Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Nick Clegg

2011-01-20T02:43:04Z

PaulBurnett: /* Politics */ corrected spelling "soverignty" > "sovereignty"

'''Nick Clegg''' (b. January 7, 1967) is the leader of the [[Liberal Democrats]] and current Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Lord President of the Council.
Clegg is a self-described [[liberal]] and [[atheist]].

== Early Life ==

Nick Clegg was born '''Nicholas William Peter Clegg''' in Buckinghamshire. His father was half-English, half-Russian, and his mother was Dutch. He speaks English, Dutch, French, German and Spanish. His wife is Roman Catholic. Aged sixteen, Clegg was arrested in Germany and charged with arson, after he and his friends were caught destroying a priceless collection of rare [[cactus|cacti]] whilst drunk.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/moslive/article-1193693/Id-drunk-I-irresponsible-Criminal-Nick-Clegg-regrets.html Daily Mail - Nick Clegg on his regrets]</ref>

== Politics ==

Clegg describes himself as [[liberal#Liberalism in Europe today|liberal]] and is in favour of handing over further powers from British sovereignty to the [[European Union]]. Each of the five bodies of the EU currently has some sort of legislative or judiciary power over the UK (with these ranging from simple group discussions in the Council of Ministers to fully independent legislation from the European Parliament.) He is in favour of significantly higher taxes for the rich, including a mansion tax - a fixed annual levy on all houses worth more than two million pounds, and of raising the income tax threshold to £10,000.
The policies of Clegg and his Party differ significantly from that of the two major UK parties, but in very different ways. The main points of difference with the Conservatives are over tax and monetary policy, with Clegg being definitely to the left of the Conservatives, but probably a little to the right of Labour (this is hard to say as Lib Dem tax policies are more leftist than Labour's, yet Labour's Keynsian approach to ending the recession is far to the left of Clegg, whose policies in this area are more Conservative.) However, the differences with Labour are mostly social, with the Liberal Democrats being significantly more in favour of small-government and decentralisation than even the Conservatives, who have (since Labour reversed many of its positions in the 90s) been the less authoritarian of the two major parties. In this area Clegg, like Cameron of the Conservatives, favours less central administration of schools and hospitals, and more power to local communities. Because of this, it is untrue to claim that Clegg's views are a "more extreme" version of either Labour or the Conservatives, but they cannot be placed in the middle either. The complex nature of their stance makes such simple comparisons impossible. On a few other policy issues, such as nuclear weapons, Clegg is noticeably distant from either major party (Clegg favours disarmament.)

Clegg is in favour of the Single Transferable Vote system for elections to Westminster. This system combines elements of majoritarianism (where an unpopular candidate cannot be elected by default because of a split in the vote of his opposition between several similar opposing candidates as is the case in FPTP (first past the post)) with elements of proportionality (where the number of votes cast for any candidate is directly proportional to the power said candidate has in government.) This system is praised by the UKs Electoral Reform Society, which has condemned the FPTP system for being unfair, as many votes are "wasted" and parties represented in a smaller area of the country need fewer votes to achieve a majority in Parliament. This system has resulted in several Labour victories with vote percentages that would not give the Conservatives a victory, and would garner very little support for parties with nationwide support such as UKIP or Clegg's own Liberal Democrats. In fact, in the 2010 election itself, UKIP received more than 3% of the vote, but assumed not a single one of the 650 seats in Parliament.

Clegg's performance in the first ever televised live UK election debate thrust him into the spotlight and up the opinion polls, with one poll even placing him first among the Prime Ministerial candidates at one point. However, a number of factors conspired to actually end up reducing the number of seats held by the Liberal Democrats at the election. The FPTP system, as mentioned above, discriminates against a party that is supported across the whole country, such as the Liberal Democrats or UKIP (the UK independence party, a vehemently anti-EU party.) David Cameron's support markedly increased in the final week leading up to the election. Gordon Brown's popularity took a major hit in the lead-up to the election, peaking with an occasion where he referred to a pensioner as a "bigoted woman", due to the nature of the FPTP electoral system's making the election a race between Conservatives and Labour, despite widespread Liberal Democrat support, many voters abandoned the Liberal Democrats at the 11th hour in order to prevent Brown's re-election by the splitting of his opposition between Clegg and Cameron. Despite this - Clegg was left in a position of considerable power when the Conservatives failed to gain a majority. This was not quite as important as it may have seemed, as a Labour-Liberal coalition would also not have had a majority, so a Liberal-Conservative coalition was really the only feasible option. Some had predicted Clegg would be a "king-maker" (able to form a majority when allied with either major party, and thus in a position of huge power out of proportion to his vote) but this did not come about. Despite Brown's resignation in the hope of sweetening a deal, David Cameron assumed the office of Prime Minister, with Nick Clegg as his deputy. Four other Liberal Democrats were placed in cabinet positions, and the "coalition manifesto" included a number of Liberal Democrat policies including a high-speed rail network (as opposed to further airport expansion planned by Cameron) and the raising of the income tax threshold to £10,000. It was reported that many senior Liberals were sceptical of a Conservative coalition until they had seen the manifesto. On voting reform and inheritance tax, as well as many other major issues, a compromise was reached.

== References ==

<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clegg, Nick}}
[[Category:Biographies]]
[[Category: British Politics]]

Andrew Cuomo

2011-01-05T03:13:04Z

PaulBurnett: updated out-of-date information

{{Officeholder
|name=Andrew Cuomo
|image=
|party=[[Democrat]]
|spouse=Kerry Kennedy (1990-2003)
|religion=Roman Catholic
|offices=
{{Officeholder/attorneygeneral
|jurisdiction=New York
|number=64th
|deputy=n
|governor=[[Eliot Spitzer]] [[David Patterson]]
|terms=January 1, 2007-Present
|preceded=[[Eliot Spitzer]]
|former=n
|succeeded=
}}
{{Officeholder/secretary (cabinet)
|of=Housing and Urban Development
|number=11th
|deputy=n
|president=[[Bill Clinton]]
|terms=January 29, 1997 – January 20, 2001
|preceded=[[Henry Cisneros]]
|former=y
|succeeded=[[Mel Martinez]]
}}
}}
'''Andrew Mark Cuomo''' (born December 6, 1957, in [[Queens]], [[New York]]) has been the Governor of New York since January 1, 2011. He was previously the Attorney General of New York, having been elected in 2006 with 58% of the vote, and before that he served as [[Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]] in the [[Bill Clinton|Clinton administration]]. He is the son of former New York Governor [[Mario Cuomo]].

[[Category:New York]]

Global warming and polar bears

2011-01-05T03:05:36Z

PaulBurnett: added date of quote

{{merge|global warming theory}}
[[Roy Innis]], chairman of the [[Congress of Racial Equality]], one of America's oldest civil rights organizations, wrote on February 4, 2008:
:Some 22,000 magnificent [[polar bear]]s now roam the [[Arctic]], and their numbers continue to increase. But bureaucrats and [[environmental activists]] want the bears designated as a "threatened" species.
Doing so would put courts and bureaucrats in charge of any activity that produces [[greenhouse gases]]. [http://www.washingtontimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080205/COMMENTARY/97426567/1012/COMMENTARY&template=nextpage]

Talk:Mystery:Did Jesus Suffer More After Crucifixion?

2011-01-03T02:18:30Z

PaulBurnett:

== Did Jesus visit Hell after the Crucifixion? ==

Tha article states "But afterward Jesus presumably visited Hell..." Both the Apostles' Creed and the Athanasian Creed - but not the Nicene Creed - say Jesus visited Hell. But this not Biblically supported - there's a difference between Hades and Hell. See http://www.allaboutjesuschrist.org/did-jesus-go-to-hell-faq.htm for a discussion. And in any case, I will assert that "presumably" is not encyclopedic. [[User:PaulBurnett|PaulBurnett]] 20:04, 1 January 2011 (EST)

: I have an open mind, and would like to learn more about this. I'll review your link and consider ways to improve the content page. <nowiki>[[Category:Mystery]]</nowiki> is, of course, somewhat different from regular encyclopedic entries, but just as informative. Thanks and Godspeed.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 20:23, 1 January 2011 (EST)

:: Your link seems thorough and clear. But I wonder if this isn't just another attempt to deny the very real existence of [[Hell]]. More discussion needed ....--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 21:59, 1 January 2011 (EST)

:::The "very real existence of Hell" is not in question. In addition to its many mentions in the Old Testament, Jesus spoke of an "unquenchable fire" (Matthew 3:12), an "everlasting fire," (Matthew 25:41) and "everlasting punishment" (Matthew 25:46). The existence of Hell is not the question. The question is "Did Jesus visit Hell after the Crucifixion?" - the Bible does not say that he did....does it? If so, where? [[User:PaulBurnett|PaulBurnett]] 21:18, 2 January 2011 (EST)

Talk:Mystery:Did Jesus Suffer More After Crucifixion?

2011-01-02T01:04:12Z

PaulBurnett: Did Jesus visit Hell after the Crucifixion?

Mystery:Did Jesus Suffer More After Crucifixion?

2011-01-02T00:55:57Z

PaulBurnett: "Presumably" is unencyclopedic - is there a scriptural citation, Andy?

It is commonly assumed -- and widely portrayed by [[Hollywood]] -- that [[Jesus]] suffered most during the [[Passion]], including the [[Crucifixion]].

But afterward Jesus presumably visited [[Hell]]{{fact}}, and by His own accounts that is much worse than anything on [[Earth]]. Did Jesus suffer more in visiting [[Hell]]?

[[Category:Mystery]]

Talk:Charley Chase

2011-01-01T14:43:31Z

PaulBurnett: "It has been said" and "It is said" Are Un-encyclopedic

== "It has been said" and "It is said" Are Un-encyclopedic ==

"It has been said" and "It is said" are inuendo or hearsay - not useful in an encyclopedia. Either something happened or it didn't - that's the kind of facts that belong in an encyclopedia, not "he said / she said." [[User:PaulBurnett|PaulBurnett]] 09:43, 1 January 2011 (EST)

Atheism and obesity

2011-01-01T14:36:16Z

PaulBurnett: Deleted unnecessary "plus" // added missing "were" // removed un-encyclopedic ellipses // cleaning up English

[[File:11834504 3cc3c49559.jpg|180px|right|thumbnail|Two of the major risk factors for becoming [[obesity|obese]] according to the [[Mayo Clinic]] are poor dietary choices and inactivity.<ref>http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/obesity/DS00314/DSECTION=causes</ref> According to the [[Gallup Organization]], "Very religious Americans are more likely to practice healthy behaviors than those who are moderately religious or nonreligious."<ref>http://www.gallup.com/poll/145379/Religious-Americans-Lead-Healthier-Lives.aspx</ref>
 
 
(photo obtained from [http://www.flickr.com/photos/wader/11834504/ Flickr], see [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/deed.en license agreement]) ]]
According to the [[Gallup Organization]], "Very religious Americans are more likely to practice healthy behaviors than those who are moderately religious or nonreligious."<ref>http://www.gallup.com/poll/145379/Religious-Americans-Lead-Healthier-Lives.aspx</ref>

The Gallup study gives some insight into the above average health habits of the very religious and not necessarily the health habits of [[atheism|atheists]]. The reason is that the Gallup organization defines a non-religious as person where "Religion is not an important part of daily life and church/synagogue/mosque attendance occurs seldom or never. This group constitutes 29.7% of the adult population." While all atheists are non-religious, not all non-religious people are atheists.

Gallup further declares:
{{cquote|Very religious Americans make healthier choices than their moderately religious and nonreligious counterparts across all four of the Healthy Behavior Index metrics, including smoking, healthy eating, and regular exercise. Smoking is one area of particular differentiation between the very religious and less religious Americans, with the nonreligious 85% more likely to be smokers than those who are very religious.<ref>http://www.gallup.com/poll/145379/Religious-Americans-Lead-Healthier-Lives.aspx</ref>}}

Two of the major risk factors for becoming [[obesity|obese]] according to the [[Mayo Clinic]] are poor dietary choices and inactivity, thus given the above cited Gallup research, it appears as if non-religious are more prone to becoming [[obese]] than very religious individuals.<ref>http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/obesity/DS00314/DSECTION=causes</ref> The Bible declares that [[gluttony]] is a sin.<ref>http://www.gotquestions.org/gluttony-sin.html</ref> Furthermore, the Bible declares the physical body of Christians to be temples of the [[Holy Spirit]].<ref>http://carm.org/christianity/sermons/1-corinthians-619-20-your-body-his-temple</ref> Therefore, it is not surprising that many very religious Christians would leave healthy lives.

[[Christianity]] is the world's largest religion and it has seen tremendous growth over its 2000 year history.<ref>http://users.adam.com.au/bstett/BChristianIncrease12.htm</ref> In the last fifty years, Christianity has recently seen explosive growth outside the Western World.<ref>http://pewforum.org/Christian/Faith-and-Conflict-The-Global-Rise-of-Christianity.aspx</ref><ref>http://www.wnd.com/?pageId=30077</ref><ref>http://pewforum.org/Religion-News/The-stunning-growth-of-Christianity-in-China.aspx</ref><ref>http://gratefultothedead.wordpress.com/2009/12/16/the-african-apostles-how-christianity-exploded-in-20th-century-africa/</ref> In 2000, there were twice as many non-Western Christians as Western Christians.<ref>http://www.wnd.com/?pageId=30077</ref> In 2005, there were four times as many non-Western Christians as there were Western Christians.<ref>http://www.wnd.com/?pageId=30077</ref> Of course, a big reason for the explosive growth of Christianity outside the Western world was due to highly religious people propagating the Christian faith and there are now more non-Western missionaries than Western missionaries.<ref>http://www.wnd.com/?pageId=30077</ref> Besides non-Westerners often being less sedentary, non-Western diets are often healthier than the diets Westerners consume and there is significantly less obesity in those non-Western cultures.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21167850</ref><ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16539965</ref><ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21139122</ref> Therefore, in recent history Christendom has seen a large influx of very religious people who live healthy lifestyles and have low levels of obesity.

== American Atheists organization ==
[[File:PzMyers2.jpg|thumbnail|250px|right|[[PZ Myers]]
 
 
(photo obtained from [http://www.flickr.com/photos/reuvenim/4426093513/ Flickr], see [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/deed.en license agreement]) ]]
[[Madalyn Murray O'Hair]] was the founder of the [[American Atheists]] organization and she was overweight.<ref>http://www.flickr.com/photos/alan-light/229583104/</ref> As of December 28, 2010 the pictures of some of the members of the American Atheist organization's board of directors showed some members who were facing challenges in terms of their body weight. <ref>http://www.atheists.org/about/Board_of_Directors</ref> The pictures of the American Atheists board of directors can be found [http://www.atheists.org/about/Board_of_Directors HERE].

== PZ Myers ==

A 2010 picture taken in Australia shows [[PZ Myers]] drinking ale/beer and he had excess weight in his abdominal area.<ref>http://www.flickr.com/photos/reuvenim/4426093513/</ref> In 2010, PZ Myers had health problems related to his heart.<ref>http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2010/08/thats_not_a_heart_its_a_flaili.php?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+scienceblogs%2Fpharyngula+%28Pharyngula%29&utm_content=Google+Reader</ref> In addition, [[medical science]] research indicates that excess weight impairs brain function.<ref>http://pn.psychiatryonline.org/content/41/18/25.1.full</ref><ref>http://health.usnews.com/health-news/family-health/brain-and-behavior/articles/2009/08/25/as-waistlines-widen-brains-shrink.html</ref> Given PZ Myers' biological training and the wide dissemination of the health effects of being overweight in terms of cardiovascular health and brain function, it is unfortunate that preventative medicine was not used in greater measure in terms of his health.

== Picture of an overweight atheist [[Christopher Hitchens]] ==

[http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3UXl0oMYPLs/SXgxH_-MgFI/AAAAAAAAAF4/EU-wzxEjOmc/s1600-h/atheist-reason.jpg Christopher Hitchens]

== Overweight Matt Dillahunty of the popular atheist TV show The Atheist Experience Show ==

Picture of an overweight [[Matt Dillahunty]]

== YouTube atheism ==
[[Image:chuck_norris.jpg|thumbnail|150px|right|[[Chuck Norris]] endorses the Total Gym exercise system.<ref>http://www.totalgymdirect.com/</ref>]]
In 2007, WorldNetDaily feature a column by [[Chuck Norris]] declared:
{{cquote|Atheists are making a concerted effort to win the youth of America and the world. Hundreds of websites and blogs on the Internet seek to convince and convert adolescents, endeavoring to remove any residue of [[theism]] from their minds and hearts by packaging atheism as the choice of a new generation. While you think your kids are innocently surfing the Web, secular progressives are intentionally preying on their innocence and naivete.

What's preposterous is that atheists are now advertising and soliciting on websites particularly created for teens.

[[YouTube]], the most popular video site on the Net for young people, is one of their primary avenues for passing off their secularist propaganda.<ref>http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=55789</ref>}}

As of December of 2010, the most popular YouTube channel run by an atheist is TheAmazingAtheist YouTube channel which has over 175,000 subscribers. TheAmazingAtheist YouTube channel is produced by an overweight atheist.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M2WLulSQvYU</ref> In one video, TheAmazingAtheist exclaimed "Why am I so fat?"<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M2WLulSQvYU</ref> The popular Christian YouTube producer [[Shockofgod]] posed the question [[Essay: The question atheists fear|"What proof and evidence do have that proves that atheism is accurate and correct?"]] to TheAmazingAtheist and he was unable to provide any proof and evidence supporting atheism.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M2WLulSQvYU</ref>

== Lesbianism, atheism and obesity ==

The [[Bible]] declares [[lesbianism]] to be a sin (Romans 1:27) and [[Lesbianism and obesity|lesbians have significantly higher rates of obesity.]]<ref>http://bible.org/article/homosexuality-christian-perspective</ref> Since the Bible declares gluttony and lesbianism to be sins, no doubt there are obese people and/or lesbians who reject [[Christianity]] and decide to become atheists rather than [[Resources for leaving atheism and becoming a Christian|repent and become Christians]].

== Atheism, obesity and self-esteem ==

See also: [[Atheism and self-esteem]]

There are preliminary studies indicating that individuals who reject [[Christianity]] in Western cultures have lower self-esteem than the Christian population.<ref>http://atheistwatch.blogspot.com/2010/10/rejection-of-christianity-and-self.html</ref><ref>http://atheistwatch.blogspot.com/2010/10/atheists-and-self-esteem-part-2.html</ref> In addition, obese individuals can have lower self-esteem related to their obesity.<ref>http://www.rcgd.isr.umich.edu/crockerlab/articles/2005_Crocker_Garcia_Self-Esteem_&_Stigma_of_Obesity.pdf</ref> In the United States, obese people are often stereotyped as being "lazy, lacking self-discipline and being mentally slow".<ref>http://www.rcgd.isr.umich.edu/crockerlab/articles/2005_Crocker_Garcia_Self-Esteem_&_Stigma_of_Obesity.pdf</ref> Poor self-esteem has been linked to an increase in suicide attempts and [[Atheism and suicide|atheists have higher rates of suicide than the general population.]]<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20602903</ref><ref>http://www.adherents.com/misc/religion_suicide.html</ref><ref>http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/161/12/2303</ref>

== Atheism, gender, obesity and marriageability ==

''See also:'' [[Atheism and marriageability]]

=== Atheism and rates of marriage in the United States ===

Christian apologist Michael Caputo wrote:
{{cquote|Recently the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life has published its mammoth study on Religion in America based on 35,000 interviews. According to the Pew Forum a whopping 37% of atheists never marry as opposed to 19% of the American population, 17% of Protestants and 17% of Catholics.<ref>http://creation.com/atheism</ref>}}

[[Vox Day]] declared that according to the 2001 American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) "more than half of all atheists and [[agnosticism|agnostics]] don’t get married."<ref>http://creation.com/atheism</ref>

=== Obese atheists and marriageability ===

According to the abstract for a paper presented at the 2004 annual meeting of the American Sociological Association: "Obese individuals have fewer dating opportunities, marry later and marry less desirable partners."<ref>http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/0/9/0/5/p109057_index.html</ref>

Studies indicate that [[Atheist_Population|atheists are a minority in the population]]. Studies also indicate that people tend to marry people with similar values or who resemble their parents or themselves.<ref>http://www.physorg.com/news199509031.html</ref><ref>http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/6188</ref> In addition, the Bible teaches Christians not to marry a non-Christian (The Bible also teaches a believer to stay married to a non-believer if you are already married).<ref>http://www.gotquestions.org/household-salvation.html</ref> Also, interfaith marriages often have greater marital friction and interfaith marriages historically have had higher rates of divorce.<ref>http://blogs.chron.com/believeitornot/2010/06/interfaith_marriages_more_like_1.html</ref> Therefore, it would not be surprising if obese atheists find it more difficult to find marriage partners and if atheist/theist marriages also have increased marital friction and higher rates of divorce since these two worldviews are so different.

=== Obese male atheists and marriageability ===

''See also:'' [[Atheism appears to be significantly less appealing to women]]

Survey data and website tracking data of prominent [[atheism|atheists]]' websites indicate that in the [[Western World]], [[Atheism appears to be significantly less appealing to women|atheism appears to be significantly less appealing to women]].<ref>http://www.americanreligionsurvey-aris.org/reports/NONES_08.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.livescience.com/culture/090227-religion-men-women.html</ref><ref>http://www.conservapedia.com/Atheism_appears_to_be_significantly_less_appealing_to_women</ref> Studies also indicate that [[Atheist_Population|atheists are a minority in the population]].

In September 26, 2008, The Telegraph reported concerning the English population:
{{cquote|The proportion of adults in England who are an unhealthy size has soared over the past 15 years with one in four now seriously overweight.

There have always been more obese women than men but the gap between the genders has now been cancelled out.

In addition, the number of overweight women has fallen in recent years while the number of morbidly obese men is rising sharply.<ref>http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/3085436/Men-set-to-overtake-women-in-obesity-stakes-official-figures-show.html</ref>}}

Given that atheism appears to be significantly less appealing to women, obesity reduces one's marriageability, [[atheism|atheists]] are a minority in the population and that people tend to marry people with similar values or who resemble their parents or themselves as noted above; this would suggest that obese male atheists may find it more difficult to find prospective female partners for marriage. And of course, [[militant atheism]] might make matters even more difficult.

== Atheists and physical and mental health related problems associated with obesity ==

''See also:'' [[Atheism and Mental and Physical Health]]

Some of the medical conditions associated with [[obesity]] include: type 2 [[diabetes]], [[high blood pressure]], high [[cholesterol]] and [[triglyceride]]s, coronary artery disease (CAD), [[stroke]], [[arthritis]], [[cancer]], sleep apnea, [[reproduction|reproductive problems]] in women and varicose veins.<ref>http://www.webmd.com/diet/tc/obesity-health-risks-of-obesity</ref><ref>http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/calltoaction/fact_consequences.htm</ref><ref>http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/obesity</ref><ref>http://stanfordhospital.org/clinicsmedServices/COE/surgicalServices/vascularSurgery/patientEducation/varicose.html</ref> In addition, recent medical research indicates that obesity impairs mental function.<ref>http://pn.psychiatryonline.org/content/41/18/25.1.full</ref><ref>http://health.usnews.com/health-news/family-health/brain-and-behavior/articles/2009/08/25/as-waistlines-widen-brains-shrink.html</ref><ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21167850</ref><ref>http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/07/100714112832.htm</ref><ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/2568718/</ref>
[[Image:Cerebellum.png|right|thumb|240px|Recent medical research indicates that obesity impairs brain function.<ref>http://pn.psychiatryonline.org/content/41/18/25.1.full</ref><ref>http://health.usnews.com/health-news/family-health/brain-and-behavior/articles/2009/08/25/as-waistlines-widen-brains-shrink.html</ref><ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21167850</ref><ref>http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/07/100714112832.htm</ref><ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/2568718/</ref> ]]
According to the Mayo Clinic some of the symptoms associated with obesity can include:
{{cquote|
* Difficulty sleeping

* Snoring

* Sleep apnea

* Pain in your back or joints

* Excessive sweating

* Always feeling hot

* Rashes or infection in folds of your skin

* Feeling out of breath with minor exertion

* Daytime sleepiness or fatigue

* Depression<ref>http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/obesity/DS00314/DSECTION=symptoms</ref>}}

Concerning the issue of depression, [[Atheism and suicide|atheists do have higher rates of suicide than the general population.]]

== Obese atheists and overweight atheists comedy and satire ==

*[[Essay: Prominent atheists weighed on the scales and found wanting|Prominent atheists weighed on the scales and found wanting]] - [[satire]]
*[[Essay: Obese atheist pet owners|Obese atheist pet owners]] - satire
*[[Essay: Slim atheists' convention|Slim atheists' convention]] - satire
*[[Essay: Obese atheists heaven|Obese atheists heaven]] - satire
*[[Overweight atheists comedy and satire]]

== See also ==
*[[Atheism and Mental and Physical Health]]
*[[Atheism and suicide]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category: Atheism]]
[[Category: Obesity]]
[[Category: Diseases]]

USS Admiral R. E. Coontz (AP-122)

2010-12-25T03:43:58Z

PaulBurnett: entered final disposition

'''Admiral R. E. Coontz''' (AP-122) was laid down under a Maritime Commission contract (MC hull 680) on 15 January 1943 at Alameda, Calif., by the [[Bethlehem Steel]] Corp.; launched on 22 April 1944; sponsored by Mrs. Edwin Kokko, daughter of Admiral Coontz; and commissioned on 21 November 1944, Capt. Montford R. Tawes, USNR, in command.

Following shakedown training out of [[San Pedro]], Calif., the transport embarked troops at San Francisco and sailed for the western Pacific on 3 January 1945. After pausing briefly at Pearl Harbor she reached Ulithi, in the Western Carolines, on 23 January and served there as station ship until 19 March when she headed homeward. Admiral R. E. Coontz made one additional voyage from San Francisco to Ulithi. On her return she touched at [[San Francisco]] and [[San Diego]], transited the Panama Canal, and pushed on across the Atlantic to France. She embarked troops for transfer to the Pacific theater; cleared Marseilles on 21 July; and reached Pearl Harbor on 12 August. Underway soon again, she paused at Eniwetok, [[Saipan]], and [[Guam]] en route to Ulithi which she reached on 28 August, almost a fortnight after [[Japan]] capitulated.

Leaving the Western Carolines on 12 September, Admiral R. E. Coontz sailed for [[Okinawa]], whence she sailed on 27 September for the west coast of the United States. Making port at Bremerton, Wash., the transport embarked occupation troops before getting underway for Japan on 24 October. After disembarking troops at Nagasaki on 6 November and at Nagoya two days later, Admiral R. E. Coontz then made two round-trip voyages between Yokohama and Seattle. She then proceeded to Okinawa to embark passengers for the return voyage to the United States. Sailing for Hawaii, the transport embarked more troops at Pearl Harbor and reached New York City on 11 March 1945.

She entered the Todd Shipyard, Brooklyn, N.Y., on 17 March 1946 and was decommissioned there on the 25th. Stricken from the Navy list in April 1946 and turned over to the War Department, the ship underwent a period of repairs and alterations and was renamed General Alexander M. Patch, honoring General Alexander McCarrell Patch, commander of the 7th Army in the invasion of Southern France in 1944.

