Jehoshaphat]]
|{{Bible ref|book=I_Kings|chap=22|verses=41}}, {{Bible ref|book=II_Chronicles|chap=16|verses=13}}, {{Bible ref|book=II_Chronicles|chap=20|verses=31}}
|3090
|914
|3030
|914
|3305
|914
|3245
|914
|3087
|872
|3027
|872
|3302
|872
|3242
|872
|-
|[[Jehoram]]
|{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=8|verses=16}}, {{Bible ref|book=II_Chronicles|chap=21|verses=5}}
|3112
|892
|3052
|892
|3327
|892
|3267
|892
|3106
|853
|3046
|853
|3321
|853
|3261
|853
|-
|[[Ahaziah]]
|{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=8|verses=25}}, {{Bible ref|book=II_Chronicles|chap=22|verses=2}}
|3119
|885
|3059
|885
|3334
|885
|3274
|885
|3118
|841
|3058
|841
|3333
|841
|3273
|841
|-
|[[Athaliah]]
|{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=10}}, {{Bible ref|book=II_Chronicles|chap=22|verses=10-12}}
|3120
|884
|3060
|884
|3335
|884
|3275
|884
|3118
|841
|3058
|841
|3333
|841
|3273
|841
|-
|[[Joash]]
|{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=12|verses=1}}, {{Bible ref|book=II_Chronicles|chap=23}}, {{Bible ref|book=II_Chronicles|chap=24|verses=1}}
|3126
|878
|3066
|878
|3341
|878
|3281
|878
|3124
|835
|3064
|835
|3339
|835
|3279
|835
|-
|[[Amaziah]]
|{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=14|verses=1}}, {{Bible ref|book=II_Chronicles|chap=25|verses=1}}
|3165
|839
|3105
|839
|3380
|839
|3320
|839
|3163
|796
|3103
|796
|3378
|796
|3318
|796
|-
|[[Uzziah]]
|{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=15|verses=1}}, {{Bible ref|book=II_Chronicles|chap=26|verses=3}}
|3194
|810
|3134
|810
|3409
|810
|3349
|810
|3167
|792
|3107
|792
|3382
|792
|3322
|792
|-
|[[Jotham]]
|{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=15|verses=32}}, {{Bible ref|book=II_Chronicles|chap=27|verses=1}}
|3246
|758
|3186
|758
|3461
|758
|3401
|758
|3209
|750
|3149
|750
|3424
|750
|3364
|750
|-
|[[Jehoahaz I|Ahaz]]
|{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=16|verses=1}}, {{Bible ref|book=II_Chronicles|chap=28|verses=1}}
|3262
|742
|3202
|742
|3477
|742
|3417
|742
|3224
|735
|3164
|735
|3439
|735
|3379
|735
|-
|[[Hezekiah]]
|{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=18|verses=1}}, {{Bible ref|book=II_Chronicles|chap=29|verses=1}}
|3278
|726
|3218
|726
|3493
|726
|3433
|726
|3230
|729
|3170
|729
|3445
|729
|3385
|729
|-
|[[Manasseh King of Judah|Manasseh]]
|{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=21|verses=1}}, {{Bible ref|book=II_Chronicles|chap=33|verses=1}}
|3306
|698
|3246
|698
|3521
|698
|3461
|698
|3262
|697
|3202
|697
|3477
|697
|3417
|697
|-
|[[Amon]]
|{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=21|verses=19}}, {{Bible ref|book=II_Chronicles|chap=33|verses=21}}
|3361
|643
|3301
|643
|3576
|643
|3516
|643
|3317
|642
|3257
|642
|3532
|642
|3472
|642
|-
|[[Josiah]]
|{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=22|verses=1}}, {{Bible ref|book=II_Chronicles|chap=34|verses=1}}
|3363
|641
|3303
|641
|3578
|641
|3518
|641
|3319
|640
|3259
|640
|3534
|640
|3474
|640
|-
|[[Jehoahaz II]]
|{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=23|verses=31}}, {{Bible ref|book=II_Chronicles|chap=36|verses=2}}
|3394
|610
|3334
|610
|3609
|610
|3549
|610
|3350
|609
|3290
|609
|3565
|609
|3505
|609
|-
|[[Jehoiakim]]
|{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=23|verses=36}}, {{Bible ref|book=II_Chronicles|chap=36|verses=5}}
|3394
|610
|3334
|610
|3609
|610
|3549
|610
|3351
|608
|3291
|608
|3566
|608
|3506
|608
|-
|[[Jehoiachin]]
|{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=24|verses=8}}, {{Bible ref|book=II_Chronicles|chap=36|verses=9}}
|3405
|599
|3345
|599
|3620
|599
|3560
|599
|3361
|598
|3301
|598
|3576
|598
|3516
|598
|-
|[[Zedekiah]]
|{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=24|verses=18}}, {{Bible ref|book=II_Chronicles|chap=36|verses=11}}
|3405
|599
|3345
|599
|3620
|599
|3560
|599
|3362
|597
|3302
|597
|3577
|597
|3517
|597
|-
|'''[[Fall of Jerusalem]]'''
|{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=23|verses=36}}, {{Bible ref|book=II_Chronicles|chap=36|verses=12-21}}
|3416
|588
|3356
|588
|3631
|588
|3571
|588
|3373
|586
|3313
|586
|3588
|586
|3528
|586
|-
|'''Pensioning of [[Jehoiachin]]'''
|{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=25|verses=27}}
|3442
|562
|3382
|562
|3657
|562
|3597
|562
|3397
|562
|3337
|562
|3612
|562
|3552
|562
|}

