https://www.conservapedia.com/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=PSRuckmanConservapedia - User contributions [en]2026-10-10T14:48:49ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.35.14https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Pardon_Power&diff=450518Pardon Power2008-05-10T02:01:22Z<p>PSRuckman: /* External Links */</p>
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<div>The '''pardon power''' is a constitutional power assigned to the President which allows for the mitigation of the severity of criminal punishment. "The President ... shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment." U.S. ''Constitution'', Article II, Section 2, Clause 1. The United States Supreme Court has interpreted the "Pardon Power" to include the power to grant pardons, conditional pardons, commutations of sentence, conditional commutations of sentence, respites, remissions, and amnesties.<ref>P.S. Ruckman, Jr. 1997. “Executive Clemency in the United States: Origins, Development, and Analysis (1900-1993),”27 ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', 251-271</ref><br />
<br />
The power comes from the royal English Prerogative of Kings, which predates the Norman invasion. British monarchs frequnelt sold pardons and conditional pardons were used to populate the colonies.<ref>Patrick R. Cowlishaw, "The Conditional Presidential Pardon." 28 ''Stanford Law Review'' 149-77</ref> Felons were also forgiven if they agreed to serve one year as a soldier.<ref>William F. Duker, "The Presidential Power to Pardon." 18 ''William and Mary Law Review'' 255-72</ref> Edward III granted pardons to celebrate his birthday and James II shared pardon sales with the two ladies "then most in favor."<ref>Kathleen Dean Moore, "Pardon for Good and Sufficient Reasons," University of 27 ''Richmond Law Review'' 281-8</ref> To curb abuses in which kings would grant pardons in exchange for money, Parliament tried unsuccessfully to limit this power. However, in 1701 Parliament limited this power in the ''Act of Settlement''.<br />
<br />
Under the ''Articles of Confederation'', the executive had no pardon power. Likewise, the power was not a feature of either of the major plans discussed at the Constitutional Convention (the ''Viginia Plan'' and the ''New Jersey Plan''). Nor did the power appear in a first draft sent to the Committee on Detail. However, Charles Pickney and Alexander Hamilton submitted minor plans at the Convention which contained the power and John Rutlegde, a member of the Committee, scribbled it into the margins. The first real discussion of pardons did not take place until the end of a working day near the end of the Convention (August 25th). Thus, there was "relative paucity of debate" at the Federal Convention concerning the pardon power<ref>James N. Jorgensen. 1993. "Clemency and Pardons Note," 27 ''University of Richmond Law Review'', 345-370</ref> and little further discussion at the state ratifying conventions.<ref>David G. Adler. 1989. "The President's Pardon Power." In Thomas Cronin's ''Inventing the Presidency''</ref> <br />
<br />
''The Federalist'' No. 74 (written by Alexander Hamilton well after the Convention) explains its purpose of "humanity and good policy" and to lessen harsh results of the criminal code. Several Supreme Court decisions have upheld a broad interpretation of the Pardon Power.<ref>''United States v. Wilson'', 32 U.S. 150 (1833)</ref><ref>''Ex parte'' Garland, 71 U.S. 333 (1867)</ref><ref>''United States v. Klein'', 80 U.S. 128 (1871)</ref><ref>''Biddle v. Perovich'', 274 U.S. 480 (1927)</ref><ref>''Schick v. Reed'', 419 U.S. 256 (1974)</ref><br />
<br />
It has never been decided whether Congress can grant pardons itself. Some argue that the grant of the power to pardon only to the President by implication precludes a power to pardon by Congress. But there is Supreme Court authority suggesting that Congress also has the power to pardon.<ref>''[[Brown v. Walker]]'', 161 U.S. 591 (1896); ''[[The Laura]]'', 114 U.S. 411 (1885).</ref><br />
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----<br />
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'''Sources:''' <references/><br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
* [http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/pardons.htm Pardons Page, University of Pittsburgh]<br />
* [http://pardonpower.com Pardon Power Blog]<br />
* [http://www.time.com/time/2007/presidential_pardons/ TIME Magazine's "Notorious" Pardons]<br />
[[category:United States]]</div>PSRuckmanhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Irve_Lewis_Libby_Jr.&diff=198398Irve Lewis Libby Jr.2007-06-15T03:48:42Z<p>PSRuckman: </p>
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<div>[[Image:Hdy567.jpg|right|thumb]]<br />
'''Irve Lewis "Scooter" Libby Jr.''' is a former deputy Secretary of Defense, Chief of Staff, National Security Advisor and private Attorney to Vice President [[Dick Cheney]]. <br />
<br />
Libby was born in New Haven, [[Connecticut]]; his father was an investment banker.<ref>[http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/051031/31libby.htm "A Rough Road For 'Scooter'?"], Kenneth T. Walsh</ref> Various sources report that he has been rather secretive about his actual first name, and that the initial "I." stands for Irving.<ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4965501 "Guarding the 'I' in I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby"], Mike Pesca, National Public Radio, October 19, 2005.</ref><ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/22/AR2005102201439.html "In the Spotlight And on the Spot: Scooter Libby, Backstage No More"], Mark Leibovich, [[Washington Post]], 23 October, 2005.</ref> According to interviews, he first acquired his nickname "Scooter" as an infant, when his father, after seeing him move quickly across his crib, described him as "a scooter".<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/10/27/politics/main989970.shtml "Libby: Lawyer, Adviser, Author:] Cheney's Chief Of Staff Both Political Insider And Acclaimed Novelist", Stephen Smith, [[CBS News]], [[28 October]], [[2005]]</ref><br />
<br />
On October 28, 2005, Libby was indicted on five felony counts due to his involvement in the [[Valerie Plame]] <ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2007-05-29-plame-testimony_N.htm Plame called on to explain varied accounts], By Richard Willing, ''USA TODAY'', May 29, 2007.</ref> affair. After the indictment, Libby resigned as Vice President Cheney's chief of staff, as assistant to the Vice President for national security affairs, and as assistant to President Bush. <ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4979769 NPR]</ref><br />
<br />
'''Conviction and Sentence'''<br />
<br />
Libby was convicted on four counts including: <br />
*Obstruction of Justice (intentionally deceiving the grand jury about how he learned, and “disclosed to the media,” information about Valerie Plame Wilson’s employment by the CIA);<br />
*Making a False Statement (intentionally giving the FBI false information about a conversation he had with Tim Russert);<br />
*Perjury (knowingly providing false testimony about a conversation he had with Russert and knowingly providing false testimony about his conversation with reporters regarding Valerie Plame Wilson’s CIA employment).<br />
He was found not guilty on an additional charge, that he gave false statements to the FBI about his conversation with ''Time'' magazine reporter Matt Cooper.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17479718/ MSNBC]</ref><br />
<br />
Althought the U.S. Probation Office recommended a sentence of 15-21 months, Judge Reggie B. Walton (appointed to the federal bench by George H.W. Bush) sentenced Libby to thirty months in jail and a fine of $250,000 on June 5th, 2007.<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070605/ap_on_go_pr_wh/cia_leak_trial Yahoo News]</ref><br />
<br />
'''Response to Conviction and Sentence'''<br />
<br />
Libby's lawyers repeatedly emphasized that Valerie Plame's employment at the CIA was disclosed by columnist Robert Novak in July of 2003 and that Novak's "primary sources" were Richard Armitage (former deputy Secretary of State) and Karl Rove (a presidential advisor) ... not Scooter Libby. In addition, a CIA spokesperson, Bill Harlow, confirmed the information about Plame's CIA employment to Novak.<br />
<br />
It was also noted that the overwhelming evidence from the FBI and grand jury investigations and the trial proceedings shows that neither Libby nor the numerous other government official who discussed Ms. Wilson's employment believed she was covert, or that her employment status was classified. As a result, none of the five witness who testified that Libby discussed Plame with them suggested that they felt that they were having a conversation about a covert or classified employee, a point affirmed in an August 2004 government affidavit and the government's Guidelines Memorandum ("the information to which defendant was given access did not expressly identify Ms. Wilson as a covert agent.")<br />
<br />
With respect to the sentencing stage, Libby's lawyers complained about the behavior of prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald. In October 2005, Fitzgerald said (in a press conference) that he would not speak to "whether or not Valerie Wilson was covert." Early in discovery, Libby's lawyers sought documents which addressed the topic and the government refused to provide the information because it was "irrelevant." The government argued Wilson's status was "not an element of any of the three statutory violations charged." In June of 2006, the court issued a discovery order which, again, emphasized that Wilson's employment was "immaterial to the preparation of the defense." In preliminary instructions to the jury, the judge said her "actual status" was "totally irrelevant" to any "assessment" of the Libby's guilty or innocence. After the trial, however, in its sentencing memo, the government adopted a "new position" - that Wilson was a "covert agent" and that Libby should be sentenced as though that fact were established at trial. <br />
<br />
'''Libby and Presidential Clemency'''<br />
<br />
Almost from the beginning of his trial the President was encouraged to pardon Libby. Among those calling for pardon were William F. Buckley, Jr, Fred Thompson, Cal Thomas, Ann Coulter, Jack Kemp, Tom Delay.<ref>http://libbypardon.net/procon.htm</ref> and Robert Bauer, general counsel to [[Barack Obama]]<ref>[http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/obama-aide-wants-libby-pardoned-2007-06-14.html Obama aide wants Libby pardoned], By Sam Youngman, ''The Hill'', June 14, 2007.</ref> But the trial continued and sentence was announced without presidential intereference. As decisions were being made regarding the possibility of bail, many believed (incorrectly) President Bush's hand would be forced, that he would have to grant a pardon in order to spare Libby from entering prison. <ref>[http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=ZWY2MzRiNTAwZmE3NjZhMzZmODNhMTcyYjUzYzc4MjQ= "Respite for Libby?"] ''National Review'', June 14, 2007</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
* [http://wid.ap.org/documents/libbytrial/index.html Libby Trial Documents]<br />
* [http://www.scooterlibby.com/ Libby Legal Defense Fund]<br />
* [http://libbypardon.net Pardon for Libby? Blog]<br />
* [http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=15988 Robert Novak on the Libby Trial]<br />
* [http://www.newmediajournal.us/staff/fsalvato/government/06082007.htm The Incredible Judicial Disparity: Berger v. Libby], Frank Salvato, June 8, 2007.<br />
* [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/years/2007/0605071libby1.html Libby Letters] -- letters from [[Donald Rumsfeld]], [[Henry Kissinger]], [[Paul Wolfowitz]], [[John Bolton]], [[Mary Matalin]], [[James Carville]], [[Peter Pace]], [[Richard Perle]], [[James Woolsey]], [[Douglas Feith]], [[Christopher Cox]], [[Leon Wieseltier]], [[Leonard Garment]], [[Alan Simpson]], [[Natan Sharansky]], [[Richard Myers]], and [[Anthony Fauci]], petition the Judge for leniency. [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/graphics/pdf/libbyletterscomplete.pdf]<br />
<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Libby, Lewis}}<br />
[[Category:Political people]]<br />
[[Category:Criminals]]<br />
[[Category:Crime]]</div>PSRuckmanhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Irve_Lewis_Libby_Jr.&diff=198397Irve Lewis Libby Jr.2007-06-15T03:46:54Z<p>PSRuckman: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Hdy567.jpg|right|thumb]]<br />
'''Irve Lewis "Scooter" Libby Jr.''' is a former deputy Secretary of Defense, Chief of Staff, National Security Advisor and private Attorney to Vice President [[Dick Cheney]]. <br />
<br />
Libby was born in New Haven, [[Connecticut]]; his father was an investment banker.<ref>[http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/051031/31libby.htm "A Rough Road For 'Scooter'?"], Kenneth T. Walsh</ref> Various sources report that he has been rather secretive about his actual first name, and that the initial "I." stands for Irving.<ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4965501 "Guarding the 'I' in I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby"], Mike Pesca, National Public Radio, October 19, 2005.</ref><ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/22/AR2005102201439.html "In the Spotlight And on the Spot: Scooter Libby, Backstage No More"], Mark Leibovich, [[Washington Post]], 23 October, 2005.</ref> According to interviews, he first acquired his nickname "Scooter" as an infant, when his father, after seeing him move quickly across his crib, described him as "a scooter".<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/10/27/politics/main989970.shtml "Libby: Lawyer, Adviser, Author:] Cheney's Chief Of Staff Both Political Insider And Acclaimed Novelist", Stephen Smith, [[CBS News]], [[28 October]], [[2005]]</ref><br />
<br />
On October 28, 2005, Libby was indicted on five felony counts due to his involvement in the [[Valerie Plame]] <ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2007-05-29-plame-testimony_N.htm Plame called on to explain varied accounts], By Richard Willing, ''USA TODAY'', May 29, 2007.</ref> affair. After the indictment, Libby resigned as Vice President Cheney's chief of staff, as assistant to the Vice President for national security affairs, and as assistant to President Bush. <ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4979769 NPR]</ref><br />
<br />
'''Conviction and Sentence'''<br />
<br />
Libby was convicted on four counts including: <br />
*Obstruction of Justice (intentionally deceiving the grand jury about how he learned, and “disclosed to the media,” information about Valerie Plame Wilson’s employment by the CIA);<br />
*Making a False Statement (intentionally giving the FBI false information about a conversation he had with Tim Russert);<br />
*Perjury (knowingly providing false testimony about a conversation he had with Russert and knowingly providing false testimony about his conversation with reporters regarding Valerie Plame Wilson’s CIA employment).<br />
He was found not guilty on an additional charge, that he gave false statements to the FBI about his conversation with ''Time'' magazine reporter Matt Cooper.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17479718/ MSNBC]</ref><br />
<br />
Althought the U.S. Probation Office recommended a sentence of 15-21 months, Judge Reggie B. Walton (appointed to the federal bench by George H.W. Bush) sentenced Libby to thirty months in jail and a fine of $250,000 on June 5th, 2007.<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070605/ap_on_go_pr_wh/cia_leak_trial Yahoo News]</ref><br />
<br />
'''Response to Conviction and Sentence'''<br />
<br />
Libby's lawyers repeatedly emphasized that Valerie Plame's employment at the CIA was disclosed by columnist Robert Novak in July of 2003 and that Novak's "primary sources" were Richard Armitage (former deputy Secretary of State) and Karl Rove (a presidential advisor) ... not Scooter Libby. In addition, a CIA spokesperson, Bill Harlow, confirmed the information about Plame's CIA employment to Novak.<br />
<br />
It was also noted that the overwhelming evidence from the FBI and grand jury investigations and the trial proceedings shows that neither Libby nor the numerous other government official who discussed Ms. Wilson's employment believed she was covert, or that her employment status was classified. As a result, none of the five witness who testified that Libby discussed Plame with them suggested that they felt that they were having a conversation about a covert or classified employee, a point affirmed in an August 2004 government affidavit and the government's Guidelines Memorandum ("the information to which defendant was given access did not expressly identify Ms. Wilson as a covert agent.")<br />
<br />
With respect to the sentencing stage, Libby's lawyers complained about the behavior of prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald. In October 2005, Fitzgerald said (in a press conference) that he would not speak to "whether or not Valerie Wilson was covert." Early in discovery, Libby's lawyers sought documents which addressed the topic and the government refused to provide the information because it was "irrelevant." The government argued Wilson's status was "not an element of any of the three statutory violations charged." In June of 2006, the court issued a discovery order which, again, emphasized that Wilson's employment was "immaterial to the preparation of the defense." In preliminary instructions to the jury, the judge said her "actual status" was "totally irrelevant" to any "assessment" of the Libby's guilty or innocence. After the trial, however, in its sentencing memo, the government adopted a "new position" - that Wilson was a "covert agent" and that Libby should be sentenced as though that fact were established at trial. <br />
<br />
'''Libby and Presidential Clemency'''<br />
<br />
Almost from the beginning of his trial the President was encouraged to pardon Libby. Among those calling for pardon were William F. Buckley, Jr, Fred Thompson, Cal Thomas, Ann Coulter, Jack Kemp, Tom Delay.<ref>http://libbypardon.net/procon.htm</ref> and Robert Bauer, general counsel to [[Barack Obama]]<ref>[http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/obama-aide-wants-libby-pardoned-2007-06-14.html Obama aide wants Libby pardoned], By Sam Youngman, ''The Hill'', June 14, 2007.</ref> But the trial continued and sentence was announced without presidential intereference. As decisions were being made regarding the possibility of bail, many believed (incorrectly) President Bush's hand would be forced, that he would have to grant a pardon in order to spare Libby from entering prison. <ref>http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=ZWY2MzRiNTAwZmE3NjZhMzZmODNhMTcyYjUzYzc4MjQ= "Respite for Libby?" National Review, June 14, 2007</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
* [http://wid.ap.org/documents/libbytrial/index.html Libby Trial Documents]<br />
* [http://www.scooterlibby.com/ Libby Legal Defense Fund]<br />
* [http://libbypardon.net Pardon for Libby? Blog]<br />
* [http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=15988 Robert Novak on the Libby Trial]<br />
* [http://www.newmediajournal.us/staff/fsalvato/government/06082007.htm The Incredible Judicial Disparity: Berger v. Libby], Frank Salvato, June 8, 2007.<br />
