Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Hamlet

2012-04-18T20:40:49Z

PTurner: not Jacobean if 1599-1601

'''''Hamlet''''' is a revenge [[tragedy]] by [[William Shakespeare]]. Written between 1599-1601, it is perhaps Shakespeare's most famous play, and possibly one of the most famous works written in the English language, being the subject of more essays than any other work. The tale heavily features the themes procrastination, deterioration, incest, [[revenge]], [[madness]], [[homicide]], and [[suicide]].

==Characters==

The Ghost - A spirit of the dead King Hamlet

Claudius - Recently crowned King of Denmark, brother of King Hamlet

Gertrude - Widow of King Hamlet

Hamlet - Prince, son of King Hamlet and Gertrude

Horatio - Hamlet's life long friend.

Polonius - Elderly, pompous advisor to the king

Laertes - Polonius' son

Ophelia - Polonius' daughter and lover of Hamlet

Rosencrantz and Guildenstern - Two buffoonish school friends of Hamlet

Fortinbras - Prince of Norway

The grave diggers

Watchmen

also: Actors, Courtiers, Guards, Norwegian Soldiers etc.

==Synopsis==

The play begins with the palace watchmen being terrified by the appearance of a ghost of the old King Hamlet. Meanwhile, in the court, King Claudius (King Hamlet's brother) proclaims his wedding to Gertrude, the widow of King Hamlet. Prince Hamlet, son of king Hamlet and Gertrude is melancholy at both his father's death, and at his mother's "incest" with Claudius. Laertes, son of the king's adviser Polonius, is leaving on a trip. Laertes tells his sister Ophelia to not get too involved with Prince Hamlet; so does her father, so she promises to break off the relationship.

Horatio tells Hamlet of the ghost sightings, and Hamlet heads out to investigate the appearances. Hamlet chases the ghost into the woods. Now alone, the ghost tells of how he is the spirit of old King Hamlet, tortured in purgatory and awaiting vengeance. He claims he was murdered by Claudius as he lay asleep in the gardens, the brother pouring poison into the King's ear. The ghost commands Hamlet to kill Claudius (but not harm Gertrude) to free him from his suffering. Hamlet is eventually found, alone, by his friends. Hamlet does not tell the others what he has heard.

Whilst Polonius dispatches a servant to spy on Laertes, Ophelia tells Polonius that Hamlet burst into her room and scared her.
The King and Queen send two school friends, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, to spy on Hamlet. They disagree on why Hamlet is acting strangely. The Queen says it is because of their over-hasty marriage, but the king prefers the story that Hamlet is lovesick over Ophelia, which is what Polonius thinks. They hide while Hamlet, now apparently insane, enters and begins insulting Polonius. The Rosencrantz and Guildenstern come in and question him, but Hamlet is suspicious and reveals nothing.

A troupe of actors enter, and Hamlet has Polonius hire them. Hamlet commissions the group to enact a specific routine, his reasons for which are presented in the famous "To be or not to be" soliloquy. Hamlet talks of about his internal struggles: he hates his uncle, he's angry at his mother but he's worried that the ghost might be a demon sent to trick him. Hamlet has the idea of using a play to provoke the King, with the troupe acting out a play who's plot strongly resembles King Hamlet's alleged murder. The plan works brilliantly, as the king is forced to end the play out of his overwhelming grief. Hamlet loudly celebrates his triumph in front of the King and Queen. After his celebration, Hamlet goes to kill the King in one of his personal chambers.

Hamlet finds the King praying, and decides not to kill him then, lest his sins be forgiven and he be sent to heaven. Hamlet instead goes to his mother's quarters. The Queen reprimands him for celebrating at the time of the King's grief. Hamlet counters by unleashing his pent up anger at his mother's incest and lack of sadness for the death of Hamlet's father. When a noise comes from behind a tapestry, Hamlet sticks his sword through, thinking he has stabbed Claudius. Instead, he discovers that he has killed Polonius, who was eavesdropping. Hamlet drags the corpse from the scene.

Claudius is infuriated by the murder of Polonius and demands Hamlet should show them where he hid the body, but the (seemingly) demented Hamlet refuses. Hamlet is exiled to England, along with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. Claudius provides the two with a letter to the English King, stating that Hamlet must be executed on arrival. Meanwhile, Ophelia has descended into total madness over the death of her father. Laertes returns to discover the shocking state of his sister, and demands revenge.

Time has moved on, and Hamlet is back in Denmark. Times are unstable, and an invasion, lead by Fortinbras is imminent. He greets Horatio, and explains how his voyage was interrupted by pirates. Whilst fighting them off, he discovered Rosencrantz and Guildenstern’s letter. He replaced it with an alternative letter which stated the two should be executed on arrival instead. He then made his way back to Denmark in secret. As they chat, they oversee two drunken grave diggers in a freshly dug plot. Hamlet exchanges jokes with the two, whilst they exhume the remains of the old court Jester, Yorick. Hamlet grows nostalgic on seeing the bones of the old entertainer ("Alas, poor Yorick / I knew him, Horatio"). Meanwhile, a funeral procession arrives, with Claudius, Gertude and Laertes present. Hamlet discovers the body is that of Ophelia. She drowned, possibly in an act of suicide. Distraught, Hamlet surprises the funeral procession with his presence, and leaps into the grave to embrace her. Laertes, infuriated that Hamlet is disrupting his sister's burial, brawls with him. The two men are forced apart, and Claudius proclaims that the two should settle their dispute properly; by duel.

On the day of the duel, Claudius plots with Laertes to rig the fight. He provides Laertes with a poisoned foil, and places more poison in Hamlet's drink. The two men begin to duel. Hamlet proves to be the superior swordsman, but is eventually slashed by Laertes in between boughts. Hamlet loses his temper and scuffles with Laertes. The two swords are swapped in the confusion, and Hamlet pierces Laertes with the poison blade. Gertrude, to Claudius's horror, drinks from Hamlet's goblet, and is poisoned. Laertes, now dying, reveals Claudius' scheme. Gertrude dies. Hamlet flies into a rage, stabs claudius, and forces him to drink the last of the poison. Claudius dies. Hamlet dies from his wound. Horatio is the only one left. Fortinbras and his invasion force enter the court and see a pile of bodies before them. A messenger proclaims that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead. Fortinbras proclaims himself ruler, offering a possible glimmer of future stability.