== Differing Chronological Placement ==
: ''Main Article: [[Biblical chronology dispute]]''

[[James Ussher]] calculated the length of the history of the Southern Kingdom by a straightforward summation of the lengths-of-reign of the various kings of that kingdom. That summation falls only three years shy of the 390 years that the prophet [[Ezekiel]] stated was the time of the "iniquity" of Israel.<ref>{{Bible ref|book=Ezekiel|chap=4|verses=5}}</ref> To make up that deficit, Ussher assumed that [[Jeroboam I]] fled from Solomon and sought asylum from Pharaoh Shishak three years before Solomon's death and the Revolt that split the Kingdoms.

[[Edwin R. Thiele]], however, attempted to synchronize the reigns of [[Jehu]] and [[Ahab]] to certain questionable mentions in [[Assyrian chronology]], and also assumed that Sennacherib's campaign occurred in 701 BC. To "fit" the chronology of the Divided Kingdoms to the Assyrian "historical record," Thiele moved the reign of Jehu to a date forty-three years more recent than Ussher's date--that is, from 884 BC to 841 BC. The violence that this does to the chronology of the Northern Kingdom is discussed in detail [[Northern Kingdom#Differing Chronological Placement|here]]. The relevant effects on the Southern Kingdom are a telescoping of the reigns of Amaziah, Uzziah, Jotham, and Ahaz (Jehoahaz I). Specifically, according to [[Larry Pierce]]'s Appendix to the ''Annals'', Thiele assumes that Uzziah began a viceroyship under Amaziah twenty-four years before the Bible says that he did, in order to stay consistent with his revised chronology. Pierce rejects this as flatly impossible.<blockquote>And they brought him on horses: and he was buried at Jerusalem with his fathers in the city of David. And all the people of Judah took Azariah, which was sixteen years old, and made him king instead of his father Amaziah.<ref>{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=14|verses=20-21|version=KJV|}}</ref></blockquote>
Pierce<ref name=Pierce>[[Larry Pierce]], [http://www.answersingenesis.org/tj/v15/i1/chronology.asp Evidentialism–the Bible and Assyrian chronology] ''TJ'' 15(1):62–68 April 2001</ref> argues forcefully from this quote that Uzziah assumed office upon his father's death in battle.<blockquote>In the twenty and seventh year of Jeroboam king of Israel began Azariah son of Amaziah king of Judah to reign. Sixteen years old was he when he began to reign, and he reigned two and fifty years in Jerusalem. And his mother's name was Jecholiah of Jerusalem.<ref>{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=15|verses=1-2|version=KJV}}</ref></blockquote>
Pierce furthermore argues that if Uzziah had indeed begun a viceroyship under Amaziah twenty-four years earlier, then he would have had to do it ''eight years before he was born.''<ref name=Pierce/>