In the Army Transport Service, General Alexander M. Patch carried troops and cargo between Europe and the United States from 1946 to 1950. Reacquired by the Navy on 3 March 1950, the ship operated for the next two decades as USNS Alexander M. Patch (T-AP-122) with the Military Sea Transportation Service (MSTS), later renamed the Military Sealift Command (MSC). From 1950 to 1965 the ship conducted 123 round-trip voyages between Bremerhaven and New York, with an additional 16 voyages to the Mediterranean. Among her passengers was Mrs. Alexander M. Patch, the widow of the general for whom the ship had been named.

Among her operations was the embarkation of over 1,500 refugees during the Suez Crisis in November 1956. The transport took them from Suda Bay, Crete—where they had been brought from Alexandria, Egypt, and Haifa, Israel, by American warships—to Naples. Late in 1961, during the international tensions spawned by the Soviets' closure of access to West Berlin, General Alexander M. Patch participated in the massive lift of American troops to Europe.

In August 1965, growing American involvement in the Vietnam War prompted the transfer of MSTS ships from the Atlantic to the Pacific. General Alexander M. Patch commenced her first Vietnam voyage at New York on 15 August. Steaming via Charleston, S.C., and Long Beach, Calif., the transport reached Qui Nhon, South Vietnam, on 16 September. Returning—via Cam Ranh Bay, Vung Tau, and Okinawa—to San Francisco on 2 October, the ship conducted one more voyage to Vietnam in 1965, reaching Vung Tau on 9 November. Clearing Vung Tau later that day, she returned to New York by way of Penang, Malaysia; Rota, Spain; and Bremerhaven.

For the first six months of 1966, General Alexander M. Patch operated between New York and Bremerhaven. The Vietnam War once again compelled MSTS to switch some of its transports to the Pacific. General Alexander M. Patch and her sistership, General William 0. Darby (T-AP-127), embarked of the Army's 196th Light Infantry Brigade at Boston and departed on 15 July. Transiting the Panama Canal, the two transports reached Vung Tau, South Vietnam, on 13 August, ending the longest (12,358 nautical miles) point-to-point troop lift in the 17 years that MSTS had been in operation. Before the year was out, General Alexander M. Patch conducted two troop lifts of ROK (Republic of Korea) troops from Pusan to South Vietnam.

Placed in reserve in New York's upper bay along with three of her sisterships by the summer of 1967, General Alexander M. Patch was transferred to the custody of the Maritime Administration on 26 May 1970 and placed in reserve in the James River. She remained in the James River berthing area of the National Defense Reserve Fleet until August 20, 1990, when she was struck from the Naval Vessel Register; she was sold for scrap June 4, 2001.<ref>Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships [http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/a3/admiral_r_e_coontz.htm]</ref>

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT: Admiral R. E. Coontz, USS}}
[[Category:Ships]]

Oahu

2010-12-01T12:04:49Z

PaulBurnett: /* Geography */ cleaning up English

'''Oahu''' is the third largest of the eight main Hawaiian islands (the others being [[Maui]], [[Kauai]], [[Molokai]], [[Lanai]], Niihau, Kahoolawe and the Big Island of [[Hawaii]].) The largest city on Oahu is [[Honolulu]], which is also Hawaii’s capital city, and ranks as the 11th largest city in the [[United States]]. Oahu is known for [[Waikiki]] beach and [[Pearl Harbor]]. <ref> http://oahu.aloha-hawaii.com/almanac/ </ref>

== Geography ==

Oahu has a total area of 607.7 square miles, with 112 miles of coastline. The island is surrounded by the [[Pacific Ocean]]. There are two mountain ranges on the island, Koolau Range in the east and Waianae Range in the west. Between the two mountains is a valley and farmland in which crops are grown, mostly [[pineapple]] and sugar cane. [[Diamond Head]], a 760 ft extinct volcanic crater is located at the southeastern end of the island. <ref> http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/hi_geography.htm </ref>

== Climate ==

The average temperate in winter months is 72 degrees, and in summer months is 81 degrees. Average annual rainfall ranges from 20 inches in the Waianae area to 158 inches in Upper Manoa Valley.

== Population ==

There is a large transient population due to the thriving tourism industry. Oahu has over 4 million visitors annually. There is also a large military presence on the island. The 875,000 permanent residents comprise a variety of ethnicities, the largest groups include Hawaiian/Part Hawaiian, Caucasian, Japanese, Filipino,
Chinese, and mixed ethnicities. <ref> http://www.alternative-hawaii.com/oahu1.htm </ref>

== Education ==

The [[University of Hawaii]] at Manoa has on average over 20,000 students enrolled. There are also 4 Community Colleges on Oahu that are part of the University of Hawaii system. Other higher education facilities on Oahu include a 100 acre campus of [[Brigham Young University]], located 35 miles north of Honolulu, <ref> http://www.byuh.edu/about/ </ref> [[Chaminade University]] in Honolulu, <ref> http://www.chaminade.edu/ </ref> and [[Hawaii Pacific University]]. <ref> http://www.hpu.edu/ </ref>

== Airports ==

[[Honolulu International Airport]] is the main airport for the
State of Hawaii. It handles both international flights from many major airlines and inter-island flights with Hawaiia's 2 major airlines, [[Aloha Airlines]] and Hawaiian Air. The airport is located about three miles west of Downtown Honolulu, and seven miles from Waikiki. <ref> http://www.hawaii.gov/dot/airports/oahu/index.htm </ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category: Islands]]
[[Category:Hawaii]]

Wernher von Braun

2010-11-29T01:34:55Z

PaulBurnett: cleaning up English

[[Image:Wernher von Braun.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Wernher von Braun photographed in 1970]]
'''Wernher von Braun''' (1912-1977) was the father of the American space program, and the first director of the Marshall Space Flight Center.

Von Braun was one of the most important rocket developers and champions of space exploration during the period between the 1930s and the 1970s, encouraged by reading the science fiction of Jules Verne and H.G. Wells, and the science study of Oberth, "Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen" (By Rocket to Space) (1923). Beginning as a teenager, von Braun worked on space flight, becoming involved as early as 1929 in the German rocket society, Verein fur Raumschiffarht (VfR).<ref>http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/vonbraun/bio.html</ref> As a means of furthering his desire to build large and capable rockets, in 1932 he went to work for the German army to develop ballistic missiles. He received a Ph.D. in physics on July 27, 1934.

Von Braun led the “rocket team” which developed the [[V-2]] ballistic missile for the Nazis during [[World War II]]. The V-2's, used to bomb England with devastating effect, were manufactured at a forced labor factory called Mittelwerk.

Before the Allied capture of the V–2 rocket complex, von Braun arranged for the surrender of 500 of his top rocket scientists, along with plans and test vehicles, to the Americans. For fifteen years after World War II, von Braun worked with the U.S. Army in the development of ballistic missiles. As part of a military operation called [[Project Paperclip]], he and his rocket team were rescued from defeated Germany and sent to America where they were installed at Fort Bliss, Texas. There they worked on rockets for the U.S. Army, launching them at White Sands Proving Ground, New Mexico. In 1950 von Braun’s team moved to the Redstone Arsenal near [[Huntsville, Alabama]], where they built the Army’s Jupiter ballistic missile.

In 1960, his rocket development center transferred from the Army to the newly established NASA and received a mandate to build the giant Saturn rockets. Accordingly, von Braun became director of NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center and the chief architect of the Saturn V launch vehicle, the superbooster that would propel Americans to the Moon.

Von Braun also became one of the most prominent spokesmen of space exploration in the United States during the 1950s. In 1958, he played a key role in the launching of America's first satellite.

He became the director of NASA, the U.S. guided missile program and founded the National Space Institute. He became a naturalized United States citizen and received the National Medal of Science in 1975.

== Quotes ==

Von Braun observed:<ref>http://www.amerisearch.net/index.php?date=2004-06-16&view=View</ref>

"The laws of nature that enable us to fly to the Moon also enable us to destroy our home planet with the atom bomb. Science itself does not address the question whether we should use the power at our disposal for good or for evil. The guidelines of what we ought to do are furnished in the moral law of God."

Wernher von Braun continued:

"It is no longer enough that we pray that God may be with us on our
side. We must learn to pray that we may be on God's side."

In the foreword to his ''Anthology on the Creation and Design exhibited
in Nature'', Wernher von Braun stated:

"Viewing the awesome reaches of space...should only confirm our belief in the certainty of its Creator. I find it difficult to understand a scientist who does not acknowledge the presence of a superior rationality behind the existence of the universe."

== References ==

<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Von Braun, Wernher}}

[[Category:Scientists]]
[[Category:Space Exploration]]

Heresy

2010-11-29T01:05:06Z

PaulBurnett: Removed spurious reference to Obama, as all non-Christians are equally guilty of heresy, and Catholics and Protestants each think the other is heretical

'''Heresy''' is the act of speaking against the doctrine of an established [[Religion|religious]] organization, or simply having private beliefs that are not in accordance with the officially-endorsed position.

In early [[Christianity]], '''heresy''' was a recurring problem as people pretending to be [[Christian]]s would advocate doctrines contrary to the [[Bible]]. As heresy was seen as a great threat to the church, spurious allegations of heresy were also used by rival ecclesiarchs to attack their enemies. A series of [[Councils]] were held to establish official doctrine, in some cases leading to [[Great Schism|schisms]], such as the split between the [[Roman Catholic]] and [[Eastern Orthodox]] Churches in the eleventh century.

Today, accusations of heresy are not as widespread as they once were, but some Christians may privately consider those of other denominations to be heretics.

Historically, [[theology|theological]] points that have proved fertile sources of heretical beliefs include:
*The nature of [[Jesus Christ|Christ]], ie whether he was both [[God]] and [[Man]], or one or the other, or something else entirely (eg [[Arianism]]).
*The [[soul]], whether it exists and what happens to it after [[death]] (eg [[Epicurianism]]).
*What humans have to do to enter [[Heaven]], eg whether [[faith]] alone is sufficient (eg [[Pelagianism]]).
*Arguing that religions other than Christianity are pathways to salvation.

Today these questions may seem unimportant and difficult to answer one way or the other, but during the early centuries of the church, countless hours were devoted to [[Bible|Biblical]] study in search of the truth, and disagreements often led to ostracism, [[violence]] and persecution. In [[Dante's Inferno]], heresy is one of only four [[sin]]s that are punished with [[fire]] (the other three being [[simony]], wicked counsel, and [[violence]] against God).

== See Also ==

*[[Blasphemy]]
*[[:Category:Heresies]]

[[category:religion]]
[[Category:Sin]]

Heresy

2010-11-29T00:49:10Z

PaulBurnett: cleaning up English

'''Heresy''' is the act of speaking against the doctrine of an established [[Religion|religious]] organization, or simply having private beliefs that are not in accordance with the officially-endorsed position.

In early [[Christianity]], '''heresy''' was a recurring problem as people pretending to be [[Christian]]s would advocate doctrines contrary to the [[Bible]]. As heresy was seen as a great threat to the church, spurious allegations of heresy were also used by rival ecclesiarchs to attack their enemies. A series of [[Councils]] were held to establish official doctrine, in some cases leading to [[Great Schism|schisms]], such as the split between the [[Roman Catholic]] and [[Eastern Orthodox]] Churches in the eleventh century.

Today, accusations of heresy are not as widespread as they once were, but some Christians may privately consider those of other denominations to be heretics.

Historically, [[theology|theological]] points that have proved fertile sources of heretical beliefs include:
*The nature of [[Jesus Christ|Christ]], ie whether he was both [[God]] and [[Man]], or one or the other, or something else entirely (eg [[Arianism]]).
*The [[soul]], whether it exists and what happens to it after [[death]] (eg [[Epicurianism]]).
*What humans have to do to enter [[Heaven]], eg whether [[faith]] alone is sufficient (eg [[Pelagianism]]).
*Arguing that religions other than Christianity are pathways to salvation, as does [[Barack Obama]][http://www.onenewsnow.com/Election2008/Default.aspx?id=73553]

Today these questions may seem unimportant and difficult to answer one way or the other, but during the early centuries of the church, countless hours were devoted to [[Bible|Biblical]] study in search of the truth, and disagreements often led to ostracism, [[violence]] and persecution. In [[Dante's Inferno]], heresy is one of only four [[sin]]s that are punished with [[fire]] (the other three being [[simony]], wicked counsel, and [[violence]] against God).

== See Also ==

*[[Blasphemy]]
*[[:Category:Heresies]]

[[category:religion]]
[[Category:Sin]]

Conservapedia:Desk/Miscellany

2010-11-27T05:47:26Z

PaulBurnett: /* "Slug" article - Candidate For Deletion */ new section

<noinclude><center>[[Conservapedia:Desk|Back to the Desk]]</center></noinclude>
=General Messages=
Archives: [[Conservapedia:Desk/Miscellany/Archive1|1]] [[Conservapedia:Desk/Miscellany/Archive2|2]] [[Conservapedia:Desk/Miscellany/Archive3|3]]

== <hiero> tag and WikiHiero ==

Is it possible to introduce support for WikiHiero on Conservapedia? On Wikipedia it is possible to insert hieroglyphs into an article using this tag along with the WikiHiero syntax to enter the signs correctly. It'd be useful to have this feature here too.
--[[User:Krysg|Krysg]] 07:54, 10 December 2008 (EST)

== Someone is trying to steal my password ==

I recently received this E-mail:

Someone (probably you, from IP address 92.16.2.122)
requested that we send you a new password for Conservapedia (http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php).
The password for user "Kuyper" is now "[removed]".
You should log in and change your password now.
If someone else made this request or if you have remembered your password and you no longer wish to change it,
you may ignore this message and continue using your old password.

You might want to consider looking into this as hacking is a serious problem. [[User:Kuyper|Kuyper]] 16:50, 28 December 2008 (EST)

*The operative phrase is below. There wasn't any "hacking" or even "cracking" here.

<blockquote>
'''If someone else made this request or if you have remembered your password and you no longer wish to change it,
''you may ignore this message and continue using your old password.'''''
</blockquote>

--[[User:TK|'''₮K''']]/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 21:57, 21 March 2009 (EDT)

== How to edit? ==

I read the article on Barak Obama. Basically, it is a train wreck. I am not an expert on him, but I thought I could at least take out all the snide innuendo's, and even if the artilce is much shorter, at least it will be more credible. He is, after all, the President of the United States, and deserves some minimal respect.

However, I have no idea how to edit articles on this thing, and there is just about no help or assistance. It certainly does not seem to be user friendly.

So, I am just about ready to give up.

I also read the article on Virgnia, since that is where I am from. Under the list of counties, it only had about half of them. It was a terribel article. I do not understand how this organizaiton works, but many of the articles are not vey good, and then when you invite people to edit them, how do we do it?

Sincerely

Daniel Sharp

: With all due respect, your misspellings are the worst I've seen. Please improve and then try to improve the Virginia article, with good spelling. Thanks much, and Godspeed.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 21:44, 18 January 2009 (EST)

:: As well as the links that I've just put on your user talk page, see [[Help:Contents]] for some more advice. However, that help is not designed for someone who has never edited a Wiki before. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 23:37, 18 January 2009 (EST)

:::Daniel Sharp is also user [[user talk:Lucyjordan|Lucy Jordan]]? I'm really confused here. --[[User:TK|'''₮K''']]/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 01:52, 19 January 2009 (EST)

There are some very serious problems with the entries concerning topics related to Confucianism. Many of entries are not strictly incorrect but are sufficiently superficial to be grossly misleading. When it comes to topics as foreign as Confucianism, brevity is not your friend. I will try to help, but unfortunately I do not have the time or the resources to do everything that needs doing. You need a total overhaul.

==Noah's Ark Page Locked==
I would like to create responses to the criticisms on the [[Noah's Ark]] article but the page has been locked by an administrator. The problem is that the locking admin (MountainDew/DanH) is MIA.

Can I get a little help? [[User:CherylE|CherylE]] 12:54, 29 January 2009 (EST)
: I've unlocked it. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 15:02, 29 January 2009 (EST)

== Multiple Problems ==

I've made many edits this month, but most of them have disappeared from "my contributions" and from the pages I edited. Also, many of the math pages (e.g. [[Covariance]]) can't display formulas properly. Finally, another user made an edit to my user page a while ago. But that edit has also disappeared from the record. What's going on? [[User:Sjay|Sjay]] 21:11, 30 January 2009 (EST)

*Conservapedia suffered a hard drive failure earlier this week. We restored up until the 19th, and are adding more current revisions manually, as we find them viable. Sorry for the loss, it has effected all of us. Look for bits and pieces to appear back slowly, bit by bit. --[[User:TK|'''₮K''']]/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 01:17, 31 January 2009 (EST)

:*The hard drive failure explains the missing edits, but why isn't the math environment working? The following should appear as an equation, but doesn't:

::<math>
\mbox{E}\left[T\right]=
\begin{cases}
\mu\sqrt{\frac{\nu}{2}}\frac{\Gamma((\nu-1)/2)}{\Gamma(\nu/2)}
&\nu>1\\
\mbox{Does not exist}
&\nu\le1\\
\end{cases}
</math>

:*At the moment, this problem is present on every page I've looked at ([[Linear model]], [[Normal distribution]], etc...). [[User:Sjay|Sjay]] 10:34, 31 January 2009 (EST)

:: The math problems are a problem related to moving to a new server. Other, more major issues are taking priority over the math. I'll get to is soon though. [[User:CPWebmaster|CPWebmaster]] 16:30, 3 February 2009 (EST)

== Messed up linking... ==

I created a new page for the Show hannity that took over Hannity and colmes. I'm not sure what I did, but linking to [[Hannity & Colmes]] directs to [[Hannity]]. If an admin could let me know what I did wrong so I can fix it, that would be great. Thanks.--[[User:TylerG|Tyler]] 23:58, 1 February 2009 (EST)
: Well I found the problem, [[Hannity & Colmes]] is for some reason linking to [[Hannity]] and not [[Hannity and Colmes]]...--[[User:TylerG|Tyler]] 00:04, 2 February 2009 (EST)
:: We've had problems in the past with ampersands in article names, although I thought that problem had disappeared. Perhaps it is back again. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 08:16, 3 February 2009 (EST)

== New outage? ==

The past few times I've checked the site all the pages were protected. One time was around 3PM. Was there an extension of the 1-6AM closing?
[[User:CMcFreeze|CMcFreeze]] 09:55, 8 February 2009 (EST)

:Conservapedia's editing is turned off over-night, for all but Administrators and specially righted editors. That would generally be between Midnight and 6:00AM, Eastern Standard Time, U.S. --[[User:TK|'''₮K''']]/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 17:02, 8 February 2009 (EST)

==Wikipedia==
Article [[Wikipedia]] says "Wikipedia bills itself as a democracy." However, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOT#Wikipedia_is_not_a_democracy here], Wikipedia clearly does not bill itself as a democracy. Regards, [[User:J|J]] 19:57, 21 March 2009 (EDT)

== Requested move of [[Hull City F.C.]] ==

Not sure if this is the right place, but can the article [[Hull City F.C.]] please be moved to [[Hull City A.F.C]], as that is the correct name of the club. (see the badge and the club website [http://www.hullcityafc.net/page/World/ here]. Thanks, [[User:Ozoo|Ozoo]] 14:56, 26 March 2009 (EDT)

*Done. --[[User:TK|'''₮K''']]/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 19:51, 26 March 2009 (EDT)

== How to start? ==

Just joined and want to edit an article.

If I know that part of the information is incorrect should I first describe the changes I'm going to make on the talk page or should I just go ahead and make the changes? {{Unsigned|ChrisMH -- 09:08, 1 December 2009 (EST)}}

:Glad you joined! In my totally unofficial opinion: If the article's been undergoing a lot of controversy recently, or if there's been controversy before about the issues you want to address, I'd describe the changes. If it's been undergoing a lot of editing recently, and the changes are major, I'd describe them. Otherwise, I'd go right ahead and edit; if someone objects, he can always (revert and) describe his objections. This's what I'd do; it's definitely not official policy. --[[User:EvanW|EvanW]] 11:27, 1 December 2009 (EST)

::Chris, the important thing to remember is that encyclopedia's rely on ''facts''. '''That means having verifiable sources included with your edits.''' If you or I know something is a fact, and we add it to an article, that doesn't help other users without their ability to confirm it with a reliable source. Please check the links I placed on your talk page, including our Manual of Style for help. Our Guidelines will also be of help. Remember part of your online reputation includes not using anonymous proxies to mask your location. That said, welcome to you as well, and that is the ''official'' word on your question! --[[User:TK|'''ṬK''']]/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 11:43, 1 December 2009 (EST)

I noticed your main page states "wikiproject" - I recommend changing to "pediaproject" or something along those lines; don't want to reinforce or reference wikipedia, sticking to conservapedia. sw

== Technical problem creating AT&T article ==

I've recently attempted to create an article about telephone giant [[AT&T]], but having technical difficulties. The article is created, but attempting to view the article results in an error message stating that there is no article for "AT." Basically, attempting to view "AT&T" results in "AT" being displayed. Anyway we can fix this? AT&T is the largest telephone provider worldwide, certainly worthy of an article if [[Vodafone]] is. [[User:DMorris|DMorris]] 22:21, 27 December 2009 (EST)

== Keep Needing to Reset My Password ==

I apologize if I'm posting this in the wrong place; I'm still relatively new here. After I log out every time, the next time I log in, the form says that my password is incorrect. I e-mail myself a new password, then promptly change my password to something new. The website accepts it and I log in, but after I log out and try to log back in, the same situation happens. Could this because I'm trying to log in from a blocked IP? I'm at a university campus where account creation is blocked by IP, but I spoke with TK and was cleared to create an account from my home IP. Thank you for the help! [[User:Tzoran|Tzoran]] 14:50, 1 February 2010 (EST)

== My new article. ==

Hi there. I've added the article [[Nick Clegg]]. I've researched it, and tried to make it work. I'd really appreciate if somebody would take a look and let me know if it's the right kind of style. Thank you. --[[User:Newton|Newton]] 12:21, 11 March 2010 (EST)

:Good start. I made a few changes. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 14:37, 11 March 2010 (EST)

== Regarding the UK ==

Hello. I'd like to take a serious role in the UK side of Conservapedia, and try to get some serious articles done about the United Kingdom from a proper Christian conservative point of view. Peraonlly, I think that all of the political parties in the United Kingdom are liberal.. it's just a matter of being more or less liberal. But that's just my opinion. Anyway, sorry for rambling...

If any of the administrators would like to request an article about the UK, please let me know on my talk page. I'm more than happy to accept writing assignments. Who knows? Maybe if I write enough good articles, you'll come to think of me as your 'UK Politics & Religion Editor.'

I'm going to bed now, take care. --[[User:Newton|Newton]] 23:49, 25 March 2010 (EDT)

:Thanks, Newton! Dive right in, and I am certain any of us who see the need will do as you ask and post on your talk page. I am sure many of the U.K articles we have are in need, as some I have spotted misleading information and removed it. --<big>[[User:TK|'''ṬK''']]</big>/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 00:58, 26 March 2010 (EDT)

::Is there a way that I could possibly edit during your night-time period? Who would I speak to about this? At the moment, I can't edit before 10am. On days when I'm in class, I'm often up at 7am or 8am, and have a lot of free time to edit. --[[User:Newton|Newton]] 19:12, 26 March 2010 (EDT)

:::Sorry Newton, you have to earn that through contributions--[[User:Jpatt|Jpatt]] 19:16, 26 March 2010 (EDT)

::::Okay, that's reasonable. Thanks for your quick reply. --[[User:Newton|Newton]] 19:20, 26 March 2010 (EDT)

== Vandalism! ==

[[User:Pcook]] is on a vandalism spree, please block him!!! I can't edit the abuse reports section!
[[User:Newton|Newton]] 13:31, 29 March 2010 (EDT)

:::Wuhao1911 blocked him, thank you. I have removed all of his edits. At first I just removed the obvious vandalism, but then I noticed the blasphemous comments and that he has inserted parts into peoples' debate arguements, so it is all gone. [[User:Newton|Newton]] 13:34, 29 March 2010 (EDT)

== Vandal ==

[[User:YeVeg]] (is that how you type a username?) is engaging in excessive vandalism, some of it racist. [[User:RichardKerry|RichardKerry]] 08:04, 16 April 2010 (EDT)

== Content for Geeks ==

I've noticed that Conservapedia seems to lack some content that could be useful to geeks. Being a geek myself, I was wondering if I could write or at least recommend articles to be written or updated for the geek/technophile audience. Articles for [[HTTP]] and [[XML]] are missing entirely. Examples could be added to [[Java]], [[SQL]], and [[JavaScript]]. Finally, [[XHTML]] could probably be set as a redirect to [[HTML]] in the way [[Kitty]] redirects to [[Cat]]. This is just an idea, please don't flame me. ([[User:JlHawkwell|JlHawkwell]] 14:25, 2 August 2010 (EDT))

:You are registered here, and adding technical articles such as you suggest doesn't need permission or discussion to add, JlHawkwell. Please proceed! --<big>[[User:TK|'''ṬK''']]</big>/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 14:35, 2 August 2010 (EDT)

== What should I edit? ==

Would you mind if I do some massive expansion of chemistry articles here? --[[User:LanthanumK|L]][[User talk:LanthanumK|K]] 10:07, 16 November 2010 (EST)

:I believe Mr. Schlafly responded to this same question on his talk page, so please proceed. --<big>[[User:TK|'''ṬK''']]</big>/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 14:27, 16 November 2010 (EST)

== "Slug" article - Candidate For Deletion ==

I don't mean to complain, but the article "Slug" is just so embarrassingly bad in so many different ways that it should be deleted. I don't have the energy to write an article on slugs - because this thing is not really editable - somebody should start over. [[User:PaulBurnett|PaulBurnett]] 00:47, 27 November 2010 (EST)

Talk:Slug

2010-11-27T05:29:18Z

PaulBurnett: Reference does not exist

I can't seem to find that reference. Is it a book? A website? [[User:HelpJazz|Help]][[User talk:HelpJazz|Jazz]] 14:08, 24 January 2008 (EST)
:I recieved an email from Daretobelieve, the user who added the reference:
::It is a very new book, and relatively unheard of and has not actually been fully distributed yet. A colleague of mine wrote it, he's spent the last 5 years studying these slugs.
::I hope it isn't a problem that the book isn't available for people to use as a reference for assignments and such.
:So there you go. [[User:HelpJazz|Help]][[User talk:HelpJazz|Jazz]] 11:17, 9 February 2008 (EST)
::Almost three years later - the "book" still isn't available. Not only is the article patently un-encyclopedic, its single reference appears to be non-existent. [[User:PaulBurnett|PaulBurnett]] 00:29, 27 November 2010 (EST)

Talk:Barry Farber

2010-11-27T05:19:51Z

PaulBurnett: Plagiarized from Wikipedia?

== Plagiarized from Wikipedia? ==

This article appears amazingly similar to the Wikipedia article about Farber. Just sayin'. [[User:PaulBurnett|PaulBurnett]] 00:19, 27 November 2010 (EST)

Microsatellite

2010-11-21T19:17:23Z

PaulBurnett: cleaned up language // removed "allegedly" from "allegedly establishing lines of evolution." - in actual science, there is no "allegedly" about this

'''Microsatellites''', also known as Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs), or sometimes Short Tandem Repeats (STRs), are repeating stretches of short sequences of [[DNA]] used as genetic markers to track inheritance within and between species. Microsatellites can be traced back to extinct ancestral species, establishing lines of evolution.