==Movie Adaptations==

Major film versions of the play have starred [[Laurence Olivier]], [[Mel Gibson]], and [[Kenneth Branagh]]. (While both Olivier and Branagh directed and starred in their versions, [[Franco Zeffirelli]] directed the one with Gibson.)

Laurence Olivier's black-and-white 1948 film won four Oscars; best actor in a leading role, best art-set direction, best costume design and best picture. Olivier's performance was considered an unapproachable ideal and remains so. It co-starred Basil Sydney as Claudius, Eileen Herlie as Gertrude, Terence Morgan as Laertes and Jean Simmons as Ophelia.

Mel Gibson's 1990 version uses modernized English and attempts to portray a grittier, tougher Hamlet. The film was nominated for two Oscars. It co-starred Alan Bates as Claudius, Glenn Close as Gerturde, Nathaniel Parker as Laertes and Helena Bonham Carter as Ophelia.

Kenneth Branagh's 1996 version is 4 hours long as it includes the complete, unabridged text of the whole play. The film was nominated for four Oscars. It co-starred Derek Jacobi as Claudius, Julie Christie as Gertrude, Michael Maloney as Laertes and Kate Winslet as Ophelia. It also included well-known actors in cameo roles such as [[Charlton Heston]], John Gielgud, [[Billy Crystal]] and Robin Williams.

The 2000 version with [[Ethan Hawke]] as a believably young Hamlet is set entirely in New York City, with Denmark a corporation. Julia Stiles is brilliant as Ophelia, and [[Bill Murray]] is pitch perfect<ref> "This ''Hamlet's'' effectiveness rests on an astonishing number of pitch-perfect choices, founded in Almereyda's instincts and those of the performers, many of which have the feel of being completely spontaneous. [http://archive.salon.com/ent/movies/review/2000/05/12/hamlet/index1.html Salon review]</ref>
as the king's tragically inept advisor Polonious.

The [[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]] also filmed a version for television with Derek Jacobi in the title role.

While [[opera]]s based on Shakespeare are quite common, there is only one operatic adaptation of ''Hamlet'', by French composer Ambroise Thomas in 1868.

==History==
Shakespeare's ''Hamlet'' was based on a long narrative tradition, beginning with Saxo Grammaticus' ''Historica Danica'' (1180-1208). His legendary story of Amlethus was adapted by French writer François Belleforest in 1576; this new version of the story included more dialogue and psychological commentary than the original. By 1589, an English-language Hamlet play was being performed. The author of this Ur-Hamlet is not known, although some evidence points towards Thomas Kyd, author of the prototypical English revenge play, ''[[The Spanish Tragedie]]''. Shakespeare received most of his Hamlet material from this narrative tradition and transformed it into the enduring work known today.<ref>David Bevington, ed., ''The Complete Works of Shakespeare,'' Update 4th ed. (New York: Longman, 1997), A43-A45.</ref>

==References in Popular Culture==
In the 1960s, playwright Tom Stoppard wrote the play ''Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead'', which portrays the action from the viewpoint of Hamlet's schoolfriends and expands their roles.

The progressive metal band [[Dream Theater]] had their biggest hit in the early 1990s with "Pull Me Under", a song that referenced ''Hamlet'' throughout. The song has some direct quotations from the play.

==Quotes and Lines==
"Something is rotten in the state of Denmark." 
-Marcellus, Act I, Scene 4

"Though this be madness, yet there is method in't." 
-Polonius, Act II, Scene 2

"For there is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so." 
-Hamlet, Act II, Scene 2

"I am but mad by north-north-west." 
-Hamlet, Act II, Scene 2

"The play's the thing wherein I'll catch the conscience of the King." 
-Hamlet, Act II, Scene 2

"To be, or not to be: that is the question. 
Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer 
The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, 
Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, 
And by opposing end them? To die; to sleep; 
No more; and by a sleep say we end 
The heart-ache and the thousand natural shocks 
That flesh is heir to, 'tis a consummation 
Devoutly to be wish'd. To die, to sleep; 
To sleep? perchance to dream. Ay there's the rub; 
For in that sleep of death what dreams may come, 
When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, 
Must give us pause: there's the respect 
That makes calamity of so long life; 
For who would bear the whips and scorns of time, 
The oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely, 
The pangs of despis'd love, the law's delay, 
The insolence of office, and the spurns 
That patient merit of the unworthy takes, 
When he himself might his quietus make 
With a bare bodkin? who would those fardels bear, 
To grunt and sweat under a weary life, 
But that the dread of something under death, — 
The undiscovered country, from whose bourn 
No traveller returns, — puzzles the will, 
And makes us rather bear those ills we have 
Than fly to others we know naught of? 
Thus conscience does make cowards of us all; 
And thus the native hue of resolution 
Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought; 
And enterprises of great pith and moment, 
With this regard, their currents turn awry, 
And lose the name of action." 
-Hamlet, Act III, Scene 1

"The lady doth protest too much, methinks." 
-Gertrude, Act III, Scene 2

"Alas, poor Yorick! I knew him, Horatio;" 
-Hamlet, Act V, Scene 1

"O, I die, Horatio." 
-Hamlet, Act V, Scene 2

"The rest is silence." 
-Hamlet, Act V, Scene 2

"Good night, sweet prince; and flights of angels sing thee to thy rest!" 
-Horatio, Act V, Scene 2

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.sullivanet.com/misc/hamlet/haminto.htm Hamlet for the Shakespeare-Impaired]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gOMcqnRwhW8&feature=PlayList&p=20048A7C541C941C&index=11 Star Trek: The Conscience of the King] - a [[Star Trek]] episode
*Open Source Shakespeare - Hamlet, Prince of Denmark [http://www.opensourceshakespeare.org/views/plays/playmenu.php?WorkID=hamlet]

[[Category:Plays of Shakespeare]]
[[Category:Ghost Stories]]

Richard V. Allen

2012-03-11T14:20:44Z

PTurner: gloss

'''Richard V. Allen''' was a United States National Security Advisor to President [[Ronald Reagan]] from 1981 to 1982. He had previously served on the National Security Council under President [[Richard Nixon]]. Both presidents represented the [[Republican]] party, the more [[conservative]] of the two main [[political party|political parties]] in the [[United States]].

