Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

User:Panda95

2010-08-18T00:55:21Z

Panda95:

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{{User Christian}}
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{{User American}}
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Cephalopod

2010-08-18T00:42:02Z

Panda95: Undo revision 806848 by Kharisym (Talk)

'''Cephalopod''' molluscs are a branch of related marine [[invertebrate]]s. They include [[octopus]], [[squid]], [[cuttlefish]], [[nautilus]] and the extinct [[ammonite]]s.

"Cephalopod" comes from the Greek Κεφαλόποδ (kephalópod), meaning roughly "head-foot." Univalve molluscs include a muscular "foot"; in gastropods such as snails, the foot is found on the bottom, near the stomach, whereas in cephalopods, it is part of the head.

Some cephalopods, such as octopus, are widely considered to be among the most intelligent marine invertebrates. Octopus and cuttlefish are capable of camouflaging themselves to match many complex environments, a behavior which aids them in predation. Octopus are also capable of planning ahead and performing feats of dexterity such as opening jars. Some marine biologists claim that other cephalopods, such as Humboldt squid, may be capable of communication.

The giant [[axon|axons]] of [[squid]] were used by early [[biophysics|biophysicists]] to uncover the manner in which nerve signals propagate along nerve cells. Since the axons have a very large diameter --the biggest known of any invertebrate--they were an ideal model system to use in studying this phenomenon.

[[Category:Molluscs]]

Debate:Why are God's works always questioned?

2010-08-18T00:39:07Z

Panda95: Undo revision 806846 by Xxtooxuberxx (Talk)

{{debate}}

Why not? [[User:Underscoreb|Underscoreb]] 21:30, 10 December 2007 (EST)

God's works are always questioned because He gave us a free will to do with what we wish and to question and believe, to love and to hate, to agree and disagree. We question because we are human and we are human because we questioned.--[[User:CRD|CRD]] 22:04, 11 July 2007 (EDT)

I think that God's works are questioned because our perception of God is so limited. The majority of people view God as a benevolent, loving, but stearn creator/magician/father figure. If that is what God is all about then we constantly have to wonder why God's creation contains pain, suffering and death. We also have to stuff our beliefs about how the world works into a creator/created way of thinking. Other cultures have had complex mythologies that essentially show God as having many faces; some good, some bad, some loving, some destroying, etc. The Old Testament God was more like that type of being. Maybe if our God were bigger, we might realize that the important questions aren't concerning God's works at all but our own. Like the Buddha we would simply set it aside and concentrate our efforts on living the right life in the here and now. [[User:Wismike|Wismike]]

== How is this a scientific debate? ==

Science has not shown any proofs for existence of god. Also science questions every thing. From perspective of science, there is no god. Man made god in man's image (at least one group)--[[User:JBuscombe|JBuscombe]] 14:31, 18 November 2007 (EST)

:Within or without? Half full or half empty? There is no such thing as science having a perspective. Only individuals are in a position to gain a perspective. The proof of the existence of God is the created universe. There are those that would prefer that God never existed so that their own works won't be questioned. Of course they may be wrong. Whether you believe you evolved from a pool of slime or are an intelligently created being will be your own choice. The real question is whether you will ever recognize it when the answer to this question has been given to you?--[[User:Roopilots6|Roopilots6]] 12:22, 16 April 2008 (EDT)

simple you can't test them, when your god decides to hand over some blood then I will believe.
([[User:Gosweden|Gosweden]])

== Not everyone believes in God, in the same way as you ==

and whether you agree with them or not, it's a pretty good reason [[User:NRupert|NRupert]] 14:04, 5 June 2008 (EDT)
[[Category:Religion Essays]]

Essay: Video Games and Religion

2010-08-17T22:18:14Z

Panda95: Undo revision 806831 by RandyZ (Talk)

Throughout the world video games have become an increasingly popular hobby. The main problem with this is the lack of [[faith]] in video games. Many children report a preference of video games than visiting church. <ref>According to a 2007 survey by Gallup.</ref> The negative views of religion in video games is the likely cause of this phenomenon. Faith is often shown in a negative light; as a means of control, inane worship, or of false gods. This essay will examine the different views of religion shown in popular video games.

==Grand Theft Auto==
Grand Theft Auto is perhaps the worst example of faith in video games. The various protagonists of the series are shown as having no conscious. The characters engage in virtually every immoral act: every one of the [[Ten Commandments]] are broken in these games. Furthermore, ''Grand Theft Auto IV'' engages actively in [[deceit]]. Two specific examples are their "satire" of Republican radio host [[Rush Limbaugh]](called We Know the Truth), and an in-game television show "Republican Space Rangers."

WKTT, the parody of Rush Limbaugh, interestingly enough shows just what is wrong with America. The station has various callers telling the host what IS wrong with America, with the host responding to these real-life situations in a typical [[Liberal]] fashion.

Republican Space Rangers openly mocks [[conservative]] values. It features a group of three space rangers, who preach Christian values, as incompetent and aggressive nutjobs.

==Red Dead Redemption==
Set in 1911, this game shows the decline of the Wild West. Interestingly, it has some conservative values. The liberal run federal government is encroaching on the West, a common complaint of the game's characters. The similarities stop there. This game encourages violence against clergy<ref>The in game missions ''I Know You'' requires the protagonists to rob a nun.</ref>, the promotion of alcohol, and a significantly downplayed role of Christianity in the West.

==The Sims 3==
This game is a family simulator. However, this game has no morals implemented into the characters("Sims"). Sims may engage in immoral sexual activities. In fact, this game allows [[gay marriage]]. Furthermore, this game does not have a single church for Sims to attend.

==Total War Series==
These games are downright insulting to Christianity. They portray religion as nothing more than a political tool to keep the masses happy<ref> Religion is only used to increase public order, it plays no role in a country's policy, and characters do not have their religious views affect them as they would in real life.</ref>. ''Medieval II: Total War'' even allows the player to call a Crusade on other Christian nations! Even worse, it portrays the Islamic factions as peaceful countries (as opposed to their rather aggressive real-life counterparts) being invaded by aggressive Christians.

==Civilization Series==
The Civilization Series allows the player to control a civilization from 4000 BC until 2100 AD. Religion first played a factor in Civilization IV. The makers of the game portray all religions as equal, with no benefits of Christianity on a nation over an Islamic Theocracy.

Furthermore, this game makes an allusion to Communism being better than Capitalism. The economic civics gives the "State Property" option a low upkeep and an efficient economy. While the "Free Market" option taking medium upkeep and a slow growth economy.

==References==
<references><references/>

File talk:Map United Kingdom Israel.jpg

2010-08-17T16:36:14Z

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This image is the non-existent category "images", which should be removed. [[User:Panda95|'''Panda''']][[User talk:Panda95|'''95''']] 12:36, 17 August 2010 (EDT)

File talk:16th Amendment.jpg

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File talk:Georgeross.jpg

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File talk:Georgeread.jpg

2010-08-17T16:36:03Z

Panda95: Created page with 'This image is the non-existent category "images", which should be removed. ~~~~'

Template:Working dogs

2010-08-17T16:29:42Z

Panda95:

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Template:Toy dogs

2010-08-17T16:29:29Z

Panda95:

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[[Maltese dog]]{{·}} [[Pekingese]]{{·}}[[Basenji]]{{·}} [[Silky terrier]]{{·}} [[Pug]]{{·}} [[Italian greyhound]]{{·}} [[English toy spaniel]]{{·}} [[Miniature pinscher]]{{·}} [[Chihuahua (dog)|Chihuahua]]{{·}} [[Manchester terrier]]{{·}} [[Affenpinscher]]{{·}} [[Toy poodle]]{{·}} [[Brussels griffon]]{{·}} [[Shih tzu]]{{·}} [[Japanese spaniel]]{{·}} [[Yorkshire terrier]]{{·}} [[Papillon]]{{·}} [[Pomeranian]]
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Template:Terriers

2010-08-17T16:29:21Z

Panda95:

{{Navbox
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|title = [[Terriers]]

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|group1 = Medium to large Terriers
|list1 = [[Airedale terrier]]{{·}} [[Bedlington terrier]]{{·}} [[Border terrier]]{{·}} [[Fox terrier]]{{·}} [[Irish terrier]]{{·}} [[Manchester terrier]]{{·}} [[Welsh terrier]]{{·}} [[Wheaten terrier]]
|group2 = Small Terriers
|list2 = [[Australian terrier]]{{·}}[[Andalusian terrier]]{{·}}[[Cairn terrier]]{{·}}[[Jack Russell terrier]]{{·}}[[Japanese terrier]]{{·}}[[Norfolk terrier]]{{·}}[[Norwich terrier]]{{·}}[[Scottish terrier]]{{·}}[[Skye terrier]]{{·}}[[West Highland white terrier]]
|group3 = Bull Terriers
|list3 = [[American Staffordshire terrier]]{{·}} [[Bull terrier]]{{·}} [[Miniature bull terrier]]{{·}} [[Pit bull]]{{·}} [[Staffordshire bull terrier]]
|group4 =Toy Terriers
|list4 = [[Australian silky terrier]]{{·}}[[English toy terrier]]{{·}}[[Russkiy toy]]{{·}}[[Yorkshire terrier]]{{·}}[[Toy fox terrier]]

}}
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Template:Sporting dogs

2010-08-17T16:29:08Z

Panda95:

{{Navbox
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|title = [[Sporting dogs]]

|above =

|group1 = [[Gundogs]]
|list1 = [[Ariege pointer]]{{·}}[[Blue picardy spaniel]]{{·}} [[English setter]]{{·}} [[German longhaired pointer]]{{·}} [[German shorthaired pointer]] {{·}}[[German wirehaired pointer]]{{·}} [[Gordon setter]]{{·}} [[Irish setter]]{{·}} [[Münsterländer]]{{·}} [[Old Danish pointer]]{{·}} [[Picardy spaniel]]{{·}} [[Pointer (dog)|Pointer]]{{·}} [[Portuguese pointer]]{{·}} [[Vizsla]]{{·}} [[Weimaraner]]{{·}} [[Wirehaired pointing griffon]]

|group2 = [[Retriever]]s
|list2 = [[Chesapeake bay retriever]]{{·}} [[Golden retriever]]{{·}} [[Curly-coated retriever]]{{·}} [[Labrador retriever]]

|group3 = [[Spaniel]]s
|list3 = [[American water spaniel]]{{·}} [[Brittany spaniel]]{{·}} [[Clumber spaniel]]{{·}} [[Cocker spaniel]]{{·}} [[English cocker spaniel]]{{·}} [[English springer spaniel]]{{·}} [[Field spaniel]]{{·}} [[Irish water spaniel]]{{·}} [[Sussex spaniel]]
}}
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Template:Non-sporting dogs

2010-08-17T16:28:57Z

Panda95:

{{Navbox
|name = nonsportdogs
|title = [[Non-Sporting dogs]]

|above =

[[American Eskimo dog]]{{·}} [[Bichon frise]]{{·}} [[Boston terrier]]{{·}} [[Bulldog]]{{·}} [[Chow Chow]]{{·}} [[Dalmatian]]{{·}} [[French bulldog]]{{·}} [[Keeshond]]{{·}} [[Lhasa apso]]{{·}} [[Löwchen]]{{·}} [[Miniature poodle]]{{·}} [[Poodle]]{{·}} [[Schipperke]]{{·}} [[Shar-Pei]]{{·}} [[Tibetan terrier]]
}}
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Category:Dog templates

2010-08-17T16:28:47Z

Panda95: Created page with 'Dog templates'

Dog templates

Template:Hounds

2010-08-17T16:28:23Z

Panda95:

{{Navbox
|name = hounds
|title = [[Hound dogs]]

|above =

|group1 = [[Sight hound]]s
|list1 = [[Afghan hound]]{{·}} [[Borzoi]]{{·}}[[Basenji]]{{·}} [[Norwegian elkhound]]{{·}} [[Greyhound]]{{·}} [[Scottish deerhound]]{{·}} [[Irish wolfhound]]{{·}} [[Saluki]]

|group2 = [[Scent hound]]s
|list2 = [[American foxhound]]{{·}} [[Beagle]]{{·}} [[Dachshund]]{{·}} [[Basset hound]]{{·}} [[Black-and-tan coonhound]]{{·}} [[Blue tick coonhound]]{{·}} [[Harrier hound]]{{·}} [[Otter hound]]{{·}} [[Bloodhound]]{{·}} [[Rhodesian ridgeback]]
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Category:Differential Equations

2010-08-17T16:23:49Z

Panda95: Created page with 'Differential Equations'

Differential Equations

Category:Wildlife Templates

2010-08-17T16:23:34Z

Panda95: Created page with 'Wildlife Templates'

Wildlife Templates

Template:Nb zl crocodiles

2010-08-17T16:23:14Z

Panda95:

{{Navbox
|name = crocodile
|title = [[Crocodylidae]]

|above =

|group1 = [[Crocodylus]]
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Crocodile

2010-08-17T16:22:05Z

Panda95: /* References */ category was deleted

{{Taxonomy
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|image=Americancrocodile.jpg
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|genera=Crocodylus Osteolaemus
|genus=
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|species=C. acutus C. cataphractus C. intermedius C. johnsoni C. mindorensis C. moreletii C. niloticus C. novaeguineae C. palustris C. porosus C. rhombifer C. siamensis O. tetraspis
|binomialname=
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'''Crocodiles''' and their close relations [[alligator]]s, [[caiman]]s and [[gavial]]s, are a family of predatory, aquatic [[reptile]]s. Crocodiles are found throughout the warm parts of the world - in sub-Saharan Africa, India and South-East Asia, Indonesia and Australia, and throughout tropical America. Until recently Nile crocodiles were also found throughout North Africa, and in Palestine <ref>http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Palestine#Fauna</ref>. The largest Nile and Estuarine crocodiles may grow to 25 or even 30 feet in length, but this is not normal.

In the [[Theory of evolution|evolutionary view]], crocodiles emerged in the late [[triassic]] period from early archosauromorphs, at the same time as [[dinosaur]]s and true [[mammal]]s.