* [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/years/2007/0605071libby1.html Libby Letters] -- letters from [[Donald Rumsfeld]], [[Henry Kissinger]], [[Paul Wolfowitz]], [[John Bolton]], [[Mary Matalin]], [[James Carville]], [[Peter Pace]], [[Richard Perle]], [[James Woolsey]], [[Douglas Feith]], [[Christopher Cox]], [[Leon Wieseltier]], [[Leonard Garment]], [[Alan Simpson]], [[Natan Sharansky]], [[Richard Myers]], and [[Anthony Fauci]], petition the Judge for leniency. [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/graphics/pdf/libbyletterscomplete.pdf]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Libby, Lewis}}<br />
[[Category:Political people]]<br />
[[Category:Criminals]]<br />
[[Category:Crime]]</div>PSRuckmanhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Respite&diff=196507Respite2007-06-13T03:45:03Z<p>PSRuckman: </p>
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<div>The [[Pardon Power]] of the U.S. ''[[Constitution]]'' has been broadly interpreted to include a variety of specific powers. Among those powers are: pardons, conditional pardons, commutations of sentence, conditional commutations of sentence, remissions of fines and forfeitures, respites (or repreives) and amnesties. <ref>P.S. Ruckman, Jr. 1997. “Executive Clemency in the United States: Origins, Development, and Analysis (1900-1993),”27 ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', 251-271</ref> <br />
<br />
Respites delay the imposition of sentence but in no way modify a sentence or address the question of guilt or innocence. Historically, [[presidents]] have granted most respites for periods of 30 to 90 days and have renewed (extended) such delays when it seemed necessary.<ref>Microfilm Set T967, National Archives</ref> <br />
<br />
According to the Office of the Pardon Attorney (U.S. [[Department of Justice]]), presidents have used respites to varying degrees although, as is the case with every other form of executive clemency, there has been a general decline since 1900.[http://www.rvc.cc.il.us/faclink/pruckman/pardoncharts/all_files/image002.gif] The Pardon Attorney's data for recent use of respites are as follows: [[William McKinley]] (6), [[Theodore Roosevelt]] (9), [[William Howard Taft]] (15), [[Woodrow Wilson]] (226), [[Warren Harding]] (48), [[Calvin Coolidge]] (19), [[Herbert Hoover]] (1) [[Franklin Roosevelt]] (12),<ref>http://www.usdoj.gov/pardon/actions_fiscal.htm</ref> [[Harry Truman]] (13), [[John F. Kennedy]] (3), [[Lyndon Johnson]] (1), [[Richard Nixon]] (3), [[Gerald Ford]] (5) and [[Jimmy Carter]] (3).<ref>http://www.usdoj.gov/pardon/actions_administration.htm</ref><br />
<br />
Most recently, [[Bill Clinton]] twice delayed the court-ordered execution of Juan Garza in order that an ongoing study of bias in the federal death-penalty system might be completed.<ref>"Media Spotlight Dims as Garza Put to Death," ''Houston Chronicle'', June 20, 2001</ref> <br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/></div>PSRuckmanhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Respite&diff=196506Respite2007-06-13T03:44:16Z<p>PSRuckman: </p>
<hr />
<div>The [[Pardon Power]] of the U.S. ''[[Constitution]]'' has been broadly interpreted to include a variety of specific powers. Among those powers are: pardons, conditional pardons, commutations of sentence, conditional commutations of sentence, remissions of fines and forfeitures, respites (or repreives) and amnesties. <ref>P.S. Ruckman, Jr. 1997. “Executive Clemency in the United States: Origins, Development, and Analysis (1900-1993),”27 ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', 251-271</ref> <br />
<br />
Respites delay the imposition of sentence but in no way modify a sentence or address the question of guilt or innocence. Historically, [[presidents]] have granted most respites for periods of 30 to 90 days and have renewed (extended) such delays when it seemed necessary.<ref>Microfilm Set T967, National Archives</ref> <br />
<br />
According to the Office of the Pardon Attorney (U.S. [[Department of Justice]]), presidents have used respites to varying degrees although, as is the case with every other form of executive clemency, there has been a general decline since 1900.[http://www.rvc.cc.il.us/faclink/pruckman/pardoncharts/all_files/image002.gif] The Pardon Attorney's data for recent use of respites are as follows: [[William McKinley]] (6), [[Theodore Roosevelt]] (9), [[William Taft]] (15), [[Woodrow Wilson]] (226), [[Warren Harding]] (48), [[Calvin Coolidge]] (19), [[Herbert Hoover]] (1) [[Franklin Roosevelt]] (12),<ref>http://www.usdoj.gov/pardon/actions_fiscal.htm</ref> [[Harry Truman]] (13), [[John F. Kennedy]] (3), [[Lyndon Johnson]] (1), [[Richard Nixon]] (3), [[Gerald Ford]] (5) and [[Jimmy Carter]] (3).<ref>http://www.usdoj.gov/pardon/actions_administration.htm</ref><br />
<br />
Most recently, [[Bill Clinton]] twice delayed the court-ordered execution of Juan Garza in order that an ongoing study of bias in the federal death-penalty system might be completed.<ref>"Media Spotlight Dims as Garza Put to Death," ''Houston Chronicle'', June 20, 2001</ref> <br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/></div>PSRuckmanhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Respite&diff=196505Respite2007-06-13T03:43:55Z<p>PSRuckman: </p>
<hr />
<div>The [[pardon power]] of the U.S. ''[[Constitution]]'' has been broadly interpreted to include a variety of specific powers. Among those powers are: pardons, conditional pardons, commutations of sentence, conditional commutations of sentence, remissions of fines and forfeitures, respites (or repreives) and amnesties. <ref>P.S. Ruckman, Jr. 1997. “Executive Clemency in the United States: Origins, Development, and Analysis (1900-1993),”27 ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', 251-271</ref> <br />
<br />
Respites delay the imposition of sentence but in no way modify a sentence or address the question of guilt or innocence. Historically, [[presidents]] have granted most respites for periods of 30 to 90 days and have renewed (extended) such delays when it seemed necessary.<ref>Microfilm Set T967, National Archives</ref> <br />
<br />
According to the Office of the Pardon Attorney (U.S. [[Department of Justice]]), presidents have used respites to varying degrees although, as is the case with every other form of executive clemency, there has been a general decline since 1900.[http://www.rvc.cc.il.us/faclink/pruckman/pardoncharts/all_files/image002.gif] The Pardon Attorney's data for recent use of respites are as follows: [[William McKinley]] (6), [[Theodore Roosevelt]] (9), [[William Taft]] (15), [[Woodrow Wilson]] (226), [[Warren Harding]] (48), [[Calvin Coolidge]] (19), [[Herbert Hoover]] (1) [[Franklin Roosevelt]] (12),<ref>http://www.usdoj.gov/pardon/actions_fiscal.htm</ref> [[Harry Truman]] (13), [[John F. Kennedy]] (3), [[Lyndon Johnson]] (1), [[Richard Nixon]] (3), [[Gerald Ford]] (5) and [[Jimmy Carter]] (3).<ref>http://www.usdoj.gov/pardon/actions_administration.htm</ref><br />
<br />
Most recently, [[Bill Clinton]] twice delayed the court-ordered execution of Juan Garza in order that an ongoing study of bias in the federal death-penalty system might be completed.<ref>"Media Spotlight Dims as Garza Put to Death," ''Houston Chronicle'', June 20, 2001</ref> <br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/></div>PSRuckmanhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Respite&diff=196503Respite2007-06-13T03:43:16Z<p>PSRuckman: </p>
<hr />
<div>The [[pardon]] power of the U.S. ''[[Constitution]]'' has been broadly interpreted to include a variety of specific powers. Among those powers are: [[pardons]], conditional pardons, commutations of sentence, conditional commutations of sentence, remissions of fines and forfeitures, respites (or repreives) and amnesties. <ref>P.S. Ruckman, Jr. 1997. “Executive Clemency in the United States: Origins, Development, and Analysis (1900-1993),”27 ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', 251-271</ref> <br />
<br />
Respites delay the imposition of sentence but in no way modify a sentence or address the question of guilt or innocence. Historically, [[presidents]] have granted most respites for periods of 30 to 90 days and have renewed (extended) such delays when it seemed necessary.<ref>Microfilm Set T967, National Archives</ref> <br />
<br />
According to the Office of the Pardon Attorney (U.S. [[Department of Justice]]), presidents have used respites to varying degrees although, as is the case with every other form of executive clemency, there has been a general decline since 1900.[http://www.rvc.cc.il.us/faclink/pruckman/pardoncharts/all_files/image002.gif] The Pardon Attorney's data for recent use of respites are as follows: [[William McKinley]] (6), [[Theodore Roosevelt]] (9), [[William Taft]] (15), [[Woodrow Wilson]] (226), [[Warren Harding]] (48), [[Calvin Coolidge]] (19), [[Herbert Hoover]] (1) [[Franklin Roosevelt]] (12),<ref>http://www.usdoj.gov/pardon/actions_fiscal.htm</ref> [[Harry Truman]] (13), [[John F. Kennedy]] (3), [[Lyndon Johnson]] (1), [[Richard Nixon]] (3), [[Gerald Ford]] (5) and [[Jimmy Carter]] (3).<ref>http://www.usdoj.gov/pardon/actions_administration.htm</ref><br />
<br />
Most recently, [[Bill Clinton]] twice delayed the court-ordered execution of Juan Garza in order that an ongoing study of bias in the federal death-penalty system might be completed.<ref>"Media Spotlight Dims as Garza Put to Death," ''Houston Chronicle'', June 20, 2001</ref> <br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/></div>PSRuckmanhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Respite&diff=196502Respite2007-06-13T03:42:34Z<p>PSRuckman: </p>
<hr />
<div>The [[pardon]] power of the U.S. ''[[Constitution]]'' has been broadly interpreted to include a variety of specific powers. Among those powers are: [[pardons]], conditional pardons, commutations of sentence, conditional commutations of sentence, remissions of fines and forfeitures, respites (or repreives) and amnesties. <ref>P.S. Ruckman, Jr. 1997. “Executive Clemency in the United States: Origins, Development, and Analysis (1900-1993),”27 ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', 251-271</ref> <br />
<br />
Respites delay the imposition of sentence but in no way modify a sentence or address the question of guilt or innocence. Historically, [[presidents]] have granted most respites for periods of 30 to 90 days and have renewed (extended) such delays when it seemed necessary.<ref>Microfilm Set T967, National Archives</ref> <br />
<br />
According to the Office of the Pardon Attorney (U.S. [[Department of Justice]]), presidents have used respites to varying degrees although, as is the case with every other form of executive clemency, there has been something like a general decline since 1900.[http://www.rvc.cc.il.us/faclink/pruckman/pardoncharts/all_files/image002.gif] The Pardon Attorney's data for recent use of respites are as follows: [[William McKinley]] (6), [[Theodore Roosevelt]] (9), [[William Taft]] (15), [[Woodrow Wilson]] (226), [[Warren Harding]] (48), [[Calvin Coolidge]] (19), [[Herbert Hoover]] (1) [[Franklin Roosevelt]] (12),<ref>http://www.usdoj.gov/pardon/actions_fiscal.htm</ref> [[Harry Truman]] (13), [[John F. Kennedy]] (3), [[Lyndon Johnson]] (1), [[Richard Nixon]] (3), [[Gerald Ford]] (5) and [[Jimmy Carter]] (3).<ref>http://www.usdoj.gov/pardon/actions_administration.htm</ref><br />
<br />
Most recently, [[Bill Clinton]] twice delayed the court-ordered execution of Juan Garza in order that an ongoing study of bias in the federal death-penalty system might be completed.<ref>"Media Spotlight Dims as Garza Put to Death," ''Houston Chronicle'', June 20, 2001</ref> <br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/></div>PSRuckmanhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Respite&diff=196499Respite2007-06-13T03:41:17Z<p>PSRuckman: </p>
<hr />
<div>The [[pardon]] power of the U.S. ''[[Constitution]]'' has been broadly interpreted to include a variety of specific powers. Among those powers are: [[pardons]], conditional pardons, commutations of sentence, conditional commutations of sentence, remissions of fines and forfeitures, respites (or repreives) and amnesties. <ref>P.S. Ruckman, Jr. 1997. “Executive Clemency in the United States: Origins, Development, and Analysis (1900-1993),”27 ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', 251-271</ref> <br />
<br />
Respites delay the imposition of sentence but in no way modify a sentence or address the question of guilt or innocence. Historically, [[presidents]] have granted most respites for periods of 30 to 90 days and have renewed (extended) such delays when it seemed necessary.<ref>Microfilm Set T967, National Archives</ref> <br />
<br />
According to the [[Office of the Pardon Attorney]] (U.S. [[Department of Justice]]), [[presidents]] have used respites to varying degrees although, as is the case with every other form of executive clemency, there has been something like a general decline since 1900.[http://www.rvc.cc.il.us/faclink/pruckman/pardoncharts/all_files/image002.gif] The Pardon Attorney's data for recent use of respites are as follows: [[William McKinley]] (6), [[Theodore Roosevelt]] (9), [[William Taft]] (15), [[Woodrow Wilson]] (226), [[Warren Harding]] (48), [[Calvin Coolidge]] (19), [[Herbert Hoover]] (1) [[Franklin Roosevelt]] (12),<ref>http://www.usdoj.gov/pardon/actions_fiscal.htm</ref> [[Harry Truman]] (13), [[John F. Kennedy]] (3), [[Lyndon Johnson]] (1), [[Richard Nixon]] (3), [[Gerald Ford]] (5) and [[Jimmy Carter]] (3).<ref>http://www.usdoj.gov/pardon/actions_administration.htm</ref><br />
<br />
Most recently, [[Bill Clinton]] twice delayed the court-ordered execution of Juan Garza in order that an ongoing study of bias in the federal death-penalty system might be completed.<ref>"Media Spotlight Dims as Garza Put to Death," ''Houston Chronicle'', June 20, 2001</ref> <br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/></div>PSRuckmanhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Respite&diff=196498Respite2007-06-13T03:39:57Z<p>PSRuckman: New page: The pardon power of the U.S. ''Constitution'' has been broadly interpreted to include a variety of specific powers. Among those powers are: pardons, conditional pardons, commut...</p>
<hr />
<div>The [[pardon]] power of the U.S. ''[[Constitution]]'' has been broadly interpreted to include a variety of specific powers. Among those powers are: [[pardons]], conditional pardons, commutations of sentence, conditional commutations of sentence, remissions of fines and forfeitures, respites and amnesties. <ref>P.S. Ruckman, Jr. 1997. “Executive Clemency in the United States: Origins, Development, and Analysis (1900-1993),”27 ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', 251-271</ref> <br />
<br />
Respites delay the imposition of sentence but in no way modify a sentence or address questions of due process, guilt or innocence. Historically, [[presidents]] have granted most respites for periods of 30 to 90 days and have renewed (extended) such delays when it seemed necessary.<ref>Microfilm Set T967, National Archives</ref> <br />
<br />
According to the [[Office of the Pardon Attorney]] (U.S. [[Department of Justice]]), [[presidents]] have used respites to varying degrees although, as is the case with every other form of executive clemency, there has been something like a general decline since 1900.[http://www.rvc.cc.il.us/faclink/pruckman/pardoncharts/all_files/image002.gif] The Pardon Attorney's data for recent use of respites are as follows: [[William McKinley]] (6), [[Theodore Roosevelt]] (9), [[William Taft]] (15), [[Woodrow Wilson]] (226), [[Warren Harding]] (48), [[Calvin Coolidge]] (19), [[Herbert Hoover]] (1) [[Franklin Roosevelt]] (12),<ref>http://www.usdoj.gov/pardon/actions_fiscal.htm</ref> [[Harry Truman]] (13), [[John F. Kennedy]] (3), [[Lyndon Johnson]] (1), [[Richard Nixon]] (3), [[Gerald Ford]] (5) and [[Jimmy Carter]] (3).<ref>http://www.usdoj.gov/pardon/actions_administration.htm</ref><br />
<br />
Most recently, [[Bill Clinton]] delayed the execution of [[Juan Garza]] in order that an ongoing study of bias in the federal death-penalty system might be completed.<ref>"Media Spotlight Dims as Garza Put to Death," ''Houston Chronicle'', June 20, 2001</ref> <br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/></div>PSRuckmanhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Irve_Lewis_Libby_Jr.&diff=194745Irve Lewis Libby Jr.2007-06-11T05:19:48Z<p>PSRuckman: repitition</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Hdy567.jpg|right|thumb]]<br />
'''Irve Lewis "Scooter" Libby Jr.''' is a former deputy Secretary of Defense, Chief of Staff, National Security Advisor and private Attorney to Vice President [[Dick Cheney]]. <br />
<br />
Libby was born in New Haven, [[Connecticut]]; his father was an investment banker.<ref>[http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/051031/31libby.htm "A Rough Road For 'Scooter'?"], Kenneth T. Walsh</ref> Various sources report that he has been rather secretive about his actual first name, and that the initial "I." stands for Irving.<ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4965501 "Guarding the 'I' in I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby"], Mike Pesca, National Public Radio, October 19, 2005.</ref><ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/22/AR2005102201439.html "In the Spotlight And on the Spot: Scooter Libby, Backstage No More"], Mark Leibovich, [[Washington Post]], 23 October, 2005.</ref> According to interviews, he first acquired his nickname "Scooter" as an infant, when his father, after seeing him move quickly across his crib, described him as "a scooter".<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/10/27/politics/main989970.shtml "Libby: Lawyer, Adviser, Author:] Cheney's Chief Of Staff Both Political Insider And Acclaimed Novelist", Stephen Smith, [[CBS News]], [[28 October]], [[2005]]</ref><br />
<br />
On October 28, 2005, Libby was indicted on five felony counts due to his involvement in the [[Valerie Plame]] <ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2007-05-29-plame-testimony_N.htm Plame called on to explain varied accounts], By Richard Willing, ''USA TODAY'', May 29, 2007.</ref> affair. After the indictment, Libby resigned as Vice President Cheney's chief of staff, as assistant to the Vice President for national security affairs, and as assistant to President Bush. <ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4979769 NPR]</ref><br />
<br />
'''Conviction and Sentence'''<br />
<br />
Libby was convicted on four counts including: <br />
*Obstruction of Justice (intentionally deceiving the grand jury about how he learned, and “disclosed to the media,” information about Valerie Plame Wilson’s employment by the CIA);<br />
*Making a False Statement (intentionally giving the FBI false information about a conversation he had with Tim Russert);<br />
*Perjury (knowingly providing false testimony about a conversation he had with Russert and knowingly providing false testimony about his conversation with reporters regarding Valerie Plame Wilson’s CIA employment).<br />
He was found not guilty on an additional charge, that he gave false statements to the FBI about his conversation with ''Time'' magazine reporter Matt Cooper.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17479718/ MSNBC]</ref><br />
<br />
Althought the U.S. Probation Office recommended a sentence of 15-21 months, Judge Reggie B. Walton (appointed to the federal bench by George H.W. Bush) sentenced Libby to thirty months in jail and a fine of $250,000 on June 5th, 2007.<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070605/ap_on_go_pr_wh/cia_leak_trial Yahoo News]</ref><br />