Allen is currently a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, a [[think tank]] based on the campus of [[Stamford University]] in the [[state]] of [[Connecticut]] and named after [[Herbert Hoover|Hoover]], and a member of the advisory board to the [[Heritage Foundation]]'s Asian Studies Center; the Heritage Foundation is a [[conservative]] [[think tank]] based in [[Washington D.C.]], the [[capital city]] of the [[United States]].

He holds a bachelors and masters degree from the [[University of Notre Dame]], a historically [[catholic]] university near South Bend, [[Indiana]].

==External links==
* [http://www.nndb.com/people/703/000059526/ Richard V. Allen profile, NNDB].
* [http://intelligence.house.gov/PDF/allen101101.pdf Statement of Richard Allen] before the Subcommittee on Terrorism and Homeland Security of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, October 11, 2001.
* [http://www.newamericancentury.org/Bushletter.htm Letter to President Bush on the War on Terrorism], signed by Richard V. Allen, September 20, 2001.
* [http://webstorage3.mcpa.virginia.edu/poh/transcripts/ohp_2002_0528_allen.pdf Interview with Miller Center of Public Affairs - Presidential Oral History Program].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Allen, Richard V.}}
[[Category:Conservatives]]
[[Category:Heritage Foundation]]
[[Category:Reagan Era]]
[[Category:Republican Party]]
[[Category:United States Appointed Officials]]

Quotation mark

2012-03-11T14:18:06Z

PTurner: gloss

A '''quotation mark''' or "inverted comma" is one of the [[punctuation mark|punctuation marks]] placed at the beginning and end of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage to denote that the enclosed text is a [[quotation]], ie they are the words of a secondary source rather than of the author of the present text.

==Usage==

The American convention is to use double quotation marks for primary level quotations, and single quotation marks for secondary level nested quotations, where the quoted text itself contains a quotation. For example:

:Alice said, "Bob said, 'Carol wished to be quoted'".

Tertiary, quaternary, quinary, etc. levels of quotations alternate double and single mark usage. The British convention is the opposite, with the primary quotation using single marks, the secondary double, etc.

==Typographical Conventions==

Traditionally, opening quotation marks differ from closing marks in their orientation, typically being rotated 180°:

*Opening quotation mark: '''“'''
*Closing quotation mark: '''”'''

However, with the spread of more simplified computer-based typographical conventions, uniform quotation marks ('''"''') have become popular, especially on the Internet.

==Nonstandard Usage==

Quotation marks are sometimes used on words or short phrases (but not typically sentences or longer passages) to denote the questionability of the word or phrase due the assumptions upon which it is used, the questionability its literal meaning, or to denote [[irony]]. When used in this manner, the marks are often referred to as "scare quotes". While wide-spread, this usage is considered controversial, as often the marked text isn't a direct quotation. One theory behind this usage is that the word or phrase being thus marked is one that would be used by a hypothetical person taking the position the writer is criticizing, even if no actual person has used that word or phrase.

The angled quotation symbol ` is not used in formal grammar, but is used in some forms of computer language, notably within unix shell-scripting.

==External Links==
*[http://www.grammarbook.com/punctuation/quotes.asp Quotation Marks] and [http://www.grammarbook.com/grammar_quiz/question_marks_1.asp Question Marks, Quotation Marks, and Parentheses Quiz]

[[category:Punctuation]]

Quotation mark

2012-03-11T14:16:36Z

PTurner: gloss

A '''quotation mark''' or "inverted comma" is one of the [[punctuation mark|punctuation marks]] placed at the beginning and end of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage to denote that the enclosed text is a [[quotation]], ie they are the words of a secondary source rather than of the author of the present text.

==Usage==

The American convention is to use double quotation marks for primary level quotations, and single quotation marks for secondary level nested quotations. For example:

:Alice said, "Bob said, 'Carol wished to be quoted'".

Tertiary, quaternary, quinary, etc. levels of quotations alternate double and single mark usage. The British convention is the opposite, with the primary quotation using single marks, the secondary double, etc.

==Typographical Conventions==

Traditionally, opening quotation marks differ from closing marks in their orientation, typically being rotated 180°:

*Opening quotation mark: '''“'''
*Closing quotation mark: '''”'''

However, with the spread of more simplified computer-based typographical conventions, uniform quotation marks ('''"''') have become popular, especially on the Internet.

==Nonstandard Usage==

Quotation marks are sometimes used on words or short phrases (but not typically sentences or longer passages) to denote the questionability of the word or phrase due the assumptions upon which it is used, the questionability its literal meaning, or to denote [[irony]]. When used in this manner, the marks are often referred to as "scare quotes". While wide-spread, this usage is considered controversial, as often the marked text isn't a direct quotation. One theory behind this usage is that the word or phrase being thus marked is one that would be used by a hypothetical person taking the position the writer is criticizing, even if no actual person has used that word or phrase.

The angled quotation symbol ` is not used in formal grammar, but is used in some forms of computer language, notably within unix shell-scripting.

==External Links==
*[http://www.grammarbook.com/punctuation/quotes.asp Quotation Marks] and [http://www.grammarbook.com/grammar_quiz/question_marks_1.asp Question Marks, Quotation Marks, and Parentheses Quiz]

[[category:Punctuation]]

Eastman Kodak Company

2012-03-11T14:14:43Z

PTurner: gloss

'''Eastman Kodak Company''' is a US corporation that manufactures and markets cameras, photographic film, digital sensors, and papers, equipment, and chemicals used in photographic printing. The company is headquartered in Rochester, [[New York]], in the eastern [[United States]]. Kodak was responsible for the development of many iconic products associated with photography, such as [[Brownie]] cameras and [[Kodachrome]] color film and motion picture film.
[[Category:Photography]]
[[Category:Companies]]

Eastman Kodak Company

2012-03-11T14:14:14Z

PTurner: gloss

Richard V. Allen

2012-03-10T21:05:43Z

PTurner: gloss

'''Richard V. Allen''' was a United States National Security Advisor to President [[Ronald Reagan]] from 1981 to 1982. He had previously served on the National Security Council under President [[Richard Nixon]]. Both presidents represented the [[Republican]] party, the more [[conservative]] of the two main [[political party|political parties]] in the [[United States]].

