Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Admiral Halsey

2011-02-12T18:13:37Z

NewYork1956:

*REDIRECT[[William F. Halsey, Jr.]]

Admiral Halsey

2011-02-12T18:13:08Z

NewYork1956: Created page with "*REDIRECT William F. Halsey, Jr."

*REDIRECT [[William F. Halsey, Jr.]]

William F. Halsey, Jr.

2011-02-12T18:12:14Z

NewYork1956:

Fleet Admiral '''William F. "Bull" Halsey, Jr.''' (October 30, 1882 - August 16, 1959) was an officer in the [[United States Navy]]. Halsey commanded the U.S. Third Fleet in the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] during [[World War II]].

Halsey retired from the navy in 1947 after 44 years. He saw action during [[World War I]], earning a [[Navy Cross]] for distinguished service. He held a number of commands in the navy, including:

* USS Shaw
* USS Wickes
* USS Dale
* USS Saratoga
* NAS Pensacola

{{DEFAULTSORT:Halsey, William F., JR}}

[[Category:World War II Commanders]]
[[Category:American war heroes]]

User:NewYork1956

2008-08-20T20:51:34Z

NewYork1956:

<div class="usermessage"><div class="plainlinks">Leave a '''[http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User_talk:NewYork1956&action=edit&section=new <font color="#5a3696">new message</font>] please!'''</div></div>
<div style="float:right;width:240px;">
{{User American}}
{{User Roman Catholic}}
{{User Bushfan}}
{{User Reagan}}
{{User patriot}}
{{User progun}}
{{User Israel}}
{{User cows tasty}}
</div>
I recently quit the normal [[Wikipedia]] under the same username basically because of Wikipedians who like to change everything. I was quite an experienced user on there and was starting to miss it, but have found Conservapedia to fulfill my Wikipedia addiction better than Wikipedia can! I myself am a very [[conservative]] person who is going to begin and add to many articles having to do with Classical Music; mostly [[Opera]]. Please leave me a message if you have any questions or comments.
* As of February 2008, I have taken a long break from all things Wikipedia, including Conservapedia. I will be back making edits though if I see someone has changed something in a way I don't like!

===Articles in which I've started===
*[[Mario Lanza]]
*''[[Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor]]''
*''[[The Merry Wives of Windsor]]''
*[[Carl Otto Nicolai]]
*[[Bel Canto Trio]]
*[[Frances Yeend]]
*[[George London]]
*[[Enrico Caruso]]
*[[Maria Callas]]
*''[[Schindler's List]]''

===Articles in which I've made major contributions to or have cleaned up===

Frances Yeend

2008-08-20T20:47:32Z

NewYork1956: She died in April 2008.

'''Frances Yeend''' (January 28, 1918 - April 27, 2008) an American lyric soprano was born in Vancouver, Washington and studied voice at [[Washington State University]] in Pullman, Washington.
<br>

Her early notable appearances:
*The Merry Widow
*Micaela
*Beethoven's Ninth Symphony
*Peter Grimes
*La Traviata
<br>

Later roles:
*Amelia goes to the Ball
*The Marriage of Figaro
*Faust
*Die Meistersinger
*Carmen
*The Four Ruffians
*Aida
*Pagliacci
*Tosca
*Turandot (twice)
*La Boheme (twice)
*The Tales of Hoffmann
*La traviata (twice)
*Elektra
*Götterdämerung
<br>

All told, Yeend appeared as a soloist with major orchestras more than 300 times and was regular with
*New York Philharmonic
*Chicago Symphony Orchestra
*Philadelphia Orchestra
*Boston Symphony Orchestra
<br>

She appeared extensively in recitals in the U. S., Canada and Europe. She recorded for
*RCA
*Columbia Records
*Mercury Records
*MGM
*DaVinci Records

In 1966 Yeend joined the faculty of West Virginia University as Professor of Voice and Artist in Residence and retired in 1978.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yeend, Frances}}

[[category:musicians]]

Michael Richards

2008-02-07T03:46:30Z

NewYork1956: .

'''Michael Richards''' is a former actor in the television show [[Seinfeld]]. He made [[racist]] remarks against black commentators on November 17, 2006, at Los Angeles' Laugh Factory after being heckled by them.

{{DEFAULTSORT: Richards, Michael}}

[[category:Comedians]]

Mario Lanza

2008-02-07T03:44:54Z

NewYork1956: Forgot to add '' in several spots.

[[Image:Mario lanza otello.jpg|260px|thumb|right|A mural in [[Philadelphia|South Philadelphia]] of Mario Lanza as [[Giuseppe Verdi|Verdi's]] ''[[Otello]]''.]]
'''Mario Lanza''' (January 31, 1921 - October 7 1959) was a popular [[United States|American]] tenor and actor whose short career spanned from the late 1940s to the late 1950s.

==Early life and singing career==
Mario Lanza was born '''Alfredo Arnold Cocozza''' on January 31, 1921 to Antonio (Tony) Cocozza and Maria Cocozza (née Lanza) in [[Philadelphia|South Philadelphia]]. Tony, who was a [[World War I]] veteran receiving full disability benefits from the government due to injuries sustained in the war, and Freddie, which is what young Mario was called by friends and family, often listened to the records of tenors [[Beniamino Gigli]], [[Tito Schipa]], [[Giovanni Zenatello]], and especially [[Enrico Caruso]]. Maria, who gave up her dreams of becoming an opera star to raise her son, was thrilled when Freddie began to talk of perusing a career singing in the opera. Maria took Freddie to an audition with Irene Williams, a former opera singer and then voice teacher. Williams was impressed with Freddie's voice and agreed to be his teacher. Under Williams, young Freddie worked hard to learn how to read music and develop the foundations of a solid vocal technique.

In 1941, the twenty year old tenor was given an audition before the world famous Russian conductor [[Serge Koussevitsky]]. Koussevitsky was impressed with Cocozza's rendition of "Vesti la giubba" and immediately offered him a scholarship to attend the [[Tanglewood Festival]] in [[Massachusetts]] where he would receive training from conductors [[Boris Goldovsky]] and [[Leonard Bernstein]]. It was at Tanglewood where Cocozza first used masculine version of his mother’s name, Mario Lanza, as a stage name. At Tanglewood he would also make his operatic debut as Fenton in ''[[Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor]]''.

During [[World War II]], Lanza's career was interrupted when he was drafted for military service. He managed to find his way into Special Services where he would entertain the troops and would be known as the "Service Caruso." Upon being discharged in 1945, he relocated to [[New York City]], with his wife Betty, where he received a contract from [[Columbia Records|Columbia Artists Management, Inc]]. Lanza regularly filled in for the [[Metropolitans Opera]]'s [[Jan Peerce]] on the popular radio program, "The Celenese Hour: Great Moments in Music."

In 1947, Mario Lanza, along with soprano [[Frances Yeend]] and bass-baritone [[George London]], would form a group called the [[Bel Canto Trio]]. The Bel Canto Trio performed 86 concerts throughout the [[United States]], [[Canada]] and [[Mexico]] between July 1947 and May 1948.

==Recording and acting career==
1948 turned out to be a defining year for Mario Lanza because [[RCA Victor]] began to take advantage of the five year recording contract they had signed with him in 1945 and [[MGM]] signed him up for a seven year contract to star in a series of feature pictures.

===Filmography===
*''[[That Midnight Kiss]]'', Johnny Donnetti (1949)
*''[[The Toast of New Orleans]]'', Pepe Abellard Duvalle (1950)
*''[[The Great Caruso]]'', [[Enrico Caruso]] (1951)
*''[[Because You're Mine]]'', Renaldo Rossano (1952)
*''[[Serenade (1956 picture)|Serenade]]'', Damon Vincenti (1956)
*''[[Seven Hills of Rome (1958 picture)|Seven Hills of Rome]]'', Marc Revere (1958)
*''[[For the First Time]]'', Tonio Costa (1959)

==References==
*[http://www.warniesworld.net/gpage.html Dead Tenors' Society] - Mario Lanza

==External links==
*[http://www.lanzalegend.com/ Lanza Legend] - The official Mario Lanza website

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lanza, Mario}}

[[category:musicians]]
[[Category:actors]]

Luciano Pavarotti

2007-09-09T05:00:14Z

NewYork1956: Changed "probably" to "possibly." I disagree with the statement entirely.

'''Luciano Pavarotti''' (Modena, Italy, October, 1935 - Modena, Italy, September 2007) Italian singer, one of ''the Three Tenors'', possibly the most popular tenor since Caruso. He was born in Modena, [[Italy]] and it was on February 17, 1972, that the Pavarotti phenomenon was born at New York's Metropolitan [[Opera]].

<blockquote>
[[Image:Pavarotti.jpg|left]]
''Illuminated by his radiant personality and propelled by his zest for life Luciano Pavarotti's golden voice transcended the walls of the opera house to reach inside every human heart and mind.'' <ref> [http://www.geocities.com/laosw/Classical_Html/PavarottiBio.html Luciano Pavarotti's Biography] </ref>
</blockquote>

Pavarotti's favorite roles were Rodolfo in Puccini's ''La Bohème'', Nemorino in Donizetti's ''L'Elisir d'Amore'', and Riccardo in Verdi's ''Un Ballo Maschera''. His televised concert in London's Hyde Park, was the first concert in the history of the park featuring classical music and drew a record attendance of some 150,000 people.

<blockquote>
''"Luciano's voice was so extraordinarily beautiful and his delivery so natural and direct that his singing spoke right to the hearts of listeners whether they knew anything about opera or not,"'' Metropolitan Opera music director James Levine.
</blockquote>

== See also ==
*[[Jose Carreras]]

== External links ==
[[Image:Pavarotti..jpg|right]]
*[http://www.bookrags.com/biography/luciano-pavarotti/ Luciano Pavarotti] Encyclopedia of World Biography.

== References ==

<references/>

[[Category:Singers]]

Frances Yeend

2007-07-20T22:35:41Z

NewYork1956: Minor edits.