=== Species of crocodile ===

*Nile crocodile (Africa)
*American crocodile ([[Caribbean Sea]], including the southern [[United States]])
*Morelet's crocodile (Central America)
*Cuban crocodile (Cuba)
*Mugger crocodile (India)
*Estuarine crocodile (Australia and South-East Asia)
*Johnstone's crocodile (Australia)
*Siamese crocodile (South-East Asia)
*Philippine crocodile (Philippines)
and several others.

== Habits ==

Crocodiles generally capture their prey, often large [[mammal]]s such as [[antelope]]s, by drifting close to them, motionless, pretending to be a floating log, then lunging and dragging their victim underwater, where it is drowned, then left to rot and soften up for later consumption.

Crocodiles typically lay their eggs in a mound of rotting vegetation; the mother will guard the nest from marauding [[iguana]]s and other egg-thieves, and solicitously adjust the depth to which the eggs are buried. When the baby crocodiles hatch, she will carry them to the water in her mouth.

Many crocodiles [[aestivation|aestivate]] during summer.

== Uses of crocodiles ==

Crocodiles are commercially farmed in many places, for their leather, which is made into expensive shoes and handbags, and recently, in Australia, for their meat. Unlike [[alligator]]s, they are not used for wrestling.

== Man-eating crocodiles ==
Three species, the Nile crocodile of Africa, the Mugger crocodile of India (for whom [[mugging|muggers]] are named) and the Estuarine crocodile of Australia and South-East Asia, have a long history of attacking humans.

== Crocodiles in the Bible ==

Some Biblical scholars have suggested that [[Leviathan]] may have been a crocodile, though others dispute this. [http://www.creationists.org/patrickyoung/article01.html]

== Crocodile trivia ==

*They are said to shed ''Crocodile tears'', an insincere show of grief, in order to lure their victims into range.

== References ==
<references />

{{Template:Nb zl crocodiles}}
[[Category:Reptiles]]
[[Category:Livestock]]

Gertrude Stein

2010-08-17T16:14:14Z

Panda95: /* References */ category was deleted

[[Image:Gertrude Stein.png|right|200px]]
'''Gertrude Stein''' (February 3, 1874 – July 27, 1946) was an American writer (born in Allegheny, Pennsylvania) and one of the leaders of the literary modernism movement. Some of her most famous works include ''The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas'', ''The Making of Americans'', and ''Three Lives''. Noted for being highly innovative in her approach to language and writing, she was enormously influential on several authors such as [[Ernest Hemingway]] and [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]], as well as artist [[Pablo Picasso]]. She was the center and the most dominant personality in the [[Lost Generation]] circle of American ex-patriates in Paris in the 1920s.

Stein studied psychology under [[William James]] (graduated magna cum laude in 1898), and made medical studies at Johns Hopkins Medical School (leaving to Paris with no degree, 1903). In 1922, she and her lover Alice B. Toklas received from the French government the ''Medaille de la Reconnaissance Française''.<ref>LitWeb - [http://www.litweb.net/biography/127/Gertrude_Stein.html Gertrude Stein Biography and List of Works]</ref>

===''The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas''===
Stein's autobiography, her first and most successful effort after a long series of failures, was recounted from the perspective of her lover, Alice B. Toklas. This quirky approach, which broke the only real rule of writing an autobiography, was initially engaged upon for the money alone. The fame and success it brought Stein enabled her to bring to light her previous works, which had been mostly ignored by the public at large despite their disproportionate influence.

== Works ==
[[Image:Picasso_Gertrude_Stein.jpg|thumb|Portrait by Pablo Picasso 1903.]]
*Three Lives (1909)
*Tender Button (1915); described as a "verbal collage"
*The Making of Americans. Being a History of a Family's Progress (1925)
*The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (1933)
*Paris France (1940)

== See also ==
*[[Georges Braque]]
*[[Juan Gris]]

== External links ==
*[http://womenshistory.about.com/od/gertrudestein/a/gertrude_stein.htm Gertrude Stein]
*[http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/gstein.htm Gertrude Stein (1874-1946)]
*[http://www.jewish-theatre.com/visitor/article_display.aspx?articleID=2735 Gertrude Stein in the very heart of an era of great creative output]

== References ==

<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stein, Gertrude}}

[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:Women]]
[[Category:Homosexuals]]

Ronald Radosh

2010-08-17T16:13:37Z

Panda95:

'''Ronald Radosh''' (b. 1937, [[New York City]]) is an American historian specializing in [[Cold War]] espionage. His critics have accused him of exaggerating the significance of [[Soviet espionage in the United States]], while he maintains that they are naive, doctrinaire Leftists, who haven't reconciled themselves to the crimes committed on behalf of Communism, and whose enmity stems from that fundamental flaw.

==Early Life==
Radosh was born on [[Manhattan]]'s Lower East Side in 1937. His parents, Reuben and Ida Radosh, were Jewish immigrants from the former [[Russian Empire]] and life long members of the [[Communist Party USA]]. A self-described [[Red Diaper Baby]], he attended the [[Little Red Schoolhouse]] and [[Elisabeth Irwin High School]].

==Academic Career==
During the [[1950s]], Radosh attended the [[University of Wisconsin-Madison]], where he engaged in jam sessions with a young [[Bob Dylan]]. During the [[Khurshchev thaw]], he broke with the Soviet-backed Party of his parents' generation and became a founding father of the [[New Left]]. A former participant in campus radicalism during the 1960s, he recalls in his memoirs that many otherwise Left-Wing professors opposed any effort to politicize the universities, arguing in favor of keeping them neutral as places of learning and inquiry.

==''The Rosenberg File''==
Although he has admitted to having had doubts about aspects of the movement for a long time, his decision to break with the left was sparked by his research into Rosenberg case. In 1978, Professor Radosh began conducting research into [[FBI]] files obtained under the [[Freedom of Information Act]]. Although he had originally intended to prove the innocence of [[Julius Rosenberg]] and his wife Ethel, Professor Radosh was eventually convinced of their mutual guilt.

After the publication of his research and conclusions in 1979, Professor Radosh was ostracized by his former comrades and attacked in print. He recalls how a longtime friend told him, "The facts are irrelevant. We need the Rosenbergs as heroes."<ref> Ronald Radosh, "Commies," page 157.</ref>

==Current Status==
Radosh is currently an Adjunct Senior Fellow at the Hudson Institute in [[Washington, D.C.]],[http://www.hudson.org/learn/index.cfm?fuseaction=staff_bio&eid=RadoshRon] and professor of history emeritus at Queensborough Community College of the City University of New York [http://www.qcc.cuny.edu/History/]. His commentaries on the Rosenbergs and other topics have appeared in ''[[The New Republic]]'', ''[[The Weekly Standard]]'' and ''[[National Review]]'', and the blog [[Frontpagemag.com]]. His memoirs are entitled ''Commies: A Journey Through the Old Left, the New Left, and the Leftover Left.''

==Bibliography==
* Ronald Radosh and [[Murray Rothbard]] eds., ''A New History of Leviathan'', New York: [[E.P. Dutton]], 1972
*''Prophets On The Right: Profiles of Conservative Critics of American Globalism'', 1975
* Ronald Radosh and Joyce Milton, ''The Rosenberg File'', New Haven: [[Yale University Press]], 1993. ISBN 0-300-07205-8
* [[Harvey Klehr]] and Ronald Radosh, ''The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism'', [[University of North Carolina Press]],1996. ISBN 0-807-82245-0
*''Divided They Fell: The Demise of the Democratic Party'', Free Press, 1996. ISBN 0-684-82810-3
*''Commies: A Journey Through the Old Left, the New Left, and the Leftover Left'', Encounter Books 2001. ISBN 1-893554-05-8
*''Spain Betrayed: The Soviet Union in the Spanish Civil War'', Yale University Press 2005. ISBN 0-300-08981-3
* Ronald Radosh and Allis Radosh, ''Red Star Over Hollywood: The Film Colony's Long Romance With The Left'', Encounter Books 2005. ISBN 1-893554-96-1

==External links==
*[http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/rosenb/ROS_BRAD.HTM Brief biography]
*[http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/authors.asp?ID=11 FrontpageMag.com Profile and Author Archive]
*[http://www.slate.com/id/3679/ McCarthyism] Debate between [[Ellen Schrecker]] and Ronald Radosh.
*[http://www.lewrockwell.com/stromberg/stromberg12.html The ‘Red Diaper Babies’] - a review of ''Commies: A Journey...'' by [[Joseph R. Stromberg]]
*[http://www.nationalreview.com/weekend/books/books-schwartz051901.shtml "Up from Bohemia—Journey with Ronald Radosh"] - a review in ''[[National Review]]'' of ''Commies: A Journey...'' by [[Stephen Schwartz (journalist)|Stephen Schwartz]]

==Essays and Reviews==
*[http://hnn.us/articles/1116.html The Sandbagging of Robert "KC" Johnson]
*[http://hnn.us/articles/10493.html Why Conservatives Are So Upset with Thomas Woods's Politically Incorrect History Book]
*[http://www.firstthings.com/ftissues/ft0002/reviews/radosh.html Books in Review. The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression]
==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Radosh, Ronald}}
[[Category:Liberalism]]
[[Category:Communism]]

Ronald Radosh

2010-08-17T16:12:17Z

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'''Ronald Radosh''' (b. 1937, [[New York City]]) is an American historian specializing in [[Cold War]] espionage. His critics have accused him of exaggerating the significance of [[Soviet espionage in the United States]], while he maintains that they are naive, doctrinaire Leftists, who haven't reconciled themselves to the crimes committed on behalf of Communism, and whose enmity stems from that fundamental flaw.

==Early Life==
Radosh was born on [[Manhattan]]'s Lower East Side in 1937. His parents, Reuben and Ida Radosh, were Jewish immigrants from the former [[Russian Empire]] and life long members of the [[Communist Party USA]]. A self-described [[Red Diaper Baby]], he attended the [[Little Red Schoolhouse]] and [[Elisabeth Irwin High School]].

==Academic Career==
During the [[1950s]], Radosh attended the [[University of Wisconsin-Madison]], where he engaged in jam sessions with a young [[Bob Dylan]]. During the [[Khurshchev thaw]], he broke with the Soviet-backed Party of his parents' generation and became a founding father of the [[New Left]]. A former participant in campus radicalism during the 1960s, he recalls in his memoirs that many otherwise Left-Wing professors opposed any effort to politicize the universities, arguing in favor of keeping them neutral as places of learning and inquiry.

==''The Rosenberg File''==
Although he has admitted to having had doubts about aspects of the movement for a long time, his decision to break with the left was sparked by his research into Rosenberg case. In 1978, Professor Radosh began conducting research into [[FBI]] files obtained under the [[Freedom of Information Act]]. Although he had originally intended to prove the innocence of [[Julius Rosenberg]] and his wife Ethel, Professor Radosh was eventually convinced of their mutual guilt.

After the publication of his research and conclusions in 1979, Professor Radosh was ostracized by his former comrades and attacked in print. He recalls how a longtime friend told him, "The facts are irrelevant. We need the Rosenbergs as heroes."<ref> Ronald Radosh, "Commies," page 157.</ref>

==Current Status==
Radosh is currently an Adjunct Senior Fellow at the Hudson Institute in [[Washington, D.C.]],[http://www.hudson.org/learn/index.cfm?fuseaction=staff_bio&eid=RadoshRon] and professor of history emeritus at Queensborough Community College of the City University of New York [http://www.qcc.cuny.edu/History/]. His commentaries on the Rosenbergs and other topics have appeared in ''[[The New Republic]]'', ''[[The Weekly Standard]]'' and ''[[National Review]]'', and the blog [[Frontpagemag.com]]. His memoirs are entitled ''Commies: A Journey Through the Old Left, the New Left, and the Leftover Left.''

==Bibliography==
* Ronald Radosh and [[Murray Rothbard]] eds., ''A New History of Leviathan'', New York: [[E.P. Dutton]], 1972
*''Prophets On The Right: Profiles of Conservative Critics of American Globalism'', 1975
* Ronald Radosh and Joyce Milton, ''The Rosenberg File'', New Haven: [[Yale University Press]], 1993. ISBN 0-300-07205-8
* [[Harvey Klehr]] and Ronald Radosh, ''The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism'', [[University of North Carolina Press]],1996. ISBN 0-807-82245-0
*''Divided They Fell: The Demise of the Democratic Party'', Free Press, 1996. ISBN 0-684-82810-3
*''Commies: A Journey Through the Old Left, the New Left, and the Leftover Left'', Encounter Books 2001. ISBN 1-893554-05-8
*''Spain Betrayed: The Soviet Union in the Spanish Civil War'', Yale University Press 2005. ISBN 0-300-08981-3
* Ronald Radosh and Allis Radosh, ''Red Star Over Hollywood: The Film Colony's Long Romance With The Left'', Encounter Books 2005. ISBN 1-893554-96-1

==External links==
*[http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/rosenb/ROS_BRAD.HTM Brief biography]
*[http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/authors.asp?ID=11 FrontpageMag.com Profile and Author Archive]
*[http://www.slate.com/id/3679/ McCarthyism] Debate between [[Ellen Schrecker]] and Ronald Radosh.
*[http://www.lewrockwell.com/stromberg/stromberg12.html The ‘Red Diaper Babies’] - a review of ''Commies: A Journey...'' by [[Joseph R. Stromberg]]
*[http://www.nationalreview.com/weekend/books/books-schwartz051901.shtml "Up from Bohemia—Journey with Ronald Radosh"] - a review in ''[[National Review]]'' of ''Commies: A Journey...'' by [[Stephen Schwartz (journalist)|Stephen Schwartz]]

==Essays and Reviews==
*[http://hnn.us/articles/1116.html The Sandbagging of Robert "KC" Johnson]
*[http://hnn.us/articles/10493.html Why Conservatives Are So Upset with Thomas Woods's Politically Incorrect History Book]
*[http://www.firstthings.com/ftissues/ft0002/reviews/radosh.html Books in Review. The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Radosh, Ronald}}
[[Category:Liberalism]]
[[Category:Communism]]

Shia LaBeouf

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[[Image:Shia labeouf.jpg|left]]
'''Shia Saide LaBeouf''', born June 11, 1986 (age {{age|1986|6|11}}), in [[Los Angeles]], is an American Emmy-winning actor. Although young of age, Shia LaBeouf is already an accomplished actor with a lengthy [[resume]].