<br />
'''Response to Conviction and Sentence'''<br />
<br />
Libby's lawyers repeatedly emphasized that Valerie Plame's employment at the CIA was disclosed by columnist Robert Novak in July of 2003 and that Novak's "primary sources" were Richard Armitage (former deputy Secretary of State) and Karl Rove (a presidential advisor) ... not Scooter Libby. In addition, a CIA spokesperson, Bill Harlow, confirmed the information about Plame's CIA employment to Novak.<br />
<br />
It was also noted that the overwhelming evidence from the FBI and grand jury investigations and the trial proceedings shows that neither Libby nor the numerous other government official who discussed Ms. Wilson's employment believed she was covert, or that her employment status was classified. As a result, none of the five witness who testified that Libby discussed Plame with them suggested that they felt that they were having a conversation about a covert or classified employee, a point affirmed in an August 2004 government affidavit and the government's Guidelines Memorandum ("the information to which defendant was given access did not expressly identify Ms. Wilson as a covert agent.")<br />
<br />
With respect to the sentencing stage, Libby's lawyers complained about the behavior of prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald. In October 2005, Fitzgerald said (in a press conference) that he would not speak to "whether or not Valerie Wilson was covert." Early in discovery, Libby's lawyers sought documents which addressed the topic and the government refused to provide the information because it was "irrelevant." The government argued Wilson's status was "not an element of any of the three statutory violations charged." In June of 2006, the court issued a discovery order which, again, emphasized that Wilson's employment was "immaterial to the preparation of the defense." In preliminary instructions to the jury, the judge said her "actual status" was "totally irrelevant" to any "assessment" of the Libby's guilty or innocence. After the trial, however, in its sentencing memo, the government adopted a "new position" - that Wilson was a "covert agent" and that Libby should be sentenced as though that fact were established at trial. <br />
<br />
'''Libby and Presidential Clemency'''<br />
<br />
Almost from the beginning of his trial the President was encouraged to pardon Libby. Among those calling for pardon were William F. Buckley, Jr, Fred Thompson, Cal Thomas, Ann Coulter, Jack Kemp and Tom Delay.<ref>http://libbypardon.net/procon.htm</ref> But the trial continued and sentence was announced without presidential intereference. As decisions were being made regarding the possibility of bail, many believed (incorrectly) President Bush's hand would be forced, that he would have to grant a pardon in order to spare Libby from entering prison. <ref>http://libbypardon.net/0607.htm</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
* [http://wid.ap.org/documents/libbytrial/index.html Libby Trial Documents]<br />
* [http://www.scooterlibby.com/ Libby Legal Defense Fund]<br />
* [http://libbypardon.net Pardon for Libby? Blog]<br />
* [http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=15988 Robert Novak on the Libby Trial]<br />
* [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/years/2007/0605071libby1.html Libby Letters] -- letters from [[Donald Rumsfeld]], [[Henry Kissinger]], [[Paul Wolfowitz]], [[John Bolton]], [[Mary Matalin]], [[James Carville]], [[Peter Pace]], [[Richard Perle]], [[James Woolsey]], [[Douglas Feith]], [[Christopher Cox]], [[Leon Wieseltier]], [[Leonard Garment]], [[Alan Simpson]], [[Natan Sharansky]], [[Richard Myers]], and [[Anthony Fauci]], petition the Judge for leniency. [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/graphics/pdf/libbyletterscomplete.pdf]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Libby, Lewis}}<br />
[[Category:Political people]]<br />
[[Category:Criminals]]<br />
[[Category:Crime]]</div>PSRuckmanhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Irve_Lewis_Libby_Jr.&diff=194730Irve Lewis Libby Jr.2007-06-11T05:07:10Z<p>PSRuckman: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Hdy567.jpg|right|thumb]]<br />
'''Irve Lewis "Scooter" Libby Jr.''' is a former deputy Secretary of Defense, Chief of Staff, National Security Advisor and private Attorney to Vice President [[Dick Cheney]]. <br />
<br />
Libby was born in New Haven, [[Connecticut]]; his father was an investment banker.<ref>[http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/051031/31libby.htm "A Rough Road For 'Scooter'?"], Kenneth T. Walsh</ref> Various sources report that he has been rather secretive about his actual first name, and that the initial "I." stands for Irving.<ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4965501 "Guarding the 'I' in I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby"], Mike Pesca, National Public Radio, October 19, 2005.</ref><ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/22/AR2005102201439.html "In the Spotlight And on the Spot: Scooter Libby, Backstage No More"], Mark Leibovich, [[Washington Post]], 23 October, 2005.</ref> According to interviews, he first acquired his nickname "Scooter" as an infant, when his father, after seeing him move quickly across his crib, described him as "a scooter".<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/10/27/politics/main989970.shtml "Libby: Lawyer, Adviser, Author:] Cheney's Chief Of Staff Both Political Insider And Acclaimed Novelist", Stephen Smith, [[CBS News]], [[28 October]], [[2005]]</ref><br />
<br />
On October 28, 2005, Libby was indicted on five felony counts (1*Obstruction of Justice, 2*Making False Statements, 2*Perjury) due to his involvement in the [[Valerie Plame]] <ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2007-05-29-plame-testimony_N.htm Plame called on to explain varied accounts], By Richard Willing, ''USA TODAY'', May 29, 2007.</ref> affair. After the indictment, Libby resigned as Vice President Cheney's chief of staff, as assistant to the Vice President for national security affairs, and as assistant to President Bush. <ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4979769 NPR]</ref><br />
<br />
'''Conviction and Sentence'''<br />
<br />
Libby was convicted on four counts including: Obstruction of Justice (intentionally deceiving the grand jury about how he learned, and “disclosed to the media,” information about Valerie Plame Wilson’s employment by the CIA, Making a False Statement (intentionally giving the FBI false information about a conversation he had with Tim Russert), Perjury (knowingly providing false testimony about a conversation he had with Russert and knowingly providing false testimony about his conversation with reporters regarding Valerie Plame Wilson’s CIA employment). He was founf Not Guilty on an additional charge, that he gave false statements to the FBI about his conversation with ''Time'' magazine reporter Matt Cooper.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17479718/ MSNBC]</ref><br />
<br />
Althought the U.S. Probation Office recommended a sentence of 15-21 months, Judge Reggie B. Walton (appointed to the federal bench by George H.W. Bush) sentenced Libby to thirty months in jail and a fine of $250,000 on June 5th, 2007.<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070605/ap_on_go_pr_wh/cia_leak_trial Yahoo News]</ref><br />
<br />
'''Response to Conviction and Sentence'''<br />
<br />
Libby's lawyers repeatedly emphasized that Valerie Plame's employment at the CIA was disclosed by columnist Robert Novak in July of 2003 and that Novak's "primary sources" were Richard Armitage (former deputy Secretary of State) and Karl Rove (a presidential advisor) ... not Scooter Libby. In addition, a CIA spokesperson, Bill Harlow, confirmed the information about Plame's CIA employment to Novak.<br />
<br />
It was also noted that the overwhelming evidence from the FBI and grand jury investigations and the trial proceedings shows that neither Libby nor the numerous other government official who discussed Ms. Wilson's employment believed she was covert, or that her employment status was classified. As a result, none of the five witness who testified that Libby discussed Plame with them suggested that they felt that they were having a conversation about a covert or classified employee, a point affirmed in an August 2004 government affidavit and the government's Guidelines Memorandum ("the information to which defendant was given access did not expressly identify Ms. Wilson as a covert agent.")<br />
<br />
With respect to the sentencing stage, Libby's lawyers complained about the behavior of prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald. In October 2005, Fitzgerald said (in a press conference) that he would not speak to "whether or not Valerie Wilson was covert." Early in discovery, Libby's lawyers sought documents which addressed the topic and the government refused to provide the information because it was "irrelevant." The government argued Wilson's status was "not an element of any of the three statutory violations charged." In June of 2006, the court issued a discovery order which, again, emphasized that Wilson's employment was "immaterial to the preparation of the defense." In preliminary instructions to the jury, the judge said her "actual status" was "totally irrelevant" to any "assessment" of the Libby's guilty or innocence. After the trial, however, in its sentencing memo, the government adopted a "new position" - that Wilson was a "covert agent" and that Libby should be sentenced as though that fact were established at trial. <br />
<br />
'''Libby and Presidential Clemency'''<br />
<br />
Almost from the beginning of his trial the President was encouraged to pardon Libby. Among those calling for pardon were William F. Buckley, Jr, Fred Thompson, Cal Thomas, Ann Coulter, Jack Kemp and Tom Delay.<ref>http://libbypardon.net/procon.htm</ref> But the trial continued and sentence was announced without presidential intereference. As decisions were being made regarding the possibility of bail, many believed (incorrectly) President Bush's hand would be forced, that he would have to grant a pardon in order to spare Libby from entering prison. <ref>http://libbypardon.net/0607.htm</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
* [http://wid.ap.org/documents/libbytrial/index.html Libby Trial Documents]<br />
* [http://www.scooterlibby.com/ Libby Legal Defense Fund]<br />
* [http://libbypardon.net Pardon for Libby? Blog]<br />
* [http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=15988 Robert Novak on the Libby Trial]<br />
* [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/years/2007/0605071libby1.html Libby Letters] -- letters from [[Donald Rumsfeld]], [[Henry Kissinger]], [[Paul Wolfowitz]], [[John Bolton]], [[Mary Matalin]], [[James Carville]], [[Peter Pace]], [[Richard Perle]], [[James Woolsey]], [[Douglas Feith]], [[Christopher Cox]], [[Leon Wieseltier]], [[Leonard Garment]], [[Alan Simpson]], [[Natan Sharansky]], [[Richard Myers]], and [[Anthony Fauci]], petition the Judge for leniency. [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/graphics/pdf/libbyletterscomplete.pdf]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Libby, Lewis}}<br />
[[Category:Political people]]<br />
[[Category:Criminals]]<br />
[[Category:Crime]]</div>PSRuckmanhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Irve_Lewis_Libby_Jr.&diff=194729Irve Lewis Libby Jr.2007-06-11T05:05:09Z<p>PSRuckman: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Hdy567.jpg|right|thumb]]<br />
'''Irve Lewis "Scooter" Libby Jr.''' is a former deputy Secretary of Defense, Chief of Staff, National Security Advisor and private Attorney to Vice President [[Dick Cheney]]. <br />
<br />
Libby was born in New Haven, [[Connecticut]]; his father was an investment banker.<ref>[http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/051031/31libby.htm "A Rough Road For 'Scooter'?"], Kenneth T. Walsh</ref> Various sources report that he has been rather secretive about his actual first name, and that the initial "I." stands for Irving.<ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4965501 "Guarding the 'I' in I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby"], Mike Pesca, National Public Radio, October 19, 2005.</ref><ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/22/AR2005102201439.html "In the Spotlight And on the Spot: Scooter Libby, Backstage No More"], Mark Leibovich, [[Washington Post]], 23 October, 2005.</ref> According to interviews, he first acquired his nickname "Scooter" as an infant, when his father, after seeing him move quickly across his crib, described him as "a scooter".<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/10/27/politics/main989970.shtml "Libby: Lawyer, Adviser, Author:] Cheney's Chief Of Staff Both Political Insider And Acclaimed Novelist", Stephen Smith, [[CBS News]], [[28 October]], [[2005]]</ref><br />
<br />
On October 28, 2005, Libby was indicted on five felony counts (1*Obstruction of Justice, 2*Making False Statements, 2*Perjury) due to his involvement in the [[Valerie Plame]] <ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2007-05-29-plame-testimony_N.htm Plame called on to explain varied accounts], By Richard Willing, ''USA TODAY'', May 29, 2007.</ref> affair. After the indictment, Libby resigned as Vice President Cheney's chief of staff, as assistant to the Vice President for national security affairs, and as assistant to President Bush. <ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4979769 NPR]</ref><br />
<br />
'''Conviction and Sentence'''<br />
<br />
Libby was convicted on four counts including: Obstruction of Justice (intentionally deceiving the grand jury about how he learned, and “disclosed to the media,” information about Valerie Plame Wilson’s employment by the CIA, Making a False Statement (intentionally giving the FBI false information about a conversation he had with Tim Russert), Perjury (knowingly providing false testimony about a conversation he had with Russert and knowingly providing false testimony about his conversation with reporters regarding Valerie Plame Wilson’s CIA employment). He was founf Not Guilty on an additional charge, that he gave false statements to the FBI about his conversation with ''Time'' magazine reporter Matt Cooper.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17479718/ MSNBC]</ref><br />
<br />
Althought the U.S. Probation Office recommended a sentence of 15-21 months, Judge Reggie B. Walton (appointed to the federal bench by George H.W. Bush) sentenced Libby to thirty months in jail and a fine of $250,000 on June 5th, 2007.<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070605/ap_on_go_pr_wh/cia_leak_trial Yahoo News]</ref><br />
<br />
'''Response to Conviction and Sentence'''<br />
<br />
Libby's lawyers repeatedly emphasized that Valerie Plame's employment at the CIA was disclosed by columnist Robert Novak in July of 2003 and that Novak's "primary sources" were Richard Armitage (former deputy Secretary of State) and Karl Rove (a presidential advisor) ... not Scooter Libby. In addition, a CIA spokesperson, Bill Harlow, confirmed the information about Plame's CIA employment to Novak.<br />
<br />
It was also noted that the overwhelming evidence from the FBI and grand jury investigations and the trial proceedings shows that neither Libby nor the numerous other government official who discussed Ms. Wilson's employment believed she was covert, or that her employment status was classified. As a result, none of the five witness who testified that Libby discussed Plame with them suggested that they felt that they were having a conversation about a covert or classified employee, a point affirmed in an August 2004 government affidavit and the government's Guidelines Memorandum ("the information to which defendant was given access did not expressly identify Ms. Wilson as a covert agent.")<br />
<br />
With respect to the sentencing stage, Libby's lawyers complained about the behavior of prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald. In October 2005, Fitzgerald said (in a press conference) that he would not speak to "whether or not Valerie Wilson was covert." Early in discovery, Libby's lawyers sought documents which addressed the topic and the government refused to provide the information because it was "irrelevant." The government argued Wilson's status was "not an element of any of the three statutory violations charged." In June of 2006, the court issued a discovery order which, again, emphasized that Wilson's employment was "immaterial to the preparation of the defense." In preliminary instructions to the jury, the judge said her "actual status" was "totally irrelevant" to any "assessment" of the Libby's guilty or innocence. After the trial, however, in its sentencing memo, the government adopted a "new position" - that Wilson was a "covert agent" and that Libby should be sentenced as though that fact were established at trial. <br />
<br />
'''Libby and Presidential Clemency'''<br />
<br />
Almost from the beginning of his trial the President was encouraged to pardon Libby. Among those calling for pardon were William F. Buckley, Jr, Fred Thompson, Cal Thomas, Ann Coulter, Jack Kemp and Tom Delay.<ref>http://libbypardon.net/procon.htm</ref> But the trial continued and sentence was announced without presidential intereference. As decisions were being made rearding the possibility of bail, many believed (incorrectly) President Bush's hand would be forced, that he would have to grant a pardon in order to spare Libby from entering prison. <ref>http://libbypardon.net/0607.htm</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
* [http://wid.ap.org/documents/libbytrial/index.html Libby Trial Documents]<br />
* [http://www.scooterlibby.com/ Libby Legal Defense Fund]<br />
* [http://libbypardon.net Pardon for Libby? Blog]<br />
* [http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=15988 Robert Novak on the Libby Trial]<br />
* [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/years/2007/0605071libby1.html Libby Letters] -- letters from [[Donald Rumsfeld]], [[Henry Kissinger]], [[Paul Wolfowitz]], [[John Bolton]], [[Mary Matalin]], [[James Carville]], [[Peter Pace]], [[Richard Perle]], [[James Woolsey]], [[Douglas Feith]], [[Christopher Cox]], [[Leon Wieseltier]], [[Leonard Garment]], [[Alan Simpson]], [[Natan Sharansky]], [[Richard Myers]], and [[Anthony Fauci]], petition the Judge for leniency. [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/graphics/pdf/libbyletterscomplete.pdf]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Libby, Lewis}}<br />
[[Category:Political people]]<br />
[[Category:Criminals]]<br />
[[Category:Crime]]</div>PSRuckmanhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Irve_Lewis_Libby_Jr.&diff=194721Irve Lewis Libby Jr.2007-06-11T04:56:01Z<p>PSRuckman: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Hdy567.jpg|right|thumb]]<br />
'''Irve Lewis "Scooter" Libby Jr.''' is a former deputy Secretary of Defense, Chief of Staff, National Security Advisor and private Attorney to Vice President [[Dick Cheney]]. <br />
<br />
