https://www.conservapedia.com/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Neekaro+Suaves 2026-10-11T16:30:55Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.35.14 https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User:RobSmith&diff=1432629 2018-07-10T21:42:43Z

<p>Neekaro Suaves: TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TIT...</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Angleton.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Alleged photograph of what is reputed to be &lt;br&gt;Rob Smith.]]<br /> <br /> <br /> __NEWSECTIONLINK__<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;float:{{{float|right}}}; border:{{{border-width|{{{border-s|1}}px solid {{{border-color|{{{1|red}}}}; margin:1px;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;blockquote style=&quot;background: #F9F9F9; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: .3em;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;center&gt;And yet, some [people] have come to attribute to all manner of invisible beings a place side by side with God - although it is He who has created [all] them; and in their ignorance they have invented for Him sons and daughters! Limitless is He is His glory, and sublimely exalted above anything that men may devise by way of definition: the Originator of the heavens and the earth! How could it be that He should have a child without there ever having been a mate for Him - since it is He who has created everything, and He alone knows everything? - Surah 6:100-101<br /> ----<br /> But we preach Christ crucified, unto the Jews a stumblingblock, and unto the Greeks foolishness; but unto them which are called, both Jews and Greeks, Christ the power of God, and the wisdom of God. Because the foolishness of God [Christ] is wiser than men [Muhammad]; and the weakness of God [Christ] is stronger than men. For ye see your calling, brethren, how that not many wise men after the flesh, not many mighty, not many noble, are called: but God hath chosen the foolish things of the world [Christ] to confound the wise [Muhammad]; and God hath chosen the weak things of the world to confound the things which are mighty; and base things of the world [me, a sinner], and things which are despised, hath God chosen, yea, and things which are not [God having a son], to bring to nought things that are [Islam] - 1 Cor. 23-28&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;<br /> &lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> IM GAY IM GAY</div>

Neekaro Suaves https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Changsha&diff=1432628 2018-07-10T21:40:33Z

<p>Neekaro Suaves: TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TIT...</p> <hr /> <div>'''Changsha''' ([[Mandarin Chinese|Chinese]] [simplified]: 长沙) is the capital of the province of [[Hunan]] in the [[People's Republic of China]].<br /> <br /> TITITES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES 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TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES TITTIES 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Neekaro Suaves https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=China&diff=1432626 2018-07-10T21:38:58Z

<p>Neekaro Suaves: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Country<br /> |name =People's Republic of China&lt;br/&gt;''Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó''&lt;br/&gt;中华人民共和国<br /> |map =China rel01.jpg<br /> |map2 =China location.png<br /> |flag =Flag_of_the_PRC.png‎<br /> |arms =Arms of PR China.png<br /> |capital =Beijing<br /> |capital-raw =<br /> |government =Communist<br /> |government-raw =<br /> |language =Chinese (Mandarin)<br /> |king =<br /> |queen =<br /> |monarch-raw =<br /> |president =Xi Jinping<br /> |premier =Li Keqiang<br /> |chancellor =<br /> |chancellor-raw =<br /> |pm =<br /> |pm-raw =<br /> |area =3,704,427 sq mi<br /> |pop =1,336,000,000 (2011)<br /> |pop-basis =<br /> |gdp =<br /> |gdp-year =$47.1564 trillion (2011)<br /> |gdp-pc =$5,432 (2011)<br /> |currency =Yuan<br /> |idd =<br /> |tld =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> NI HAO WO SHI YA GE BU ZAI JIAN CHINESE TITTIES<br /> '''China''' is the world's largest country by population, with a growing economy. With thousands of years of continuous traditions, in three decades it has dramatically changed itself from a poor backward nation to a world power, and is one of the world's top economies. It has emerged as a major regional power in East Asia, averaging over 9% economic growth per year since 1978 when it introduced a market-based economic system with some elements of capitalism, to replace its old socialism. Foreign businesses have flocked to invest in China, Americans and others rush to buy its cheap factory output, Chinese exports flooded the world. It has vast reserves of dollar holdings. China is modernizing its military, has joined numerous regional and international institutions, and plays an increasingly visible role in international politics. However, the paper statistics of China's growth hide the fact that it may have a weaker economy than it admits, as seen in the many &quot;ghost towns&quot;, among other factors.&lt;ref&gt;Fong, Dominique (June 15, 2018). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-ghost-towns-haunt-its-economy-1529076819 China’s Ghost Towns Haunt Its Economy]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved June 15, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The nation is under control from the [[Chinese Communist Party]], which encompasses mainland China, albeit with many border disputes. The Beijing claims [[Taiwan]] as a province, but the Taipei maintains its sovereignty. [[Hong Kong]] was transferred back to Chinese control by the [[United Kingdom]] in 1997, and [[Macau]] was handed over by [[Portugal]] in 1999. Both territories are now [[Special Administrative Region]]s and have autonomy over local affairs. However, the autonomy has been eroded in recent years, particularly after 2014 &quot;Umbrella Revolution&quot;. Since the 1950s China has increasingly asserted brutal control over [[Tibet]].<br /> <br /> Since China's accession to the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO) in 2001, China represents a vast market that is growing more affluent and sophisticated while remaining a low-cost base for export-oriented production. Educationally, China is forging ahead as partnerships, and exchanges with foreign universities have helped create new research opportunities for its students. China used the Summer Olympics in 2008 as a platform of propagating the so-called &quot;economic development&quot; to the world, while it is still a Communist country in its core of the past two decades since the 1989 Tiananmen Massacre. The new leadership is committed to generating greater economic development in the interior and providing more services to those who do not live in China's coastal areas. However, China is never a true market economy, as the key resources, such as land, is not privately owned; the so-called collective ownership is still de facto government ownership. Moreover, on the Communist Regime's Constitution, Mainland China is still officially a Communist Country. In 2015, the Communist-controlled Mainland China (or self-proclaimed People's Republic) has been denied as a market economy.<br /> <br /> For more information on China, see [[World History Lecture Three]].<br /> <br /> ==Name==<br /> {{language box<br /> |s=中国<br /> |t=中國<br /> |l=central nation<br /> |p=Zhōngguó<br /> |w=Chung&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;-kuo&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> }}<br /> The word &quot;China&quot; is derived from the [[Persian language|Persian]] word ''Cin'' (چین), which is from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''Cīna'' (चीन).&lt;ref name=&quot;AmHer&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/China?qsrc=2888 China]&quot;. ''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language'' (2000). Boston and New York: Houghton-Mifflin.&lt;/ref&gt; It is first recorded in 1516 in the journal of the Portuguese explorer [[Duarte Barbosa]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;China&quot;. ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (1989). ISBN 0-19-957315-8.&lt;br /&gt;''[http://books.google.com.vn/books?id=edzW9fuOF-cC&amp;pg=PA211&amp;dq=#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Very%20Great%20Kingdom%20of%20China%22&amp;f=false The Book of Duarte Barbosa]'' (chapter title &quot;The Very Great Kingdom of China&quot;). ISBN 81-206-0451-2. In the [http://purl.pt/435/ Portuguese original], the chapter is titled &quot;O Grande Reino da China&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; The journal was translated and published in England in 1555.&lt;ref&gt;Eden, Richard (1555). ''Decades of the New World'': &lt;br /&gt;{{cite book | title=Western Views of China and the Far East, Volume 1 | publisher=Asian Research Service | year=1984 | page=34 |first=Henry Allen |last=Myers}}&lt;/ref&gt; The traditional theory, proposed in the 17th century by Martino Martini, is that ''Cīna'' is derived from &quot;Qin&quot; (秦), the westernmost of the Chinese kingdoms during the [[Zhou Dynasty]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Martini&quot;&gt;Martino, Martin, ''Novus Atlas Sinensis'', Vienna 1655, Preface, p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt; However, the word was used earlier in [[Hindu]] scripture, including the ''Mahābhārata'' (5th century BC) and the ''Laws of Manu'' (2nd century BC). Indian writers were not aware of China until the second century AD. Earlier usage of the word presumably refers to another entity, perhaps a country near the Tibetan-Burma border.&lt;ref&gt;See Liu, Lydia He, ''The Clash of Empires'', p. 77&lt;br /&gt;Wade, Geoff. &quot;[http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp188_yelang_china.pdf The Polity of Yelang and the Origin of the Name 'China']&quot;. ''[[Sino-Platonic Papers]]'', No. 188, May 2009, p. 20.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==People==<br /> ===Ethnic Groups===<br /> [[File:Chinese people.jpg|right|250px]]<br /> China officially recognizes 56 distinct ethnic groups. The largest ethnic group is the Han Chinese, who constitute about 91.9% of the total population. The remaining 8.1% are Zhuang (16 million), Manchu (10 million), Hui (9 million), Miao (8 million), [[Uighur]] (7 million), Yi (7 million), Mongolian (5 million), Tibetan (5 million), Buyi (3 million), Korean (2 million), and other ethnic minorities.<br /> <br /> In July 2009 large scale rioting erupted as the [[Uighur]] minority fought Chinese riot police in major cities in China's western Xinjiang province. Hundreds are dead.&lt;ref&gt;See [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/07/world/asia/07kadeer.html?ref=world Wrik Eckholm, &quot;China Points to Another Leader in Exile,&quot; ''New York Times'' July 6, 2009]&lt;/ref&gt; Uighurs are angry at political, cultural and religious persecution as well as the growing presence in the region of Han Chinese - China's main ethnic group. Han now predominate in the cities, and Uighurs in the countryside. This is the first major violent unrest in China in two decades.<br /> <br /> ===Language===<br /> [[File:China Ethnic language.jpg|thumb|left|Chinese Ethnolinguistic Groups.]]<br /> There are seven major Chinese dialects and many subdialects. [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] (or Putonghua), the predominant dialect, is spoken by over 70% of the population. It is taught in all schools and is the medium of government. About two-thirds of the Han ethnic group are native speakers of Mandarin; the rest, concentrated in south and southeast China, speak one of the six other major Chinese dialects. Non-Chinese languages spoken widely by ethnic minorities include Mongolian, Tibetan, Uyghur and other Turkic languages (in Xinjiang), and Korean (in the northeast). <br /> <br /> All Chinese dialects use the same written character sets. In mainland China, the [[Simplified Chinese|Simplified]] characters have been in use since 1949.<br /> <br /> ====The Pinyin System of Romanization====<br /> On January 1, 1979, the Chinese Government officially adopted the [[Hanyu pinyin|pinyin]] system for spelling Chinese names and places in Roman letters. A system of Romanization invented by the Chinese, pinyin has long been widely used in China on street and commercial signs as well as in elementary Chinese textbooks as an aid in learning Chinese characters and for common character input systems. Variations of pinyin also are used as the written forms of several minority languages. <br /> <br /> Pinyin has now replaced other conventional spellings in China's English-language publications. The U.S. Government also has adopted the pinyin system for all names and places in China. For example, the capital of China is now spelled &quot;Beijing&quot; rather than &quot;Peking.&quot;<br /> <br /> In 2008 the Republic of China government finally adopted the pinyin system, replaces the [[Wade-Giles]] system which is gradually pushed away by the Chinese diaspora.<br /> <br /> ==Religion==<br /> A February 2007 survey concluded that 31% of Chinese citizens ages 16 and over, representing 300 million persons, follow some kind of religion.&lt;ref&gt;This is approximately three times the official figure reported by the Government in April 2005.See [http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108404.htm U.S. State Department &quot;International Religious Freedom Report 2008&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There are reportedly more than 100,000 officially recognized sites for religious activities, 300,000 officially recognized clergy, and more than 3,000 officially recognized religious organizations.<br /> [[File:China B.jpg|left|280px]]<br /> The Government officially recognizes five main religions: [[Buddhism]], [[Taoism]], [[Islam]], [[Catholicism]], and [[Protestantism]]. There are five state-sanctioned &quot;Patriotic Religious Associations&quot; (PRAs) that manage the activities of the recognized faiths. The Russian Orthodox Church operates in some regions, particularly those with large populations of Russian expatriates or with close links to Russia. Foreign residents in the country who belonged to religious faiths not officially recognized by the Government were generally permitted to practice their religions. There is very little freedom for Christians however.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-25502760&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is difficult to estimate the number of Buddhists and Taoists, because they do not have congregational memberships and many practice exclusively at home.<br /> <br /> The Government estimated that there are 16,000 Buddhist temples and monasteries, 200,000 Buddhist monks and nuns, more than 1,700 reincarnate lamas, and 32 Buddhist schools. Most believers, particularly ethnic Han Buddhists, practice Mahayana Buddhism, while the majority of Tibetans and ethnic Mongolians, as well as a growing number of ethnic Chinese, practice Tibetan Buddhism, a Mahayana adaptation. Some ethnic minorities in southwest Yunnan Province practice Theravada Buddhism, the dominant tradition in parts of neighboring Southeast Asia.<br /> <br /> There are more than 25,000 Taoist priests and nuns, more than 1,500 Taoist temples, and 2 Taoist schools. Traditional folk religions (worship of local gods, heroes, and ancestors) are practiced by hundreds of millions of citizens and are often affiliated with Taoism, Buddhism, or ethnic minority cultural practices.<br /> <br /> The government says there are twenty million Muslims. Independent estimates range as high as fifty million or more. There are more than 40,000 Islamic places of worship (more than half of which are in the XUAR), more than 45,000 imams nationwide, and 10 Islamic schools. The country has ten predominantly Muslim ethnic groups, the largest of which is the Hui, estimated to number more than ten million. The Hui are centered in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, but there are significant concentrations of Hui throughout the country, including in Gansu, Henan, Qinghai, Yunnan, and Hebei Provinces, as well as in the TAR and the XUAR. Hui Muslims slightly outnumber Uighur Muslims, who live primarily in the XUAR. According to an official 2005 report, the XUAR had 23,900 mosques and 27,000 clerics at the end of 2004, but fewer than half of the mosques were authorized to hold Friday prayer and holiday services. The country also has more than one million Kazakh Muslims and thousands of Dongxiang, Kyrgyz, Salar, Tajik, Uzbek, Baoan, and Tatar Muslims.<br /> <br /> Officials from the Three-Self Patriotic Movement/China Christian Council (TSPM/CCC), the governmental organization in charge of the Christianity Churches (officially led by the CPC), estimated that at least twenty million citizens worship in official churches. Government officials stated that there are more than 50,000 registered TSPM churches and 18 TSPM theological schools. The Pew Research Center estimates that between 50 million and 70 million Christians practice without state sanction. However, some estimates over 100million people are Christians. The World Christian Database estimates that there are more than 300 unofficial house church networks.<br /> <br /> The Catholic Patriotic Association (CPA) reports that 5.3 million persons worship in its churches and it is estimated that there are an additional 12 million or more persons who worship in unregistered Catholic churches that do not affiliate with the CPA. According to official sources, the government-sanctioned CPA has more than 70 bishops, nearly 3,000 priests and nuns, 6,000 churches and meeting places, and 12 seminaries. There are thought to be approximately 40 bishops operating &quot;underground,&quot; some of whom are in prison or under house arrest. During the reporting period, at least three bishops were ordained with papal approval. In September 2007 the official media reported that Liu Bainian, CPA vice president, stated that the young bishops were to be selected to serve dioceses without bishops and to replace older bishops. Of the 97 dioceses in the country, 40 reportedly did not have an acting bishop in 2007, and more than 30 bishops were over 80 years of age.<br /> ===Religious discrimination===<br /> The Government restricts legal religious practice to government-sanctioned organizations and registered religious groups and places of worship, and seeks to control the growth and scope of the activity of both registered and unregistered religious groups, including &quot;house churches.&quot; Government authorities limit proselytism, particularly by foreigners and unregistered religious groups, but permit proselytism in state-approved religious venues and private settings. The Chinese government explicitly prohibits students and civil servants from participating in certain religious practices, even when not in school or at work.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.yahoo.com/china-bans-ramadan-fast-muslim-northwest-103756197.html Didi Tang &quot;China bans Ramadan fast in Muslim northwest.&quot; July 3, 2014. Associated Press.]&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> [[File:Great Mosque Xi an China.jpg|thumb|330px|Great Mosque of Xi'an.]]<br /> In 2008, the Government's repression of religious freedom intensified in some areas, including in Tibetan areas and in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region (XUAR). Unregistered Protestant religious groups in Beijing reported intensified harassment from government authorities in the lead up to the 2008 Summer Olympic Games. Media and China-based sources reported that municipal authorities in Beijing closed some house churches or asked them to stop meeting during the 2008 Summer Olympic Games and Paralympic Games. During the reporting period, officials detained and interrogated several foreigners about their religious activities and in several cases alleged that the foreigners had engaged in &quot;illegal religious activities&quot; and cancelled their visas. Media reported that the total number of expatriates expelled by the Government due to concerns about their religious activities exceeded one hundred. Officials in the XUAR, the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), and other Tibetan areas tightly controlled religious activity. The Government sought the forcible return of several Uighur Muslims living abroad, some of whom had reportedly protested restrictions on the Hajj and encouraged other Muslims to pray and fast during Ramadan. Followers of Tibetan Buddhism, including those in the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region and most Tibetan autonomous areas, faced more restrictions on their religious practice and ability to organize than Buddhists in other parts of the country. &quot;Patriotic education&quot; campaigns in the TAR and other Tibetan regions, which required monks and nuns to sign statements personally denouncing the Dalai Lama, and other new restrictions on religious freedom were major factors that led monks and nuns to mount peaceful protests at a number of monasteries on March 10, 2008. The protests and subsequent security response gave way to violence in Lhasa by March 14 and 15. <br /> Moreover, Christians, including the Catholic, Protestant Christians, are facing societal hostility generated by the government, and the Christians are facing difficulties when comes to the decision of ascension in the state enterprises, and will be arrested if evangelizing on governmental schools' campus (public schools, but with heavy involvement from the Communist party branches).