American lyric soprano '''Frances Yeend''' (1918 - ) was born in [[Vancouver, Washington]]. She studied voice at [[Washington State University]] in Pullman, Washington. Her first New York appearances were in 1943 in the Broadway run of Lehar's ''[[The Merry Widow]]'' with [[Jan Kiepura]] and [[Marta Eggerth]]. She joined Columbia Artists Management in 1944 and performed Micaela in a U.S tour of Bizet's ''[[Carmen]]'' that Columbia booked that fall. In April of 1946 Yeend made her first appearance as the [[soprano]] [[Solo (music)|soloist]] in [[Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)|Beethoven's Ninth Symphony]] with the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra]] under the direction of [[Serge Koussevitzky]]. The following summer she performed the role of Ellen Orford in the American premiere of [[Benjamin Britten]]'s [[Peter Grimes]] at the Tanglewood Music Festival. Yeend went on to become one of the members of the [[Bel Canto Trio]] with [[Mario Lanza]] and [[George London (baritone)|George London]]. Her debut with the New York City Center Opera was as Violetta in [[Giuseppe Verdi|Verdi's]] ''[[La traviata]]'' in 1948. Other roles there, over the next twelve years, included, Amelia in [[Gian-Carlo Menotti|Menotti's]] ''Amelia Goes to the Ball,'' Countess in [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart's]] ''[[The Marriage of Figaro]],'' Marguerite in Gounod's ''Faust,'' Eva in [[Richard Wagner|Wagner's]] ''Die Meistersinger,'' Micaela in ''Carmen,'' Felice in [[Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari|Wolf Ferrari's]] ''The Four Ruffians,'' the title role in Verdi's ''Aida,'' Nedda in [[Ruggero Leoncavallo|Leoncavallo's]] ''Pagliacci,'' the title roles in [[Giacomo Puccini|Puccini's]] ''Tosca'' and ''Turandot'' as well as Mimi in his ''La Boheme'' and all the soprano roles in [[Jacques Offenbach|Offenbach's]] ''The Tales of Hoffmann.'' Yeend made her debut with the [[Vienna State Opera|Vienna Staatsoper]] in 1953 in ''La traviata.'' She debuted at London's [[Royal Opera House|Covent Garden]] that same year as Mimi in ''La Boheme.'' In 1958 Yeend sang the title role of Puccini's ''Turandot'' at the [[Verona Arena|Arena di Verona]] in Italy. She made her Metropolitan Opera debut as Chrysothemis in [[Richard Strauss|Richard Strauss's]] ''Elektra'' in 1961. Other Met roles included Violetta in ''La traviata'' and Gutrune in Wagner's ''Götterdämerung.'' Yeend appeared as soloist with major [[orchestra]]s more than 300 times. She was a regular with the [[New York Philharmonic]], the [[Chicago Symphony Orchestra|Chicago Symphony]], the [[Philadelphia Orchestra]] and the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra|Boston Symphony]]. She appeared extensively in recitals in the U. S., Canada and Europe. She recorded for [[RCA]], [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Mercury Records|Mercury]], MGM, and DaVinci Records. In 1966 Yeend joined the faculty of [[West Virginia University]] as Professor of Voice and Artist in Residence. She retired in 1978.

[[category:musicians]]

User:NewYork1956

2007-07-19T23:13:01Z

NewYork1956:

<div class="usermessage"><div class="plainlinks">Leave a '''[http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User_talk:NewYork1956&action=edit&section=new <font color="#5a3696">new message</font>] please!'''</div></div>
<div style="float:right;width:240px;">
{{User American}}
{{User Roman Catholic}}
{{User Bushfan}}
{{User Reagan}}
{{User patriot}}
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{{User Israel}}
{{User cows tasty}}
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I recently quit the normal [[Wikipedia]] under the same username basically because of Wikipedians who like to change everything. I was quite an experienced user on there and was starting to miss it, but have found Conservapedia to fulfill my Wikipedia addiction better than Wikipedia can! I myself am a very [[conservative]] person who is going to begin and add to many articles having to do with Classical Music; mostly [[Opera]]. Please leave me a message if you have any questions or comments.

===Articles in which I've started===
*[[Mario Lanza]]
*''[[Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor]]''
*''[[The Merry Wives of Windsor]]''
*[[Carl Otto Nicolai]]
*[[Bel Canto Trio]]
*[[Frances Yeend]]
*[[George London]]
*[[Enrico Caruso]]
*[[Maria Callas]]
*''[[Schindler's List]]''

===Articles in which I've made major contributions to or have cleaned up===

Conservapedia:Articles for deletion

2007-07-19T04:41:52Z

NewYork1956: /* Current discussions */

*If you think an article should be deleted because it violates The Conservapedia Commandments, or for any other reason post it here and sign it, along with a link in the format "AFD pagename", and give your reason there. Please contribute to the discussions in the AFD pages. Do not argue for or against deletion on this page.
*Use [[Conservapedia:Copying]] to track articles that have no problem with topic or content, but which seem to draw too heavily on material copied from elsewhere.

Archives:
*[[Conservapedia:Articles for deletion/archive 1|01]]
*[[Conservapedia:Articles for deletion/archive 2|02]]

----



= Current discussions =
*[[Template:Israel]] - I accidentally created this page for some reason, but there's an identical one under [[Template:User Israel]]. Thanks!<br>[[User:NewYork1956|NewYork1956]] 00:41, 19 July 2007 (EDT)

= Kept =

*{{afd kept|26 May|Bam Margera}}
*{{afd keep|21 May|"Same-sex marriage"}}
*{{afd kept|18 May 2007 |Uncyclopedia}} and locked
*{{afd kept|10 May 2007 |Agreement}}
*{{afd kept|10 May|Congressional Quarterly article}}
*{{afd kept|10 May|Cornpone}}
*{{afd kept|23 May |Lesbians }} Repaired, marked as stub & proposed for merger
*{{afd kept|21 April 2007|Wars France lost}} redirected to [[French Wars]]
*{{afd kept|11 April 2007 |Hamlet|namespace=Conservapedia:}}

*{{afd|Buche de Noel}}
*{{afd|Borat}}
*{{afd|South Park}}
*{{afd|Agreement}}

=Kept with provisions =

*{{afd keep|19 Feb|Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious}} - Merged with [[Mary Poppins]]

=Deleted=
The following pages have had an AFD discussion and the resulting decision was to delete the article.

*{{afd deleted|14 May 2007|Kwai nyu rugby}}
*{{afd deleted|11 May|Premarital sex}}
*{{afd deleted|10 May 2007 |Lance Bass}}
*{{afd deleted|10 May 2007|Questions or Comments}}
*{{afd deleted|10 May 2007|Kevin Federline}}
*{{afd deleted|02 May 2007 |Chanty wrassling}}

*{{afd deleted|30 April 2007|Trumpton Riots}}
*{{afd deleted|29 April 2007|Walford}}
*{{afd deleted|21 April|Jings}}

*{{afd|Corky Romano}}

*{{afd|Producerism}}
*{{afd|Sadly no}}
*{{afd|Sathieism}}
*{{afd|Pocket billiards}}
*{{afd|Is it easier to ask for permission, or for forgiveness?}}
*{{afd|Jack Of All Trades}}
*{{afd|Jack of all trades}}
*{{afd|Fulchester}}
*{{afd|Image:X mark.jpg}}
*{{afd|Inbreeding}}
*{{afd|DuckTales}}
*{{afd|Cheesy potatoes}}
*{{afd|Bertie Higgins}}
*{{afd|Andrew Ridgeley}}
*{{afd|Cookie Monster}}
*{{afd|Xbox 360}}
*{{afd|Church of the SubGenius}}

Template:User Bushfan

2007-07-19T04:38:27Z

NewYork1956: Centered and broke up lines.

{{Userbox |border-c=#000 |border-s=1 |id-c=#fff |id-s=12 |id-fc=#000 |info-c=#3399ff |info-s=10 |info-fc=#fff |id=[[Image:George_w_bush.jpeg|45px]] |info=<center>This user supports<br>President George W. Bush.</center>}}

Template:User cows tasty

2007-07-19T04:37:30Z

NewYork1956: Added period.

{{Userbox |border-c=#000 |border-s=1 |id-c=#fff |id-s=12 |id-fc=#000 |info-c=#039 |info-s=8 |info-fc=#fff |id=[[Image:Cows_at_E3.jpg‎ |45px]] |info=<center>This user thinks cows are tasty.</center>}}

Template:User progun

2007-07-19T04:36:41Z

NewYork1956: Added period.

{{Userbox |#000|#32CD32|[[image:Glock30.jpg|45px]]|<center>This user believes in the right for every American citizen to keep and bear arms... as outlined by the [[Second Amendment]].</center>}}

Template:User Roman Catholic

2007-07-19T04:35:41Z

NewYork1956: Minor edits.

{{userbox|id-c=forestgreen|id=[[Image:Holy See.gif|50px]]|info-c=forestgreen|info-fc=gold|info=<center>This user is a proud<br>Roman Catholic.</center>}}

Template:User Reagan

2007-07-19T04:34:31Z

NewYork1956: Centered Info and broke up lines. Better?

{{Userbox |border-c=#000 |border-s=1 |id-c=#fff |id-s=12 |id-fc=#000 |info-c=#cc0000 |info-s=8 |info-fc=#fff |id=[[Image:reagan1.jpg|65px]] |info=<center>This user believes<br>[[Ronald Wilson Reagan|Ronald Reagan]]<br>was the greatest president ever.</center>}}

User:NewYork1956

2007-07-19T04:31:46Z

NewYork1956:

<div class="usermessage"><div class="plainlinks">Leave a '''[http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User_talk:NewYork1956&action=edit&section=new <font color="#5a3696">new message</font>] please!'''</div></div>
<div style="float:right;width:240px;">
{{User American}}
{{User Roman Catholic}}
{{User Bushfan}}
{{User Reagan}}
{{User patriot}}
{{User progun}}
{{User Israel}}
{{User cows tasty}}
{{User gay is not ok}}
</div>
I recently quit the normal [[Wikipedia]] under the same username basically because of Wikipedians who like to change everything. I was quite an experienced user on there and was starting to miss it, but have found Conservapedia to fulfill my Wikipedia addiction better than Wikipedia can! I myself am a very [[conservative]] person who is going to begin and add to many articles having to do with Classical Music; mostly [[Opera]]. Please leave me a message if you have any questions or comments.