Allen is currently a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution and a member of the advisory board to the [[Heritage Foundation]]'s Asian Studies Center; the Heritage Foundation is a [[conservative]] [[think tank]] based in [[Washington D.C.]]

He holds a bachelors and masters degree from the [[University of Notre Dame]], a historically [[catholic]] university near South Bend, [[Indiana]].

==External links==
* [http://www.nndb.com/people/703/000059526/ Richard V. Allen profile, NNDB].
* [http://intelligence.house.gov/PDF/allen101101.pdf Statement of Richard Allen] before the Subcommittee on Terrorism and Homeland Security of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, October 11, 2001.
* [http://www.newamericancentury.org/Bushletter.htm Letter to President Bush on the War on Terrorism], signed by Richard V. Allen, September 20, 2001.
* [http://webstorage3.mcpa.virginia.edu/poh/transcripts/ohp_2002_0528_allen.pdf Interview with Miller Center of Public Affairs - Presidential Oral History Program].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Allen, Richard V.}}
[[Category:Conservatives]]
[[Category:Heritage Foundation]]
[[Category:Reagan Era]]
[[Category:Republican Party]]
[[Category:United States Appointed Officials]]

Richard V. Allen

2012-03-10T21:04:58Z

PTurner: gloss

'''Richard V. Allen''' was a United States National Security Advisor to President [[Ronald Reagan]] from 1981 to 1982. He had previously served on the National Security Council under President [[Richard Nixon]]. Both presidents represented the [[Republican]] party.

Allen is currently a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution and a member of the advisory board to the [[Heritage Foundation]]'s Asian Studies Center; the Heritage Foundation is a [[conservative]] [[think tank]] based in [[Washington D.C.]]

He holds a bachelors and masters degree from the [[University of Notre Dame]], a historically [[catholic]] university near South Bend, [[Indiana]].

==External links==
* [http://www.nndb.com/people/703/000059526/ Richard V. Allen profile, NNDB].
* [http://intelligence.house.gov/PDF/allen101101.pdf Statement of Richard Allen] before the Subcommittee on Terrorism and Homeland Security of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, October 11, 2001.
* [http://www.newamericancentury.org/Bushletter.htm Letter to President Bush on the War on Terrorism], signed by Richard V. Allen, September 20, 2001.
* [http://webstorage3.mcpa.virginia.edu/poh/transcripts/ohp_2002_0528_allen.pdf Interview with Miller Center of Public Affairs - Presidential Oral History Program].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Allen, Richard V.}}
[[Category:Conservatives]]
[[Category:Heritage Foundation]]
[[Category:Reagan Era]]
[[Category:Republican Party]]
[[Category:United States Appointed Officials]]

Richard V. Allen

2012-03-10T21:03:58Z

PTurner: gloss

'''Richard V. Allen''' was a United States National Security Advisor to President [[Ronald Reagan]] from 1981 to 1982. He had previously served on the National Security Council under President [[Richard Nixon]].

Allen is currently a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution and a member of the advisory board to the [[Heritage Foundation]]'s Asian Studies Center; the Heritage Foundation is a [[conservative]] [[think tank]] based in [[Washington D.C.]]

He holds a bachelors and masters degree from the [[University of Notre Dame]], a historically [[catholic]] university near South Bend, [[Indiana]].

==External links==
* [http://www.nndb.com/people/703/000059526/ Richard V. Allen profile, NNDB].
* [http://intelligence.house.gov/PDF/allen101101.pdf Statement of Richard Allen] before the Subcommittee on Terrorism and Homeland Security of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, October 11, 2001.
* [http://www.newamericancentury.org/Bushletter.htm Letter to President Bush on the War on Terrorism], signed by Richard V. Allen, September 20, 2001.
* [http://webstorage3.mcpa.virginia.edu/poh/transcripts/ohp_2002_0528_allen.pdf Interview with Miller Center of Public Affairs - Presidential Oral History Program].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Allen, Richard V.}}
[[Category:Conservatives]]
[[Category:Heritage Foundation]]
[[Category:Reagan Era]]
[[Category:Republican Party]]
[[Category:United States Appointed Officials]]

Richard V. Allen

2012-03-10T21:03:11Z

PTurner: gloss

'''Richard V. Allen''' was a United States National Security Advisor to President [[Ronald Reagan]] from 1981 to 1982. He had previously served on the National Security Council under President [[Richard Nixon]].

Allen is currently a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution and a member of the advisory board to the [[Heritage Foundation]]'s Asian Studies Center.

He holds a bachelors and masters degree from the [[University of Notre Dame]], a historically [[catholic]] university near South Bend, [[Indiana]].

==External links==
* [http://www.nndb.com/people/703/000059526/ Richard V. Allen profile, NNDB].
* [http://intelligence.house.gov/PDF/allen101101.pdf Statement of Richard Allen] before the Subcommittee on Terrorism and Homeland Security of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, October 11, 2001.
* [http://www.newamericancentury.org/Bushletter.htm Letter to President Bush on the War on Terrorism], signed by Richard V. Allen, September 20, 2001.
* [http://webstorage3.mcpa.virginia.edu/poh/transcripts/ohp_2002_0528_allen.pdf Interview with Miller Center of Public Affairs - Presidential Oral History Program].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Allen, Richard V.}}
[[Category:Conservatives]]
[[Category:Heritage Foundation]]
[[Category:Reagan Era]]
[[Category:Republican Party]]
[[Category:United States Appointed Officials]]

Creamfields

2012-02-07T18:24:26Z

PTurner: Creme??????????