<br /> <br /> &quot;Underground&quot; Roman Catholic clergy faced repression, in large part due to their avowed loyalty to the Vatican, which the Government accused of interfering in the country's internal affairs. The Government continued to repress groups that it designated as &quot;cults,&quot; most of which included several Christian groups and Falun Gong.<br /> <br /> Religious and ethnic minority groups such as Tibetan Buddhists and Uighur Muslims experienced societal discrimination not only because of their religious beliefs but also because of their status as ethnic minorities with distinct languages and cultures. After the March 2008 protests in Lhasa and other Tibetan areas there were reports of increased tensions between Tibetan Buddhists and Hui Muslims.<br /> <br /> The [[Falun Gong]] is a self-described spiritual movement that blends aspects of Taoism, Buddhism, and the meditation techniques and physical exercises of qigong (a traditional Chinese exercise discipline), with the teachings of Falun Gong leader Li Hongzhi. There are estimated to have been at least 2.1 million adherents of Falun Gong before the Government cleansed and persecute the group in 1999. Hundreds of thousands may practice Falun Gong privately, but with serious risks, and once discovered by the government agents, the practitioners will be jailed, losing jobs, and may not even attend the universities. Moreover, the practitioners will risk the risk of having their organs live-harvested by the Communist government.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theepochtimes.com/new-documentary-secret-audio-recordings-of-politburo-standing-committee-members-reveal-vast-state-run-enterprise-of-live-organ-harvesting_2263247.html&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Population Policy==<br /> [[Image:China Mex RGarciaOrtiz.jpg|right|Chinese at Mexico]]<br /> {{main|One-child Policy}}<br /> <br /> With a population officially just over 1.3 billion and an estimated growth rate of about 0.6%, China is very concerned about its population growth and has attempted with mixed results to implement a strict birth limitation policy. Until 2013 the government permitted one child per family, with allowance for a second child under certain circumstances (such as twins), especially in rural areas, and with guidelines looser for ethnic minorities with small populations. Enforcement varies, and relies largely on &quot;social compensation fees&quot; to discourage extra births. Official government policy opposed forced [[abortion]] or sterilization, but in some localities there were instances of forced [[abortion]]. The government's goal was to stabilize the population in the first half of the 21st century, and current projections are that the population would peak at around 1.6 billion by 2050. Boys are highly prized, and because screening of fetuses is done to determine gender, selective abortion has resulted in 119 boys born for every 100 girls. By 2020, 24 million men of marrying age will find themselves without wives.<br /> <br /> 2013 the government eased the One-child Policy strongly. Since then families in which at least one parent was an only child can have a second child now.&lt;ref&gt;http://cnsnews.com/news/article/china-ease-1-child-policy-abolish-labor-camps&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Government==<br /> The People's Republic of China is an totalitarian/authoritarian regime in which the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) constitutionally is the base structure and source of power. Moreover, the society has been forced to run according to the motive of the Communist Party in the past decades, although not successful. Party members hold almost all top government, police, and military positions. Ultimate authority rests with the 25-member political bureau (Politburo) of the CCP and its nine-member standing committee. '''[[Xi Jinping]]''' holds the three most powerful positions as CCP general secretary, president, and chairman of the Central Military Commission. Civilian authorities generally maintained effective control of the security forces.<br /> <br /> ===Chinese Communist Party===<br /> The 71 million member CCP, totalitarian in structure and ideology, continues to dominate government. Nevertheless, China's population, geographical vastness, and social diversity frustrate attempts to rule by fiat from Beijing. Core leaders are attempting to adopt several changes in order to support its own greed in power as a totalitarian state. <br /> <br /> In periods of greater openness, the influence of people and organizations outside the formal party structure has tended to increase, particularly in the economic realm. This phenomenon is most apparent today in the rapidly developing coastal region. Nevertheless, in all important government, economic, and cultural institutions in China, party committees work to see that party and state policy guidance is followed and that non-party members do not create autonomous organizations that could challenge party rule. Party control is tight- although not being felt directly. <br /> <br /> Theoretically, the party's highest body is the Party Congress, which traditionally meets at least once every 5 years. The 17th Party Congress is expected to take place in the fall of 2007. The primary organs of power in the Communist Party include: <br /> *The Politburo Standing Committee, which currently consists of nine members (one seat is vacant following the June 2, 2007 death of Huang Ju); <br /> *The Politburo, consisting of 24 full members, including the members of the Politburo Standing Committee; <br /> *The Secretariat, the principal administrative mechanism of the CCP, headed by the General Secretary; <br /> *The Central Military Commission; <br /> *The Discipline Inspection Commission, which is charged with rooting out corruption and malfeasance among party cadres. <br /> ===State Structure===<br /> [[File:Great Hall of the People in Tiananmen Square in Beijing China.jpg|thumb|left|340px|In front of the Great Hall of the People in Tiananmen Square in Beijing.]]<br /> The Chinese Government is constructed around the Chinese Communist Party (CCP); its role is to implement party policies. The primary organs of state power are the National People's Congress (NPC), the President (the head of state), and the State Council. Members of the State Council include Premier Li Keqiang (the head of government), a variable number of vice premiers (now four), five state councilors (protocol equivalents of vice premiers but with narrower portfolios), and 22 ministers and four State Council commission directors. <br /> <br /> Under the Communist constitution, the NPC is the highest organ of political power in Mainland China. It meets annually for about 2 weeks to review and approve major new policy directions, laws, the budget, and major personnel changes. These initiatives are presented to the NPC for consideration by the State Council after previous endorsement by the Communist Party's Central Committee. Although the NPC generally approves State Council policy and personnel recommendations, various NPC committees hold active debate in closed sessions, and changes may be made to accommodate alternate views. <br /> <br /> When the NPC is not in session, its permanent organ, the Standing Committee, exercises state power.<br /> <br /> {{Clear}}<br /> <br /> ===Principal Government and Party Officials===<br /> (After Oct. 2017)<br /> *President—Xi Jinping<br /> *Vice President—<br /> *Premier, State Council—Li Keqiang<br /> *NPC Chair—Wu Bangguo<br /> *Vice Premier—Zhang Gaoli<br /> *Politburo Standing Committee—Xi Jinping (General Secretary), Li Keqiang, Wang Yang, Li Zhanshu, Wang Huning, Zhao Leji, Han Zheng <br /> *Other Politburo Members— Ding Xuexiang, Wang Chen, Liu He, Xu Qiliang, Sun Chunlan (Arrested), Li Xi, Li Qiang, Li Hongzhong, Yang Jiechi, Zhang Youxia, Chen xi, Chen Quanguo, Zhao Leji, Guo Shengkun, Huang Kunming, Cai Qi.(alternate)<br /> *Alternate Politburo Members—Wang Gang<br /> *Chairman, Central Military Commission—Xi Jinping<br /> *Foreign Minister—Yang Jiechi<br /> *Minister of Commerce—Zhong Shan<br /> *Minister of Finance—Jin Renqing<br /> *Minister of Agriculture— <br /> *Minister of Industry and Digitalization —Wang Xudong<br /> *Governor, People's Bank of China—Zhou Xiaochuan<br /> *Minister, State Development and Reform Commission—Ma Kai<br /> *Ambassador to U.S.--Zhou Wenzhong <br /> *Ambassador to UN—Wang Guangya<br /> <br /> ===Foreign Relations===<br /> [[Image:Chinese painting.jpg|thumb|Chinese painting.]]<br /> Since its establishment, the Communist Party is doing all it can to lure countries to stand and advocate for its position that it is the sole legitimate government of all China, including Hong Kong, Macau, and [[Taiwan]]. In the early 1970s, Beijing was recognized diplomatically by most world powers. [[Beijing]] (Pekin) assumed the China seat in the [[United Nations]] in 1971 and has since become increasingly active in multilateral organizations. Japan established diplomatic relations with China in 1972, and the United States did so in 1979. As of July 2007, the number of countries that have diplomatic relations with Beijing had risen to 167, while 24 maintained diplomatic relations with Taiwan. <br /> <br /> After the founding of the P.R.C., China's foreign policy initially focused on solidarity with the Soviet Union and other communist countries. In 1950, the Mainland Communist Regime sent the People's Liberation Army into North Korea to help North Korea halt the UN offensive that was approaching the Yalu River. After the conclusion of the Korean conflict, China sought to balance its identification as a member of the Soviet bloc by establishing friendly relations with Pakistan and other Third World countries, particularly in Southeast Asia. <br /> <br /> In the 1960s, Beijing competed with Moscow for political influence among communist parties and in the developing world generally. Following the 1968 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia and clashes in 1969 on the Sino-Soviet border, Chinese competition with the Soviet Union increasingly reflected concern over China's own strategic position. <br /> <br /> In late 1978, the Chinese also became concerned over Vietnam's efforts to establish open control over Laos and Cambodia, though it is because of Cambodian's brutality led to invasion. In response to the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, China fought a brief border war with Vietnam (February–March 1979) with the stated purpose of &quot;teaching Vietnam a lesson.&quot; <br /> <br /> Chinese anxiety about Soviet strategic advances was heightened following the Soviet Union's December 1979 invasion of Afghanistan. Sharp differences between China and the Soviet Union persisted over Soviet support for Vietnam's continued occupation of Cambodia, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and Soviet troops along the Sino-Soviet border and in Mongolia—the so-called &quot;three obstacles&quot; to improved Sino-Soviet relations. <br /> <br /> In the 1970s and 1980s China sought to create a secure regional and global environment for itself and to foster good relations with countries that could aid its economic development. To this end, China looked to the West for assistance with its modernization drive and for help in countering Soviet expansionism, which it characterized as the greatest threat to its national security and to world peace. <br /> [[File:Map South Asia.jpg|left|400px]]<br /> China maintained its consistent opposition to &quot;superpower hegemony,&quot; focusing almost exclusively on the expansionist actions of the Soviet Union and Soviet proxies such as Vietnam and Cuba, but it also placed growing emphasis on a foreign policy independent of both the U.S. and the Soviet Union. While improving ties with the West, China continued to follow closely economic and other positions of the Third World nonaligned movement, although China was not a formal member. <br /> <br /> In the immediate aftermath of Tiananmen crackdown in June 1989, many countries reduced their diplomatic contacts with China as well as their economic assistance programs. In response, China worked vigorously to expand its relations with foreign countries, and by late 1990, had reestablished normal relations with almost all nations. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in late 1991, China also opened diplomatic relations with the republics of the former Soviet Union. <br /> <br /> In recent years, Chinese leaders have been regular travelers to all parts of the globe, and China has sought a higher profile in the UN through its permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council and other multilateral organizations. Closer to home, China has made efforts to reduce tensions in Asia, hosting the Six-Party Talks on North Korea's nuclear weapons program, cultivating a more cooperative relationship with members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and participating in the ASEAN Regional Forum. China has also taken steps to improve relations with countries in South Asia, including India. Following Premier Wen's 2005 visit to India, the two sides moved to increase commercial and cultural ties, as well as to resolve longstanding border disputes. The November 2006 visit of President Hu was the first state visit by a Chinese head of state to India in 10 years. <br /> <br /> China has likewise improved ties with Russia, with Presidents Putin and Hu exchanging visits to Beijing and Moscow in April 2006 and March 2007. A second round of Russia-China joint military exercises is scheduled for fall 2007. China has played a prominent role in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), a regional grouping that includes Russia and the Central Asian nations of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Beijing has resolved many of its border and maritime disputes, notably including a November 1997 agreement with Russia that resolved almost all outstanding border issues and a 2000 agreement with Vietnam to resolve differences over their maritime border, though disagreements remain over islands in the South China Sea. Relations with Japan improved following Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's October 2006 visit to Beijing, although longstanding and emotionally charged disputes over history and competing claims to portions of the East China Sea remain sources of tension. <br /> <br /> While in many ways Sudan's primary diplomatic patron, China has played a constructive role in support of peacekeeping operations in Southern Sudan and pledged to contribute an engineering unit in support of UN operations in Darfur. China has stated publicly that it shares the international community's concern over Iran's nuclear program and has voted in support of UN sanctions resolutions on Iran. Set against this has been an effort on the part of China to maintain close ties to countries such as Iran, Sudan, Zimbabwe, and Venezuela, which are sources of oil and other resources and which welcome China's non-conditional assistance and investment.<br /> <br /> ==Political Conditions==<br /> ===Legal System===<br /> The government's efforts to promote rule of law appeared to be advancing, but impossible under the political structure constructed around the Communist Party. After the Cultural Revolution, China's leaders aimed to develop a legal system to restrain abuses of official authority and revolutionary excesses. In 1982, the Communist's National People's Congress adopted a new state constitution that emphasized the rule of law under which even party leaders are theoretically held accountable. <br /> <br /> Since 1979, when the drive to establish a functioning legal system began, more than 300 laws and regulations, most of them in the economic area, have been promulgated. The use of mediation committees—informed groups of citizens who resolve about 90% of China's civil disputes and some minor criminal cases at no cost to the parties—is one innovative device. There are more than 800,000 such committees in both rural and urban areas. <br /> <br /> Legal reform became a government priority in the 1990s. Legislation designed to modernize and professionalize the nation's lawyers, judges, and prisons was enacted. The 1994 Administrative Procedure Law allows citizens to sue officials for abuse of authority or malfeasance. In addition, the criminal law and the criminal procedures laws were amended to introduce significant reforms. The criminal law amendments abolished the crime of &quot;counter-revolutionary&quot; activity, although many persons are still incarcerated for that crime. Criminal procedures reforms also encouraged establishment of a more transparent, adversarial trial process. The Chinese constitution and laws provide for fundamental human rights, including due process, but these are often ignored in practice. In addition to other judicial reforms, the Constitution was amended in 2004 to include the protection of individual human rights and legally-obtained private property, but it is unclear how those provisions will be implemented. Although new criminal and civil laws have provided additional safeguards to citizens, previously debated political reforms, including expanding elections to the township level, and other legal reforms, including the reform of the reeducation through labor system, have been put on hold. However, it is still impossible for certain groups to defend themselves as the legal system is constructed around the Communist Party.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Military==<br /> Establishment of a professional military force equipped with modern weapons and doctrine was the last of the &quot;Four Modernizations&quot; announced by Zhou Enlai and supported by Deng Xiaoping. In keeping with Deng's mandate to reform, the People's Liberation Army (PLA), which includes the strategic nuclear forces, army, navy, and air force, has demobilized millions of men and women since 1978 and introduced modern methods in such areas as recruitment and manpower, strategy, and education and training. <br /> [[File:China military.jpg|left]]<br /> Following the June 1989 Tiananmen crackdown, ideological correctness was temporarily revived as the dominant theme in Chinese military affairs. Reform and modernization appear to have since resumed their position as the PLA's priority objectives.<br /> <br /> The Chinese military is in the process of transforming itself from a land-based power, centered on a vast ground force, to a smaller, mobile, high-tech military eventually capable of mounting limited operations beyond its coastal borders. <br /> <br /> China's power-projection capability is limited but has grown over recent years. China has acquired some advanced weapons systems from abroad, including Sovremmeny destroyers, SU-27 and SU-30 aircraft, and Kilo-class diesel submarines from Russia, and continued to develop domestic production capabilities, such as for the domestically-developed J-10 fighter aircraft. However, much of its air and naval forces continues to be based on 1960s-era technology. As the Defense Department's Quadrennial Defense Review, released February 2006, noted, the U.S. shares with other countries a concern about the pace, scope, and direction of China's military modernization. We view military exchanges, visits, and other forms of engagement are useful tools in promoting transparency, provided they have substance and are fully reciprocal. Regularized exchanges and contact also have the significant benefit of building confidence, reducing the possibility of accidents, and providing the lines of communication that are essential in ensuring that episodes such as the April 2001 EP-3 aircraft incident do not escalate into major crises. During their April 2006 meeting, President Bush and President Hu agreed to increase officer exchanges and to begin a strategic nuclear dialogue between STRATCOM and the Chinese military's strategic missile command. U.S. and Chinese militaries are also considering ways in which we might cooperate on disaster assistance relief. However, it should be remembered that the Military is still under the Party's control. It is not to be equated with the European and American Armed forces.