===Articles in which I've started===
*[[Mario Lanza]]
*''[[Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor]]''
*''[[The Merry Wives of Windsor]]''
*[[Carl Otto Nicolai]]
*[[Bel Canto Trio]]
*[[Frances Yeend]]
*[[George London]]
*[[Enrico Caruso]]
*[[Maria Callas]]
*''[[Schindler's List]]''

===Articles in which I've made major contributions to or have cleaned up===

User:NewYork1956

2007-07-19T04:16:59Z

NewYork1956:

<div class="usermessage"><div class="plainlinks">Leave a '''[http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User_talk:NewYork1956&action=edit&section=new <font color="#5a3696">new message</font>] please!'''</div></div>
<div style="float:right;width:240px;">
{{User American}}
{{User Roman Catholic}}
{{User Bushfan}}
{{User Reagan}}
{{User patriot}}
{{User progun}}
{{User cows tasty}}
</div>
I recently quit the normal [[Wikipedia]] under the same username basically because of Wikipedians who like to change everything. I was quite an experienced user on there and was starting to miss it, but have found Conservapedia to fulfill my Wikipedia addiction better than Wikipedia can! I myself am a very [[conservative]] person who is going to begin and add to many articles having to do with Classical Music; mostly [[Opera]]. Please leave me a message if you have any questions or comments.

===Articles in which I've started===
*[[Mario Lanza]]
*''[[Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor]]''
*''[[The Merry Wives of Windsor]]''
*[[Carl Otto Nicolai]]
*[[Bel Canto Trio]]
*[[Frances Yeend]]
*[[George London]]
*[[Enrico Caruso]]
*[[Maria Callas]]
*''[[Schindler's List]]''

===Articles in which I've made major contributions to or have cleaned up===

Template:User Roman Catholic

2007-07-19T04:14:05Z

NewYork1956: New page: {{userbox|id-c=forestgreen|id=50px|info-c=forestgreen|info-fc=gold|info=This user is a proud Catholic.}}

{{userbox|id-c=forestgreen|id=[[Image:Holy See.gif|50px]]|info-c=forestgreen|info-fc=gold|info=This user is a proud Catholic.}}

User:NewYork1956

2007-07-19T04:03:39Z

NewYork1956:

<div class="usermessage"><div class="plainlinks">Leave a '''[http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User_talk:NewYork1956&action=edit&section=new <font color="#5a3696">new message</font>] please!'''</div></div>
<div style="float:right;width:240px;">
{{User American}}
{{User patriot}}
{{User Bushfan}}
{{User Reagan}}
{{User cows tasty}}
{{User progun}}
</div>
I recently quit the normal [[Wikipedia]] under the same username basically because of Wikipedians who like to change everything. I was quite an experienced user on there and was starting to miss it, but have found Conservapedia to fulfill my Wikipedia addiction better than Wikipedia can! I myself am a very [[conservative]] person who is going to begin and add to many articles having to do with Classical Music; mostly [[Opera]]. Please leave me a message if you have any questions or comments.

===Articles in which I've started===
*[[Mario Lanza]]
*''[[Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor]]''
*''[[The Merry Wives of Windsor]]''
*[[Carl Otto Nicolai]]
*[[Bel Canto Trio]]
*[[Frances Yeend]]
*[[George London]]
*[[Enrico Caruso]]
*[[Maria Callas]]
*''[[Schindler's List]]''

===Articles in which I've made major contributions to or have cleaned up===

User:NewYork1956

2007-07-19T04:03:22Z

NewYork1956:

<div class="usermessage"><div class="plainlinks">Leave a '''[http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User_talk:NewYork1956&action=edit&section=new <font color="#5a3696">new message</font>] please!'''</div></div>
{{User American}}
{{User patriot}}
{{User Bushfan}}
{{User Reagan}}
{{User cows tasty}}
I recently quit the normal [[Wikipedia]] under the same username basically because of Wikipedians who like to change everything. I was quite an experienced user on there and was starting to miss it, but have found Conservapedia to fulfill my Wikipedia addiction better than Wikipedia can! I myself am a very [[conservative]] person who is going to begin and add to many articles having to do with Classical Music; mostly [[Opera]]. Please leave me a message if you have any questions or comments.

===Articles in which I've started===
*[[Mario Lanza]]
*''[[Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor]]''
*''[[The Merry Wives of Windsor]]''
*[[Carl Otto Nicolai]]
*[[Bel Canto Trio]]
*[[Frances Yeend]]
*[[George London]]
*[[Enrico Caruso]]
*[[Maria Callas]]
*''[[Schindler's List]]''

===Articles in which I've made major contributions to or have cleaned up===

Maria Callas

2007-07-19T03:52:14Z

NewYork1956: category:musicians

'''Maria Callas''' (Greek: '''Μαρία Κάλλας''') (December 2, 1923 – September 16, 1977) was an [[United States|American]] born, [[Greeks|Greek]] dramatic coloratura soprano and perhaps the best-known [[opera]] singer of the post-[[World War II]] period. She combined an impressive bel canto technique with great dramatic gifts. An extremely versatile singer, her repertoire ranged from classical opera seria to the bel canto operas of [[Gaetano Donizetti]], [[Vincenzo Bellini]], and [[Gioacchino Rossini]], and further, to the works of [[Giuseppe Verdi]] and [[Giacomo Puccini]], and in her early career, the music dramas of [[Richard Wagner]]. Her remarkable musical and dramatic talents led to her being hailed '''''La Divina'''''.

Born in [[New York City|New York]] and raised by an overbearing mother, she received her musical education in Greece and established her career in [[Italy]]. Forced to deal with the exigencies of wartime poverty and with myopia that left her nearly blind on stage, she endured struggles and scandal over the course of her career. She turned herself from a heavy woman into a glamorous one after a mid-career weight loss, which might have contributed to her vocal decline and the premature end of her career. The press exulted in publicizing Callas’s allegedly temperamental behavior, her supposed rivalry with [[Renata Tebaldi]], and her love affair with Greek shipping magnate [[Aristotle Onassis]]. Her dramatic life and personal tragedy have often overshadowed Callas the artist in the popular press. Her artistic achievements, however, were such that [[Leonard Bernstein]] called her "The Bible of opera",<ref>"PBS tribute to Callas on the Anniversary of her Death", introduction by [[Leonard Bernstein]], 1983.</ref> and her influence so enduring that, in 2006, ''Opera News'' wrote of her, "Nearly thirty years after her death, she's still the definition of the diva as artist—and still one of classical music’s best-selling vocalists."<ref>Driscoll, F. Paul; Brian Kellow (August 2006). "The 25 Most Powerful Names in U.S. Opera". Opera News '''71'''.</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.callas.it/english/home.asp D I V I N A || The Maria Callas Official Web Site] - English page

[[category:musicians]]

George London

2007-07-19T03:51:51Z

NewYork1956: category:musicians

'''George London''' (May 30, 1920 – March 24, 1985) was a [[Montreal]]-born concert and operatic bass-baritone. After extensive concertising with tenor [[Mario Lanza]] and soprano [[Frances Yeend]] as part of the [[Bel Canto Trio]] in 1947 and 1948, London was engaged by the [[Vienna State Opera]], with whom he scored his first major success in [[1949]]. He made his debut at [[New York City|New York's]] [[Metropolitan Opera]] in 1951. In 1958, London performed the leading role of [[Wotan]], in the groundbreaking recording of [[Richard Wagner]]'s opera ''[[Das Rheingold]]'', conducted by [[George Solti]], and produced by [[John Culshaw]] for [[Decca]]. A paralyzed vocal cord ended his singing career prematurely in 1967.

In 1971, London established the George London Foundation for Singers, which gives grants to young opera singers early in their careers. $57,000 is given each year to the winners of an annual competition.[http://www.georgelondon.org/home.html] From 1975 until 1980 he was general director of the [[Washington Opera]] (later the [[Washington National Opera]]).

He died in [[Armonk, New York]].

==References==
*London, Nora.''George London: Of Gods and Demons''. Fort Worth: Baskerville, 2005 (ISBN 1-880909-74-X)

==External links==
*[http://www.georgelondon.org George London Foundation]

[[category:musicians]]

Frances Yeend

2007-07-19T03:51:42Z

NewYork1956: category:musicians

American lyric soprano '''Frances Yeend''' (1918 - ) was born in [[Vancouver, Washington]]. She studied voice at [[Washington State University]] in Pullman, Washington. Her first New York appearances were in 1943 in the Broadway run of Lehar's ''[[The Merry Widow]]'' with [[Jan Kiepura]] and [[Marta Eggerth]]. She joined Columbia Artists Management in 1944 and performed Micaela in a U.S tour of Bizet's ''[[Carmen]]'' that Columbia booked that fall. In April of 1946 Ms. Yeend made her first appearance as the [[soprano]] [[Solo (music)|soloist]] in [[Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)|Beethoven's Ninth Symphony]] with the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra]] under the direction of [[Serge Koussevitzky]]. The following summer she performed the role of Ellen Orford in the American premiere of [[Benjamin Britten]]'s [[Peter Grimes]] at the Tanglewood Music Festival. Yeend went on to become one of the members of the [[Bel Canto Trio]] with [[Mario Lanza]] and [[George London (baritone)|George London]]. Her debut with the New York City Center Opera was as Violetta in [[Giuseppe Verdi|Verdi's]] ''[[La traviata]]'' in 1948. Other roles there, over the next twelve years, included, Amelia in [[Gian-Carlo Menotti|Menotti's]] ''Amelia Goes to the Ball,'' Countess in [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart's]] ''[[The Marriage of Figaro]],'' Marguerite in Gounod's ''Faust,'' Eva in [[Richard Wagner|Wagner's]] ''Die Meistersinger,'' Micaela in ''Carmen,'' Felice in [[Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari|Wolf Ferrari's]] ''The Four Ruffians,'' the title role in Verdi's ''Aida,'' Nedda in [[Ruggero Leoncavallo|Leoncavallo's]] ''Pagliacci,'' the title roles in [[Giacomo Puccini|Puccini's]] ''Tosca'' and ''Turandot'' as well as Mimi in his ''La Boheme'' and all the soprano roles in [[Jacques Offenbach|Offenbach's]] ''The Tales of Hoffmann.'' Yeend made her debut with the [[Vienna State Opera|Vienna Staatsoper]] in 1953 in ''La traviata.'' She debuted at London's [[Royal Opera House|Covent Garden]] that same year as Mimi in ''La Boheme.'' In 1958 Yeend sang the title role of Puccini's ''Turandot'' at the [[Verona Arena|Arena di Verona]] in Italy. She made her Metropolitan Opera debut as Chrysothemis in [[Richard Strauss|Richard Strauss's]] ''Elektra'' in 1961. Other Met roles included Violetta in ''La traviata'' and Gutrune in Wagner's ''Götterdämerung.'' Yeend appeared as soloist with major [[orchestra]]s more than 300 times. She was a regular with the [[New York Philharmonic]], the [[Chicago Symphony Orchestra|Chicago Symphony]], the [[Philadelphia Orchestra]] and the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra|Boston Symphony]]. She appeared extensively in recitals in the U. S., Canada and Europe. She recorded for [[RCA]], [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Mercury Records|Mercury]], MGM, and DaVinci Records. In 1966 Ms.Yeend joined the faculty of [[West Virginia University]] as Professor of Voice and Artist in Residence. She retired in 1978.