''Only a few short years ago, Shia LaBeouf was just another Disney Channel tween actor hoping to make the leap from a family sitcom to the big screen. These days, he's leading a master class in how to build a grown-up career''. [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/shia_labeouf/ LaBeouf News & Features]

'''Filmography'''

Some of his films:

2003 Made feature debut in the comedy feature "Holes".

2003 Starred in the feature "The Battle of Shaker Heights".

2004 Featured in the sci-fi thriller "I, Robot".

2005 Portrayed real-life amateur golfer Francis Ouimet in "The Greatest Game Ever Played".

2005 Starred opposite Keanu Reeves in "Constantine".

2006 Co-starred in "Bobby," an ensemble centered around the night of [[Robert F. Kennedy]]'s assassination.

2006 Played a young Robert Downey Jr. in "A Guide to Recognizing Your Saints".

2007 Played a brainy teen charged with saving the world from impending robocalypse in "Transformers".

2007 Starred in the thriller "Disturbia," a high-tech teen update of Alfred Hitchcock's "Rear Window".

== See also ==

*[[Elvis Presley]]
*[[Dean Martin]]
*[[Petula Clark]]
*[[Woody Allen]]

==External links==

* [http://movies.yahoo.com/shop?d=hc&id=1804503925&cf=gen Shia LaBeouf]
* [http://shia-labeouf-saves-the-world.com/ Shia LaBeouf]

{{DEFAULTSORT: LeBeouf, Shia}}
[[Category:Actors]]

[[Category:Cinema]]

Herod

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[[Image:Herod_coin1.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Copper coin of Herod, bearing the legend "Basileus Herodon" on the obverse and a Macedonian sun-symbol on the reverse]]
[[Herod]] (Hebrew: הוֹרְדוֹס, Hordos; [[Greece|Greek]]: ἡρῴdης, Hērōdēs) (74-r. 37-d. 4 BC), also known as ''Herod the Great'', was the "King of the Jews" during the time of the Birth of [[Jesus Christ]].<ref name=Ussher>[[James Ussher]], ''[[The Annals of the World]]'', [[Larry Pierce]], ed., Green Forest, AR: Master Books, 2003 (ISBN 0890513600), pghh. 5050-6082ff.</ref> He is best remembered for ordering the Slaughter of the Innocents during his reign, and dying shortly thereafter of a [[gastrointestinal disease]], the nature of which has never been determined for certain.

== Biography ==
=== Early years ===
Herod was not Jewish at all, but [[Idumaean]], a descendant of [[Esau]], who was also known as '''Edom'''. His father was [[Antipater]], a recent convert to [[Judaism]] and follower of [[John Hyrcanus]].<ref name=Catholic>Tierney, John J. "[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07289c.htm Entry for Herod]." ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'', vol. VIII. New York. Robert Appleton Co., 1910. Retrieved June 18, 2007 from [http://www.newadvent.org/ New Advent].</ref> His mother was [[Cypros]], a princess from the stone city of [[Petra]], capital of [[Nabatea]] in the mountain range that today belongs to [[Jordan]].<ref name=Livius>Lendering, Jona. "[http://www.livius.org/he-hg/herodians/herod_the_great01.html King Herod the Great]." <http://www.livius.org/>, 2007. Retrieved June 18, 2007.</ref><ref name=Greetham1>Greetham, The Rev. Phil. "[http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/p_greetham/wisemen/wmsoc9.html King Herod the Great]." ''[http://www.btinternet.com/~prgreetham/Wisemen/home.html The Nativity Pages],'' 2001. Retrieved June 18, 2007.</ref>

Herod's family gained favor early with [[Rome]], mainly by an uncanny capacity to ally themselves with the winning side in Rome's Civil Wars. The first general to favor them was [[Pompey|Pompey the Great]], Rome's Special High Commissioner to the Middle East, who had come to gain victory, once and for all, over the "Two Kings," [[Mithridates]] of [[Pontus]] and [[Tigranes]] of [[Armenia]]. In the process, Pompey captured [[Jerusalem]] in 63 BC<ref name=JewishLib>Authors unknown. "[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Herod.html Entry for Herod]." ''[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/index.html The Jewish Virtual Library],'' American-Jewish Cooperative Enterprise, 2007. Retrieved June 18, 2007.</ref> and determined to settle the question of the high-priestly succession in which John Hyrcanus was involved. Pompey chose Hyrcanus over his rival, and Antipater and his family gained favor along with Hyrcanus.<ref name=Livius/><ref name=Catholic/>

Subsequently the first of Rome's Civil Wars broke out between Pompey and [[Julius Caesar]]. Hyrcanus and Antipater sided with Caesar, and for that Antipater was made Procurator of Judea (in Greek, ''epitropos'') in 47 BC. Antipater appointed his son governor of [[Galilee]] in this year.<ref name=Greetham1/>

The assassination of Caesar Dictator probably unsettled all of Rome's provinces. A Roman [[publican]] (literally, a private collector of Rome's taxes) poisoned Antipater in 43 BC. Herod had the offender executed. Shortly thereafter he was married to [[Mariamne I]], a member of the Hasmoneans, the other faction with whom the Hyrcaneans had struggled for so long. This gave him the basis to claim the kingship of the Jews.<ref name=Livius/><ref name=Greetham1/><ref name=JewishLib/>

=== Wars of Conquest ===
In 40 BC, Antigonos, King of the Parthians, invaded Judea. Herod fled Jerusalem to Rome. There the Senate of Rome passed a resolution recognizing him as "King of the Jews."<ref name=Livius/> This resolution carried with it the establishment of a ''patron-client relationship'' between Rome and Judea. Thus, in essence, Herod became a vassal of the Senate of Rome.<ref name=Livius/><ref name=Greetham1/><ref name=JewishLib/>

But this relationship also obliged the Senate to support him with arms, and support him they did. Specifically he had the support of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus [[Augustus]], then [[Proconsul]] of Nearer and Further [[Spain]] and [[France|Gaul]],<ref name=Catholic/> and of [[Mark Antony|Marcus Antonius]], [[Proconsul]] of all the Roman provinces east of [[Italy]].<ref name=Columbia>Author unknown. "[http://www.bartleby.com/aol/65/he/Herod.html Entry for Herod]." ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'', 6th ed.. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000. Retrieved June 18, 2007.</ref> In 37 BC, the reconquest of Judea was complete. Antony himself had Antigonos executed,<ref name=Catholic/> a gesture that probably demonstrated Herod's continued subordinate relationship to Rome.<ref name=Livius/>

In 32 BC Herod fought another war against Nabatea and won it a year later.

In 31 BC, war finally broke out between Antony and [[Augustus]]. The future [[Emperor]] Augustus won that war, and Herod quickly switched sides. Augustus (still called Octavianus at the time) confirmed him as King of Judea,<ref name=JewishLib/> an office he would hold until his death.<ref name=Columbia/>

=== Family Troubles ===
Herod's family was at least as dysfunctional, if not more so, than was the [[Julio-Claudian emperors|Julio-Claudian family]] that produced the first five [[Emperor|Emperors]] of Rome.<ref name=Columbia/> He brought many of his family members to mock trials and had them executed during his reign, beginning with this brother-in-law [[Aristobulus III]]<ref name=Greetham1/> and continuing with his wife, his mother-in-law, another brother-in-law, and finally three of his sons.<ref name=Greetham1/>

== Building Campaign ==
[[Image:HerodTheater.jpg|thumb|350px|right]]
Herod was, first and foremost, a master builder and showman. His first grand project was the rebuilding, in 27 BC, of the city of [[Samaria]], which he renamed '''Sebaste''' (after the Greek ''Sebastos'', the Old Common Greek word for the [[Latin]] ''Imperator'').<ref name=Catholic/><ref name=JewishLib/>

In 25 BC famine struck his kingdom. He imported a large amount of grain from [[Egypt]] and cut taxes by a third during the emergency.

In 23 BC Herod built a palace and a fortress, called Herodium, to the east of [[Bethlehem]].<ref name=JewishLib/> (He later built another fortress near [[Jericho]],<ref name=JewishLib/> and another fortress, the [[Masada]] fortress, on the shore of the [[Dead Sea]].<ref name=JewishLib/>) In this year he married yet again, to [[Mariamne II]].<ref name=Livius/>

In 23 BC Herod began what was probably his grandest project: the city of [[Caesaria Maritima]],<ref name=Livius/><ref name=Catholic/> which is the "Caesaria" that became the headquarters of Roman rule and where [[Paul]] briefly stood trial. He inaugurated that city in 9 BC with spectacular ceremony.

In 20 BC Herod began the project for which he is best known: a second [[Temple of Jerusalem]].<ref name=Livius/><ref name=Catholic/><ref name=Columbia/><ref name=Greetham1/><ref name=JewishLib/> This he inaugurated in 10 BC.

In 2007, [[Israel]]i [[Archaeology|archaeologists]] reported their discovery of the quarry from which Herod took the stones he used to build his version of the Temple.<ref name=Gaffney>Gaffney, Sean. "[http://apnews.myway.com/article/20070924/D8RRQEO80.html Report: Herod's Temple Quarry Found]." The Associated Press, September 24, 2007. Retrieved September 25, 2007.</ref>

== Herod and Christ ==
Herod figures briefly in the [[New Testament]], chiefly for his great fear of the prophecy of the [[Messiah]]. Saint Matthew tells the story: {{Bible quote|Now when Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judaea in the days of Herod the king, behold, there came wise men from the east to Jerusalem, Saying, Where is he that is born King of the Jews? for we have seen his star in the east, and are come to worship him. When Herod the king had heard these things, he was troubled, and all Jerusalem with him. And when he had gathered all the chief priests and scribes of the people together, he demanded of them where Christ should be born. And they said unto him, In Bethlehem of Judaea: for thus it is written by the prophet, And thou Bethlehem, in the land of Juda, art not the least among the princes of Juda: for out of thee shall come a Governor, that shall rule my people Israel. Then Herod, when he had privily called the wise men, enquired of them diligently what time the star appeared. And he sent them to Bethlehem, and said, Go and search diligently for the young child; and when ye have found him, bring me word again, that I may come and worship him also. When they had heard the king, they departed; and, lo, the star, which they saw in the east, went before them, till it came and stood over where the young child was. When they saw the star, they rejoiced with exceeding great joy. And when they were come into the house, they saw the young child with Mary his mother, and fell down, and worshipped him: and when they had opened their treasures, they presented unto him gifts; gold, and frankincense and myrrh. And being warned of God in a dream that they should not return to Herod, they departed into their own country another way.|book=Matthew|chap=2|verses=1-12|version=KJV}}
[[Image:PleadingWithHerodSoldiers.jpg|thumb|350px|right]]
[[Joseph of Nazareth|Joseph]] then received a warning to take his wife, and the Infant [[Jesus Christ|Jesus]], to Egypt. Matthew then takes up the narrative of what Herod did next: {{Bible quote|Then Herod, when he saw that he was mocked of the wise men, was exceeding wroth, and sent forth, and slew all the children that were in Bethlehem, and in all the coasts thereof, from two years old and under, according to the time which he had diligently inquired of the wise men. Then was fulfilled that which was spoken by Jeremiah the prophet, saying, In Rama was there a voice heard, lamentation, and weeping, and great mourning, Rachel weeping for her children, and would not be comforted, because they are not.|book=Matthew|chap=2|verses=16-18|version=KJV}}

== Herod's Death ==
Subsequent to this, Herod died. The nature of the disease of which he died has never been determined, but some have speculated<ref name=Livius/> that the disease was [[Fournier's gangrene]], a [[cancer]]-like disease of the [[gastrointestinal tract]].

Herod's death is a major [[epoch]] of the New Testament, because Flavius [[Josephus]] records a precise regnal period: 37 years after the Senate had confirmed him as client-king, and 34 years following the execution of Aristobulus. Furthermore, Josephus includes an [[Astronomical dating|astronomical reference]], specifically to an eclipse of the [[moon]] that occurred shortly before his death. These events strongly suggest that Herod died in 4 BC.<ref name=Catholic/><ref name=Greetham2>Greetham, The Rev. Phil. "[http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/p_greetham/wisemen/chron2.html The Death of King Herod]." ''[http://www.btinternet.com/~prgreetham/Wisemen/home.html The Nativity Pages],'' 2001. Retrieved June 18, 2007.</ref> Ussher agrees with this, and calculates his death at November 25, 4 BC, which was the 7th day of the month Chisleu or [[Kislev]]. However, Josephus says that Herod died shortly before [[Passover]] in that year, which would have taken place in April. (The [[Julian calendar]] was then in use, this after Julius Caesar had compelled its adoption in 45 BC, shortly before his assassination.)

=== Herod's Burial ===
For centuries, the final burial site of Herod the Great was unknown. Then on May 8, 2007, [[Archaeology|archaeologist]] Ehud Netzer found the remains of a [[mausoleum]] and pieces of an eight-[[Foot (length)|foot]] coffin at the end of a staircase in the Herodium. This tomb bears no identification, but no personage other than Herod is known from the period who would likely be buried in such a tomb in such a place.<ref name=Netzer>Govier, Gordon. "[http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2007/july/5.14.html Tyrant's Tomb Unearthed: Herod the Great's final resting place said to be found]." ''[http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/ Christianity Today]'' Online, June 28, 2007. Retrieved June 28, 2007.</ref>

== Succession ==
Herod left three sons and successors alive: [[Archelaus]], to whom he bequeathed his overall kingdom, [[Herod Antipas]], who became [[Tetrarch]] of [[Galilee]]; and [[Herod Philip]], [[Tetrarch]] of sundry other lands.<ref name=Livius/><ref name=Columbia/><ref name=Greetham1/> Herod Philip does not come further into the Bible, except that Herod Antipas later married Philip's wife, prompting [[John the Baptist]] to protest that this was unlawful, which landed John in prison. Archelaus could not be confirmed with the title of king because the Emperor never consented to this.