Libby was born in New Haven, [[Connecticut]]; his father was an investment banker.<ref>[http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/051031/31libby.htm "A Rough Road For 'Scooter'?"], Kenneth T. Walsh</ref> Various sources report that he has been rather secretive about his actual first name, and that the initial "I." stands for Irving.<ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4965501 "Guarding the 'I' in I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby"], Mike Pesca, National Public Radio, October 19, 2005.</ref><ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/22/AR2005102201439.html "In the Spotlight And on the Spot: Scooter Libby, Backstage No More"], Mark Leibovich, [[Washington Post]], 23 October, 2005.</ref> According to interviews, he first acquired his nickname "Scooter" as an infant, when his father, after seeing him move quickly across his crib, described him as "a scooter".<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/10/27/politics/main989970.shtml "Libby: Lawyer, Adviser, Author:] Cheney's Chief Of Staff Both Political Insider And Acclaimed Novelist", Stephen Smith, [[CBS News]], [[28 October]], [[2005]]</ref><br />
<br />
On October 28, 2005, Libby was indicted on five felony counts (1*Obstruction of Justice, 2*Making False Statements, 2*Perjury) due to his involvement in the [[Valerie Plame]] <ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2007-05-29-plame-testimony_N.htm Plame called on to explain varied accounts], By Richard Willing, ''USA TODAY'', May 29, 2007.</ref> affair. After the indictment, Libby resigned as Vice President Cheney's chief of staff, as assistant to the Vice President for national security affairs, and as assistant to President Bush. <ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4979769 NPR]</ref><br />
<br />
'''Conviction and Sentence'''<br />
<br />
Libby was convicted on four counts including: Obstruction of Justice (intentionally deceiving the grand jury about how he learned, and “disclosed to the media,” information about Valerie Plame Wilson’s employment by the CIA, Making a False Statement (intentionally giving the FBI false information about a conversation he had with Tim Russert), Perjury (knowingly providing false testimony about a conversation he had with Russert and knowingly providing false testimony about his conversation with reporters regarding Valerie Plame Wilson’s CIA employment). He was founf Not Guilty on an additional charge, that he gave false statements to the FBI about his conversation with ''Time'' magazine reporter Matt Cooper.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17479718/ MSNBC]</ref><br />
<br />
Althought the U.S. Probation Office recommended a sentence of 15-21 months, on June 5th, 2007, Jugde Reggie B. Walton sentences Libby to thirty months in jail and a fine of $250,000.<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070605/ap_on_go_pr_wh/cia_leak_trial Yahoo News]</ref><br />
<br />
'''Libby and Presidential Clemency'''<br />
<br />
Almost from the beginning of his trial the President was encouraged to pardon Libby. Among those calling for pardon were William F. Buckley, Jr, Fred Thompson, Cal Thomas, Ann Coulter, Jack Kemp and Tom Delay.<ref>http://libbypardon.net/procon.htm</ref> But the trial continued and sentence was announced without presidential intereference.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
* [http://wid.ap.org/documents/libbytrial/index.html Libby Trial Documents]<br />
* [http://www.scooterlibby.com/ Libby Legal Defense Fund]<br />
* [http://libbypardon.net Pardon for Libby? Blog]<br />
* [http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=15988 Robert Novak on the Libby Trial]<br />
* [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/years/2007/0605071libby1.html Libby Letters] -- letters from [[Donald Rumsfeld]], [[Henry Kissinger]], [[Paul Wolfowitz]], [[John Bolton]], [[Mary Matalin]], [[James Carville]], [[Peter Pace]], [[Richard Perle]], [[James Woolsey]], [[Douglas Feith]], [[Christopher Cox]], [[Leon Wieseltier]], [[Leonard Garment]], [[Alan Simpson]], [[Natan Sharansky]], [[Richard Myers]], and [[Anthony Fauci]], petition the Judge for leniency. [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/graphics/pdf/libbyletterscomplete.pdf]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Libby, Lewis}}<br />
[[Category:Political people]]<br />
[[Category:Criminals]]<br />
[[Category:Crime]]</div>PSRuckmanhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Irve_Lewis_Libby_Jr.&diff=194720Irve Lewis Libby Jr.2007-06-11T04:53:18Z<p>PSRuckman: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Hdy567.jpg|right|thumb]]<br />
'''Irve Lewis "Scooter" Libby Jr.''' is a former deputy Secretary of Defense, Chief of Staff, National Security Advisor and private Attorney to Vice President [[Dick Cheney]]. <br />
<br />
Libby was born in New Haven, [[Connecticut]]; his father was an investment banker.<ref>[http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/051031/31libby.htm "A Rough Road For 'Scooter'?"], Kenneth T. Walsh</ref> Various sources report that he has been rather secretive about his actual first name, and that the initial "I." stands for Irving.<ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4965501 "Guarding the 'I' in I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby"], Mike Pesca, National Public Radio, October 19, 2005.</ref><ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/22/AR2005102201439.html "In the Spotlight And on the Spot: Scooter Libby, Backstage No More"], Mark Leibovich, [[Washington Post]], 23 October, 2005.</ref> According to interviews, he first acquired his nickname "Scooter" as an infant, when his father, after seeing him move quickly across his crib, described him as "a scooter".<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/10/27/politics/main989970.shtml "Libby: Lawyer, Adviser, Author:] Cheney's Chief Of Staff Both Political Insider And Acclaimed Novelist", Stephen Smith, [[CBS News]], [[28 October]], [[2005]]</ref><br />
<br />
On October 28, 2005, Libby was indicted on five felony counts (1*Obstruction of Justice, 2*Making False Statements, 2*Perjury) due to his involvement in the [[Valerie Plame]] <ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2007-05-29-plame-testimony_N.htm Plame called on to explain varied accounts], By Richard Willing, ''USA TODAY'', May 29, 2007.</ref> affair. On March 6, 2007, Libby was found guilty of the felony offense of lying to a grand jury. He had testified that he first learned about Joe Wilson's wife from VP Dick Cheney, and that when [[Tim Russert]] mentioned her in a phone call a month or so later, Libby told Russert that he had forgotten about her. Russert testified that no one mentioned Wilson's wife on that phone call.<br />
<br />
On October 28, 2005, after his indictment by Fitzgerald's grand jury, he resigned as Vice President Cheney's chief of staff, as assistant to the Vice President for national security affairs, and as assistant to President Bush. <ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4979769 NPR]</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
'''Conviction and Sentence'''<br />
<br />
Libby was convicted on four counts including: Obstruction of Justice (intentionally deceiving the grand jury about how he learned, and “disclosed to the media,” information about Valerie Plame Wilson’s employment by the CIA, Making a False Statement (intentionally giving the FBI false information about a conversation he had with Tim Russert), Perjury (knowingly providing false testimony about a conversation he had with Russert and knowingly providing false testimony about his conversation with reporters regarding Valerie Plame Wilson’s CIA employment). He was founf Not Guilty on an additional charge, that he gave false statements to the FBI about his conversation with ''Time'' magazine reporter Matt Cooper.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17479718/ MSNBC]</ref><br />
<br />
Althought the U.S. Probation Office recommended a sentence of 15-21 months, on June 5th, 2007, Jugde Reggie B. Walton sentences Libby to thirty months in jail and a fine of $250,000.<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070605/ap_on_go_pr_wh/cia_leak_trial Yahoo News]</ref><br />
<br />
'''Libby and Presidential Clemency'''<br />
Almost from the beginning of his trial the President was encouraged to pardon Libby. Among those calling for pardon were William F. Buckley, Jr, Fred Thompson, Cal Thomas, Ann Coulter, Jack Kemp and Tom Delay.<ref>http://libbypardon.net/procon.htm</ref> But the trial continued and sentence was announced without presidential intereference.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
* [http://wid.ap.org/documents/libbytrial/index.html Libby Trial Documents]<br />
* [http://www.scooterlibby.com/ Libby Legal Defense Fund]<br />
* [http://libbypardon.net Pardon for Libby? Blog]<br />
* [http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=15988 Robert Novak on the Libby Trial]<br />
* [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/years/2007/0605071libby1.html Libby Letters] -- letters from [[Donald Rumsfeld]], [[Henry Kissinger]], [[Paul Wolfowitz]], [[John Bolton]], [[Mary Matalin]], [[James Carville]], [[Peter Pace]], [[Richard Perle]], [[James Woolsey]], [[Douglas Feith]], [[Christopher Cox]], [[Leon Wieseltier]], [[Leonard Garment]], [[Alan Simpson]], [[Natan Sharansky]], [[Richard Myers]], and [[Anthony Fauci]], petition the Judge for leniency. [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/graphics/pdf/libbyletterscomplete.pdf]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Libby, Lewis}}<br />
[[Category:Political people]]<br />
[[Category:Criminals]]<br />
[[Category:Crime]]</div>PSRuckmanhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Irve_Lewis_Libby_Jr.&diff=194712Talk:Irve Lewis Libby Jr.2007-06-11T04:44:28Z<p>PSRuckman: /* Opinionated paragraphs */</p>
<hr />
<div>Moved from [[Talk:Lewis "Scooter" Libby]]<br />
I believe his full name is Irving Lewis "Scooter" Libby. But then I'm not a citable source. --[[User:Cracker|Cracker]] 14:03, 11 March 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:He's nearly universally referred to as Lewis "Scooter" Libby. I'll move the page there. --[[User:Hojimachong|Hojimachong]] 14:05, 11 March 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
::Yes, this is true, I wasn't faulting you just pointing it out.--[[User:Cracker|Cracker]] 14:08, 11 March 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:::I know. And yes, I checked, and his full name is Irving Lewis Libby :D. --[[User:Hojimachong|Hojimachong]] 14:10, 11 March 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
== Opinionated paragraphs ==<br />
I favor deleting the last 3 paragraphs as opinionated, misleading, and repetitive. They start with "Libby is the highest-ranking White House official to be convicted of a felony since the Iran-Contra scandal of the mid-1980s." Huh? I didn't think that anyone was convicted in Iran-Contra. North and Poindexter won on appeal. Then there is some out-of-place criticism of the Wash. Post, and a useless comment about legal experts being not surprised. [[User:RSchlafly|RSchlafly]] 16:48, 13 March 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
* I agree and will try to assist. [[User:PSRuckman|PSRuckman]]<br />
<br />
==format==<br />
<br />
The format of this article is bizarre and incomprehensible. It sounds like something that was copied from elsewhere. --[[User:WOVcenter|WOVcenter]] 00:16, 14 March 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
==Unencyclopedic?==<br />
This article is incorrectly titled. It should be moved to [[Irve Lewis Libby Jr.]] and variations of his name, eg [[Irve Lewis "Scooter" Libby Jr.]], [[Lewis "Scooter" Libby]] etc etc should only exist as redirects to the main article. [[User:Fox|Fox]] 16:20, 24 May 2007 (EDT)<br />
:I agree. Go ahead and do it, please. [[User:RobS|RobS]] 16:21, 24 May 2007 (EDT)<br />
::Done :) [[User:Fox|Fox]] 16:25, 24 May 2007 (EDT)</div>PSRuckmanhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Irve_Lewis_Libby_Jr.&diff=194711Irve Lewis Libby Jr.2007-06-11T04:42:31Z<p>PSRuckman: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Hdy567.jpg|right|thumb]]<br />
'''Irve Lewis "Scooter" Libby Jr.''' is a former deputy Secretary of Defense, Chief of Staff, National Security Advisor and private Attorney to Vice President [[Dick Cheney]]. <br />
<br />
Libby was born in New Haven, [[Connecticut]]; his father was an investment banker.<ref>[http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/051031/31libby.htm "A Rough Road For 'Scooter'?"], Kenneth T. Walsh</ref> Various sources report that he has been rather secretive about his actual first name, and that the initial "I." stands for Irving.<ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4965501 "Guarding the 'I' in I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby"], Mike Pesca, National Public Radio, October 19, 2005.</ref><ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/22/AR2005102201439.html "In the Spotlight And on the Spot: Scooter Libby, Backstage No More"], Mark Leibovich, [[Washington Post]], 23 October, 2005.</ref> According to interviews, he first acquired his nickname "Scooter" as an infant, when his father, after seeing him move quickly across his crib, described him as "a scooter".<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/10/27/politics/main989970.shtml "Libby: Lawyer, Adviser, Author:] Cheney's Chief Of Staff Both Political Insider And Acclaimed Novelist", Stephen Smith, [[CBS News]], [[28 October]], [[2005]]</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
On October 28, 2005, Libby was indicted on five felony counts (1*Obstruction of Justice, 2*Making False Statements, 2*Perjury) due to his involvement in the [[Valerie Plame]] <ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2007-05-29-plame-testimony_N.htm Plame called on to explain varied accounts], By Richard Willing, ''USA TODAY'', May 29, 2007.</ref> affair. On March 6, 2007, Libby was found guilty of the felony offense of lying to a grand jury. He had testified that he first learned about Joe Wilson's wife from VP Dick Cheney, and that when [[Tim Russert]] mentioned her in a phone call a month or so later, Libby told Russert that he had forgotten about her. Russert testified that no one mentioned Wilson's wife on that phone call.<br />
<br />
<br />
On October 28, 2005, after his indictment by Fitzgerald's grand jury, he resigned as Vice President Cheney's chief of staff, as assistant to the Vice President for national security affairs, and as assistant to President Bush. <ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4979769 NPR]</ref><br />
<br />
On June 5th, 2007, Libby was sentenced to thirty months in jail and fined $250,000.<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070605/ap_on_go_pr_wh/cia_leak_trial Yahoo News]</ref><br />
<br />
'''Jurors convict Libby on four of five charges'''<br />
<br />
Guilty Count 1 - Obstruction of Justice: Libby intentionally deceived the grand jury about how he learned, and “disclosed to the media,” information about Valerie Plame Wilson’s employment by the CIA.<br />
Guilty Count 2 - Making a False Statement: Libby intentionally gave FBI agents false information about a conversation he had with NBC’s Tim Russert regarding Valerie Plame Wilson, who is married to Joseph Wilson. <br />
Not Guilty Count 3 - a charge that he gave false statements to the FBI about his conversation with Time magazine reporter Matt Cooper.<br />
Guilty Count 4 - Perjury: Libby knowingly provided false testimony in court about a conversation he had with Russert. <br />
Guilty Count 5 - Perjury: Libby knowingly provided false testimony in court about his conversation with reporters regarding Valerie Plame Wilson’s CIA employment.<br />
<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17479718/ MSNBC]</ref><br />
<br />
'''Shame on the Washington Post, Again'''... False Claims ... that Plame was not a covert CIA officer involved with sensitive counter-proliferation operations – and that therefore no real crime was committed when the Bush administration leaked her identity. ... Toensing leaves out, however, that it has been Libby’s defense lawyers who have fought to exclude evidence of Plame’s covert CIA status because they regard the fact as likely to prejudice the jury against their client. <ref>[http://baltimorechronicle.com/2007/021907Parry-too.shtml Baltimore Chronicle]</ref><br />
<br />
'''Legal observers puzzled by 'Scooter' Libby's version of events'''<br />
Most legal experts were not surprised Tuesday when jurors convicted I. Lewis "Scooter" Libby on four of five counts of lying to federal investigators. ...<br />
At trial, Libby's claim was contradicted by nine witnesses, including government officials, who said he had talked to them about Plame weeks earlier. ...<br />
From the outset, as legal experts saw it, the case against Libby was simple and straightforward — and hard to defend against. ...<br />
Since the Watergate scandal of the 1970s, one of Washington's favored cliches has been that it's not the crime but the cover-up that gets officials into trouble. <br />
<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-assess7mar07,1,2839083.story?coll=la-headlines-nation LA Times]</ref><br />
<br />
'''Libby and Presidential Clemency'''<br />
Almost from the beginning of his trial the President was encouraged to pardon Libby. Among those calling for pardon were William F. Buckley, Jr, Fred Thompson, Cal Thomas, Ann Coulter, Jack Kemp and Tom Delay.<ref>http://libbypardon.net/procon.htm</ref> But the trial continued and sentence was announced without presidential intereference.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
* [http://wid.ap.org/documents/libbytrial/index.html Libby Trial Documents]<br />
* [http://www.scooterlibby.com/ Libby Legal Defense Fund]<br />
* [http://libbypardon.net Pardon for Libby? Blog]<br />
* [http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=15988 Robert Novak on the Libby Trial]<br />
* [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/years/2007/0605071libby1.html Libby Letters] -- letters from [[Donald Rumsfeld]], [[Henry Kissinger]], [[Paul Wolfowitz]], [[John Bolton]], [[Mary Matalin]], [[James Carville]], [[Peter Pace]], [[Richard Perle]], [[James Woolsey]], [[Douglas Feith]], [[Christopher Cox]], [[Leon Wieseltier]], [[Leonard Garment]], [[Alan Simpson]], [[Natan Sharansky]], [[Richard Myers]], and [[Anthony Fauci]], petition the Judge for leniency. [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/graphics/pdf/libbyletterscomplete.pdf]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Libby, Lewis}}<br />
[[Category:Political people]]<br />
[[Category:Criminals]]<br />
[[Category:Crime]]</div>PSRuckmanhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Irve_Lewis_Libby_Jr.&diff=194704Irve Lewis Libby Jr.2007-06-11T04:35:20Z<p>PSRuckman: /* External Links */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Hdy567.jpg|right|thumb]]<br />
'''Irve Lewis "Scooter" Libby Jr.''' is a former deputy Secretary of Defense, Chief of Staff, National Security Advisor and private Attorney to Vice President [[Dick Cheney]]. <br />
<br />
Libby was born in New Haven, [[Connecticut]]; his father was an investment banker.<ref>[http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/051031/31libby.htm "A Rough Road For 'Scooter'?"], Kenneth T. Walsh</ref> Various sources report that he has been rather secretive about his actual first name, and that the initial "I." stands for Irving.<ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4965501 "Guarding the 'I' in I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby"], Mike Pesca, National Public Radio, October 19, 2005.</ref><ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/22/AR2005102201439.html "In the Spotlight And on the Spot: Scooter Libby, Backstage No More"], Mark Leibovich, [[Washington Post]], 23 October, 2005.</ref> According to interviews, he first acquired his nickname "Scooter" as an infant, when his father, after seeing him move quickly across his crib, described him as "a scooter".<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/10/27/politics/main989970.shtml "Libby: Lawyer, Adviser, Author:] Cheney's Chief Of Staff Both Political Insider And Acclaimed Novelist", Stephen Smith, [[CBS News]], [[28 October]], [[2005]]</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