[[category:musicians]]

Bel Canto Trio

2007-07-19T03:51:26Z

NewYork1956: category:musicians

The '''Bel Canto Trio''' was created by [[Columbia Artists Management]] in 1947. Consisting of tenor [[Mario Lanza]], soprano [[Frances Yeend]] and bass-baritone [[George London]], the Bel Canto Trio performed 86 concerts throughout the [[United States]], [[Canada]] and [[Mexico]] between July 1947 and May 1948.

[[category:musicians]]

Mario Lanza

2007-07-19T03:50:00Z

NewYork1956: Changed to "Otello" image.

[[Image:Mario lanza otello.jpg|260px|thumb|right|A mural in [[Philadelphia|South Philadelphia]] of Mario Lanza as [[Giuseppe Verdi|Verdi's]] ''[[Otello]]''.]]
'''Mario Lanza''' (January 31, 1921 - October 7 1959) was a popular [[United States|American]] tenor and actor whose short career spanned from the late 1940s to the late 1950s.

==Early life and singing career==
Mario Lanza was born '''Alfredo Arnold Cocozza''' on January 31, 1921 to Antonio (Tony) Cocozza and Maria Cocozza (née Lanza) in [[Philadelphia|South Philadelphia]]. Tony, who was a [[World War I]] veteran receiving full disability benefits from the government due to injuries sustained in the war, and Freddie, which is what young Mario was called by friends and family, often listened to the records of tenors [[Beniamino Gigli]], [[Tito Schipa]], [[Giovanni Zenatello]], and especially [[Enrico Caruso]]. Maria, who gave up her dreams of becoming an opera star to raise her son, was thrilled when Freddie began to talk of perusing a career singing in the opera. Maria took Freddie to an audition with Irene Williams, a former opera singer and then voice teacher. Williams was impressed with Freddie's voice and agreed to be his teacher. Under Williams, young Freddie worked hard to learn how to read music and develop the foundations of a solid vocal technique.

In 1941, the twenty year old tenor was given an audition before the world famous Russian conductor [[Serge Koussevitsky]]. Koussevitsky was impressed with Cocozza's rendition of "Vesti la giubba" and immediately offered him a scholarship to attend the [[Tanglewood Festival]] in [[Massachusetts]] where he would receive training from conductors [[Boris Goldovsky]] and [[Leonard Bernstein]]. It was at Tanglewood where Cocozza first used masculine version of his mother’s name, Mario Lanza, as a stage name. At Tanglewood he would also make his operatic debut as Fenton in ''[[Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor]]''.

During [[World War II]], Lanza's career was interrupted when he was drafted for military service. He managed to find his way into Special Services where he would entertain the troops and would be known as the "Service Caruso." Upon being discharged in 1945, he relocated to [[New York City]], with his wife Betty, where he received a contract from [[Columbia Records|Columbia Artists Management, Inc]]. Lanza regularly filled in for the [[Metropolitans Opera]]'s [[Jan Peerce]] on the popular radio program, "The Celenese Hour: Great Moments in Music."

In 1947, Mario Lanza, along with soprano [[Frances Yeend]] and bass-baritone [[George London]], would form a group called the [[Bel Canto Trio]]. The Bel Canto Trio performed 86 concerts throughout the [[United States]], [[Canada]] and [[Mexico]] between July 1947 and May 1948.

==Recording and acting career==
1948 turned out to be a defining year for Mario Lanza because [[RCA Victor]] began to take advantage of the five year recording contract they had signed with him in 1945 and [[MGM]] signed him up for a seven year contract to star in a series of feature pictures.

===Filmography===
*''[[That Midnight Kiss]]'', Johnny Donnetti (1949)
*''[[The Toast of New Orleans]]'', Pepe Abellard Duvalle (1950)
*''[[The Great Caruso]]'', [[Enrico Caruso]] (1951)
*''[[Because You're Mine]]'', Renaldo Rossano (1952)
*''[[Serenade (1956 picture)|Serenade]], Damon Vincenti (1956)
*''[[Seven Hills of Rome (1958 picture)|Seven Hills of Rome]], Marc Revere (1958)
*''[[For the First Time]], Tonio Costa (1959)

==References==
*[http://www.warniesworld.net/gpage.html Dead Tenors' Society] - Mario Lanza

==External links==
*[http://www.lanzalegend.com/ Lanza Legend] - The official Mario Lanza website

[[category:musicians]]
[[Category:Film Actors]]

Mario Lanza

2007-07-18T20:12:33Z

NewYork1956: /* External links */ category:musicians

[[Image:Lanza1.jpg|thumb|281px|right|A mural in [[Philadelphia|South Philadelphia]] of Mario Lanza performing.]]
'''Mario Lanza''' (January 31, 1921 - October 7 1959) was a popular [[United States|American]] tenor and actor whose short career spanned from the late 1940s to the late 1950s.

==Early life and singing career==
Mario Lanza was born '''Alfredo Arnold Cocozza''' on January 31, 1921 to Antonio (Tony) Cocozza and Maria Cocozza (née Lanza) in [[Philadelphia|South Philadelphia]]. Tony, who was a [[World War I]] veteran receiving full disability benefits from the government due to injuries sustained in the war, and Freddie, which is what young Mario was called by friends and family, often listened to the records of tenors [[Beniamino Gigli]], [[Tito Schipa]], [[Giovanni Zenatello]], and especially [[Enrico Caruso]]. Maria, who gave up her dreams of becoming an opera star to raise her son, was thrilled when Freddie began to talk of perusing a career singing in the opera. Maria took Freddie to an audition with Irene Williams, a former opera singer and then voice teacher. Williams was impressed with Freddie's voice and agreed to be his teacher. Under Williams, young Freddie worked hard to learn how to read music and develop the foundations of a solid vocal technique.

In 1941, the twenty year old tenor was given an audition before the world famous Russian conductor [[Serge Koussevitsky]]. Koussevitsky was impressed with Cocozza's rendition of "Vesti la giubba" and immediately offered him a scholarship to attend the [[Tanglewood Festival]] in [[Massachusetts]] where he would receive training from conductors [[Boris Goldovsky]] and [[Leonard Bernstein]]. It was at Tanglewood where Cocozza first used masculine version of his mother’s name, Mario Lanza, as a stage name. At Tanglewood he would also make his operatic debut as Fenton in ''[[Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor]]''.

During [[World War II]], Lanza's career was interrupted when he was drafted for military service. He managed to find his way into Special Services where he would entertain the troops and would be known as the "Service Caruso." Upon being discharged in 1945, he relocated to [[New York City]], with his wife Betty, where he received a contract from [[Columbia Records|Columbia Artists Management, Inc]]. Lanza regularly filled in for the [[Metropolitans Opera]]'s [[Jan Peerce]] on the popular radio program, "The Celenese Hour: Great Moments in Music."

In 1947, Mario Lanza, along with soprano [[Frances Yeend]] and bass-baritone [[George London]], would form a group called the [[Bel Canto Trio]]. The Bel Canto Trio performed 86 concerts throughout the [[United States]], [[Canada]] and [[Mexico]] between July 1947 and May 1948.

==Recording and acting career==
1948 turned out to be a defining year for Mario Lanza because [[RCA Victor]] began to take advantage of the five year recording contract they had signed with him in 1945 and [[MGM]] signed him up for a seven year contract to star in a series of feature pictures.

===Filmography===
*''[[That Midnight Kiss]]'', Johnny Donnetti (1949)
*''[[The Toast of New Orleans]]'', Pepe Abellard Duvalle (1950)
*''[[The Great Caruso]]'', [[Enrico Caruso]] (1951)
*''[[Because You're Mine]]'', Renaldo Rossano (1952)
*''[[Serenade (1956 picture)|Serenade]], Damon Vincenti (1956)
*''[[Seven Hills of Rome (1958 picture)|Seven Hills of Rome]], Marc Revere (1958)
*''[[For the First Time]], Tonio Costa (1959)

==References==
*[http://www.warniesworld.net/gpage.html Dead Tenors' Society] - Mario Lanza

==External links==
*[http://www.lanzalegend.com/ Lanza Legend] - The official Mario Lanza website

[[category:musicians]]
[[Category:Film Actors]]

Enrico Caruso

2007-07-18T19:37:54Z

NewYork1956: Added image.

[[Image:Caruso7.jpg|thumb|right|The great tenor in a casual moment.]]
'''Enrico Caruso''' (February 25, 1873 – August 2, 1921) was an Italian [[opera]] singer and one of the most famous tenors in history. Caruso was also the most popular singer in any genre in the first twenty years of the twentieth century and one of the pioneers of recorded music. Caruso's popular recordings and his extraordinary voice, known for its range, power, and beauty, made him one of the best-known stars of his time.