== Sources ==
[http://www.genome.gov/glossary.cfm?key=microsatellite ''National Human Genome Research Institute'' Talking Glossary]

[[Category:Genetics]]

Vermont

2010-11-21T19:08:29Z

PaulBurnett: removed nonsensical "legislators legislating from the legislature" and cleaned up section

{{USState
|name=Vermont
|flag=Vermont_State_Flag.gif
|motto="Freedom and Unity"
|nick=The Green Mountain State
|capital=Montpelier
|language=None
|governor=Jim Douglas
|gparty=Republican
|senator1=Patrick Leahy
|s1party=Democrat
|s1phone=(202) 224-4242
|s1email=mailto:senator_leahy@leahy.senate.gov Contact
|senator2=Bernie Sanders
|s2party=Independent
|s2phone=(202) 224-5141
|s2email=http://sanders.senate.gov/comments/ Contact
|population=
|date=March 4, 1791 (14th)
}}
'''Vermont''' is located in the [[New England]] region of the Northeastern part of the [[United States]] and on March 4, 1791, became the fourteenth state to enter into the Union. Its name comes from the French term for 'Green Mountain.' The capital of Vermont is [[Montpelier]] and its largest city is Burlington. The current governor of Vermont is Jim Douglas, a [[Republican]].

In 2000 Vermont started offering [[civil union]]s, similar to [[same sex marriage]]. On April 7, 2009, legislators overrode the governor's veto of a bill legalizing same-sex marriage in Vermont.<ref>[http://www.answers.com/topic/recognition-of-gay-unions-in-vermont]</ref>

==Politics==
Republican governor Jim Douglas announced on August 27, 2009, that he will not run for re-election in 2010, boosting the prospect of a Democratic takeover in the liberal-leaning state.

The 58-year-old Douglas noted he has devoted well over half his life to a public service career that has also included tenures as a member of the state legislature, secretary of state and state treasurer. His only electoral defeat came in a 1992 Senate challenge to Democratic Patrick J. Leahy .

Three high-profile Democrats already are in the race: Vermont Secretary of State Deb Markowitz; state Sen. Susan Bartlett; and state Sen. Doug Racine, a former lieutenant governor who lost to Douglas in a tight three-way 2002 race to succeed Democrat [[Howard Dean]].

The Democratic Governor’s Association reacted to the Douglas decision by moving the 2010 race into its top tier of targeted contests.

Brian Dubie, currently serving his fourth two-year term as lieutenant governor, is a likely GOP candidate. He has clashed with Democratic state legislators over his conservative line on law-and-order and social issues.

==Statewide Officials==
* Senator [[Patrick Leahy]]
* Senator [[Bernie Sanders]]

==References==
<references/>

== See also ==
*[[State Governors]]

{{USstates}}
[[Category:States of the United States]]

Talk:Vermont

2010-11-21T19:02:58Z

PaulBurnett: commented

"During the American Civil War, Vermont supported the United States."

Is this supposed to say Revolutionary War? [[User:DanH|DanH]] 18:21, 23 July 2007 (EDT)

==Activist Legislatures legislate from the legislature?==

I have to say, isn't legislating the entire point of the legislature, making this comment a bit redundant and/or unnecessary? Also this statement is accusing 20 of the 25 members of the senate and 100 of the 149 members of the house of being "activist" legislatures. 2/3rds of the state legislature are activists ignoring their constituents desires? Please consider at least re-working the phrase to be less nonsensical. --[[User:AndrasK|AndrasK]] 09:27, 9 April 2009 (EDT)

: Agree. "Legislators legislating from the legislature" is nonsensical. I'll clean it up. [[User:PaulBurnett|PaulBurnett]] 14:02, 21 November 2010 (EST)

Governors of Vermont

2010-11-21T18:54:06Z

PaulBurnett: Indpendent > Independent

A list of '''governors''' from the state of '''[[Vermont]]'''.<ref>http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.8fd3d12ab65b304f8a278110501010a0?submit=Submit&State=VT</ref><ref>http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/List-of-Vermont-Governors</ref>

==Independent Republic of Vermont Governors==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Years
|-
| Thomas Chittenden
| 1778-1789, 1790-1791
|-
| Moses Robinson
| 1789-1790
|}

==Vermont State Governors==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name!! Party !! Years
|-
| Thomas Chittenden
|
| 1791-1797
|-
| Paul Brigham
|
| 1797
|-
| Isaac Tichenor
| Federalist
| 1797-1807, 1808-1809
|-
| Israel Smith
| Jeffersonian Republican
| 1807-1808
|-
| Jonas Galusha
| Democratic Republican
| 1809-1813, 1815-1820
|-
| Martin Chittenden
| Federalist
| 1813-1815
|-
| Richard Skinner
| Democratic Republican
| 1820-1823
|-
| Cornelius P. Van Ness
| Democratic Republican
| 1823-1826
|-
| Ezra Butler
| Democrat
| 1826-1828
|-
| Samuel C. Crafts
| Whig
| 1828-1831
|-
| William A. Palmer
| Anti-Masonic
| 1831-1835
|-
| Silas H. Jenison
| Whig
| 1835-1841
|-
| Charles Paine
| Whig
| 1841-1843
|-
| John Mattocks
| Whig
| 1843-1844
|-
| William Slade
| Whig
| 1844-1846
|-
| Horace Eaton
| Whig
| 1846-1848
|-
| Carlos Coolidge
| Whig
| 1848-1850
|-
| Charles Kilborn Williams
| Whig
| 1850-1852
|-
| Erastus Fairbanks
| Whig/Republican
| 1852-1853, 1860-1861
|-
| John Staniford Robinson
| Democrat
| 1853-1854
|-
| Stephen Royce
| Whig/Republican
| 1854-1856
|-
| Ryland Fletcher
| Republican
| 1856-1858
|-
| Hiland Hall
| Republican
| 1858-1860
|-
| Frederick Holbrook
| Republican
| 1861-1863
|-
| John Gregory Smith
| Republican
| 1863-1865
|-
| Paul Dillingham, Jr.
| Republican
| 1865-1867
|-
| John B. Page
| Republican
| 1867-1869
|-
| Peter T. Washburn
| Republican
| 1869-1870
|-
| George Whitman Hendee
| Republican
| 1870
|-
| John Wolcott Stewart
| Republican
| 1870-1872
|-
| Julius Converse
| Republican
| 1872-1874
|-
| Asahel Peck
| Republican
| 1874-1876
|-
| Horace Fairbanks
| Republican
| 1876-1878
|-
| Redfield Proctor
| Republican
| 1878-1880
|-
| Roswell Farnham
| Republican
| 1880-1882
|-
| John Lester Barstow
| Republican
| 1882-1884
|-
| Samuel E. Pingree
| Republican
| 1884-1886
|-
| Ebenezer Jolls Ormsbee
| Republican
| 1886-1888
|-
| Carroll Smalley Page
| Republican
| 1890-1892
|-
| Levi Knight Fuller
| Republican
| 1892-1894
|-
| Urban Andrain Woodbury
| Republican
| 1894-1896
|-
| Josiah Grout
| Republican
| 1896-1898
|-
| Edward Curtis Smith
| Republican
| 1898-1900
|-
| William W. Stickney
| Republican
| 1900-1902
|-
| John Griffith McCullough
| Republican
| 1902-1904
|-
| Charles James Bell
| Republican
| 1904-1906
|-
| Fletcher Dutton Proctor
| Republican
| 1906-1908
|-
| George Prouty
| Republican
| 1908-1910
|-
| John Abner Mead
| Republican
| 1910-1912
|-
| Allen M. Fletcher
| Republican
| 1912-1915
|-
| Charles W. Gates
| Republican
| 1915-1917
|-
| Horace French Graham
| Republican
| 1917-1919
|-
| Percival W. Clement
| Republican
| 1919-1921
|-
| James Hartness
| Republican
| 1921-1923
|-
| Redfield Proctor, Jr.
| Republican
| 1923-1925
|-
| Franklin Swift Billings
| Republican
| 1925-1927
|-
| John Eliakim Weeks
| Republican
| 1927-1931
|-
| Stanley Calef Wilson
| Republican
| 1931-1935
|-
| Charles Manley Smith
| Republican
| 1935-1937
|-
| George D. Aiken
| Republican
| 1937-1941
|-
| William H. Wills
| Republican
| 1941-1945
|-
| Mortimer R. Proctor
| Republican
| 1945-1947
|-
| Ernest William Gibson, Jr.
| Republican
| 1947-1950
|-
| Harold John Arthur
| Republican
| 1950-1951
|-
| Lee Emerson
| Republican
| 1951-1955
|-
| Joseph Blaine Johnson
| Republican
| 1955-1959
|-
| Robert T. Stafford
| Republican
| 1959-1961
|-
| F. Ray Keyser
| Republican
| 1961-1963
|-
| Philip Henderson Hoff
| Democrat
| 1963-1969
|-
| Deane C. Davis
| Republican
| 1969-1973
|-
| Thomas P. Salmon
| Democrat
| 1973-1977
|-
| Richard A. Snelling
| Republican
| 1977-1985, 1991
|-
| Madeleine M. Kunin
| Democrat
| 1985-1991
|-
| [[Howard Dean]]
| Democrat
| 1991-2003
|-
| Jim Douglas
| Republican
| 2003-present
|}
==Notes==
<references/>
{{Governors}}
[[Category:Vermont Governors]]

Talk:USS Kitty Hawk

2010-11-21T18:52:25Z

PaulBurnett: oops - forgot to sign

== Commissioning date ==
The article says this tub was commissioned in 1981, and the infobox says 1984. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 01:27, 16 July 2007 (EDT)

: Fixed - commissioned in 1961 [[User:PaulBurnett|PaulBurnett]] 13:52, 21 November 2010 (EST)

Talk:USS Kitty Hawk

2010-11-21T18:51:43Z

PaulBurnett: replied to comment

USS Kitty Hawk

2010-11-21T18:49:24Z

PaulBurnett: Cleaning up history - page was outdated

{{Ship
| name=USS Kitty Hawk
| image=KittyhawkCV63.jpg
| shipyard=New York Ship Building Corporation
| flag=Kljghlkjkh.png
| flag-caption=US Navy
| type=Aircraft carrier
| displ=60000 tons
| length=1,047.5 ft
| launched=1961
}}

The USS '''Kitty Hawk''' (CV-63) was an [[aircraft carrier]] put into service by the [[United States Navy]] in 1961. It was built by the [[New York Shipbuilding Corporation]]. It performed 150 missions ranging from the [[Vietnam War]] to [[Operation Desert Storm]].

''Kitty Hawk'' was the last non-[[nuclear]] aircraft carrier in commission; it was decommissioned in 2009. It was last stationed at Yokosuka, [[Japan]].

{{DEFAULTSORT: Kitty Hawk, USS}}
[[Category:Warships]]

Turkiye

2010-11-21T18:39:36Z

PaulBurnett: /* People */ added missing reference links

For the animal with the same name see [[Turkey (bird)]]

{{Country
|name =''Türkiye Cumhuriyeti''
|map =Turkey rel 2006.jpg
|flag =Flag of Turkey.png
|arms =Arms of Turkey.png
|capital =Ankara
|capital-raw =
|government =Parliamentary republic
|government-raw =
|language =Turkish
|king =
|queen =
|monarch-raw =
|president =Abdullah Gül
|president-raw =
|chancellor =
|chancellor-raw =
|pm =Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
|pm-raw =
|area =302,535 sq mi
|pop =71,158,647
|pop-basis =2007
|gdp =$508 billion
|gdp-year =2008
|gdp-pc =$6,670
|currency =New Turkish lira
|idd =
|tld =
}}
The '''Republic of Turkey''' is a country occupying the Anatolian Peninsula of western [[Asia]], as well as a small section of eastern [[Europe]] at the Bosporus Strait.

==People==
Modern Turkey encompasses bustling cosmopolitan centers, pastoral farming villages, barren wastelands, peaceful Aegean coastlines, and steep mountain regions. More than half of Turkey's population lives in urban areas that juxtapose Western lifestyles with more traditional ways of life.

The Turkish state has been officially [[secular]] since 1924. Approximately 99% of the population is [[Muslim]]. Most Turkish Muslims follow the [[Sunni]] traditions of Islam, although a significant number follow Alevi and [[Shiite]] traditions. Questions regarding role of religion in society and government, the role of linguistic and ethnic identity, and the public's expectation to live in security dominate public discourse. Turkish citizens who assert a [[Kurds|Kurdish]] identity constitute an ethnic and linguistic group that is estimated at up to 12 million in number.
*Population (2006): 72.9 million.
*Annual population growth rate (2004 est.): 1.33%.
*Ethnic groups: Turkish, Kurdish, other.
*Religions: Muslim 99%, Christian, Bahai, and Jewish.
*Languages: Turkish (official), Kurdish, Zaza, Arabic, Armenian, Greek.
*Education: Years compulsory--8. Attendance--97.6%. Literacy--86.5%.
*Health: Infant mortality rate--39.4/1,000. Life expectancy--68.5 yrs.
*Work force (23 million): Agriculture--35.6%; industry--17.5%; services--47.2%.

==Government and Political Conditions==
The 1982 Constitution, drafted by the military in the wake of a 1980 military coup, proclaims Turkey's system of government as democratic, secular, and parliamentary. The presidency's powers are not precisely defined in practice, and the president's influence depends on his personality and political weight. The president and the Council of Ministers led by the prime minister share executive powers. The president, who has broad powers of appointment and supervision, is chosen by Parliament for a term of 7 years and cannot be reelected. A constitutional amendment recommending the direct election by the people of the president to a 5-year term, with the possibility of serving a second 5-year term, may be submitted to a popular referendum in 2007. The prime minister administers the government. The prime minister and the Council of Ministers are responsible to Parliament.

The 550-member Parliament carries out legislative functions. Election is by proportional representation. To participate in the distribution of seats, a party must obtain at least 10% of the votes cast at the national level as well as a percentage of votes in the contested district according to a complex formula. The president enacts laws passed by Parliament within 15 days. With the exception of budgetary laws, the president may return a law to the Parliament for reconsideration. If Parliament reenacts the law, it is binding, although the president may then apply to the Constitutional Court for a reversal of the law. Constitutional amendments pass with a 60% vote, but require a popular referendum unless passed with a two-thirds majority; the president may also submit amendments passed with a two-thirds majority to a popular referendum.

The judiciary is declared to be independent, but the need for judicial reform and confirmation of its independence are subjects of open debate. Internationally recognized human rights, including freedom of thought, expression, assembly, and travel, are officially enshrined in the Constitution but have at times been narrowly interpreted, can be limited in times of emergency and cannot be used to violate what the Constitution and the courts consider the integrity of the state or to impose a system of government based on religion, ethnicity, or the domination of one social class. The Constitution prohibits torture or ill treatment; the current government has focused on ensuring that practice matches principle. Labor rights, including the right to strike, are recognized in the Constitution but can be restricted.

The 1982 Constitution provides for a system of State Security Courts to deal with offenses against the integrity of the state. The high court system includes a Constitutional Court responsible for judicial review of legislation, a Court of Cassation (or Supreme Court of Appeals), a Council of State serving as the high administrative and appeals court, a Court of Accounts, and a Military Court of Appeals. The High Council of Judges and Prosecutors, appointed by the president, supervises the judiciary.

In the November 2002 election of Turkey's 58th government, the Justice and Development Party (AK) captured 34.3% of the total votes, making Abdullah Gul Prime Minister, followed by the Republican People's Party (CHP) with 19.39% of the vote, led by Deniz Baykal. A special General Election was held again in the province of Siirt in March 2003, resulting in the election of AK's chairman Recep Tayyip Erdogan to a seat in parliament, allowing him to become prime minister. AK and CHP were the only parties to surpass the 10% threshold required to hold seats in parliament. The elections resulted in 363 of the 550 seats going to AK, 178 seats to CHP, and 9 as independent. Due to a reshuffle in party affiliation, AK holds 367 seats, CHP holds 175 seats, five are independent, and three joined the True Path Party (DYP). In March 2004 nationwide local elections, AKP won 57 of 81 provincial capital municipalities and, with 41.8% of the votes for provincial council seats, consolidated its hold on power.

The Turkish Grand National Assembly was to have elected in May 2007 a new president to succeed President Sezer on June 16. Opposition parties led a challenge to the electoral procedures, which resulted in a series of proposed constitutional amendments and the call for early general elections on July 22. The new parliament, which was sworn in on July 28, includes 341 AKP members, 98 CHP members, 70 Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) members, 20 Democratic Society Party (DTP) members, 13 Democratic Left Party (DSP) members, and 7 independents. Following the election, Sezer reappointed Erdogan as PM and then-Foreign Minister Gul declared his presidential candidacy. The parliament elected Gul in the third round of voting on August 28. President Gul approved Erdogan's proposed cabinet on August 30, and the new government received a vote of confidence on September 5.

Human-right abuses, especially against [[Christians]] remains a problem
<ref>http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78844.htm</ref> and the frequency of violent attacks on Christian ministers and priests is still high
<ref>http://washingtontimes.com/upi/20070418-030533-9552</ref>
<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5139408.stm </ref>.

===Principal Government Officials===
*President of the Republic--Abdullah Gul
*Prime Minister--Recep Tayyip Erdogan
*Minister of Foreign Affairs--Ali Babacan
*Ambassador to the United States--Nabi Sensoy
*Ambassador to the United Nations--Umit Pamir

===Foreign Relations===
Turkey's primary political, economic, and security ties are with the West, although some voices call for a more "Eurasian" orientation.

Turkey entered NATO in 1952 and serves as the organization's vital eastern anchor, controlling the straits leading from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean and sharing a border with Syria, Iraq, and Iran. A NATO headquarters is located in Izmir. Besides its relationships with NATO and the EU, Turkey is a member of the OECD, the Council of Europe, and OSCE. Turkey also is a member of the UN and the Islamic Conference Organization (OIC). In December 1999, Turkey became a candidate for EU membership. On December 17, 2004, the EU decided to begin formal accession negotiations with Turkey in October 2005.

Turkey and the EU formed a customs union beginning January 1, 1996. The agreement covers industrial and processed agricultural goods. Turkey is harmonizing its laws and regulations with EU standards. Turkey adopted the EU's Common External Tariff regime, effectively lowering Turkey's tariffs for third countries, including the United States.

On October 3, 2005, Turkey and the EU reached agreement for Turkey to begin negotiations on accession to the European Union. Turkey and EU officials have begun the process of screening Turkey's laws and policies in order to begin negotiating the individual chapters required for ultimate EU accession. However, this admission request has not been without criticism <ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2420697.stm</ref>, including:
*Serious human rights violations<ref>http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/20070419-0809-italy-turkey-eu.html</ref>
*Refusal to admit genocide of [[Armenia]]<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6043730.stm</ref>
*Refusal to recognize [[Cyprus]]<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6153186.stm</ref>
*Only 3% of Turkey is in [[Europe]]
*Threat of increasing [[Islamic]] fundamentalism<ref>http://www.freemuslims.org/news/article.php?article=1761</ref>

Turkey opened and provisionally closed in 2006 one EU negotiating chapter on science and technology. Another chapter on statistics was opened in February 2007, and two more are expected to be opened by July 1, 2007. Eight chapters, mostly related to trade, were suspended by the European Council in December 2006 after Turkey declined to open its ports and airports to Cypriot vessels--a commitment Turkey made as part of the Ankara Protocol and its EU Customs Union membership.

Turkey is a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It has signed free trade agreements with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), Israel, and many other countries. In 1992 Turkey and 10 other regional nations formed the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) Council to expand regional trade and economic cooperation. Turkey chaired BSEC in 2007 and hosted in Istanbul the 15th BSEC Summit in June 2007.

===Relations with the United States===
U.S.-Turkish friendship dates to the late 18th century and was officially sealed by a treaty in 1830. The present close relationship began with the agreement of July 12, 1947, which implemented the Truman Doctrine. As part of the cooperative effort to further Turkish economic and military self-reliance, the United States has loaned and granted Turkey more than $12.5 billion in economic aid and more than $14 billion in military assistance.

U.S.-Turkish relations focus on areas such as strategic energy cooperation, trade and investment, security ties, regional stability, the global war on terrorism, and human rights progress. Relations were strained when Turkey refused in March 2003 to allow U.S. troops to deploy through its territory to Iraq in Operation Iraqi Freedom, but regained momentum steadily thereafter and mutual interests remain strong across a wide spectrum of issues. On July 5, 2006, Secretary Rice and then-Foreign Minister Gul signed a Shared Vision Statement to highlight the common values and goals between our two countries and to lay out a framework for increased strategic dialogue.

The U.S. and Turkey have had a Joint Economic Commission and a Trade and Investment Framework Agreement, which last met in Washington in April 2007, for several years. In 2002, the two countries indicated their joint intent to upgrade bilateral economic relations by launching an Economic Partnership Commission, which last convened in Ankara in February 2007. In 2006, Turkish exports to the U.S. totaled about $5.4 billion, and U.S. exports to Turkey totaled $5.7 billion.

==Economy==
[[Image:Framed medallion Turkey.jpg|300px|right]]
Turkey is a large, middle-income country with relatively few natural resources. Its economy is currently in transition from a high degree of reliance on agriculture and heavy industrial economy to a more diversified economy with an increasingly large and globalized services sector. Coming out of a tradition of a state-directed economy that was relatively closed to the outside world, Prime Minister and then President Turgut Ozal began to open up the economy in the 1980s, leading to the signing of a Customs Union with the European Union in 1995. In the 1990s, Turkey's economy suffered from a series of coalition governments with weak economic policies, leading to high-inflation boom-and-bust cycles that culminated in a severe banking and economic crisis in 2001 and a deep economic downturn (GNP fell 9.5% in 2001) and increase in unemployment.

Turkey's economy has recovered strongly from the 2001 thanks to good monetary and fiscal policies and structural economic reforms made with the support of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. The independence of the Central Bank has been firmly established, a floating exchange rate system has been put in place, and the government's overall budget deficit has been substantially reduced. In addition, there have been substantial reforms in the financial, energy, and telecommunications sectors that have included the privatization of several large state-owned institutions.

Turkey's economy grew an average of 7.5% per year from 2002 through 2006--one of the highest sustained rates of growth in the world. It is expected to grow about 6.1% in 2007. Inflation and interest rates have fallen significantly, the currency has stabilized, government debt has declined to more supportable levels, and business and consumer confidence have returned. At the same time, booming economic growth has contributed to a growing current account deficit. Though Turkey's vulnerabilities have been greatly reduced, the economy could still face problems in the event there is a sudden change in investor sentiment that leads to a sharp fall in the exchange rate. Continued implementation of reforms, including tight fiscal policy, is essential to sustain growth and stability.

After years of low levels of foreign direct investment (FDI), in 2006, Turkey succeeded in attracting $18.9 billion in foreign direct investment (FDI) and is expected to attract a similar level in 2007. A series of large privatizations, the stability fostered by the start of Turkey's EU accession negotiations, strong and stable growth, and structural changes in the banking, retail, and telecommunications sectors have all contributed to the rise in foreign investment. Turkey has taken steps to improve its investment climate through administrative streamlining, an end to foreign investment screening, and strengthened intellectual property legislation. However, a number of disputes involving foreign investors in Turkey and certain policies, such as high taxation and continuing gaps in the intellectual property regime, inhibit investment. Turkey has a number of bilateral investment and tax treaties, including with the United States, which guarantee free repatriation of capital in convertible currencies and eliminate double taxation.
*GDP: (2004) $300.6 billion; (2005) $361.5 billion; (2006) $390.4 billion.
*Annual real GDP growth rate: (2004) (+) 8.9%; (2005) 7.4%; (2006) 6.0%.
*GDP per capita: (2004) $4,187; (2005) $5,016; (2006) $5,349.
*Annual inflation rate /CPI: (2003) 18.4%; (2004) 9.3%; (2005) 7.7%; (2006) 9.7%.
*Natural resources: Coal, chromium, mercury, copper, boron, oil, gold.
*Agriculture (10.8% of GNP): Major cash crops--cotton, sugar beets, hazelnuts, wheat, barley, and tobacco. Provides 26% of jobs and 4% of exports.
*Industry (25.4% of GNP): Major growth sector, types--automotive, electronics, food processing, textiles, basic metals, chemicals, and petrochemicals. Provides 20% of jobs.
*Trade: Exports (merchandise)--(2005) $73.1 billion; (2006) $83.5 billion: textiles and apparel, industrial machinery, iron and steel, electronics, petroleum products, and motor vehicles. Imports (merchandise)--(2005) $116 billion; (2006) 135.5 billion: petroleum, machinery, motor vehicles, electronics, iron and steel, plastics precious metals. Major partners--Germany, U.S., Italy, France, Russia, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, U.K.

====European Union accession====
Turkey's principal ongoing economic challenge is providing for the needs of a fast-growing, young population. Raising living standards to those prevalent in Europe will require high rates of GDP growth sustained over many years. This will entail continued structural reforms that encourage both domestic and foreign investment. Principal areas for reform identified by international financial intuitions include increasing flexibility in the labor market, making the educational sector more responsive to the needs of the economy and ensuring faster and more predictable operation of the judicial system. As an aspirant to membership in the European Union, Turkey aims to adopt the EU's basic system of national law and regulation (the acquis communautaire) by 2014. While implementing some elements of the acquis will be costly and difficult (for example in the areas of environmental protection and agriculture), its adoption will make a significant contribution to modernizing the economy.

====Energy====
Installed electricity generation capacity in Turkey reached 35,600 megawatts (MW) as of 2004. Fossil fuels account for 71% of the total installed capacity and hydro, geothermal, and wind account for the remaining 28%. The growth in electricity generation has remained below electricity demand until recently, which has made Turkey a net importer of electricity since 1997. The growth of energy demand slowed somewhat as a result of the 2001 economic crisis, but has picked up again. Turkish authorities expect a significant electricity shortfall unless new facilities become operational. The Government of Turkey took some important steps in 2001 to liberalize its energy sector, including passage of the Electricity Market Law and establishment of the Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EMRA). However, the government has moved slowly to follow through on plans to liberalize and privatize the electricity and natural gas sectors. In 2004, the High Planning Council approved the Electricity Sector Reform Strategy to renew the reform process.

Oil provides about 43% of Turkey's total energy requirements; around 90% is imported. Domestic production is mostly from small fields in the southeast. New exploration is taking place in the eastern Black Sea. In 2004, the Parliament approved a petroleum market reform bill that liberalized consumer prices and would lead to the privatization of the state refining company TUPRAS. TUPRAS was privatized in 2005, but this has been held up by court cases still in process. Turkey has a refining capacity of 802,275 barrels per day (b/d).

Turkey acts as an important link in the East-West Southern Energy Corridor bringing Caspian, Central Asian, and Middle Eastern energy to Europe and world markets. The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline, which came online in July 2006, delivers 1 million b/d of petroleum, and in 2007, the South Caucasus Pipeline (from Shah Deniz) is expected to bring natural gas from Azerbaijan to Turkey. Turkey is building an interconnector pipeline to Greece, an important step in bringing Caspian natural gas to Europe via Turkey.