On October 28, 2005, Libby was indicted on five felony counts (1*Obstruction of Justice, 2*Making False Statements, 2*Perjury) due to his involvement in the [[Valerie Plame]] <ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2007-05-29-plame-testimony_N.htm Plame called on to explain varied accounts], By Richard Willing, ''USA TODAY'', May 29, 2007.</ref> affair. On March 6, 2007, Libby was found guilty of the felony offense of lying to a grand jury. He had testified that he first learned about Joe Wilson's wife from VP Dick Cheney, and that when [[Tim Russert]] mentioned her in a phone call a month or so later, Libby told Russert that he had forgotten about her. Russert testified that no one mentioned Wilson's wife on that phone call.<br />
<br />
<br />
On October 28, 2005, after his indictment by Fitzgerald's grand jury, he resigned as Vice President Cheney's chief of staff, as assistant to the Vice President for national security affairs, and as assistant to President Bush. <ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4979769 NPR]</ref><br />
<br />
On June 5th, 2007, Libby was sentenced to thirty months in jail and fined $250,000.<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070605/ap_on_go_pr_wh/cia_leak_trial Yahoo News]</ref><br />
<br />
'''Jurors convict Libby on four of five charges'''<br />
<br />
Guilty Count 1 - Obstruction of Justice: Libby intentionally deceived the grand jury about how he learned, and “disclosed to the media,” information about Valerie Plame Wilson’s employment by the CIA.<br />
Guilty Count 2 - Making a False Statement: Libby intentionally gave FBI agents false information about a conversation he had with NBC’s Tim Russert regarding Valerie Plame Wilson, who is married to Joseph Wilson. <br />
Not Guilty Count 3 - a charge that he gave false statements to the FBI about his conversation with Time magazine reporter Matt Cooper.<br />
Guilty Count 4 - Perjury: Libby knowingly provided false testimony in court about a conversation he had with Russert. <br />
Guilty Count 5 - Perjury: Libby knowingly provided false testimony in court about his conversation with reporters regarding Valerie Plame Wilson’s CIA employment.<br />
<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17479718/ MSNBC]</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
'''Shame on the Washington Post, Again'''... False Claims ... that Plame was not a covert CIA officer involved with sensitive counter-proliferation operations – and that therefore no real crime was committed when the Bush administration leaked her identity. ... Toensing leaves out, however, that it has been Libby’s defense lawyers who have fought to exclude evidence of Plame’s covert CIA status because they regard the fact as likely to prejudice the jury against their client. <ref>[http://baltimorechronicle.com/2007/021907Parry-too.shtml Baltimore Chronicle]</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
'''Legal observers puzzled by 'Scooter' Libby's version of events'''<br />
Most legal experts were not surprised Tuesday when jurors convicted I. Lewis "Scooter" Libby on four of five counts of lying to federal investigators. ...<br />
At trial, Libby's claim was contradicted by nine witnesses, including government officials, who said he had talked to them about Plame weeks earlier. ...<br />
From the outset, as legal experts saw it, the case against Libby was simple and straightforward — and hard to defend against. ...<br />
Since the Watergate scandal of the 1970s, one of Washington's favored cliches has been that it's not the crime but the cover-up that gets officials into trouble. <br />
<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-assess7mar07,1,2839083.story?coll=la-headlines-nation LA Times]</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
* [http://wid.ap.org/documents/libbytrial/index.html Libby Trial Documents]<br />
* [http://www.scooterlibby.com/ Libby Legal Defense Fund]<br />
* [http://libbypardon.net Pardon for Libby? Blog]<br />
* [http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=15988 Robert Novak on the Libby Trial]<br />
* [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/years/2007/0605071libby1.html Libby Letters] -- letters from [[Donald Rumsfeld]], [[Henry Kissinger]], [[Paul Wolfowitz]], [[John Bolton]], [[Mary Matalin]], [[James Carville]], [[Peter Pace]], [[Richard Perle]], [[James Woolsey]], [[Douglas Feith]], [[Christopher Cox]], [[Leon Wieseltier]], [[Leonard Garment]], [[Alan Simpson]], [[Natan Sharansky]], [[Richard Myers]], and [[Anthony Fauci]], petition the Judge for leniency. [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/graphics/pdf/libbyletterscomplete.pdf]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Libby, Lewis}}<br />
[[Category:Political people]]<br />
[[Category:Criminals]]<br />
[[Category:Crime]]</div>PSRuckmanhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Pardon_Power&diff=99079Pardon Power2007-04-11T05:06:08Z<p>PSRuckman: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Pardon Power is a constitutional power assigned to the President which allows for the mitigation of the severity of criminal punishment. "The President ... shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment." U.S. ''Constitution'', Article II, Section 2, Clause 1. The United States Supreme Court has interpreted the "Pardon Power" to include the power to grant pardons, conditional pardons, commutations of sentence, conditional commutations of sentence, respites, remissions, and amnesties.<ref>P.S. Ruckman, Jr. 1997. “Executive Clemency in the United States: Origins, Development, and Analysis (1900-1993),”27 ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', 251-271</ref><br />
<br />
The power comes from the royal English Prerogative of Kings, which predates the Norman invasion. British monarchs frequnelt sold pardons and conditional pardons were used to populate the colonies.<ref>Patrick R. Cowlishaw, "The Conditional Presidential Pardon." 28 ''Stanford Law Review'' 149-77</ref> Felons were also forgiven if they agreed to serve one year as a soldier.<ref>William F. Duker, "The Presidential Power to Pardon." 18 ''William and Mary Law Review'' 255-72</ref> Edward III granted pardons to celebrate his birthday and James II shared pardon sales with the two ladies "then most in favor."<ref>Kathleen Dean Moore, "Pardon for Good and Sufficient Reasons," University of 27 ''Richmond Law Review'' 281-8</ref> To curb abuses in which kings would grant pardons in exchange for money, Parliament tried unsuccessfully to limit this power. However, in 1701 Parliament limited this power in the ''Act of Settlement''.<br />
<br />
Under the ''Articles of Confederation'', the executive had no pardon power. Likewise, the power was not a feature of either of the major plans discussed at the Constitutional Convention (the ''Viginia Plan'' and the ''New Jersey Plan''). Nor did the power appear in a first draft sent to the Committee on Detail. However, Charles Pickney and Alexander Hamilton submitted minor plans at the Convention which contained the power and John Rutlegde, a member of the Committee, scribbled it into the margins. The first real discussion of pardons did not take place until the end of a working day near the end of the Convention (August 25th). Thus, there was "relative paucity of debate" at the Federal Convention concerning the pardon power<ref>James N. Jorgensen. 1993. "Clemency and Pardons Note," 27 ''University of Richmond Law Review'', 345-370</ref> and little further discussion at the state ratifying conventions.<ref>David G. Adler. 1989. "The President's Pardon Power." In Thomas Cronin's ''Inventing the Presidency''</ref> <br />
<br />
''The Federalist'' No. 74 (written by Alexander Hamilton well after the Convention) explains its purpose of "humanity and good policy" and to lessen harsh results of the criminal code. Several Supreme Court decisions have upheld a broad interpretation of the Pardon Power.<ref>''United States v. Wilson'', 32 U.S. 150 (1833)</ref><ref>''Ex parte'' Garland, 71 U.S. 333 (1867)</ref><ref>''United States v. Klein'', 80 U.S. 128 (1871)</ref><ref>''Biddle v. Perovich'', 274 U.S. 480 (1927)</ref><ref>''Schick v. Reed'', 419 U.S. 256 (1974)</ref><br />
<br />
It has never been decided whether Congress can grant pardons itself. Some argue that the grant of the power to pardon only to the President by implication precludes a power to pardon by Congress. But there is Supreme Court authority suggesting that Congress also has the power to pardon.<ref>''[[Brown v. Walker]]'', 161 U.S. 591 (1896); ''[[The Laura]]'', 114 U.S. 411 (1885).</ref><br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
'''Sources:''' <references/><br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
* [http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/pardons.htm Pardons Page, University of Pittsburgh]<br />
* [http://www.rvc.cc.il.us/faclink/pruckman/pardoncharts/juristcharts.htm Pardon Research and Data]<br />
* [http://www.time.com/time/2007/presidential_pardons/ TIME Magazine's "Notorious" Pardons]<br />
[[category:United States]]</div>PSRuckmanhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Pardon_Power&diff=99074Pardon Power2007-04-11T05:05:35Z<p>PSRuckman: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Pardon Power is a constitutional power assigned to the President which allows for the mitigation of the severity of criminal punishment. "The President ... shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment." U.S. ''Constitution'', Article II, Section 2, Clause 1. The United States Supreme Court has interpreted the "Pardon Power" to include the power to grant pardons, conditional pardons, commutations of sentence, conditional commutations of sentence, respites, remissions, and amnesties.<ref>P.S. Ruckman, Jr. 1997. “Executive Clemency in the United States: Origins, Development, and Analysis (1900-1993),”27 ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', 251-271</ref><br />
<br />
The power comes from the royal English Prerogative of Kings, which predates the Norman invasion. British monarchs frequnelt sold pardons and conditional pardons were used to populate the colonies.<ref>Patrick R. Cowlishaw, "The Conditional Presidential Pardon." 28 ''Stanford Law Review'' 149-77</ref> Felons were also forgiven if they agreed to serve one year as a soldier.<ref>William F. Duker, "The Presidential Power to Pardon." 18 ''William and Mary Law Review'' 255-72</ref> Edward III granted pardons to celebrate his birthday and James II shared pardon sales with the two ladies "then most in favor."<ref>Kathleen Dean Moore, "Pardon for Good and Sufficient Reasons," University of 27 ''Richmond Law Review'' 281-8</ref> To curb abuses in which kings would grant pardons in exchange for money, Parliament tried unsuccessfully to limit this power. However, in 1701 Parliament limited this power in the ''Act of Settlement''.<br />
<br />
Under the ''Articles of Confederation'', the executive had no pardon power. Likewise, the power was not a feature of either of the major plans discussed at the Constitutional Convention (the ''Viginia Plan'' and the ''New Jersey Plan''). Nor did the power appear in a first draft sent to the Committee on Detail. However, Charles Pickney and Alexander Hamilton submitted minor plans at the Convention which contained the power and John Rutlegde, a member of the Committee, scribbled it into the margins. The first real discussion of pardons did not take place until the end of a working day near the end of the Convention (August 25th). Thus, there was "relative paucity of debate" at the Federal Convention concerning the pardon power<ref>Jorgensen, James N. 1993. "Clemency and Pardons Note," 27 ''University of Richmond Law Review'', 345-370</ref> and little further discussion at the state ratifying conventions.<ref>David G. Adler. 1989. "The President's Pardon Power." In Thomas Cronin's ''Inventing the Presidency''</ref> <br />
<br />
''The Federalist'' No. 74 (written by Alexander Hamilton well after the Convention) explains its purpose of "humanity and good policy" and to lessen harsh results of the criminal code. Several Supreme Court decisions have upheld a broad interpretation of the Pardon Power.<ref>''United States v. Wilson'', 32 U.S. 150 (1833)</ref><ref>''Ex parte'' Garland, 71 U.S. 333 (1867)</ref><ref>''United States v. Klein'', 80 U.S. 128 (1871)</ref><ref>''Biddle v. Perovich'', 274 U.S. 480 (1927)</ref><ref>''Schick v. Reed'', 419 U.S. 256 (1974)</ref><br />
<br />
It has never been decided whether Congress can grant pardons itself. Some argue that the grant of the power to pardon only to the President by implication precludes a power to pardon by Congress. But there is Supreme Court authority suggesting that Congress also has the power to pardon.<ref>''[[Brown v. Walker]]'', 161 U.S. 591 (1896); ''[[The Laura]]'', 114 U.S. 411 (1885).</ref><br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
'''Sources:''' <references/><br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
* [http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/pardons.htm Pardons Page, University of Pittsburgh]<br />
* [http://www.rvc.cc.il.us/faclink/pruckman/pardoncharts/juristcharts.htm Pardon Research and Data]<br />
* [http://www.time.com/time/2007/presidential_pardons/ TIME Magazine's "Notorious" Pardons]<br />
[[category:United States]]</div>PSRuckmanhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Lewis_%22Scooter%22_Libby&diff=98982Lewis "Scooter" Libby2007-04-11T04:34:12Z<p>PSRuckman: /* External Links */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Hdy567.jpg|right|thumb]]<br />
'''Irve Lewis "Scooter" Libby Jr.''' is a former deputy Secretary of Defense, Chief of Staff, National Security Advisor and private Attorney to Vice President [[Dick Cheney]]. <br />
<br />
Libby was born to a Jewish family in New Haven, [[Connecticut]]; his father was an investment banker.<ref>[http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/051031/31libby.htm "A Rough Road For 'Scooter'?"], Kenneth T. Walsh</ref> Various sources report that he has been rather secretive about his actual first name, and that the initial "I." stands for Irving.<ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4965501 "Guarding the 'I' in I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby"], Mike Pesca, National Public Radio, October 19, 2005.</ref><ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/22/AR2005102201439.html "In the Spotlight And on the Spot: Scooter Libby, Backstage No More"], Mark Leibovich, [[Washington Post]], 23 October, 2005.</ref> According to interviews, he first acquired his nickname "Scooter" as an infant, when his father, after seeing him move quickly across his crib, described him as "a scooter".<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/10/27/politics/main989970.shtml "Libby: Lawyer, Adviser, Author:] Cheney's Chief Of Staff Both Political Insider And Acclaimed Novelist", Stephen Smith, [[CBS News]], [[28 October]], [[2005]]</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
On October 28, 2005, Libby was indicted on five felony counts (1*Obstruction of Justice, 2*Making False Statements, 2*Perjury) due to his involvement in the [[Valerie Plame]] affair. On March 6, 2007, Libby was found guilty of the felony offense of lying to a grand jury. He had testified that he first learned about Joe Wilson's wife from VP Dick Cheney, and that when [[Tim Russert]] mentioned her in a phone call a month or so later, Libby told Russert that he had forgotten about her. Russert testified that no one mentioned Wilson's wife on that phone call.<br />
<br />
<br />
On October 28, 2005, after his indictment by Fitzgerald's grand jury, he resigned as Vice President Cheney's chief of staff, as assistant to the Vice President for national security affairs, and as assistant to President Bush. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4979769<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Jurors convict Libby on four of five charges'''<br />
Libby is the highest-ranking White House official to be convicted of a felony since the Iran-Contra scandal of the mid-1980s. The case brought new attention to the Bush administration's much-criticized handling of weapons of mass destruction intelligence in the run-up to the Iraq war. <br />
Guilty Count 1 - Obstruction of Justice: Libby intentionally deceived the grand jury about how he learned, and “disclosed to the media,” information about Valerie Plame Wilson’s employment by the CIA.<br />
Guilty Count 2 - Making a False Statement: Libby intentionally gave FBI agents false information about a conversation he had with NBC’s Tim Russert regarding Valerie Plame Wilson, who is married to Joseph Wilson. <br />
Not Guilty Count 3 - a charge that he gave false statements to the FBI about his conversation with Time magazine reporter Matt Cooper.<br />
Guilty Count 4 - Perjury: Libby knowingly provided false testimony in court about a conversation he had with Russert. <br />
Guilty Count 5 - Perjury: Libby knowingly provided false testimony in court about his conversation with reporters regarding Valerie Plame Wilson’s CIA employment.<br />
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17479718/<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Shame on the Washington Post, Again'''... False Claims ... that Plame was not a covert CIA officer involved with sensitive counter-proliferation operations – and that therefore no real crime was committed when the Bush administration leaked her identity. ... Toensing leaves out, however, that it has been Libby’s defense lawyers who have fought to exclude evidence of Plame’s covert CIA status because they regard the fact as likely to prejudice the jury against their client. http://baltimorechronicle.com/2007/021907Parry-too.shtml<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Legal observers puzzled by 'Scooter' Libby's version of events'''<br />
Most legal experts were not surprised Tuesday when jurors convicted I. Lewis "Scooter" Libby on four of five counts of lying to federal investigators. ...<br />
At trial, Libby's claim was contradicted by nine witnesses, including government officials, who said he had talked to them about Plame weeks earlier. ...<br />
From the outset, as legal experts saw it, the case against Libby was simple and straightforward — and hard to defend against. ...<br />
Since the Watergate scandal of the 1970s, one of Washington's favored cliches has been that it's not the crime but the cover-up that gets officials into trouble. <br />
http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-assess7mar07,1,2839083.story?coll=la-headlines-nation<br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
* [http://wid.ap.org/documents/libbytrial/index.html Libby Trial Documents]<br />
* [http://www.scooterlibby.com/ Libby Legal Defense Fund]<br />
* [http://www.rvc.cc.il.us/faclink/pruckman/pardoncharts/LibbyBlog.htm Pardon for Libby? Blog]<br />
* [http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=15988 Robert Novak on the Libby Trial]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Political people]]</div>PSRuckmanhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Lewis_%22Scooter%22_Libby&diff=98980Lewis "Scooter" Libby2007-04-11T04:33:50Z<p>PSRuckman: links</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Hdy567.jpg|right|thumb]]<br />