== Related References ==
<references/>

== See Also ==
* [[Augustus]]
* [[Jesus Christ]]

[[Category:Kings of Israel]]

Fleischer Brothers

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'''Max Fleischer''' (born July 19, 1883, Vienna, Austria; died September 11, 1972, Woodland Hills, California) and '''Dave Fleischer''' (born July 14, 1894, New York City, New York; died June 25, 1979, Hollywood, California) were [[America]]n cartoonists and film animators, the chief rivals of [[Walt Disney]] during the 1930’s, and whose studio was responsible for bringing to the screen [[Betty Boop]], [[Popeye]], and [[Superman]].

==History==
Sons of an Austrian tailor who emigrated to America in 1887, the Fleischers developed an interest in film making and production, specifically animation, and completed their first cartoon in 1915. Of the two Max tinkered in the mechanical aspects of the camera and invented the [[rotoscope]], in which a previously-filmed live-action sequence was fed in frame-by-frame and allowed for the tracing of the images into animation. Between 1919-1929 this process was used for the Fleischers’ ''Out of the Inkwell'' series, beginning for New York’s Bray Studio, and starring brother Dave as an animator who’s creation on paper, Ko-Ko the Clown (Dave in a clown suit prior to rotoscoping), jumps off the page and interacts with reality, often with disastrous results.

===Betty Boop===
In 1921 the Fleischers took the ''Inkwell'' series and opened their own studio, adding ''Song Car-Tunes'' (1924-26), which were silent shorts meant for audience participation, aided by a bouncing ball over the lyrics to keep tune. It was also during this time that they were competing with Disney, who’s [[Mickey Mouse]] was proving to be a money-making commodity; Disney would introduce ''Steamboat Willie'' in 1929, the first animated cartoon short with sound. The Fleischers would follow this film with a sound short of their own, ''Dizzy Dishes'' in 1930, and bring to the screen their hugely-popular creation, Betty Boop.

Betty was a late-1920’s flapper, with a large head sporting a short, spit-curled hairdo and a tiny mouth, set on top of a curvaceous body; a baby-doll voice (provided by actress Mae Questel) finished her off. And she attracted some controversy of her own, for in much of the Fleischer films the stories are not so much character-driven as they are dark, violent, and sexually-suggestive. In ''Bimbo’s Initiation'' (1931), Bimbo (Betty Boop’s dog) is in an underground place, suffering a series of tortures by characters wearing chamber pots on their heads; in ''Snow White'' (1933) Betty and Ko-Ko are in a haunted, dark cavern filled with ghosts, one of which is a rotoscoped [[Cab Calloway]]. In these darker films there is also the occasional presence of evil rats bearing somewhat of a resemblance to Mickey Mouse, in keeping with the competition with Disney. Dispite the risque, Betty would star in many successful shorts, reaching her peak in 1935, before declining in popularity and ending in 1939. In part, the Production Code of the 1930’s tamed the sexual-suggestiveness given in the first Betty Boop films, resulting in a reason for her decline.

===Popeye===
Ironically, the biggest reason of her decline was a character the Fleishers had Betty herself introduce in the 1933 short ''Popeye the Sailor''. Based upon characters created by [[Elzie Segar]], Popeye typified the Fleischers’ uniqueness from Disney, in which the idiosyncrasies of the animators came into prominence, and depended on which team was drawing. In addition, voice actors dubbed the sound on the finished films, which differed from Disney’s use of a pre-recorded sound track; the result was ad-libbing without much concern for the coordination of the sound with the lip movements, and in Popeye’s case resulted in the character’s famous improvised mutterings.

Changes were made to the character prior to putting him on celluloid. Gone were most of the population comprising the ''Thimble Theater'' strip from which Popeye was originally created; retained were Olive Oyl, Popeye's long-suffering on-and-off girlfriend; Bluto, his lumbering nemesis; and J. Wellington Wimpy, a ner-do-well with a penchant for hamburgers. Popeye was portrayed as a wisecracking sailor who tended to stay out of trouble, only to fight back when "I had all I can stans, an'I can stans no more!", in his own special mangaling of the English language. Possibly the biggest benefit came as a result of the spinach growing industry reporting increased demand; prior to the Fleischers adding a can of spinach before a fight, Popeye gained his strength by rubbing the Wishing Hen in Segar's strip. Several major spinach growing areas responded to the new fortune by erecting statues of Popeye in his honor.

==Decline==
During the later 1930’s, the competition with Disney had gotten blurred. The Fleischers turned out films bearing more of a resemblance to Disney’s shorts than they have in the past; as a result they had lost their uniqueness. Their chief character, Popeye, had brought in much-needed income, but rather than using him in a full-length animated film (Disney’s ground-breaking ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs'' was released in 1937) they had settled on ''Gulliver’s Travels'' (1937) to moderate success, and followed by ''Mr. Bugs Goes to Town'' (1941), a box office failure. Trying to recover, the Fleischers produced seventeen shorts featuring National Periodical’s [[Superman]]; the shorts themselves were well-executed in their design and detail. However, the expense related to producing the ''Superman'' films, as well as the losses incurred by ''Mr. Bugs'', caused film distributor Paramount Pictures to take over and rename it Famous Studios. The Fleischers were fired.

On their own, Max produced television cartoons and educational films, while Dave became an animation supervisor with the studios of Columbia and Universal until retiring in 1969.

==Links==
*[http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=max%20fleischer%20AND%20mediatype%3Amovies A selection of the Fleischers' cartoons, from the Internet Archive]

[[Category: Animators]]

Benjamin Disraeli

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[[Image:Disraeli.jpg|left|160px]]
'''Benjamin Disraeli''' (1804–1881) was an early founder of the [[Conservative Party]] in Britain who served twice as prime minister of the [[United Kingdom]] (1868 and 1874-1880). He had an intense rivalry with the leader of the liberal party, [[William Gladstone]].

Disraeli, a [[Christian]] ([[Anglican]]) of [[Jew]]ish ancestry, succeeded [[Lord Derby]] in leadership of the Conservative Party. Disraeli was noted as a prominent figure in the protectionist wing of the conservative party. His position on economic and imperial issues led to a straining of the relationship between himself and the then leader [[Lord Derby]].

Disraeli’s friendship with [[Queen Victoria]] was a significant influence on his political career, most notably when he passed the 1876 Royal titles which elevated her to the position of Empress of [[India]], thus giving her equal prestige to the [[tsar]] of the [[Russian]] empire.

Disraeli’s foreign policy was clearly shaped by his belief, as he was notably hostile to relations with the [[Ottoman Empire]] due to its ongoing massacre of Bulgarian [[Christians]].

Disraeli was also an accomplished writer who penned romances.

{{cquote|
''The best way to become acquainted with a subject is to write a book about it.''
}}

== Works ==
[[Image:Bust of Disraeli.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Bust of Disraeli, Hotel Russell, London.]]
Novels: (Most well known)

* ''Vivien Grey'' 1826
* ''Coningsby, or the Younger Generation'' 1844
* ''Sybil, or the Two Nations'' 1845
* ''Tancred, or the New Crusade'' 1847

{{DEFAULTSORT:Disraeli, Benjamin}}

[[Category:United Kingdom Prime Ministers]]
[[Category:Authors]]

Category:Mayors

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Mayors

Category:Image license tags

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Image license tags

Category:Flags of the United States and Territories

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Flags of the United States and Territories

Homo sapian

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#REDIRECT [[Homo sapiens]]

Schizoaffective disorder

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{{stub}}
'''Schizoaffective disorder''' is a [[mental disorder]] with the traits of both [[bipolar disorder]] and [[schizophrenia]].

[[category:Mental health]]
[[category:Psychiatry]]
[[category:Psychiatric Disorders]]
[[category:Psychology]]

British English

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Panda95:

'''British English''' is the common name for the standardized version of spoken and written English used in the [[United Kingdom]] and in most British Commonwealth nations. It differs from standard US English both in its phonology (pronunciation), spelling, and in some grammatical constructs (e.g. some words in US English which take the definite article "the" , such as Hospital or University, do not take an article in British English).

==Differences in spelling between American and British English==

===re/er===

Words such as centre, theatre, and spectre are (usually) in American English spelled "center", "theater", and "specter".

===or/our===

American spellings tend to eliminate the 'u' in words which, in British English, are spelled with an 'our'. Example: color and colour, parlor and parlour, savior and saviour. However, there are exceptions to this, such as the word 'glamour' which is thus spelt in both dialects.

===ae and oe===

Many British words tend to retain the ligatures 'oe' and 'ae' in words of Greek or Latin origin. Examples: diarrhoea (American: diarrhea), orthopaedic (orthopedic), oesophagus (esophagus).

===Hyphens and spacing===

Words are usually compounded in American English (ex: counterattack, runoff), whereas in British English they are more likely to be separated by a hyphen (counter-attack, run-off).

[[Category:Languages]]

Thulium

2008-05-19T02:13:12Z

Panda95:

{{Element | name=Thulium | symbol=Tm | anumber=69 | amass=168.93421 amu | state=Solid | class=Metallic | cstructure=Hexagonal| color=Silver colored, tarnishes in air and reacts with water. | date=1879 | discname=Per Teodor Cleve | origname=From Thule, the ancient name of Scandinavia. | uses=Radioactive thulium is used to power portable x-ray machines, eliminating the need for electrical equipment. | obtained=Found chiefly in [[monazite]] and [[bastnasite]] ores }}

'''Thulium''' is the rarest of the rare earth metals.

[[Category:Elements]]

Schizoaffective disorder

2008-05-19T02:10:49Z

Panda95:

{{stub}}
'''Schizoaffective disorder''' is a [[mental disorder]]

[[category:Mental health]]
[[category:Psychiatry]]
[[category:Psychiatric Disorders]]
[[category:Psychology]]

Protectionism

2008-05-19T01:34:08Z

Panda95: /* Protectionist Political Parties in the United States */ historical is a better term

'''Protectionism''' refers to protecting domestic workers and businesses against competition by foreign businesses. The term is often used in a pejorative sense to criticize [[tariffs]] and other measures that have the effect of helping [[Americans]] in an economic sense.

==Protectionist Political Parties in the United States==
* [[Federalist Party]] (historical)
* [[Whig Party]] (historical)
* [[Republican Party]] (in the early 20th century)
* [[Reform Party]]
* [[Constitution Party]]

==Sources==
http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/oecon/chap12.htm

[[Category:Economics]]

Sexual abuse being a contributing factor for homosexuality

2008-05-19T01:20:15Z

Panda95: /* External links */

[[Image:Satinover.jpg‎ |thumbnail|250px|Dr. [[Jeffrey Satinover]], M.D.]]
In 1999, Dr. [[Jeffrey Satinover]], M.D. wrote the following regarding the position of '''sexual abuse being a contributing factor for homosexuality''':
{{Cquote|Many studies demonstrate a sadly disproportionate extent of sexual abuse in the childhoods of [[homosexuality|homosexual]] men, suggesting at the least that both homosexual unhappiness and homosexuality itself derive from common causes...<ref>[http://www.leaderu.com/orgs/narth/bioresearch.html Dr. Jeffrey Satinover, The Biological Research on Homosexuality, Book Excerpt: Homosexuality and American Public Life Edited by Christopher Wolfe, Spence Publishing Co. (Dallas, TX)]</ref>}}

In 2001, the journal ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]'' published a study entitled ''Comparative data of childhood and adolescence molestation in heterosexual and homosexual persons''. The abstract for this article states the following:
{{Cquote|In research with 942 nonclinical adult participants, gay men and lesbian women reported a significantly higher rate of childhood molestation than did heterosexual men and women. Forty-six percent of the homosexual men in contrast to 7% of the heterosexual men reported homosexual molestation. Twenty-two percent of lesbian women in contrast to 1% of heterosexual women reported homosexual molestation. This research is apparently the first survey that has reported substantial homosexual molestation of girls.<ref name="asb">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&uid=11501300&cmd=showdetailview&indexed=google ''Comparative data of childhood and adolescence molestation in heterosexual and homosexual persons'', ''Archives of Sexual Behavior'', 2001 Oct;30(5):535-41.]</ref>}}

The authors of the above medical journal article entitled ''Comparative data of childhood and adolescence molestation in heterosexual and homosexual persons'' also stated that childhood sexual molestation may not be a causal factor for homosexuality and that the abuse molestation may be occurring after the individual is a homosexual and the medical researchers speculated that the victims of molestation may be engaging in behaviors that put them at greater risk for molestation.<ref name="asb" />

In 1998, Dr. William C. Holmes, M.D. and Dr. Gail B. Slap, M.D. reported in the medical journal [[JAMA]] the following:
{{Cquote|Adolescent boys, particularly those victimized by males, were up to 7 times more likely to identify themselves as homosexual or bisexual than peers who had not been abused (P<.001). <ref name="jama">[http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/280/21/1855 Sexual Abuse of Boys Definition, Prevalence, Correlates, Sequelae, and Management, William C. Holmes, MD, MSCE; Gail B. Slap, MD, MS, JAMA, Vol. 280 No. 21, December 2, 1998]</ref>}}

Dr. Holmes and Dr. Slap also pointed out that "No longitudinal studies examined the causal relationship between abuse and gender role or sexual orientation, however. Gender role nonconformity and gay or bisexual identity may precede abuse." <ref name="jama" /> Dr. Holmes and Dr. Slap also offered a speculative scenario in regards to how a homosexual adolescent exploring his sexuality may put himself at risk but offered no empirical studies in regards to their speculative scenario.<ref name="jama" />

In 1997, the researcher Gundlach studied the issue of childhood sexual molestation in regards to lesbians and according the medical researchers Gundlach found the following:
{{Cquote|Gundlach (1977) surveyed 225 lesbian and 233 [[heterosexuality|heterosexual]] women, and found that 30% of the heterosexual women and 21% of the lesbians had been raped. Of the 30 women who had been raped before the age of 14, 26 had an adult homosexual orientation while 9 had an adult heterosexual orientation.<ref name="asb" />}}

In addition, the abstract for the Gundlach study states the following additional detail:
{{Cquote|Sixteen of the 17 girls, age 4 to 16, molested or seduced (6 for a long time) by a relative or close family friend are lesbians as adults. The subjects' attitudes about the incident were highly determined by parental reactions.<ref>Sexual molestation and rape reported by homosexual and heterosexual women, Gundlach RH., Journal of Homosexuality. 1977 Summer;2(4):367-84.</ref>}}
==See Also==
*[[Homosexuality]]
*[[Causes of Homosexuality]]
*[[Homosexuality Research]]
*[[Homosexuality Statistics]]
*[[Psychology]]

== External links ==
*[http://www.afa.net/homosexual_agenda/ American Family Association on homosexuality]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:Psychology]]

User:Panda95

2008-05-19T01:15:42Z

Panda95:

{{userboxtop|Panda95}}
{{User progun}}
{{User GunControLovedByTotalitarians}}
{{User American}}
{{User Noholedonut}}
{{User comp-4}}
{{User Bad-4-U}}
{{User patriot questions authority}}
{{User moderatecapitalist}}
{{User GuardDogFear}}
{{User JesusTeachings}}
{{userboxbottom}}

Hydrogen

2008-05-19T00:58:55Z

Panda95:

{{Element | name=Hydrogen | symbol=H | anumber=1 | amass=1.001 amu | noe=1 | class=Gas| cstructure=Unknown | color=None | }}
'''Hydrogen''' is the most abundant of all the [[element]]s,<ref>Hydrogen makes up roughly 75% of the matter in the [[universe]].</ref> and has the [[chemical symbol]] H and an [[atomic number]] of 1. Despite this abundance, naturally occurring elemental hydrogen is extremely rare on [[Earth]].