<br /> <br /> ===Nuclear Weapons and Arms Control Policy ===<br /> In 1955, Mao Zedong's Chinese Communist Party decided to proceed with a nuclear weapons program; it was developed with Soviet assistance until 1960. After its first nuclear test in October 1964, Beijing deployed a modest but potent ballistic missile force, including land- and sea-based intermediate-range and intercontinental ballistic missiles. <br /> <br /> China became a major international arms exporter during the 1980s. Beijing joined the Middle East arms control talks, which began in July 1991 to establish global guidelines for conventional arms transfers, but announced in September 1992 that it would no longer participate because of the U.S. decision to sell F-16A/B aircraft to Taiwan. <br /> <br /> China was the first state to pledge &quot;no first use&quot; of nuclear weapons. It joined the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 1984 and pledged to abstain from further atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons in 1986. China acceded to the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1992 and supported its indefinite and unconditional extension in 1995. In 1996, it signed the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) and agreed to seek an international ban on the production of fissile nuclear weapons material. To date, China has not ratified the CTBT. <br /> <br /> In 1996, China committed not to provide assistance to un-safeguarded nuclear facilities. China became a full member of the NPT Exporters (Zangger) Committee, a group that determines items subject to IAEA inspections if exported by NPT signatories. In September 1997, China issued detailed nuclear export control regulations. China began implementing regulations establishing controls over nuclear-related dual-use items in 1998. China also has committed not to engage in new nuclear cooperation with Iran (even under safeguards), and will complete existing cooperation, which is not of [[proliferation]] concern, within a relatively short period. In May 2004, with the support of the United States, China became a member of the Nuclear Suppliers Group. <br /> <br /> Based on significant, tangible progress with China on nuclear nonproliferation, President Clinton in 1998 took steps to bring into force the 1985 U.S.-China Agreement on Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation.<br /> <br /> ===Missiles===<br /> Although it is not a member of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), the multinational effort to restrict the proliferation of missiles, in March 1992 China undertook to abide by MTCR guidelines and parameters. China reaffirmed this commitment in 1994, and pledged not to transfer MTCR-class ground-to-ground missiles. In November 2000, China committed not to assist in any way the development by other countries of MTCR-class missiles. However, in August 29, 2003, the U.S. Government imposed missile proliferation sanctions lasting two years on the Chinese company China North Industries Corporation (NORINCO) after determining that it was knowingly involved in the transfer of equipment and technology controlled under Category II of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) Annex that contributed to MTCR-class missiles in a non-MTCR country. <br /> <br /> In December 2003, the P.R.C. promulgated comprehensive new export control regulations governing exports of all categories of sensitive technologies.<br /> <br /> ==Economy ==<br /> China's economy, based on rice and wheat farming, was generally prosperous until the 18th century. Population pressures, and failure to adopt new technology led to an impoverished nation by 1900. <br /> <br /> After Mao's death the policy of modernization along Western lines has led to a remarkable rate of economic growth in the industrial cities, which have pulled in millions of peasants from the still poor rural areas. Slack environmental standards have led to serious pollution problems. <br /> <br /> The modern Chinese economy has benefited from investments from Taiwan and Hong Kong. They jumped far ahead of China by 1970 in terms of technology, and in recent years have invested in mainland industries. <br /> <br /> These two factors have changed Chinese economy, from a command economy to a more socialist state, with the Chinese economy increasingly in the hands of privately owned businesses, not state- or military-run enterprises. However, after several years the trend reversed, as it is in the start that those who are related to the political power are treated differently than the rest of the enterprises. <br /> [[File:National Stadium, Beijing.jpg|thumb|250px|National Stadium, Beijing.]]<br /> Since 1980 China has enjoyed the highest economic growth rates in the world. Suddenly in mid-2008, the growth rate slowed sharply from 11% a year to only 5.5%. Much of the economy was geared to exports, and building factories for exports to the United States and Japan. When the [[Financial Crisis of 2008]] hit, exports fell off and prices for industrial products like steel fell in half. Many factories were shut down. The decline has especially hit steel, cement and the construction industry. The government in November 2008 announced a $586 billion stimulus program to build roads, dams, electric grids and other infrastructure projects that are designed to supplement the international market.&lt;ref&gt;David Barboza, &quot;Great Engine of China Slows ,&quot; [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/26/business/worldbusiness/26chinasteel.html?_r=1 ''New York Times'' Nov. 25, 2008]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Since 1979, China has largely rejected socialism and embraced capitalism, while maintaining Communist party rule. Private ownership of the means of production has dramatically reduced poverty and increased wealth, especially in the cities but also in rural areas. Nationally the GDP (in 2007 prices) has exploded from 2 trillion yuan in 1980 to 25 trillion in 2007.<br /> <br /> As late as 1980 60% of the people in rural China lives in poverty; by 2007 fewer than 5% did. Grain production has grown 300 to 500 tons per person, and rural income per person has soared from a few hundred yuan in 1980 to over 4000.&lt;ref&gt;See ''Economist'' Dec. 13, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The reforms reformed and opened its economy. The Chinese leadership has adopted a more pragmatic perspective on many political and socioeconomic problems, and has reduced the role of ideology in economic policy. China's ongoing economic transformation has had a profound impact not only on China but on the world. The market-oriented reforms China has implemented over the past two decades have unleashed individual initiative and entrepreneurship. The result has been the largest reduction of poverty and one of the fastest increases in income levels ever seen. China today is the fourth-largest economy in the world. It has sustained average economic growth of over 9.5% for the past 26 years. In 2006 its $2.76 trillion economy was about one-fifth the size of the U.S. economy. <br /> <br /> In the 1980s, China tried to combine central planning with market-oriented reforms to increase productivity, living standards, and technological quality without exacerbating inflation, unemployment, and budget deficits. China pursued agricultural reforms, dismantling the commune system and introducing a household-based system that provided peasants greater decision-making in agricultural activities. The government also encouraged nonagricultural activities such as village enterprises in rural areas, and promoted more self-management for state-owned enterprises, increased competition in the marketplace, and facilitated direct contact between Chinese and foreign trading enterprises. China also relied more upon foreign financing and imports. <br /> <br /> During the 1980s, these reforms led to average annual rates of growth of 10% in agricultural and industrial output. Rural per capita real income doubled. China became self-sufficient in grain production; rural industries accounted for 23% of agricultural output, helping absorb surplus labor in the countryside. The variety of light industrial and consumer goods increased. Reforms began in the fiscal, financial, banking, price-setting, and labor systems. <br /> <br /> By the late 1980s, however, the economy had become overheated with increasing rates of inflation. At the end of 1988, in reaction to a surge of inflation caused by accelerated price reforms, the leadership introduced an austerity program. <br /> [[File:Shanghai China CIA.jpg|thumb|left|280px|The Oriental Pearl Tower in Shanghai overlooks the Huangpu River.]]<br /> China's economy regained momentum in the early 1990s. During a visit to southern China in early 1992, China's paramount leader at the time, Deng Xiaoping, made a series of political pronouncements designed to reinvigorate the process of economic reform. The 14th Party Congress later in the year backed Deng's renewed push for market reforms, stating that China's key task in the 1990s was to create a &quot;socialist market economy.&quot; The 10-year development plan for the 1990s stressed continuity in the political system with bolder reform of the economic system. <br /> <br /> China's economy grew at an average rate of 10% per year during the period 1990-2004, the highest growth rate in the world. China's gross domestic product (GDP) grew 10.0% in 2003, and even faster, 10.1%, in 2004, and 9.9% in 2005 despite attempts by the government to cool the economy. China's total trade in 2006 surpassed $1.76 trillion, making China the world's third-largest trading nation after the U.S. and Germany. Such high growth is necessary if China is to generate the 15 million jobs needed annually—roughly the size of Ecuador or Cambodia—to employ new entrants into the job market. <br /> <br /> Nevertheless, serious imbalances exist behind the spectacular trade performance, high investment flows, and high GDP growth. High numbers of non-performing loans weigh down the state-run banking system. Inefficient state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are still a drag on growth, despite announced efforts to sell, merge, or close the vast majority of SOEs. <br /> <br /> Social and economic indicators have improved since reforms were launched, but rising inequality is evident between the more highly developed coastal provinces and the less developed, poorer inland regions. According to World Bank estimates, more than 152 million people in China in 2003—mostly in rural areas of the lagging inland provinces—still live in poverty, on consumption of less than U.S. $1 a day. <br /> <br /> Following the Chinese Communist Party's Third Plenum, held in October 2003, Chinese legislators unveiled several proposed amendments to the state constitution. One of the most significant was a proposal to provide protection for private property rights. Legislators also indicated there would be a new emphasis on certain aspects of overall government economic policy, including efforts to reduce unemployment (now in the 8-10% range in urban areas), to rebalance income distribution between urban and rural regions, and to maintain economic growth while protecting the environment and improving social equity. The National People's Congress approved the amendments when it met in March 2004. The Fifth Plenum in October 2005 approved the 11th Five-Year Economic Program aimed at building a &quot;harmonious society&quot; through more balanced wealth distribution and improved education, medical care, and social security.<br /> <br /> ===Agriculture===<br /> China is the world's most populous country and one of the largest producers and consumers of agricultural products. Roughly half of China's labor force is engaged in agriculture, even though only 10% of the land is suitable for cultivation and agriculture contributes only 13% of China's GDP. China's cropland area is only 75% of the U.S. total, but China still produces about 30% more crops and livestock than the U.S. because of intensive cultivation, China is among the world's largest producers of rice, corn, wheat, soybeans, vegetables, tea, and pork. Major non-food crops include cotton, other fibers, and oilseeds. China hopes to further increase agricultural production through improved plant stocks, fertilizers, and technology. Incomes for Chinese farmers are stagnating, leading to an increasing wealth gap between the cities and countryside. Government policies that continue to emphasize grain self-sufficiency and the fact that farmers do not own—and cannot buy or sell—the land they work have contributed to this situation. While this was the case in China before Communism, many other countries have since embrace individual ownership while China has not. In addition, inadequate port facilities and lack of warehousing and cold storage facilities impede both domestic and international agricultural trade.<br /> <br /> ===Industry===<br /> {{History of China (full)}}<br /> Industry and construction account for about 46% of China's GDP. Major industries are mining and ore processing; iron; steel; aluminum; coal, machinery; textiles and apparel; armaments; petroleum; cement; chemicals; fertilizers; consumer products including footwear, toys, and electronics; automobiles and other transportation equipment including rail cars and locomotives, ships, and aircraft; and telecommunications. <br /> <br /> China has become a preferred destination for the relocation of global manufacturing facilities. Its strength as an export platform has contributed to incomes and employment in China. The state-owned sector still accounts for about 40% of GDP. In recent years, authorities have been giving greater attention to the management of state assets—both in the financial market as well as among state-owned-enterprises—and progress has been noteworthy.<br /> <br /> ===Regulatory Environment===<br /> Though China's economy has expanded rapidly, its regulatory environment has not kept pace. Since Deng Xiaoping's open market reforms, the growth of new businesses has outpaced the government's ability to regulate them. This has created a situation where businesses, faced with mounting competition and poor oversight, will be willing to take drastic measures to increase profit margins, often at the expense of consumer safety. This issue has recently acquired more prominence, with a number of restrictions being placed on problematic Chinese exports by the U.S. The Chinese Government recognizes the severity of the problem, recently concluding that up to 20% of the country's products are substandard or tainted. However, the level of the Chinese corporate taxes is actually 60% of the annual income. Moreover, in September 2017 the Communist Regime announced that private enterprises that are over 50 employees are required to set up party branches.<br /> <br /> ===Energy===<br /> Together with strong economic growth, China's demand for energy is surging rapidly. In 2003, China surpassed Japan to become the second-largest consumer of primary energy, after the United States. China is the world's second-largest consumer of oil, after the United States, and for 2006, China's increase in oil demand represented 38% of the world total increase in oil demand. China is also the third-largest energy producer in the world, after the United States and Russia. China's electricity consumption is expected to grow by over 4% a year through 2030, which will require more than $2 trillion in electricity infrastructure investment to meet the demand. China expects to add approximately 15,000 megawatts of generating capacity a year, with 20% of that coming from foreign suppliers. <br /> <br /> Coal makes up the bulk of China's energy consumption (70% in 2005), and China is the largest producer and consumer of coal in the world. As China's economy continues to grow, China's coal demand is projected to rise significantly. Although coal's share of China's overall energy consumption will decrease, coal consumption will continue to rise in absolute terms. China's continued and increasing reliance on coal as a power source has contributed significantly to putting China on the path to becoming the world's largest emitter of acid rain-causing sulfur dioxide and green house gases, including carbon dioxide. <br /> <br /> The 11th Five-Year Program, announced in 2005, calls for greater energy conservation measures, including development of renewable energy sources and increased attention to environmental protection. Moving away from coal towards cleaner energy sources including oil, natural gas, renewable energy, and nuclear power is an important component of China's development program. China has abundant hydroelectric resources; the Three Gorges Dam, for example, will have a total capacity of 18 gigawatts when fully on-line (projected for 2009). In addition, the share of electricity generated by nuclear power is projected to grow from 1% in 2000 to 5% in 2030. China's renewable energy law, which went into effect in 2006, calls for 10% of its energy to come from renewable energy sources by 2020. <br /> <br /> Since 1993, China has been a net importer of oil, a large portion of which comes from the Middle East. Net imports are expected to rise to 3.5 million barrels per day by 2010. China is interested in diversifying the sources of its oil imports and has invested in oil fields around the world. Beijing also plans to increase China's natural gas production, which currently accounts for only 3% of China's total energy consumption. Analysts expect China's consumption of natural gas to more than double by 2010. <br /> <br /> In May 2004, then-Secretary of Energy Spencer Abraham signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with China's National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) that launched the U.S.-China Energy Policy Dialogue. The Dialogue has strengthened energy-related interactions between China and the United States, the world's two largest energy consumers. The U.S.-China Energy Policy Dialogue builds upon the two countries' existing cooperative ventures in high energy nuclear physics, fossil energy, energy efficiency and renewable energy and energy information exchanges. The NDRC and the Department of Energy also exchange views and expertise on Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Technologies, and we convene an annual Oil and Gas Industry Forum with China. <br /> <br /> ===Environment===<br /> [[Image:Tianmenshan mountain.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Tian Shan, Gong Yuan, or Sky Mountain park, literally, is a world heritage site.]]<br /> One of the serious negative consequences of China's rapid industrial development has been increased pollution and degradation of natural resources. China is widely expected to surpass the United States as the world's largest emitter of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases sometime in 2007 or 2008. A World Health Organization report on air quality in 272 cities worldwide concluded that seven of the world's 10 most polluted cities were in China. According to China's own evaluation, two-thirds of the 338 cities for which air-quality data are available are considered polluted—two-thirds of them moderately or severely so. Respiratory and heart diseases related to air pollution are the leading cause of death in China. Almost all of the nation's rivers are considered polluted to some degree, and half of the population lacks access to clean water. By some estimates, every day approximately 300 million residents drink contaminated water. Ninety percent of urban water bodies are severely polluted. Water scarcity also is an issue; for example, severe water scarcity in Northern China is a serious threat to sustained economic growth and the government has begun working on a project for a large-scale diversion of water from the Yangtze River to northern cities, including Beijing and Tianjin. Acid rain falls on 30% of the country. Various studies estimate pollution costs the Chinese economy 7%-10% of GDP each year. <br /> <br /> China's leaders are increasingly paying attention to the country's severe environmental problems. In 1998, the State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) was officially upgraded to a ministry-level agency, reflecting the growing importance the Chinese Government places on environmental protection. In recent years, China has strengthened its environmental legislation and made some progress in stemming environmental deterioration. In 2005, China joined the Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development, which brings industries and governments together to implement strategies that reduce pollution and address climate change. During the 10th Five-Year Plan, China plans to reduce total emissions by 10%. Beijing in particular is investing heavily in pollution control as part of its campaign to host a successful Olympiad in 2008. Some cities have seen improvement in air quality in recent years. <br /> <br /> China is an active participant in climate change talks and other multilateral environmental negotiations, taking environmental challenges seriously but pushing for the developed world to help developing countries to a greater extent. It is a signatory to the Basel Convention governing the transport and disposal of hazardous waste and the Montreal Protocol for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, as well as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species and other major environmental agreements. <br /> <br /> The question of environmental impacts associated with the Three Gorges Dam project has generated controversy among environmentalists inside and outside China. Critics claim that erosion and silting of the Yangtze River threaten several endangered species, while Chinese officials say the dam will help prevent devastating floods and generate clean hydroelectric power that will enable the region to lower its dependence on coal, thus lessening air pollution. <br /> <br /> The United States and China are members of the Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate (APP). The APP is a public-private partnership of six nations—Australia, China, India, Japan, the Republic of Korea, and the United States—committed to explore new mechanisms to meet national pollution reduction, energy security and climate change goals in ways that reduce poverty and promote economic development. APP members have undertaken cooperative activities involving deployment of clean technology in partner countries in eight areas: cleaner fossil energy, renewable energy and distributed generation, power generation and transmission, steel, aluminum, cement, coal mining, and buildings and appliances. <br /> <br /> The United States and China have been engaged in an active program of bilateral environmental cooperation since the mid-1990s, with an emphasis on clean energy technology and the design of effective environmental policy. While both governments view this cooperation positively, China has often compared the U.S. program, which lacks a foreign assistance component, with those of Japan and several European Union (EU) countries that include generous levels of aid.