'''Creamfelds''' is a large dance music festival held annually in [[England]]. Other Creamfields festivals have been held in various countries around the world. It is part of [[Liverpool]]'s Cream clubbing brand.
[[Category:Music]]

User:PTurner

2012-01-10T19:47:25Z

PTurner: another page

Pages created:

*[[Wuthering Heights]] (about the novel "Wuthering Heights")
*[[Kate Bush]] (about the idiosyncratic British singer Kate Bush)

Kate Bush

2012-01-10T19:46:07Z

PTurner: should have a page on this mega-selling musician!

'''Kate Bush''' is a British recording artist, singer and multi-instrumentalist. Her career began in the late 1970s, and she is still releasing albums. Still most famous for her debut single, and arrestingly shrill and typically individualistic reimagining in song of the novel ''Wuthering Heights'', also entitled [[Wuthering Heights]], Bush has also made hits with ''Running Up That Hill'' and ''Babushka'', amongst many others, and retains a loyal fanbase.

Bush has a reputation for reclusiveness, and in the latter part of her career her album releases have customarily been many years apart. However, in 2010-11 Bush bucked this trend by releasing three albums, including the [[Christmas]]-themed ''Fifty Words for Snow'', whose title track featured the voice of humorist and dilettante [[Stephen Fry]].

Modern artists considered similar to Bush include [[PJ Harvey]] and [[Florence and the Machine]].
[[category:Singers]]

User:PTurner

2011-12-13T21:24:59Z

PTurner: pages created

Pages created:

*[[Wuthering Heights]]

Wuthering Heights

2011-12-13T21:23:51Z

PTurner: should have a page on this major work!

'''Wuthering Heights''' is a novel written by [[Emily Brontë]], first published in 1848. It recounts the tumultuous lives of two or three generations of the occupants of the titular house, Wuthering Heights, and neighbouring Thrushcross Grange, both situated on the [[moor]]s of [[Yorkshire]] in the north of [[England]].

Central to the story is the love between Heathcliff, an adopted [[gypsy]] boy, and his foster sister Catherine Earnshaw. Catherine's marriage to a richer, more respectable man than her true love drives Heathcliff into villainous madness, resulting in him inflicting years of psychological and physical abuse his own family and those connected with him; Heathcliff himself was subject to comparable abuse as a boy by his older foster brother Hindley. The wild, stark, forbidding, tempestuous moors make an apt setting for this bleak subject matter, and Brontë is almost cinematic ''avant la letre'' in her use of the former as a backdrop to the latter.

Several film versions of Wuthering Heights have been made, and also a modestly successful stage musical starring, somewhat surprisingly, [[Cliff Richard]] as Heathcliff. The singer [[Kate Bush]] also took inspiration from the novel for her first hit single, also called ''Wuthering Heights''.
[[category:Novels]]

Metaphor

2011-10-08T16:50:53Z

PTurner: crediting Burns

A '''metaphor''' is a figure of speech in which two objects are compared, but without directly comparing them, for example: "My love is a red, red rose" would be a metaphor. However, "My love is ''like'' a red, red rose" ([[Robert Burns]]) is actually a [[simile]], because it uses the word "like" or "as". Metaphors do not use these words.

The essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another.

Metaphor is a fundamental mechanism of mind, one that allows us to use what we know about our physical and social experience to provide understanding of countless other subjects. Because such metaphors structure our most basic understandings of our experience, they are "metaphors we live by"-metaphors that can shape our perceptions and actions without our ever noticing them

Famous users of metaphors include [[Shakespeare]] and [[Milton]]. [[Henry David Thoreau]] wrote, "We are all sculptors and painters, and our material is our own flesh and bones." [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] recommended "Hitch your wagon to a star."

In political theory the metaphor of the "body politic" (that is government as a human body) has inspired work for 2500 years.<ref>A.D. Harvey, "The Body Politic: Anatomy of a Metaphor," ''Contemporary Review'' v. 275#1602 August 1999. pp 85+. [http://www.questia.com/read/5001298054?title=The%20Body%20Politic%3a%20Anatomy%20of%20a%20Metaphor online at Questia]</ref>
==Further reading==
* Avis, Paul. ''God and the Creative Imagination: Metaphor, Symbol, and Myth in Religion and Theology'' (1999) [http://www.questia.com/read/102871007?title=God%20and%20the%20Creative%20Imagination%3a%20Metaphor%2c%20Symbol%2c%20and%20Myth%20in%20Religion%20and%20Theology onlineedition]
* Brandell, Jerrold R. ''Of Mice and Metaphors: Therapeutic Storytelling with Children'' (2000) [http://www.questia.com/read/100480020?title=Of%20Mice%20and%20Metaphors%3a%20Therapeutic%20Storytelling%20with%20Children excerpt and text search]
* Grothe, Mardy. ''I Never Metaphor I Didn't Like: A Comprehensive Compilation of History's Greatest Analogies, Metaphors, and Similes'' (2008) [http://www.amazon.com/Never-Metaphor-Didnt-Like-Comprehensive/dp/0061358134/ref=pd_cp_b_3 excerpt and text search] compiles 2000 analogies, metaphors, and similes.
* Lakoff, George, and Mark Johnson. ''Metaphors We Live By'' (2003) 256pp [http://www.amazon.com/Metaphors-We-Live-George-Lakoff/dp/0226468011/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1256628635&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Medhurst, Martin J. ''Cold War Rhetoric: Strategy, Metaphor, and Ideology'' (1997) [http://www.questia.com/read/11078688?title=Cold%20War%20Rhetoric%3a%20Strategy%2c%20Metaphor%2c%20and%20Ideology online edition]
* Soskice, Janet Martin. ''Metaphor and Religious Language'' (1987) [http://www.questia.com/read/78628969?title=Metaphor%20and%20Religious%20Language online edition]

==External link==
* [http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Metaphor "Metaphor"] in Citizendium
====references====
<references/>
[[Category:Literary Devices]]

Eye (Hurricane)

2011-10-08T16:50:17Z

PTurner: metaphorical usage

The '''eye''' of a [[hurricane]] is the relatively calm center that is more than one half surrounded by wall cloud. The winds are light, the skies are partly cloudy or even clear (the skies are usually free of rain) and radar depicts it as an echo-free area within the eye wall.<ref>http://www.weather.gov/glossary/index.php?letter=e</ref>

The "eye of the storm" is often used as a [[metaphor]] for a calm break in a tempestuous situation, or to describe people who are able to remain calm when all about them others are losing their cool.