==Composition of the atom==
Hydrogen [[atom]]s normally consist of a single [[proton]] and [[electron]], with no [[neutron]]. Other [[isotopes]] are formed as the atom gains neutrons: [[deuterium]] (one neutron) and [[tritium]] (two neutrons). Tritium is [[radioactive]].

==Compounds==
Hydrogen can be found in both [[organic]] and [[inorganic]] compounds.<ref>For example, [[hydrocarbon]]s and metal hydrides, respectively</ref> It is an important component of [[water]].

==Fuel for vehicles==
Hydrogen is a principal component of [[fuel cell]]s, which have the potential to be a major form of alternative energy in the future. Fuel cells are very clean energy sources; their only by-products are [[water]] and heat. Since no [[pollutant]]s or [[greenhouse gas]]es are produced, the use of fuel cells could provide cleaner air and potentially slow down [[global warming]].

Unfortunately, hydrogen is not a viable fuel source at present. Today's average car, for example, would require an unfeasibly large fuel tank to carry enough hydrogen for practical purposes. Hydrogen is also extremely [[flammable]] and suitable safeguards are needed to reduce the chances of a fatal explosion in an accident.

If hydrogen could be used in cars, it would be important in establishing the [[hydrogen economy]].

==Notes and references==
<references/>

Burma

2008-05-18T23:14:07Z

Panda95: /* References */ what image?

{| border="1" align="right" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="300" style="margin-left:5px"
|align="center" colspan="2"|[[Image:Burma rel 96.jpg|300px]]
|-
!colspan="2" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: white no-repeat scroll top left;"|''Pyi-daung-zu Myan-ma Naing-ngan-daw''
|-
!align ="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: white no-repeat scroll top left;"|Flag
!align ="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: white no-repeat scroll top left;"|[[Image:Flag of Myanmar.png|50px|]]
|-
!align ="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: white no-repeat scroll top left;"|Arms
!align ="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: white no-repeat scroll top left;"|[[Image:Myanmar arms.gif|48px|]]
|-
|-
| Capital:
| Pyinmana
|-
| Official Language:
| Burmese
|-
| Population:
| 48,798,000 (2007)
|-
| Land area:
| 261,227 sq. mi.
|-
| Government:
| Military dictatorship
|-
| Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council:
| Than Shwe
|-
| Prime Minister:
| Soe Win
|-
| Acting Prime Minister:
| Thein Sein
|}
'''Burma''' (or ''Myanmar'') is a country in southeast [[Asia]] run by a pro-[[China]] military [[Junta]] widely condemned for [[human rights]] abuses.

The new regime renamed the country '''Myanmar''' and moved the capital from [[Rangoon]] to Pyinmana in remote mountain region. <ref> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4416960.stm Burma's confusing capital move] </ref> The [[United States]] and [[Great Britain]] have never recognized the Junta's renaming of the country.

==People==
A majority of Burma's people are ethnic Burmans. Shans, Karens, Rohingya, Arakanese, Kachins, Chins, Mons, and many other smaller indigenous ethnic groups form about 30% of the population. Indians and Chinese are the largest non-indigenous groups.

Although Burmese is the most widely spoken language (approx. 32 million speakers), other ethnic groups have retained their own identities and languages. Some of the most prominent are Shan; various Karen, Karenni and Chin languages; Arakanese; Jingpaw; Mon; Palaung; Parauk; Wa; and Yangbye. English is spoken in many areas frequented by tourists. The Indian and Chinese residents speak various languages and dialects of their homelands: Hindi, Urdu, Tamil, Bengali, Mandarin, Fujian, and Cantonese.

An estimated 89% of the population practices Buddhism. Other religions, Christian 4% (Baptist 3%, Roman Catholic 1%), Muslim 4%, and animist 1%, are less prevalent, although Christian and Muslim groups claim the regime significantly underestimates their number of adherents.

According to the UN Development Programme's 2006 Human Development Report, public health expenditure equaled only 0.3% of Burma's GDP. High infant mortality rates and short life expectancies further highlight poor health and living conditions. The HIV/AIDS epidemic poses a serious threat to the Burmese population, as do tuberculosis and malaria. In 2006, the UNDP's Human Development Index, which measures achievements in terms of life expectancy, educational attainment, and adjusted real income, ranked Burma 130 out of 177 countries.

There are numerous documented human rights violations, and internal displacement of ethnic minorities is prevalent. Over a million Burmese, many of them ethnic minorities, have fled for economic and political reasons to Bangladesh, India, China, Malaysia, and Thailand to seek work and asylum. More than 150,000 Burmese live in nine refugee camps in Thailand and roughly 30,000 live in two camps in Bangladesh. Roughly 30,000 Burmese (mostly Chin and Rohingya) have fled to Malaysia.

==Government==
The Union of Burma (or Myanmar as it is called by the ruling junta) consists of 14 states and divisions. Administrative control is exercised from the central government through a system of subordinate executive bodies and regional military commanders.

Power is centered on the ruling junta--the State Peace and Development Council, or SPDC--which maintains strict authoritarian rule over the people of Burma. The Prime Minister is appointed directly by the SPDC. Control is maintained through intimidation, the strict censuring of information, repression of individual rights, and suppression of ethnic minority groups.

The SPDC continues its harsh rule and systematic human rights abuses today, and insists that any future political transition be negotiated on its terms. It proclaimed a seven-step roadmap to democracy beginning with a National Convention process, purportedly to develop a new constitution and pave the way for national elections. However the regime restricts public input and debate and handpicks the delegates, effectively excluding pro-democracy supporters.

Although the SPDC changed the name of the country to "Myanmar," the democratically elected but never convened Parliament of 1990 does not recognize the name change, and the democratic opposition continues to use the name "Burma." Due to consistent support for the democratically elected leaders, the U.S. Government likewise uses "Burma."

===Principal Government Officials===
*Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council--Senior General Than Shwe
*Prime Minister--Gen. Soe Win
*Minister of Foreign Affairs--U Nyan Win
*Chargé d' Affaires, Burmese Embassy in the United States--U Myint Lwin
*Ambassador to the United Nations--U Kyaw Tint Swe

===Foreign Relations===
During the Cold War, Burmese foreign policy was based on principles of neutrality, often tending toward xenophobia. Since 1988, however, Burma has expanded its regional ties. It now is a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC), and several other regional organizations and initiatives. Burma's lack of progress on human rights and democracy has frayed some ties, and in July 2005, Burma passed up its scheduled 2006 ASEAN chairmanship.

Although Burmese-Thai relations are generally cooperative, they have been tainted by a long history of border conflicts and sporadic hostilities over narcotics trafficking and insurgents operating along the Burmese-Thai border. Nonetheless, official and unofficial economic ties remain strong. In addition to the sizeable population of Burmese refugees it hosts, the Thai Government issues temporary work permits to another one million Burmese who live outside the refugee camps in Thailand. Despite their often-contentious history, Burma and China have grown much closer in recent years. China quickly is becoming Burma's most important partner, offering debt relief, economic development grants, and soft loans used for the construction of infrastructure and light industry. China also is purportedly Burma's major supplier of arms and munitions. Burma's commercial and military ties with India are also growing steadily as well.

The UN has made several efforts to address international concerns over human rights in Burma. The UN Secretary General's Special Envoy to Burma, Tan Sri Razali Ismail, resigned his position in December 2005 due to the regime's lack of cooperation. UN Commission on Human Rights Special Rapporteur Paulo Sergio Pinheiro has not been allowed to visit the country since 2003. Former UN Undersecretary General for Political Affairs Ibrahim Gambari visited Burma in May and November 2006 and after his trips briefed the UN Security Council on the situation in Burma. Burma was placed on the UN Security Council agenda in September 2006. In January 2007, the United States and the U.K. sponsored a UN Security Council resolution calling on Burma to cooperate with the UN Secretary General's good offices mission, open dialogue with the political opposition, stop its military offensive in Karen State, and to allow humanitarian organizations greater access to needy populations. The resolution received nine votes in favor, three abstentions, and three "no" votes, including from Russia and China. The Russian and Chinese vetoes blocked the resolution.

Burma is involved in the Asian Development Bank's (ADB) Program of Economic Cooperation in the Greater Mekong Sub-region. As such, it participates in regional meetings and workshops supported by the ADB. Burma joined ASEAN in 1997, and has participated in that regional forum, even hosting a number of seminars, conferences, and ministerial meetings. As one of ASEAN's least developed members, Burma also has an extra five years (until 2008) to comply with most of ASEAN Free Trade Agreement's liberalization requirements. Burma also is a member of the World Trade Organization.

Most Western foreign aid diminished in the wake of the regime's suppression of the democracy movement in 1988. The UN Development Programme's 2006 Human Development Report indicates that official development assistance totaled $121.1 million in 2004, roughly $2 per capita (compared with $47 per person in Laos and $35 per person in Cambodia). Burma receives grants of technical assistance (mostly from Asia), limited humanitarian aid and debt relief from Japan and China, and concessional loans from China and India.

Burma became a member of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank in 1952, the International Financial Corporation (IFC) in 1956, the International Development Association (IDA) in 1962, and the ADB in 1973. Since July 1987, the World Bank has not made any loans to Burma. Since 1998 Burma has been in non-accrual status with the Bank. The IMF performs its mandated annual Article IV consultations, but there are no IMF assistance programs. The ADB has not extended loans to Burma since 1986. Bilateral technical assistance ended in 1988. Burma has not serviced its ADB loans since January 1998. Burma's total foreign debt now stands at over $7 billion.

===Relations with the United States===
The political relationship between the United States and Burma worsened after the 1988 military coup and violent suppression of pro-democracy demonstrations, and remains strained today.

The United States has imposed broad sanctions against Burma under several different legislative and policy vehicles. The Burma Freedom and Democracy Act (BFDA), passed by Congress and signed by the President in 2003, includes a ban on all imports from Burma, a ban on the export of financial services to Burma, a freeze on the assets of certain Burmese financial institutions, and extended visa restrictions on Burmese officials. Congress has renewed the BFDA annually, most recently in July 2006.

In addition, since May 1997, the U.S. Government has prohibited new investment by U.S. persons or entities. A number of U.S. companies exited the Burma market even prior to the imposition of sanctions due to a worsening business climate and mounting criticism from human rights groups, consumers, and shareholders. The United States has also imposed countermeasures on Burma due to its inadequate measures to eliminate money laundering.

Due to its particularly severe violations of religious freedom, the United States has designated Burma a Country of Particular Concern (CPC) under the International Religious Freedom Act. Burma is also designated a Tier 3 Country in the Trafficking in Persons Report for its use of forced labor, and is subject to additional sanctions as a result.

The United States downgraded its level of representation in Burma from Ambassador to Chargé d'Affaires after the government's crackdown on the democratic opposition in 1988 and its failure to honor the results of the 1990 parliamentary election.

The United States offered humanitarian aid following Cyclone Nargis, which hit the area of Yangon on May 3, 2008 (see below). The sum total, in excess of US$3 million dollars, also includes U.S. naval assistance. While speaking of the need for aid to Burman, President [[George W. Bush]] also signed legislation awarding the Congressional Gold Medal to Burmese democracy advocate Aung San Suu Kyi, who remains under house arrest <ref>http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,354246,00.html</ref>.

===Relations with China===
China has provided Burma with substantial military, economic, and infrastructure development assistance. According to a reported internal Department of Defense (DOD) document, China is building naval bases in Burma that will give China its
only access to the Indian Ocean.<ref>[http://www.kachinpost.com/article2005/jan18.html China Builds up Strategic Sea Lanes], ''[[Washington Times]]'', January 18, 2005. Retrieved from the Kachin Post, October 12, 2007.</ref> These close relations are one explanation the Peoples Republic of China on January 12, 2007, vetoed a U.S.-sponsored U.N. Security Council resolution criticizing Burma’s [[human rights]] record. The veto was only the fifth that China has ever exercised in the [[U.N. Security Council]].