<br /> <br /> ===Science and Technology===<br /> Science and technology have always preoccupied China's leaders; indeed, China's political leadership comes almost exclusively from technical backgrounds and has a high regard for science. Deng called it &quot;the first productive force.&quot; Distortions in the economy and society created by party rule have severely hurt Chinese science, according to some Chinese science policy experts. The Chinese Academy of Sciences, modeled on the Soviet system, puts much of China's greatest scientific talent in a large, under-funded apparatus that remains largely isolated from industry, although the reforms of the past decade have begun to address this problem. <br /> <br /> Chinese science strategists see China's greatest opportunities in newly emerging fields such as biotechnology and computers, where there is still a chance for China to become a significant player. Most Chinese students who went abroad have not returned, but they have built a dense network of trans-Pacific contacts that will greatly facilitate U.S.-China scientific cooperation in coming years. The U.S. space program is often held up as the standard of scientific modernity in China. China's small but growing space program, which successfully completed their second manned orbit in October 2005, is a focus of national pride. <br /> <br /> The U.S.-China Science and Technology Agreement remains the framework for bilateral cooperation in this field. A 5-year agreement to extend the Science and Technology Agreement was signed in April 2006. The Agreement is among the longest-standing U.S.-China accords, and includes over eleven U.S. Federal agencies and numerous branches that participate in cooperative exchanges under the S&amp;T Agreement and its nearly 60 protocols, memoranda of understanding, agreements and annexes. The Agreement covers cooperation in areas such as marine conservation, renewable energy, and health. Biennial Joint Commission Meetings on Science and Technology bring together policymakers from both sides to coordinate joint science and technology cooperation. Executive Secretaries meetings are held biennially to implement specific cooperation programs. Japan and the European Union also have high-profile science and technology cooperative relationships with China.<br /> ====Internet====<br /> U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton has criticized Chinese censorship and restrictions on the Intrernet, and China is pushing back since the Communist Party considers Internet control essential if it is to keep power and avoid elections. The government has denied suggestions by Google that a major, sophisticated assault on Google in late 2009 was sponsored by the government. The attack targeted email accounts used by dissidents, the weak point in China's political dictatorship. Google is threatening to ignore the censorship policies demanded by the government, and perhaps leave the country. The Communist Party promotes Internet use for commerce, but heavily censors content it deems pornographic, anti-social or politically subversive and blocks many foreign news and social media sites, including Twitter Facebook, and YouTube.<br /> <br /> ===Poor Medical care===<br /> Mainland China, like most Communist regimes, gives low priority to medicine and medical care. Mainland China only spends 1% of GDP on health care, ranking #156 out of 196 nations surveys by the World Health Organization. Many people rely on traditional practitioners, having more faith in acupuncture than modern science. In any case few have the opportunity to receive modern drugs or treatment with advanced devices. The local clinic has only a thermometer and stethoscope for instrumentation, and very few modern drugs. Only one in six medical personnel have a college degree, and those degrees are not high quality. The ordinary people want more medical care but that hardly matters, for in a dictatorship violence matters, but not public opinion.&lt;ref&gt;Gordon Fairclaugh, &quot;In China, Rx for Ailing Health System,&quot; ''Wall Street Journal,'' Oct. 15, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Trade===<br /> China's merchandise exports totaled $969.3 billion and imports totaled $791.8 billion in 2006. Its global trade surplus surged from $32 billion in 2004 to $177.5 billion in 2006. China's primary trading partners include Japan, the EU, the United States, South Korea, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. According to U.S. statistics, China had a trade surplus with the U.S. of $232.6 billion in 2006. <br /> <br /> China has taken important steps to open its foreign trading system and integrate itself into the world trading system. In November 1991, China joined the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) group, which promotes free trade and cooperation in the economic, trade, investment, and technology spheres. China served as APEC chair in 2001, and Shanghai hosted the annual APEC leaders meeting in October of that year. <br /> <br /> China formally joined the WTO in December 2001. As part of this far-reaching trade liberalization agreement, China agreed to lower tariffs and abolish market impediments. Chinese and foreign businessmen, for example, gained the right to import and export on their own, and to sell their products without going through a government middleman. By 2005, average tariff rates on key U.S. agricultural exports dropped from 31% to 14% and on industrial products from 25% to 9%. The agreement also opens up new opportunities for U.S. providers of services like banking, insurance, and telecommunications. China has made significant progress implementing its WTO commitments, but serious concerns remain, particularly in the realm of intellectual property rights protection. <br /> <br /> While accession does not guarantee smaller trade deficits, full implementation of all WTO commitments would further open China's markets to—and help level the playing field for—U.S. exports. China is now one of the most important markets for U.S. exports: in 2006, U.S. exports to China totaled $55.2 billion, almost triple the $19 billion when China joined the WTO in 2001 and up 32% over 2005. U.S. agricultural exports have increased dramatically, making China our fourth-largest agricultural export market (after Canada, Japan, and Mexico). Over the same period (2001-2006), U.S. imports from China have risen from $102 billion to $287.8 billion. <br /> <br /> Export growth continues to be a major driver of China's rapid economic growth. To increase exports, China has pursued policies such as fostering the rapid development of foreign-invested factories, which assemble imported components into consumer goods for export, and liberalizing trading rights. In its eleventh Five-Year Program, adopted in 2005, China placed greater emphasis on developing a consumer demand-driven economy to sustain economic growth and address global imbalances. <br /> <br /> The United States is one of China's primary suppliers of power generating equipment, aircraft and parts, computers and industrial machinery, raw materials, and chemical and agricultural products. However, U.S. exporters continue to have concerns about fair market access due to strict testing and standards requirements for some imported products. In addition, a lack of transparency in the regulatory process makes it difficult for businesses to plan for changes in the domestic market structure. The April 11, 2006 U.S.-China Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade (JCCT) produced agreements on key U.S. trade concerns ranging from market access to U.S. beef, medical devices, and telecommunications; to the enforcement of intellectual property rights, including, significantly, software. The JCCT also produced an agreement to establish a U.S.-China High Technology and Strategic Trade Working Group to review export control cooperation and facilitate high technology trade. <br /> <br /> ===Foreign Investment===<br /> China's investment climate has changed dramatically in 24 years of reform. In the early 1980s, China restricted foreign investments to export-oriented operations and required foreign investors to form joint-venture partnerships with Chinese firms. Foreign direct investment (FDI) grew quickly during the 1980s, but stalled in late 1989 in the aftermath of Tiananmen. In response, the government introduced legislation and regulations designed to encourage foreigners to invest in high-priority sectors and regions. Since the early 1990s, China has allowed foreign investors to manufacture and sell a wide range of goods on the domestic market, and authorized the establishment of wholly foreign-owned enterprises, now the preferred form of FDI. However, the Chinese Government's emphasis on guiding FDI into manufacturing has led to market saturation in some industries, while leaving China's services sectors underdeveloped. China is now one of the leading recipients of FDI in the world, receiving almost $80 billion in 2005 according to World Bank statistics. <br /> <br /> As part of its WTO accession, China undertook to eliminate certain trade-related investment measures and to open up specified sectors that had previously been closed to foreign investment. New laws, regulations, and administrative measures to implement these commitments are being issued. Major remaining barriers to foreign investment include opaque and inconsistently enforced laws and regulations and the lack of a rules-based legal infrastructure. <br /> <br /> Opening to the outside remains central to China's development. Foreign-invested enterprises produce about half of China's exports, and China continues to attract large investment inflows. Foreign exchange reserves were $1.1 trillion at the end of 2006, and have now surpassed those of Japan, making China's foreign exchange reserves the largest in the world.<br /> ===Higher education===<br /> Despite fears that China may be outpacing the United States in turning out engineers, the number of college students in China who study engineering is on the decline, according to ''Global Times'', a Chinese party-controlled newspaper. Fewer than one in 10 college graduates in 2009 majored in engineering. Instead, students are turning to economics, finance, and management, which pay more and carry more social status. &quot;Engineering usually makes people think of factories, while factories often give people an impression of hard work, low wages, and layoffs,&quot; the newspaper quoted one professor as saying.<br /> <br /> Although there are some considerable effort of developing the universities, the Communist regime are still having issues with academic freedoms, which means that some improvements will made, but the overall environment will not changed. <br /> <br /> The exodus of Chinese undergraduate and graduate students continues; as 180,000 left in 2008, about 25% percent more than in 2007, as more families were able to pay overseas tuition. For every four students who left in the past decade, only one returned; those with American PhDs in science or engineering the least likely to return. The intellectual vitality, quality of science, pay scales and political climate is much more attractive in the West. Those who return to China risk being shunned as &quot;foreigners&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/07/world/asia/07scholar.html?hp Sharon LaFraniera, &quot;Fighting Trend, China Is Luring Scientists Home,&quot; ''New York Times'' Jan. 6. 2010]&lt;/ref&gt; Now the exodus are enlarged into high-school students and even primary school students.<br /> ===The Chinese in Africa===<br /> China has been spending huge amounts of money and time buying influence in various African countries.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/Africa-Monitor/2011/0217/China-s-latest-trade-visit-to-Africa-reveals-a-different-approach-to-business]&lt;/ref&gt; China has given 45 Afriacn countries $115 billion, a figure which is growing at 44% every year. Africa has many desirable resources such as [[diamonds]], [[oil]], and rare earth metals such as [[Indium]] which is used to make the touch screens for new high-tech devices such as [[Apple]]'s [[iPad]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://blogs.indium.com/blog/an-interview-with-the-professor/assembled-cost-of-an-ipad]&lt;/ref&gt; and [[iPhone]], often under [[sweat shop]] conditions.<br /> <br /> China's aim in Africa seems to be to buy up the emerging markets of the developing nations there. China has a big population, but does not have many of the resources (see above) that they will need to improve themselves. When countries go through [[industrialization]] they need to use a lot more resources, and China does not have them. By buying up Africa they get these natural resources cheaply. They will also be able to use these resources as poker chips against the west.<br /> US ambassador [[Johnnie Carson]] believes &quot;China has no morals&quot; in Africa,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/12/09/cable-kenya-risks-new-violence-reforms/]&lt;/ref&gt; which may be true given their [[communist]] ideology.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> {{main|History of China}}<br /> <br /> Although archaeologists have found settlements in China dating to [[5000 BC]], the earliest nation that can be dated in the area of modern China is the [[Shang Dynasty]], approximately [[2000 BC]].<br /> [[File:Great Wall of China.jpg|left|240px]]<br /> Dynasty followed dynasty, as old regimes would lose the &quot;mandate of heaven;&quot; it was believed that each emperor ruled only with the approval of heaven, and a ruler who was unfit to rule would curse the nation until replaced. In addition, the Chinese capital would occasionally be overrun by &quot;barbarians,&quot; who invariably would start a new dynasty in the Chinese capital, integrating their nations into the former dynasty.<br /> <br /> Chinese had an advanced artistic culture and well-developed science and technology. However, its science and technology stood still after 1700 and in the 21st century very little survives outside museums, except in for the popular forms of traditional medicine. <br /> <br /> In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the country was beset by large-scale civil wars, major famines, military defeats by Britain and Japan, regional control by powerful warlords and foreign intervention such as the [[Boxer Rebellion]] of 1900. In 1911 a revolution deposed the [[Qing dynasty]] and the [[Republic of China]] was proclaimed. <br /> <br /> Under the leadership of the [[KMT]] (Kuomintang), headed by [[Chiang Kai-shek]] (1887-1975), the central government finally suppressed the local warlords who effectively controlled many provinces. The KMT tried to destroy the Communists under [[Mao Zedong]], but they escaped in the &quot;Long March&quot; of 1934-35. Japan seized Manchuria in 1931, and in 1937 invaded all of China, seizing the coast, the major cities, and setting up a puppet government that controlled most of the population. China was allied with the U.S. and Britain against Japan, and at war's end joined the United Nations as a permanent member of the 5-nation Security Council, with a veto. <br /> <br /> In 1945-46, the U.S. attempted to force a negotiated settlement between the KMT and the Communists, but failed. In the face of economic collapse the Communists won the civil war in 1949 under [[Mao Zedong]] established a totalitarian regime, forcing the elected constitutional ROC Government to Taiwan. Taiwan is recognized as an integral part of China in theory, but in practice has been independent since 1949. <br /> <br /> Mao liquidated millions of opponents, acting against the International society in the [[Korean War]] (1950–53), and around 1960 broke bitterly with the Soviet Union over the control of the Communist world. Mao's regime imposed strict controls over everyday life and cost the lives of tens of millions of people. <br /> <br /> After 1978, Mao's successor [[Deng Xiaoping]] constructed a market-economy system, while still remain de facto control over the land by imposing the length of usage of the land, and by 2000 output had increased, population growth ended (by imposing a one-child policy), and mediocre relations were secured with the West. For much of the population, living standards have improved and the material choices are growing, yet totalitarian rule and the ownership of the Internet still firmly gripped.<br /> <br /> China's economy during the last quarter century has changed from a centrally planned system that was largely closed to international trade, to a more market-oriented economy that has a rapidly growing private sector and is a major player in the global economy.<br /> <br /> == Human Rights ==<br /> Under Mao millions of Chinese were died, no matter it is famine or political movements, they are all the results of Communism itself. The &quot;[[Cultural Revolution]]&quot; in the 1960s was an Communistic effort of eradicating Chinese culture endorsed by Mao in order to eliminate potential political elite that could act against the Communist Party; it set back China by decades, even after his death, the damage in the social morality is still remaining.<br /> <br /> After the mid-1980s the new leader [[Deng Xiaoping]] promoted rapid modernization. While Mao's memory was still revered, most of his brutal policies were ended and much economic freedom—and a dash of political liberalization—was allowed. Intellectuals were encouraged to speak out again and to share in a new spirit of &quot;democratization.&quot; However Communist party leaders in 1986 warned that modernization must not be used as an excuse to introduce &quot;bourgeois philosophies and social doctrines.&quot; By late 1986 student groups began to demonstrate demanding more student participation in local government, a greater degree of democracy, and better living conditions. As demonstrations escalated Hu Yaobang, the general secretary of the party, resigned, confessing that he had made major mistakes and would take responsibility for them. It was a setback to political and economic liberalization, though Hu remained, out of office, a symbol of the potential for democracy. Hu's death in April 1989, sparked widespread public rallies in favor of broad social changes in Beijing, Shanghai, and other major cities. Tens of thousands of students defied a government clampdown to demonstrate in May in [[Tiananmen Square]] central Beijing. The Party moved to kill dissent, sending uneducated rural troops into square on June 3–4; hundreds of demonstrators were killed, wounded, or arrested. The world was appalled. Following the savage repression of democrats in all major cities Deng Xiaoping appeared to be even more firmly in control. <br /> <br /> The China country reports in the U.S. State Department's 2009 Human Rights Practices and International Religious Freedom Reports&lt;ref&gt;See [http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/eap/119037.htm U.S. State Department, ''2008 Human Rights Report: China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau)'' Feb. 25, 2009]&lt;/ref&gt; noted China's well-documented and continuing abuses of human rights in violation of internationally recognized norms, stemming both from the authorities' intolerance of dissent and the inadequacy of legal safeguards for basic freedoms. Reported abuses have included arbitrary and lengthy incommunicado detention, forced confessions, torture, and mistreatment of prisoners as well as severe restrictions on freedom of speech, the press, assembly, association, religion, privacy, worker rights, and coercive birth limitation. In 2006, China continued the monitoring, harassment, intimidation, and arrest of journalists, Internet writers, defense lawyers, religious activists, and political dissidents. The activities of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), especially those relating to the rule of law and expansion of judicial review, continue to be restricted.<br /> <br /> In 2008 China loosened its restrictions somewhat for the Summer Olympics. The government owns the Internet access and censor several websites to prevent the people from learning about the Communist regime and the evil root of the Communism.<br /> <br /> Human rights failures remain a major concern. Abatement of pollution and improvements in systems to ensure food, drug, and product safety are major concerns, especially after notorious episodes of exporting poisoned pet food, toothpaste and infant formula.<br /> ===Repression in 2008===<br /> In 2008 China's human rights record remained poor and worsened in some areas. During the year the government increased its severe cultural and religious repression of ethnic minorities in Tibetan areas and the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region (XUAR), increased detention and harassment of dissidents and petitioners, and maintained tight controls on freedom of speech and the Internet. Abuses peaked around high-profile events, such as the Olympics and the unrest in Tibet. As in previous years, citizens did not have the right to change their government. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), both local and international, continued to face intense scrutiny and restrictions. Other serious human rights abuses included extrajudicial killings, torture and coerced confessions of prisoners, and the use of forced labor, including prison labor. Workers cannot choose an independent union to represent them in the workplace, and the law does not protect workers' right to strike. The government continued to monitor, harass, detain, arrest, and imprison journalists, writers, activists, and defense lawyers and their families, many of whom were seeking to exercise their rights under the law.&lt;ref&gt;See [http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/eap/119037.htm U.S. State Department, ''2008 Human Rights Report: China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau)'' Feb. 25, 2009]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ===Execution Controversy===<br /> In December 2009, China executed a man named Akmal Shaikh for drug smuggling. There is evidence that Shaikh was mentally ill, but he was not given a psychological exam of any sort before the trial. He was not given an examination because the Chinese government declared that neither Shaikh or his family could prove he was mentally ill through documentation or family history. The British government made many requests for clemency, including at an eleventh-hour meeting with the Chinese ambassador, but they were consistently ignored.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.latimes.com/news/nation-and-world/la-fg-britain-china30-2009dec30,0,4153003.story&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == China and obesity ==<br /> <br /> [[File:Flag of the PRC.png|thumbnail|250px|right|China has the largest atheist population in the world.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> *[http://www.thechapmans.nl/news/Atheist.pdf Top 50 Countries With Highest Proportion of Atheists / Agnostics (Zuckerman, 2005)]<br /> *[http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/05/23/a-surprising-map-of-where-the-worlds-atheists-live/ A surprising map of where the world’s atheists live], ''Washington Post'' By Max Fisher and Caitlin Dewey May 23, 2013&lt;/ref&gt; In 2014, the British medical journal'' Lancet'' reported that the Chinese now have the second highest obesity rate in the world.&lt;ref&gt;[http://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2014/05/29/as-obesity-rises-chinese-kids-are-almost-as-fat-as-americans/ As Obesity Rises, Chinese Kids Are Almost as Fat as Americans], ''Wall Street Journal'' Chinarealtime, May 29, 2014&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zgJvV62yD2E Chubby China: Nation of 300 Million Overweight People]&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> A recent study published in the ''Obesity Reviews'' journal, found that Chinese teenagers' rate of [[diabetes]] was four times that of their [[United States|American]] peers.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.china.org.cn/china/2012-09/14/content_26521029.htm Obesity is a growing concern in China] By Pang Li, China.org.cn, September 14, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> ''See also:'' [[China and obesity]] and [[Atheism and obesity]]<br /> <br /> In 2014, it was reported that China's obesity rate has skyrocketed in the last 30 years and the Chinese now have the second highest obesity rate in the world.&lt;ref&gt;[http://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2014/05/29/as-obesity-rises-chinese-kids-are-almost-as-fat-as-americans/ As Obesity Rises, Chinese Kids Are Almost as Fat as Americans], ''Wall Street Journal'' Chinarealtime, May 29, 2014&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zgJvV62yD2E Chubby China: Nation of 300 Million Overweight People]&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Wall Street Journal'' reported in 2014 that China had approximately 300 million overweight people.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zgJvV62yD2E Chubby China: Nation of 300 Million Overweight People]&lt;/ref&gt; In 2014, the British medical journal ''Lancet'' analyzed weight trends in 188 countries and reported that more than 28% of Chinese adult men and 27% of the country’s adult women are now overweight or obese.&lt;ref&gt;[http://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2014/05/29/as-obesity-rises-chinese-kids-are-almost-as-fat-as-americans/ As Obesity Rises, Chinese Kids Are Almost as Fat as Americans], ''Wall Street Journal'' Chinarealtime, May 29, 2014&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to a 2012 report by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the number of obese children in China has reached 120 million.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_yk-aM0cyk Child Obesity Reaches 120 Million in China]&lt;/ref&gt; A recent study published in the ''Obesity Reviews'' journal, found that Chinese teenagers' rate of [[diabetes]] was four times that of their [[United States|American]] peers.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.china.org.cn/china/2012-09/14/content_26521029.htm Obesity is a growing concern in China] By Pang Li, China.org.cn, September 14, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Due to their past [[One-child Policy|one-child policy]], which had exceptions, China now has a lot of over-pampered and over-fed children.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yuf8yg0Dbig Rising Chinese Child Obesity and Fat Camps]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Matthew Crabbe, co-author of &quot;Fat China: How Expanding Waistlines are Changing a Nation&quot; declared that China's surging rate of obesity is &quot;a ticking bomb&quot; underneath the country's future economic growth and healthcare system.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.china.org.cn/china/2012-09/14/content_26521029.htm Obesity is a growing concern in China] By Pang Li, China.org.cn, September 14, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * Chow, Gregory C. ''China's Economic Transformation'' (2nd ed. 2007) [http://www.amazon.com/Chinas-Economic-Transformation-Gregory-Chow/dp/1405156244/ref=pd_sim_b_img_3 excerpt and text search]<br /> * Eberharad, Wolfram. ''A History of China'' (2005), 380 pages' [http://books.google.com/books?id=5LgjunIn1CEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=intitle:history+intitle:china&amp;num=30&amp;as_brr=1&amp;sig=k1CgHXYb6jQ6BgdwVpUWngov7So full text online free] <br /> * Entwisle, Barbara, and Gail E. Henderson, eds. ''Re-Drawing Boundaries: Work, Households, and Gender in China,'' U of California Press, 2000; on 1990; [http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt938nd0k8/?&amp;query=&amp;brand=ucpress complete text online free]<br /> * Fairbank, John King and Goldman, Merle. ''China: A New History.'' (1998). 546 pp. <br /> * Gries, Peter Hays. ''China's New Nationalism: Pride, Politics, and Diplomacy,'' U of California Press, (2004); recent history [http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt9290249r/?&amp;query=&amp;brand=ucpress online edition free]<br /> * Kang, David C. ''China Rising: Peace, Power, and Order in East Asia'' (2007), argues a strong China stabilizes East Asia<br /> * Naughton, Barry. ''The Chinese Economy: Transitions and Growth'' (2007), important new survey<br /> *Ogden S. (ed) ''China.'' (2006) <br /> * Oi, Jean C. ''Rural China Takes Off: Institutional Foundations of Economic Reform,'' U of California Press, (1999) [http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft8j49p1hv/?&amp;query=&amp;brand=ucpress complete text online free] <br /> * Perkins, Dorothy. ''Encyclopedia of China: The Essential Reference to China, Its History and Culture.'' (1999). 662 pp. <br /> * Rawski, Thomas G. and Lillian M. Li, eds. ''Chinese History in Economic Perspective,'' University of California Press, 1992 [http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft6489p0n6/?&amp;query=&amp;brand=ucpress online free]<br /> * Roberts, J. A. G. ''A Concise History of China.'' (1999). 341 pp. <br /> * Schoppa, R. Keith. ''The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History.'' (2000). 356 pp. [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-columbia-guide-to-modern-chinese-history-by-r-keith-schoppa.jsp online edition]<br /> * Shambaugh, David. ''China's Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaptation'' (2009)<br /> * Shambaugh, David. ''Modernizing China's Military: Progress, Problems, and Prospects'' U of California Press, (2003) [http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt4779q33t/?&amp;query=&amp;brand=ucpress complete text online free]<br /> * Spence, Jonathan D. ''The Search for Modern China'' (1991), 876pp; well written survey from 1644 to 1980s [http://www.amazon.com/Search-Modern-China-Jonathan-Spence/dp/0393307808/ref=pd_sim_b_title_2 excerpt and text search]; [http://www.questia.com/read/98946348 complete edition online]<br /> * Wang, Ke-wen, ed. ''Modern China: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Nationalism.'' (1998). 442 pp.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Atheistic China and alcoholism]]<br /> *[[Atheistic China and loneliness]]<br /> *[[Chinese History]]<br /> *[[Chinese Painting]]<br /> *[[China and involuntary organ harvesting]]<br /> *[[Great Wall of China]]<br /> *[[Oriental art]]<br /> *[[Previous Breaking News/China|Articles about '''China''' from previous &quot;Breaking News&quot;]]<br /> * [[Nuclear target structures]]<br /> *[[Chinese National Day]]<br /> *[[China and obesity]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.chinadetail.com/Nation/ All About China]<br /> *[http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/china/home.html People's Daily: China at a Glance]<br /> *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1287798.stm BBC News - ''Country Profile: China'']<br /> *[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html CIA World Factbook - ''China'']<br /> *[http://www.monthlyreview.org/1105wu.htm &quot;Rethinking ‘Capitalist Restoration’ in China&quot;] by Yiching Wu<br /> *[http://www.gov.cn/ The Central People's Government of People's Republic of China]<br /> *[http://www.china.org.cn/ China's Official Gateway for News &amp; Information]<br /> *[http://www.globalpolitician.com/articles.asp?ID=341 The Dragon's Dawn: China as a Rising Imperial Power] February 11, 2005.<br /> *[http://www.china-profile.com/history/hist_list_1.htm History of The People's Republic of China] Timeline of Key Events since 1949.<br /> *[http://www.danwei.org/ Media, advertising, and urban life in China.]<br /> *[http://factoidz.com/the-largest-ethnic-group-in-the-world-han-chinese-of-china/ The Largest Ethnic Group in the World: Han Chinese of China.]<br /> <br /> {{Asian Countries}}<br /> [[Category:China]]<br /> [[Category:Communist States]]<br /> [[Category:Oppression]]<br /> [[Category:Anti-American]]<br /> [[Category:Police State]]<br /> [[Category:Welfare State]]<br /> [[Category:Nuclear Target Structures]]</div>

Neekaro Suaves https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Earth&diff=1432625 2018-07-10T21:38:26Z

<p>Neekaro Suaves: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Planet|image=Blue Marble.jpg<br /> |symbol=Earth symbol.svg<br /> |order=3<br /> |primary=Sun<br /> |periapsis=147,090,000 km (0.983 AU)&lt;ref name=earthfact&gt;&quot;[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html Earth Fact Sheet],&quot; [[NASA]], April 19, 2007. Accessed May 2, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |apoapsis=152,100,000 km (1.017 AU)&lt;ref name=earthfact/&gt;<br /> |semimajor=149,597,886.5 km (1.00000011 AU)&lt;ref name=earthfact/&gt;<br /> |bode=1.0 AU<br /> |eccentricity=0.01671022&lt;ref name=earthfact/&gt;<br /> |sidereal=365.256366 da&lt;ref name=earthfact/&gt;<br /> |synodic=365.256366 da<br /> |orbitspeed=29.783 km/s&lt;ref name=earthfact/&gt;<br /> |inclination=0°<br /> |reference=the ecliptic<br /> |siderealday=23.9345 h&lt;ref name=earthfact/&gt;<br /> |solarday=24 h&lt;ref name=earthfact/&gt;<br /> |rotatespeed=465.11 m/s<br /> |axialtilt=23.439281°<br /> |mass=5.9736 * 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;ref name=earthfact/&gt;<br /> |density=5,515.3 kg/m³&lt;ref name=earthfact/&gt;<br /> |surfacegrav=9.780327 m/s²<br /> |escapespeed=11.186 km/s<br /> |meanradius=6371 km&lt;ref name=earthfact/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.solarviews.com/eng/earth.htm&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |equatorradius =6378.135 km&lt;ref name=earthfact/&gt;<br /> |polarradius =6356.750 km&lt;ref name=earthfact/&gt;<br /> |surfacearea=510,065,600 km²<br /> |landarea=148,939,100 km²<br /> |waterarea=361,126,400 km²<br /> |mintemp=185 K<br /> |meantemp=287 K<br /> |maxtemp=331 K<br /> |moons=1<br /> |composition=Rock<br /> |albedo=0.37&lt;ref name=earthfact/&gt;<br /> |mfd=0.3076 G&lt;ref name=earthfact/&gt;<br /> |pmdm=7.98 * 10&lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt; N-m/T&lt;ref name=calc&gt;Calculated&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |cmdm=1.41 * 10&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; N-m/T&lt;ref name=Humphreys&gt;Humphreys, D. R. &quot;[http://www.creationresearch.org/crsq/articles/21/21_3/21_3.html The Creation of Planetary Magnetic Fields].&quot; ''Creation Research Society Quarterly'' 21(3), December 1984. Accessed April 29, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |mdt=2049 a&lt;ref name=Humphreys/&gt;<br /> |mhl=1420 a&lt;ref name=calc/&gt;<br /> }}<br /> The '''Earth''' is the third planet in the [[Solar System]]. It is the largest of the terrestrial planets and is the only known [[planet]] which has [[life]] as we know it. The surface of the planet is approximately two-thirds covered in [[water]]. The atmosphere is roughly 78% [[nitrogen]] and 21% [[oxygen]], with trace amounts of water vapor, [[carbon dioxide]], and other elements. Both the Bible and the available scientific evidence indicate the earth is about 6,000 years old (see also: [[Age of the Earth]])&lt;ref&gt;<br /> *[http://creation.com/how-old-is-the-earth How old is the earth?]<br /> *[http://creation.com/age-of-the-earth Age of the earth: 101 evidences for a young earth]<br /> *[http://creation.com/young-age-of-the-earth-universe-qa ‘Young’ age of the Earth &amp; Universe Q&amp;A]<br /> *[http://creation.com/creation-compromises-questions-and-answers Creation Compromises]<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Physical Description==<br /> <br /> Within the [[Solar System]], Earth is the third planet from the [[Sun]]. It is approximately 8,000 miles (13,000&amp;nbsp;km) in diameter; its equatorial circumference (measured around the equator) is 24,901 miles (40,075 kilometers), and the polar circumference is slightly less at 24,809 miles (40,008&amp;nbsp;km).&lt;ref&gt;http://geography.about.com/library/faq/blqzcircumference.htm&lt;/ref&gt; The reason its metric circumference is so close to the &quot;round number&quot; of 40,000 is that the [[kilometer]] was defined (by the French) as 1/10,000th the distance from the [[Equator]] to the [[North Pole]]. <br /> <br /> Its surface area is approximately 4&amp;middot;&amp;pi;&amp;nbsp;(4000&amp;nbsp;mi)&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 200 million square miles (510 million km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). It has been said that Earth should really be called &quot;water&quot;, as the larger part of it&amp;mdash;about 70%&amp;mdash;is covered by water. In fact, the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] and [[Indian Ocean|Indian]] oceans alone cover about half of the Earth's surface.<br /> <br /> The Earth orbits at an [[Astronomical unit|average distance of about 93 million miles (150 million km) from the Sun]] in an almost circular orbit. The plane of this orbit, or '''ecliptic''', is the common reference plane for the inclinations of the orbits of all [[planet]]s and [[dwarf planet]]s in the [[Solar System]], though in fact Earth's orbit is inclined 7.25° to the plane of the [[Sun]]'s equator. It takes light (and other forms of electromagnetic radiation) approximately 500 seconds to travel from the Sun to the Earth, i.e. the distance can also be stated as &quot;500 light-seconds.&quot; The distance to nearby stars is made by measuring the stellar [[parallax]] between observations when the earth is at opposite ends of its orbit, so the Earth's orbit itself is a measuring stick for astronomical distances, and is known as the ''astronomical unit'' (A. U.) It is worth noting that if the Earth were slightly closer to the Sun, it would be too hot for life while if Earth were slightly further away from the Sun, water would freeze and life as we know it would be impossible.<br /> <br /> ==Origin==<br /> THE EARTH IS 4.5 BILLION.,<br /> NOT 6,000 OR WHATEVER YOU CUCKOLDS SAY AthensAthensAthensAthensAthensAthensAthensAthensAthensAthensAthensAthensAthensAthensAthensAthensAthensAthensAthensAthensAthensAthensAthensAthens<br /> <br /> Clashes between adherents of these ideas have gone on since time immemorial (see [[origins debate]]), though the last theory has only matured in the last 200 years.<br /> <br /> == Young Earth Creationist view ==<br /> <br /> ===Formation and Age===<br /> <br /> Young Earth creationists believe, on the basis of the biblical account in Genesis and biblical geochronologies, that the entire Earth, including animal, plant, and human life, was formed in six days, around 4000 B.C.<br /> Mainstream scientific journals, committed to a [[naturalism|naturalistic]] worldview, contend this view.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs2005/0822sternberg.asp 1&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs/538.asp 2&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=53400 3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&amp;id=3833&amp;program=DI%20Main%20Page%20-%20News&amp;callingPage=discoMainPage 4&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Most scientists believe that the Earth formed by natural processes instead of having been created by a supernatural entity. However, as one scientist noted, “...&amp;nbsp;most every prediction by theorists about planetary formation has been wrong.” &lt;ref&gt;http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/ReferencesandNotes43.html&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Magnetosphere ===<br /> Earth is surrounded by a magnetic field powerful enough to prevent most of the Sun's radiation from reaching the Earth and harming the life on it. This field has been decaying at a known exponential rate, as decades of recordkeeping reveal. In 1984, Dr. Russell Humphreys developed a model for the creation of magnetic fields&lt;ref name=Humphreys/&gt; that suggests that the Earth was at first made entirely of water,&lt;ref&gt;See {{Bible ref|book=II_Peter|chap=3|verses=5}}&lt;/ref&gt; much of which God transmuted into other elements after He made the Earth, probably on the third day of Creation. Humphreys's predicted magnetic decay time for the Earth agrees well with published data and thus constitutes further evidence for a young Earth.<br /> <br /> ===Shape of the Earth===<br /> <br /> Some people dispute the shape of the Earth, arguing that the Bible describes the Earth as flat (presumably square, given that it is described as having &quot;four corners&quot; (Revelations 7:1))rather than spherical. However, no credible organization has ever expressed support for this theory.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/crea-fe.htm&lt;/ref&gt; Some have disputed the idea that the Earth rotates around the Sun.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/febible.htm&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In [[Book of Revelations|Revelations]] 7:1 it is stated:<br /> <br /> &quot;And after these things I saw four angels standing on the four corners of the earth...&quot; (Revelations 7:1)<br /> <br /> A sphere has no corners. The four corners are also mentioned in Isaiah 11:12. This is often accepted to be a figure of speech.<br /> <br /> It is also stated:<br /> <br /> &quot;Then was the iron, the clay, the brass, the silver, and the gold, broken to pieces together, and became like the chaff of the summer threshingfloors; and the wind carried them away, that no place was found for them: and the stone that smote the image became a great mountain, and filled the whole earth.&quot; ([[Book of Daniel|Daniel]] 2:35)<br /> <br /> AND<br /> <br /> &quot;Thus were the visions of mine head in my bed; I saw, and behold a tree in the midst of the earth, and the height thereof was great. The tree grew, and was strong, and the height thereof reached unto heaven, and the sight thereof to the end of all the earth:&quot; (Daniel 4:10-11)<br /> <br /> AND<br /> <br /> &quot;Behold, [Jesus] cometh with clouds; and every eye shall see him&quot; (Revelations 1:7)<br /> <br /> AND<br /> <br /> &quot;Once again, the devil took him to a very high mountain, and showed him all the kingdoms of the world [cosmos] in their glory.&quot; ([[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] 4:8) <br /> <br /> Apologist [[JP Holding]]'s take on this is that this may have been a vision.