==External links==
*[http://www.enricocarusomuseum.com/ The Enrico Caruso Museum of America]

[[category:musicians]]

User:NewYork1956

2007-07-18T10:19:09Z

NewYork1956:

I recently quit the normal [[Wikipedia]] under the same username basically because of Wikipedians who like to change everything. I was quite an experienced user on there and was starting to miss it, but have found Conservapedia to fulfill my Wikipedia addiction better than Wikipedia can! I myself am a very [[conservative]] person who is going to begin and add to many articles having to do with Classical Music; mostly [[Opera]]. Please leave me a message if you have any questions or comments.

===Articles in which I've started===
*[[Mario Lanza]]
*''[[Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor]]''
*''[[The Merry Wives of Windsor]]''
*[[Carl Otto Nicolai]]
*[[Bel Canto Trio]]
*[[Frances Yeend]]
*[[George London]]
*[[Enrico Caruso]]
*[[Maria Callas]]
*''[[Schindler's List]]''

===Articles in which I've made major contributions to or have cleaned up===

Schindler's List

2007-07-18T10:18:40Z

NewYork1956: Minor edits.

'''''Schindler's List''''' is a multiple [[Academy Award]]-winning 1993 picture based on the book ''Schindler's Ark'' by [[Thomas Keneally]]. The film, which was directed by [[Steven Spielberg]], tells the story of [[Oskar Schindler]], a [[Sudeten-German]] [[Roman Catholic]] businessman who was instrumental in saving the lives of over one thousand [[Poland|Polish]] [[Jew]]s during the [[Final Solution]]. The title refers to a list of the names of 1,100 Jews whom Schindler hired to "work" in his factory, but really just to keep them out of the [[Nazi]] concentration camps.

Schindler's List

2007-07-18T10:13:42Z

NewYork1956: New page: '''''Schindler's List''''' is a multiple Academy Award-winning 1993 picture based on the book ''Schindler's Ark'' by Thomas Keneally. The film, which was directed by [[Steven Spiel...

'''''Schindler's List''''' is a multiple [[Academy Award]]-winning 1993 picture based on the book ''Schindler's Ark'' by [[Thomas Keneally]]. The film, which was directed by [[Steven Spielberg]], tells the story of [[Oskar Schindler]], a [[Sudeten-German]] [[Roman Catholic]] businessman who was instrumental in saving the lives of over one thousand [[Poland|Polish]] [[Jew]]s during the [[Final Solution]]. The title refers to a list of the names of 1,100 Jews whom Schindler hired to work in his factory and kept from being kept in [[Nazi]] concentration camps.

Holocaust

2007-07-18T10:08:26Z

NewYork1956: /* Books and film */ Added Schindler's List to "Books and film" list.

[[Image:Warsaw ghetto.jpg|right|300px|thumb|One of the most infamous photos taken of the Holocaust, as Jewish families are forced from the Warsaw Ghetto in the aftermath of its destruction by the S.S. in 1943. Their final destination was the killing center at Treblinka.]]
The '''Holocaust''' is a word based on the [[Yiddish]] and [[Hebrew]] word ''hurban'' (destruction), and the [[Greek]] word ''holokaustos'' (''holos'': complete, and ''kaustos'': a sacrificial or burnt offering to a god), and has been used specifically to describe the period of 1933-1945 in [[Nazi]] [[Germany]] when [[Jews]] were barred from social life and work, imprisoned en masse, and ultimately targeted for extermination under the policy of ''die Endlösung'' (the Final Solution). The word ''holocaust'' was chosen by survivors in reference to the large number of bodies fed to the crematoria of the [[concentration camps|extermination camps]] built for that purpose. In Hebrew, the Holocaust is known by the word "''Shoah''."

==Origins==
After years of struggling to push their ideology into the masses through browbeatings and violence, the Nazi Party in Germany came to power in 1933, with [[Adolf Hitler]] as Chancellor, his ideology firmly entrenched within the party, and in the pages of his ''Mein Kampf'', a semi-biographical work containing his rambling political philosophy. In its pages Hitler expounded on the idea that the Aryan race, of which he was a part, was the so-called “master race”, and had a moral right and duty to subjugate the world; in the way stood the ''untermenschen'' (“sub-humans”), which, according to the Nazis, were meant to serve the master race as slaves. At the very bottom were the Jews, who were depicted as an evil race bent on world domination.

Hitler came to power on January 30, 1933 to lead a coalition government at the request of [[President]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]], and almost immediately he made moves to consolidate power to himself and the Nazi Party, as well as restrict or eliminate political opposition. Jewish businesses began feeling the effects of a boycott as soon as it began on April 1, followed by the dismissal of Jewish civil service workers, judges, and university professors a week later. On May 10, some ten days after laws were enacted which prevented Jewish children from attending public schools except by quota, thousands of university students and professors stormed bookstores and libraries to remove books they deemed “un-Germanic” and opposed to Nazi teachings, throwing them into public bonfires. The [[Nürnberg Laws]] were enacted in 1935, which revoked German citizenship from Jews as well as declaring the marriage between a Jew and a [[German]] illegal. By 1938, the political and economic foundations of German Jewry were completely decimated.

==Crystal Night==
On November 7, 1938, Herschel Grynszpan, a German Jew living in [[Paris]] and upset over his family’s forced deportation to [[Poland]], shot the third secretary (Ernst vom Rath) to the German ambassador in [[France]], who died two days later. His assassination touched off a wave of riots on November 9, seemingly at the behest of the Nazi minister of propaganda, [[Joseph Goebbels]], but this was expanded and organized better with the issuing of orders by the head of the S.S., [[Reinhard Heydrich]], later that evening, who specified that S.S. and S.A. units in various cities would march out with sledgehammers against Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues - but in civilian clothes only (to symbolize the “righteous” anger of the German people). Business could not be looted, as the property inside was deemed property of the state; Jewish property near German shops and homes could not be burned, but smashed; and many Jewish males, particularly the wealthy, were subject to arrest. Over 35,000 men were arrested that night, and according to figures released by Heydrich the total number of arrests exceeded 100,000; 815 Jewish businesses were destroyed, 191 Synagogues were destroyed or demolished, and over 2,000 were dead. By the end of the week local jails as well as the new [[Buchenwald]] and [[Dacau]] concentration camps were quickly filled. To further add insult to injury, the Jews were declared responsible for the damages done to their property and ordered to pay the staggering sum of one billion Reichmarks.

The sidewalks were littered with shards of the expensive storefront glass that was preferred for shops in Germany, which was called ''Kristallglas'' for its high-quality. The amount of glass left behind gave the incident its name: ''Kristallnacht'' (“Crystal Night”), or the Night of Broken Glass.

==Non-Jewish victims==
Jews were not the only victims of Nazi persecution. Members of unions, members of the Social Democratic Party, and political dissidents were also sent to the camps; indeed they were among the first ones incarcerated immediately following Hitler’s appointment as chancellor. Some 20,000 [[Jehovah’s Witnesses]] also were rounded up and sent to the camps, primarily because of refusal to register for the draft, swear allegiance to the state, or give the “Heil Hitler” greeting. [[Homosexual]]s were arrested, where they were forced to wear a pink triangle on their prison garments. [[Gypsies]] as well were rounded up and imprisoned, and like the Jews, were deliberately marked for killing.

The mentally retarded, the disabled, and the insane were selected for the T-4 Program, which was created in 1939. Dubbed “useless eaters” by S.S. general Ernst Kaltenbrunner, these people were murdered as part of a “euthanasia” campaign, usually by placing them in a special room where a vehicle’s engine provided the carbon monoxide gas that flowed in through a hose in a wall.

Following the outbreak of World War II in [[Poland]], the Nazis killed Polish intellegensia in territories under their control, politicians, priests, and anyone else deemed part of a Polish leadership; the remainder were deemed slaves to serve their new masters; many were forced to perform hard labor, while many of the children who happened to look Aryan were kidnapped and raised as Germans in German households.

==World War II==
[[Image:Goeth.jpg|right|150px|right|thumb|Amon Goeth, commandant of the Plazow concentration camp near Krakow, Poland. A sadistic man, his recreation was to target and kill individual Jews in the camp with a hunting rifle from the balcony of his villa.]]
When World War II began in the fall of 1939, Jews in Germany were completely marginalized. They could not own property, go to a park, associate with Germans, enter a library or museum, work in any professional field or engage in business, nor could their children attend public schools. Public transportation would be forbidden by 1941, and the wearing of the yellow Star of David badge on their clothing was mandatory. They were also, prior to September 1, forced to migrate from countries and territories which had come under Hitler’s wing (the Rhineland, Austria, the Sudetenland), with many being deported to Poland. By September 21, Poland was now the “General Government” protectorate under former lawyer [[Hans Frank]], and on that day Heydrich ordered the establishment of ''Judenrates'' (Jewish councils) which comprised 24 men - political leaders and rabbis – and whose personal responsibility was to carry out, to the letter, all German orders. This would include supplying people for work details, usually mundane things like digging ditches to amuse their Nazi overlords. Later, they were made to be responsible for supplying thousands of people a day for the “work” camps of [[Treblinka]], [[Sobibor]], [[Belzec]], and new one under construction near the town of Oswiecim, which the Germans called [[Auschwitz]].

Thousands, nearly thirty percent of the total population of Warsaw, were crammed into just over 2 percent of the city’s total land area, a density of 200,000 people per square mile. Naturally disease and malnutrition would take its toll, but for the German overlords this was a minor inconvenience. The ghetto was a temporary place to hold all of Europe’s Jews until a final solution was determined, and when the Nazis invaded their former ally, the Soviet Union, in June 1941, the killing began in earnest.

====The Einsatzgruppen====
[[Image:Babi Yar.jpg|right|150px|left|thumb|1943 German photo of Soviet POWs forced to dig up the thousands of Jews killed at Babi Yar two years before; the Nazis destroyed the evidence by burning the bodies.]]
Alongside the German Army were special mobile units whose job it was to locate and kill Jews, Gypsies, Soviets commissars, and others deemed unfit in the areas controlled by the army. These ''Einsatzgruppen'' (“special units”) were also aided by local populations who felt the Germans had relieved them of [[Soviet]] occupation as well as sharing a hatred for Jews and other minorities. Making no difference between young or old, male or female, the Einsatzgruppen killed 70,000 Jews at Ponary, near Vilnius, [[Lithuania]]; 33,771 Jews were machine-gunned in a ravine known as Babi Yar near [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]], between [[September]] 28-29, 1941 [http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/yevtushenko.htm]; 9,000 Jews were killed at the Ninth Fort at Kaunas, Lithuania, on October 28, of which half of the dead were children. On November 30 in the Rumbula Forest outside of Riga, Latvia, between 25,000-28,000 were killed.