==See Also==

*[[Eye Wall]]

==References==

<references/>

[[Category:Weather]]
[[Category:Meteorology]]

User talk:PTurner

2011-10-08T16:48:37Z

PTurner:

{{welcome}}--[[User:JamesWilson|JamesWilson]] 09:09, 20 August 2011 (EDT)

:Thanks for the welcome.--[[User:PTurner|PTurner]] 12:48, 8 October 2011 (EDT)

John Milton

2011-08-20T12:25:38Z

PTurner: a couple of corrections

'''John Milton''' (1608-74) was an English poet and writer; he was the chief literary spokesman for the [[Puritan]] revolution. An intensely religious Protestant, Milton's most famous work is the epic poem ''[[Paradise Lost]]''. Many experts consider it the greatest epic poem in the English language. The poem was written in blank verse in 1658-63, when Milton was totally blind.

He was a graduate of Christ's College, Cambridge.

He was an opponent of King [[Charles I]] and a leading spokesman for [[Oliver Cromwell]]. In politics he advocated [[republicanism]] and a form of [[Libertarianism]]. Kings were not needed to make a nation, he argued, because it was the virtue of the people that mattered:
:The happiness of a nation consists in true religion, piety, justice, prudence, temperance, fortitude and the contempt of avarice and ambition. They in whomsoever these virtues dwell eminently, need not kings to make them happy, but are the architects of their own happiness, and whether to themselves or others are not less kings.

Milton's ''Areopagitica'' (1644) strongly condemned the censorship of ideas and has become a canonical work regarding [[Freedom of Speech]]. In 1651 he became the chief of censorship for the new government, but used a light hand, suppressing only hose publications which directly incited the overthrow of the government. The Cromwellian system collapsed in 1660 with the Restoration of King Charles II, and Milton went into retirement to write his poem.

==Further reading==
* Bradford, Richard. ''The Complete Critical Guide to John Milton'' (2001) [http://www.questia.com/read/107429480?title=The%20Complete%20Critical%20Guide%20to%20John%20Milton online edition]
* Richmond, H. ''The Christian Revolutionary: John Milton'' (1974)
* Wedgwood, C.V. '' Milton and his world‎'' (1969) good introduction
* [http://www.questia.com/library/literature/literature-of-specific-countries/british-literature/17th-century/john-milton.jsp online books and articles on Milton]

===Primary sources===
*[http://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/areopagitica/ ''Areopagitica''] text and commentary from Dartmouth College
*[http://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/pl/intro/index.shtml ''Paradise Lost''] text and commentary from Dartmouth College

==External links==
* [http://thegospelcoalition.org/blogs/justintaylor/2008/12/09/interview-with-leland-ryken-about/ "An Interview with Leland Ryken about Milton’s Paradise Lost" ''The Gospel Center'' Dec. 9, 2008] Ryken is professor at Wheaton College, an Evangelical center
* [http://oyc.yale.edu/english/milton "Milton" with Professor John Rogers] complete Yale course on Milton; 24 lectures; full text and video online free

[[Category:Poets|Milton, John]]
[[Category:English Civil War]]
[[Category:Libertarians]]
[[Category:Puritans]]

Puritans

2011-08-20T12:24:59Z

PTurner: bold, per style

'''Puritan''' describes several [[Protestant]] denominations, especially the Congregationalists, who sought to "purify" the [[Anglican Church|Church of England]] of the influence of [[Catholic|Roman Catholicism]] in the 1600s. Puritan ethics were noted for their strictness, especially regarding sexual behavior and the theatre. Puritan literature is highlighted by poet [[John Milton]] and writer [[John Bunyan]]. Several Puritan groups eventually broke from the Church of England.

Persecuted in England, 100,000 Puritans resettled to the American colonies, particularly the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] in 1630. They dominated New England and had a profound impact in shaping American history. During the [[English Civil War]], Puritan leader [[Oliver Cromwell]] deposed the monarchy under [[Charles I]]. The monarchy was restored in 1660 and Puritanism, although not persecuted, lost influence in Britain.

==Controversies==
When [[Harvard University|Harvard's]] first president Henry Dunster abandoned Puritanism in favor of the Baptist faith in 1653, he provoked a controversy that highlighted two distinct approaches to dealing with dissent in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The colony's Puritan leaders, whose own religion was born of dissent from mainstream Church of England, generally worked for reconciliation with members who questioned matters of Puritan theology but responded much more harshly to outright rejection of Puritanism. Dunster's conflict with the colony's magistrates began when he failed to have his infant son baptized, believing, as a newly converted Baptist, that only adults should be baptized. Efforts to restore Dunster to Puritan orthodoxy failed, and his apostasy proved untenable to colony leaders who had entrusted him, in his job as Harvard's president, to uphold the colony's religious mission. Thus, he represented a threat to the stability of society. Dunster exiled himself in 1654 and moved to nearby Plymouth Colony, where he died in 1658.<ref> Timothy L. Wood, "'I Spake the Truth in the Feare of God': the Puritan Management of Dissent During the Henry Dunster Controversy," ''Historical Journal of Massachusetts'' 2005 33(1): 1-19, </ref>

==Congregationalists==
By 1700 the Puritan churches were called [[Congregational]] churches. The British also call them "dissenters" because they dissented from the official orthodoxy of the [[Church of England]]. Puritans and other Dissenters were restricted in the political rights until 1835 in Britain.