Thiele's other assumption violates [[Occam's razor]]. To synchronize Sennacherib's campaign at 701 BC, Thiele has to assume that Hezekiah and his son [[Manasseh King of Judah|Manasseh]] somehow had an eleven-year co-regency. This is highly unlikely when one considers that Manasseh was an "evil-doer," while Hezekiah was one of the Southern Kingdom's two great reformers. Worse yet, Scripture specifically says that the [[Fall of Samaria]] took place ''in the sixth year of Hezekiah and the ninth year of [[Hoshea]]'',<ref>{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=18|verses=10}}</ref> and then that the invasion of Judah took place in the fourteenth year of Hezekiah.<ref>{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=18|verses=13}}</ref> This makes a 701 BC date impossible to sustain.

== Related References ==
<references/>
== See Also ==
* [[Judaism]]
* [[Old Testament]]
* [[United Kingdom]]
* [[Northern Kingdom]]
* [[Fall of Jerusalem]]
* [[Biblical chronology]]
* [[Biblical chronology dispute]]

[[Category:Articles with synoptic tables]]
[[Category:Bible]]
[[Category:Biblical places]]
[[Category:Israel]]
[[Category:Bible chronology]]
[[Category:Ancient History]]

Bee

2007-07-02T20:26:23Z

Pdennis: /* Bee Decline */

'''Bees''' are a type of flying [[insect]] related to [[ant]]s and [[wasp]]s. They are an important pollinator of [[flower]]ing [[plant]]s, and vital to commercial growers in the [[United States]]. Many species of bees produce [[honey]].

==Bee genetics==

Unfertilized eggs laid by a queen bee contain 50% of her [[gene|genes]] in different combinations. These eggs develop into male bees (drones) that have one copy of each [[chromosome]]. All [[sperm]] produced by a drone are identical [[clone|clones]].

Fertilized eggs laid by a queen bee develop into female bees (workers). These have two copies of each chromosome – one from the queen and one from the male who fertilized her.

Queens mate with 10-20 drones, so bee colonies are a mixture of subfamilies with the same mother but different fathers.

This means that workers in the same subfamily are related by 75% of their genes. They are therefore more closely related to their sisters than to their own offspring, who would only have 50% of their genes. This predisposes them to help raise their sisters or go with a new queen when she starts a new colony rather than seeking a mate.

==Bee Decline==

Because of their vital role as pollinators, bees are responsr 15 to 30 percent of the food U.S. consumers eat. However, in recent years there has been a steep decline in the population of bees, and someclaim that unless this is arrested the supply of some fruits and vegetables may also decline. <ref> http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/10/1005_041005_honeybees.html </ref>

This decline is considered to be the result of diseases such as themite and other parasites, and the widespread practice of spraying crops with pesticides. Some scientists have asserted that the increased use of genetically modified crops may have a role to play, but the evidence for that is not yet clear.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Insects]]

Allen Weinstein

2007-07-02T20:26:01Z

Pdennis: /* Criticism */

'''Allen Weinstein''' is the [[Archivist of the United States]]. He was confirmed by the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] on [[February 16]], [[2005]]. His nomination met with some controversy from various archivist societies, including the [[Society of American Archivists]].

From [[1966]] to [[1981]], Weinstein was Professor of History at [[Smith College]]. In 1981, he moved to [[Georgetown University]] where he was a professor until [[1984]]. He was a Professor of History at [[Boston University]] from [[1985]] to [[1989]]. From [[1985]] to [[2003]], he served as President of [[The Center for Democracy]].

== Criticism ==

Critics on the left have argued that Weinstein's books ''Perjury'' aThe Haunted Wood'' (both arguing [[Alger Hiss]] was a Soviet spy) have severe problems. Interviewees quoted in ''Perjury'' claimed they were badly muoted, and Weinstein refuses to let other scholars review the interviews he conducted for ''Perjury'', which violated the ethical ruan Historical Association]]. His ''Haunted Wood'' co-author argues th some of the documents he claims to quote do not say what he says they do.

==External links==
*[http://www.historians.org/Perspectives/Issues/2005/0503/0503new2.cfm Allen Weinstein Becomes Ninth Archivist of the United States], The American Historical Association.