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.tektonics.org/af/earthshape.html#globe&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Christianity and the Earth==<br /> <br /> ===Christian Historical-Grammatical Bible Exegesis or Bible Literalism===<br /> <br /> According to [[Creation Ministries International]], most young earth creationists use a [[hermeneutic]] &quot;best described as the [[Historical-grammatical exegesis|historical-grammatical method]] in which historical narrative (such as the book of Genesis) is interpreted as literal history, prophecy is interpreted as prophecy, poetry is interpreted as poetry, etc.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.creationontheweb.com/images/pdfs/tj/tjv16v2_forster.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; Creation Ministries International further states that &quot;Historical-grammatical exegesis involves a systematic approach to analyzing in detail the historical situation, events and circumstances surrounding the text, and the semantics and syntactical relationships of the words which comprise the text.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/4880/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bible scholars have estimated the age of the earth based on the Creation account in Genesis and the genealogical accounts in Numbers and other books of the Pentateuch. One famous estimate was published in 1650 by [[James Ussher|James Ussher Archbishop of Armagh]] in a book called ''Annals of the World,'' in which he estimated the Creation to have occurred on 23 October 4004 B.C. Other Biblical scholars maintain that there are possible gaps in the genealogies, often using the ideas of the 19th century Calvinist theologian [[Benjamin Warfield]] on the issue.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.reasons.org/resources/apologetics/primeval_chronology.shtml&lt;/ref&gt; However, [[James Barr]], regius professor of Hebrew at [[Oxford University]], wrote in 1984 the following: &quot;… probably, so far as I know, there is no professor of Hebrew or Old Testament at any world-class university who does not believe that the writer(s) of Genesis 1–11 intended to convey to their readers the ideas that: … the figures contained in the Genesis genealogies provided by simple addition a chronology from the beginning of the world up to later stages in the biblical story.’&quot; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/1606/&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, it should be noted that Barr himself rejects supernatural Christianity, and so is not ''[[a priori]]'' biased in favor of creationism.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.reasons.org/resources/apologetics/pca_creation_study_committee_report.shtml&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Many [[Christian]]s believe that the Earth is the perfect distance away from the Sun and take this to be evidence of [[God]]'s existence.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.everystudent.com/features/isthere.html&lt;/ref&gt; Secular scientists, however, reject this reasoning using the anthropic principle.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.anthropic-principle.com&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Christian Non-Literalism===<br /> <br /> Many mainstream Christian denominations believe the story of Genesis is not meant to be read literally, and believe that the age of the Earth is on the order of millions or billions of years, not thousands of years.&lt;ref&gt;http://webusers.xula.edu/cporter/2000n/evolution_and_religion.htm&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Scientific Uniformitarianism===<br /> <br /> Uniformitarian scientists believe that the earth is beyond 4 billion years old.&lt;ref&gt;http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html&lt;/ref&gt; They also refute that the Earth is only 6,000 years old by quoting older human societies dated by their dating method as older than that.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Naturalistic view ==<br /> <br /> Estimates by uniformitarian geologists of the age of the Earth and the beginning of life give about 4.55 billion years and 3.5 billion years ago respectively. These estimates are primarily based on radioactive dating of meteorites and fossil specimens. Most scientists today conclude that the Earth formed by natural processes, specifically by the accumulation of debris orbiting the sun billions of years in the past.&lt;ref name=nebula&gt;&quot;[http://science.jrank.org/pages/6265/Solar-System-solar-nebula-hypothesis.html The Solar Nebula Hypothesis].&quot; ''The Science Encyclopedia''. Accessed May 6, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> *[[Environmental trends]]<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> *[http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/earth.htm The Earth]<br /> *[http://www.noaa.gov/ NOAA] An agency that enriches life through science.<br /> *[http://www.enchantedlearning.com/geography/glossary/ Glossary]<br /> *[http://creation.com/earth-is-too-special Earth is ‘too special’?] by [[Jonathan Sarfati]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> {{Solarsystem}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Featured articles]]<br /> [[Category:Soil]]</div>

Neekaro Suaves https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Christianity&diff=1432617 2018-07-10T21:35:28Z

<p>Neekaro Suaves: dddd</p> <hr /> <div>{{Christianity}}<br /> '''Christianity''' is the world's largest [[religion]], having 2.1 billion followers.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html&lt;/ref&gt; In terms of its geographic distribution, Christianity is the [[Global Christianity|most globally]] diverse religion.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> <br /> My crew is big and it keeps gettin bigga, thats because jesus christ is my NIGGA EEEEEEEEEEEEE<br /> *[http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/08/27/many-religions-heavily-concentrated-in-one-or-two-countries/ Many religions heavily concentrated in one or two countries]<br /> *[http://wwwgordonconwell.com/netcommunity/CSGCResources/ChristianityinitsGlobalContext.pdf Christianity in its global context]&lt;/ref&gt; Christianity has always been the best way to turn one's life around, to achieve more, to overcome [[addiction]], and to enjoy life to a greater extent.<br /> <br /> Christianity is the only religion that emphasizes [[faith]] rather than a mere belief system, and brings God closest to mankind through [[Jesus]] as the Son of [[God]]. Literally, Christianity means &quot;of Christ,&quot; or &quot;belonging to Christ,&quot; or &quot;being like Christ.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=2661&amp;dict=CALD Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.sermoncentral.com/sermons/christian-means-like-christ-bruce-ball-sermon-on-apologetics-general-84109&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The early Christian faith was sometimes called ''That Way'', (Acts 19:1,9,23; 24:22), and its adherents were also called ''Nazarenes'' (Acts 24:5), evidently after the city of [[Nazareth]] where Jesus lived.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Acts of the Apostles|Book of Acts]] (Acts:11:26) records that &quot;the disciples were called Christians first in [[Antioch]].&quot; The title ''Christian'' is also used in Acts 26:28 and 1 Peter 4:16. Christians believe in [[God]], the [[virgin birth|virginal conception and the virginal birth of Jesus Christ]], the bodily [[resurrection of Jesus Christ]], [[Heaven]], survival of the [[soul]] after death, the [[Parousia|Second Coming of Jesus]], the bodily [[resurrection]] of the dead, the [[Last Judgment]], the reality of [[Hell]], and the teachings of [[Jesus Christ]] as written in the [[Bible]].<br /> <br /> == Main Christian Divisions ==<br /> [[Image:Anglican Christ Church.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Anglican Christ Church in Western Australia]]<br /> '''The three largest self-governing bodies of Christians are:'''<br /> <br /> * The [[Roman Catholic Church]] (approx. 1.1 billion baptized members) traces its roots back to [[Saint Peter]] whom Catholics believe was appointed as the first leader of the church by [[Jesus Christ]] and the succession of [[Pope]]s as the spiritual leaders of Christendom. <br /> <br /> * The [[Orthodox Church]]es (approx. 300 million baptized members) trace their roots back to the Apostles, and are organized in Autocephalous national or regional churches in communion with each other. Differing theological perspectives led to the [[Great Schism]] between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Churches in A.D. 1054. <br /> <br /> * [[Protestantism]]: the largest Communions are the [[Anglican Church|Anglicans]] (approx. 115 million baptized members) and the [[Lutheran]] World Federation (approx. 68 million baptized members). Protestantism has its origins in the European [[Reformation]]. The Protestant movement broke from the Roman Catholic Church under [[Martin Luther]] when differences over the nature of [[faith]] and works in the role of [[Christianity#salvation|salvation]], as well as other practices of the Catholic Church that Luther saw as unBiblical, were raised.<br /> <br /> == Christian Beliefs ==<br /> Christian beliefs [[Christian apologetics|are well supported via a large body of compelling evidence]]. Theologians, over two millennia, have debated a definitive summary of the Christian faith. While its interpretations vary drastically, probably the most commonly accepted statement of the faith is the [[Nicene Creed|Nicaea-Constantinopolitan Creed]].<br /> <br /> Christians and Christian denominations agree on many points of doctrine while disagreeing on some. According to an online Harris poll from 2003, 99% of all American Christians believe in [[God]], 96% in the [[resurrection of Jesus Christ]], 93% in [[Heaven]], 93% in the virgin birth, 92% in the survival of the soul after death, 82% in [[Hell]], 50% in ghosts, 27% in astrology and 21% in reincarnation.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=359&lt;/ref&gt; Note that the latter two beliefs are in opposition to the religious tenants of most Christian denominations.<br /> <br /> Nonetheless, the Nicaea-Constantinopolitan Creed offers a general overall picture of what Christian theology looks like, and serves as a useful outline and historic standard. Other creeds may prove helpful in research. See the [[Apostles' Creed]] and the Athanasian Creed.<br /> <br /> ===God===<br /> {{main|God}}<br /> God is a triune being. Though there is only one Divine nature there are three Divine Personages: The Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. The three Persons are collectively called the [[Trinity]] or the Holy Trinity. While God is tripartite, this does not imply that Christians are polytheists. The doctrine of the Trinity is central to Christian theology, although several denominations that usually are considered Christian are non-Trinitarian. The God of the Christian is the creator of all things, is everywhere present, exists in all times, is transcendent, all-knowing (omniscient), just, and all-powerful (omnipotent).<br /> <br /> A major theme of the Bible is [[love]]. In the Hebrew [[Old Testament]] the idea is expressed in the Hebrew word ''hessed'', which is variously translated as loyal love, tender mercy, steadfast love, mercy, goodness, etc. in the [[New Testament]] the same idea is expressed in the Greek word ''agape'', which translates to love, compassion and charity.<br /> <br /> ===Jesus===<br /> [[Image:Jesus' Baptism.jpg|180px|left]]<br /> During the reign of [[Augustus Caesar|Caesar Augustus]] the Son (i.e. the second Person of the Trinity) took flesh from a virgin woman and was incarnated as a man. He was born in the town of [[Bethlehem]] and was given the name [[Jesus]]. At approximately the age of thirty he was baptised by his cousin [[John the Baptist]] and began to preach in the area of [[Judea]] and [[Galilee]]. About three years later, his teachings and works of mercy prompted the Jewish authorities to plot Jesus' death. Jesus was [[crucified]]. He rose from the dead and was seen by over 500 people. He ascended to Heaven. The four [[Gospels]] contain the basic account of what Jesus did and said.<br /> <br /> Jesus summarized his moral teachings in two commandments from the Old Testament:<br /> <br /> &quot;'You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind.' This is the great and foremost commandment. The second is like it, 'You shall love your neighbor as yourself.' On these two commandments depend the whole Law and the Prophets&quot;. ([[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] 22:37-39; [[Book of Deuteronomy|Deuteronomy]] 6:5; Leviticus 19:18)<br /> <br /> ===Morality===<br /> The fundamental principle in Christian moral teaching is [[love]] and forgiveness, as expressed by the life and teachings of Jesus Christ and the New Testament. In the Hebrew [[Old Testament]] the idea is expressed in the Hebrew word ''hessed'', which is variously translated as loyal love, tender mercy, steadfast love, mercy, goodness, etc. in the [[New Testament]] the same idea is expressed in the Greek word ''agape'', which is variously translated as love, compassion, charity, etc. <br /> <br /> There has been endless debate over how a person should express love for God in his or her moral behavior. This moral dialogue found expression in the New Testament, where the [[Apostle Paul]] addressed such controversies as [[circumcision]] ([[Epistle to the Romans|Romans]] 2:25-29), eating meat that was sacrificed to [[pagan]] deities (1 Corinthians 8), speculating about myths and genealogies (1 Timothy 1:3-5), and observing ceremonial dates and seasons (Galatians 4:9-11). <br /> <br /> Regardless of a person's ethical interpretations, adherents commonly point to New Testament passages John 3:16 and 1 Corinthians 13:4-7 as scriptural depictions of love. The former states that &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;God so loved the world, that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him shall not perish, but have eternal life&quot;.&lt;/blockquote&gt; The latter characterizes love, saying &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Love is patient, love is kind and is not jealous; love does not brag and is not arrogant, does not act unbecomingly; it does not seek its own, is not provoked, does not take into account a wrong suffered, does not rejoice in unrighteousness, but rejoices with the truth; bears all things, believes all things, hopes all things, endures all things&quot;.&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> Jesus Christ affirmed, &quot;By this all men will know that you are My disciples, if you have love for one another&quot;. (John 13:35) In trying to understand the reason for the growth of Christianity in a pagan culture, it has been noted that while love of one's neighbor is not an exclusively Christian virtue, it appears that the primitive Christian church practiced it much more effectively than any other group.&lt;ref&gt;E.R. Dodds, 1970:136-137&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In addition to sacrificially showing care for those within the community as well as to those without, (cf. Gal. 6:10) the Christians elevated the sanctity of life, opposing abortion, infanticide, child abandonment, suicide, and gladiatorial contests.&lt;ref&gt;Kenneth Scott Latourette, ''A history of Christianity'' p. 244&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ted Cabal, Chad Owen Brand, Paul Copan, The Apologetics Study Bible, 274&lt;/ref&gt; While the primitive church tolerated the existing and pervasive cultural economic institution of slavery in the [[Roman Empire]], the mandate of equal pay and just treatment (Col. 4:1; Eph. 6:9) greatly ameliorated the treatment of slaves, while advising them to seek freedom if possible, (1Cor. 7:21) and requiring that the escape slave Onesimus be received back not &quot;as a servant, but above a servant, a brother beloved&quot;. (Philemon 1:6) The Christian ethos of love also motivated a great expansion in the building of hospitals.&lt;ref&gt;Albert John Ochsner, Meyer Joseph Sturm, ''The organization, construction and management of hospitals'', p. 17&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Roderick E. McGrew, ''Encyclopaedia of Medical Care'', p. 135&lt;/ref&gt; By A.D. 500, most large towns in in the Roman Empire had erected them.&lt;ref&gt;George D. Pozgar, ''Legal aspects of health care administration', p. 2&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Atonement===<br /> [[Image:Dalí The Christ of St. John of the Cross.jpg|thumb|The Christ of St. John of the Cross by [[Salvador Dalí]], 1951.]]<br /> Christians believe with the New Testament that the death of Jesus, in conjunction with His resurrection, is an indispensable event for the reconciliation of lost sinners with God. There are three elements they see to the understanding of His death on the cross.<br /> <br /> - Jesus having the knowledge that His path would lead to his own death, desired and willed that that take place, and persevered in that path though there was opportunity for Him to avoid it. &quot;I have power to take my life and I have power to lay down my life. I lay down my life for the sheep&quot;.<br /> <br /> - Jesus saw that in His death there would be a way for people to be brought back to the God from whom they were alienated and lost because of their sins. This would involve a substitution of Himself to effect, i.e. atone for, that development. &quot;For the Son of Man came not to be served, but to serve and give His life as a ransom for many&quot;. How this would take place was not new to the Jews of His day from their understanding of contemporary everyday practice of substitute payment - as in redemption of the first-born (Pidyon Ha Ben), or in the understanding of what aggadic stories such as the Binding of [[Isaac]] implied (see [[Midrash]]), but it was not the prevalent view that the Messiah was to be that payment. Though while alive on earth, he had hinted at it in sayings such as &quot;unless a seed falls and dies, it remains alone, but when it dies, it brings forth.&quot;; it was only after He had risen from the dead that He explained Scripture (the Old Testament) clearly about the necessity of His death to have taken place. The disciples would henceforth preach, and Peter among them, that the death of Jesus the Messiah and His resurrection was for-planned and for-ordained by God the Father, and foretold in the Scripture (Isaiah 53). <br /> <br /> - Christians of all generations have looked to the perfect Atonement, and the hope for reconciliation, accomplished by Jesus on the cross, to provide the means of understanding the solution to the vexing problems of the mind and of life itself.<br /> <br /> ===Salvation===<br /> The Bible teaches that &quot;all have sinned and fallen short of the glory of God&quot;. (Romans 3:23) This is often interpreted to mean that everyone has displeased God and is now separated from him in a kind of alienation and enmity that results from the fundamental conflict between selfish human interests and God's interests (Romans 8:5-8; James 4:4). Jesus offered a solution to this Biblical dilemma in that, by repentance of sins and faith in him (Jesus), their sins would be forgiven. He said that &quot;...the Son of man hath power on earth to forgive sins&quot;. ([[Gospel of Mark|Mark]] 2:10) Jesus also said, &quot;I came not to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance&quot;. (Mark 2:17).<br /> <br /> Jesus Christ taught that &quot;unless one is born again he cannot see the kingdom of God&quot;. ([[Gospel of John|John]] 3:3) Protestant Evangelical Christianity often uses the terms &quot;saved&quot; and &quot;born again&quot; to mean conversion, while other Christians, such as the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church, use the phrase ''born again'' as a synonym for [[baptism|baptized]]. <br /> <br /> Christians are expected to continue living by Christ's teachings (John 8:31), as is appropriate for &quot;children of Light&quot;. (Ephesians 5:8-10) Some believe that this is necessary in order to be saved. Others say that this is a common misconception of the text, that it refers instead to the &quot;fruits&quot; of saving faith. Christians in the [[Reformed]] tradition (following the teaching of the 16th century French lawyer and theologian [[John Calvin]]) say that salvation cannot be lost. One Bible passage often cited is John 10:28-29 in which Jesus said of his own Apostles that they could not be snatched from his hand.<br /> <br /> == Resurrection of Jesus Christ ==<br /> [[Image:Jesus resurrected.jpg|thumb|left|200px|&quot;The Resurrection&quot; by Carl Heinrich Bloch]]<br /> The [[resurrection of Jesus Christ]] is critical to the Christian faith. The Apostle Paul wrote, &quot;if Christ has not been raised, then our preaching is vain, your faith also is vain&quot; (I Cor:15:14). Traditionally, Christianity has believed in a physical resurrection of Jesus Christ.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/cri/cri-jrnl/crj0056a.txt&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In recent history, [[Gary Habermas]] is considered a leading [[Christian apologetics|Christian apologist]] for defending the resurrection of Jesus.