====Telecommunications====
Parliament enacted legislation separating telecommunications policy and regulatory functions in January 2000, by establishing an independent regulatory body, the Telecommunication Authority. The Authority is responsible for issuing licenses, supervising operators, and taking necessary technical measures against violations of the rules. Most regulatory functions of the Transport Ministry were transferred to the Authority, and the regulator is slowly gaining competence and independence. The long-expected privatization of the state-owned telecommunications company was accomplished by the sale of 55% of Turk Telekom to the Saudi-owned Oger Group in November 2005. With liberalization and growth in the economy, there is growing competition for Internet provision, but Turk Telekom remains the sole provider of ADSL wide band Internet.

====Environment====
With the establishment of the Environment Ministry in 1991, Turkey began to make significant progress addressing its most pressing environmental problems. The most dramatic improvements were significant reductions of air pollution in Istanbul and Ankara. However, progress has been slow on the remaining--and serious--environmental challenges facing Turkey.

In 2003, the Ministry of Environment was merged with the Forestry Ministry. With its goal to join the EU, Turkey has made commendable progress in updating and modernizing its environmental legislation. However, environmental concerns are not fully integrated into public decision-making and enforcement can be weak. Turkey faces a backlog of environmental problems, requiring enormous outlays for infrastructure. The most pressing needs are for water treatment plants, wastewater treatment facilities, solid waste management, and conservation of biodiversity. The discovery of a number of chemical waste sites in 2006 has highlighted weakness in environmental law and oversight.

====Transportation====
The Turkish Government gives a special priority to major infrastructure projects, especially in the transport sector. The government is in the process of building new airports and highways, thanks to an increased public investment budget. The government will realize many of these projects by utilizing the build-operate-transfer (BOT) model.

==History==
[[Image:St. Sophie Turkey.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Hagia Sofia, Istanbul]]
[[Mustafa Kemal]], celebrated by the Turkish State as a Turkish [[World War I]] hero and later known as "Ataturk" or "father of the Turks," led the founding of the Republic of Turkey in 1923 after the collapse of the 600-year-old [[Ottoman Empire]] and a three-year war of independence. The empire, which at its peak controlled vast stretches of northern Africa, southeastern Europe, and western Asia, had failed to keep pace with European social and technological developments. The rise of national consciousness impelled several national groups within the Empire to seek independence as nation-states, leading to the empire's fragmentation. This process culminated in the disastrous Ottoman participation in World War I as a German ally. Defeated, shorn of much of its former territory, and partly occupied by forces of the victorious European states, the Ottoman structure was repudiated by Turkish nationalists brought together under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal. The nationalists expelled invading Greek, Russian, French and Italian forces from Anatolia in a bitter war. After the proclamation of the Republic of Turkey the temporal and religious ruling institutions of the old empire (the sultanate and caliphate) were abolished.

The leaders of the new republic concentrated on consolidating their power and modernizing and Westernizing what had been the empire's core--Asian Anatolia and a part of European Thrace. Social, political, linguistic, and economic reforms and attitudes decreed by Ataturk from 1924-1934 continue to be referred to as the ideological base of modern Turkey. In the post-Ataturk era, and especially after the military coup of 1960, this ideology came to be known as "Kemalism" and his reforms began to be referred to as "revolutions." Kemalism comprises a Turkish form of secularism, strong nationalism, statism, and to a degree a western orientation. The continued validity and applicability of Kemalism are the subject of lively debate in Turkey's political life. The current ruling AK Party comes from a tradition that challenges many of the Kemalist precepts and is driven in its reform efforts by a desire to achieve EU accession.

Turkey entered [[World War II]] on the Allied side until shortly before the war ended, becoming a charter member of the [[United Nations]]. Difficulties faced by [[Greece]] after World War II in quelling a communist rebellion and demands by the [[Soviet Union]] for military bases in the Turkish Straits prompted the United States to declare the [[Truman Doctrine]] in 1947. The doctrine enunciated American intentions to guarantee the security of Turkey and Greece and resulted in large scale U.S. military and economic aid under the [[Marshall Plan]]. After participating with United Nations forces in the [[Korean War|Korean conflict]], Turkey in 1952 joined the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO). Turkey is currently a [[European Union]] candidate, although this has been clouded by their refusal to acknowledge the [[Armenian genocide]].

== See also ==
*[[Kamal Ataturk]]
*[[Battle of Adrianople ]]
*[[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]]
*[[Parthia]]
*[[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]]
*[[Oriental art]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{| style="width: 100%; background:transparent; border: 2px solid #000099;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"
!colspan=2 style="width: 100%; text-align: center; background-color: #000088; color: white; "|'''Copyright Details'''
|-
!style="background-color: #000088; color:white;"|License:
|style=" background-color: none;"| This work is in the [[Public Domain]] in the United States because it is a work of the United States Federal Government under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the U.S. Code
|-
!style=" background-color: #000088; color:white;"|Source:
|style="background-color: none;border-top: 2px solid black"| File available from the {{{1|[[United States Federal Government]] [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3432.htm]}}}.
|}

[[Category:European Countries]]
[[Category:Asian Countries]]
[[Category:NATO members]]
[[Category:Turkey]]
[[Category:Muslim-Majority Countries]]

Reservoir

2010-11-21T18:32:48Z

PaulBurnett: removed extra "first"

A '''reservoir''' is an artificially created [[lake]] used to store [[water]]. The first step in creating a reservoir is creating a [[dam]], controlling the flow of water.

Reservoirs are important in the process of converting [[hydroelectric power]] to usable [[energy]].

[[Category: Energy]]

David F. Hamilton

2010-11-21T18:29:14Z

PaulBurnett: cleaning up English usage

[[Image:Hamilton David MD.jpg||200px|right|]]

Judge '''David F. Hamilton''' is nominated by [[Barack Obama]] for 7th Circuit Court. He is a former Clinton appointed judge residing in Indiana. His career includes vice president for litigation and a board member of the Indiana [[ACLU]]<ref>[http://www.cbn.com/CBNnews/561612.aspx Judge Hamilton Under Attack] CBN News, March 18, 2009</ref> and previously worked as a fundraiser for [[ACORN]]. <ref>[http://spectator.org/blog/2009/03/17/acorns-federal-judge ACORN's Federal Judge] The American Spectator, March 17, 2009</ref> One of Hamilton's rulings in Indiana made national headlines. <ref>[http://creepingsharia.wordpress.com/2009/03/28/obamas-7th-circuit-nominee-“allah”-yes-“jesus”-no/ Obama’s 7th Circuit Nominee: “Allah” Yes, “Jesus” No] ''Creeping Sharia''</ref>

{{cquote|"He ruled that prayers in [[Jesus]]’ name at the Indiana House of Representatives were unconstitutional, but prayers to Allah were not." }}

Also, he ruled against placing a [[menorah]] in the Indiana Municipal Building's holiday display. <ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/11/17/democrats-poised-end-gop-filibuster-controversial-court-nominee/ Democrats End GOP Filibuster Against Controversial Court Nominee, FoxNews, November 17, 2009]</ref>

Hamilton stated in a 2003 speech that the role of a judge includes "writing footnotes to the Constitution" and believes "empathy" should influence a judge's decision making. <ref name="Fox">[http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/11/05/vote-nears-obamas-judicial-nominee-stirs-controversy/ Obama's First Judicial Nomination Re-Ignites Controversy Ahead of Vote, FoxNews, November 6, 2009]</ref> Also in 2003, Hamilton struck down part of an Indiana law compelling [[abortion]] clinics to provide women with information about alternatives to abortion -- a decision that was later overturned.

In 2008, Hamilton ruled to strike down a law requiring sex offenders to release detailed, personal information, including e-mail addresses and Internet screen names, and to submit to routine search warrants. <ref name="Fox"></ref>

Republican Sen. [[Jeff Sessions]] of [[Alabama]] blasted Hamilton for using his position to "drive a political agenda," and "This is not the type of service that should be rewarded with a promotion....the president should be informed that his nominee is not qualified."

The liberal-leaning [[American Bar Association]] has determined that Hamilton is "not qualified" for his position. <ref>[http://www.sba-list.org/siteapps/advocacy/ActionItem.aspx?c=ddJBKJNsFqG&b=5424609&aid=13354&msource=c4alerts Oppose David Hamilton, SBA.org]</ref>

==Filibuster attempt==
Conservatives in the Senate were strongly opposed to the Hamilton nomination. Sen. [[Jeff Sessions]] led the filibuster but it failed when all Democrats voted in favor as well as 10 Republicans. The nomination moved forward and Hamilton was confirmed by the Senate.

==References==
<references/>

==External Links==
*[http://www.prayinjesusname.org/uploads/File/AgainstHamilton/AgainstHamiltonFlyer8x11.pdf Church flyer urging church members to stop the nomination of Judge Hamilton]
[[Category:Barack Hussein Obama]]
{{liberalism}}

Hemoglobin

2010-11-21T18:25:27Z

PaulBurnett: changed "blood" to "hemoglobin" // cleaning up language

'''Hemoglobin''' is the iron-containing [[protein]] in red [[blood]] cells that carries oxygen to the [[cell|cells]] of the body. The iron component in hemoglobin gives it a red color when carrying oxygen.

[[Category:Biology]]
[[Category:Anatomy]]

Molly Ringwald

2010-11-21T18:15:45Z

PaulBurnett: added birthdate

'''Molly Ringwald''' (born February 18, 1968) is an American actress famous for her membership of the [[Brat Pack]] and her roles in [[Sweet Sixteen]] and [[The Breakfast Club]]. Poor movie role choices as she started to leave her teen years derailed her career. She passed up the role in ''Pretty Woman'' that made [[Julia Roberts]] famous.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ringwald, Molly}}

[[Category:Actresses]]

The Lord of the Rings

2010-11-14T05:03:33Z

PaulBurnett: /* Reception */ fixed typo - acknownledged > acknowledged

[[Image:Mhjfjfr7.jpg|thumb|350px|The covers for the three volumes of ''The Lord of the Rings'', designed by Tolkien.]]

'''''The Lord of the Rings''''' is a lengthy fantasy novel written by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]. ''The Lord of the Rings'' is considered one of the most influential works of the [[fantasy]] genre in modern times.

The story of ''The Lord of the Rings'' is about the war of the peoples of Middle-Earth against a Dark Lord named Sauron, the eponymous "Lord of the Rings". The most powerful ring falls into the hands of a hobbit named Frodo Baggins, who is sent on a quest to destroy the One Ring deep within the enemy territory of Mordor.

== Creation ==

The Lord of the Rings was published in three parts in the years 1954 and 1955, and was preceded by the prologue, ''[[The Hobbit]]''.

=== Writing ===
After the success of his earlier book ''[[The Hobbit]]'', Tolkien's publishers persuaded him to write a sequel. He began writing in December of 1937, but the first drafts were still far away from the finished version. After writing and re-writing the beginning several times, Tolkien realized the role of the [[One Ring (Middle-earth)|One Ring]] and the quest it entailed in the spring of 1938, while writing the discussion between Gildor Inglorion and the later [[Frodo Baggins]]. This was the point upon which the back story and central quest that would be ''The Lord of the Rings'' came together in his mind. It was also the point that he firmly set the book's plot into his already existing [[Middle-earth]] legendarium. Whereas the ''The Hobbit'' had before been separate from his Middle-earth mythology, while still borrowing ideas, names, and persons from it, Tolkien now consciously moved it and its sequel into the Middle-earth setting. This resulted in the changes in tone, and in the meaning of formerly unimportant things as the 'magic ring' and the Necromancer, who both literally gained importance in the sequel. While the ''The Hobbit'' was written as a story intended for his children, ''The Lord of the Rings'' due to the realization of the later plot, soon became an epic tale of much greater proportions, both in plot and in length.

The earlier drafts and versions of ''The Lord of the Rings'' were published posthumously by his son Christopher Tolkien in ''The History of The Lord of the Rings'' (1988-1992), which are volumes VI–IX of ''The History of Middle-earth''.

In the story of the Middle-earth legendarium, ''The Hobbit'' appears as Bilbo's story of his journey and the finding of the Ring, while ''The Lord of the Rings'' are Frodo's later additions of the War of the Ring, both of which form the ''[[Red Book of Westmarch]]''.

=== Publication ===
Although often wrongly thought to be a [[trilogy]], ''The Lord of the Rings'' was conceived by the author as a single work. Its internal structure divides it into six 'books', named Book I-VI, according to the plot, with several appendices and an index. Because of paper shortages, the amount of paper needed and to reduce financial risk, it was released by the publisher [[Allen & Unwin]] in three volumes, each containing two Books:
#''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' 
#''[[The Two Towers]]'' 
#''[[The Return of the King]]'' 
This resulted in the common error of calling ''The Lord of the Rings'' a [[trilogy]], a term which Tolkien rejected, just as he disliked the book being published in separate volumes. The first two volumes were published in 1954, and the third in 1955. It was initially published in hardbound.

In 1965 an American paperback publisher released a "pirated" paperback edition, paying Tolkien nothing, in the belief that Tolkien's copyright in the U. S. was defective because of a technicality. Tolkien reached a legal settlement with this publisher, and another publisher released an authorized edition for which Tolkien was paid royalties. The book was an instant success, particularly among college students.

== Story ==
=== Background story ===
In the [[Second Age (Middle-earth)|Second Age]] the Dark Lord [[Sauron]] created the [[One Ring (Middle-earth)|One Ring]] to help him conquer the peoples of Middle-earth. The [[Quendi|Elves]] and [[Man (Middle-earth)|Men]] of Middle-earth, led by High King Gil-galad of the [[Noldor]] and King Elendil of the [[Arnor|Dúnedain]], formed the ''[[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]'' to fight him. Sauron was defeated and the Ring cut from his hand, thus the ''[[War of the Last Alliance]]'' ended, beginning the [[Third Age (Middle-earth)|Third Age]].

The story takes place at a time when the Elves, immortal and fairest of all beings in the world, are leaving the war-weary world to sail to the blessed realm of [[Valinor]]. With the departure of the Elves, the Age of Men has come. But the Dark Lord [[Sauron]], not truly killed at the end of the last Age, has been regaining power over the millennia since his defeat. Instrumental in his survival was the [[One Ring (Middle-earth)|One Ring]], which had kept him alive, and for which he now searches. This Ring, which had been lost for millennia, fell by chance into the hands of the [[hobbit]] [[Bilbo Baggins]], the story of which is told in ''[[The Hobbit]]''. At the beginning of ''The Lord of the Rings'', sixty years have passed since Bilbo found the One Ring.

=== The Fellowship of the Ring ===
==== Book I ====
The [[Hobbit]] [[Bilbo Baggins]] celebrates his 111th birthday, after which he leaves [[Shire (Middle-earth)|the Shire]] to travel once more, leaving his home Bag End and his [[One Ring (Middle-earth)|magic ring]] to his heir [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]].

In [[Middle-earth chronology|T.A.]] 3018, Frodo is visited by his old friend, the Wizard [[Gandalf]], who tells him of the Ring's history and gives him the task of taking the Ring to the [[Quendi|Elven]] refuge [[Rivendell]]. Frodo leaves the Shire joined by his friends [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam Gamgee]], [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry Brandybuck]], and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin Took]], all the while pursued by the mysterious otherworldly [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]], servants of Sauron. After an adventurous time they arrive in [[Breeland|Bree]], where they meet the human Ranger [[Aragorn|Strider]]. With his help they manage the make the last stretch of the way to the Ford of [[Bruinen]] at Rivendell.

==== Book II ====
The group have made it to [[Rivendell]], where the Council of Elrond decides over further action. The Ring shall be destroyed, which can only be done in [[Mount Doom]] in Sauron's land [[Mordor]] where it was forged. A group of companions are chosen to accompany Frodo on his quest, forming the Fellowship of the Ring: the hobbits Frodo, Sam, Merry, and Pippin, the Wizard [[Gandalf|Gandalf the Grey]], [[Gimli son of Glóin|Gimli]] the Dwarf, [[Legolas]] the Elf, and the Men [[Boromir]] of [[Gondor]] and [[Aragorn|Aragorn of the Dúnedain]]. The Fellowship journeys south, and after failing to cross the [[Misty Mountains]], goes under them through the Dwarven [[Khazad-dûm|Mines of Moria]]. There they are attacked by Orcs and lose their leader Gandalf to the [[Balrog]]. The Fellowship rest in the Elven realm [[Lothlórien]], and continue by boat down the river [[Anduin]]. At the Falls of Rauros they rest again, and Boromir tries unsuccessfully to take the Ring from Frodo. While the Fellowship searches for him, Frodo secretly leaves them behind to continue his quest all by himself, but Sam catches up with him and joins him on his way to Mordor.

=== The Two Towers ===
==== Book III ====
Boromir is mortally wounded defending Merry and Pippin from Orcs. Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli decide to follow the Orcs into [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]] to rescue the kidnapped hobbits. Merry and Pippin manage to escape [[Saruman]]'s Orcs at [[Fangorn|Fangorn Forest]], where they meet [[Treebeard]] the Ent. The tree-like Ents hold council, and decide to attack Saruman at [[Isengard]]. In Fangorn Forest Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli meet the returned Gandalf the White, who takes them to the capital [[Edoras]], where they join [[Théoden|King Théoden of Rohan]] in the fight against Saruman. The forces of Rohan prevail against Saruman's armies in the ''Battle of the [[Helm's Deep|Hornburg]]''. Afterwards they go to Isengard to confront Saruman, whom is cast out of the Order by Gandalf. Pippin picks up the ''[[palantír]]'', and alerts Sauron to their presence. Gandalf and Pippin set of for [[Gondor]].

==== Book IV ====
Back in the Emyn Muil, Frodo and Sam journey east towards Mordor, trailed by [[Gollum]]. They capture him and he promises to lead them on their way. They travel though the Dead Marshes to the [[Morannon|Black Gate]], where Gollum leads them south. In [[Ithilien]] they are captured by [[Faramir]] of Gondor, but he releases them after hearing about their quest. Gollum leads them to and abandons them at the Pass of [[Cirith Ungol]], where they are attacked by the giant spider Shelob. Assuming Frodo dead, Sam takes the Ring to finish the quest on his own. Frodo's body is taken by a patrol of Orcs, who reveal that Frodo is only paralyzed. Sam, who has secretly followed them, tries to rescue Frodo, but is late and locked out of the Tower of Cirith Ungol.

=== The Return of the King ===
==== Book V ====
Gandalf and Pippin arrive in the city of [[Minas Tirith]], where they meet [[Denethor|Steward Denethor II]] of Gondor, and Pippin enters his service. Aragorn and his companions are joined by a group of Rangers from Rivendell. They go through the [[Ered Nimrais|Paths of the Dead]] and Aragorn summons the Dead Men of Dunharrow to his aid, and then rides east. King Théoden is summoned to Gondor, and the Rohirrim and Merry ride to Minas Tirith. Minas Tirith is besieged by the Sauron's armies. The following ''Battle of the [[Pelennor Fields]]'' is won with the help of the Rohirrim and the arrival of Aragorn with reinforcements from the southern regions of Gondor. Théoden is killed, but Éowyn and Merry slay the [[Witch-king of Angmar]]. Aragorn leads the combined forces of the West against Sauron in a move to distract him from Frodo, resulting in the ''Battle of the [[Morannon|Black Gate]]''.

==== Book VI ====
Sam rescues Frodo and returns the Ring to him. They continue the trek across Mordor. At Mount Doom they are attacked by Gollum. Frodo succumbs to the power of the Ring, claims it as his own and puts it on. Gollum fights him, biting off his finger and taking the Ring, but slips and falls into the [[Sammath Naur|Cracks of Doom]], destroying the Ring. Sauron is defeated and his power crumbles. The ''Battle of the Black Gate'' is won, and Gandalf sends the Eagles to rescue Frodo and Sam. Aragorn becomes King of Arnor and Gondor. Everyone returns homeward, and the hobbits return to [[Shire (Middle-earth)|the Shire]]. The land has been taken over by Saruman and his men, but after the ''Scouring of the Shire'' led by the returned hobbits, Saruman is killed and the hobbits can begin reordering their land. After a few years Frodo, who has been greatly hurt and burdenend though his quest and the Ring, traveled to the [[Mithlond|Grey Havens]]. There he bids his hobbit-friends good-bye, and leaves together with Bilbo, Gandalf, Elrond and Galadriel for the Undying Lands in the West, ending the [[Third Age (Middle-earth)|Third Age]] of Middle-earth. Sam, Merry and Pippin return to the Shire and their homes.

=== Appendices ===
''The Lord of the Rings'' is followed by six appendices, which give more background and detail on the history, peoples, languages, and various other topics of Middle-earth.
* '''Appendix A Annals of the Kings and Rulers''': contains further information on the history of [[Númenor]], [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]], and of the [[Lôgrad|Rohirrim]] and [[Durin's Folk]].
* '''Appendix B The Tale of Years (Chronology of the Westlands)''': contains the timeline and chronicles of the [[Middle-earth chronology|Ages]].
* '''Appendix D Calendars''': the different [[Middle-earth chronology|calendar systems]].
* '''Appendix E Writing and Spelling''': on the pronounciation and the [[Tolkien's scripts|scripts]].
* '''Appendix F''': overview of the [[Tolkien's languages|languages]], and notes on the fictional "translation" of the book from the [[Westron]] language.

== Reception ==
From the beginning, ''The Lord of the Rings'' has received very mixed reviews, which range from high praise to condemnation. ''The Lord of the Rings'' has been considered one of the most influential works on the modern time [[fantasy]] genre.

In 1965, a US-American pirated paperback edition and the surrounding trouble spread awareness of ''The Lord of the Rings'' in the United States, where it soon gained a strong following.

Many times people have tried to interpret ''The Lord of the Rings'' as an [[allegory]]. Tolkien himself renounced that claim, stating he disliked allegory and that the ''The Lord of the Rings'' was not an allegory, which he also explained in the foreword to the book's second edition. Instead of being allegorical, he said that the book had a quality he called "applicability": because it was a story about universal themes and struggles, it could be likened to almost any situation in real life.<ref>"As for any inner meaning or 'message', it has in the intention of the author none. It is neither allegorical nor topical. [...] The real war does not resemble the legendary war in its process or its conclusion. [...] Other arrangements could be devised according to the tastes or views of those who like allegory or topical reference. But I cordially dislike allegory in all its manifestations, and always have done so since I grew old and wary enough to detect its presence. I much prefer history, true or feigned, with its varied applicability to the thought and experience of readers. I think that many confuse 'applicability' with 'allegory'; but the one resides in the freedom of the reader, and the other in the purposed domination of the author.", J. R. R. Tolkien, ''The Lord of the Rings'', Foreword</ref> This universality would result in it often being interpreted as an allegory, sometimes ironically from opposing ideological sides. An example for such an interpretation would be the claim for the book being an allegory of the struggle between Communism and Capitalism.

Tolkien's scarring experiences in [[World War I]] and his distaste for destructive industrialism - seen in the books in his characterization of [[Saruman]]'s armies - has been an influence on his works, as acknowledged by himself.<ref>"An author cannot of course remain wholly unaffected by his experience [...] One has indeed personally to come under the shadow of war to feel fully its oppression; but as the years go by it seems now often forgotten that to be caught in youth by 1914 was no less hideous an experience than to be involved in 1939 and the following years. [...] It has indeed some basis in experience, though slender (for the economic situation was entirely different), and much further back. The country in which I lived in childhood was being shabbily destroyed before I was ten, in days when motor-cars were rare objects (I had never seen one) and men were still building suburban railways. Recently I saw in a paper a picture of the last decrepitude of the once thriving corn-mill beside its pool that long ago seemed to me so important.", J. R. R. Tolkien, ''The Lord of the Rings'', Foreword</ref><ref>John Garth, "Tolkien and the Great War: the Threshold of Middle Earth," available at [http://www.amazon.com/Tolkien-Great-War-Threshold-Middle-earth/dp/0618331298 Amazon.com].</ref>

J. R. R. Tolkien was a [[Roman Catholic]], and many readers see [[Christian]] undertones in ''The Lord of the Rings.'' <ref>"Much as it is possible to identify allegories of the Second World war into ''The Lord of the Rings'', it is possible to identify any number of Christian allegories as well" in Smith, J. and Matthews, J.C. ''The Lord of the Rings:the Films, the books, the radio series'' (Virgin Books 2004), p.116.</ref> Tolkien himself discounts the belief that he wrote the book as a direct Christian allegory--or any other sort of allegory, which he went on record as "cordially disliking" and saw as besides the point of good storytelling in the medieval sense, and preferring "applicability"--in contrast with the overt and acknowledged allegories in the works of Tolkien's friend, [[C. S. Lewis]].<ref>''The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien'', #129</ref> In fact, the question of the value of allegory became a source of debate between Tolkien and his good friend, [[Christian]] [[author]] [[C.S. Lewis]].

== Sequel ==

Tolkies attempted to write a sequel to ''The Lord of the Rings''. Although he did a first draft, he would never complete it. The unfinished work is now part of the 12th volume of ''The History of Middle-earth'', under the title of ''The New Shadow''.

== Adaptions ==
''The Lord of the Rings'' has been adapted full or in part in a variety of media. Among these are films, stage plays and a musical.

=== The Lord of the Rings film trilogy ===
'''''The Lord of the Rings'' film trilogy''' were three films based on the book, all directed by [[Peter Jackson]], produced by New Line Cinema and filmed in New Zealand. The film titles were derived from the three volumes: ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring (film, 2001)|The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' (2001), ''[[The Two Towers (film, 2002)|The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'' (2002) and ''[[The Return of the King (film, 2003)|The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'' (2003).

The films were released annually in cinemas from December 2001 to 2003. DVD releases of the cinema version and Special Extended Editions have also been released for each film. Each extended edition includes four discs, two of bonus material.

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== See also ==
*''[[The Hobbit]]''

{{Middle-earth}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lord of the Rings, The}}
[[Category:Middle-earth]]
[[Category:Lord of the Rings| ]]
[[Category:Novels]]

The Two Towers

2010-11-14T04:55:28Z

PaulBurnett: Changed "who" to "of which" - towers are not "who"s

'''''The Two Towers''''' is the second volume of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', made up of Book III and IV. The title ''The Two Towers'' refers to the towers central to the plot in each Book: Isengard's tower [[Orthanc]] in Book III, and [[Minas Morgul]] in Book IV, both of which are shown on the book cover drawn by Tolkien. [[Peter Jackson]] adapted it for in his popular [[The Two Towers (film, 2002)|2002 film]].

==Book III==
{{Spoiler}}
This part chronicles the battle of [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]] against [[Isengard]]. Isengard is defeated due to the members of the fellowship. It foreshadows the final battle against [[Sauron]]. It also involves the return of [[Gandalf]] in a new more powerful form.