The killings were done in first and second waves, with the bodies buried in mass graves. When the Soviets threatened and carried out counter-offensives to reclaim lost territory, special units made up of concentration camp inmates (''sonderkomandos'') would return to the sites, dig up the bodies, and burn them in mass pyres, destroying the evidence of their crimes. The number of individual persons killed by the Einsatzgruppen has been estimated at a bare minimum of one million.

==Endlösung==
[[Image:Heydrich.jpg|right|150px|thumb|''Obersturbanfuhrer'' Reinhard Heydrich, the man who convened the Wannsee Conference with the intention of determining a "final solution to the Jewish question".]]
:''To Gruppenführer Heydrich:''
:''Supplementing the task assigned to you by the decree of January 24, 1939, to solve the Jewish problem by means of emigration and evacuation in the best possible way according to present conditions, I hereby charge you to carry out preparations as regards organizational, financial, and material matters for a total solution (Gesamtlösung) of the Jewish question in all the territories of Europe under German occupation.''
:''Where the competency of other central organizations touches on this matter, these organizations are to collaborate.''
:''I charge you further to submit to me as soon as possible a general plan of the administrative material and financial measures necessary for carrying out the desired final solution (Endlösung) of the Jewish question.'' (Order from Hermann Göring to Reinhard Heydrich, July 31, 1941)

====Wannsee Conference====
On January 20, 1942 at a lakeside villa near Berlin named Wannsee a conference was convened by Heydrich to implement methods and ideas for a "final solution to the Jewish question" (''die Endlösung der Judenfrage''). At the conference were fifteen men, among them Heydrich’s head of Jewish affairs, [[Adolf Eichmann]], who would be instrumental in providing the logistical plans for removing the Jews to the camps. The men present were highly educated, and represented government agencies, such as the Gestapo, the Race and Resettlement Office, the S.S., as well as a representative from the General Government in Poland. As Heydrich himself explained near the beginning of the conference, ideas were bartered about as to relocating Jews:

:''“Another possible solution of the [Jewish] problem has now taken the place of emigration—i.e., evacuation of the Jews to the east…Such activities are, however, to be considered as provisional actions, but practical experience is already being collected which is of greatest importance in relation to the future final solution of the Jewish problem.”''

The minutes of the meeting were kept, but had been edited by Heydrich. The language it contains euphemisms in place of what was really said. ''Evacuation of Jews to the east'' and ''resettlement'' meant relocation to the concentration and extermination camps in Poland; ''special handling'' regarded the killing of Jews, either through slave labor in which the Jew was worked to death, or being killed immediately on arrival. The ''final solution'' was put into practice within a few months of the conference, as the bullets of the machine guns and the exhaust of carbon monoxide were replaced by the more efficient killing methods installed in the first gas chambers.

====The killing centers====
[[Image:Hgdye56.jpg|right|200px|thumb|''Selektion'' of Hungarian Jews at the Auschwitz-Birkenau camp in May/June 1944. To be sent to the right meant slave labor; to the left, the gas chambers.]]
In the early years of Nazi Germany concentration camps were built with the expressed purpose of housing political prisoners; this was quickly expanded to Jews and other people the Nazis considered undesirable. But by 1942 new camps were built in eastern Poland as killing centers; the victims, once targeted by the Einsatzgruppen coming to them, had been rounded up by units of the Army and Waffen S.S., and forced to travel to their own destruction. The victims were packed tightly into cattle cars - so tight in fact that many would die standing up – and transported by rail to the new extermination camps of Chelmno, Treblinka, Sobibor, [[Majdanek]], and Belzec. The camps were essentially factories which specialized in death, making the process from arrival to counting to shower to disposal coldly efficient.

As they arrived the victims were divided in two: those fit for work, usually young to middle aged men, or possessed a special skill needed in the camp, and the remainder sent for delousing in the showers. Deceived to the end, the “showers” was actually a sealed room in which a chemical tablet known as “[[Zyklon B]]” was dropped through a hole in the ceiling. The cyanide-based vapors would kill the entire room within minutes; within thirty, the room was emptied by the ''sonderkomandos'', cleaned, and ready for another group of victims.

Of the killing centers, the one at Osweicim, Poland - Auschwitz - was perhaps the most notorious. Auschwitz was three camps: a prisoner-of-war camp (Auschwitz I), a slave-labour camp (Auschwitz III–Buna-Monowitz) and the extermination camp (Auschwitz II–Birkenau). The arrivals would disembark the trains at Auschwitz II, where the old, handicapped, infirm, sick, and pregnant women would face a German doctor (among them the notorious [[Joseph Mengele]]) in the ''selektion'', where a flick of a thumb could mean the difference between slave labor in the nearby factory run by I.G. Farben (which took advantage of the forced labor by investing some 700 million Reichsmarks in the project), or to their immediate deaths. Those selected for labor would be worked to death by a combination of hard labor and inadequate food and medical care; a second ''selektion'' of their numbers, if they had survived, would mean a trip to the gas chambers.

The number of Jews put to death were staggering. Beginning in the summer of 1942 a bare minimum of 960,000 were believed killed at Auschwitz during its three years in operation. At Treblinka, between 750,000-900,000 Jews were killed within 17 months, considering the staff and guards there numbered 120. 600,000 Jews died at Belzac within 10 months by a staff numbering 104. In the eighteen months of its operation, Sobibor killed 250,000.

==Clandestine aid==
In territory occupied by the Germans the situation was bleak for Jews. Their allies were few and resources were meager. Despite this, many put their lives on the line to provide aid and comfort, as well as putting them in hiding or through a network of underground units to get them to safety. In Poland it was punishable by death to aid Jews, yet a “council for the aid of Jews” known as the Zegota rescued about 5,000 men, women, and children, providing hiding places and forged identity papers. A similar number was hidden by French Huguenots in the little town of Le Chamblon-sur-Lignon. Although criticized by many for his silence about the Nazi persecution of the Jews, Pope [[Pius XII]] hid several hundred inside the Vatican, away from Mussolini and German occupiers.

Swedish diplomat [[Raoul Wallenburg]], in an attempt to save the last remaining Jews in Hungary, arrived in Budapest on July 9, 1944, and working with neutral diplomats and the Vatican, secured the release of several thousand; his efforts at the rescue of Jews would total well over 100,000 by war’s end. A Nazi businessman who took advantage of the slave labor conditions to make a personal profit, [[Oskar Schindler]], would use that profit to bribe camp guards and Nazi officials at the Plazow camp to ensure that the workers he had grown to love and admire would survive the end of the war; among the individuals he played cat and mouse with for their lives was the camp's commandant, Amon Goeth, a sadistic man who shot Jews for target practice from his villa and tortured a captured escapee by shooting the prisoners around him. These men and women, who hid Jews out of a sense of common humanity, would not be forgotten: the state of Israel would recognize them with honorary citizenship several years later.

==Resistance==
Jews stood virtually alone against the Nazi war machine and those who collaborated with them, receiving no aid or assistance from outside, as well as having no access to arms with which to defend themselves. Further, the Nazis took great care to prevent their victims from knowing their true plans right up to the moment of their deaths; at Babi Yar many had believed they were being transported to a “family work camp” right up to the point of standing before their own mass grave. There was also the fear of reprisals against large numbers of Jews within the ghettos, which also prevented resistance. But word of the unbelievable atrocities of the death camps filtered into places like Warsaw, and as the trains were leaving packed with Jews many saw that resistance was preferable to the death that awaited them.

Nine months after the Warsaw deportations had commenced, and after confirmation that their destination was the Treblinka extermination camp, 24-year-old [[Mordecai Anielewicz]] and his Jewish Resistance began the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising on April 19, 1943, which lasted just over a month. Jews would fight alongside partisans elsewhere in France, the Balkans, and Soviet Russia during the last three years of the war. Uprisings also occurred in two of the death camps, Treblinka and Sobibor; the latter was closed as a result and the site razed to hide the evidence.

But the killing continued unabated, even to the last week of the war. As territory was regained by Soviet forces, the death camps were evacuated of survivors and destroyed as much as possible in a futile attempt to hide the evidence. The survivors were moved west into Germany, usually in hellish death marches, and interned in concentration camps where death still awaited them; such killing by the S.S. took priority over military matters at times.