'''Irve Lewis "Scooter" Libby Jr.''' is a former deputy Secretary of Defense, Chief of Staff, National Security Advisor and private Attorney to Vice President [[Dick Cheney]]. <br />
<br />
Libby was born to a Jewish family in New Haven, [[Connecticut]]; his father was an investment banker.<ref>[http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/051031/31libby.htm "A Rough Road For 'Scooter'?"], Kenneth T. Walsh</ref> Various sources report that he has been rather secretive about his actual first name, and that the initial "I." stands for Irving.<ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4965501 "Guarding the 'I' in I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby"], Mike Pesca, National Public Radio, October 19, 2005.</ref><ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/22/AR2005102201439.html "In the Spotlight And on the Spot: Scooter Libby, Backstage No More"], Mark Leibovich, [[Washington Post]], 23 October, 2005.</ref> According to interviews, he first acquired his nickname "Scooter" as an infant, when his father, after seeing him move quickly across his crib, described him as "a scooter".<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/10/27/politics/main989970.shtml "Libby: Lawyer, Adviser, Author:] Cheney's Chief Of Staff Both Political Insider And Acclaimed Novelist", Stephen Smith, [[CBS News]], [[28 October]], [[2005]]</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
On October 28, 2005, Libby was indicted on five felony counts (1*Obstruction of Justice, 2*Making False Statements, 2*Perjury) due to his involvement in the [[Valerie Plame]] affair. On March 6, 2007, Libby was found guilty of the felony offense of lying to a grand jury. He had testified that he first learned about Joe Wilson's wife from VP Dick Cheney, and that when [[Tim Russert]] mentioned her in a phone call a month or so later, Libby told Russert that he had forgotten about her. Russert testified that no one mentioned Wilson's wife on that phone call.<br />
<br />
<br />
On October 28, 2005, after his indictment by Fitzgerald's grand jury, he resigned as Vice President Cheney's chief of staff, as assistant to the Vice President for national security affairs, and as assistant to President Bush. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4979769<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Jurors convict Libby on four of five charges'''<br />
Libby is the highest-ranking White House official to be convicted of a felony since the Iran-Contra scandal of the mid-1980s. The case brought new attention to the Bush administration's much-criticized handling of weapons of mass destruction intelligence in the run-up to the Iraq war. <br />
Guilty Count 1 - Obstruction of Justice: Libby intentionally deceived the grand jury about how he learned, and “disclosed to the media,” information about Valerie Plame Wilson’s employment by the CIA.<br />
Guilty Count 2 - Making a False Statement: Libby intentionally gave FBI agents false information about a conversation he had with NBC’s Tim Russert regarding Valerie Plame Wilson, who is married to Joseph Wilson. <br />
Not Guilty Count 3 - a charge that he gave false statements to the FBI about his conversation with Time magazine reporter Matt Cooper.<br />
Guilty Count 4 - Perjury: Libby knowingly provided false testimony in court about a conversation he had with Russert. <br />
Guilty Count 5 - Perjury: Libby knowingly provided false testimony in court about his conversation with reporters regarding Valerie Plame Wilson’s CIA employment.<br />
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17479718/<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Shame on the Washington Post, Again'''... False Claims ... that Plame was not a covert CIA officer involved with sensitive counter-proliferation operations – and that therefore no real crime was committed when the Bush administration leaked her identity. ... Toensing leaves out, however, that it has been Libby’s defense lawyers who have fought to exclude evidence of Plame’s covert CIA status because they regard the fact as likely to prejudice the jury against their client. http://baltimorechronicle.com/2007/021907Parry-too.shtml<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Legal observers puzzled by 'Scooter' Libby's version of events'''<br />
Most legal experts were not surprised Tuesday when jurors convicted I. Lewis "Scooter" Libby on four of five counts of lying to federal investigators. ...<br />
At trial, Libby's claim was contradicted by nine witnesses, including government officials, who said he had talked to them about Plame weeks earlier. ...<br />
From the outset, as legal experts saw it, the case against Libby was simple and straightforward — and hard to defend against. ...<br />
Since the Watergate scandal of the 1970s, one of Washington's favored cliches has been that it's not the crime but the cover-up that gets officials into trouble. <br />
http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-assess7mar07,1,2839083.story?coll=la-headlines-nation<br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
[http://wid.ap.org/documents/libbytrial/index.html Libby Trial Documents]<br />
[http://www.scooterlibby.com/ Libby Legal Defense Fund]<br />
[http://www.rvc.cc.il.us/faclink/pruckman/pardoncharts/LibbyBlog.htm Pardon for Libby? Blog]<br />
[http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=15988 Robert Novak on the Libby Trial]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Political people]]</div>PSRuckmanhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Pardon_Power&diff=98956Pardon Power2007-04-11T04:27:32Z<p>PSRuckman: /* External Links */</p>
<hr />
<div>The Pardon Power is a constitutional power assigned to the President which allows for the mitigation of the severity of criminal punishment. "The President ... shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment." U.S. ''Constitution'', Article II, Section 2, Clause 1. The United States Supreme Court has interpreted the "Pardon Power" to include the power to grant pardons, conditional pardons, commutations of sentence, conditional commutations of sentence, respites, remissions, and amnesties.<ref>Ruckman, P.S., Jr. 1997. “Executive Clemency in the United States: Origins, Development, and Analysis (1900-1993),”27 ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', 251-271</ref><br />
<br />
The power comes from the royal English Prerogative of Kings, which predates the Norman invasion. British monarchs frequnelt sold pardons and conditional pardons were used to populate the colonies.<ref>Patrick R. Cowlishaw, "The Conditional Presidential Pardon." 28 ''Stanford Law Review'' 149-77</ref> Felons were also forgiven if they agreed to serve one year as a soldier.<ref>Wiliam F. Duker, "The Presidential Power to Pardon." 18 ''William and Mary Law Review'' 255-72</ref> Edward III granted pardons to celebrate his birthday and James II shared pardon sales with the two ladies "then most in favor."<ref>Moore, Kathleen Dean, "Pardon for Good and Sufficient Reasons," University of 27 ''Richmond Law Review'' 281-8</ref> To curb abuses in which kings would grant pardons in exchange for money, Parliament tried unsuccessfully to limit this power. However, in 1701 Parliament limited this power in the ''Act of Settlement''.<br />
<br />
Under the ''Articles of Confederation'', the executive had no pardon power. Likewise, the power was not a feature of either of the major plans discussed at the Constitutional Convention (the ''Viginia Plan'' and the ''New Jersey Plan''). Nor did the power appear in a first draft sent to the Committee on Detail. However, Charles Pickney and Alexander Hamilton submitted minor plans at the Convention which contained the power and John Rutlegde, a member of the Committee, scribbled it into the margins. The first real discussion of pardons did not take place until the end of a working day near the end of the Convention (August 25th). Thus, there was "relative paucity of debate" at the Federal Convention concerning the pardon power<ref>Jorgensen, James N. 1993. "Clemency and Pardons Note," 27 ''University of Richmond Law Review'', 345-370</ref> and little further discussion at the state ratifying conventions.<ref>David G. Adler. 1989. "The President's Pardon Power." In Thomas Cronin's ''Inventing the Presidency''</ref> <br />
<br />
''The Federalist'' No. 74 (written by Alexander Hamilton well after the Convention) explains its purpose of "humanity and good policy" and to lessen harsh results of the criminal code. Several Supreme Court decisions have upheld a broad interpretation of the Pardon Power.<ref>''United States v. Wilson'', 32 U.S. 150 (1833)</ref><ref>''Ex parte'' Garland, 71 U.S. 333 (1867)</ref><ref>''United States v. Klein'', 80 U.S. 128 (1871)</ref><ref>''Biddle v. Perovich'', 274 U.S. 480 (1927)</ref><ref>''Schick v. Reed'', 419 U.S. 256 (1974)</ref><br />
<br />
It has never been decided whether Congress can grant pardons itself. Some argue that the grant of the power to pardon only to the President by implication precludes a power to pardon by Congress. But there is Supreme Court authority suggesting that Congress also has the power to pardon.<ref>''[[Brown v. Walker]]'', 161 U.S. 591 (1896); ''[[The Laura]]'', 114 U.S. 411 (1885).</ref><br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
'''Sources:''' <references/><br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
* [http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/pardons.htm Pardons Page, University of Pittsburgh]<br />
* [http://www.rvc.cc.il.us/faclink/pruckman/pardoncharts/juristcharts.htm Pardon Research and Data]<br />
* [http://www.time.com/time/2007/presidential_pardons/ TIME Magazine's "Notorious" Pardons]<br />
[[category:United States]]</div>PSRuckmanhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Pardon_Power&diff=98953Pardon Power2007-04-11T04:27:01Z<p>PSRuckman: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Pardon Power is a constitutional power assigned to the President which allows for the mitigation of the severity of criminal punishment. "The President ... shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment." U.S. ''Constitution'', Article II, Section 2, Clause 1. The United States Supreme Court has interpreted the "Pardon Power" to include the power to grant pardons, conditional pardons, commutations of sentence, conditional commutations of sentence, respites, remissions, and amnesties.<ref>Ruckman, P.S., Jr. 1997. “Executive Clemency in the United States: Origins, Development, and Analysis (1900-1993),”27 ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', 251-271</ref><br />
<br />
The power comes from the royal English Prerogative of Kings, which predates the Norman invasion. British monarchs frequnelt sold pardons and conditional pardons were used to populate the colonies.<ref>Patrick R. Cowlishaw, "The Conditional Presidential Pardon." 28 ''Stanford Law Review'' 149-77</ref> Felons were also forgiven if they agreed to serve one year as a soldier.<ref>Wiliam F. Duker, "The Presidential Power to Pardon." 18 ''William and Mary Law Review'' 255-72</ref> Edward III granted pardons to celebrate his birthday and James II shared pardon sales with the two ladies "then most in favor."<ref>Moore, Kathleen Dean, "Pardon for Good and Sufficient Reasons," University of 27 ''Richmond Law Review'' 281-8</ref> To curb abuses in which kings would grant pardons in exchange for money, Parliament tried unsuccessfully to limit this power. However, in 1701 Parliament limited this power in the ''Act of Settlement''.<br />
<br />
Under the ''Articles of Confederation'', the executive had no pardon power. Likewise, the power was not a feature of either of the major plans discussed at the Constitutional Convention (the ''Viginia Plan'' and the ''New Jersey Plan''). Nor did the power appear in a first draft sent to the Committee on Detail. However, Charles Pickney and Alexander Hamilton submitted minor plans at the Convention which contained the power and John Rutlegde, a member of the Committee, scribbled it into the margins. The first real discussion of pardons did not take place until the end of a working day near the end of the Convention (August 25th). Thus, there was "relative paucity of debate" at the Federal Convention concerning the pardon power<ref>Jorgensen, James N. 1993. "Clemency and Pardons Note," 27 ''University of Richmond Law Review'', 345-370</ref> and little further discussion at the state ratifying conventions.<ref>David G. Adler. 1989. "The President's Pardon Power." In Thomas Cronin's ''Inventing the Presidency''</ref> <br />
<br />
''The Federalist'' No. 74 (written by Alexander Hamilton well after the Convention) explains its purpose of "humanity and good policy" and to lessen harsh results of the criminal code. Several Supreme Court decisions have upheld a broad interpretation of the Pardon Power.<ref>''United States v. Wilson'', 32 U.S. 150 (1833)</ref><ref>''Ex parte'' Garland, 71 U.S. 333 (1867)</ref><ref>''United States v. Klein'', 80 U.S. 128 (1871)</ref><ref>''Biddle v. Perovich'', 274 U.S. 480 (1927)</ref><ref>''Schick v. Reed'', 419 U.S. 256 (1974)</ref><br />
<br />
It has never been decided whether Congress can grant pardons itself. Some argue that the grant of the power to pardon only to the President by implication precludes a power to pardon by Congress. But there is Supreme Court authority suggesting that Congress also has the power to pardon.<ref>''[[Brown v. Walker]]'', 161 U.S. 591 (1896); ''[[The Laura]]'', 114 U.S. 411 (1885).</ref><br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
'''Sources:''' <references/><br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
* [http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/pardons.htm Pardons Page, University of Pittsburgh]<br />
* [http://www.rvc.cc.il.us/faclink/pruckman/pardoncharts/juristcharts.htm Pardon Research and Data]<br />
* [http://www.time.com/time/2007/presidential_pardons/ TIME Magazines "Notorious" Pardons]<br />
[[category:United States]]</div>PSRuckmanhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Pardon_Power&diff=98949Pardon Power2007-04-11T04:23:04Z<p>PSRuckman: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Pardon Power is a constitutional power assigned to the President which allows for the mitigation of the severity of criminal punishment. "The President ... shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment." U.S. ''Constitution'', Article II, Section 2, Clause 1. The United States Supreme Court has interpreted the "Pardon Power" to include the power to grant pardons, conditional pardons, commutations of sentence, conditional commutations of sentence, respites, remissions, and amnesties.<ref>Ruckman, P.S., Jr. 1997. “Executive Clemency in the United States: Origins, Development, and Analysis (1900-1993),”27 ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', 251-271</ref><br />
<br />
The power comes from the royal English Prerogative of Kings, which predates the Norman invasion. The sale of pardons was common and conditional pardons were used to populate the colonies.<ref>Patrick R. Cowlishaw, "The Conditional Presidential Pardon." 28 ''Stanford Law Review'' 149-77</ref> Felons were also forgiven if they served one year as a soldier.<ref>Wiliam F. Duker, "The Presidential Power to Pardon." 18 ''William and Mary Law Review'' 255-72</ref> Edward III granted pardons to celebrate his birthday and James II shared pardon sales with the two ladies "then most in favor."<ref>Moore, Kathleen Dean, "Pardon for Good and Sufficient Reasons," University of 27 ''Richmond Law Review'' 281-8</ref> To curb abuses in which kings would grant pardons in exchange for money, Parliament tried unsuccessfully to limit this power. However, in 1701 Parliament limited this power in the ''Act of Settlement''.<br />
<br />
Under the ''Articles of Confederation'', the executive had no pardon power. Likewise, the power was not a feature of either of the major plans discussed at the Constitutional Convention (the ''Viginia Plan'' and the ''New Jersey Plan''). Nor did the power appear in a first draft sent to the Committee on Detail. However, Charles Pickney and Alexander Hamilton submitted minor plans at the Convention which contained the power and John Rutlegde, a member of the Committee, scribbled it into the margins. The first real discussion of pardons did not take place until the end of a working day near the end of the Convention (August 25th). Thus, there was "relative paucity of debate" at the Federal Convention concerning the pardon power<ref>Jorgensen, James N. 1993. "Clemency and Pardons Note," 27 ''University of Richmond Law Review'', 345-370</ref> and little further discussion at the state ratifying conventions.<ref>David G. Adler. 1989. "The President's Pardon Power." In Thomas Cronin's ''Inventing the Presidency''</ref> <br />
<br />
''The Federalist'' No. 74 (written by Alexander Hamilton well after the Convention) explains its purpose of "humanity and good policy" and to lessen harsh results of the criminal code. Several Supreme Court decisions have upheld a broad interpretation of the Pardon Power.<ref>''United States v. Wilson'', 32 U.S. 150 (1833)</ref><ref>''Ex parte'' Garland, 71 U.S. 333 (1867)</ref><ref>''United States v. Klein'', 80 U.S. 128 (1871)</ref><ref>''Biddle v. Perovich'', 274 U.S. 480 (1927)</ref><ref>''Schick v. Reed'', 419 U.S. 256 (1974)</ref><br />
<br />
It has never been decided whether Congress can grant pardons itself. Some argue that the grant of the power to pardon only to the President by implication precludes a power to pardon by Congress. But there is Supreme Court authority suggesting that Congress also has the power to pardon.<ref>''[[Brown v. Walker]]'', 161 U.S. 591 (1896); ''[[The Laura]]'', 114 U.S. 411 (1885).</ref><br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
'''Sources:''' <references/><br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
* [http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/pardons.htm Pardons Page, University of Pittsburgh]<br />
* [http://www.rvc.cc.il.us/faclink/pruckman/pardoncharts/juristcharts.htm Pardon Research and Data]<br />
* [http://www.time.com/time/2007/presidential_pardons/ TIME Magazines "Notorious" Pardons]</div>PSRuckmanhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Pardon_Power&diff=98947Pardon Power2007-04-11T04:22:16Z<p>PSRuckman: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Pardon Power is a constitutional power assigned to the President which allows for the mitigation of the severity of criminal punishment. "The President ... shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment." U.S. ''Constitution'', Article II, Section 2, Clause 1. The United States Supreme Court has interpreted the "Pardon Power" to include the power to grant pardons, conditional pardons, commutations of sentence, conditional commutations of sentence, respites, remissions, and amnesties.<ref>Ruckman, P.S., Jr. 1997. “Executive Clemency in the United States: Origins, Development, and Analysis (1900-1993),”27 ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', 251-271</ref><br />
<br />