==Economy==
Under British colonial administration, Myanmar was the wealthiest country in Southeast Asia and was believed to be on the fast track to development. Today, it is one of the poorest nations in the world, suffering from the 1962 military takeover and the Burmese Way to Socialism plan. [http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Myanmar]

Burma is a resource-rich country with a strong agricultural base. It also has vast timber, natural gas, and fishery reserves and is a leading source of gems and jade. Tourist potential remains undeveloped because of weak infrastructure and Burma's international image, which has been damaged by the junta's human rights abuses and oppression of the democratic opposition. Due to Burma's poor human rights record, the U.S. has imposed a range of trade sanctions, including bans on the importation of Burmese products into the U.S. and the export of financial services from the U.S. to Burma passed in 2003.

The regime's mismanagement of the economy has created a downward economic spiral. The state remains heavily involved in most parts of the economy, infrastructure has deteriorated, and no rule of law exists. The majority of Burmese citizens subsist on an average annual income of less than $200 per capita. Inflation, caused primarily by public sector deficit spending and the eroding value of the local currency (the kyat), have reduced living standards. The Asian Development Bank estimated in December 2006 that inflation in Burma could reach 30% in 2006-2007, in contrast with official estimates of 10%.

The military's commercial arms play a major role in the economy. The limited moves to a market economy have been accompanied by a significant rise in crony capitalism. A handful of companies loyal to the regime has benefited from policies that promote monopoly and privilege. State-controlled activity predominates in energy, heavy industry, and the rice trade. Agriculture, light industry, trade, and transport dominate the private sector.

Burma remains a primarily agricultural economy with 50% of GDP derived from agriculture, livestock and fisheries, and forestry. Manufacturing/industry constitutes only 15% of recorded economic activity, and state industries continue to play a large role in that sector. Trade and services constitute only 35% of GDP.

Foreign investment has declined precipitously since 1999 due to the increasingly unfriendly business environment and political pressure from Western consumers and shareholders. The government conserves foreign exchange by limiting imports and promoting exports. Published estimates of Burma's foreign trade (particularly on the import side) are greatly understated because of the large volume of off-book, black-market, illicit, and unrecorded border trade.

In the near term, growth will continue to be constrained by government mismanagement and minimal investment. A number of other countries, including member states of the European Union, Canada, and Australia have joined the United States in applying some form of sanctions against the regime.

Government economic statistics are unavailable and unreliable. According to official figures, GDP growth has been over 10% annually since FY 1999-2000. However, the rate is likely much smaller. Burma's limited economic growth results largely from its natural gas exports, which account for over half of Burma's export receipts and foreign direct investment. Natural gas exports will increase significantly once production begins from the offshore Shwe and Shwephyu Fields, estimated to hold 5.7-10 trillion cubic feet of natural gas. In 2005-2006, the oil and gas sector accounted for $69 million in foreign direct investment. Corporations based in China, India, South Korea, Thailand, and Malaysia have interests in the exploration and development of several offshore blocks.

Burma remains the world's second-largest producer of illicit opium--although it amounts to only 11% of the world's total. Annual production of opium is now estimated to be less than 20% of mid-1990 peak levels. Burma is also a primary source of amphetamine-type stimulants in Asia. Although the Burmese Government has expanded its counternarcotics measures in recent years, production and trafficking of narcotics and failure to adequately prosecute those involved remains a major problem in Burma.

===Human trafficking===
Burma is a source country for men, women, and children trafficked to East and Southeast Asia for sexual exploitation, domestic service, and forced commercial labor; a significant number of victims are economic migrants who wind up in forced or bonded labor and forced prostitution; to a lesser extent, Burma is a country of transit and destination for women trafficked from China for sexual exploitation; internal trafficking of persons occurs primarily for labor in industrial zones and agricultural estates; internal trafficking of women and girls for sexual exploitation occurs from villages to urban centers and other areas; the military junta's economic mismanagement, human rights abuses, and policy of using forced labor are driving factors behind Burma(Myanmar)'s large trafficking problem. Burma does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of human trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so.

===Illicit drugs===
Burma remains world's second largest producer of illicit opium with an estimated production in 2005 of 380 metric tons, up 13% from 2004 and cultivation in 2005 was 40,000 hectares, a 10% increase from 2004; the decline in opium production in the United Wa State Army's areas of greatest control was more than offset by increases in south and east Shan state; lack of government will to take on major narcotrafficking groups and lack of serious commitment against money laundering continues to hinder the overall anti drug effort; major source of methamphetamine and heroin for regional consumption; currently under Financial Action Task Force countermeasures due to continued failure to address its inadequate money-laundering controls (2005).

==History==
Burma was unified by Burman dynasties three times during the past millennium. The first such unification came with the rise of the Bagan (Pagan) Dynasty in 1044 AD, which is considered the "Golden Age" in Burmese history. During this period, Theravada Buddhism first made its appearance in Burma, and the Bagan kings built a massive city with thousands of pagodas and monasteries along the Irrawaddy River. The Bagan Dynasty lasted until 1287 when Mongol invaders destroyed the city. Ethnic Shan rulers, who established a political center at Ava (near Mandalay), filled the ensuing political vacuum for a short time.

In the 15th century, the Taungoo Dynasty succeeded again in unifying under Burman rule a large, multi-ethnic kingdom. This dynasty, which lasted from 1486 until 1752, left little cultural legacy, but expanded the kingdom through conquest of the Shans. Internal power struggles, and the cost of protracted warfare, led to the eventual decline of the Taungoo Dynasty.

The final Burman royal dynasty, the Konbaung, was established in 1752 under the rule of King Alaungpaya. Like the Taungoo Kings, the Konbaung rulers focused on warfare and conquest. Wars were fought with the ethnic Mons and Arakanese, and with the Siamese. The Burmese sacked the Siamese capital of Ayuthaya in 1767. This period also saw four invasions by the Chinese and three devastating wars with the British.

The British began their conquest of Burma in 1824, expanding their holdings after each of the three wars. At the end of the third war in 1885, the British gained complete control of Burma, annexing it to India. Under British control, which lasted until 1948, Burma underwent enormous change. The British established strong administrative institutions and reorganized the economy from subsistence farming to a large-scale export economy. By 1939, Burma had become the world's leading exporter of rice.

Burmese nationalists, led by General Aung San and 29 other "Comrades," joined the Japanese forces in driving out the British at the outbreak of World War II. However, the Burmese Army switched sides in mid-1945 and aided U.S. and British forces in their drive to Rangoon. After the war, the Burmese, with General Aung San at the helm, demanded complete political and economic independence from Britain. The British Government acceded to these demands. A constitution was completed in 1947 and independence granted in January 1948. General Aung San was assassinated with most of his cabinet before the constitution went into effect.

During the constitutional period from 1948 to 1962, Burma suffered widespread conflict and internal struggle. Constitutional disputes and persistent division among political and ethnic groups contributed to the democratic government's weak hold on power. In 1958, Prime Minister U Nu invited the military to rule temporarily to restore political order. The military stepped down after 18 months; however, in 1962 General Ne Win led a military coup, abolishing the constitution and establishing a xenophobic military government with socialist economic policies. These policies had devastating effects on the country's economy and business climate.

In March 1988, student-led disturbances broke out in Rangoon in response to the worsening economic situation and evolved into a call for regime change. Despite repeated violent crackdowns by the military and police, the demonstrations increased in size as many in the general public joined the students. During mass demonstrations on August 8, 1988, military forces killed more than 1,000 demonstrators. At a rally following this massacre Aung San Suu Kyi, the daughter of General Aung San, made her first political speech and assumed the role of opposition leader.

In September 1988, the military deposed Ne Win's Burmese Socialist Program Party (BSPP), suspended the constitution, and established a new ruling junta called the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC). In an effort to "restore order," the SLORC sent the army into the streets to suppress the ongoing public demonstrations. An estimated additional 3,000 were killed, and more than 10,000 students fled into the hills and border areas.

The SLORC ruled by martial law until national parliamentary elections were held in May 1990. The results were an overwhelming victory for Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy (NLD) party, which won 392 of the 485 seats, even though she was under house arrest. However, the SLORC refused to honor the results and call the Parliament into session, and instead imprisoned many political activists.

The ruling junta changed its name to the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) in 1997, but did not change its policy of autocratic control and repression of the democratic opposition. It continued to subject Aung San Suu Kyi to varying forms of detention and other restrictions on her movement, which it periodically lifted only to reinstate later. In 2000, the SPDC began talks with the political opposition led by Aung San Suu Kyi. These talks were followed by the release of political prisoners and some increase in political freedoms for the NLD. In May 2002, Aung San Suu Kyi was allowed to leave her home, and subsequently traveled widely throughout the country. On May 30, 2003, Aung San Suu Kyi and a convoy of her supporters were attacked by a group of government-affiliated thugs. Many members of the convoy were killed or injured, and others disappeared. Aung San Suu Kyi and other members of her party were detained, and the military government forcibly closed the offices of the NLD. Today, only the NLD headquarters in Rangoon is open, all the party's other offices remain closed, and Aung San Suu Kyi and NLD Vice Chairman U Tin Oo remain under house arrest.

In October 2004, hard-line members of the senior leadership consolidated their power by ousting Prime Minister Khin Nyunt and removing him and his allies from control of the government and military intelligence apparatus. In late November 2004, the junta announced it would release approximately 9,000 prisoners it claimed had been improperly jailed by Khin Nyunt's National Intelligence Bureau. Approximately 86 of those released had been imprisoned for their political beliefs. Those released since November 2004 include Min Ko Naing and Ko Ko Gyi, both key figures in the 1988 demonstrations. On July 6, 2005, authorities released 323 additional political prisoners and on January 3, 2007, the authorities released over 2,800 prisoners, of whom over 40 were political prisoners. Despite these releases, the regime's policy of imprisoning its critics has not changed. Over 1,100 political activists are held in prisons around the country.

The military regime has a contentious relationship with Burma's ethnic groups, many of which have fought for greater autonomy or secession for their regions since the country's independence. In 1948, only Rangoon itself was under the control of national government authorities. Subsequent military campaigns brought more and more of the nation under central government control. Since 1989, the regime has signed a series of cease-fire agreements with insurgent groups, leaving only a handful still in active opposition.

In November 2005, the ruling regime unexpectedly relocated the capital city from Rangoon to Nay Pyi Taw, further isolating the government from the public. Nay Pyi Taw is a sparsely populated district located approximately midway between Rangoon and Mandalay. Most government workers and ministries moved to Nay Pyi Taw over the following six months, but construction and development of the new administrative capital remains incomplete. Foreign diplomatic missions are still located in Rangoon.

Despite multiparty legislative elections in 1990 that resulted in the main opposition party - the National League for Democracy (NLD) - winning a landslide victory, the ruling junta refused to hand over power. NLD leader and [[Nobel Peace Prize]] recipient [[Aung San Suu Kyi]], who was under house arrest from 1989 to 1995 and 2000 to 2002, was imprisoned in May 2003 and subsequently transferred to house arrest, where she remains virtually incommunicado. In February 2006, the junta extended her detention for another year. Her supporters, as well as all those who promote democracy and improved human rights, are routinely harassed or jailed.

In September 2007, monks and other protesters paraded through the streets for over 9 days before the government ordered them to disperse.

It is severely censured by groups from [[ASEAN]] <ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3085819.stm </ref> and [[Amnesty International]] <ref>http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/mmr-summary-eng</ref> for its [[human rights]] abuses, ranging from forced labour, to a campaign of oppression and what some claim amounts to [[genocide]]<ref>http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs3/Horton-2005.pdf</ref>.

====Cyclone Nargis====
Cyclone Nargis struck ashore near Yangon on May 3, 2008, destroying much of the area with winds in excess of 125 miles per hour. The worst disaster in Burmese history, the storm claimed an estimated 22,000 deaths, with some 41,000 reported missing. Postponed as a result of the storm was a vote on a referendum to Burma's constitution, which, despite tense opposition from the pro-democracy movement, was geared to the benefit of the military junta.<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,354246,00.html</ref>

== Political Unrest/Democracy Movement ==
{{Burma uprising}}

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Asian Countries]]

Rat

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Panda95: /* Diet */

A '''rat''' is a small [[rodent]] found on all [[continent]]s except [[Antarctica]]. Rats are often considered to be [[pest]]s. They are also often known to carry disease; notably, the spread of the [[bubonic plague]] is attributed to rats. The [[taxonomy | genus]] ''Rattus'' includes over 50 species.

== Habitat ==
Rats are capable of surviving in a wide range of different environments ranging from grasslands, forests, urban settlements, ships, and the unforgiving [[arctic]]. They tend to thrive around [[human beings]].

== Diet ==
Rats can survive off an extremely diverse diet, including [[seed]]s, [[fruit]]s, small [[bird]]s and [[mammal]]s, scraps and even garbage.

== Pets ==
Rats can make good pets. They are usually kept in a [[cage]] or a [[terrarium]], sometimes with other rats or [[mice]].

== See also ==
[[Mouse]]

[[category:Rodents]]

Tundra

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Panda95: /* Sources */

'''Tundra''' are the treeless plains of the [[arctic]] circle. The soil is a thin coating over permafrost. For most of the year the temperature never gets above freezing, and even during the short [[summer]] doesn't rise above 50 degrees Fahrenheit (or 10 degrees Celsius).

Typical tundra vegetation includes [[lichens]], [[mosses]], and stunted [[shrubs]].