[[Category:biographies]]

Finland

2007-07-02T20:25:27Z

Pdennis:

[[Image:Finland map.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Map of Finland]]
'''Finland''' (''Suomi'' in Finnh) is a country of northern [[Europe]] known for its largely [[social democracy|social democratic]] economic system. The Finnish [[conservative]] party, the [[National Coalition]] led by [[Jyrki Katainen]], is its principal conservative organization.

The state capital is [[Helsinki]] and the principal exports are machines, electronics (for example mobile phones) and lumber. [[Finnish]] is the principal language spoken, a [[Finno-Urgic]] language, it is difficult for speakers of English and Romance languages to learn, so many Finns speak English to facilitate communication with other countries. Finland is known as "the land of lakes and poets."

The Finns have in the past resisted [[communism]], first declaring independence after the [[Russian Revolution]] in 1917, and then inflicting very heavy and humiliating losses on the [[viet Union]] in the [[Winter War]] of 1939-40. Because of many Soviet miscalculations, including using troops from the [[Caucasus]] who were not habituated to the cold (it was one of the coldest winters on record, too), and because the Finns were able to adopt tactics centered around fast-moving guerrilla units, the Finnish army was able to kill some 120,000 Soviets while only losing 25,000 of their own men. This has been considered by many as a sign s. The defensive line built to protect Finland was known as the [[Mannerheim]] Line, after Marshal Mannerheim, the Finnish President. Eventually, the line was breached and Finland was made to cede territory in [[Karelia]]. In 1941, Fand joined the [[Axis]] powers in attacking the Soviet Union, but its forces didn't participate in the [[Siege of Leningrad]]. Mannerheim also refused to cut the Murmansk railway, which the citizens of Leningrad, nowadays St.Petersburg, remember even today. In 1944 Finland made a separate peace with the Soviet Union, ceding the Arctic Ocean port of [[Petsamo]], and undermaintain a policy of strict neutrality in the post-war years (the so-called [[Finlandisation]] policy).

[[Category:Finland]]
[[Category:European Countries]]
[[Category:EU Members]]
[[Categoryrdic Countries]]

Sensory Nervous System

2007-07-02T20:24:48Z

Pdennis:

{{expand}}
The system of nerves whh carries information from the body's [[receptorsthe [[central nervous system]].<ref>Wile, Dr. Jay L. ''Exploring Creation With General Science''. Anderson: ApoloEducational Ministries

2000</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[category:anatomy]]

Liberal bias

2007-07-02T20:24:03Z

Pdennis: /* Vision of the anointed */

One manifestation of liberal bias is partisan [[media bias|bias]] towards [[liberal]] positions or policies in many mainstream media.

The following persons, television programs or media outlets have frequently been said to express a well known liberal bias.
* ''[[The New York Times]]''
* [[ABC]], [[CBS]] <ref>Townhall.com, [http://www.townhall.com/columnists/MarvinOlasky/2001/12/04/enabling_media_bias Enabling media bias], Marvin Olasky, December 4, 2001.</ref>
* [[Dan Rather]] <ref>During a phone conversation, [[Bernard Goldberg]] asked him, "What do you consider the ''New York Times''?

Rather answered, "Middle of the road." (''[[Bias (book)|Bias]]'', page 221)</ref>
* [[CNN]]
* [[LA Times]]
* [[Michael Moore]]
* The [[Daily Show]]
* Real Time with Bill Maher
* The [[United Nations]]
* [[Washington Post]]
* [[MSNBC]]
* [[Communism for dummies| Communism for Dummies]]

CBS insider [[Bernard Goldberg]] wrote the definitive book on liberal bias in the media, simply entitled ''[[Bias (book)|Bias]]''.
*He asserts that an ''"inability to see liberal views as liberal views ... is at the heart of the entire problem."''
*He wrote: "[[Pauline Kael]], for years the brilliant film critic at the ''New Yorker'', was completely baffled about how [[Richard Nixon]] could have beaten [[George McGovern]] in 1972: 'Nobody I know voted for Nixon.' Never mind that Nixon carried 49 states. She wasn't kidding." <ref>(''Bias (book)'', page 222-223)</ref>

Goldberg also suggested liberals don't even see their liberal values as "liberal":
*"Their views on all the big social issues ... aren't liberal views at all. They're simply reasonable views, shared by all the reasonable people the media elites mingle with ..." <ref>(''Bias (book)'', page 222)</ref>