==Book IV==
{{spoiler}}
This part follows the journey of [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] and [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]] into Mordor. It also involves the return of [[Gollum]] (from ''[[The Hobbit]]'') to lead and betray the hobbits. It also includes Boromir's kind brother, Faramir.<ref> ''[[The Two Towers]]'', by J.R.R. Tolkien </ref>

==references==
<references/>

==See also==
*''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
*''[[The Return of the King]]''
*''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Two Towers, The}}
[[Category:Middle-earth]]
[[category:Novels]]

Talk:Monticello

2010-11-14T04:50:53Z

PaulBurnett: Heath Robinson

== Heath Robinson ==

The quote mentioned "Heath Robinson" - the British version of Rube Goldberg - quite anachronistic for an article about Jefferson, as Robinson died in 1944. [[User:PaulBurnett|PaulBurnett]] 23:50, 13 November 2010 (EST)

Benoit Mandelbrot

2010-11-14T01:02:45Z

PaulBurnett: He's dead, and he wasn't Polish - he was born in Poland of French parents

'''Benoit Mandelbrot''' (1924 - 2010) was a Franco-American [[mathematician]] who was born in Poland. He is most famous for his work an [[fractal]]s (a term which he coined) and [[chaos theory]] in general. <ref>[http://www.math.yale.edu/mandelbrot/web_docs/VitaOnePage.doc] Vita (doc) </ref>

==References==
<references />

Shipping

2010-11-14T00:57:33Z

PaulBurnett: Changed "San Francisco" to "San Francisco Bay" - that's the Bay Bridge in the background

[[Image:Container vessels.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Container ships, San Francisco Bay.]]
'''Shipping''' is the transportation of goods and [[cargo]]. Over 90% of world trade is carried by the international shipping industry, and without shipping the import and export of goods on the scale necessary for the modern world would not be possible.<ref>''British Chamber of Shipping'' [http://www.british-shipping.org/index.htm British Shipping] Accessed July 12 2007</ref> In 2003, the international shipping industry transported 6.2 billion tonnes of cargo.<ref>'''Clarkson Research Studies''' ''The Tramp Shipping
Market''[http://www.marisec.org/ClarksonReportFinalDraft.pdf] Accessed July 12 2007</ref> The British Chamber of Shipping asserts that there are around 50,000 merchant ships trading internationally, transporting every kind of cargo, registered in over 150 nations, and manned by over a million seafarers of virtually every nationality.<ref>''British Chamber of Shipping'' op cit</ref>

==Types of vessel in the world merchant fleet==
*[[Container (shipping)|Container]] ships - These carry most of the world's manufactured goods and products, usually through scheduled liner services.
*Bulk carriers - These transport raw materials such as [[iron ore]], grain, fertilizers and [[coal]].
*Tankers - These transport [[crude oil]], chemicals and [[petroleum]] products.
*Ferries and Cruise ships - Ferries perform short journeys, carrying a combination of passengers, cars and commercial vehicles, while cruise ships operate as "floating hotels".
*Combination Passenger and Cargo Ships - These must have a capacity for 13 or more passengers.<ref>U.S. Department of Transportation Maritime Administration ''Ships'' [http://www.marad.dot.gov/publications/glossary/glossary.html Glossary] Accessed July 12 2007</ref>
*Specialist vessels - These include anchor handling and supply vessels for the offshore oil industry, salvage tugs, ice breakers and research vessels.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Economics]][[Category:Shipping Terms]][[Category:Transportation]]

Phenylketonuria

2010-11-14T00:55:23Z

PaulBurnett: Added "PKU" and a bit more gtechnical language

'''Phenylketonuria''' (PKU) is an autosomal recessive metabolic genetic disorder that causes a deficiency in the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. This enzyme normally metabolizes the [[amino acid]] phenylalanine into the amino acid tyrosine. If left untreated, the condition causes a build-up of phenylalanine in the tissues, which can lead to brain damage. If caught early, it can be controlled by a diet low in phenylalanine and high in tyrosine. There is no known cure.

==External links==
*[http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Phenylketonuria.html Phenylketonuria] description
*[http://www.pkunews.org/ Phenylketonuria News]
*[http://phenylketonuria.researchtoday.net/ Phenylketonuria Research Today]
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/14/health/14genetic.html?_r=1&ref=us&oref=slogin New York Times article]

[[Category:Diseases]]

Talk:History of entropy

2010-11-14T00:52:34Z

PaulBurnett:

The concept is definitely not considered poorly understood, at least not on the level discussed here and not by the majority of scientists. And it would be interesting to see a citation for Neumanns quote.

--[[User:Stitch75|Stitch75]] 20:42, 16 May 2008 (EDT)

: "John Von Neumann is reputed to have told Claude Shannon, the founder of information theory, that he should call his quantity H informational entropy, because it would give him a great advantage at conferences where no one really understood what entropy was anyway." - http://www.usenix.org/publications/login/2001-06/pdfs/burgess.pdf - [[User:PaulBurnett|PaulBurnett]] 19:52, 13 November 2010 (EST)

Breakcore

2010-11-07T15:25:50Z

PaulBurnett: cleaning up English

Breakcore (from '''break'''beat and hard'''core''') is a genre of modern music with roots in [[breakbeat]], [[IDM]], [[jungle]] and [[gabber]]. Breakcore is defined by its extreme, broken-beat sound and tempos in excess of 200 beats per minute. This is usually created by digitally slicing up drum loops and arranging them intricately inside computer programs, along with samples of various songs or instruments. Popular artists include Venetian Snares, Alec Empire, Bong-Ra, DJ Scud and dev/null.
[[Category:Musical Genres]]

Estate tax

2010-11-07T15:22:39Z

PaulBurnett: cleaning up English

An '''estate tax''' or '''inheritance tax''' is a [[tax]] on the privilege of transferring [[property]] to others after a person's death. In addition to federal estate taxes, many states have their own estate taxes. Conservatives dislike estate taxes and call them ''death taxes''.

The Federal and state governments levy estate taxes in the U.S. As per legislation passed in 2001 and 2003, the federal tax is zero in 2010, and will return to 55% on sums over $2 million in 2011. There will be no tax on the first $1 million.

There is no tax on money given to charity.

There is no tax on money received from a life insurance policy on a deceased.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Taxation]]

Felix Mendelssohn

2010-11-07T15:20:21Z

PaulBurnett: corrected "stokes" to "strokes"

[[Image:Mendelssohn.jpg|220px|left]]
Jacob Ludwig '''Felix Mendelssohn'''-Bartholdy (1809-1847), [[German]] composer and conductor, was born into a privileged and intellectual [[Jewish]] [[Hamburg]] family who converted to [[Christianity]] (and added the Bartholdy) when he was 7. From a young age he had the opportunity to meet and be affected by the scientific and literary greats of German society through his family; and from a young age his genius was recognized.

By his mid-teens he had written 13 string [[Symphony|symphonies]] and an [[opera]], and at seventeen wrote two of the pieces for which he is famous today – the [[overture]] to [[“A Midsummer Night’s Dream”]] and the equally charming [[Octet]]. From the age of twenty he travelled extensively for the next 16 years (he was particularly welcome in [[England]] where he was a favourite of the royal family) before settling in Leipzig to found the [[conservatorium]] there and conduct the famous Gewandhaus [[orchestra]].

He is counted with [[Robert Schumann]] and [[Frederic Chopin]] – who were both a year younger – as the leaders of a more lyrical, less dramatic, romanticism. His music is exceptionally tuneful, always approachable, but sometimes seems facile, even banal. He wrote in all forms, although his operatic works were either withdrawn or unfinished. Many are descriptive works; even his symphonies, two of which reflect his travels (the “[[Scottish]]” and the “[[Italian]]”) and others, such as the “[[Reformation]]” with definite programmes. He was one of the first to use the stand-alone - or concert - overture as a musical form. (The overture to “A Midsummer Night’s Dream” is one, written many years before he was commissioned to write the incidental music for an actual performance of the play; and the “Hebrides” overture (“Fingal’s Cave”) is a concert favourite and one of the great musical seascapes.) He wrote one of the great 19th century violin concertos, and his [[oratorio]] “[[Elijah]]”, written late in life, is a masterpiece.
favourite
His works include:
*Five Symphonies, only the first of which is “un-named”; (No.2: “Hymn of Praise”; No.3: “Scottish”; No.4: “Italian”; No.5: “Reformation”.)
*Other orchestral music include the early “string symphonies”, a number of concert overtures and incidental music for six plays; 2 piano concertos, and the violin concerto.
* His [[choral]] music includes two major oratorios (“[[St. Paul]]” and “Elijah”) and much else ([[psalm]]s, [[cantata]]s, [[hymn]]s, over 60 choral songs.)
* He wrote over 70 songs, 12 duets and some concert arias.
* His [[chamber music]] includes a number of string quartets, piano quartets, 2 delightful piano trios, sonatas for clarinet, cello, viola and violin, and other works.
* He wrote for the organ and the piano - his “Songs without Words” are particular favourites.
[[Image:Mendelssohn album.jpg|thumb|Mendelssohn's score]]
Mendelssohn has a prominent place in the history of conducting. He was one of the first to use the modern baton; and pioneered the use of a single conductor in choral woks. (Previously the conductor directed the choir, leaving the orchestra to the first violin.) He can also be given credit for his part in the resurrection of the music of [[J.S. Bach]], which had been neglected for generations.

Felix Mendelssohn died after a series of strokes in 4th November 1847, only months after the sudden death of his much loved sister, [[Fannie Mendelssohn]]-Bartholdy (Hensel) of an aneurysm. His ill-health in the final months of his life was exacerbated by his grief and almost certainly hastened his much too early death.

== See also ==
*[[Johann Sebastian Bach]]
*[[Robert Schumann]]
*[[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]]
*[[Music]]

== References ==

Reference: “The Grove Dictionary of Music”

[[Category: Composers]]
{{DEFAULTSORT: Mendelssohn, Felix}}

First Punic War

2010-11-07T15:13:09Z

PaulBurnett: /* Setting the Stage */ cleaning up grammar

The '''First Punic War''' (264 B.C. to 241 B.C.) was between the growing power of [[Roman Republic|Rome]] and the established empire of [[Carthage]].

==Setting the Stage==

Carthage was situated in northern Africa but was renowned for its powerful merchant fleets throughout most of the [[Mediterranean]] for centuries. Rome had secured the Italian peninsula through the might of its armies. The nearby large island of [[Sicily]] was a natural place for Rome to expand. Carthage had been active in Sicily for quite some time and considered the island to be part of its sphere of influence.

The leaders of the Mamertines of Messana, engaged in war with [[Hiero II]] of [[Syracuse]] in Sicily (265 B.C.), sent for assistance for Carthage to aid them in their struggle. Carthage had a long history of conflict with Syracuse over Sicily. Carthage answered the call. At the same time another Mamertine faction had asked Rome to help out against Syracuse. Carthage came and set up shop in Messana, but the Romans arrived and drove then out. Carthage and Hiero II then made an alliance and together besieged the Romans, but were repelled by a Roman army under Appius Caldius Caudex (264 B.C.). Caudex then besieged Syracuse, but was also unsuccessful. Nevertheless, Roman successes under Marcus Valerius Maximus against other areas in eastern Sicily caused Hiero II to make peace and support an alliance with Rome against Carthage, at least in name (263 B.C.). The minor players were out of the way. The stage had now been set for a battle of the titans between Rome and Carthage. The war would continue for over 20 years.

==The War==

==Terms==

The disaster forced Carthage to make peace, even under harsh terms, after first crucifying [[Hanno]]. Carthage agreed to evacuate Sicily and to pay Rome 3,200 gold talents (hundreds of millions in today's dollars) over a period of 10 years. Rome permitted [[Syracuse]] to retain control over eastern Sicily, but organized Sicily as its first overseas province. Rome was coming into its own.

==Sources==

* Encyclopedia of Military History, Dupuy & Dupuy, 1979
* An Encyclopedia of World History, Kingston Press, 1946

[[Category:Wars]]

Center for Science and Culture

2010-10-30T22:01:58Z

PaulBurnett: included its original title

[[Image:CSC.png|right|thumb|250px|The logo of the Center for Science and Culture]]
The '''Center for Science and Culture''' is a [[Discovery Institute]] program, founded in 1996 as the "Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture," changing to its current name in 2002. The Center:
*supports [[research]] by [[scientist]]s and other scholars challenging various aspects of neo-[[Darwin]]ian theory;
*supports research by scientists and other scholars developing the scientific theory known as [[intelligent design]];
*supports research by scientists and scholars in the social sciences and humanities exploring the impact of scientific [[materialism]] on [[culture]].
*encourages [[school]]s to improve [[science]] [[education]] by teaching students more fully about the theory of [[evolution]], including the theory's scientific weaknesses as well is its strengths.<ref>Source: ''About CSC'' [http://www.crsc.org/aboutCSC.php CSC]</ref>

The center has more than 40 Fellows, including [[Biology|biologists]], [[Biochemistry|biochemists]], [[Chemistry|chemists]], [[Physics|physicists]], [[Philosophy|philosophers]] and [[History|historians]] of science, and public policy and [[Law|legal]] experts, many of whom are affiliated with [[college]]s and [[University|universities]]. The current (2008) director is [[Stephen Meyer|Dr. Stephen Meyer]].<ref>Source:''About CSC'' [http://www.crsc.org/aboutCSC.php CSC]</ref>

* it has been a particular interest of the Center to counter the idea that science supports the unscientific philosophy of materialism [http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/filesDB-download.php?id=349]

==External links==
*[http://www.discovery.org/csc/ Official website]
*[http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/filesDB-download.php?id=349 "The Wedge Document": "So What?"]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[category:science]]

Richard Kiel

2010-10-17T01:36:48Z

PaulBurnett: oops - forgot to clean up

'''Richard Kiel''' (born September 13, 1939) is a 7 feet 2 inches tall actor best known for playing the role of "Jaws" in the James Bond movies ''The Spy Who Loved Me'' and ''Moonraker''. A strong [[Christian]], he has enjoyed giving his testimony at churches around the country, although he hasn't been as active in recent years due to walking difficulties. Recognizing his size has made him notable, Kiel has played off of this with his tongue-in-cheek autobiography titled ''Making It Big in the Movies''. Outspoken even in his writings about his Christian faith, Kiel devotes an entire chapter on using Christian principles in business.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kiel, Richard }}

[[Category:Religious People]]
[[Category:Actors]]
[[Category:Christians]]

Richard Kiel

2010-10-17T01:35:36Z

PaulBurnett: added missing "he" // added stats

Chemical compound

2010-10-17T01:31:40Z

PaulBurnett: /* Structural formula */ Removed "Thus a simplified structural formula for acetic acid might look like the one at left." - therre is no drawing at left

A [[chemical compound]] is any substance that consists of two or more [[chemical element]]s always associated with one another in the same proportion, and that has certain properties deriving from that association that define and distinguish it from other substances.<ref>Wile, Dr. Jay L. ''Exploring Creation With Chemistry''. Apologia Educational Ministries, Inc. 1998</ref>

A compound is one example of a [[pure substance]]. (The other is a [[chemical element]].)

== Types of Compounds ==
Two types of chemical compounds are known to [[chemistry]]. They are ''molecular compounds'' and ''ionic compounds.''

=== Ionic Compound ===
An ''ionic compound'' is any substance consisting of two or more [[ionic bond|ionically-bonded]] atoms.

Table salt ([[sodium chloride]]) is a good example of an ionic compound. As a pure solid, salt consists of [[sodium]] and [[chlorine|chloride]] atoms tightly associated in a crystal lattice. When salt dissolves, these atoms [[dissociate]] and become sodium ions and chloride ions, distributed throughout the [[solvent]]. No such thing as "a molecule of salt" can ever be said to exist (since salt is a crystal), however one NaCl unit is referred to as a ''formula unit.''

Ionic compounds typically dissolve only in ''polar'' solvents (see below).

=== Molecular Compound ===
A ''molecular compound'' is a compound which is composed of atoms joined by [[covalent bond]]s. In contrast to the formula unit of ionic crystals, the basic unit of a molecular compound is the ''molecule''. A molecule is the smallest particle of a compound that retains the unique defining properties of that compound.

Molecules may be either ''polar'' or ''nonpolar''. Polar molecules have an unequal distribution of electric charge among their atoms, giving them distinct positive and negative regions. The charge in any region of a polar molecule is almost never equal to the full charge on, say, a single [[proton]] or [[electron]]. If it were, then the particle would be an ion. Nonpolar molecules distribute their electrons evenly and thus have no partial positive or partial negative charge on any aspect of them.

In general, polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents, and nonpolar solutes dissolve in nonpolar solvents. Ionic compounds (see above) typically dissolve only in polar solvents.

Molecular compounds are also either ''organic'' or ''inorganic''. [[Organic compound]]s contain carbon; inorganic compounds do not. Polyatomic ions may also be organic or inorganic -- though an organic polyatomic ion is usually a dissociated weak organic acid of the form R-COOH, where R is the rest, or ''residue'', of the molecule.

== Descriptors of Compounds ==
=== Chemical Formula ===
: ''Main Article: [[Chemical formula]]''

The ''chemical formula'' of any compound (ionic or molecular) is either a list of the [[chemical symbol]]s of its constituent elements, with subscripts to describe their ratio, or else a slightly more complex listing or even a drawing intended to describe not merely the ratio of the constituent elements but also their arrangement. A chemical compound might have as many as three types of formulas.

==== Simple formula ====
The ''simple formula'' simply lists the elements in symbolic form, with subscripts to describe their ratio. For example, [[water]] consists of two parts [[hydrogen]] and one part [[oxygen]]. Its simple formula is, therefore, H2O, that of the basic solute of common household vinegar ([[acetic acid]]) is C2H4O2 (This is often written as CH3COOH to better reflect its structure), and that of common salt is NaCl. One usually describes an ionic compound only by a simple formula, though exceptions do exist.

==== Graphic formula ====
The ''graphic formula'' is a one-line list of the elements intended to show the physical orientation of the constituent atoms to one another. For example, the graphic formula of water is HOH. From this rendering, one can readily see that the water molecule has an atom of hydrogen to either side of an atom of oxygen. (This is a slight oversimplification.) The graphic formula of acetic acid is CH3COOH, and from this formula one can picture the acetic acid molecule as consisting of one atom of carbon, with three atoms of hydrogen bound to it, and also bound to another atom of carbon that in turn has two atoms of oxygen bound to it, one of which has an atom of hydrogen bound on its other side.

==== Structural formula ====
The ''structural formula'' is an often elaborate two-dimensional drawing showing the relationship of the various atoms to one another. The structural formula for water would be H-O-H if one habitually used a structural formula to describe water.

The most elaborate type of structural formula would mention each and every atom in the molecule, including hydrogen. But commonly used structural formulas for organic compounds typically leave off any hydrogen atoms bound to carbon (and assume that hydrogen atoms are bound to any vacant positions on any carbon atoms), and represent the carbon atoms as corners in an angular drawing of the backbone of the molecule.

Here one assumes that a carbon atom resides at the end of the backbone and at the center, with three hydrogen atoms occupying the vacant spaces on the carbon atom at the end.

Organic compounds have graphic and structural formulas; such formulas are usually unnecessary to the description of inorganic compounds.

==== SMILES ====
: ''Main Article: [[Simplified molecular input line entry specification|SMILES]]

The '''simplified molecular input line entry specification''' is a one-line specification of a structural formula that does not require any special data types or drawings. For details, see the linked main article. The SMILES for [[carbon dioxide]] is O=C=O, and that for acetic acid is CC(=O)O. The SMILES for sodium chloride is <nowiki>[Na+].[Cl-]</nowiki>, a form that emphasizes the character of this compound as a crystal or other pairing of disconnected ions.

=== Formula Mass ===
The ''formula mass'' of any compound (ionic or molecular) is equal to the sum of the [[atomic mass]]es of its constituent elements. If the compound is molecular, then the terms ''molecular mass'' or ''molar mass'' may properly describe this quantity.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Chemistry]]
[[Category:Chemical Compounds]]

USS Arizona (BB-39)

2010-10-17T01:11:57Z

PaulBurnett: /* Aftermath */ removed extraneous (BB-39) and added italics

{{Ship
| name=USS ''Arizona'' (BB-39)
| image=USSArizona1.jpg
| caption=
| flag-raw=[[File:48 star flag.png|40px]] [[Image:US Naval Jack 48 stars.png|30px]]
| flag-caption=
| owner=United States Navy
| built=Brooklyn Navy Yard Brooklyn, New York
| authorized=4 March 1914
| keellaid=16 March 1914
| launched=19 June 1915
| commissioned=17 October 1916
| retired=
| status=Memorial wreck Sunk during attack on Pearl Harbor 7 December 1941
| type=Battleship ''Pennsylvania''-class
| displ=31,400 t
| length=608 ft
| beam=97 ft at waterline 106 ft main deck
| draft=28.8 ft
| speed=21 knots
| test=
| armament=12 × 14 in main guns 22 × 5 in secondary guns 4 × 3 in guns 2 × 21 in torpedo tubes
| aircraft=3 OS2U-2 Kingfisher floatplanes (July 1941)
| crew=1,081 officers and men
| troops=
| pass=
|}
}}
'''USS ''Arizona''''' (BB-39), the third ship of the United States Navy to bear the name, and the first to honor Arizona after statehood, was a [[battleship]] best known for her tragic loss at [[Pearl Harbor]] on December 7, 1941.
==Early years==
''Arizona'', a 31,400 ton [[Pennsylvania-class battleship|''Pennsylvania''-class]] battleship built at the New York Navy Yard, Brooklyn, New York, was commissioned in October, 1916. After shakedown cruise off the east coast and in the Caribbean, she operated out of Norfolk, Virginia, until November 1918, when she made a brief cruise to France. She made a second cruise to European waters in April-June 1919, proceeding as far east as [[Turkey]]. During much of 1920-21, the battleship was in the western Atlantic and Caribbean areas, but paid two visits to [[Peru]] in 1921 in her first excursions into the Pacific. From August 1921 until 1929, ''Arizona'' was based in Southern California, making occasional cruises to the Caribbean or [[Hawaii]] during major U.S. Fleet exercises.
==Transfer to Pacific==
In 1929-31, ''Arizona'' was modernized at the Norfolk Navy Yard, Portsmouth, Virginia, emerging with a radically altered appearance and major improvements to her armament and protection; this included replacing her "cage" masts with sturdier tripods. In March 1931, she transported President [[Herbert Hoover]] and his party to [[Puerto Rico]] and the [[Virgin Islands]]. In August of that year, ''Arizona'' returned to the Pacific, continuing her operations with the fleet during the next decade. From 1940, she, and the other Pacific Fleet battleships, were based at Pearl Harbor on the orders of President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]].

''Arizona’s'' last fleet problem was XXI. At its conclusion, the United States Fleet was retained in Hawaiian waters, based at Pearl Harbor. She operated in the Hawaiian Operating Area until late that summer, when she returned to Long Beach on 30 September 1940. She was then overhauled at the Puget Sound Navy Yard, Bremerton, Wash., into the following year. Her last flag change-of-command occurred on January 23, 1941, when Rear Admiral Isaac C. Kidd relieved Rear Admiral Willson as Commander, Battleship Division 1.

The battleship returned to Pearl Harbor on February 3, 1941 to resume the intensive training maintained by the Pacific Fleet. She made one last visit to the west coast, clearing “Pearl” on June 11, 1941 for Long Beach, ultimately returning to her Hawaiian base on July 8. Over the next five months, she continued exercises and battle problems of various kinds on type training and tactical exercises in the Hawaiian operating area. She underwent a brief overhaul at the Pearl Harbor Navy Yard commencing on October, 27, 1941, receiving the foundation for a search radar atop her foremast. She conducted her last training in company with her division mates ''Nevada'' (BB-36) and ''Oklahoma'' (BB-37), conducting a night firing exercise on the night of December 4, 1941. All three ships moored at quays ("keys") along Ford Island on the 5th, with ''Arizona'' mooring at berth F-7.

Scheduled to receive a tender availability, ''Arizona'' took the repair ship ''Vestal'' (AR-l) alongside her port side on Saturday, December 6. The two ships thus lay moored together on the morning of December 7; among the men on board ''Arizona'' that morning were Rear Admiral Issac Kidd and the battleship’s captain, Captain Franklin van Valkenburgh, and Lt.Col. Daniel R. Fox, USMC, the division marine officer.
==December 7, 1941==
[[Image:USSArizona2.jpg|thumb|200px|right|USS ''Arizona'' on December 7, 1941]]
Shortly before 0800, Japanese aircraft from six fleet carriers struck the Pacific Fleet as it lay in port at Pearl Harbor, and in the ensuing two attack waves, wreaked devastation on the Battle Line and on air and military facilities defending Pearl Harbor.

On board ''Arizona'', the ship’s air raid alarm went off about 0755, and the ship went to general quarters soon thereafter. Insofar as it could be determined soon after the attack, the ship sustained eight bomb hits. The one that most likely caused the ship’s destruction came from the 800-kilogram bomb dropped by the [[Nakajima B5N|Nakajima B5N2 Type 97]] carrier attack plane commanded by Lt. Comdr. Kasumi Tadashi, of the carrier ''Hiryu’s'' air unit, that glanced off the face plate of Turret II and penetrated the deck to explode in the black powder magazine, which in turn set off adjacent smokeless powder magazines. A cataclysmic explosion ripped through the forward part of the ship, touching off fierce fires that burned for two days; debris showered down on Ford Island in the vicinity.

Acts of heroism on the part of ''Arizona’s'' officers and men, sailors and marines, were many, headed by those of Lt. Comdr. Samuel G. Fuqua, the ship’s first lieutenant and senior surviving officer on board, whose coolness in attempting to quell the fires and get survivors off the ship earned him the Medal of Honor. Fuqua’s “calmness,” Sgt. John M. Baker, USMC, a survivor of the battleship’s marine detachment, later recounted, “gave me courage, and I looked around to see if I could help.” Posthumous awards of the Medal of Honor also went to Rear Admiral Kidd, the first flag officer to be killed in the Pacific war, and to Capt. Van Valkenburgh, who reached the bridge and was attempting to fight his ship when the bomb hit on the magazines destroyed her.

The blast that destroyed ''Arizona'' and sank her at her berth alongside of Ford Island consumed the lives of 1,177 of the 1,512 men on board at the time—over half of the casualties suffered by the entire fleet on the “Day of Infamy.”

==Aftermath==
[[Image:USSArizona3.jpg|thumb|200px|right|USS ''Arizona'' Memorial]]
Placed “in ordinary” at Pearl Harbor on 29 December 1941, ''Arizona'' was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on December 1, 1942. Her wreck was cut down so that very little of the superstructure lay above water; her after main battery turrets and guns were removed to be emplaced as coast defense guns. ''Arizona’s'' wreck remains at Pearl Harbor, a memorial to the men of her crew lost that December morn in 1941. On 7 March 1950, Admiral Arthur W. Radford, Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet, instituted the raising of colors over ''Arizona’s'' remains, and legislation during the administrations of Presidents [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] and [[John F. Kennedy]] designated the wreck a national shrine. A memorial was built spanning the ship; it was dedicated on 30 May 1962.

''Arizona'' was awarded one battle star for her service in World War II. Twenty-three ships (destroyers, destroyer escorts and high speed transports) were named in honor of men from ''Arizona’s'' ship’s company who perished that morning.

==References==
*[http://www.history.navy.mil/docs/wwii/pearl/ph21.htm Battle report dated December 13, 1941, submitted by ''Arizona's'' senior surviving officers]

{{License|license = This work is in the [[public domain]] in the United States because it is a work of the United States Federal Government under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the US Code.| source = [http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/a11/arizona-ii.htm][http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-a/bb39.htm]}}

{{DEFAULTSORT: Arizona, USS}}
[[Category:Ships]][[Category:warships]][[category:battleships]][[category:World War II]]

Indochina

2010-10-17T01:05:22Z

PaulBurnett: the by > by the

'''Indochina''' refers to the area occupied by the three modern states [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]] and [[Vietnam]]. It was a French colony from the late 1800s until 1954. The countries gained their independence in the [[First Indochina War]].