== Sources ==

The New American Desk Encyclopedia, Penguin Group, 1989
[[Category:Climate]]
[[Category: Geography]]

Tundra

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Panda95:

21

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Panda95: Redirecting to Twenty-one

#REDIRECT [[Twenty-one]]

Conservapedia talk:Userboxes/Sports

2008-05-18T22:45:51Z

Panda95: New page: Sense this page is protected, can someone please add this for me? --~~~~

Sense this page is protected, can someone please add [[:Template:User FavoriteBaseballTeam|this]] for me? --[[User:Panda95|'''Panda''']][[User talk:Panda95|'''95''']] 18:45, 18 May 2008 (EDT)

Template:User FavoriteBaseballTeam

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Panda95: made from Template:User RoyalsFan

{{Userbox |#000068|#FFFFFF|[[image:Userbaseball.jpg|45px]]|<center>This user's favorite baseball team is the '''{{{1}}}'''.</center>}}

Samoa Joe

2008-05-18T22:41:40Z

Panda95:

'''Nuufolau "Joe" Seanoa''' (Born March 17, 1979 in Orange County, California) Better known by his ring name "Samoa Joe", is the current [[TNA World Heavyweight Champion]], a title he won by beating [[Kurt Angle]] at TNA: Lockdown in 2008.
[[Category:Wrestlers]]

Conservapedia:Userboxes/Religion

2008-05-18T22:39:32Z

Panda95: we don't need two of the same userbox

===Religion===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|{{UB|Lent}}
|-
|{{UB|JP2 saint}}
|-
|{{UB|noforcedreligion}}
|-
|{{UB|Bible just book}}
|-
|{{UB|UnitedMethodist}}
|-
|{{UB|Presbyterian}}
|-
|{{UB|Quaker}}
|-
|{{UB|Lutheran}}
|-
|{{UB|Baptist}}
|-
|{{UB|Catholic}}
|-
|{{UB|Protestant}}
|-
|{{UB|Atheist}}
|-
|{{UB|JesusTeachings}}
|}

Talk:CE

2008-05-18T22:36:08Z

Panda95: /* hahahahahahahahaha */ removing vandalism

{{protect|Aschlafly}}

==Comments==
Since others have already commented about the tolerance issue among scholarly works, I'll pass over that issue except to say that they are correct and it would be an error to assume that it is an attempt to destroy Christianity. However, the related point that I would like to address is the article statement that reads "While use of "Common Era" attempts to erase recognition for the Christian basis of the calendar, there are not similar attempts to erase non-Christian religious names from the calendar, such as the days of the week named after Norse gods." In fact, although it is not accepted by the "common culture" of the United States, the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) did away with the names for the days and months centuries ago in order not to give creedance to other gods even in common speech. They count the days or months instead of naming them. For instance, January is called First Month and Sunday is called First Day. In the last generation, many Quakers have discontinued this custom, but it survived for centuries and is still practiced by some of the older or most conservative Quakers. Most of them still retain it where it has become part of the name of something. For instance, Quaker children do not go to Sunday School but rather to First Day School.

In point of fact, all religions/ denominations/ societies reckon time by the significant dates in their religious history -- where they figure the start date from, what they call things, etc. It makes as much sense for Christians to reckon time as the (approximate) birth of Jesus as it does for Jews or Confucians to reckon it from Creation or Muslims to reckon it from the Hajj. By the same token, it makes sense for each of them to count time passed with reference to the things they consider holy -- the things of the life cycle, the yearly cycle, etc. The names of the days and months are no different, so it's a wonder that the rest of the culture didn't do as the Quakers long ago in naming the days and months since most of the culture was at least nominally Christian. -- VJR

Isn't the BCE/CE designed to be more inclusive of other cultures that do not believe in Christianity. For non-Christians, having the birth and death of Christ as starting points to a calendar must seem rather arbitrary. --[[User:Truth is bipartisan|Truth is bipartisan]] 17:16, 14 March 2007 (EDT)

Actually, on checking, I find that "common era" can be
*a generic term meaning ''any'' standardized system of numbering years based on any epoch, e.g. the Jewish year is in "the common era of the Jews."
*a term used to distinguish the "ordinary" BC/AD epoch ''from others used by Christians.'' E.g. "puts his death in the seventh year of Trajan, i.e. in 104 of the common era."[http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC04334900&id=qLfiIApQVDkC&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33&dq=%22common+era%22&as_brr=1]

And the phrase has been in use for well over a century.

Thus: "The common era of the Jews places the creation in B. C. 3760" (where B. C. here means "before the common era ''of the Jews.'') [http://books.google.com/books?vid=0HE_WUCP1d5BX8OJ&id=GMfyJ2PeD-cC&pg=RA12-PA207&lpg=RA12-PA207&as_brr=1 1874: The popular encyclopedia, volume V, p. 307]

"It was probably the original intention of Caefar to commence the new year with the fhorteft day, the winter folftice at Rome, in the year 46 B. C. (common era)." [http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC03079044&id=cS8EAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA4&lpg=RA2-PA4&&as_brr=1 1889: "Handy-book of Rules and Tables for Verifying Dates with the Christian Era"]

"Prior to the year A. D. 1865, the Jewish style, namely, the year of the world, was observed by Red Men in dating their documents. At the council held in G. S. 1526, this system was discontinued, and G. S. D. or Great Sun of the Discovery was adopted, the year 1492 being considered G. S. D. 1. To find the date of the old style, add to the common era 3760; e.g. 1877 + 3760 = 5637. To find the date by Red Men's style, subtract 1491 from the common era." ("Red Men" here is a reference to a fraternal organization.) [http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC03825672&id=kZLbGv92SjUC&pg=RA16-PA495&lpg=RA16-PA495&as_brr=1 1893: Official History of the Improved Order of Red Men].

So it's not a ''new'' phrase. In fact, it seems to me that "Christian era" means "the system used by Christians," whereas calling the AD/BC system the "common era" means "this system used by everyone" and thus emphasizes that Christian usage is '''the''' general usage of our society.

The story may be more complicated than that, but that's what I've found so far. Not sure when, how, by whom or for what reason the abbreviations BCE and CE were introduced. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith]] 21:22, 20 December 2006 (EST)

:That's fascinating material. Thanks. Maybe I'm obsessed with this, but it does seem odd that a phrase recently pushed by schools, Wikipedia writers and tests has unknown origin. It's not even in the 1972 dictionary!!! In a current dictionary, it's defined as a substitute for BC/AD without any reference to Jewish people. My quote from the online rabbi shows Judaism is not the source.
:I'll study your sources further. --[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 23:22, 20 December 2006 (EST)

Well, your quote from the rabbi shows that he doesn't know the source. In Rabbi Raphall's "Post Biblical History of the Jews", he uses BCE, and you start seeing "BCE" and either "ACE" or "CE" from 1890 on.--[[User:Epicurius|Epicurius]] 13:52, 26 March 2007 (EDT)

888888888888888888888888888
What do you mean "It's not in the 1972 dictionary"? Is that the Complete Websters, the Oxford or some dog-eared little junior high book? Here's a current definition from a free on-line encyclopedia at http://www.reference.com/search?q=Common%20Era

"The Common era (also known as the Christian era or the Current era, abbreviated to CE) is the period of measured time beginning with the year 1 on the Gregorian calendar. The notations CE and BCE (Before the Common Era) are alternative notations for AD (anno Domini, Latin for "in the year of (Our) Lord") and BC (Before Christ), respectively. The CE/BCE system of notation is chronologically equivalent to dates in the AD/BC system, i.e. no change in numbering is used and neither includes a year zero. The abbreviations may also be written C.E. and B.C.E.

The term common era is preferred by some as an alternative to the more overtly religious AD and BC, since Common Era does not explicitly make use of religious titles for Jesus, such as Christ and Lord, which are used in the AD/BC notation. Some criticize Common Era notation as a euphemism that does not alter the pivotal year one still centering on the life of Jesus. Many others criticize the notation as an unnecessary attempt at political correctness."

This is the sort of clear and simple info, obtainable at the press of a button that the writer of this article has struggled for 25 years (in vain) to determine, receiving no help from a nameless "professor of European history" as quoted here:

"Now, 25 years and a number of common errors later, I assume that Common Era simply means "the date commonly accepted and used." But the truth is that I don't know, so I asked your question to a professor of European history. He didn't know either. (Last two sentences bolded to emphasise the enormous irony of it all)"

We are indeed fortunate that someone so self-confessedly ignorant on a subject should not have been deterred from knocking off a piece on that very matter for a global encyclopedia.

Some brief points:

1. I was taught that the BCE/CE dating convention was adopted primarily for works of an academic nature, typically in the fields of comparative religious studies and the like, where there is a focus on inter-faith dialogue, so as not to appear unnecessarily chauvinistic in asserting the tenets of Christian faith over those of others. In particular the Jews most expressly do NOT believe that Jesus “Was [their] Saviour” as is implied by the words behind the acronyms.

2. Call this a sop, or “caving in to the enemy” or whatever, but it was never intended to indicate that Christians were abandoning their faith, but merely as a gesture of tolerance within fields of study where respect for diversity (and OTHER PEOPLE'S faith) was essential.

3. To foment an acrid dispute over suchlike sounds a lot like the battle of the Big Endians and Little Endians in Swift’s “Gulliver’s Travellers”. Or, more recently and far less fictiously, the kind of throat-cutting vendettas pursued by Balkans over how many fingers you should use when you cross yourself.

4. Personally, if this upsets SOME conservatives so much - those who have divined in this practice a wholesale betrayal of the faith of their fathers - I would quite gladly recommend reversion to the earlier practice. Frankly, wise and well-intentioned man and women of all faiths would understand the nature of the predicament, more than many of you will begin to guess.

5. This controversy, and the even more asinine one on “American spellings”, seems to have provided the requisite steam power for blow-hards to arouse themselves to elevated levels of indignation and over what most other folk would perceive to be trifling matters of custom, protocol and etiquette. Here too, I would recommend adhering to American spelling, which is invariably simpler and more logical. But where would Conservapedia be if the Liberals relented on such epochal issues?
88888888888888888888888888888888

:One thing: how exactly is American spelling of English more logical or simple than any other spelling? "Organize" vs. "Organise." I'm having trouble seeing how logic applies. Bigotry, maybe. You're a moron. --[[User:Eatsilk|Eatsilk]] 19:48, 10 April 2007 (EDT)

::There's probably an interesting story there. I grant you that the spread of BCE and CE probably ''do'' have ''something'' to do with acknowledging diversity, or political correctness, or liberalism, or something. It's always hard to find out how and why things go in and out of fashion, though. I have a long list of puzzles of that kind. Why did the phrase "to fill the bill" rather suddenly get replaced with "to fit the bill" circa 1990 or so? Why did the phrase "to go missing" or "went missing," which I'd always thought were British, suddenly become ubiquitous in the U. S. starting in, I don't know, the late 1990s? [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith]] 05:46, 21 December 2006 (EST)

I heard that there were originally inacuracies in determining the times of various events which resulted in Jesus having been born in the year 4 B.C. It seems that with this information available, it would be foolish to continue saying that the year of our lord began when He was 4 years old. [[User:Scienceisstupid|Scienceisstupid]] 15:17, 21 June 2007 (PST)

== Original Research ==

Should original research be allowed in this article? Also, CE is not some conspiracy that is trying to destroy the foundations of Christianity. There are no citations in this article even attempting to show that this view is held outside of this web page. AD/BC where established by Christian scholars and prevailed because the "western" powers remained solidly Christian and happened to colonize most of the world. Now, the world might be 1/6th Christian, but the other 5/6ths are not. Science is a consensus of scientist from around the world and do not only include the U.S. So it would not be prudent to keep the current age as Anno Domini, since the "Lord" is no longer consisting of the majority of the world. The usage of AD is still valid, but CE is not trying to discredit or undermine in some way the original dating method. So I'm going to try to make this article more neutral in the future, but if a majority of you guys think i'm vandalizing or something like that, I'll move on.
As a side note, the Roman Catholic Church (the universal church of Christ) was responsible for the dark ages.

:So CE isn't trying to destroy the foundations of Christianity, but what it is trying to do is remove the word "Lord" from the vocabulary of the general public. I absolutely love Liberal Logic! --[[User:David R|<<-David R->>]] 23:29, 6 March 2007 (EST)

:: Well if I may, there is a real concern here for Jews and Muslims - saying that is the year of the lord is inaccurate and indeed arguably idol worship to use the term. So for those religions at least use of the term "AD" is very problematic (BC less so for obvious reasons). [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] 23:33, 6 March 2007 (EST)

:: If the general public doesn't want the the word "LORD" in the vocabulary then it shouldn't be there. Unless Christianity suddenly implodes i don't think just because a shift in the secular world from AD/BC to CE/BCE is going to do anything. My main concern is if we are trying to counter bias with bias? Also, i'm going to get rid of the original research in this article unless someone adds some citations or something cause i'm not sure where that comes from. [[User:Pinion|Pinion]] 00:50, 7 March 2007 (EST)

::: If this was A Jewish or Muslim site, you might have a point. But as this is a Christian/Conservative Site that does not strive to be politically correct, your point is not valid. --[[User:TimSvendsen|TimSvendsen]] 23:47, 6 March 2007 (EST)
:::: I wasn't commetning on whether it should be used ''here'' I was commenting on how the general motivations of those who use it are not nearly as nefarious as some editors here seem to think. [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] 23:55, 6 March 2007 (EST)

== Common Sense, ppl ==

I've heard some good evidence and argument in this talk page, but the idea that BCE and CE are a liberal agenda thing or one of "wikipedia's bias" signs is an absolutely baseless and, furthermore, stupid notion. Let me introduce a theory:

We don't know the year of Jesus's birth. We DO know that it is almost absolutely NOT 0 BC/AD. [http://www.religioustolerance.org/xmas_date.htm#year].

So BCE/CE was created with this date (since people are just used to it, no need to change it. Pretty conservative of them, wouldn't you say?) as the reference. It's just a reference date with no meaning, so we can have an absolute origin point on a timeline. Say it with me. "Its just a reference date." That felt good, huh?