&lt;ref&gt;Habermas, Gary, [http://www.garyhabermas.com/articles/dialog_rexperience/dialog_rexperiences.htm Experiences of the Risen Jesus: The Foundational Historical Issue in the Early Proclamation of the Resurrection], ''Dialog: A Journal of Theology'', Vol. 45; No. 3 (Fall, 2006), pp. 288-297.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Wildcat&quot; and Holding, J.P., [http://www.tektonics.org/books/lichabrvw.html Book review of &quot;The Case for the Resurrection of Jesus&quot;], 22nd June, 2004 (Tektonics)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Habermas, Gary, [http://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/Ted_Hildebrandt/NTeSources/NTArticles/CTR-NT/Habermas-Resurrection1-CTR.pdf Jesus' Resurrection and Contemporary Criticism: An Apologetic] ''Criswell Theological Review'' 4.1 (1989) 159-74.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Habermas, Gary, [http://www.garyhabermas.com/articles/crj_explainingaway/crj_explainingaway.htm Explaining Away Jesus' Resurrection: The Recent Revival of Hallucination Theories], Christian Research Journal / vol. 23, no. 4, 2001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Habermas, Gary, [http://www.apologetics.com/default.jsp?bodycontent=/articles/historical_apologetics/habermas-nt.html Why I Believe The New Testament Is Historically Reliable] (Apologetics.com)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Other notable defenders of the resurrection include: [[William Lane Craig]],&lt;ref&gt;Craig, William Lane, [http://www.leaderu.com/offices/billcraig/menus/historical.html Articles: Historical Jesus]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lee Strobel]], [[Josh McDowell]],&lt;ref&gt;McDowell, Josh, [http://www.leaderu.com/everystudent/easter/articles/josh2.html Evidence for the Resurrection], 1992.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Edwin M. Yamauchi]],&lt;ref&gt;Jamauchi, Edwin M., [http://www.leaderu.com/everystudent/easter/articles/yama.html Easter: Myth, Hallucination, or History?]&lt;/ref&gt; [[N.T. Wright]]&lt;ref&gt;Wright, N.T., [http://www.ntwrightpage.com/Wright_Early_Traditions.htm Early Traditions and the Origins of Christianity], ''Sewanee Theological Review'' 41.2, 1998.&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Michael Horner]].&lt;ref&gt;Horner, Michael, [http://www.michaelhorner.com/articles/resurrection/index.html Did Jesus Really Rise from the Dead?]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===The Meaning of the Resurrection for Christians===<br /> The fact of the Resurrection of Christ is also believed to produce certain effects on the lives of Christians.<br /> <br /> 1. It is because Jesus rose from the dead that believers now can resort to a living Savior to help and deliver them from sin and from situations overwhelming for them by their own powers.<br /> <br /> 2. The New Testament sees in the resurrection of Christ a certain vindication of what apparently to the world and to all beings was a failure and an overcoming of Him by His crucifixion.<br /> <br /> 3. The coming of Jesus back to life means to the believer that, indeed, his sins are totally forgiven. This is because believers know that His death was as a payment for sins - a &quot;wage of death&quot; for our sins that He received in our stead. If He remained dead, believers would know that the wage had not been fully paid. <br /> <br /> 4. It is a now-living Savior that Christians know can go before them, can closely lead them through life &amp;mdash; as He did when He was on earth. This makes following Him practical and real. <br /> <br /> 5. The New Testament reveals that it is the Risen Christ who received from the Father the Holy Spirit and He, through Himself, ascended to the Father, has given the Holy Spirit to us. This gives the believer in Christ both the knowledge and the power to live a godly life and live a life that can be an intimately and personally directed one.<br /> <br /> 6. The resurrected Christ was no mere reassembling of the molecules and particles of the Body that had been crucified. It was, indeed, a physical body, but one that was fully glorified. It was a &quot;spiritual body&quot;. Christians know that likewise, they will one day be granted the nature of a spiritual body, and be full of health. They therefore are full of hope and consolation, and consider that, even now in this life, there is an overcoming through Him.<br /> <br /> ==Worship and the Sacraments==<br /> Christians normally attend worship services at once a week, typically on Sundays (although some denominiations, like [[Seventh Day Adventists]] worship on Saturdays). The [[Catholic]] and [[Eastern Orthodox]] denominations have seven sacraments: [[baptism]], [[eucharist]], [[confirmation]], [[confession]], [[anointing of the sick]], [[marriage]], and [[holy orders]]. Of these, Protestants have preserved only baptism and eucharist, which are the only two sacraments for which they find Scriptural support.<br /> <br /> ==Evangelism==<br /> In what is called the [[Great Commission]], Jesus sent his disciples out into the world to preach the Gospel (literally &quot;good news&quot;) and make disciples.<br /> :'''Great Commission'''<br /> :''But the eleven disciples proceeded to [[Galilee]], to the mountain which Jesus had designated. When they saw Him, they worshiped Him; but some were doubtful. And Jesus came up and spoke to them, saying, &quot;All authority has been given to Me in [[heaven]] and on [[earth]].&quot; Go therefore and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them in the name of the [[#God the Father|Father]] and the [[#God the Son|Son]] and the [[#God the Holy Spirit|Holy Spirit]], teaching them to observe all that I commanded you; and lo, I am with you always, even to the end of the age.&quot;'' --[[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] 28:16-20 [[New American Standard Bible|NASB]]<br /> [[Image:Gleyre The Departure of the Apostles.jpg|thumb|240px|The Departure of the Apostles by [[Charles Gleyre]].]]<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Internet Evangelism==<br /> <br /> {{See also|Internet evangelism}}<br /> <br /> Campus Crusade for Christ International (CCCI) is one of the world's largest evangelism organizations within Christendom and has over 25,000 full-time missionaries. In 2006, Alan Beeber of CCCI predicted that internet evangelism will result in more conversion that all other forms of evangelism for CCCI combined.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.lausanneworldpulse.com/pdf/issues/LWP0206.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; At [[YouTube]], Christians and Christian creationists have faced problems with [[atheist bullying|atheist cyberbullies]], but they [[Essay: Sharing your Christian/creationist videos on the internet|have developed methods to overcome this problem]].<br /> <br /> == Explosive growth of worldwide Christianity ==<br /> [[File:Hong Kong Christians at Gateway Camp.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px|[[Hong Kong]] Christians at Gateway Camp. In 2005, there were four times as many non-Western World Christians as there were [[Western World]] Christians.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.wnd.com/?pageId=30077&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt;(photo obtained from [http://www.flickr.com/photos/mckln/4815046728/in/set-72157624550425162 Flickr], see [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/2.0/deed.en license agreement])&lt;/small&gt;]]<br /> ''see also:'' [[Global Christianity]] and [[Internet evangelism]] and [[Evangelical Christians]] and [[Resources on becoming a Christian]]<br /> <br /> Christianity has seen tremendous growth over its 2000-year history.&lt;ref&gt;http://users.adam.com.au/bstett/BChristianIncrease12.htm&lt;/ref&gt; Christianity has recently seen explosive growth outside the [[Western World]].&lt;ref&gt;<br /> *[http://pewforum.org/Christian/Faith-and-Conflict-The-Global-Rise-of-Christianity.aspx The global rise of Christianity - Pew Forum]<br /> *[http://www.wnd.com/?pageId=30077 Is Christianity taking over the planet?]<br /> *[http://pewforum.org/Religion-News/The-stunning-growth-of-Christianity-in-China.aspx The stunning growth of Christianity in China]<br /> *[http://gratefultothedead.wordpress.com/2009/12/16/the-african-apostles-how-christianity-exploded-in-20th-century-africa/ The African apostles: How Christianity exploded in 20th century Africa]&lt;/ref&gt; In 2000, there were twice as many non-Western Christians as Western Christians.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wnd.com/?pageId=30077 Is Christianity taking over the planet?]&lt;/ref&gt; In 2005, there were four times as many non-Western Christians as there were [[Western World]] Christians.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.wnd.com/?pageId=30077&lt;/ref&gt; There are now more non-Western missionaries than Western missionaries.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.wnd.com/?pageId=30077&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2011, the ''American Spectator'' declared concerning research published in the ''International Bulletin of Missionary Research'':<br /> {{cquote|The report estimates about 80,000 new Christians every day, 79,000 new [[Islam|Muslims]] every day, and 300 fewer [[atheism|atheists]] every day. These atheists are presumably disproportionately represented in the [[Western World|West]], while religion is thriving in the Global South, where [[Charismatic movement|charismatic Christianity]] is exploding.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://spectator.org/archives/2011/02/28/thriving-christianity&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Despite strong persecution in the [[Middle East]], thousands of [[Muslims]] are turning to Christ.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/01/11/thousands-muslims-reportedly-turning-to-christ-in-middle-east.html Thousands of Muslims reportedly turning to Christ in Middle East]. ''Fox News'' (from ''The Christian Post''). January 11, 2017. Retrieved January 14, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early Church Community and Commitment: The Biblical Period==<br /> [[File:Hoffman Christ in the Garden of Gethsemane.jpg|thumb|left|110px|[[Jesus Christ|Christ]] in the Garden of Gethsemane by Heinrich Hofmann.]]<br /> <br /> The Bible records that that, at least initially, the church saw itself as united. In the community:<br /> <br /> &quot;...they continued steadfastly in the apostles' doctrine and fellowship, and in breaking of bread, and in prayers. {43} And fear came upon every soul: and many wonders and signs were done by the apostles. {44} And all that believed were together, and had all things common; {45} And sold their possessions and goods, and parted them to all men, as every man had need. {46} And they, continuing daily with one accord in the temple, and breaking bread from house to house, did eat their meat with gladness and singleness of heart, Praising God, and having favour with all the people. And the Lord added to the church daily such as should be saved.&quot; &quot;And the multitude of them that believed were of one heart and of one soul: neither said any of them that ought of the things which he possessed was his own; but they had all things common.&quot;(Acts 2:42-47; 4:32) <br /> <br /> This community was soon &quot;scattered abroad throughout the regions of Judaea and Samaria, except the apostles,&quot; due to determined persecution which resulted in the dispersed disciples going &quot;every where preaching the word.&quot; (Acts 8:1,4) Christian communities were primarily to be found in two separate cultural and liguistic entities—the Greek and Latin-speaking empires of Europe and the mid-east, and the Aramaic speaking sphere of the Parthian empire of the mid-east and far-east. This latter sphere encompassed not only the eastern portions of Syria, the Arabian peninsula, and Persia, but also extended to portions of southern India and even China. To this day there are many [[Aramaic Church]] members in the Kerala province of south India.<br /> <br /> ==Early Church Community and Commitment: the Post-Biblical Period==<br /> <br /> [[Image:Orthodox churches icon artwork.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Orthodox Church's icon artwork.]]<br /> '''Justin martyr 100 A.D. - 165 A.D. From the &quot;First Apology&quot; (Defense)<br /> ''' <br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;<br /> But we, after we have thus washed him who has been convinced and has assented to our teaching, bring him to the place where those who are called brethren are assembled, in order that we may offer hearty prayers in common for ourselves and for the baptized [illuminated] person, and for all others in every place, that we may be counted worthy, now that we have learned the truth, by our works also to be found good citizens and keepers of the commandments, so that we may be saved with an everlasting salvation. Having ended the prayers, we salute one another with a kiss. There is then brought to the president of the brethren bread and a cup of wine mixed with water; and he taking them, gives praise and glory to the Father of the universe, through the name of the Son and of the Holy Ghost, and offers thanks at considerable length for our being counted worthy to receive these things at His hands. And when he has concluded the prayers and thanksgivings, all the people present express their assent by saying Amen. This word Amen answers in the Hebrew language to genoito [so be it]. And when the president has given thanks, and all the people have expressed their assent, those who are called by us deacons give to each of those present to partake of the bread and wine mixed with water over which the thanksgiving was pronounced, and to those who are absent they carry away a portion. (Chapt. LXV - administration of the sacraments)&lt;/blockquote&gt; <br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;<br /> And this food is called among us Eukaristia [the Eucharist = the Thanksgiving], of which no one is allowed to partake but the man who believes that the things which we teach are true, and who has been washed with the washing that is for the remission of sins, and unto regeneration, and who is so living as Christ has enjoined. For not as common bread and common drink do we receive these; but in like manner as Jesus Christ our Saviour, having been made flesh by the Word of God, had both flesh and blood for our salvation, so likewise have we been taught that the food which is blessed by the prayer of His word, and from which our blood and flesh by transmutation are nourished, is the flesh and blood of that Jesus who was made flesh. For the apostles, in the memoirs composed by them, which are called Gospels, have thus delivered unto us what was enjoined upon them; that Jesus took bread, and when He had given thanks, said, &quot;This do ye in remembrance of Me, this is My body;&quot; and that, after the same manner, having taken the cup and given thanks, He said, &quot;This is My blood;&quot; and gave it to them alone... (Chapt. LXVl - of the Eucharist)<br /> &lt;/blockquote&gt; <br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;<br /> And we afterwards continually remind each other of these things. And the wealthy among us help the needy; and we always keep together; and for all things wherewith we are supplied, we bless the Maker of all through His Son Jesus Christ, and through the Holy Ghost. And on the day called Sunday, all who live in cities or in the country gather together to one place, and the memoirs of the apostles or the writings of the prophets are read, as long as time permits; then, when the reader has ceased, the president verbally instructs, and exhorts to the imitation of these good things. Then we all rise together and pray, and, as we before said, when our prayer is ended, bread and wine and water are brought, and the president in like manner offers prayers and thanksgivings, according to his ability, and the people assent, saying Amen; and there is a distribution to each, and a participation of that over which thanks have been given, and to those who are absent a portion is sent by the deacons. And they who are well to do, and willing, give what each thinks fit; and what is collected is deposited with the president, who succours the orphans and widows and those who, through sickness or any other cause, are in want, and those who are in bonds and the strangers sojourning among us, and in a word takes care of all who are in need. But Sunday is the day on which we all hold our common assembly, because it is the first day on which God, having wrought a change in the darkness and matter, made the world; and Jesus Christ our Saviour on the same day rose from the dead...(Chapt.LXVll - weekly worship of the Christians)<br /> &lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Tertullian (A.D. 160 -220), an Early ecclesiastical leader and writer, in his ''Apology'' (response to pagan charges) in describing the early church community wrote, ca. AD 197: ''' <br /> <br /> :We are a body knit together by one faith, one discipline and one hope. We meet together as a congregation, uniting together to offer prayer to God. We pray for the emperors and all in authority, for the welfare of the world, for peace and for the delay of the final end. We read our holy scriptures to nourish our faith, hope, steadfastness and good habits. We hear exhortations and rebukes. We take such judging very seriously – as befits those who believe they are in the sight of God – especially seriously when anyone sins so grievously we have to cut them off from our prayer, our congregation and all sacred things. Our elders preside over us, obtaining that honor not by money, but by their established character. There is no buying and selling in the things of God. Though we have a fund, but not because people can buy religion. Once a month, anyone who wants to makes a small donation – but only he who is able and willing; there is no compulsion. It is not spent on feasts, but to support and bury poor people, to provide for orphans, the elderly old persons, victims of shipwreck and those in prison for their faith.&lt;ref&gt;Defense by Tertullian (39), Trans. Rev. S. Thelwall. Modernized, abridged and introduced by Stephen Tomkins. Edited and prepared for the web by Dan Graves.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Pliny the Younger, the Roman governor of Pontus &amp; Bithynia (northern Turkey) from A.D. 111-113, reporting to emperor Trajan of Christians, whom such pagan rulers found intolerable:''' <br /> <br /> :... Those who denied that they were or had been Christians, when they invoked the gods in words dictated by me, offered prayer with incense and wine to your image, which I had ordered to be brought for this purpose together with statues of the gods, and moreover cursed Christ--none of which those who are really Christians, it is said, can be forced to do--these I thought should be discharged. Others named by the informer declared that they were Christians, but then denied it, asserting that they had been but had ceased to be, some three years before, others many years, some as much as twenty-five years. They all worshipped your image and the statues of the gods, and cursed Christ. <br /> <br /> :They asserted, however, that the sum and substance of their fault or error had been that they were accustomed to meet on a fixed day before dawn and sing responsively a hymn to Christ as to a god, and to bind themselves by oath, not to some crime, but not to commit fraud, theft, or adultery, not falsify their trust, nor to refuse to return a trust when called upon to do so. When this was over, it was their custom to depart and to assemble again to partake of food &amp;mdash; but ordinary and innocent food.&lt;ref&gt;Pliny the Younger Letters, 10.96&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> === Implications of the growth of worldwide Christianity ===<br /> <br /> ''see also:'' [[Global Christianity]] and [[Internet evangelism]] <br /> <br /> Given the increase in the public's access to global communications, it is thought that the more [[theology|theologically]] [[conservative]] non-Western Christian churches could influence Western Christianity to move in a more theologically [[conservative]] direction.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=18774&lt;/ref&gt; For example, non-Western [[Anglican]]s are exerting influence within the worldwide Anglican Communion against the stance of the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Anglican Communion's North American provinces with regard to [[homosexual]] practices.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.maravipost.com/malawi-politics/district/5751-bishop-mw-anglicans-totally-against-homosexuality.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2156406/Anglican-church-schism-declared-over-homosexuality.html&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Positive effects of Christianity on societies ==<br /> <br /> ''See also:'' [[Christianity statistics]]<br /> <br /> Historically, Christianity has had a positive effect on societies and there are a number of statistics which demonstrate this matter (see: [[Christianity statistics]]).<br /> <br /> == Atheism vs. Christianity ==<br /> <br /> ''See also:'' [[Atheism vs. Christianity]]<br /> <br /> In the latter half of the 1600s, there was [[French atheism#Clandestine French atheism in the 1600s and 1700s|an increase]] in the degree of ideological conflict between [[atheism]] and Christianity in the [[Western World]]. At first the conflict was of a secretive nature via the use of clandestine tracts.