During [[World War II]], Indochina was occupied by the Japanese Army.

[[category:Asia]]
[[category:Vietnam War]]

Aristotle

2010-10-17T01:04:16Z

PaulBurnett: philosopher > philosophers // maths > mathematics // cleaning up English

[[Image:Aristotle.gif|thumb|150px|Aristotle]]

'''Aristotle''' (384BC - 322BC) was a [[Greek philosopher]] born in the city of Stageira in Chalcidice. He was a student of [[Plato]] and the tutor of [[Alexander the Great]]. Aristotle emphasized reason and observation of the natural world, and he is believed by many to be one of the most important [[philosopher]]s of all [[time]] and the founder of [[empiricism]], the ontological grounding of [[science]]. Aristotle is considered one of the earliest [[political|politics]] thinkers and called politics "the master science"<ref>http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-politics-of-aristotle-by-peter-l-phillips-simpson.jsp</ref>.

Aristotle came to the [[Academy]] when he was seventeen and stayed there for twenty years until the death of [[Plato]]. Aristotle’s approach was in stark contrast to Plato's. Whereas Plato thought all true [[knowledge]] could be obtained [[a priori]]—a [[disembodied]] [[mind]] floating in a featureless void with no sense [[experience]] could work out everything there is to know—Aristotle thought that the natural world needed to be studied and observed for knowledge to be gained. He embarked on the massive task of observing and compiling as much information as possible on everything he could study at the time. In contrast to Plato’s interest in physics and mathematics, Aristotle was fascinated by biology and classified over 500 animal species. He ultimately founded his own school, the Lyceum, and equipped it with specimens, libraries, maps and other objects found in modern [[university|universities]].

[[Charles Murray]] said, "(Aristotle) more or less invented [[logic]], which was of pivotal importance in human history (and no other civilization ever came up with it independently)." <ref>http://www.isteve.com/2003_QA_with_Charles_Murray_on_Human_Accomplishment.htm</ref>

Aristotle also formulated [[Virtue Ethics]], a code of living which emphasizes what sort of person we want to be when making a decision, rather than, as tends to be the focus in modern ethical thinking, the motives or the consequences of actions (see ''[[Nicomachean Ethics]]''). When Aristotle's teachings were brought back to Europe at the end of the [[Dark Ages]] by [[Arab]] [[merchant]]s, [[Aquinas]], eager to reconcile Catholicism with Aristotle's secular empiricism, developed [[Natural Law Theory]].

Aristotle was not a [[theist]] and rejected the existence of the [[Greek mythology|old gods]] many Athenians worshiped. However, he recognized the impossibility of an [[infinite regress]] of cause and effect in the natural world, and so postulated the [[Unmoved Mover]] as a [[first cause]] of the natural world. Some argue this makes Aristotle the first recorded [[deism|deist]], though he did not predate certain movements in Egypt and the Near East, and his Unmoved Mover can very effectively be understood as part of man's journey towards the God of Christianity.

Aristotle was mistaken about many things. He felt that heavier objects fall faster than lighter objects which, though intuitive, is false. Like many other Greek philosophers, Aristotle felt there were four basic elements of nature: fire, water, air and earth, and a fifth suggested by Aristotle, ether. Actually there are over 100 elements as set forth in the [[periodic table]], as well as more fundamental subatomic particles comprising the elements. Some modern philosophers have pointed out that by not testing many of his more intuitive propositions (e.g. the speed at which objects fall relative to their mass) Aristotle failed to exercise his empirical doctrine. Though accurate, most scholars agree that such examples are eclipsed by his opus of biological observations and categorization.

His extant writings span a wide range of disciplines, from logic, metaphysics and philosophy of mind, through ethics, political theory, aesthetics and rhetoric, and into such primarily non-philosophical fields as empirical biology, where he excelled at detailed plant and animal observation and taxonomy. In all these areas, Aristotle's theories have provided illumination, met with resistance, sparked debate, and generally stimulated the sustained interest of an abiding readership. Because of its wide range and its remoteness in time, Aristotle's philosophy defies easy encapsulation. The long history of interpretation and appropriation of Aristotelian texts and themes—spanning over two millennia and comprising philosophers working within a variety of religious and secular traditions—has rendered even basic points of interpretation controversial. <ref>http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle/</ref> <ref>http://www.philosophypages.com/ph/aris.htm</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==See also==
*[[Socrates]]
*[[Greek Philosophy]]

==External links==
*[http://www.4literature.net/Aristotle/ Works by Aristotle]

[[Category:Deists]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek Philosophers]]

Geocentric theory

2010-10-16T16:40:58Z

PaulBurnett: Cleaning up sophomoric misunderstanding of geocentrism versus heliocentrism versus relativity.

[[Image:Ptolemaicsystem-small.png|right|thumb|Rendition of a geocentric system from the Middle Ages.]]

A '''Geocentric theory''' is a long superseded astronomical theory which describes the universe as a ''Geocentric system'', i.e., a system which puts the Earth in the center of the universe, or in the center of the solar system.
The Greek philosophers Aristotle and Plato described such a theory wherein all celestial bodies move on spheres around the earth, the moon on the innermost one and the fixed stars on the outermost one.

==Ptolemy's system==
Ptolemy invented the most elaborated geocentrical system, allowing the planets not only to move on circles around the earth, but using epicycles. By adding further ideas, he was able to predict the motion of the planets quite well. Ptolemy's model was extremely popular from ancient times until the 1600s, as it had better agreement with observation than any alternative. His model was particularly effective at cosmological predictions.

However, during the 1500s and 1600s, it became clear that geocentrism had some serious flaws in it. The [[Denmark|Danish]] astronomer [[Tycho Brahe]] made the most accurate observations possible before the invention of the telescope. These showed discrepancies within Ptolemy's system.

With the invention of the [[telescope]], the observations became more precise, and new phenomena were discovered: In particular, [[Galileo]]'s use of the [[telescope]] to look at the skies revealed that [[Jupiter]] had at least four moons, and Venus had phases like the [[Moon]]: both phenomena were at odds with Ptolemy's model.

[[Johannes Kepler]] used Brahe's measurements to improve the [[Heliocentrism|heliocentric]] system Copernicus had proposed, showing that planets had elliptical orbits around the sun. When [[Isaac Newton]] applied his newly discovered [[gravitation|universal theory of gravitation]] to the data, he found that a heliocentric model was the only one that could explain all observed phenomena. By the 1800s, the spectacular successes of Newtonian theory and [[Maxwell's equations]] for electromagnetism had convinced practically everyone that the Sun is a preferred frame of reference, and that the laws of physics must be applied in that frame. The geocentric theory has been considered to be profoundly mistaken for the last few centuries.

== Scripture Quoted to justify Geocentric Theory ==
A few [[Bible]] quotes use geocentric terms. While some attempt to use these quotes to discredit the Bible's hold on science, others dispute this usage, claiming that the usage of the terms is similar to the way people today use terms like "sunrise" and "sunset". In this account, the terminology is not wrong, but merely reflects the observer's view.

*"He has fixed the earth firm, immovable." (1 Chronicles 16:30)
*"Thou hast fixed the earth immovable and firm ..." (Psalm 93:1)
*"Thou didst fix the earth on its foundation so that it never can be shaken." (Psalm 104:5)
*"...who made the earth and fashioned it, and himself fixed it fast..." (Isaiah 45:18)
*"The sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to his place where he arose." (Ecclesiastes 1:5)
*"Then spake Joshua to the LORD in the day when the LORD delivered up the Amorites before the children of Israel, and he said in the sight of Israel, Sun, stand thou still upon Gibeon; and thou, Moon, in the valley of Ajalon. And the sun stood still, and the moon stayed, until the people had avenged themselves upon their enemies. Is not this written in the book of Jasher? So the sun stood still in the midst of heaven, and hasted not to go down about a whole day." (Joshua 10, 12-13)

[[Category:Astronomy]]

Fanny Hill

2010-10-16T16:25:49Z

PaulBurnett: Added information about author and date of publication. ~~~~

'''''Fanny Hill''''', the popular name of the novel "Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure," by John Cleland, was first published in England in 1748. Supreme Court Justice [[William Douglas]] wrote the book is about:

:a rather naive young girl ... (who) becomes a prostitute, finds warmth, understanding and the meaning of love and faithfulness [and] within the world of prostitution ... finds friendship, understanding, respect, and is treated as a person of value. [http://www.vindicatingthefounders.com/library/index.asp?document=51]

[[Category:Novels]]

The Liberty Amendment

2010-10-16T16:14:14Z

PaulBurnett: Added a little history from the official website. ~~~~

'''The Liberty Amendment''' is a proposed amendment to the [[U.S. Constitution]] that would severely restrict the power of the Federal Government to its Constitutional domain, and would protect the sovereignty of the states by outlawing any foreign influence on state laws and constitutions. The Liberty Amendment was first introduced into Congress in 1952, and has been approved by nine states since 1952, although none have approved it since 1982.

==Text of the Liberty Amendment==
Section 1. The Government of the United States shall not engage in any business, professional, commercial, financial or industrial enterprise except as specified in the Constitution.

Section 2. The constitution or laws of any State, or the laws of the United States shall not be subject to the terms of any foreign or domestic agreement which would abrogate this amendment.

Section 3. The activities of the United States Government which violate the intent and purpose of this amendment shall, within a period of three years from the date of the ratification of this amendment, be liquidated and the properties and facilities affected shall be sold.

Section 4. Three years after the ratification of this amendment the sixteenth article of amendments to the Constitution of the United States shall stand repealed and thereafter Congress shall not levy taxes on personal incomes, estates, and/or gifts.

==External Links==
*[http://www.libertyamendment.org/ Offical website of the Liberty Amendment]
[[Category:United States Constitution]]

McCarthyism

2010-09-25T01:50:55Z

PaulBurnett: /* Hypocrisy regarding McCarthy's methods */ corrected typo "theiro" to "their"

[[Image:Mcc2.JPG|right|thumb|285px|McCarthy at a fund-raising dinner in 1954]]
The word '''McCarthyism''' according to journalist Phil Brennan "was coined in the bowels of NKVD headquarters at 3 Dzerzhinsky Square in Moscow and first published in the Communist ''[[Daily Worker]],'' Moscow’s U.S. house organ with the justified belief that it would be enthusiastically picked up and used by America’s useful liberal idiots." <ref>[http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/Read.aspx?GUID={45A7D4B2-DD6F-4B87-934A-F1811BD31FC5} Symposium: Treason?], By Jamie Glazov, FrontPageMagazine.com , July 25, 2003.</ref>

It is a derogatory and misleading term, based on false premises. First, Senator McCarthy had nothing to do with the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] or the [[Hollywood Blacklist]]. Second, and more important, it was not true that all McCarthy called to testify were innocent or that liberals were merely defending [[civil liberties]].

The [[Venona intercepts]] revealed that McCarthy was right about the true extent of Soviet spies in the U.S. government, the danger they presented to national security, and [[subversion (political) |subversion]] of U.S. national interests.

==Pretext==

[[Senator Joseph McCarthy]] led a prominent public campaign to investigate [[Communist Party of the United States|Communist Party]] members working in sensitive US government jobs who were in violation of the [[Hatch Act]] prohibiting federal employment of workers with membership in "any political organization which advocates the overthrow of our constitutional form of government." By 1950, it was widely known that the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] had obtained atomic weapons know-how with the assistance of American citizens, many of them government employees. The United States had spent $4 billion to develop the technology, roughly equivalent to $80 billion today. The international situation was extremely tense at the time, and public knowledge that America's [[Cold War]] enemy obtained [[nuclear weapons]] capability with the help of federal government employees, along with the perception that the [[Truman administration]] was unconcerned about it, was very worrisome to many.

McCarthy's efforts to remove security risks from government employment infuriated the American [[Left]], and they often use the term to mean aggressive questioning of someone's background or personal beliefs, or making accusations of disloyalty. It is meant as a derogatory term, and sometimes used to refer to [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] (HUAC) or the Hollywood Blacklist, even though those weren't really part of McCarthy's campaign. <ref>[http://www.newmediajournal.us/staff/bates/05252007.htm Joe McCarthy: Gone But Certainly Not Forgotten], Michael M. Bates, ''New Media Journal'', May 25, 2007. </ref>

==Western betrayal==
:''Main article [[Western betrayal]]''

==Amerasia cover up==

On June 6 1945, less than a month after the War in Europe ended and while the pacific War was winding down, 6 persons, including three U.S. government officials, were arrested on conspiracy and espionage charges related to possession of roughly 1000 stolen classified Government documents in the offices of ''[[Amerasia]]'' magazine. ''Amerasia'' had published classified materials verbatim from the United States wartime intelligence service, the [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS). FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover believed he had an "airtight case," and Justice Department officials were ready to prosecute. [[Thomas Corcoran]] (Tommy the Cork), a former [[Franklin Roosevelt]] personal adviser who lived in the [[White House]] at the President's side and afterward became a prominent Washington lawyer and fixer, worked with the Truman administration to cover up the case. Soviet agent [[Duncan Lee]], who served as counsel to OSS chief General William Donovan and was the highest ranking [[KGB]] operative among nearly two dozen Soviet agents who penetrated the OSS, after the War was working in Corcoran's Washington law firm. <ref>FBI Silvermaster file [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster092.pdf Vol. 92, pgs. 20 - 21] pdf, January 26, 1947. Biographical details and extended wrap-up on Duncan C. Lee, formerly of OSS, [[Elizabeth Bentley]]'s allegations concerning him, his contacts with [[Donald Wheeler]] and [[Mary Price]], and his employment by the law firm of President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] adviser [[Thomas Corcoran]]. </ref>

A transmission from [[Soviet Military Intelligence]] (GRU) agents in New York on June 16, 1943 to Moscow read,
<blockquote style="background: #F9F9F9; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: .3em;">
[[Joseph Bernstein]] has established friendly relations with [[T.A. Bisson]] . . who has recently left [[BEW]]; he is now working in the [[Institute of Pacific Relations]] (IPR) and in the editorial offices of Bernsteins’ periodical [[Amerasia]]. . . Bisson passed to Bernstein . . . copies of four documents: 
(a) his own report for BEW with his views on working out a plan for shipment of American troops to China; 
(b) a report by the Chinese embassy in Washington to its government in China. . . . 
(c) a brief BEW report of April 1943 on a general evaluation of the forces of the sides on the Soviet-German front. . . . 
(d) a report by the American consul in Vladivostok. . ." <ref>Venona 927-928 GRU New York to Moscow, June 16, 1943,
[http://www.nsa.gov/venona/releases/16_June_1943_R4_m1_p1.gif pg. 1][http://www.nsa.gov/venona/releases/16_June_1943_R4_m1_p2.gif pg. 2]; see also June 17, 1943 and June 24, 1943.</ref>
</blockquote>

Joseph Bernstein to whom Bisson gave this material is the same Moscow agent who was a contact of [[Philip Jaffe]] in the 1940s. Thus Bisson not only promoted the cause of the [[CCP]], as Sen. McCarthy alleged, but also passed confidential data to the GRU. McCarthy made accussations against Bisson, and had certain evidence to prove it. But McCarthy was unaware of the extent of Bisson's complicity. The truth was unknown for 50 years. <ref>[http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=453 McCarthyism: Waging the Cold War in America], Newly Uncovered Secret Data Confirm Wisconsin Senator's Major Charges, ''Human Events'', M. Stanton Evans, 05/08/2003.</ref>

==The [[Silvermaster case]]==
[[Image:Fbisilvermasterfilevol15p4.JPG|right|250px|thumb|CPUSA defector [[Louis Budenz]] testified he could name 400 individuals involved in the [[CPUSA#Secret_apparatus|Communist conspiracy]]; <ref>[http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft296nb15t&chunk.id=d0e6193&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e4718&brand=eschol FBI Headquarters File 100-63, Louis Francis Budenz, Internal Security—C, Serial 122.]</ref> Hayden Peake, Curator of the [[CIA]]'s Historical Intelligence Collection stated, "[[Venona]] makes absolutely clear that they had active agents in the [[U.S. State Department]], [[Treasury Department]], [[Justice Department]], [[LaFollette Civil Liberties Committee|Senate committee]] staffs, the military services, the [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS), the [[Manhattan Project]], and the [[White House]], as well as wartime agencies. No modern government was more thoroughly penetrated."<ref>[[Hayden B. Peake]], [http://web.archive.org/web/20060820054409/http://www.nwc.navy.mil/press/review/2000/summer/re2-su0.htm ''The Venona Progeny''], Naval War College Review, Summer 2000, Vol. LIII, No. 3. [http://intellit.muskingum.edu/alpha_folder/P_folder/peake.html]</ref>]]
In November 1945 when the War was finally over ,a courier from a very large [[CPUSA#Secret_apparatus|CPUSA underground apparatus]] operating in numerous federal agencies throughout the [[New Deal]],which included the [[White House]], defected to the [[FBI]]. The [[KGB]] had removed [[Elizabeth Bentley]] from overseeing at least 80 KGB sources late in the war. When she realized she knew too much, was no longer of use to the KGB and her life was in danger, she told her story in a deposition to the FBI. Bentley was assigned covername "Gregory" to protect her identity, and the highly secret investigation was referred to as "the Gregory Case."

The FBI knew of 5 Soviet agents during the war, Bentley added at least another 80, some of them still employed in the government at that time. Her story at first was incredible, even embarrassing to the FBI, but it soon was determined that Bentley’s allegations were borne out by information already in Bureau files. <ref>FBI Silvermaster file, Ladd to the Director, November 12, 1945, [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster008.pdf Vol. 8, pg. 3] pdf.</ref> By December, no fewer than 227 FBI agents were investigating in the case. <ref>FBI Silvermaster file, Ladd to the Director, November 12, 1945, Vol. 8, pg. 6 pdf.</ref>

For much of 1946 the suspects were surveilled, other information came from [[Igor Guzenko]],<ref>Hoover to Frederick B. Lyon, 24 September 1945, Central Intelligence Agency, [https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/venona-soviet-espionage-and-the-american-response-1939-1957/part1.htm Igor Gouzenko file. 5 pages].</ref> a Soviet code clerk who defected in Canada. The FBI was unaware at this point the [[Army Signals Intelligence Service]] was secretly reading [[KGB]] communications with Moscow.
In the later part of February a 194 page report based upon Bentley's deposition entitled, ''Underground Espionage Organization (NKVD) in Agencies of the United States Government'' <ref>FBI Silvermaster file, [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster023.pdf Underground Espionage Organization (NKVD) in Agencies of the United States Government"], Vol. 23, pgs. 55 - 272, February 21, 1946. Includes alphabetical index at end.</ref> was transmitted to Secretary of State [[George Marshall]] an other agencies. By December of 1946 leaks were developing. <ref>FBI Silvermaster file, Memorandum for the Attorney General, December 20, 1946, [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster081.pdf Vol. 81, pgs. 55 - 56] pdf. In transmitting a summary of the investigation on [[Harry Magdoff]], Hoover urges the Attorney General to give consideration to the overall facts of the case before making the information available to any other government official. Hoover complains that a summary report prepared for the Secretary of the Treasury had been "lost" and a copy furnished to the White House was found in a desk drawer at the [[War Assets Administration]] -- the agency Greg Silvermaster had been working in.</ref>

In January of 1947, Edward Morgan of the FBI was asked to make an objective analysis of the case. <ref>FBI Silvermaster file, [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/FBI_Memo_Morgan_to_Clegg%2C_Janaury_14%2C_1947 Morgan to Clegg, January 14, 1947].</ref> Morgan writes, "Coming in after the event as the Bureau did, we are now on the outside looking in, with the rather embarrassing responsibility of having a most serious case of Soviet espionage laid in our laps without a decent opportunity to make it stick. This very circumstance, however, necessitates pursuing more direct methods." Not knowing of the super secret [[Venona project]] yet, Morgan observes, "the case is no more than the word of [Bentley] against that of the several conspirators. The likely result would be an acquittal under very embarrassing circumstances."
Morgan suggests it is possible “some of the lesser lights among the subjects would crack during the course of a careful and pointed interview" and concludes with the recommendation "That one of the subjects of this case, probably the weakest sister, be contacted with a view to making him an informant...Failing in this respect, that immediately the other subjects be exhaustively interviewed. Since an interview with one would virtually amount to putting all of them on notice, it would seem logical to conduct such interviews as nearly simultaneously as possible....That failing to break any of the subjects, serious consideration be given to exposing this lousy outfit and at least hounding them from the Federal Service. Several possibilities exist in this regard but this would seem to be a bridge to cross when we get to it."

Press leaks continued from an Executive Conference formed of DOJ prosecutors and FBI investigators discussing how to proceed. In a hand written margin note from a memo dated January 23, 1947, Hoover writes, "in view of all the 'gabbing' done by the Dept to the Press there is little which can be expected from any action now." <ref>FBI Silvermaster file, Tamm to the Director, January 23, 1947, [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster093.pdf Vol. 93, pgs. 20 -22] pdf.</ref> Four days later Hoover, in a somber tone, recommends to the Attorney General, "I am of the opinion...it will be impossible to continue the investigation....the subjects...are now all very security conscious... any attempt to interrogate them, either by Bureau agents or before a grand jury, would produce nothing. Obviously, this situation leaves only the third alternative; that is, that the Department furnish to the employing departments the basic data concerning the activities of the individual subjects as a possible means of concluding the case. It is assumed, of course, that the employing departments will take administrative action against the subjects who are employed in these departments." <ref>FBI Silvermaster file, [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Memorandum_for_the_Attorney_General%2C_January_27%2C_1947 Memorandum for the Attorney General, January 27, 1947].</ref>

==Failure to discharge security risks==

In June of 1947, members of the [[Senate Appropriations Committee]] sent a confidential report to Secretary of State [[George Marshall]], in which they stated:
{{Cquote|It is evident that there is a deliberate calculated program being carried out not only to protect Communist personnel in high places, but to reduce security and intelligence protection to a nullity. . . . On file in the Department is a copy of a preliminary report of the FBI on Soviet espionage activities in the United States, which involves large numbers of State Department employees. . . this report has been challenged and ignored by those charged with the responsibility of administering the department...}}

The memorandum listed the names of nine State Department officials and said that they were "only a few of the hundreds now employed in varying capacities who are protected and allowed to remain despite the fact that their presence is an obvious hazard to national security." On June 24, 1947, Assistant Secretary of State John Peurifoy notified the chairman of the Senate subcommittee that ten persons had been dismissed from the department, five of whom had been listed in the memorandum. But from June 1947 until McCarthy's Wheeling speech in February 1950, the State Department did not fire one person as a loyalty or security risk. <ref>[http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/jepeurifoy.htm John Emil Peurifoy, Foreign Service Office & United States Ambassador], Arlington National Cemetery Website, retrieved 21 March 2007.</ref>

In 1947, <ref>NSA Archives, National Cryptological Museum, [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~sanders/214/other/handouts/VenonaChrono.html Venona Chronology]; "~September 1: Col. Carter Clarke briefs the FBI's liaison officer Robert J. Lamphere on the break into Soviet diplomatic traffic. September: Carter W. Clarke of G-2 advises S. Wesley Reynolds, FBI, of successes at Arlington Hall on KGB espionage messages." </ref> it was apparent that no individual in the U.S. Government realized that evidence of massive Soviet espionage within the government was developing on twin tracks. <ref>Robert Louis Benson, and Michael Warner, eds. [https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/venona-soviet-espionage-and-the-american-response-1939-1957/preface.htm VENONA: Soviet Espionage and the American Response, 1939-1957,] pg. 9. Washington, DC: National Security Agency/Central Intelligence Agency, 1996. Laguna Hills, CA: Aegean Park Press, 1996. Robert L. Benson, works in the Office of Security, National Security Agency; Michael Warner, Deputy Chief of the CIA History Staff.</ref> There was an [[FBI]] counterintelligence investigation <ref>Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy, [http://www.fas.org/sgp/library/moynihan/foreword.html Appendix A, 7. The Cold War]; "In November 1945 Elizabeth Bentley informed the FBI of her activities as a Soviet courier, which in turn led to renewed interest in Chambers. In late August or early September 1947, the FBI was informed that the Army Security Agency had begun to break into Soviet espionage messages". </ref> which empanelled a grand jury in New York to look into defector [[Elizabeth Bentley]]'s allegations, and the [[Army Signal Intelligence Service]] reading Soviet cipher decrypts <ref>National Security Agency, Venona Archives, Introductory History of VENONA and Guide to the Translations,[http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps33230/www.nsa.gov/docs/venona/monographs/monograph-1.html The VENONA Breakthroughs]; "An Arlington Hall report on 22 July 1947 showed that the Soviet message traffic contained dozens, probably hundreds, of covernames, many of KGB agents, including ANTENNA and LIBERAL (later identified as Julius Rosenberg). One message mentioned that LIBERAL's wife was named "Ethel." General Carter W. Clarke, the assistant G-2, called the FBI liaison officer to G-2 and told him that the Army had begun to break into Soviet intelligence service traffic, and that the traffic indicated a massive Soviet espionage effort in the U.S.</ref> at [[Arlington Hall]]. It was a case of one hand not knowing what the other was doing. Leaks in the investigation into the [[Greg_Silvermaster#Silvermaster_group|Silvermaster case]] began to threaten the successful prosecution. <ref>FBI Silvermaster file, Vol. 93, February 1947. Summary: Hoover memo expressing doubts about successful prosecution and statement that, because of leaks by the Department, "there is little which can be expected from any action now." Further Hoover memo of February 4, 1947, saying "investigative reports in this case would not be furnished to the Criminal Division [of Justice] because of the possibility that some of the material therein would be publicized." See also January 27, 1947 J. Edgar Hoover Memorandum for the Attorney General, [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster093.pdf pgs. 31 -32].</ref> So when McCarthy later made charges that the Truman administration knowingly protected Soviet agents, on the surface, this appeared to large sectors <ref>National Counterintelligence Center (NACIC), [http://www.nacic.gov/history/CIReaderPlain/Vol3Chap1.pdf Counterintelligence Reader, Vol. 3, Chap. 1, pg.47], "Polls taken at the time revealed that a majority of Americans believed that Communism at home and abroad was a serious threat to US security".</ref> of the American public<ref>Margaret Chase Smith, [http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/SmithDeclaration.pdf Declaration of Conscience, pg. 2], 1 June 1950, U.C. Congress, Senate, Congressional Record, 81st Congress, 2nd sess., pp. 7894-95. "The Democratic administration has greatly lost the confidence of the American people by its complacency to the threat of communism here at home and the leak of vital secrets to Russia through key officials of the Democratic administration. There are enough proved cases to make this point without diluting our criticism with unproved charges...there have been enough proved cases, such as the ''[[Amerasia]]'' case, the [[Hiss]] case, the [[Coplon]] case, the [[Harry Gold|Gold]] case, to cause nationwide distrust and strong suspicion that there may be something to the unproved, sensational accusations".</ref> as true.