==Further reading==
* Bremer, Francis J. ''The Puritan Experiment: New England Society from Bradford to Edwards'' (1995) [http://www.amazon.com/Puritan-Experiment-England-Society-Bradford/dp/0874517281/ref=pd_bbs_sr_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1230597875&sr=8-4 excerpt and text search]
* Morgan, Edmund S. ''Visible Saints: The History of a Puritan Idea'' (1965) [http://www.amazon.com/Visible-Saints-History-Puritan-Idea/dp/0801490413/ref=pd_bbs_8?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1230597875&sr=8-8 excerpt and text search]
* Vaughan, Alden. ''The Puritan Tradition in America, 1620-1730'' (1997) [http://www.amazon.com/Puritan-Tradition-America-1620-1730-Library/dp/0874518520/ref=sr_1_18?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1230600896&sr=8-18 excerpt and text search]
* Woolrych, Austin. ''Britain in Revolution: 1625-1660'' (2003) [http://www.amazon.com/Britain-Revolution-1625-1660-Austin-Woolrych/dp/0198200811/ref=sr_1_13?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1230600766&sr=8-13 excerpt and text search]

===Primary sources===
* Bennett, Arthur G., ed. ''Valley of Vision: A collection of Puritan Prayers & Devotions'' (1975) [http://www.amazon.com/Valley-Vision-collection-Puritan-Devotions/dp/0851512283/ref=pd_bbs_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1230597875&sr=8-5 excerpt and text search]
* Heimart, Alan, and Andrew Delbanco, eds. ''The Puritans in America: A Narrative Anthology'' (2005) [http://www.amazon.com/Puritans-America-Narrative-Anthology/dp/0674740661/ref=sr_1_6?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1230600766&sr=8-6 excerpt and text search]
* Miller, Perry. ''The American Puritans: Their Prose and Poetry,'' 346 pp. [http://www.questia.com/read/1330113?title=The%20American%20Puritans%3a%20Their%20Prose%20and%20Poetry online edition]
* Miller, Perry, and Thomas H. Johnson, eds. ''The Puritans: A Sourcebook of Their Writings'' (2001)

==external links==
* [http://www.questia.com/library/religion/christianity/history/16th-and-17th-centuries/puritans.jsp Online books on Puritans]
* [http://www.questia.com/library/puritan-literature.jsp Online books on Puritan literature]

====references====
<references/>
[[Category:Christian Denominations]]
[[Category:English Civil War]]
[[Category:British History]]
[[Category:Colonial America]]
[[Category:Puritans]]
[[category:Religion and Politics]]

English Civil War

2011-08-20T12:24:24Z

PTurner: /* Background */ a link

The '''English Civil War''' was a series of conflicts that lasted from 1642 to 1651 between supporters of King [[Charles I]], known as ''royalists'' or ''cavaliers'' and supporters of the English [[parliament]], known as ''parliamentarians'' or ''roundheads''. The King lost and was executed. The new ruler was [[Oliver Cromwell]]. It formed part of the "Wars of the Three Kingdoms."[[File:Civilwar-GBmap.jpg|thumb|290px|''The situation in the autumn of 1642'']]

==Background==
King Charles I ascended to the thrones of [[England]], [[Scotland]] and [[Ireland]] in 1625. At that time the monarch had the sole power to enact laws but relied on parliament to enforce the collection of taxes. Charles proved to be a poor politician. He treated parliament with contempt and as a consequence divisions grew between the king, who stubbornly refused to consider parliament's petitions, and parliament who were increasingly reluctant to cooperate in raising funds for the king. [[Puritan]]s in parliament were suspicious that the king would undermine the protestant character of the [[Church of England]] following his marriage to a Catholic princess.
Divisions between the two sides came to a head when parliament attempted to impeach one of the king's military commanders after a failed intervention in support of the French [[Hugenots]] in 1627. Charles responded by dissolving parliament, but finding himself short of funds he assembled Parliament a year later and was forced to accept the [[Petition of Right]] in return for the funds he needed. Parliament was dissolved again in 1629, and Charles ruled without parliament for a further 11 years.
Over the next decade Charles angered Puritans in England by introducing what they saw as Roman Catholic practices into the Church of England and by imposing fines on those who didn't attend Anglican services. When he attempted to introduce these reforms into Scotland he was met with a violent rebellion. The king's armies were defeated and he was forced to concede the independence of the Scottish Church. Charles tried twice more to defeat the rebels but this only resulted in the Scots armies occupying much of Northern England and Charles was forced to pay protection money to them to prevent the pillage of the area. Desperately short of money and with a weak army unable to defend England, Charles was forced to recall parliament in 1640.
Parliament took advantage of the king's weak position by forcing him to recognise the right of parliament to assemble regularly and restricting his tax-raising powers. Parliament inflicted further humiliation on Charles when they arrested and executed the king's chief advisor on a charge of treason for granting concessions to Irish Catholics, sparking a rebellion in Ireland. Enraged by parliament's actions Charles lead an attempt to arrest parliamentarians for treason. He failed, and now war was now inevitable.

==The Wars==
Fearing for his safety Charles left London, and toured the country to gain support for his cause, making Oxford his base. Parliament responded by recruiting its own armies. The royalists got the better of the early battles but their advances had been halted by the autumn of 1643. Charles reached a compromise with the Catholic rebels in Ireland to free up troops for the fight in England. In 1644 parliament made advances in the north thanks to a pact with the Scots, but suffered reverses in the west. In 1645 parliament formed the [[New Model Army]] under the command of [[Thomas Fairfax]] and [[Oliver Cromwell]]. At the [[Battle of Naseby]] in 1645 the royalist forces were decisively defeated. After further defeats the king placed himself under the protection of the Scots armies, who were involved in their own civil war. England was now under the control of an uneasy alliance between Parliament, the Scots and the Army, who had become a powerful independent force.

Whilst a prisoner of the Scots, the king negotiated an agreement to introduce religious reforms in Scotland in exchange for supporting a royalist rebellion in England. In 1648 a series of royalist rebellions broke out in England. After some initial reverses Army forces lead by Fairfax and Cromwell achieved a series of crushing victories that culminated in the defeat of the royalist and Scots armies at [[Preston]].