The power comes from the royal English Prerogative of Kings, which predates the Norman invasion. The sale of pardons was common and conditional pardons were used to populate the colonies.<ref>Patrick R. Cowlishaw, "The Conditional Presidential Pardon." 28 ''Stanford Law Review'' 149-77</ref> Felons were also forgiven if they served one year as a soldier.<ref>Wiliam F. Duker, "The Presidential Power to Pardon." 18 ''William and Mary Law Review'' 255-72</ref> Edward III granted pardons to celebrate his birthday and James II shared pardon sales with the two ladies "then most in favor."<ref>Moore, Kathleen Dean, "Pardon for Good and Sufficient Reasons," University of 27 ''Richmond Law Review'' 281-8</ref> To curb abuses in which kings would grant pardons in exchange for money, Parliament tried unsuccessfully to limit this power. However, in 1701 Parliament limited this power in the ''Act of Settlement''.<br />
<br />
Under the ''Articles of Confederation'', the executive had no pardon power. Likewise, the power was not a feature of either of the major plans discussed at the Constitutional Convention (the ''Viginia Plan'' and the ''New Jersey Plan''). Nor did the power appear in a first draft sent to the Committee on Detail. However, Charles Pickney and Alexander Hamilton submitted minor plans at the Convention which contained the power and John Rutlegde, a member of the Committee, scribbled it into the margins. The first real discussion of pardons did not take place until the end of a working day near the end of the Convention (August 25th). Thus, there was "relative paucity of debate" at the Federal Convention concerning the pardon power<ref>Jorgensen, James N. 1993. "Clemency and Pardons Note," 27 ''University of Richmond Law Review'', 345-370</ref> and little further discussion at the state ratifying conventions.<ref>David G. Adler. 1989. "The President's Pardon Power." In Thomas Cronin's ''Inventing the Presidency''</ref> <br />
<br />
''The Federalist'' No. 74 (written well after the Convention) explains its purpose of "humanity and good policy" and to lessen harsh results of the criminal code. Several Supreme Court decisions have upheld a broad interpretation of the Pardon Power.<ref>''United States v. Wilson'', 32 U.S. 150 (1833)</ref><ref>''Ex parte'' Garland, 71 U.S. 333 (1867)</ref><ref>''United States v. Klein'', 80 U.S. 128 (1871)</ref><ref>''Biddle v. Perovich'', 274 U.S. 480 (1927)</ref><ref>''Schick v. Reed'', 419 U.S. 256 (1974)</ref><br />
<br />
It has never been decided whether Congress can grant pardons itself. Some argue that the grant of the power to pardon only to the President by implication precludes a power to pardon by Congress. But there is Supreme Court authority suggesting that Congress also has the power to pardon.<ref>''[[Brown v. Walker]]'', 161 U.S. 591 (1896); ''[[The Laura]]'', 114 U.S. 411 (1885).</ref><br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
'''Sources:''' <references/><br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
* [http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/pardons.htm Pardons Page, University of Pittsburgh]<br />
* [http://www.rvc.cc.il.us/faclink/pruckman/pardoncharts/juristcharts.htm Pardon Research and Data]<br />
* [http://www.time.com/time/2007/presidential_pardons/ TIME Magazines "Notorious" Pardons]</div>PSRuckmanhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Pardon_Power&diff=98945Pardon Power2007-04-11T04:21:58Z<p>PSRuckman: correction</p>
<hr />
<div>The Pardon Power is a constitutional power assigned to the President which allows for the mitigation of severity of criminal punishment. "The President ... shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment." U.S. ''Constitution'', Article II, Section 2, Clause 1. The United States Supreme Court has interpreted the "Pardon Power" to include the power to grant pardons, conditional pardons, commutations of sentence, conditional commutations of sentence, respites, remissions, and amnesties.<ref>Ruckman, P.S., Jr. 1997. “Executive Clemency in the United States: Origins, Development, and Analysis (1900-1993),”27 ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', 251-271</ref><br />
<br />
The power comes from the royal English Prerogative of Kings, which predates the Norman invasion. The sale of pardons was common and conditional pardons were used to populate the colonies.<ref>Patrick R. Cowlishaw, "The Conditional Presidential Pardon." 28 ''Stanford Law Review'' 149-77</ref> Felons were also forgiven if they served one year as a soldier.<ref>Wiliam F. Duker, "The Presidential Power to Pardon." 18 ''William and Mary Law Review'' 255-72</ref> Edward III granted pardons to celebrate his birthday and James II shared pardon sales with the two ladies "then most in favor."<ref>Moore, Kathleen Dean, "Pardon for Good and Sufficient Reasons," University of 27 ''Richmond Law Review'' 281-8</ref> To curb abuses in which kings would grant pardons in exchange for money, Parliament tried unsuccessfully to limit this power. However, in 1701 Parliament limited this power in the ''Act of Settlement''.<br />
<br />
Under the ''Articles of Confederation'', the executive had no pardon power. Likewise, the power was not a feature of either of the major plans discussed at the Constitutional Convention (the ''Viginia Plan'' and the ''New Jersey Plan''). Nor did the power appear in a first draft sent to the Committee on Detail. However, Charles Pickney and Alexander Hamilton submitted minor plans at the Convention which contained the power and John Rutlegde, a member of the Committee, scribbled it into the margins. The first real discussion of pardons did not take place until the end of a working day near the end of the Convention (August 25th). Thus, there was "relative paucity of debate" at the Federal Convention concerning the pardon power<ref>Jorgensen, James N. 1993. "Clemency and Pardons Note," 27 ''University of Richmond Law Review'', 345-370</ref> and little further discussion at the state ratifying conventions.<ref>David G. Adler. 1989. "The President's Pardon Power." In Thomas Cronin's ''Inventing the Presidency''</ref> <br />
<br />
''The Federalist'' No. 74 (written well after the Convention) explains its purpose of "humanity and good policy" and to lessen harsh results of the criminal code. Several Supreme Court decisions have upheld a broad interpretation of the Pardon Power.<ref>''United States v. Wilson'', 32 U.S. 150 (1833)</ref><ref>''Ex parte'' Garland, 71 U.S. 333 (1867)</ref><ref>''United States v. Klein'', 80 U.S. 128 (1871)</ref><ref>''Biddle v. Perovich'', 274 U.S. 480 (1927)</ref><ref>''Schick v. Reed'', 419 U.S. 256 (1974)</ref><br />
<br />
It has never been decided whether Congress can grant pardons itself. Some argue that the grant of the power to pardon only to the President by implication precludes a power to pardon by Congress. But there is Supreme Court authority suggesting that Congress also has the power to pardon.<ref>''[[Brown v. Walker]]'', 161 U.S. 591 (1896); ''[[The Laura]]'', 114 U.S. 411 (1885).</ref><br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
'''Sources:''' <references/><br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
* [http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/pardons.htm Pardons Page, University of Pittsburgh]<br />
* [http://www.rvc.cc.il.us/faclink/pruckman/pardoncharts/juristcharts.htm Pardon Research and Data]<br />
* [http://www.time.com/time/2007/presidential_pardons/ TIME Magazines "Notorious" Pardons]</div>PSRuckmanhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Pardon_Power&diff=98943Pardon Power2007-04-11T04:19:20Z<p>PSRuckman: /* External Links */</p>
<hr />
<div>The Pardon Power is a constitutional power of the President to restore someone to his full civil rights in spite of his criminal acts. "The President ... shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment." U.S. Constitution, Article II, Section 2, Clause 1. The Supreme Court has interpreted the "pardon power" to include the power to grant pardons, conditional pardons, commutations of sentence, conditional commutations of sentence, respites, remissions, and amnesties.<ref>Ruckman, P.S., Jr. 1997. “Executive Clemency in the United States: Origins, Development, and Analysis (1900-1993),”27 ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', 251-271</ref><br />
<br />
The power comes from the royal English Prerogative of Kings, which predates the Norman invasion. The sale of pardons was common and conditional pardons were used to populate the colonies.<ref>Patrick R. Cowlishaw, "The Conditional Presidential Pardon." 28 ''Stanford Law Review'' 149-77</ref> Felons were also forgiven if they served one year as a soldier.<ref>Wiliam F. Duker, "The Presidential Power to Pardon." 18 ''William and Mary Law Review'' 255-72</ref> Edward III granted pardons to celebrate his birthday and James II shared pardon sales with the two ladies "then most in favor."<ref>Moore, Kathleen Dean, "Pardon for Good and Sufficient Reasons," University of 27 ''Richmond Law Review'' 281-8</ref> To curb abuses in which kings would grant pardons in exchange for money, Parliament tried unsuccessfully to limit this power. However, in 1701 Parliament limited this power in the ''Act of Settlement''.<br />
<br />
Under the ''Articles of Confederation'', the executive had no pardon power. Likewise, the power was not a feature of either of the major plans discussed at the Constitutional Convention (the ''Viginia Plan'' and the ''New Jersey Plan''). Nor did the power appear in a first draft sent to the Committee on Detail. However, Charles Pickney and Alexander Hamilton submitted minor plans at the Convention which contained the power and John Rutlegde, a member of the Committee, scribbled it into the margins. The first real discussion of pardons did not take place until the end of a working day near the end of the Convention (August 25th). Thus, there was "relative paucity of debate" at the Federal Convention concerning the pardon power<ref>Jorgensen, James N. 1993. "Clemency and Pardons Note," 27 ''University of Richmond Law Review'', 345-370</ref> and little further discussion at the state ratifying conventions.<ref>David G. Adler. 1989. "The President's Pardon Power." In Thomas Cronin's ''Inventing the Presidency''</ref> <br />
<br />
''The Federalist'' No. 74 (written well after the Convention) explains its purpose of "humanity and good policy" and to lessen harsh results of the criminal code. Several Supreme Court decisions have upheld a broad interpretation of the Pardon Power.<ref>''United States v. Wilson'', 32 U.S. 150 (1833)</ref><ref>''Ex parte'' Garland, 71 U.S. 333 (1867)</ref><ref>''United States v. Klein'', 80 U.S. 128 (1871)</ref><ref>''Biddle v. Perovich'', 274 U.S. 480 (1927)</ref><ref>''Schick v. Reed'', 419 U.S. 256 (1974)</ref><br />
<br />
It has never been decided whether Congress can grant pardons itself. Some argue that the grant of the power to pardon only to the President by implication precludes a power to pardon by Congress. But there is Supreme Court authority suggesting that Congress also has the power to pardon.<ref>''[[Brown v. Walker]]'', 161 U.S. 591 (1896); ''[[The Laura]]'', 114 U.S. 411 (1885).</ref><br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
'''Sources:''' <references/><br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
* [http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/pardons.htm Pardons Page, University of Pittsburgh]<br />
* [http://www.rvc.cc.il.us/faclink/pruckman/pardoncharts/juristcharts.htm Pardon Research and Data]<br />
* [http://www.time.com/time/2007/presidential_pardons/ TIME Magazines "Notorious" Pardons]</div>PSRuckmanhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Pardon_Power&diff=98941Pardon Power2007-04-11T04:16:16Z<p>PSRuckman: links</p>
<hr />
<div>The Pardon Power is a constitutional power of the President to restore someone to his full civil rights in spite of his criminal acts. "The President ... shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment." U.S. Constitution, Article II, Section 2, Clause 1. The Supreme Court has interpreted the "pardon power" to include the power to grant pardons, conditional pardons, commutations of sentence, conditional commutations of sentence, respites, remissions, and amnesties.<ref>Ruckman, P.S., Jr. 1997. “Executive Clemency in the United States: Origins, Development, and Analysis (1900-1993),”27 ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', 251-271</ref><br />
<br />
The power comes from the royal English Prerogative of Kings, which predates the Norman invasion. The sale of pardons was common and conditional pardons were used to populate the colonies.<ref>Patrick R. Cowlishaw, "The Conditional Presidential Pardon." 28 ''Stanford Law Review'' 149-77</ref> Felons were also forgiven if they served one year as a soldier.<ref>Wiliam F. Duker, "The Presidential Power to Pardon." 18 ''William and Mary Law Review'' 255-72</ref> Edward III granted pardons to celebrate his birthday and James II shared pardon sales with the two ladies "then most in favor."<ref>Moore, Kathleen Dean, "Pardon for Good and Sufficient Reasons," University of 27 ''Richmond Law Review'' 281-8</ref> To curb abuses in which kings would grant pardons in exchange for money, Parliament tried unsuccessfully to limit this power. However, in 1701 Parliament limited this power in the ''Act of Settlement''.<br />
<br />
Under the ''Articles of Confederation'', the executive had no pardon power. Likewise, the power was not a feature of either of the major plans discussed at the Constitutional Convention (the ''Viginia Plan'' and the ''New Jersey Plan''). Nor did the power appear in a first draft sent to the Committee on Detail. However, Charles Pickney and Alexander Hamilton submitted minor plans at the Convention which contained the power and John Rutlegde, a member of the Committee, scribbled it into the margins. The first real discussion of pardons did not take place until the end of a working day near the end of the Convention (August 25th). Thus, there was "relative paucity of debate" at the Federal Convention concerning the pardon power<ref>Jorgensen, James N. 1993. "Clemency and Pardons Note," 27 ''University of Richmond Law Review'', 345-370</ref> and little further discussion at the state ratifying conventions.<ref>David G. Adler. 1989. "The President's Pardon Power." In Thomas Cronin's ''Inventing the Presidency''</ref> <br />
<br />
''The Federalist'' No. 74 (written well after the Convention) explains its purpose of "humanity and good policy" and to lessen harsh results of the criminal code. Several Supreme Court decisions have upheld a broad interpretation of the Pardon Power.<ref>''United States v. Wilson'', 32 U.S. 150 (1833)</ref><ref>''Ex parte'' Garland, 71 U.S. 333 (1867)</ref><ref>''United States v. Klein'', 80 U.S. 128 (1871)</ref><ref>''Biddle v. Perovich'', 274 U.S. 480 (1927)</ref><ref>''Schick v. Reed'', 419 U.S. 256 (1974)</ref><br />
<br />
It has never been decided whether Congress can grant pardons itself. Some argue that the grant of the power to pardon only to the President by implication precludes a power to pardon by Congress. But there is Supreme Court authority suggesting that Congress also has the power to pardon.<ref>''[[Brown v. Walker]]'', 161 U.S. 591 (1896); ''[[The Laura]]'', 114 U.S. 411 (1885).</ref><br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
'''Sources:''' <references/><br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
[http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/pardons.htm Pardons Page, University of Pittsburg]</div>PSRuckmanhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Pardon_Power&diff=98938Pardon Power2007-04-11T04:12:05Z<p>PSRuckman: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Pardon Power is a constitutional power of the President to restore someone to his full civil rights in spite of his criminal acts. "The President ... shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment." U.S. Constitution, Article II, Section 2, Clause 1. The Supreme Court has interpreted the "pardon power" to include the power to grant pardons, conditional pardons, commutations of sentence, conditional commutations of sentence, respites, remissions, and amnesties.<ref>Ruckman, P.S., Jr. 1997. “Executive Clemency in the United States: Origins, Development, and Analysis (1900-1993),”27 ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', 251-271</ref><br />
<br />
The power comes from the royal English Prerogative of Kings, which predates the Norman invasion. The sale of pardons was common and conditional pardons were used to populate the colonies.<ref>Patrick R. Cowlishaw, "The Conditional Presidential Pardon." 28 ''Stanford Law Review'' 149-77</ref> Felons were also forgiven if they served one year as a soldier.<ref>Wiliam F. Duker, "The Presidential Power to Pardon." 18 ''William and Mary Law Review'' 255-72</ref> Edward III granted pardons to celebrate his birthday and James II shared pardon sales with the two ladies "then most in favor."<ref>Moore, Kathleen Dean, "Pardon for Good and Sufficient Reasons," University of 27 ''Richmond Law Review'' 281-8</ref> To curb abuses in which kings would grant pardons in exchange for money, Parliament tried unsuccessfully to limit this power. However, in 1701 Parliament limited this power in the ''Act of Settlement''.<br />
<br />
Under the ''Articles of Confederation'', the executive had no pardon power. Likewise, the power was not a feature of either of the major plans discussed at the Constitutional Convention (the ''Viginia Plan'' and the ''New Jersey Plan''). Nor did the power appear in a first draft sent to the Committee on Detail. However, Charles Pickney and Alexander Hamilton submitted minor plans at the Convention which contained the power and John Rutlegde, a member of the Committee, scribbled it into the margins. The first real discussion of pardons did not take place until the end of a working day near the end of the Convention (August 25th). Thus, there was "relative paucity of debate" at the Federal Convention concerning the pardon power<ref>Jorgensen, James N. 1993. "Clemency and Pardons Note," 27 ''University of Richmond Law Review'', 345-370</ref> and little further discussion at the state ratifying conventions.<ref>David G. Adler. 1989. "The President's Pardon Power." In Thomas Cronin's ''Inventing the Presidency''</ref> <br />
<br />
''The Federalist'' No. 74 (written well after the Convention) explains its purpose of "humanity and good policy" and to lessen harsh results of the criminal code. Several Supreme Court decisions have upheld a broad interpretation of the Pardon Power.<ref>''United States v. Wilson'', 32 U.S. 150 (1833)</ref><ref>''Ex parte'' Garland, 71 U.S. 333 (1867)</ref><ref>''United States v. Klein'', 80 U.S. 128 (1871)</ref><ref>''Biddle v. Perovich'', 274 U.S. 480 (1927)</ref><ref>''Schick v. Reed'', 419 U.S. 256 (1974)</ref><br />
<br />
It has never been decided whether Congress can grant pardons itself. Some argue that the grant of the power to pardon only to the President by implication precludes a power to pardon by Congress. But there is Supreme Court authority suggesting that Congress also has the power to pardon.<ref>''[[Brown v. Walker]]'', 161 U.S. 591 (1896); ''[[The Laura]]'', 114 U.S. 411 (1885).</ref><br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
'''Sources:''' <references/></div>PSRuckmanhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Pardon_Power&diff=97828Pardon Power2007-04-10T18:37:32Z<p>PSRuckman: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Pardon Power is a constitutional power of the President to restore someone to his full civil rights in spite of his criminal acts. "The President ... shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment." U.S. Constitution, Article II, Section 2, Clause 1. The Supreme Court has interpreted the "pardon power" to include the power to grant pardons, conditional pardons, commutations of sentence, conditional commutations of sentence, respites, remissions, and amnesties.<ref>Ruckman, P.S., Jr. 1997. “Executive Clemency in the United States: Origins, Development, and Analysis (1900-1993),”27 ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', 251-271</ref><br />