==Aftermath==
{| border="1" align="right" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" width="450" style="margin-left:5px"
|-
!colspan="5" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: yellow no-repeat scroll top left;"|Jewish Death Statistics during the Holocaust
|-
!align ="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Country
!align ="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Prior Jewish Population
!align ="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: red no-repeat scroll top left;"|Estimated Number Killed
!align ="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Percentage of Total
!align ="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Estimated Number of Survivors
|-
|'''Poland'''
|3,300,000
|'''3,000,000'''
|91%
|300,000
|-
|'''Germany'''
|566,000
|'''200,000'''
|36%
|366,000
|-
|'''USSR'''
|3,020,000
|'''1,100,000'''
|36%
|1,920,000
|-
|'''Hungary'''
|800,000
|'''596,000'''
|74%
|204,000
|-
|'''Lithuania'''
|168,000
|'''143,000'''
|85%
|25,000
|-
|'''Estonia'''
|4,500
|'''2,000'''
|44%
|2,500
|-
|'''Latvia'''
|95,000
|'''80,000'''
|84%
|15,000
|-
|'''France'''
|350,000
|'''77,320'''
|22%
|272,680
|-
|'''Austria'''
|185,000
|'''65,000'''
|35%
|120,000
|-
|'''Netherlands'''
|140,000
|'''100,000'''
|71%
|40,000
|-
|'''Belgium'''
|65,700
|'''28,900'''
|45%
|36,800
|-
|'''Romania'''
|342,000
|'''287,000'''
|84%
|55,000
|-
|'''Bohemia Moravia'''
|118,310
|'''71,150'''
|60%
|47,160
|-
|'''Greece'''
|77,380
|'''67,000'''
|87%
|10,380
|-
|'''Czechoslovakia'''
|88,950
|'''71,000'''
|80%
|17,950
|-
|'''Yugoslavia'''
|78,000
|'''63,300'''
|81%
|14,700
|-
|'''Italy'''
|44,500
|'''7,680'''
|17%
|36,820
|-
|'''Bulgaria'''
|50,000
|'''0'''
|0%
|50,000
|-
|'''Denmark'''
|7,800
|'''60'''
|.8%
|7,740
|-
|'''Finland'''
|2,000
|'''7'''
|.03%
|1,993
|-
|'''Norway'''
|1,700
|'''762'''
|45%
|938
|-
|'''TOTAL'''
|'''9,508,340'''
|'''5,962,129'''
|'''63%'''
|'''3,546,211'''
|
|}
[[Image:Ike at Ordruf.jpg|left|150px|thumb|General Dwight D. Eisenhower saw for himself the carnage wrought by the Nazis when he toured the Ordruf concentration camp on April 12, 1945. These prisoners were executed prior to the camp's liberation.]]
More than nine million people were discovered by the [[Allies]] to have been displaced throughout the European Theater of the war; of these, six million were returned to their native lands. One million refused, citing either a fear of communist persecution or a fear of being discovered to have collaborated with the enemy. The remainder, more than three and a half million Jews, had nothing. For these survivors, life after the war meant searching for loved ones, as well as recovering from the severe effects of malnutrition and disease at the hands of the Nazis.

As to the future of finding homes for the surviving Jews, that was solved in part by both covert and well-publicized efforts to pressure [[Great Britain]] into relinquishing control of [[Palestine]] for the purpose of a Jewish homeland, as well as the relaxing of American immigration laws in 1948 which allowed a large influx of Jewish refugees. So shocking was the Holocaust to the Jewish mindset that it caused a determination of survivors to speed the creation of the State of [[Israel]] in May, 1948, vowing that a repeat of the Holocaust, as well as previous pogroms against the Jews in the past, would not happen again. Since 1948, Israel has fought in four major wars against their neighbors bent on eradicating it, and each time Israel has emerged victorious.

The Allies were just as shocked over the conditions which prevailed at the Nazi death camps, and set up military tribunals as a result. The most famous was the [[Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal|Nürnberg Trials]], taking place 1945-1946 near the site of the Nazi mass rallies. For the first time in history, an international tribunal would try the 22 major living Nazis for crimes against humanity; all but one would be found guilty, and more than half would suffer death by hanging.

Many Nazis would flee justice, seeking solace in many counties which sympathized with them. [[Adolf Eichmann]], a chief architect of the Holocaust, was captured while hiding in Argentina under an assumed name, brought to Israel, and put on trial in 1961. He was found guilty, and suffered the first and only death penalty carried out Israel’s history. Other Nazis would eventually be brought to trial: [[Klaus Barbie]], the “Butcher of Lyon”, was tried in France in 1987, as well as [[Maurice Papon]] a decade later for collaborating with the Nazis. These trials brought to new generations an awareness of the Holocaust.

==Books and film==
*''[[Schindler's List]]''

==See also==
*[[Holocaust Memorial Day]]
*[[Kindertransport]]

==References==
*Shirer, William L. ''The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich'', Simon and Schuster, New York (1960).
*Yahil, Leni. ''The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry'', Schocken Publishing House, Ltd, Tel Aviv, Israel (1987). English edition by Oxford University Press, New York (1990).
*[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/yevtushenko.htm ''Babi Yar'', poem by Yevgeni Yevtushenko]

==External Links==
:[http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/ Holocaust Encyclopedia]
:[http://www.ushmm.org/ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]
:[http://www.hmh.org/ Houston Holocaust Museum]
:[http://www.flholocaustmuseum.org/ Florida Holocaust Museum]
:[http://www.va-holocaust.com/ Virginia Holocaust Museum]
:[http://holocausteducationcenter.org/ Holocaust Awareness Museum & Educational Center of Philadelphia; America's First Holocaust Museum]
:[http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/Nuremberg/Nuremberg.html#search Searchable list of 2300 victims from Nuremberg]
:[http://www.holocaustcentre.net/ Beth Shalom Holocaust Centre in Newark, England]
:[http://www.mhmc.ca/ Montreal Holocaust Memorial Center Museum]
:[http://www.holocaust-mahnmal.de/en German Government's Memorial To Jews Murdered During Holocaust]
:[http://www.amcha.org/ AMCHA: Israeli Association of Holocaust Survivors]

[[category:European History]]
[[Category:World War II]]
[[Category:Genocide]]

User:NewYork1956

2007-07-18T10:04:59Z

NewYork1956:

I recently quit the normal [[Wikipedia]] under the same username basically because of Wikipedians who like to change everything. I was quite an experienced user on there and was starting to miss it, but have found Conservapedia to fulfill my Wikipedia addiction better than Wikipedia can! I myself am a very [[conservative]] person who is going to begin and add to many articles having to do with Classical Music; mostly [[Opera]]. Please leave me a message if you have any questions or comments.

===Articles in which I've started===
*[[Mario Lanza]]
*''[[Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor]]''
*''[[The Merry Wives of Windsor]]''
*[[Carl Otto Nicolai]]
*[[Bel Canto Trio]]
*[[Frances Yeend]]
*[[George London]]
*[[Enrico Caruso]]
*[[Maria Callas]]

===Articles in which I've made major contributions to or have cleaned up===

Maria Callas

2007-07-18T07:31:29Z

NewYork1956: Started article!

Mario Lanza

2007-07-18T07:10:14Z

NewYork1956: Continued...

Enrico Caruso

2007-07-18T06:47:29Z

NewYork1956: Started

'''Enrico Caruso''' (February 25, 1873 – August 2, 1921) was an Italian [[opera]] singer and one of the most famous tenors in history. Caruso was also the most popular singer in any genre in the first twenty years of the twentieth century and one of the pioneers of recorded music. Caruso's popular recordings and his extraordinary voice, known for its range, power, and beauty, made him one of the best-known stars of his time.

==External links==
*[http://www.enricocarusomuseum.com/ The Enrico Caruso Museum of America]

Mario Lanza

2007-07-18T06:22:54Z

NewYork1956: Changed image.

[[Image:Lanza1.jpg|thumb|281px|right|A mural in [[Philadelphia|South Philadelphia]] of Mario Lanza performing.]]
'''Mario Lanza''' (January 31, 1921 - October 7 1959) was a popular [[United States|American]] tenor and actor whose short career spanned from the late 1940s to the late 1950s.

==Early life and career==
Mario Lanza was born '''Alfredo Arnold Cocozza''' on January 31, 1921 to Antonio (Tony) Cocozza and Maria Cocozza (née Lanza) in [[Philadelphia|South Philadelphia]]. Tony, who was a [[World War I]] veteran receiving full disability benefits from the government due to injuries sustained in the war, and Freddie, which is what young Mario was called by friends and family, often listened to the records of tenors [[Beniamino Gigli]], [[Tito Schipa]], [[Giovanni Zenatello]], and especially [[Enrico Caruso]]. Maria, who gave up her dreams of becoming an opera star to raise her son, was thrilled when Freddie began to talk of perusing a career singing in the opera. Maria took Freddie to an audition with Irene Williams, a former opera singer and then voice teacher. Williams was impressed with Freddie's voice and agreed to be his teacher. Under Williams, young Freddie worked hard to learn how to read music and develop the foundations of a solid vocal technique.

In 1941, the twenty year old tenor was given an audition before the world famous Russian conductor [[Serge Koussevitsky]]. Koussevitsky was impressed with Cocozza's rendition of "Vesti la giubba" and immediately offered him a scholarship to attend the [[Tanglewood Festival]] in [[Massachusetts]] where he would receive training from conductors [[Boris Goldovsky]] and [[Leonard Bernstein]]. It was at Tanglewood where Cocozza first used masculine version of his mother’s name, Mario Lanza, as a stage name. At Tanglewood he would also make his operatic debut as Fenton in ''[[Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor]]''.

During [[World War II]], Lanza's career was interrupted when he was drafted for military service. He managed to find his way into Special Services where he would entertain the troops and would be known as the "Service Caruso." Upon being discharged in 1945, he relocated to [[New York City]], with his wife Betty, where he received a contract from [[Columbia Records|Columbia Artists Management, Inc]]. Lanza regularly filled in for the [[Metropolitans Opera]]'s [[Jan Peerce]] on the popular radio program, "The Celenese Hour: Great Moments in Music."

In 1947, Mario Lanza, along with soprano [[Frances Yeend]] and bass-baritone [[George London]], would form a group called the [[Bel Canto Trio]]. The Bel Canto Trio performed 86 concerts throughout the [[United States]], [[Canada]] and [[Mexico]] between July 1947 and May 1948.

==References==
*[http://www.warniesworld.net/gpage.html Dead Tenor's Society] - Mario Lanza

==External links==
*[http://www.lanzalegend.com/ Lanza Legend] - The official Mario Lanza website

[[Category:Film Actors]]

Mario Lanza

2007-07-17T18:33:19Z

NewYork1956: {{Image request}}

'''Mario Lanza''' (January 31, 1921 - October 7 1959) was a popular [[United States|American]] tenor and actor whose short career spanned from the late 1940s to the late 1950s.

==Early life and career==
Mario Lanza was born '''Alfredo Arnold Cocozza''' on January 31, 1921 to Antonio (Tony) Cocozza and Maria Cocozza (née Lanza) in [[Philadelphia|South Philadelphia]]. Tony, who was a [[World War I]] veteran receiving full disability benefits from the government due to injuries sustained in the war, and Freddie, which is what young Mario was called by friends and family, often listened to the records of tenors [[Beniamino Gigli]], [[Tito Schipa]], [[Giovanni Zenatello]], and especially [[Enrico Caruso]]. Maria, who gave up her dreams of becoming an opera star to raise her son, was thrilled when Freddie began to talk of perusing a career singing in the opera. Maria took Freddie to an audition with Irene Williams, a former opera singer and then voice teacher. Williams was impressed with Freddie's voice and agreed to be his teacher. Under Williams, young Freddie worked hard to learn how to read music and develop the foundations of a solid vocal technique.