== Media Bias==

A 2005 report<ref>[http://www.polisci.ucla.edu/faculty/groseclose/Media.Bias.pdf A MEASURE OF MEDIA BIAS] </ref> by Tim Groseclose and Jeffrey Milyo political scientists at UCLA concluded that, based on estimated ideological scores, all of the news
outlets they examined, except Fox News’ Special Report and the Washington Times, showed a strong liberal bias (scores to the left of the average member of Congress). Of the 20 major media outlets studied, 18 scored left of center, with CBS' "Evening News," The New York Times and the Los Angeles Times ranking second, third and fourth most liberal behind the news pages of The Wall Street Journal. Only Fox News' "Special Report With Brit Hume" and The Washington Times scored right of the average U.S. voter.
<blockquote>
"I suspected that many media outlets would tilt to the left because surveys have shown that reporters tend to vote more Democrat than Republican," said Tim Groseclose, a UCLA political scientist and the study's lead author. "But I was surprised at just how pronounced the distinctions are." <ref>http://www.newsroom.ucla.edu/page.asp?RelNum=6664</ref>
</blockquote>

==Vision of the anointed==
Economist Thomas Sowell in his book published in 1996, ''The Vision of the Anninted'', the anointed vision of liberals and liberalism to promote their agenda, and control the writing of history and the national consciouness.

Desperate evasions of discordant evidence, and the denigration and even demonizing of those presenting such evidence, are indicative of the high stakes in contemporary cultural wars, are not about alternative policies but alternative worlds and of alternative roles of liberals in these worlds. Opponents must be shown to be not merely mistaken but morally lacking. This approach replaces the intellectual discussion of arguments by the moral extermination of persons. This denigration or demonizing of those opposed to their views not only has the desired effect of discrediting the opposition but also has the unintended effect of cutting off the path of retreat from positions which become progressively less tenable with the passage of time and the accumulation of discordant evidence. very thought that those dismissed as simplistic or maligned might have been right–even if only on a single issue–is at best galling and potentially devastating. Their last refuge in this situation are their good intentions.

For liberals, it is desperately important to win because their whole sense of themselves is at stake. Given the high stakes, it is not hard to understand the all-out attacks of liberals on those who differ from them and their attempts to stifle alternative sources of values and beliefs, with campus speech codes and ‘[[political correctness]]’ being prime examples of a spreading pattern of taboos. Here they are not content to squelch contemporary voices, they must also silence history and traditions–the national memory–as well. This too is a larger danger than the dangers flowing from particular policies.

History is the memory of a nation–and that memory is being erased by historians enthralled by liberalism. O disdain for mere facts has been accompanied by adventurous reinterpretations known as ‘revisionist’ history. This is all yet another expression of the notion that reality is optional.

A very similar development in the law treats the Constitution as meaning not what those who wrote it meant, but what one small segment of the public today wants it to mean. This is the ‘living constitution’ of ‘evolving standards,’ reflecting what ‘th people’ believe. The law itself has been prostituted to the service of ideological crusades. The social cohesion that makes civilized life possible has been loosened by the systematic undermining of families and of commonly shared values and a common culture. <ref>Thomas Sowell, [http://www.li.suu.edu/library/circulation/Lewis/ba2350tlVisionoftheAnointedShortVersion.pdf ''The Vision of the Anointed''], New York: Basic Books, 1996.</ref>

== References ==
<references/>
==See Also==
*[[Conservative bias]]

Liberal bias

2007-07-02T15:53:35Z

Pdennis: /* Vision of the anointed */

One manifestation of liberal bias is partisan [[media bias|bias]] towards [[liberal]] positions or policies in many mainstream media.

The following persons, television programs or media outlets have frequently been said to express a well known liberal bias.
* ''[[The New York Times]]''
* [[ABC]], [[CBS]] <ref>Townhall.com, [http://www.townhall.com/columnists/MarvinOlasky/2001/12/04/enabling_media_bias Enabling media bias], Marvin Olasky, December 4, 2001.</ref>
* [[Dan Rather]] <ref>During a phone conversation, [[Bernard Goldberg]] asked him, "What do you consider the ''New York Times''?