<br />
The power comes from the royal English Prerogative of Kings, which predates the Norman invasion. The sale of pardons was common and conditional pardons were used to populate the colonies.<ref>Patrick R. Cowlishaw, "The Conditional Presidential Pardon." 28 ''Stanford Law Review'' 149-77</ref> Felons were also forgiven if they served one year as a soldier.<ref>Wiliam F. Duker, "The Presidential Power to Pardon." 18 ''William and Mary Law Review'' 255-72</ref> Edward III granted pardons to celebrate his birthday and James II shared pardon sales with the two ladies "then most in favor."<ref>Moore, Kathleen Dean, "Pardon for Good and Sufficient Reasons," University of 27 ''Richmond Law Review'' 281-8</ref> To curb abuses in which kings would grant pardons in exchange for money, Parliament tried unsuccessfully to limit this power. However, in 1701 Parliament limited this power in the ''Act of Settlement''.<br />
<br />
Under the ''Articles of Confederation'', the executive had no pardon power. Likewise, the power was not a feature of either of the major plans discussed at the Constitutional Convention (The Viginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan). Nor did the power appear in a draft sent to the Committee on Detail. However, Charles Pickney and Alexander Hamilton submitted minor plans which contained the power and John Rutlegde, a member of the Committee, scribbled the power into the margins. The first real discussion of pardons did not take place until the end of a working day near the end of the Convention (August 25th). Thus, there was "relative paucity of debate" at the Federal Convention concerning the pardon power<ref>Jorgensen, James N. 1993. "Clemency and Pardons Note," 27 ''University of Richmond Law Review'', 345-370</ref> and little further discussion at the state ratifying conventions.<ref>David G. Adler. 1989. "The President's Pardon Power." In Thomas Cronin's ''Inventing the Presidency''</ref> <br />
<br />
''The Federalist'' No. 74 explains its purpose of "humanity and good policy" and to lessen harsh results of the criminal code. Several Supreme Court decisions have upheld a broad interpretation of the Pardon Power.<ref>''United States v. Wilson'', 32 U.S. 150 (1833)</ref><ref>''Ex parte'' Garland, 71 U.S. 333 (1867)</ref><ref>''United States v. Klein'', 80 U.S. 128 (1871)</ref><ref>''Biddle v. Perovich'', 274 U.S. 480 (1927)</ref><ref>''Schick v. Reed'', 419 U.S. 256 (1974)</ref><br />
<br />
It has never been decided whether Congress can grant pardons itself. Some argue that the grant of the power to pardon only to the President by implication precludes a power to pardon by Congress. But there is Supreme Court authority suggesting that Congress also has the power to pardon.<ref>''[[Brown v. Walker]]'', 161 U.S. 591 (1896); ''[[The Laura]]'', 114 U.S. 411 (1885).</ref><br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
'''Sources:''' <references/></div>PSRuckmanhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Pardon_Power&diff=97827Pardon Power2007-04-10T18:36:45Z<p>PSRuckman: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Pardon Power is a constitutional power of the President to restore someone to his full civil rights in spite of his criminal acts. "The President ... shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment." U.S. Constitution, Article II, Section 2, Clause 1. The Supreme Court has interpreted the "pardon power" to include the power to grant pardons, conditional pardons, commutations of sentence, conditional commutations of sentence, respites, remissions, and amnesties.<ref>Ruckman, P.S., Jr. 1997. “Executive Clemency in the United States: Origins, Development, and Analysis (1900-1993),”27 ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', 251-271</ref><br />
<br />
The power comes from the royal English Prerogative of Kings, which predates the Norman invasion. The sale of pardons was common and conditional pardons were used to populate the colonies.<ref>Patrick R. Cowlishaw, "The Conditional Presidential Pardon." 28 Stanford Law Review 149-77</ref> Felons were also forgiven if they served one year as a soldier.<ref>Wiliam F. Duker, "The Presidential Power to Pardon." 18 ''William and Mary Law Review'' 255-72</ref> Edward III granted pardons to celebrate his birthday and James II shared pardon sales with the two ladies "then most in favor."<ref>Moore, Kathleen Dean, "Pardon for Good and Sufficient Reasons," University of 27 ''Richmond Law Review'' 281-8</ref> To curb abuses in which kings would grant pardons in exchange for money, Parliament tried unsuccessfully to limit this power. However, in 1701 Parliament limited this power in the ''Act of Settlement''.<br />
<br />
Under the ''Articles of Confederation'', the executive had no pardon power. Likewise, the power was not a feature of either of the major plans discussed at the Constitutional Convention (The Viginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan). Nor did the power appear in a draft sent to the Committee on Detail. However, Charles Pickney and Alexander Hamilton submitted minor plans which contained the power and John Rutlegde, a member of the Committee, scribbled the power into the margins. The first real discussion of pardons did not take place until the end of a working day near the end of the Convention (August 25th). Thus, there was "relative paucity of debate" at the Federal Convention concerning the pardon power<ref>Jorgensen, James N. 1993. "Clemency and Pardons Note," 27 ''University of Richmond Law Review'', 345-370</ref> and little further discussion at the state ratifying conventions.<ref>David G. Adler. 1989. "The President's Pardon Power." In Thomas Cronin's ''Inventing the Presidency''</ref> <br />
<br />
''The Federalist'' No. 74 explains its purpose of "humanity and good policy" and to lessen harsh results of the criminal code. Several Supreme Court decisions have upheld a broad interpretation of the Pardon Power.<ref>''United States v. Wilson'', 32 U.S. 150 (1833)</ref><ref>''Ex parte'' Garland, 71 U.S. 333 (1867)</ref><ref>''United States v. Klein'', 80 U.S. 128 (1871)</ref><ref>''Biddle v. Perovich'', 274 U.S. 480 (1927)</ref><ref>''Schick v. Reed'', 419 U.S. 256 (1974)</ref><br />
<br />
It has never been decided whether Congress can grant pardons itself. Some argue that the grant of the power to pardon only to the President by implication precludes a power to pardon by Congress. But there is Supreme Court authority suggesting that Congress also has the power to pardon.<ref>''[[Brown v. Walker]]'', 161 U.S. 591 (1896); ''[[The Laura]]'', 114 U.S. 411 (1885).</ref><br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
'''Sources:''' <references/></div>PSRuckmanhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Pardon_Power&diff=95988Pardon Power2007-04-09T21:27:31Z<p>PSRuckman: </p>
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<div>The Pardon Power is a constitutional power of the President to restore someone to his full civil rights in spite of his criminal acts. "The President ... shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment." U.S. Constitution, Article II, Section 2, Clause 1. The Supreme Court has interpreted the "pardon power" to include the power to grant pardons, conditional pardons, commutations of sentence, conditional commutations of sentence, respites, remissions, and amnesties.<ref>Ruckman, P.S., Jr. 1997. “Executive Clemency in the United States: Origins, Development, and Analysis (1900-1993),”27 ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', 251-271</ref><br />
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The power comes from the royal English Prerogative of Kings, which predates the Norman invasion. To curb abuses in which kings would grant pardons in exchange for money, Parliament tried unsuccessfully to limit this power. However, in 1701 Parliament limited this power in the Act of Settlement.<br />
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Under the ''Articles of Confederation'', the executive had no pardon power. Likewise, the power was not a feature of either of the major plans discussed at the Constitutional Convention (The Viginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan). Nor did the power appear in a draft sent to the Committee on Detail. However, Charles Pickney and Alexander Hamilton submitted minor plans which contained the power and John Rutlegde, a member of the Committee, scribbled the power into the margins. The first real discussion of pardons did not take place until the end of a working day near the end of the Convention (August 25th). Thus, there was "relative paucity of debate" at the Federal Convention concerning the pardon power<ref>Jorgensen, James N. 1993. "Clemency and Pardons Note," 27 ''University of Richmond Law Review'', 345-370</ref> and little further discussion at the state ratifying conventions.<ref>David G. Adler. 1989. "The President's Pardon Power." In Thomas Cronin's ''Inventing the Presidency''</ref> <br />
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''The Federalist'' No. 74 explains its purpose of "humanity and good policy" and to lessen harsh results of the criminal code. Several Supreme Court decisions have upheld a broad interpretation of the Pardon Power.<ref>''United States v. Wilson'', 32 U.S. 150 (1833)</ref><ref>''Ex parte'' Garland, 71 U.S. 333 (1867)</ref><ref>''United States v. Klein'', 80 U.S. 128 (1871)</ref><ref>''Biddle v. Perovich'', 274 U.S. 480 (1927)</ref><ref>''Schick v. Reed'', 419 U.S. 256 (1974)</ref><br />
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It has never been decided whether Congress can grant pardons itself. Some argue that the grant of the power to pardon only to the President by implication precludes a power to pardon by Congress. But there is Supreme Court authority suggesting that Congress also has the power to pardon.<ref>''[[Brown v. Walker]]'', 161 U.S. 591 (1896); ''[[The Laura]]'', 114 U.S. 411 (1885).</ref><br />
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'''Sources:''' <references/></div>PSRuckmanhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Pardon_Power&diff=95987Pardon Power2007-04-09T21:26:38Z<p>PSRuckman: </p>
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<div>The Pardon Power is a constitutional power of the President to restore someone to his full civil rights in spite of his criminal acts. "The President ... shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment." U.S. Constitution, Article II, Section 2, Clause 1. The Supreme Court has interpreted the "pardon power" to include the power to grant pardons, conditional pardons, commutations of sentence, conditional commutations of sentence, respites, remissions, and amnesties.<ref>Ruckman, P.S., Jr. 1997. “Executive Clemency in the United States: Origins, Development, and Analysis (1900-1993),”27 ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', 251-271</ref><br />
<br />
The power comes from the royal English Prerogative of Kings, which predates the Norman invasion. To curb abuses in which kings would grant pardons in exchange for money, Parliament tried unsuccessfully to limit this power. However, in 1701 Parliament limited this power in the Act of Settlement.<br />
<br />
Under the ''Articles of Confederation'', the executive had no pardon power. Likewise, the power was not a feature of either of the major plans discussed at the Constitutional Convention (The Viginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan). Nor did the power appear in a draft sent to the Committee on Detail. However, Charles Pickney and Alexander Hamilton submitted minor plans which contained the power and John Rutlegde, a member of the Committee, scribbled the power into the margins. The first real discussion of pardons did not take place until the end of a working day near the end of the Convention (August 25th). Thus, there was "relative paucity of debate" at the Federal Convention concerning the pardon power<ref>Jorgensen, James N. 1993. "Clemency and Pardons Note," 27 ''University of Richmond Law Review'', 345-370</ref> and little further discussion at the state ratifying conventions.<ref>David G. Adler. 1989. "The President's Pardon Power." In Thomas Cronin's ''Inventing the Presidency''</ref> <br />
<br />
''The Federalist'' No. 74 explains its purpose of "humanity and good policy" and to lessen harsh results of the criminal code. Several Supreme Court decisions have upheld a broad interpretation of the Pardon Power.<ref>''United States v. Wilson'', 32 U.S. 150 (1833)</ref><ref>''Ex parte'' Garland, 71 U.S. 333 (1867)</ref><ref>''United States v. Klein'', 80 U.S. 128 (1871)</ref><ref>''Biddle v. Perovich'', 274 U.S. 480 (1927)</ref><ref>''Schick v. Reed'', 419 U.S. 256 (1974)</ref><br />
<br />
It has never been decided whether Congress can grant pardons itself. Some argue that the grant of the power to pardon only to the President by implication precludes a power to pardon by Congress. But there is Supreme Court authority suggesting that Congress also has the power to pardon.<ref>''[[Brown v. Walker]]'', 161 U.S. 591 (1896); ''[[The Laura]]'', 114 U.S. 411 (1885).</ref><br />
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'''Sources:''' <references/></div>PSRuckmanhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Pardon_Power&diff=95985Pardon Power2007-04-09T21:24:33Z<p>PSRuckman: </p>
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<div>The Pardon Power is a constitutional power of the President to restore someone to his full civil rights in spite of his criminal acts. "The President ... shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment." U.S. Const. Art. II, Sec. 2, Cl. 1. The Supreme Court has interpreted the "pardon power" to include the power to grant pardons, conditional pardons, commutations of sentence, conditional commutations of sentence, respites, remissions, and amnesties.<ref>Ruckman, P.S., Jr. 1997. “Executive Clemency in the United States: Origins, Development, and Analysis (1900-1993),”27 ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', 251-271</ref><br />
<br />
The power comes from the royal English Prerogative of Kings, which predates the Norman invasion. To curb abuses in which kings would grant pardons in exchange for money, Parliament tried unsuccessfully to limit this power. However, in 1701 Parliament limited this power in the Act of Settlement.<br />
<br />
Under the ''Articles of Confederation'', the executive had no pardon power. Likewise, the power was not a feature of either of the major plans discussed at the Constitutional Convention (The Viginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan). Nor did the power appear in a draft sent to the Committee on Detail. However, Charles Pickney and Alexander Hamilton submitted minor plans which contained the power and John Rutlegde, a member of the Committee, scribbled the power into the margins. The first real discussion of pardons did not take place until the end a day near the end of the Convention (August 25th). Thus, there was "relative paucity of debate" at the Federal Convention concerning the pardon power<ref>Jorgensen, James N. 1993. "Clemency and Pardons Note," 27 ''University of Richmond Law Review'', 345-370</ref> and little further discussion at the state ratifying conventions.<ref>David G. Adler. 1989. "The President's Pardon Power." In Thomas Cronin's ''Inventing the Presidency''</ref> <br />
<br />
''The Federalist'' No. 74 explains its purpose of "humanity and good policy" and to lessen harsh results of the criminal code. Several Supreme Court decisions have upheld a broad interpretation of the Pardon Power.<ref>''United States v. Wilson'', 32 U.S. 150 (1833)</ref><ref>''Ex parte'' Garland, 71 U.S. 333 (1867)</ref><ref>''United States v. Klein'', 80 U.S. 128 (1871)</ref><ref>''Biddle v. Perovich'', 274 U.S. 480 (1927)</ref><ref>''Schick v. Reed'', 419 U.S. 256 (1974)</ref><br />
<br />
It has never been decided whether Congress can grant pardons itself. Some argue that the grant of the power to pardon only to the President by implication precludes a power to pardon by Congress. But there is Supreme Court authority suggesting that Congress also has the power to pardon.<ref>''[[Brown v. Walker]]'', 161 U.S. 591 (1896); ''[[The Laura]]'', 114 U.S. 411 (1885).</ref><br />
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'''Sources:''' <references/></div>PSRuckmanhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Pardon_Power&diff=95984Pardon Power2007-04-09T21:23:43Z<p>PSRuckman: background and citations</p>
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<div>The Pardon Power is a constitutional power of the President to restore someone to his full civil rights in spite of his criminal acts. "The President ... shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment." U.S. Const. Art. II, Sec. 2, Cl. 1. The Supreme Court has interpreted the "pardon power" to include the power to grant pardons, conditional pardons, commutations of sentence, conditional commutations of sentence, respites, remissions, and amnesties.<Ruckman, P.S., Jr. 1997. “Executive Clemency in the United States: Origins, Development, and Analysis (1900-1993),”27 ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', 251-271</ref><br />
<br />
The power comes from the royal English Prerogative of Kings, which predates the Norman invasion. To curb abuses in which kings would grant pardons in exchange for money, Parliament tried unsuccessfully to limit this power. However, in 1701 Parliament limited this power in the Act of Settlement.<br />
<br />
Under the ''Articles of Confederation'', the executive had no pardon power. Likewise, the power was not a feature of either of the major plans discussed at the Constitutional Convention (The Viginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan). Nor did the power appear in a draft sent to the Committee on Detail. However, Charles Pickney and Alexander Hamilton submitted minor plans which contained the power and John Rutlegde, a member of the Committee, scribbled the power into the margins. The first real discussion of pardons did not take place until the end a day near the end of the Convention (August 25th). Thus, there was "relative paucity of debate" at the Federal Convention concerning the pardon power<ref>Jorgensen, James N. 1993. "Clemency and Pardons Note," 27 ''University of Richmond Law Review'', 345-370</ref> and little further discussion at the state ratifying conventions.<ref>David G. Adler. 1989. "The President's Pardon Power." In Thomas Cronin's ''Inventing the Presidency''</ref> <br />
<br />
''The Federalist'' No. 74 explains its purpose of "humanity and good policy" and to lessen harsh results of the criminal code. Several Supreme Court decisions have upheld a broad interpretation of the Pardon Power.<ref>''United States v. Wilson'', 32 U.S. 150 (1833)</ref><ref>''Ex parte'' Garland, 71 U.S. 333 (1867)</ref><ref>''United States v. Klein'', 80 U.S. 128 (1871)</ref><ref>''Biddle v. Perovich'', 274 U.S. 480 (1927)</ref><ref>''Schick v. Reed'', 419 U.S. 256 (1974)</ref><br />
<br />
It has never been decided whether Congress can grant pardons itself. Some argue that the grant of the power to pardon only to the President by implication precludes a power to pardon by Congress. But there is Supreme Court authority suggesting that Congress also has the power to pardon.<ref>''[[Brown v. Walker]]'', 161 U.S. 591 (1896); ''[[The Laura]]'', 114 U.S. 411 (1885).</ref><br />
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'''Sources:''' <references/></div>PSRuckman