FBI Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]] was among only a handful of people in the U.S. Government who was aware of the Venona project, and there is no indication Hoover shared Venona information with McCarthy. In fact, Hoover may have actually fed McCarthy dead end files on family relatives or close associates of real espionage suspects. Hoover told a House Committee in 3 days before McCarthy’s Wheeling speech that counterespionage required "an objective different from the handling of criminal cases. It is more important to ascertain his contacts, his objectives, his sources of information and his methods of communication" as "arrest and public disclosure are steps to be taken only as a matter of last resort." He concluded that "we can be secure only when we have a full knowledge of the operations of an espionage network, because then we are in a position to render their efforts ineffective." <ref>J. Edgar Hoover, Testimony before House Appropriations Committee, 2/7/1950.</ref> And there is no indication McCarthy might have known he was being used by Hoover in this way.

One day before McCarthy’s Wheeling speech the Chairman of the Joint Atomic Energy Intelligence Committee (JAEIC) wrote a memorandum to the Scientific Intelligence Committee complaining how they had been kept out of the intelligence sharing loop after the confession of [[Klaus Fuchs]] became more widely known. In the memorandum the JAEIC suspected the FBI and others may have counter espionage information of considerable value in making an estimate on the status of the Soviet atomic. In the summer of 1949 the FBI learned that the secret of the construction of the atom bomb had been stolen and turned over to a foreign power. An immediate investigation resulted in the identification of Fuchs. <ref>[http://www.fbi.gov/libref/historic/famcases/atom/atom.htm The Atom Spy Case], FBI History, fbi.gov</ref> The JAEIC stated had they known in June about Fuchs, it would have impacted their estimate of Soviet atomic capabilities released in July which did not forsee the Soviet Union exploding its first nuclear device at the end of August in 1949. They noted some information was obtained through HUAC, some from Canada as a result of the [[Igor Gouzenko]] case, and Hoover supplied some information but it was only of slight value. The memorandum declares, "The only real assurance we have of getting the information at present seems to be as a result of a Congressional Committee" or the arrest of suspects. <ref>W. K. Benons to Chairman, Scientific Intelligence Committee, [https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/venona-soviet-espionage-and-the-american-response-1939-1957/29.gif Failure of the JAEIC To Receive Counter Espionage Information having Positive Intelligence Value,] 9 February 1950, Central Intelligence Agency. </ref>

In summary memorandums to Director Hoover of [[Venona project]] information begun in 1950 entitled, ''Operations of the [[MGB]] Residency at New York, 1944-45'', Special Agent [[Alan Belmont]] reported the FBI had identified 206 persons involved in Soviet espionage activity who had been active in United States. Of this number the FBI had information from defector [[Elizabeth Bentley]] and other sources regarding espionage activity on 87 of these persons. Espionage activity on the part of 119 persons from Venona information were not known to the FBI prior to 1946 but many were identified through investigation by 1950. <ref>[http://foia.fbi.gov/venona/venona.pdf FBI Venona file]</ref>

==Hiss and the UN==
[[Image:Hisstruman.jpg|thumb|300px|right|'''UN Secretary General of the Charter Conference Alger Hiss is seated second from President Truman's left who is speaking at the rostrum.''']]
When the Office of Special Political Affairs (OSPA) was created in 1944, [[Alger Hiss]] became the deputy director - a sensitive and key position. In August of 1944, Hiss was executive secretary of the Dumbarton Oaks conference. When he returned to Washington, all matters pertaining to the [[United Nations]] organization came under his direct supervision. With [[Harry Hopkins]], [[Cordell Hull]], and others, Hiss worked on the first drafts of the UN Charter. <ref>Ralph de Toledano and Victor Lasky, [http://www.americandeception.com/index.php?action=downloadpdf&photo=/PDFsml_AD/Seeds_Of_Treason-Ralph_de_Toledano_and_Victor_Lasky-1950-278pgs-POL.sml.pdf&id=343&PHPSESSID=b964065077a1de19538c4c7b1cf9e825 ''Seeds of Treason''], (NY: Funk and Wagnalls, 1950), pg. 107.</ref> Hiss negotiated privately with the ailing U.S. president, [[Franklin Roosevelt]], and [[CPSU]] General Secretary [[Josef Stalin]] at the [[Yalta conference]]. <ref>Toledano and Lasky, ''Seeds of Treason'', pg. 109.</ref> It was here that FDR agreed to allow the Soviet Union to occupy Poland and set up a [[Comintern]] affiliated [[puppet state]] -- a clear violation of the principals of self-determination expressed in the [[Atlantic Charter]], and the very cause over which Great Britain went to war with Germany in September of 1939. What’s more, it was the betrayal of an ally – the Polish Government – which had signed the Atlantic Charter and the [[Allied_powers#United_Nations_Declaration|United Nations Declaration]].

On March 3, 1945, the director of the [[KGB]], Lt. General [[Pavel Fitin]] instructed [[Ishkak Akhmerov]], head of [[KGB Illegal]] operations in the United States to learn what he could about American plans for the forthcoming United Nations San Francisco Conference. Assigning top priority to the task, Fitin ordered an early report. Hiss was responsible for planning the conference. Hiss had been working with [[Soviet Military Intelligence]] (GRU), since the mid 1930s. Ordinarily security procedures dictated that a Case officer from one Soviet Intelligence organization would not contact an agent working for another, however under the extraordinary circumstances of the approaching UN organizational conference late in the war, Akhmerov did so, and reported on his contact with Hiss. <ref>[http://carnellknowledge.townhall.com/g/3d62b172-7492-4d6c-8062-c91c1e2d3266 McCarthy Was Right], Excerpts from The Venona Program, September 04, 2006. Retrieved from Townhall.com September 04, 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.fbi.gov/libref/historic/history/foxpaper.htm In the Enemy’s House: Venona and the Maturation of American Counterintelligence], John F. Fox, Jr., Presented at the 2005 Symposium on Cryptologic History, 10/27/2005.</ref><ref>Report of the Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy. United States Government Printing Office. Appendix A, Part 6, [http://www.gpo.gov/congress/commissions/secrecy/pdf/12hist1.pdf Page 36] pdf. </ref> Akhmerov reported how after the Yalta conference Hiss traveled to Moscow where [[Andrey Vyshinsky]] passed on to him the GRU's gratitude.<ref>[http://www.nsa.gov/venona/venon00006.cfm 1822 Venona Washington to Moscow 30 March 1945]. National Security Agency National Cryptologic Museum. Retrieved September 04, 2007. </ref> A codename was assigned by one Soviet Intelligence agency for an agent working for another Soviet Intelligence agency which created confusion among investigators. <ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2904_venona.html Secrets, Lies, and Atomic Spies], NOVA Transcript, PBS Airdate: February 5, 2002. Retrieved from PBS.org September 04, 2007.</ref><ref>Who was Venona's “Ales”? Cryptanalysis and the Hiss case. Eduard Mark, Intelligence and National Security, Volume 18, Number 3, September 2003 , pp. 45-72(28)</ref> A [[Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]] investigation determined that Hiss was responsible for the employment of 494 persons on the United Nations initial staff. <ref>Activities of U.S. Citizens Employed by the UN, second report of the [[SISS]] (March 22, 1954), p. 12.</ref> With the leaks in the Silvermaster case, [[Elizabeth Bentley]] was called to testify in late July 1948, and [[Whittaker Chambers]], a [[CPUSA]] defector from the 1930s, a few days later repeated information he had given to President [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Assistant Secretary of State [[Adolf Berle]] in 1939 - firsthand knowledge of Hiss's espionage activity - information that Berle in person relayed to President Roosevelt. <ref>Toledano and Lasky, ''Seeds of Treason'', pg. 83 (pg. 91 pdf).</ref><ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,811892-1,00.html The Case of Alger Hiss], Time magazine, Feb. 13, 1950. Contemporaneous report 3 days after Sen. McCarthy's Wheeling, West Virginia Speech.</ref><ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1571/is_47_17/ai_80900413 Hiss defenders covering for the `old man'], by Ralph De Toledano, Insight on the News, Dec 17, 2001.</ref> Ambassador to the Soviet Union [[William Bullitt]] had likewise warned FDR as early as 1939 that Hiss was an agent of the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>Toledano and Lasky, ''Seeds of Treason'', pg. 86 (pg. 94 pdf).</ref>

==White and the IMF==
[[Image:Washeveningstarmay41946.JPG|right|thumb|''Washington Evening Star'' May 4, 1946 announcement of White's appointment to head the [[IMF]]. President Truman said, "I am confident that in your new position you will add distinction to your already distinguished career with Treasury." The appointment came after the [[White House]] had been alerted to White's espionage activity.]]
In May of 1941 Assistant Secretary of the Treasury [[Harry Dexter White]] met for lunch with [[Vitali Pavlov]], [[KGB]] assistant to the Chief of Military Section for work in the United States and Canada. White had been carefully selected by [[Iskhak Akhmerov]], who ran the [[Silvermaster group]] and knew White. The purpose was to present a series of policy initiatives for White to inject into Washington's [[foreign policy]] discussion which involved Soviet efforts to provoke tensions in U.S. Japanese relations. The strategy was to encourage Japan's war party to view the United States as Japan's main enemy, rather than Soviet Union after several recent clashes on the [[Manchukuo]] border and [[Comintern]] support to the [[Maoist]] [[CCP]]. Pavlov handed White an outline of themes to promote among key U.S. policymakers including a demand, to be wrapped in tough rhetoric, that Japan recall its armed forces from China. <ref>Vitali Pavlov, "Operation Snow," News of Intelligence and Counter Intelligence, Moscow, August 1995, pgs. 5-6.</ref><ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3827/is_200101/ai_n8935656 Soviet penetration of the U.S. gets fresh look], Allan H Ryskind, ''Human Events'', Jan 29, 2001. Review of Romerstein and Breindel, ''The Venona Secrets''.</ref> The Soviet Union had occupied Xinjiang (Sinkiang) since 1934. <ref>See also [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/China_prov.html#Xinjiang Sinkiang],[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/China_Foreign_colonies.html Chinese Eastern Railroad Zone][http://www.worldstatesmen.org/China.html#PRC Kiangsi Soviet Republic], 1 Dec 1931 - 15 Oct 1934.</ref>

President Roosevelt accepted White's proposals for economic sanctions against Japan and on July 26,1941 implemented a full scale economic blockade, froze all Japanese financial assets in the U.S. which virtually ended all trade between the two countries. The chief of the Japanese Navy told the emperor that if Japan resorted to war, it would be doubtful Japan could win. The Japanese Cabinet sought desperately to reach an agreement in Washington. <ref>[http://sandiego.indymedia.org/media/2006/10/119975.pdf ''Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time''], Carroll Quigley, Collier-Macmillan, 1966, pg. 739. ISBN 0-945001-10-X</ref> Japan abandoned all military plans against Soviet Siberia, which had badly needed Red Army troops at that moment for the defense of Moscow pinned down, and looked to the south instead for the oil resources. Due to White's involvement and influence, the administration set up a foreign policy that placed Soviet interests ahead of the United States.<ref> Jerrold L. Schecter and Leona Schecter, Sacred Secrets: How Soviet Intelligence Operations Changed American History, Washington, DC : Brassey’s, 2002, pgs. 31, 33.</ref>
In August, 1941, Japanese Prime Minister Konoe made a proposal to meet with [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|President Roosevelt]]. On November 18, 1941, Secretary of the Treasury [[Henry Morgenthau]] sent to Secretary of State Hull a memorandum drafted by White on the terms for peace that should be presented to Japan. <ref>Memorandum by Secretary Morgenthau, November 17, 1941, Foreign Relations, 1941, IV, pp. 606-613. Dr. Kubek in 1959 wrote "at this time is altogether improbable" that White would have acted in collaboration with Currie and one of the Hiss brothers whom he was known to have a relationship, or "at their instigation." This is in keeping with the version of events told by Vitali Pavlov in 1995 that White received through him directions from Moscow. Kubek further adds White heard his draft was being tampered with in the State Department where the Hiss brothers worked and wished to have the tampering stopped. ''Communism at Pearl Harbor'', Kubek, 1959, pg. 19.</ref> At noon on November 25, Secretary of War [[Henry Stimson]] and Secretary of the Navy [[Frank Knox]] met at the White House with General [[George C. Marshall]]. Stimson wrote in his diary the main question was "how we should maneuver them into the position of firing the first shot without allowing too much danger to ourselves. It was a difficult proposition." <ref>Henry L Stimson's Diary, November 25, 1941, Pearl Harbor Attack, Part II, p. 5433. For other interpretations of Stimson's statement Cf. Charles Beard, President Roosevelt and the Coming of the War, 1941 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1948). Chapter XVII; Charles C. Tansil, Back Door to War (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1952), pp. 645-652; George Morgenstern, Pearl Harbor (New York: Devin-Adair Company, 1947), Chapter XlX. Roosevelt's fear was not that Japan would attack the United States, but that she might not.</ref> In his testimony before the Congressional Committee investigating the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], General Marshall said that if the 90-day truce which was the substance of the Kanoe-Roosevelt proposal had been effected, the United States might never have become involved in the [[World War II]] at all; that a delay by the Japanese from December, 1941 into January, 1942 might have resulted in a change of Japanese opinion as to the wisdom of the attack because of the collapse of the German front before Moscow in December, 1941. <ref> Pearl Harbor Attack. Part 39, p. 502; Part 2, p. 5177; Part 3, p. 1149.</ref> On the afternoon of November 26, 1941, Hull put in final shape the ultimatum. In this ten-point ultimatum, eight of the drastic demands were written by Harry Dexter White, an agent of the Soviet Union. The harsh, demanding language only strengthened the position of the war party in Tokyo and Nomura found it impossible to reach an agreement because White’s demands were extreme.<ref>[http://sandiego.indymedia.org/media/2006/10/119975.pdf ''Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time''], Carroll Quigley, Collier-Macmillan, 1966, pg. 741. ISBN 0-945001-10-X</ref> War between the United States and Japan - the lone obstacle to [[Comintern]] designs in the Far East - was the primary aim of Soviet foreign policy in the Far East.

On November 8, 1945 the [[FBI]] notified the [[White House]] with a provisional summary of defector [[Elizabeth Bentley]]’s revelations. <ref>FBI Silvermaster file, [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster016.pdf Vol. 16, pgs. 98 - 100] pdf.</ref> President Truman, whose motto was "The Buck Stops Here," telephoned FBI Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]] on November 14 and told Hoover to confer with Secretary of State [[James Byrnes]] on the various matters of Soviet espionage. <ref>FBI Silvermaster file, [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster016.pdf Vol. 16, pg. 101; pgs. 102 -104] pdf.</ref> On May 4, 1946 Truman announced the appointment of White to head the newly created [[International Monetary Fund]]. White, like [[Greg Silvermaster]] and others, rather than be fired as a Security risk at a time when there was public support for the execution of spies, received a transfer, promotion and increase in pay grade.

==Oppenheimer and atomic espionage==
[[Image:Semenov.JPG|right|thumb|200px|'''Iulii Khariton with a Soviet replica of [[Fat Man]], detonated on August 29, 1949.''']]

An 86 year old [[Pavel Sudoplatov]] wrote in his memoirs,
{{Cquote|My Administration for Special Tasks was responsible for sabotage, kidnapping, and assassination of our enemies beyond the country's borders. It was a special department working in the Soviet security service....I was also in charge <ref>[http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=topics.publications&doc_id=43900&group_id=13349 Was Oppenheimer a Soviet Spy?] A Roundtable Discussion with Jerrold and Leona Schecter, Gregg Herken and [[Hayden Peake]]. The Cold War International History Project. The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Peake, curator of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]’s (CIA) Historical Intelligence Collection [http://intellit.muskingum.edu/alpha_folder/P_folder/peake.html], states, "The content of the ''Sacred Secrets'' Merkulov letter is also questioned on the point of whether it is or is not "smoking gun" evidence that Robert Oppenheimer was a Soviet source or agent while he worked on the atom bomb project during WWII. ...In short, I accept the letter and its implications." </ref> of the Soviet espionage effort to obtain the secrets of the [[atomic bomb]] from America and Great Britain. I set up a network of illegals <ref>H.B. Laes, Theory of Fielding, [http://web.archive.org/web/20050204173143/http://www.tof.blogspot.com/#kgborg KGB Organization]. Retieved September 04, 2007. [http://intellit.muskingum.edu/spycases_folder/bomb_folder/bombgenm-q.html]</ref> who convinced [[Robert Oppenheimer]]<ref>[http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=va2.document&identifier=5034F6F1-96B6-175C-9170648C02EA02F8&sort=Collection&item=Post%20Stalin%20succession%20struggle Merkulov to Beria], 2 October 1944. The letter states, "In 1942 one of the leaders of scientific work on [uranium] in the USA, Professor Oppenheimer while being an unlisted (nglastny) member of the apparat of [[Comrade Browder]] informed us about the beginning of work. On the request of Comrade Kheifitz, confirmed by Comrade Browder, he provided cooperation in access to research for several of our tested sources including a relative of [Comrade Browder]"</ref>, [[Enrico Fermi]], [[Leo Szilard]], [[Bruno Pontecorvo]], [[Alan Nunn May]], [[Klaus Fuchs]], and other scientists in America and Great Britain to share atomic secrets with us.<ref>Pavel Sudoplatov, ''Special Tasks : Memoirs of an Unwanted Spymaster'', Little Brown and Company, London, 1994, pg. 3. </ref>}}

{{Cquote|The most vital information for developing the first Soviet atomic bomb came from scientists designing the American atomic bomb at [[Los Alamos]], New Mexico...Oppenheimer, Fermi, Szilard, and Szilard's secretary were often quoted in the NKVD files from 1942 to 1945 as sources for information on the development of the first American atomic bomb. It is in the record that on several occasions they agreed to share information on [[nuclear weapons]] with Soviet scientists. At first they were motivated by fear of [[Hitler]]; they believed that the Germans might produce the first atomic bomb. Then the Danish physicist [[Niels Bohr]] helped strengthen their own inclinations to share nuclear secrets with the world academic community. By sharing their knowledge with the Soviet Union, the chance of beating the Germans to the bomb would be increased. <ref>Sudoplatov, ''Special Tasks'', pg. 172. </ref>}}

{{Cquote|[[Gregory Kheifetz]], our operative who had been successful in atomic espionage...described Oppenheimer as a man who thought of problems on a global scale. Oppenheimer saw the threat and promise of the atomic age and understood the ramifications for both military and peaceful applications. We always stressed that contacts with him should be carefully planned to maintain security, and should not be used for acquiring routine information. <ref>FBI Special Agent in Charge William Borden, who investigated Oppenheimer's [[CPUSA]] connections and was requested to make a determinaion of his findings, wrote "He was a vigorous supporter of the H-bomb program until August 6, 1945, (Hiroshima), on which day he personally urged each senior individual working in this field to desist... The central problem is assessing the degree of likelihood that he in fact... during the crucial 1939-1942 period...became an actual espionage and policy instrument of the Soviets. ... my opinion is that...the worst is in fact truth.” [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letter_from_William_L._Borden_to_J._Edgar_Hoover,_November_7,_1953 Letter from William L. Borden to J. Edgar Hoover], November 7, 1953.</ref> We knew that Oppenheimer would remain an influential person in America after the war <ref>McCarthy stated during the Executive Session hearings, "I noticed with some interest Oppenheimer’s articles in regard to the H-bomb, for example; he vigorously opposed our proceeding with any experimentation in the development of the H-bomb. When he lost out in that, he now has taken the position that we should not have an air force capable of delivering that bomb. Maybe I am simplifying it a bit, but in fact that is his argument. His argument has been that we should build a screen of defense around this nation." McCarthy Hearings, Executive Session Transcripts, September 15, 1953, [http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/Volume3.pdf Vol. 3, Pgs. 37 - 38] pdf.</ref> and therefore our relations with him should not take the form of running a controlled agent. We understood that he and other members of the scientific community were best approached as friends, not as agents. Since Oppenheimer, Bohr, and Fermi were fierce opponents of violence, they would seek to prevent a nuclear war, creating a balance of power through sharing the secrets of atomic energy. This would be a crucial factor in establishing the new world order after the war, and we took advantage of this. <ref>Sudoplatov, ''Special Tasks'', pg. 195. </ref> }}

{{Cquote|In developing Oppenheimer as a source, [[Vassili Zarubin]]'s wife, Elizabeth, was essential. ...In 1941 [[Elizabeth Zarubina]] was a captain in the [[KGB]]. After her husband's posting to Washington, she traveled to California frequently to cultivate the Oppenheimer family through social contacts arranged by Kheifets. Kheifets then introduced Elizabeth to Oppenheimer's wife, Katherine, who was sympathetic to the Soviet Union and Communist ideals, and the two worked out a system for future meetings." <ref>Sudoplatov, ''Special Tasks'', pg. 190. </ref>}}

{{Cquote|By 1943 it was agreed at the Center that all contacts with Oppenheimer would be through illegals only. [[Lev Vasilevsky]], our [[rezident]] in Mexico City, was put in charge of running the illegal network after Zarubin left. But Vasilevsky was directed to control the network from Mexico City, not to move to Washington, where the FBI could more easily monitor our activities. Our facilities in Washington were to be used as little as possible. ...Vasilevsky told me that on one occasion in 1944 he visited Washington in order to pass to the Center materials received from Fermi. To his dismay, the embassy radio operator, who was supposed to encode his message, was missing. The next day the clerk was brought to the embassy by the American police, who had picked him up dead drunk in a nearby bar. Vasilevsky decided on the spot not to use the Washington embassy to transmit any of his sensitive messages; he would rely on Mexico City. ...In 1945, for his work in handling the Fermi line in the United States, Vasilevsky was appointed deputy director of Department S. For a short period in 1947 he was the director of the department of scientific and technological intelligence in the Committee of Information, which was the central intelligence-gathering agency from 1947 to 1951. <ref>Sudoplatov, ''Special Tasks'', pg. 197. </ref>}}

{{Cquote|A description of the design of the first atomic bomb was reported to us in January 1945. In February, although there was still uncertainty in the report, our [[rezidentura]] in America stated that it would take a minimum of one year and a maximum of five years to make a sizable bomb. <ref>Sudoplatov, ''Special Tasks'', pg. 197.</ref>....We decided that Terletsky should be sent to see Bohr .... He was to explain the problems in activating the nuclear reactor to Bohr and to seek his advice. Terletsky could not be sent alone on such a critical assignment, so he was accompanied by Lev Vasilevsky, who had run the Fermi line from Mexico and now was my deputy director of Department S. He would lead the conversation with Bohr while Terletsky would handle the technical details..... Bohr understood, perhaps for the first time, that the decision that he, Fermi, Oppenheimer, and Szilard had made to allow their trusted scientific proteges to share atomic secrets had led him to meet agents of the Soviet government.... Bohr readily explained to Terletsky the problems Fermi had at the University of Chicago putting the first nuclear reactor into operation, and he made valuable suggestions that enabled us to overcome our failures. Bohr pointed to a place on a drawing Terletsky showed him and said, "That's the trouble spot." This meeting was essential to starting the Soviet reactor, and we accomplished that feat in December 1946. <ref>Sudoplatov, ''Special Tasks'', pg. 205 - 207.</ref>}}

==China and subversion of the Four Policeman==
[[Image:United nations01.jpg|right|thumb|285px|'''Joint Four Power Declaration on General Security, Moscow, October 1943.''' [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/other/united_nations-05.htm]]]
On January 1, 1942, the Soviet and [[Chinese Nationalist]] ambassadors in Washington joined with President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] and British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] in signing the [[Allied_powers#United_Nations_Declaration|Declaration by United Nations]]. Twenty-two other nations added their signatures creating the wartime alliance. The [[Atlantic Charter]] was hailed as "a common program of purposes." FDR apparently himself thought up the name "United Nations."