In 1941, the twenty year old tenor was given an audition before the world famous Russian conductor [[Serge Koussevitsky]]. Koussevitsky was impressed with Cocozza's rendition of "Vesti la giubba" and immediately offered him a scholarship to attend the [[Tanglewood Festival]] in [[Massachusetts]] where he would receive training from conductors [[Boris Goldovsky]] and [[Leonard Bernstein]]. It was at Tanglewood where Cocozza first used masculine version of his mother’s name, Mario Lanza, as a stage name. At Tanglewood he would also make his operatic debut as Fenton in ''[[Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor]]''.

During [[World War II]], Lanza's career was interrupted when he was drafted for military service. He managed to find his way into Special Services where he would entertain the troops and would be known as the "Service Caruso." Upon being discharged in 1945, he relocated to [[New York City]], with his wife Betty, where he received a contract from [[Columbia Records|Columbia Artists Management, Inc]]. Lanza regularly filled in for the [[Metropolitans Opera]]'s [[Jan Peerce]] on the popular radio program, "The Celenese Hour: Great Moments in Music."

In 1947, Mario Lanza, along with soprano [[Frances Yeend]] and bass-baritone [[George London]], would form a group called the [[Bel Canto Trio]]. The Bel Canto Trio performed 86 concerts throughout the [[United States]], [[Canada]] and [[Mexico]] between July 1947 and May 1948.

==References==
*[http://www.warniesworld.net/gpage.html Dead Tenor's Society] - Mario Lanza

==External links==
*[http://www.lanzalegend.com/ Lanza Legend] - The official Mario Lanza website
{{Image request}}

Mario Lanza

2007-07-16T22:42:21Z

NewYork1956: Continued...

EBay

2007-07-16T21:07:26Z

NewYork1956: Minor edits.

:''The proper spelling of this article is eBay, but due to capitalization restrictions, it is listed as EBay.''
'''eBay''' is an [[Internet]] auction site and marketplace that was founded in 1995. The CEO of eBay Inc., which is publicly traded on NASDAQ, is Meg Whitman.

==External links==
*[http://ebay.com/ eBay]

The Bel Canto Trio

2007-07-16T21:05:13Z

NewYork1956: Redirecting to Bel Canto Trio

#REDIRECT[[Bel Canto Trio]]

George London (baritone)

2007-07-16T21:04:35Z

NewYork1956: Redirecting to George London

#REDIRECT[[George London]]

George London

2007-07-16T21:03:44Z

NewYork1956: New page: '''George London''' (May 30]], 1920 – March 24, 1985) was a Montreal-born concert and operatic bass-baritone. After extensive concertising with tenor Mario Lanza and soprano ...

'''George London''' (May 30]], 1920 – March 24, 1985) was a [[Montreal]]-born concert and operatic bass-baritone. After extensive concertising with tenor [[Mario Lanza]] and soprano [[Frances Yeend]] as part of the [[Bel Canto Trio]] in 1947 and 1948, London was engaged by the [[Vienna State Opera]], with whom he scored his first major success in [[1949]]. He made his debut at [[New York City|New York's]] [[Metropolitan Opera]] in 1951. In 1958, London performed the leading role of [[Wotan]], in the groundbreaking recording of [[Richard Wagner]]'s opera ''[[Das Rheingold]]'', conducted by [[George Solti]], and produced by [[John Culshaw]] for [[Decca]]. A paralyzed vocal cord ended his singing career prematurely in 1967.

In 1971, London established the George London Foundation for Singers, which gives grants to young opera singers early in their careers. $57,000 is given each year to the winners of an annual competition.[http://www.georgelondon.org/home.html] From 1975 until 1980 he was general director of the [[Washington Opera]] (later the [[Washington National Opera]]).

He died in [[Armonk, New York]].

==References==
*London, Nora.''George London: Of Gods and Demons''. Fort Worth: Baskerville, 2005 (ISBN 1-880909-74-X)

==External links==
*[http://www.georgelondon.org George London Foundation]

Frances Yeend

2007-07-16T20:59:19Z

NewYork1956: New page: American lyric soprano '''Frances Yeend''' (1918 - ) was born in Vancouver, Washington. She studied voice at Washington State University in Pullman, Washington. Her first New York ...

American lyric soprano '''Frances Yeend''' (1918 - ) was born in [[Vancouver, Washington]]. She studied voice at [[Washington State University]] in Pullman, Washington. Her first New York appearances were in 1943 in the Broadway run of Lehar's ''[[The Merry Widow]]'' with [[Jan Kiepura]] and [[Marta Eggerth]]. She joined Columbia Artists Management in 1944 and performed Micaela in a U.S tour of Bizet's ''[[Carmen]]'' that Columbia booked that fall. In April of 1946 Ms. Yeend made her first appearance as the [[soprano]] [[Solo (music)|soloist]] in [[Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)|Beethoven's Ninth Symphony]] with the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra]] under the direction of [[Serge Koussevitzky]]. The following summer she performed the role of Ellen Orford in the American premiere of [[Benjamin Britten]]'s [[Peter Grimes]] at the Tanglewood Music Festival. Yeend went on to become one of the members of the [[Bel Canto Trio]] with [[Mario Lanza]] and [[George London (baritone)|George London]]. Her debut with the New York City Center Opera was as Violetta in [[Giuseppe Verdi|Verdi's]] ''[[La traviata]]'' in 1948. Other roles there, over the next twelve years, included, Amelia in [[Gian-Carlo Menotti|Menotti's]] ''Amelia Goes to the Ball,'' Countess in [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart's]] ''[[The Marriage of Figaro]],'' Marguerite in Gounod's ''Faust,'' Eva in [[Richard Wagner|Wagner's]] ''Die Meistersinger,'' Micaela in ''Carmen,'' Felice in [[Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari|Wolf Ferrari's]] ''The Four Ruffians,'' the title role in Verdi's ''Aida,'' Nedda in [[Ruggero Leoncavallo|Leoncavallo's]] ''Pagliacci,'' the title roles in [[Giacomo Puccini|Puccini's]] ''Tosca'' and ''Turandot'' as well as Mimi in his ''La Boheme'' and all the soprano roles in [[Jacques Offenbach|Offenbach's]] ''The Tales of Hoffmann.'' Yeend made her debut with the [[Vienna State Opera|Vienna Staatsoper]] in 1953 in ''La traviata.'' She debuted at London's [[Royal Opera House|Covent Garden]] that same year as Mimi in ''La Boheme.'' In 1958 Yeend sang the title role of Puccini's ''Turandot'' at the [[Verona Arena|Arena di Verona]] in Italy. She made her Metropolitan Opera debut as Chrysothemis in [[Richard Strauss|Richard Strauss's]] ''Elektra'' in 1961. Other Met roles included Violetta in ''La traviata'' and Gutrune in Wagner's ''Götterdämerung.'' Yeend appeared as soloist with major [[orchestra]]s more than 300 times. She was a regular with the [[New York Philharmonic]], the [[Chicago Symphony Orchestra|Chicago Symphony]], the [[Philadelphia Orchestra]] and the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra|Boston Symphony]]. She appeared extensively in recitals in the U. S., Canada and Europe. She recorded for [[RCA]], [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Mercury Records|Mercury]], MGM, and DaVinci Records. In 1966 Ms.Yeend joined the faculty of [[West Virginia University]] as Professor of Voice and Artist in Residence. She retired in 1978.

Bel Canto Trio

2007-07-16T20:57:54Z

NewYork1956: New page: The '''Bel Canto Trio''' was created by Columbia Artists Management in 1947. Consisting of tenor Mario Lanza, soprano Frances Yeend and bass-baritone George London, the Bel...

Carl Otto Nicolai

2007-07-16T20:32:07Z

NewYork1956: New page: '''Carl Otto Ehrenfried Nicolai''' (June 9, 1810 - May 11, 1849) was a German composer, conductor, and founder of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra. Nicolai is best known for h...

'''Carl Otto Ehrenfried Nicolai''' (June 9, 1810 - May 11, 1849) was a [[Germany|German]] composer, conductor, and founder of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra. Nicolai is best known for his operatic version of [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]'s [[comedy]] ''[[Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor]]''. In addition to five [[opera]]s, Nicolai composed lieder, works for orchestra, chorus, ensemble, and solo instruments.

The Merry Wives of Windsor

2007-07-14T05:28:26Z

NewYork1956: Added dablink.

:''This article refers to the play by [[William Shakespeare]]. For the opera by [[Carl Otto Nicolai]] of the same name, see [[Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor]].''
'''''The Merry Wives of Windsor''''' is a 1597 [[comedy]] by [[William Shakespeare]] featuring the fat knight Sir John Falstaff and is Shakespeare's only play to deal exclusively with contemporary English life.

The Merry Wives of Windsor

2007-07-14T05:23:00Z

NewYork1956: New page: '''''The Merry Wives of Windsor''''' is a 1597 comedy by William Shakespeare featuring the fat knight Sir John Falstaff and is Shakespeare's only play to deal exclusively with cont...

'''''The Merry Wives of Windsor''''' is a 1597 [[comedy]] by [[William Shakespeare]] featuring the fat knight Sir John Falstaff and is Shakespeare's only play to deal exclusively with contemporary English life.

Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor

2007-07-14T05:21:13Z

NewYork1956: New page: <b>''Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor''</b> (English: ''The Merry Wives of Windsor'') is an opera in three acts by Carl Otto Nicolai to a German libretto by [[Salomon Hermann von Mosent...

<b>''Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor''</b> (English: ''The Merry Wives of Windsor'') is an opera in three acts by [[Carl Otto Nicolai]] to a German libretto by [[Salomon Hermann von Mosenthal]]. It is based on the play ''[[The Merry Wives of Windsor]]'' by [[William Shakespeare]] and its first performance was in 1849 at the Royal Opera House in [[Berlin]].

Mario Lanza

2007-07-14T05:16:41Z

NewYork1956: Changed name of opera into its German title.