Rather answered, "Middle of the road." (''[[Bias (book)|Bias]]'', page 221)</ref>
* [[CNN]]
* [[LA Times]]
* [[Michael Moore]]
* The [[Daily Show]]
* Real Time with Bill Maher
* The [[United Nations]]
* [[Washington Post]]
* [[MSNBC]]
* [[Communism for dummies| Communism for Dummies]]

CBS insider [[Bernard Goldberg]] wrote the definitive book on liberal bias in the media, simply entitled ''[[Bias (book)|Bias]]''.
*He asserts that an ''"inability to see liberal views as liberal views ... is at the heart of the entire problem."''
*He wrote: "[[Pauline Kael]], for years the brilliant film critic at the ''New Yorker'', was completely baffled about how [[Richard Nixon]] could have beaten [[George McGovern]] in 1972: 'Nobody I know voted for Nixon.' Never mind that Nixon carried 49 states. She wasn't kidding." <ref>(''Bias (book)'', page 222-223)</ref>

Goldberg also suggested liberals don't even see their liberal values as "liberal":
*"Their views on all the big social issues ... aren't liberal views at all. They're simply reasonable views, shared by all the reasonable people the media elites mingle with ..." <ref>(''Bias (book)'', page 222)</ref>

== Media Bias==

A 2005 report<ref>[http://www.polisci.ucla.edu/faculty/groseclose/Media.Bias.pdf A MEASURE OF MEDIA BIAS] </ref> by Tim Groseclose and Jeffrey Milyo political scientists at UCLA concluded that, based on estimated ideological scores, all of the news
outlets they examined, except Fox News’ Special Report and the Washington Times, showed a strong liberal bias (scores to the left of the average member of Congress). Of the 20 major media outlets studied, 18 scored left of center, with CBS' "Evening News," The New York Times and the Los Angeles Times ranking second, third and fourth most liberal behind the news pages of The Wall Street Journal. Only Fox News' "Special Report With Brit Hume" and The Washington Times scored right of the average U.S. voter.
<blockquote>
"I suspected that many media outlets would tilt to the left because surveys have shown that reporters tend to vote more Democrat than Republican," said Tim Groseclose, a UCLA political scientist and the study's lead author. "But I was surprised at just how pronounced the distinctions are." <ref>http://www.newsroom.ucla.edu/page.asp?RelNum=6664</ref>
</blockquote>

==Vision of the anointed==
Economist Thomas Sowell in his book published in 1996, ''The Vision of the Anninted'', discusses the anointed vision of liberals and liberalism to promote their agenda, and control the writing of history and the national consciouness.

Desperate evasions of discordant evidence, and the denigration and even demonizing of those presenting such evidence, are indicative of the high stakes in contemporary cultural wars, which are not about alternative policies but alternative worlds and of alternative roles of liberals in these worlds. Opponents must be shown to be not merely mistaken but morally lacking. This approach replaces the intellectual discussion of arguments by the moral extermination of persons. This denigration or demonizing of those opposed to their views not only has the desired effect of discrediting the opposition but also has the unintended effect of cutting off the path of retreat from positions which become progressively less tenable with the passage of time and the accumulation of discordant evidence. The very thought that those dismissed as simplistic or maligned might have been right–even if only on a single issue–is at best galling and potentially devastating. Their last refuge in this situation are their good intentions.

For liberals, it is desperately important to win because their whole sense of themselves is at stake. Given the high stakes, it is not hard to understand the all-out attacks of liberals on those whose beliefs differ from theirs and their attempts to stifle alternative sources of values and beliefs, with campus speech codes and ‘[[political correctness]]’ being prime examples of a spreading pattern of taboos. Here they are not content to squelch contemporary voices, they must also silence history and tradition, such as the segregation of schools. This too is a larger danger than the dangers flowing from particular policies.

History is the memory of a nation–and that memory is being erased by historians enthralled by liberalism. Open disdain for mere facts has been accompanied by adventurous reinterpretations known as ‘revisionist’ history. This is all yet another expression of the notion that reality is optional.