The order in which the declaration was signed, first by the four major powers and then the other nations, reflected FDR's belief in the moral concept of "trusteeship of the powerful" for the well-being of the less powerful. The central proposal was the prompt creation of the United Nations Authority composed of all the signers in FDR's "Great Design",<ref>''The Roosevelt Myth'', John T. Flynn, Fox and Wilkes, 1948, Book 3, Chapter 9, Section 2. ''Roosevelt's Great Design and Casablanca'', [http://americandeception.com/index.php?action=downloadpdf&photo=/PDFsml_AD/The_Roosevelt_Myth-John_T_Flynn-1948-444pgs-POL.sml.pdf&id=276&PHPSESSID=03d3557b41f249f71349e6d730cc8498 pg. 345] pdf.</ref> led by the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and Nationalist China. The President privately referred to these four major powers as the Four Policemen. <ref>Townsend Hooper and Douglas Brinkley, [http://www.ninehundred.net/~jveon/fdrbook.html ''FDR and the Creation of the U.N''], New Haven, 2000, pgs. 45 50.</ref> In October 1943 at the [[Moscow Conference]] the governments of the United States, United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the [[Kuomintang]] committed themselves to "the necessity of establishing at the earliest practicable date a general international organisation...after the termination of hostilities they will not employ their military forces within the territories of other states except for the purposes envisaged in this declaration and after joint consultation... they will confer and co-operate with one another and with other members of the United Nations to bring about a practicable general agreement with respect to the regulation of armaments in the post-war period. " <ref>[http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1943/431000a.html Joint Four Power Declaration], Moscow Conference, October, 1943.</ref>

[[Edgar Snow]] introduced Mao and [[Zhou Enlai]] to American readers in 1937 in his book, ''Red Star Over China'', shortly after the [[Chinese Red Army]]’s route by [[Chiang Kai-shek]] in 1934 and their year long retreat to [[Yenan]] known as the [[Long March]]. Snow wrote, "the political ideology, tactical line and theoretical leadership of the Chinese Communists have been under the close guidance, if not positive detailed direction, of the Communist International, which during the last decade has become virtually a bureau of the Russian Communist Party." And he further declared that the CCP had to subordinate itself to the "strategic requirements of [[Soviet Russia]], under the leadership of [[Stalin]]."<ref>Red Star Over China by Edgar Snow, New York, 1937.</ref>

[[KGB]] Agent and presidential adviser [[Lauchlin Currie]] secured for [[Comintern]] operative [[Owen Lattimore]] the appointment by Roosevelt as the American adviser for the [[Kuomintang]] and Generalissimo [[Chiang Kai-shek]].<ref>Testimony of Stanley K. Hornbeck, February 15, 1952. U. S. Congress, Senate Committee on the Judiciary, [[Internal Security Subcommittee]], Institute of Pacific Relations Hearings, 82nd Congress, First Session (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1951), Part 9, pp. 3209-10.</ref> During the [[Communazi period]], the FBI issued a notice that Lattimore should be considered for custodial detention in the event of a national emergency. <ref>[http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=453 McCarthyism: Waging the Cold War in America], Newly Uncovered Secret Data Confirm Wisconsin Senator's Major Charges, ''Human Events'', M. Stanton Evans, 05/08/2003.</ref>

On November 25, 1941 Lattimore sent a dispatch from China to Currie in the [[White House]] arguing against a proposed diplomatic understanding between the United States and Japan. Currie's assistant in the White House, [[Michael Greenberg]], was another Soviet operative and part of the [[Silvermaster group]].<ref>[[Elizabeth Bentley]]'s testimony in Institute of Pacific Relations, Hearings, Part 2, Exhibit No. 1ll, 112, pp. 433-434.</ref> Secretary of State [[Cordell Hull]] testified later he took a tough line with the Japanese because of the cable from Lattimore to Currie reporting on Chinese morale in the Kuomintang. The cable from Lattimore to Currie was the only documentary evidence Hull presented which influenced his decision to reverse himself and send the harsh ultimatum written by [[KGB]] Agent Harry Dexter White to Japan after Congress investigated the [[Pearl Harbor attack]]. <ref> Testimony of Cordell Hull, November 23, 1945. Pearl Harbor Attack, Part 2, 434-435 and Unnumbered Volume, pp. 36-37.</ref> Prof. Anthony Kubek has written that Lattimore, by this one act, designed to accomplish the Soviet objective of promoting war between the United States and Japan -- did more to promote the Sovietization of China than in any other act of Lattimore’s career. All Comintern designs for conquest of China hinged upon destroying Japan and the balance of power in the Pacific. <ref>Communism at Pearl Harbor, How the Communists Helped to Bring on Pearl Harbor and Open up Asia to Communinization, Dr. Anthony Kubek, Dallas Texas, Teaching Publishing Company, 1959. Dr. Anthony Kubek wrote the Introduction of the U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, [[Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]], Report on the ''Morgenthau Diaries''. The records of the Morgenthau Diary Study, 1953-65 consist largely of copies of portions of memorandums, correspondence, transcripts of meetings, and other records preserved by Secretary Morgenthau in order to document his tenure. The original records are in the custody of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library in Hyde Park, NY. In 1965, the SISS issued a two volume committee print entitled Morgenthau Diary (China), Edited by Dr. Anthony Kubek, containing entries from the records at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library selected to illustrate the implementation of Roosevelt administration policy in China. According to Dr. Kubek, the subcommittee wanted to produce a documentary history on the subject and "also indicate the serious problem of unauthorized, uncontrolled and often dangerous power exercised by non-elected officials," specifically Harry Dexter White. White was a major figure in Senator William Jenner's investigation of interlocking subversion in Government departments in 1953. The bipartisan investigation lasted for twelve years, and the Subcommittee's Report took another two years to write. [http://www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/senate/chapter-13-judiciary-1947-1968.html#103] Dr. Anthony Kubek also is a recognized expert on the subject of U.S. Naval Intelligence's Operation Magic, the effort to crack Japanese diplomatic ciphers. [http://www.fas.org/irp/ops/ci/docs/ci2/2ch2_bibl.pdf]</ref>

Defector [[Louis Budenz]] testified that Lattimore had been hand picked by the Comintern "to change the thinking here in Washington and in America on the Communist activities in China and relations to the Soviet Union." Lattimore was thought to be a man "who could put out [[propaganda]] and conceal the Communist activity, but still have it carry out the policy of the Communists." According to Budenz "the weight of his discussions was always along the lines of the Soviet policy," but the language employed 'Was non-Soviet in character.' " <ref>Testimony of Louis Francis Budenz, August 22, 1951. Institute of Pacific Relations, Hearings. Part 2, pp. 522-23.</ref> When, on June 15 1943, Lattimore instructed [[Joseph Barnes]]<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,791284,00.html ''Tongue-Tied''], [[Time magazine]], Feb. 07, 1944.</ref> to replace the non-Communist Chinese of the U.S. [[Office of War Information]] (OWI) with Communists, OWI did so. On July 14 [[Thomas A. Bisson]], in the [[Institute of Pacific Relations]] (IPR) publication, ''Far Eastern Survey'', referred to [[Maoist]] forces as the "democratic China." The [[disinformation]] was widely repeated among journalists and academics. Lattimore, [[Frederick Field]] and others, were later to write in the ''New York Times'' of China's "agrarian reformers." But in July and August 1943, the [[Maoist]]s -- in the midst of the war -- joined with the Japanese armies to inflict a serious defeat on Kuomintang troops allied with the United States. <ref>[http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/6315/yaltabet.html ''The Yalta Betrayal''], Felix Wittmer, Claxton Printers, 1953, pg. 36.</ref>

In the second half of 1944, the IPR published a fifty-six-page pamphlet, ''Our Job in Asia'', which was allegedly written by Vice President [[Henry Wallace]] after his official 3 month trip to Siberia, China, and Mongolia. <ref>''Yalta Betrayal'', Wittmer, 1953, pg. 58. Retrieved from GELO.com [http://www.ogleo.com/search/ogleo-History_of_CzechoslovakiaHistory of Czechoslovakia] 05/08/07.</ref>. "The Russians," the author of the pamphlet claimed, "have demonstrated their friendly attitude toward China by their willingness to refrain from intervening in China's internal affairs." <ref> US Senate, 82nd Congress, 2nd Session, Committee on the Judiciary, Institute of Pacific Relations, Report No. 2050, p. 223.</ref><ref>US Senate, 82nd Congress, 1st Session, Committee on the Judiciary, Institute of Pacific Relations, Part V, pp. 1302, 1206.</ref> The Senate Committee on the Judiciary was to find that in 1944 the IPR, "disseminated and sought to popularize false information including information originating from Soviet and Communist sources." <ref>US Senate, 82nd Congress, 2nd Session, Committee on the Judiciary, Institute of Pacific Relations, Report No. 2050, p. 223.</ref> Some years later Wallace admitted in testimony that most of a book entitled ''Soviet Asia Mission'' supposedly written by him detailing his official Far Eastern trip actually had been written by Andrew J. Steiger, a person identified under oath as a [[Communist party]] member. The Communist party advocated the violent overthrow of the [[United States]] Government and was an agency of a foreign government.<ref>U.S. Code Title 50 Chapter 23 Subchapter IV § 841 [http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode50/usc_sec_50_00000841----000-.html Findings and declarations of fact], "The Congress finds and declares that the Communist Party of the United States, although purportedly a political party, is in fact an instrumentality of a conspiracy to overthrow the Government of the United States...the policies and programs of the Communist Party are secretly prescribed for it by the foreign leaders...the Communist Party acknowledges no constitutional or statutory limitations upon its conduct...gives scant indication of capacity ever to attain its ends by lawful political means. The peril inherent in its operation arises …from its failure to acknowledge any limitation as to the nature of its activities, and its dedication to the proposition that the present [[Constitutional Republic|constitutional Government]] of the United States ultimately must be brought to ruin by any available means, including resort to force and violence. Holding that doctrine, its role as the agency of a hostile foreign power renders its existence a clear present and continuing danger to the security of the United States. It is the means whereby individuals are seduced into the service of the world Communist movement, trained to do its bidding, and directed and controlled in the conspiratorial performance of their revolutionary services."</ref> To Joseph Fels Barnes, Owen Lattimore, and Harriet Lucy Moore, all identified under oath as Communist party members, the Vice President expressed his gratitude for their "invaluable assistance in preparing the manuscript." <ref>[http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/6315/yaltabet.html ''The Yalta Betrayal''], Felix Wittmer, Caxton Printers, 1953, pg. 59.</ref>

Chiang Kai-shek himself claimed that Harry Dexter White and his staff sabotaged his government's economic policies. The U.S. government made a commitment to Chiang in writing to supply $200 million in gold to Nationalist China <ref>David Rees, ''Harry Dexter White; a Study in Paradox'', London, 1974, pg. 333.</ref> in 1943 to stabilize the Chinese currency at a time when inflation was spiraling out of control.<ref>John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America'', New Haven Yale University Press, 2000, pp. 142-145 ISBN 0-300-08462-5 </ref> White's policy prevented the shipment until it was too late to be effective in stemming inflation. In a December 9, 1944 memo to Treasury Secretary Morgenthau, White wrote,
{{Cquote|We have stalled as much as we have dared and have succeeded in limiting gold shipments to $26 million during the past year. We think it would be a serious mistake to permit further large shipments at this time. <ref>David Rees, ''Harry Dexter White; a Study in Paradox'', pg. 326.</ref>}}

In July 1945 [[U.S. War Department]] memorandum entitled, ''The Chinese Communist Movement'', gave a depiction of the true nature of the CCP, reporting the Maoists allowed no opposition groups in the areas they controlled and were part of the international Comintern movement of violent revolution. <ref>Anne W. Carroll, [http://www.ewtn.com/library/HOMELIBR/FR89102.TXT ''Who Lost China''], 1996. Retrieved from www.ewtn com/library/ August 16, 2007.</ref> Chiang believed that the [[Truman Doctrine]] of [[Containment|containing]] of Moscow directed [[Subversion (political)|subversion]] would extend to China, and ordered an offensive when he heard of the new policy. <ref>Richard C. Thornton, ''China: A Political History, 1917-1980'', Boulder CO 1982, pg. 208.</ref> Truman however, made no effort to save China from en[[slave]]ment. U.S. Secretary of State [[George Marshall]] himself testified that such aid might have worked, but General David Barr's military mission was specifically instructed not to supply this kind of assistance. <ref>Military Situation in the Far East, Hearings before the Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate, 82nd Congress (Washington, 1951), p. 558.</ref> General [[Albert C. Wedemeyer]] recommended this approach in his report on his 1947 fact-finding mission, but Marshall personally suppressed the report. <ref>Tang Tsou, ''America's Failure in China, 1941-1945'', Chicago 1964, pg. 457.</ref> In the summer of 1946, Truman told Chiang to be more willing to compromise. Chiang replied that first the Communists must abandon "their policy to seize political power through the use of armed force, to overthrow the government and to install a [[totalitarian]] regime such as those with which [[Eastern Europe]] is now being engulfed." <ref>Tang Tsou, ''America's Failure in China, 1941-1945'', Chicago 1964, pg. 429.</ref>

Secretary of State Dean Acheson, no friend of Joseph McCarthy, admitted on January 12, 1950, in a [[National Press Club]] address,
{{Cquote|What is happening in China is that the Soviet Union is detaching the northern provinces of China from China and is attaching them to the Soviet Union. This process is complete in [[Outer Mongolia]]. It is nearly complete in [[Manchuria]] and I am sure that in [[Inner Mongolia]] and [[Sinkiang]] there are very happy reports coming from [[Soviet agent]]s to Moscow."<ref>''[[New York Times]]'', January 13, 1950.</ref>}}
[[Senator McCarthy]] repeatedly criticized IPR and its former chairman [[Philip Jessup]], observing that Frederick Field, T.A. Bisson, and Lattimore were very active in IPR and worked to turn American China policy in favor of the CCP. John Carter Vincent, [[John Stewart Service]], [[Alger Hiss]], and [[John Paton Davies]] all had links to IPR. Jessup in 1949 was the principal editor of the State Department "white paper" on China that abandoned Chiang Kai-chek and the Kuomintang.

The [[Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]] (SISS) looked extensively into the problem of unauthorized, uncontrolled and often dangerous power exercised by non-elected officials, specifically Harry Dexter White. Part of its report looked into the implementation of Roosevelt administration policy in [[China]] and was published as the ''Morgenthau Diary''. <ref>[http://www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/senate/chapter-13-judiciary-1947-1968.html#103 Guide to the Records of the U.S. Senate at the National Archives, Records of the Morgenthau Diary Study, 1953-65].</ref>
The report stated in 1967, [[Image:FrankCoegroup.jpg|frame|right
|'''CCP Chairman [[Mao Zedong]] with [[Israel Epstein]] (first left), Soviet spies [[Anna Louise Strong]] (third left), [[Frank Coe]] (second right), and [[Solomon Adler]] (first right). [[New Deal]] economists Coe and Adler defected to Maoist China rather than face prosecution in the United States. Chinese history recalls the time their economic theories were implemented as the [[Three Years of Disasters]]. By 1959, Coe was writing articles justifying the [[Rectification campaign]], which the ''Epoch Times'' in 2004 referred to as the "darkest and most ferocious power game ever played out in the human world".<ref>[http://english.epochtimes.com/news/4-12-11/24830.html Rectification in Yan’an—Creating the Most Fearsome Methods in Persecution], The Beginnings of the Chinese Communist Party, Epoch Times Commentaries on the Chinese Communist Party - Part 2, Dec 11, 2004.</ref>]]

{{Cquote|The concentration of Communist sympathizers in the [[Treasury Department]], and particularly the Division of Monetary Research, is now a matter of record. White was the first director of that division; those who succeeded him in the directorship were [[Frank Coe]] and [[Harold Glasser]]. Also attached to the Division of Monetary Research were [[Lud Ullman|William Ludwig Ullman]], [[Irving Kaplan]], and [[Victor Perlo]]. White, Coe, Glasser, Kaplan, and Perlo were all identified as participants in the Communist conspiracy…." <ref> Report on the Morgenthau Diaries prepared by the Subcommittee of the Senate Committee of the Judiciary appointed to investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and other Internal Security Laws, Introduction, by Dr. Anthony Kubek, Professor of History at Dallas University, November 1967, United States Government Printing Office, two volumes, v.i., pg. 80.</ref>}}

During the hearings, 46 persons connected with the IPR were identified as Communist Party members. <ref>U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Report on the Institute of Pacific Relations, Washington 1952, pg. 11.</ref><ref>[http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?print=yes&id=455 McCarthyism: Waging the Cold War in America], by M. Stanton Evans, ''Human Events'', 05/30/1997. Updated 05/08/2003.</ref> In the final report the SISS noted:

:"The IPR has been considered by the American Communist Party and by Soviet officials as an instrument of Communist policy, propaganda and [[military intelligence]]. The IPR disseminated and sought to popularize false information including information originating from Soviet and Communist sources. . . . The IPR was a vehicle used by the Communists to orientate American far eastern policies toward Communist objectives. . ." <ref>U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Report on the Institute of Pacific Relations, Washington 1952.</ref>

==Korea and the nuclear arms race==

On Sunday morning, June 25, 1950, Communist armies of [[North Korea]] crossed the border in an invasion of the southern republic. Two days later [[President Truman]] announced: "I have ordered the United States air and sea forces to give the Korean government troops, cover and support." The next day American ground and air forces were fully engaged in [[South Korea]] in what the President called "a police action." John T. Flynn described the perplexity of the American electorate: "Thus [the U.S] became enmeshed in an obscure tangle of circumstances... involving objectives so dimly seen, stretching on to problems so insoluble, and promising stresses on our economic and political system ... in pursuit of ends no one understands and involving costs and consequences we cannot measure."<ref>[http://www.mises.org/books/whileyouslept.pdf While You Slept : Our Tragedy in Asia and Who Made It], John T. Flynn, New York : The Devin - Adair Company, 1951, pgs 9-10 pdf.</ref> The [[Korean War]] disrupted the postwar economic boom with military service, shortages, restrictions and cost-of-living inflation which could not help but breed discontent. And through it all, Prof. [[Carroll Quigley]] points out, "the press kept up a constant barrage of 'Communists in Washington,' 'twenty years of treason.'"<ref>''Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time'', Carroll Quigley, Collier-Macmillan, 1966, pg. 986. ISBN 0-945001-10-X</ref>

[[Chiang Kai-shek]] was caught between two wars—a war on China by Japan and a war on China by the Soviet Union. American leaders refused to see this and insisted on acting in the illusion that China was fighting the Japanese only and that Soviet Union was an ally. Then came the startling realization that the United States, too, like China, was engaged in two wars in Asia, one against a common enemy, Japan; the other against a common enemy, the Soviet Union. The United States, with its ally China, fought the Japanese. But all the time the Soviet Union, with its satellite Comintern army in China, was fighting both China and the United States. The [[iron curtain]] that, with the [[Yalta agreement]], was rung down over American allies in Europe—[[Poland]] and [[Czechoslovakia]] and other little countries—fell on China also. And this was made possible wholly because of the Soviet Union's allies—conscious and unconscious—in America, in the U.S. government and even in the [[U.S. State Department]].

==Extrajudicial means==

Defector [[Louis Budenz]] stated publicly he could identify 400 members of the Communist conspiracy which had delivered the know-how to build the [[atomic bomb]] to the Soviet Union. This number of 400 was closely corroborated by the 349 codenames the cryptographers in the Venona project discovered and FBI field investigators sought to identify. Defector [[Elizabeth Bentley]] also identified 81 persons involved in espionage, and Soviet cipher clerk [[Igor Gouzenko]] yielded valuable information when he defected in Canada.

In sum, some 205 total true identities of persons involved in espionage during World War II were known to the FBI by 1950, some being corroborated by multiple sources. Given the secret nature of Venona, and the unwillingness to let the Soviet Union know the US was reading its codes, the known spies were eased out of government positions, and where prosecution could occur using sources other than Venona, a few cases were attempted. But the priority was always to maintain the secrecy regarding the breaking of Soviet codes, remove security risks, and forego law enforcement while cryptographers and field investigators continued working to identify others.

So secret was Venona, that not even [[President Truman]] was informed. The revelation Truman had never been informed was the subject of much controversy and discussion when the Venona documents were declassified in 1995. Given the extent of the Soviet penetration of the U.S. Government, including virtually all the U.S. security and intelligence services, the State and Treasury Departments, and even the [[White House]], the decision not to inform Truman appears to have been the logical and appropriate decision. <ref>Thomas Patrick Carroll, ''The Case Against Intelligence Openness'', International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, 2001, Vol. 14, Nol. 4, pgs. 559 - 574. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08850600152617164]</ref> General [[Omar Bradley]] took it upon himself not to inform Truman, and told the few others with the knowledge of the Soviet attack on American security that he would inform the President if the need were to arise. <ref>[http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/002/830wsuop.asp?pg=2 The Origins of McCarthyism], What did Harry Truman know, and when did he know it? by Robert D. Novak, ''The Weekly Standard'', 06/30/2003, Volume 008, Issue 41.</ref>

After the Soviet Union exploded its first nuclear test, and it became apparent to the public that the Soviet Union obtained the knowhow from American citizens employed by the federal government during the [[New Deal]], with the growing tensions of the times over the [[Berlin Airlift]], the loss of the U.S.'s wartime ally in China to the Chinese [[Comintern]] forces, and later the [[Korean War]], those with knowledge of Venona had as an immediate priority to remove Soviet operatives from sensitive positions. President Truman instituted a system of Loyalty checks through review boards, but Truman himself was unaware of the extent of the real danger. Hoover approached McCarthy with a plan to (a) ease more security risks out of government positions, (b) put pressure on friends and relatives to reveal what they knew about Soviet operatives based upon familial relations or association in various [[communist front]] organizations, and (c) gain more knowledge of spy’s contacts and operations. It took a willingness on McCarthy's part to stretch the limits of Senate Rules, and there is no indication Hoover disclosed completely to McCarthy the FBI's full knowledge of Soviet espionage activity in the United States for the prior two and half decades. The immediate crisis was so large and potentially catastrophic that McCarthy was willing to act with Hoover and the FBI to help remove the remaining security risks.

Most but not all of [[Senator McCarthy]]’s numbered cases were drawn from the “Lee List” or “108 list” of unresolved [[Department of State]] security cases compiled by the investigators for the House Appropriates Committee in 1947. Robert E. Lee was the committee’s lead investigator and supervised preparation of the list. The Tydings subcommittee also obtained this list. The Lee list, using numbers rather than names, was published in the proceeding of the subcommittee. <ref>U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, State Department Employee Loyalty Investigations (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1950).</ref>

Senator McCarthy furnished the [[Tydings Committee]] the real names attached to his numbered cases, and the Tydings Committee received the real names attached to the Lee list as well. <ref>McCarthy to Tydings, 18 March 1950 with attached list.</ref> Over the years that followed all of the names became public one way or another. Additionally, in a series of speeches McCarthy named others as secret Communists, spies, security risks, or participants in the Communist conspiracy.

In 1950 A. S. Brent of the FBI did a thorough review of the 54 files covering the Gregory case in response to a request for information concerning individuals who now were liable to register under Section 20 of the [[Internal Security Act of 1950]]. Brent found the facts still insufficient for prosecution under the espionage or related statutes. Brent made specific recommendations handling the cases of [[Joseph Katz]], [[Mary Price]], [[George Perazich]], and [[Abraham Brothman]]. Brent noted "It is realized that we are dealing with callous individuals. However, it is felt that we should concentrate our investigative efforts at this time on trying to find a weak spot in the armors of these people"<ref>[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/FBI_Memo_Brent_to_Hennrich,_October_30,_1950 FBI Memo Brent to Hennrich, October 30, 1950].</ref> and select several cases with suggestions how to do proceed. [[Anatole Volkov]], the son of [[Helen Silvermaster]] and stepson of [[Greg Silvermaster]] he says, "if we concentrate on Volkov... All of this, it is felt, will affect the Silvermasters and may possibly persuade them to cooperate." In [[Lud Ullman]]'s case Brent notes, "it is a common practice ...to contact parents and other relatives...Undoubtedly, an interview with them would disturb Ullman if it came to his attention." Of [[Duncan Chapin Lee]] he observes "there may be a way of persuading Lee to talk by interviewing his parents and relatives....If these interviews draw complaints from him then it is felt that we would be in a position to interview him thoroughly concerning the noted discrepancies." Regarding [[George Silverman]] Brent proposes, "Silverman would be very sensitive to an approach to his son...it... would disturb his father and might be the thing which will cause Silverman to cooperate with us." On [[Robert Talbot Miller, III]] "we should give consideration to closing in on Miller by talking to his father," and of [[Victor Perlo]] "we should give consideration to interviewing his parents." Brent cites the 1947 Tamm memo "That one of the subjects ...possibly the weakest member, be contacted...Failling in this respect, the other subjects should be exhaustively interviewed....it would seem logical to conduct such interviews as nearly simultaneously as possible. ...That failing to break any of the subjects, serious consideration be given to exposing this lousy outfit and at least hounding them from the federal service."

==Tensions of the times==

*President Truman issued Executive Order 9835 on 22 March 1947 intended to tighten protections against [[subversion (political)|subversive infiltration]] of the US Government, defining disloyalty as membership on a list of subversive organizations maintained by the Attorney General.

*Beginning 24 June 1948 the first major crisis of the [[Cold War]] exposed the rift in the [[Allied Powers|Alliance of World War II]] which had defeated Germany, when Soviet troops blockaded access points to Berlin, sparking the first Berlin Crisis, and lasting a year.

*On 20 July [[CPUSA]] General Secretary [[Eugene Dennis]] and 11 others were arrested and indicted under the [[Smith Act]] of conspiring to advocate violent overthrow of the US Government.

*On 31 July [[Elizabeth Bentley]] testifies before the [[House Committee on Un-American Activities]] (HUAC), publicly accusing [[Harry Dexter White]] and [[White House]] adviser [[Lauchlin Currie]] of being [[Soviet agents]].

*3 August [[Whittaker Chambers]] names the first General Secretary of the [[United Nations]] Charter meeting and confident of [[President Roosevelt]] at the [[Yalta Conference]], [[Alger Hiss]], as well as [[Harry Dexter White]] as Communists in testimony before the HUAC.

*13 August Harry Dexter White, the first head of the [[International Monetary Fund]], a keystone post war institution, denies charges he is a Soviet agent before HUAC and claims he’s a loyal [[New Deal [[Democrat]].

*Three days later on 16 August Harry Dexter White died of a heart attack. His complicity in espionage was later conclusively determined by the FBI through evidence gathered by the Venona project as a Soviet agent code named "Jurist". <ref>[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/FBI_Memorandum_identifying_Harry_Dexter_White_as_agent_Jurist FBI Memo Ladd to the Director, October 16, 1950], Identifying Harry Dexter White as agent Jurist.</ref>

*In late summer of 1949, on 29 August the Soviet atomic bomb project was revealed when it exploded a replica of [[Fat Man]]; the [[Soviet Union]] gained nuclear technology by espionage from the United State with the willing cooperation of government employees and American citizens.

*On 23 September 1949 Truman announces that the Soviets have exploded an atomic bomb.

*19 October [[Meredith Gardner]] and [[Robert Lamphere]] secretly meet at [[Arlington Hall]] and formally inaugurate full-time FBI/Army [[Signals Intelligence Service]] liaison on coded Soviet messages.

*On 1 October [[Maoist]] forces were victorious after the effective [[subversion (political)|subversion]] of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|President Roosevelt]]’s support for the [[Chinese Nationalist]] government during World War II.

*On 21 January 1950, [[Alger Hiss]] was convicted of perjury for testimony before HUAC regarding espionage on behalf of the Soviet Union.

*24 January [[Klaus Fuchs]] confessed in Great Britain to espionage on behalf of the Soviet Union while working on the [[Manhattan Project]] at Los Alamos National Laboratory during the War.

*22 May FBI arrests [[Harry Gold]] for espionage.

*On 25 June, the [[Korean War]] began when North Korea invaded South Korea; [[President Truman]] authorized deployment of American troops while the Allied Powers provided little or no assistance. The United States essentially stood alone in a confrontation that had the prospect of nuclear weapons being used — nuclear weapons technology that had been given to the enemy by US citizens, some within the government.

*On 17 July, [[Julius Rosenberg]] was arrested on charges of espionage regarding the transfer of technology to the Soviet Union to build the atomic weapon.

*In May 1951, two members of the [[Cambridge Five]] — [[Donald MacLean]], Second Secretary of the British Embassy in Washington, D.C., and [[Guy Burgess]] — defected to Moscow after it was discovered MacLean transmitted information on the atom bomb from the British Embassy to the Soviet Union during World War II.

==More spy cases==

===Coplon===
===Philby===
==Hiss convicted and the vendetta against Nixon==
==A housewife electrocuted and Oppenheimer walks==
:''Main article'' [[Ethel Rosenberg]]

==Hypocrisy regarding McCarthy's methods ==

McCarthy had a confrontation with Boston attorney Joseph Welch in televised hearings. Welch demanded that McCarthy name someone who had belonged to a [[Glossary_of_espionage_terms#Fronts_and_cutouts|Communist front]] organization, and then complained that it was cruel, reckless, and indecent to do so. McCarthy named Welch's associate Fred Fisher as a member of the [[National Lawyers Guild]], who Welch himself had previously outed to the NY Times six weeks earlier.[http://www.aim.org/aim_report/A4297_0_4_0_C/]
Welch dishonestly pretended to be shocked, and famously said, "Have you no sense of decency, sir, at long last?"

Social commentator [[Ann Coulter]] observes,
{{cquote|it is difficult to grasp the importance of McCarthy's crusade. But there's a reason 'Communist' now sounds about as threatening as 'monarchist' …. McCarthy made it a disgrace to be a Communist. Domestic Communism could never recover.
Liberals invented the myth of McCarthyism to delegitimize impertinent questions about their own patriotism...Liberals demand that the nation treat enemies like friends and friends like enemies...Any evidence that anyone seeks to harm America is stridently rejected as "no evidence."<ref>Coulter, Ann ''Treason: Liberal Treachery From the Cold War to the War on Terrorism''©2003 Crown Forum, New York, New York, pp. 1-2</ref>}}

==The New Left==

==See also==

*[[Soviet spies in America (1921-1948)]]
*[[MoveOn.org]]

==Further reading==
*[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/FBI_Memo_Morgan_to_Clegg%2C_Janaury_14%2C_1947 FBI Silvermaster file, Morgan to Clegg, January 14, 1947]
*[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Memorandum_for_the_Attorney_General%2C_January_27%2C_1947 Memorandum for the Attorney General, January 27, 1947]
*[http://www.education-research.org/CSR/Holdings/Silvermaster/summaries.htm FBI Silvermaster file, Brent to Hennrich, October 30, 1950]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/ramseyer/wpoccupation.pdf The Good Occupation], By Yoshiro Miwa & J. Mark Ramseyer, 05/2005.
*[http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=23316 McCarthyism: The Rosetta Stone of Liberal Lies], by Ann Coulter, ''Human Events'', 11/07/2007.

[[Category:Cold War]]
[[Category:Espionage]]
[[Category:New Deal]]
[[Category:1950s]]