Don't you think it's a positive thing for the Christian religion to remove an obvious error from it? Hell, they do us a favor by just separating the two topics. You should be thankful, not suspicious. [[User:Muchodelcrazy|Muchodelcrazy]] 00:18, 8 March 2007 (EST)

== Rabbi Dialogue ==

This dialogue is pointless and makes this article seem fabricated and arbitrary. --[[User:Truth is bipartisan|Truth is bipartisan]] 17:19, 14 March 2007 (EDT)

What is the point of the dialogue between the rabbi and whoever? What purpose does it serve to illuminate people as to what CE means? Furthermore the "reference" doesn't have any other references, nor does it even say who the professor of European history was. It also doesn't have a copy of the transcript between the rabbi and the supposed professor. --[[User:Trekie9001|trekie9001]] 02:36, 9 March 2007 (EST)
:This section is unecessary and has to much first person. It doesn't sound encyclopaedic. [[User:Bobtexas|Bobtexas]] 02:35, 14 March 2007 (EDT)

::Anecdotal evidence is the most wonderfully personal evidence there is. Too bad personal isn't the same as important. Allow me to cite a conversation I heard once between an onion farmer and a prince. It seems there was this onion farmer, you see… --[[User:Prometheus|Prometheus]] 01:31, 17 March 2007 (EDT)

The dialogue also does nothing to demonstrate the point it tries to make (illustrating that the term "Common Era" did not come from Judaism). Just because one rabbi was taught to refer to CE as the "Common Error" doesn't mean that all Rabbis were taught that (certainly not mine, who uses CE and BCE).

==Christian Era==
Where is the proof that CE stands for Common Era? I thought that it stood for Christian Era. As the article implies, the term CE was not in wide use 35 years ago. It has since caught on, but for what reason?

The term Christian Era appears to be much older, and it is listed in all the major dictionaries, including Merriam-Webster's, American Heritage, and Compact Oxford English Dictionary. It may be true that CE was promoted by people claiming that it was a non-Christian term, but maybe it only was accepted by people who took it to mean Christian Era. Does anyone know?

I think that the article should be revised to say that CE stands for Christian Era. [[User:RSchlafly|RSchlafly]] 12:40, 9 March 2007 (EST)

: Yeah, then we can refrain from using CE, 'cause ''clearly'' it shows bias. --[[User:Prometheus|Prometheus]] 01:32, 17 March 2007 (EDT)

I can't source this, I assumed it was common knowledge....
An obvious reason for not wishing to use the BC AD system is that many feel term 'In the year of our Lord" aggressively exclusive. In an increasingly global society, we see most countries adopting our calender, and yet there is a great proportion, indeed a majority, who are not in fact christian and do not feel that God is 'Our' (Their) Lord. The point is that a calender does not need to be religious but by using the idea of Christian Era, no-one is denying the ancestry of the term (which debunks a fair portion of the current argument about anti-christianity)

Perhaps a good compromise between the ambiguous "Common Era" and the patronizing "Year of our Lord" would be something along the lines of AJ for "Year of Jesus." It doesn't ignore the original meaning of the term, but it also doesn't imply, as many feel "AD" does, that the user personally accepts Jesus of Nazareth as his "Lord." --[[User:Anschelsc|Anschelsc]] 16:13, 20 January 2008 (EST)

== References ==

There are no references to whatever Common Era means only to some irrelevant site with a quotation explaining about someone not knowing what CE means. Dictionaries could be referenced at least. A brief skimming of most dictionaries will also come up with "Christian Era" and "Current Era" as other meanings for "CE."

== Lack of dictionary definition ==

Forgive me if I'm wrong, but might the reason for the fact that a 1972 edition of a dictionary might not have the term be that it wasn't in common use in 1972? You might try looking in a more modern dictionary. It doesn't seem like the most credible piece of evidence. [[User:Alethiophile|Alethiophile]] 18:25, 13 March 2007 (EDT)

I couldn't agree more. I just finished a History undergraduate degree and we used CE/BCE exclusively. --[[User:Truth is bipartisan|Truth is bipartisan]] 17:16, 14 March 2007 (EDT)

I'm also inclined to agree. Currently the Merriam-Webster's Website does indeed have a definition for "Common Era", linking it to "Christian Era", which is defined as "the period dating from the birth of Christ". Other dictionaries such as The American Heritage Dictionary and WordNet also have similar definitions. Also of importance is that, while the 1972 edition was the seventh Merriam-Webster's edition, the most current is the eleventh. I would recommend a deletion regarding that particular piece of evidence.

== Unfortunate Truth ==

Unfortunately, no. There are, sadly, a lot of ignorant people in the world who truly believe that what they call "Conservatism" is, in fact, unbiased. This 'encyclopaedia' as they so insultingly call it is little more than an entire website subtly advocating the perpetuation of many of the evils which have led the world to the state it is in now. Intolerance, misinformation and insufficient education are but three of the factors in this ever-deepening spiral of destruction held on to by the last dying grasp of 'conservatism', a 'movement' which seeks dominion by stasis- a sheer lack of progress for the world. They try to deny such obvious truths such as Global Warming and Evolution while putting forward theories and hypotheses completely unfounded in science such as 'young earth theory'... seriously, who can say that this website is anything it supposes to stand for? Educational? It looks to me more like religious indoctrination like the old Taliban regime which they so criticize- little better than 'Terrorists'.
The terrorists issue is another point of failure for the Conservapedia. The rules and regulations clearly state- "No Liberalist Bias" and state the example of "terrorists" as "calling a spade a spade" so to speak and not attempting to hide their "true nature". But isn't the "terrorist" label just another way of dehumanizing people who are essentially the same as us? All these unfortunate victims of conservative government after conservative government have arms, legs, heads just like the governments themselves. The only difference, you could say, is the way they go about things.
I ask: how true is this for real? How does a terrorist make his point? by yelling something in arabic then blowing up a truck? How does the U.S. military (An admirably conservative organisation) make it's point? By yelling something in English then blowing up an oil derrick? Or some Iraqis? Really, whoever does it- the Terrorists or the oh-so-very-friendly US military the Iraqis kind of get in the behind, don't they?
Let's face it. Conservatives in positions of power have, over a period of less than 200 years, brought the world to a point of political and environmental destruction. How can they deny Global Warming when its effects are clearly visible in highly populated areas of the world. How can they continue chugging CO2 into the atmosphere, completely blind to the destruction they cause? It is little more than childish greed, greed for power, money and resources, childish because they care only for themselves- not even their children. Because, by the time the world is set on a path to complete destruction where not even the powerful conservatives can save it, all the living leaders today will be dead. And that is why the do not care. They do not care about the environment. They do not care about your lives. All they care about is their own prosperity and happiness and the continuation of the status quo- because this status quo, this conservative ideal, is the one where their lives are perfect, where they have what they want. It's not about religion. It's not even about political orientation. It is nothing more than an evil self-feeding cycle where only the Conservatives gain.

Conservatives ARE the Devil.

:Last time I checked, [[Global warming]] was not protected. If you have scientific evidence of the bad effects of higher average atmospheric temperature, please add it to the article. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 14:21, 21 June 2007 (EDT)

THANK YOU!! This makes soo much sense. [[User:Potatocakes|Potatocakes]] 05:43, 25 March 2008 (EDT)

== Article Locked? ==

Why has this article been locked? Surely this is against the principles of a freely editable encyclopedia? Also and encyclopedia should present both the evidence/views '''for and against''' the topic in question - this article does not do this. --[[User:Tomt|Tomt]] 11:59, 25 March 2007 (EDT)

:Your thinking that this place is committed to neutrality. It's not. It's committed to promoting a viewpoint, one that is (happily) on the decline in the United States, where its proponents think it has its greatest strength. --[[User:Eatsilk|Eatsilk]] 19:45, 10 April 2007 (EDT)

== I've always heard something different ==

I've always heard that CE and BCE are very old terms meaning "Christian Era" and "Before the Christian Era."--[[User:Ollie Garkey|Ollie Garkey]] 18:25, 1 April 2007 (EDT)

Did you hear that from some Christians? Anyway, you heard wrong. --[[User:Eatsilk|Eatsilk]] 19:43, 10 April 2007 (EDT)

== Rabbi dialogue revisited ==

The person who added this to the article is, sadly, a moron. What exactly does this prove? Also, the term is "Common Era" not (chuckle) "Christian Era." The people who made the calendars were Christian. Now, in a global climate that has ''progressed'' to be more tolerant of individuals of different religious and cultural backgrounds, it has been decided by reasonable individuals not to enforce the religion of some upon the time-telling of everyone. So, rather than change what day it is and and change the dates of all of history, we simply change the suffix from something that blatantly promotes ''one'' of the world's major religions to something less, say, offensive. What exactly is the problem with acknowledging that not everyone believes what you do? --[[User:Eatsilk|Eatsilk]] 19:42, 10 April 2007 (EDT)

: Why do some feel the urge to censor references to Christ? If a date is based on the birth of Christ, then the basis for that date should be expressed in terms of Christ. Give credit where it is due, even if you don't agree.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 15:57, 26 June 2007 (EDT)

== Wikipedia's bias regarding this term ==

This term is not used consistently on Wikipedia and liberals have seemed to make sure it's used in articles where it will generate the most scandal: e.g. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus Jesus]. (Indeed, the clumsy and unencyclopedic "BC/BCE" and "AD/CE" are used there.) Look at other articles about historic places and persons and you will rarely find "BCE/CE" used: e.g. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato Plato], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates Socrates], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutankhamun Tutankhamun], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia Persia], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire the Roman Empire], etc. [[User:Jinxmchue|Jinxmchue]] 15:40, 26 June 2007 (EDT)

: Good point, but [[CE]] is used many thousands, and perhaps even millions, of times on Wikipedia. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Whatlinkshere/Common_Era].--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 15:57, 26 June 2007 (EDT)

::So why then do the major articles I cited still use only the AD/BC designation? (That's a rhetorical question.) Wikipedia has no policy whatsoever about the use of AD/BC and CE/BCE and they've left it up to the users - users who are overwhelmingly liberal. It's too bad that it's extremely difficult to tell which articles were first changed to replace AD/BC or include CE/BCE. If someone did find out, I wouldn't be surprised if the article about Jesus was one of the first ones to be changed. In any case, I did a search on the top online encyclopedias other than Wikipedia and none of them use CE/BCE in any way. Not a one. To me, all this just shows the liberal bias that exists on Wikipedia. The CE/BCE designation is not in use in any major encyclopedias. It's only in use by godless intellectuals who like to think they're avoiding paying lip service to Jesus Christ by using it even though it uses the same "starting point" as AD/BC: the birth of Jesus. [[User:Jinxmchue|Jinxmchue]] 17:08, 27 June 2007 (EDT)
::And this matters because...? [[User:ProserpinaFC|ProserpinaFC]]

== more common ==

"Christian Era has a longer history of usage and appears in more web pages today."

The latter is easily contradicted by a simple Google search. The former is unsupported by any evidence. [[User:John Brown|John Brown]] 00:15, 30 October 2007 (EDT)
:No it's not. BC/AD are more common than what you refer to, and instead of depending on Google, I suggest you hit the books at your local library. [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 15:35, 24 March 2008 (EDT)

== The word "erase" ==

Two of the more egregious sentences on this page, of which there are many, are the following:

*The term "Common Era" is an attempt to '''erase''' the historical basis for the primary calendar dating system in the Western world.

The idea that the use of different dating nomenclature is an attempt to somehow rewrite history is absurd. The concept of inter-faith dialogue has been discussed here at length, and I will not discuss it any further. Moving along:

*Numerous texts, '''particularly schoolbooks''', have replaced "B.C./A.D." with "Common Era" symbols over the past decade.

This claim is completely uncited. As an academic, I find it insulting. --[[User:Telephuse|Telephuse]] 20:45, 18 November 2007 (EST)

== British date format becoming more common in America! ==

If you think the fall of AD is a problem, that's only part of the story on dates. In my sister's world history book this morning, published in Boston, it shows every date written in the British style! (the day before the month and no comma before the year.) Will September 11 become the 11 September attacks? I'm sure this problem may emerge in the future! A suggest as an amendment to the AD/CE commandment is to make sure all dates have the month before the day as well. It's creeping into many American websites as well!
:The format you indicated (i.e. 11 September 2001) is also refered to as the military date format, and is used by the United States armed forces. [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 13:27, 1 December 2007 (EST)

It's also MLA format now and so is used in English classes as well. Personally I like the change, as moving from the smallest entity to the largest makes more sense. [[User:Rockthecasbah|Rockthecasbah]] 20:28, 14 April 2008 (EDT) (And it's the format that Conservapedia uses, as I noticed after posting with my four tildes.)

== ISO 8601 ==

This mentions ISO standard # 8601 as if it is contrary to "BCE" dating, but ISO 8601 it actually does not make any way for BC dates, it only starts at year "0000" which actually is 1 BC. In the software, one sees sometimes years -YYYY, but this is confusing because year "-100" is actually 101 BC, etcetera. ISO is anyway a globalist body, maybe thats why they dont give any way to represent Bible dates.

Étienne Léger

: Yeah, I just checked ISO 8601 on the ISO website (http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=40874, access provided by my institute). ISO does not recognize CE/BCE, but it also does not recognize BC/AD. It mentions nothing about eras. I think this statement should be struck from the article, lest it divulge inaccurate information about the scope of ISO 8601 (which really just talks about visual parsing and formatting of date and time information). I'm sure there's an ISO relevant to this, but 8601 isn't it. --[[User:Countryforchrist|Countryforchrist]] 18:04, 17 May 2008 (EDT)
:: Update: I checked on the ISO's standards for BC/AD vs. BCE/CE. The ISO does not handle the issue of eras in dating. Maybe go with the [[APA]] standard or the [[MLA]] standard (though admittedly I don't know what those are)?

Impact Wrestling

2008-05-18T22:25:36Z

Panda95:

'''Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA)''' is an [[American]] [[Professional Wrestling]] organization founded in 2002 by Wrestler Jeff Jarrett and his father Jerry Jarrett. TNA is the first major wrestling promotion to use the six-sided ring, and had exclusive rights to the NWA's Tag Team and Heavyweight Championships, until both expired in May 2007.

[[Category:Wrestling]]

Schizoaffective disorder

2008-05-18T16:37:45Z

Panda95:

{{stub}}
'''ScAD''' is a [[mental disorder]]

[[category:Mental health]]
[[category:Psychiatry]]
[[category:Psychiatric Disorders]]
[[category:Psychology]]