A very similar development in the law treats the Constitution as meaning not what those who wrote it meant, but what one small segment of the public today wants it to mean. This is the ‘living constitution’ of ‘evolving standards,’ reflecting what ‘thinking people’ believe. The law itself has been prostituted to the service of ideological crusades. The social cohesion that makes civilized life possible has been loosened by the systematic undermining of families and of commonly shared values and a common culture. <ref>Thomas Sowell, [http://www.li.suu.edu/library/circulation/Lewis/ba2350tlVisionoftheAnointedShortVersion.pdf ''The Vision of the Anointed''], New York: Basic Books, 1996.</ref>

== References ==
<references/>
==See Also==
*[[Conservative bias]]

Women

2007-07-02T03:29:04Z

Pdennis: /* New Testament statements on the role of women */

{{generalize}}

'''Women''' is the plural for the female of the human species, with the biological role of bearing and nurturing offspring. In preparation for this role, women's breasts begin to grow at puberty, forming the most striking physical difference between women and men after the reproductive organs. Other differences include a layer of subcutaneous fat under the skin which hides the underlying musculature and a wider pelvis to facilitate carrying the [[baby]] and allowing it to be born. Women also have a greater proportion of fine vellus hair over certain areas of their skin (such as their face and legs) than the coarse terminal hair which appears on men. {{fact}}

While men have typically two or three times more upper body strength than women, their leg strength is comparable and women have proven more durable in feats of physical endurance. Women have slightly longer average lifespans than men, which results in women overtaking men in population by middle age despite a 1.05:1 boy to girl ratio at birth in the United States. This rate varies among countries. {{fact}}

== Women in history ==

Compared to men, relatively few women have had impact on history as leaders in diverse fields, but a small number of women have had enormous impact. They include [[Isabella of Spain]], [[Joan of Arc]], [[Margaret Thatcher]], [[Elizabeth I]], [[Boudicca]], [[Catherine the Great]], [[Cleopatra]], [[Marie Curie]], [[Benazir Bhutto]], [[Golda Meir]], [[Indira Gandhi]], [[Lucretia Mott]], [[Susan B. Anthony]], [[Aung San Suu Kyi]], and [[Theresa of Calcutta]].

== Women in the Bible ==

=== Genesis ===
According to [[biblical literalism]], women, like men, were created by God on the 6th day of [[Creation]], as told in The Book of [[Genesis]]. [[Genesis]] further elaborates that [[God]] took a rib from [[Adam]], the first man, and from it created [[Eve]], the first woman, as a subservient companion for [[Adam]]. Also not explicitly stated in the [[Bible]], it is obvious that, due to the manner in which Eve was created, she was Adam's wife, as God does not intend for two humans in such a union to be any other way.{{fact}} According to some biblical literalists, Eve caused sin and suffering to come into the world when she tricked Adam into eating from The Tree of Knowledge an act directly forbidden by God Himself. As punishment for this, God declared that women shall experience great pain in childbirth and shall always be ruled over by their husbands. <ref>Genesis 3:16</ref>

=== New Testament statements on the role of women ===
Saint Paul also has much to say on the status of women in society, most memorably that women should submit to their husbands just as the church submits to God.
<ref>[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=ephesians%205:22-24&version=9 Ephesians 5:22-24 ]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=I%20Corinthians%2011:8-9;&version=9; I Corinthians 11:8-9]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=I%20Corinthians%2011:4-7;&version=9; I Corinthians 11:4-7]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=I%20Corinthians%2014:34-35;&version=9; I Corinthians 14:34-35]</ref>
The Bible also states that if a man sells his daughter into slavery she must consent and "not go out as the menservants do." (Exodus 21:7)

The New Testament contains many instructions regarding the role of women:
# Women are to dress modestly<ref>1 Timothy 2:9</ref><ref>Peter 3:2-6</ref>.
# Women may learn in silence, but may not be permitted to teach<ref>1 Timothy 2:11-12</ref>. Some interpretations limit this rule to the teaching of doctrine.
# Women are not permitted to speak in church<ref>1 Corinthians 14:34-35 (Spoken by Paul></ref>.
# Women are to be subservient to and follow the instructions of their husbands<ref>Ephesians 5:22-24</ref><ref>Colossians 3:18</ref><ref>Titus 2:4-5</ref><ref>1 Peter 3:1-7</ref>.

These viewpoints are not widely accepted among developed nations, although they are common in the middle east.

==References==
<references />

== Related Topics ==
[[Men]]