==Execution of the King==
Despite the betrayal by Charles most parliamentarians still believed that Charles could be be retained as ruler; a minority argued that he could not continue. The Army took matters into its own hands and prevented from attending parliament most of the members still sympathetic to Charles. They then ordered parliament to try Charles for treason. He was found guilty and executed on 30 January 1649. The monarchy was abolished and a republican government was instituted in England under [[Oliver Cromwell]], the Puritan general. Charles II succeeded his father as king of Scotland and immediately attempted to reclaim the English throne, but was easily defeated by Cromwell's army and narrowly escaped to exile in France. Charles I died well and was regarded by his followers as a saintly martyr, a status that made it easier for Charles II to restore the throne in 1660.

==Aftermath==
Following the king's execution parliament was composed of a mixture of religious independents, presbyterians and conservatives. Greater toleration was granted for religious independents (although Catholicism was still repressed) and a number of religiously inspired laws were passed including the closing of theatres and the enforcement of Sunday observance. Meanwhile Cromwell sought to eradicate opposition in Ireland where royalists had made an alliance with Irish Catholics. Between 1651 and 1653 Cromwell's army completed a brutal conquest of Ireland.

Acting on fears that parliament would begin to assert its independence from the army, Cromwell dissolved parliament in 1643 and replaced it with a hand picked parliament, but the new parliament was unable to find agreement between religious radicals and moderates and in December 1643 Cromwell dissolved parliament and installed himself as [[Lord Protector]], effectively a military dictator. In the end, however, the monarchy was restored, but in a much weaker position compared to a greatly strengthened parliament. Charles II (the son of Charles I) became a popular king for his hedonistic lifestyle, a dramatic change after the puritanical Cromwell (who even banned Christmas).

==Bibliography==
* Ashley, Maurice. ''The Greatness of Oliver Cromwell'' (1958). 382pp, a standard scholarly biography [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=3806780 online edition]
* Bennett, Martyn. ''Oliver Cromwell'' (2006), ISBN 0-415-31922-6. [http://www.amazon.com/Oliver-Cromwell-Routledge-Historical-Biographies/dp/0415319226/ref=sr_1_22?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1212181942&sr=1-22 excerpt and text search]
* Braddick, Mike. ''God's Fury, England's Fire: A New History of the English Civil War'' (2008)
* Coward, Barry, ed. ''A Companion to Stuart Britain'' (2003) [http://www.amazon.com/Companion-Britain-Blackwell-Companions-British/dp/0631218742/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1212300112&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Coward, Barry ''The Stuart Age: England, 1603-1714,'' (2003). ISBN 0-582-77251-6. Survey of political history of the era.
* Davies, Godfrey. ''The Early Stuarts, 1603-1660'' (1959). [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=774608 online]. Political, religious, and diplomatic overview of the era.
* Donagan, Barbara. ''War in England, 1642-1649.'' (2008) 443 pp. ISBN
978-0-19-928518-1.
* Firth, C.H. ''Cromwell's Army'' (1902), [http://books.google.com/books?id=hx4kAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:Cromwell%27s+intitle:Army&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0 online edition]
* Gardiner, Samuel Rawson. ''Oliver Cromwell'' (1901). ISBN 1-4179-4961-9. Classic biography. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6034779 online edition]
* Gardiner, Samuel Rawson. ''History of the Great Civil War, 1642-1649'' (4 vol 1898) [http://books.google.com/books?id=absqibcUmIQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:History+intitle:of+intitle:the+intitle:Great+intitle:Civil+intitle:War+inauthor:Gardiner&lr=&as_brr=0 online edition from Google]
* Gaunt, Peter. ''The Cromwellian Gazetteer: An Illustrated Guide to Britain in the Civil War and Commonwealth'' (1998), 256pp; heavily illustrated; covers the scenes of military conflict such as battlefields, castles, fortified houses and churches, defended and besieged towns and cities
* Gentles, Ian. ''The English Revolution and the Wars in the Three Kingdoms'' (2007)
* Macaulay, Thomas Babington. ''The History of England from the Accession of James II'', 5 vols. (1848); classic narrative; one of the best written history books ever; [http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/1468 vol. 1], [http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/2439 vol. 2], [http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/2612 vol. 3], [http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/2613 vol. 4], [http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/2614 vol. 5]

* Macinnes, Allan. ''The British Revolution, 1629-1660'' (2005), 337pp ISBN 0-333-59750-8.
* Morrill, John. "Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658)", in ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,'' (2004) [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/6765 online to subscribers]
* Stoyle, Mark. ''Soldiers and Strangers: An Ethnic History of the English Civil War'' (2005)
* Woolrych, Austin. ''Britain in Revolution 1625-1660'' (2002), ISBN 0-19-927268-6. [http://www.amazon.com/Britain-Revolution-1625-1660-Austin-Woolrych/dp/0199272689/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1212300255&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
* Young, Peter and Richard Holmes. ''The English Civil War,'' (2000) ISBN 1-84022-222-0. [http://www.amazon.com/English-Civil-Wordsworth-Military-Library/dp/1840222220/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1212300220&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search], a military history
==External Links==
* [http://www.open2.net/civilwar/index.html "Civil War"] from Open University and BBC; a wide ranging popular overview
====notes====
<references/>
[[Category:English Civil War]]
[[Category:British History]]
[[Category:Civil Wars]]
[[Category:Puritans]]

Marriage amendment elections

2011-08-13T23:26:05Z

PTurner: improving formatting

TOTAL VOTES IN FAVOR OF STATE MARRIAGE AMENDMENTS

Alabama -- 801,725 
Nebraska -- 477,571 
Nevada -- 412,688 
Louisiana -- 618,928 
Missouri -- 1,055,771 
Arizona -- 1,258,353 
Georgia -- 2, 454,930 
Arkansas -- 753,770 
Kentucky -- 1,222,125 
Michigan -- 2,698,077 
Mississippi -- 924,653 
Oregon -- 1,028,546 
Utah -- 593,297 
North Dakota -- 164,471 
Montana -- 295,070 
Ohio -- 3,329,335 
Oklahoma -- 1,075,216 
Florida -- 4,645,602 
Nevada -- 337,197 
South Carolina -- 624,435 
Tennessee -- 1,419,434 
Wisconsin -- 1,264,310 
Virginia -- 1,328,537 
Colorado -- 767,858 
Idaho -- 276,397 
South Dakota -- 172,242 
Maine -- 299, 483