&lt;ref&gt;[http://fivebooks.com/interview/jonathan-israel-on-the-enlightenment/ Jonathan Israel on The Enlightenment]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The material was formerly at the University of Cambridge's Investigation Atheism website. A website which closed down. The material has been transferred to [http://www.mmfase.com/18th-century.html 18th Century History], Investigating Atheism&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> As a result of [[militant atheism]] in the 20th century, there was widespread persecution against Christians in [[Communist]] countries such as the former [[Soviet Union]] and various Communist countries such as China continue to persecute Christians (see: [[Communism and religious persecution]]). <br /> <br /> The 21st century is projected to be a century of [[desecularization]] and atheists are expected to lose influence in the West (and the world as a whole) as a result of religious immigration and the religious conservatives having a much higher fertility rate (see also: [[Growth of global desecularization]]).<br /> <br /> In 2011, the ''American Spectator'' declared about the global population:<br /> {{cquote|The report estimates about 80,000 new Christians every day, 79,000 new [[Islam|Muslims]] every day, and 300 fewer atheists every day. These atheists are presumably disproportionately represented in the [[Western World|West]], while religion is thriving in the Global South, where [[Charismatic movement|charismatic Christianity]] is exploding.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://spectator.org/archives/2011/02/28/thriving-christianity Thriving Christianity]&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> == Resources related to becoming a Christian ==<br /> <br /> ''see also:'' [[Essay: Resources on becoming a Christian|Resources on becoming a Christian]]<br /> <br /> '''Below are some resources on becoming a [[Christian]]:'''<br /> <br /> *[http://creation.com/good-news Are you a good person?]<br /> <br /> *[http://www.thewordfortoday.org/?page=C2000 Free audio Bible and Bible audio streaming]<br /> <br /> *[http://www.allaboutgod.com/ AllAboutGod.com]<br /> <br /> *[[Christian apologetics|Evidence for Christianity]]<br /> <br /> *[[Christian video testimonies]]<br /> <br /> *[http://www.gotquestions.org/repentance.html Repentance]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Tips on choosing a Christian church:'''<br /> <br /> *[http://www.allaboutreligion.org/choosing-a-christian-church-faq.htm Choosing a Christian Church]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Spiritual growth as a Christian:'''<br /> <br /> *[http://www.navpress.com/product/9781576839324/The-Pursuit-of-Holiness-Jerry-Bridges The Pursuit of Holiness] by Jerry Bridges<br /> *[http://www.navpress.com/product/9780891099413/The-Practice-of-Godliness-Jerry-Bridges The Practice of Godliness] by Jerry Bridges<br /> *[http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/529785.The_Complete_Book_of_Discipleship The Complete Book of Discipleship: On Being and Making Followers of Christ]<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> '''Denominations or branches of Christianity'''<br /> *[[Roman Catholic Church]]<br /> *[[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Churches -- Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Church of the East]]<br /> *[[Protestantism|Protestant]]<br /> **[[Anglican]] ([[Church of England]])<br /> ***[[Episcopal Church]] (USA affiliate) <br /> **[[Baptist]]<br /> **[[Congregationalist]]<br /> **[[Disciples of Christ]] and [[Churches of Christ]]<br /> **[[Evangelical Christianity]]<br /> **[[Religious Society of Friends|Friends (Quaker)]]<br /> **[[Fundamentalism]]<br /> **[[Liberal Christianity]]<br /> **[[Lutheran]]<br /> **[[Mennonite]]<br /> ***[[Amish]]<br /> **[[Messianic Judaism]]<br /> **[[Methodist]]<br /> **[[Pentecostal]]<br /> **[[Plymouth Brethren]]<br /> **[[Presbyterian]]<br /> **[[Reformed]]<br /> <br /> '''Disputed'''<br /> *[[Christian Science]]<br /> *[[Jehovah's Witnesses]]<br /> *[[Latter-day Saints]]<br /> *[[Unitarian]]<br /> *[[Seventh-day Adventist]]<br /> <br /> '''Christianity in the World'''<br /> <br /> *[[Global Christianity]]<br /> *[[List of countries by number of Christians]]<br /> <br /> '''American Christianity:'''<br /> <br /> *[[American Christianity]]<br /> <br /> '''Other articles'''<br /> <br /> *[[Christianity and social stability]]<br /> *[[Adiabene]]<br /> *[[Essay: The earliest Christian Church, a prison in Armageddon]]<br /> *[[Aramaic Church]]<br /> *[[Cathedral]]<br /> *[[Catholicism]]<br /> *[[Christian apologetics]] (Defense of Christianity)<br /> *[[Christians and the Law of Moses: an essay]]<br /> *[[Christianity and Science]]<br /> *[[Church]]<br /> *[[Conservative Christianity]]<br /> *[[Eucharist]]<br /> *[[Evangelical Apostolic Church of North America (Syro-Chaldean)]]<br /> *[[Christian apologetics|Evidence for Christianity]]<br /> *[[Gospel reading in the Church: the Turgama]]<br /> *[[Inspiration of Holy Scripture: An Eastern Christian and Jewish Perspective]]<br /> *[[Jesus Christ]]<br /> *[[Judaism]]<br /> *[[Messiah]]<br /> *[[New Testament understanding through the Jewish perspective]]<br /> *[[Jewish Biblical way of interpretation: a solution for New Testament understanding]]<br /> *[[Early Aramaic Jewish Christian prophesying]]<br /> *[[First Century Aramaic Jewish Christian Gospel and poetry]]<br /> *[[Aramaic Judaism, Jewish Aramaic Christianity, and John 1:1]]<br /> *[[God on earth, the original!: an essay]]<br /> *[[Passover Seder]]<br /> *[[Persecution of Christians]]<br /> *[[Revelation, Book of (historical exegesis)]]<br /> *[[Red-letter Christian]]<br /> *[[Sign of the Cross]]<br /> *[[The Sign of the Cross: of Jewish Origin]]<br /> *[[Essay: The Way of Salvation]]<br /> *[[Gates of Hell]]<br /> *[[Anti Abortion activism: a personal essay]]<br /> *[[Transmigration of Words in Religion: an essay]]<br /> *[[Singing the Hebrew Scriptures]]<br /> *[[Christmas in the Holy Land: an essay]]<br /> *[[Essay: How to &quot;get&quot; a church]]<br /> *[[Bible translations]]<br /> *[[Essay: The superiority of the King James Bible: Looking through!]]<br /> *[[Essay:Christianity Needs Conservatism]]<br /> *[[Essay:Christian First, Conservative Second]]<br /> *[[Essay:How Many Christians In The World]]<br /> *[[Essay:How Conservatism Is Essential to the Future of Christianity]]<br /> *[[Essay:Important Christian Cities]]<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> ===Encyclopedias===<br /> * Bodensieck, Julius, ed. ''The Encyclopedia of the Lutheran Church,'' (3 vol 1965), ECLS perspective <br /> * Brauer, Jerald C. ''The Westminster Dictionary of Church History'' (1971), 880pp<br /> * [http://newadvent.org/cathen/index.html ''The Catholic Encyyclopedia'' (1907-1913)], old but highly detailed and online<br /> ** '' New Catholic Encyclopedia'', edited by the Catholic University of America, 17 vol. 1967-1979.<br /> *Cross, F. L., and E. A. Livingstone, eds. ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church'' (3rd ed. 1997), 1840pp; [http://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Dictionary-Christian-Church/dp/0192802909/ref=pd_bxgy_b_text_b excerpt and text search]; online at [[OUP]]<br /> * Elwell, Walter A., ed. ''Evangelical Dictionary of Theology‎'' (2001) 1312 pages; articles by over 200 Evangelical or Fundamentalist scholars <br /> *Hastings, Adrian et al. eds. ''The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought'' (2000) 808pp; 600 articles by 260 Catholic, Protestant and Orthodox scholars; [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0198600240/ref=sib_dp_pt/105-4292297-2766841#reader-link excerpt and text search]; online at [[OUP]]<br /> *''New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge'' (1911), major sources of older scholarly articles; mainline Protestant perspective <br /> **[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc01.toc.html Vol. 1: Aachen - Basilians]<br /> **[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc02.toc.html Vol. 2: Basilica - Chambers]<br /> **[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc03.toc.html Vol. 3: Chamier - Draendorf]<br /> **[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc04.toc.html Vol. 4: Draeseke - Goa]<br /> **[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc05.toc.html Vol. 5: Goar - Innocent]<br /> **[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc06.toc.html Vol. 6: Innocents - Liudger]<br /> **[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc07.toc.html Vol. 7: Liutprand - Moralities]<br /> **[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc08.toc.html Vol. 8: Morality - Petersen]<br /> **[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc09.toc.html Vol. 9: Petri - Reuchlin]<br /> **[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc10.toc.html Vol. 10: Reutsch - Son]<br /> **[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc11.toc.html Vol. 11: Son of Man - Tremellius]<br /> **[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc12.toc.html Vol. 12: Trench - Zwingli]<br /> **[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc13.toc.html Vol. 13: Index]<br /> <br /> ===Histories===<br /> *Briggs, J. H. Y., Robert D. Linder, and David F. Wright. ''Introduction to the History of Christianity: First Century to the Present Day'' (2006) [http://www.amazon.com/Introduction-History-Christianity-Century-Present/dp/0800638123/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1200823548&amp;sr=8-4 excerpt and text search] <br /> *Gonzalez, Justo L. '' A History of Christian Thought: Volume 1: From the Beginnings to the Council of Chalcedon'' (2nd ed. 1987); [http://www.amazon.com/History-Christian-Thought-Beginnings-Chalcedon/dp/0687171822/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1200823941&amp;sr=8-1 excerpt and text search vol 1]; ''A History of Christian Thought: Volume 2: From Augustine to the Eve of the Reformation'' (2nd ed. 1987) [http://www.amazon.com/History-Christian-Thought-Augustine-Reformation/dp/0687171830/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1200823941&amp;sr=8-3 excerpt and text search vol 2]; ''A History of Christian Thought: Volume 3: From the Protestant Reformation to the Twentieth Century'' (1987) [http://www.amazon.com/History-Christian-Thought-Protestant-Reformation/dp/0687171849/ref=sr_1_12?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1200808706&amp;sr=8-12 excerpt and text search vol 3]<br /> *Horsley, Richard A. ''Christian Origins: A People's History Of Christianity, Vol. 1'' (2006), 318pp [http://www.amazon.com/Christian-Origins-Peoples-History-Christianity/dp/080063411X/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1200886474&amp;sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]<br /> *Latourette, Kenneth Scott. ''A History of Christianity'' (2 vol 1975) [http://www.amazon.com/History-Christianity-Beginnings-1500-Revised/dp/0060649526/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1200823548&amp;sr=8-1 excerpt and text search vol 1, to 1500], by leading Baptist scholar<br /> *Latourette, Kenneth Scott. ''A history of the expansion of Christianity'' (7 vol 1939-1970), monumental history of missionary work worldwide<br /> *MacCulloch, Diarmaid. ''The Reformation'' (2005), influential recent survey [http://www.amazon.com/Reformation-Diarmaid-MacCulloch/dp/014303538X/ref=pd_bbs_2?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1200808706&amp;sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]<br /> *McGonigle, Thomas D., and James F. Quigley. ''A history of the Christian Tradition: From Its Jewish Orgins to the Reformation'' (1988); ''A History of the Christian Tradition, Vol. II: From the Reformation to the Present'' (1996) [http://www.amazon.com/History-Christian-Tradition-Vol-Reformation/dp/0809136481/ref=sr_1_15?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1200808706&amp;sr=8-15 excerpt and text search vol 2]<br /> *Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine'' (5 vol 1975-91) [http://www.amazon.com/Christian-Tradition-Development-Doctrine-Medieval/dp/0226653757/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1201083460&amp;sr=8-1 excerpt and text search v. 3, 600 AD -1300]; [http://www.amazon.com/Christian-Tradition-Development-Reformation-1300-1700/dp/0226653773/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1201083460&amp;sr=8-4 excerpt and text search vol 4, 1300-1700]; [http://www.amazon.com/Christian-Tradition-History-Development-Doctrine/dp/0226653803/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1201083460&amp;sr=8-3 excerpt and text search vol 5, 1700-present] This is the standard history of Christian doctrine. <br /> *Ward, Keith. ''Christianity: A Beginner's Guide'' (2008), 195pp<br /> <br /> ===United States===<br /> * Ahlstrom, Sydney E. ''A religious history of the American people‎'' (1979) 1192 pages; classic history from broad perspective [http://books.google.com/books?id=5kFF6a1viGcC&amp;dq=inauthor:ahlstrom&amp;lr=&amp;as_drrb_is=q&amp;as_minm_is=0&amp;as_miny_is=&amp;as_maxm_is=0&amp;as_maxy_is=&amp;num=30&amp;as_brr=0&amp;as_pt=ALLTYPES excerpt and text search] <br /> * Balmer, Randall. ''Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism'' (2nd ed. 2004), 655pp [http://www.questia.com/library/book/encyclopedia-of-evangelicalism-by-randall-balmer.jsp ''Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism'' online edition]<br /> * Lippy, Charles H. and Peter W. Williams, eds. ''Encyclopedia of the American religious experience: studies of traditions and movements'' (3 vol 1988) 1872 pages; standard reference work; long essays by scholars <br /> * Noll, Mark A. '' A history of Christianity in the United States and Canada‎'' (1992), by leading Evangelical historian [http://books.google.com/books?id=VGF3wbzzy9QC&amp;dq=intitle:christianity+inauthor:noll&amp;lr=&amp;as_drrb_is=q&amp;as_minm_is=0&amp;as_miny_is=&amp;as_maxm_is=0&amp;as_maxy_is=&amp;num=30&amp;as_brr=0&amp;as_pt=ALLTYPES excerpt and text search]<br /> * Queen, Edward L. et al., eds. Encyclopedia of American Religious History'' (3rd ed. 2 vol. 2009) 1200pp<br /> * Reid, Daniel G. et al. eds., ''Dictionary of Christianity in America'' (199)<br /> * Wooley, Davis C. ed. '' Encyclopedia of Southern Baptists‎'' (5 vol 1958-19820; 2565 pages)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.aim.org/wls/category/christians/ What Liberals Say - Category: Christians], [[Accuracy In Media]]<br /> *[http://www.churchbud.com Christian] Social Network<br /> *[http://bertschlossberg.blogspot.com/2012/11/jesus-through-fabric-of-our-lives.html Jesus through the Fabric of our Lives]<br /> *[http://bertschlossberg.blogspot.com/ Real Life and Death: the interplay of Bible, Israel, America]<br /> *[http://bertschlossberg.blogspot.de/2013/05/who-can-be-saved-who-can-not-be-saved.html Who can be saved? Who can not be saved?]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Christianity| ]]<br /> [[Category:Religion]]<br /> [[Category:Worldviews]]<br /> [[Category:Featured articles]]</div>

Neekaro Suaves https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Christianity&diff=1432616 2018-07-10T21:35:04Z

<p>Neekaro Suaves: The bible makes good toilet paper</p> <hr /> <div>{{Christianity}}<br /> '''Christianity''' is the world's largest [[religion]], having 2.1 billion followers.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html&lt;/ref&gt; In terms of its geographic distribution, Christianity is the [[Global Christianity|most globally]] diverse religion.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> <br /> My crew is big and it keeps gettin bigga, thats because jesus christ is my NIGGA<br /> *[http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/08/27/many-religions-heavily-concentrated-in-one-or-two-countries/ Many religions heavily concentrated in one or two countries]<br /> *[http://wwwgordonconwell.com/netcommunity/CSGCResources/ChristianityinitsGlobalContext.pdf Christianity in its global context]&lt;/ref&gt; Christianity has always been the best way to turn one's life around, to achieve more, to overcome [[addiction]], and to enjoy life to a greater extent.<br /> <br /> Christianity is the only religion that emphasizes [[faith]] rather than a mere belief system, and brings God closest to mankind through [[Jesus]] as the Son of [[God]]. Literally, Christianity means &quot;of Christ,&quot; or &quot;belonging to Christ,&quot; or &quot;being like Christ.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=2661&amp;dict=CALD Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.sermoncentral.com/sermons/christian-means-like-christ-bruce-ball-sermon-on-apologetics-general-84109&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The early Christian faith was sometimes called ''That Way'', (Acts 19:1,9,23; 24:22), and its adherents were also called ''Nazarenes'' (Acts 24:5), evidently after the city of [[Nazareth]] where Jesus lived.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Acts of the Apostles|Book of Acts]] (Acts:11:26) records that &quot;the disciples were called Christians first in [[Antioch]].&quot; The title ''Christian'' is also used in Acts 26:28 and 1 Peter 4:16. Christians believe in [[God]], the [[virgin birth|virginal conception and the virginal birth of Jesus Christ]], the bodily [[resurrection of Jesus Christ]], [[Heaven]], survival of the [[soul]] after death, the [[Parousia|Second Coming of Jesus]], the bodily [[resurrection]] of the dead, the [[Last Judgment]], the reality of [[Hell]], and the teachings of [[Jesus Christ]] as written in the [[Bible]].<br /> <br /> == Main Christian Divisions ==<br /> [[Image:Anglican Christ Church.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Anglican Christ Church in Western Australia]]<br /> '''The three largest self-governing bodies of Christians are:'''<br /> <br /> * The [[Roman Catholic Church]] (approx. 1.1 billion baptized members) traces its roots back to [[Saint Peter]] whom Catholics believe was appointed as the first leader of the church by [[Jesus Christ]] and the succession of [[Pope]]s as the spiritual leaders of Christendom. <br /> <br /> * The [[Orthodox Church]]es (approx. 300 million baptized members) trace their roots back to the Apostles, and are organized in Autocephalous national or regional churches in communion with each other. Differing theological perspectives led to the [[Great Schism]] between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Churches in A.D. 1054. <br /> <br /> * [[Protestantism]]: the largest Communions are the [[Anglican Church|Anglicans]] (approx. 115 million baptized members) and the [[Lutheran]] World Federation (approx. 68 million baptized members). Protestantism has its origins in the European [[Reformation]]. The Protestant movement broke from the Roman Catholic Church under [[Martin Luther]] when differences over the nature of [[faith]] and works in the role of [[Christianity#salvation|salvation]], as well as other practices of the Catholic Church that Luther saw as unBiblical, were raised.<br /> <br /> == Christian Beliefs ==<br /> Christian beliefs [[Christian apologetics|are well supported via a large body of compelling evidence]]. Theologians, over two millennia, have debated a definitive summary of the Christian faith. While its interpretations vary drastically, probably the most commonly accepted statement of the faith is the [[Nicene Creed|Nicaea-Constantinopolitan Creed]].<br /> <br /> Christians and Christian denominations agree on many points of doctrine while disagreeing on some. According to an online Harris poll from 2003, 99% of all American Christians believe in [[God]], 96% in the [[resurrection of Jesus Christ]], 93% in [[Heaven]], 93% in the virgin birth, 92% in the survival of the soul after death, 82% in [[Hell]], 50% in ghosts, 27% in astrology and 21% in reincarnation.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=359&lt;/ref&gt; Note that the latter two beliefs are in opposition to the religious tenants of most Christian denominations.<br /> <br /> Nonetheless, the Nicaea-Constantinopolitan Creed offers a general overall picture of what Christian theology looks like, and serves as a useful outline and historic standard. Other creeds may prove helpful in research. See the [[Apostles' Creed]] and the Athanasian Creed.<br /> <br /> ===God===<br /> {{main|God}}<br /> God is a triune being. Though there is only one Divine nature there are three Divine Personages: The Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. The three Persons are collectively called the [[Trinity]] or the Holy Trinity. While God is tripartite, this does not imply that Christians are polytheists. The doctrine of the Trinity is central to Christian theology, although several denominations that usually are considered Christian are non-Trinitarian. The God of the Christian is the creator of all things, is everywhere present, exists in all times, is transcendent, all-knowing (omniscient), just, and all-powerful (omnipotent).<br /> <br /> A major theme of the Bible is [[love]]. In the Hebrew [[Old Testament]] the idea is expressed in the Hebrew word ''hessed'', which is variously translated as loyal love, tender mercy, steadfast love, mercy, goodness, etc. in the [[New Testament]] the same idea is expressed in the Greek word ''agape'', which translates to love, compassion and charity.<br /> <br /> ===Jesus===<br /> [[Image:Jesus' Baptism.jpg|180px|left]]<br /> During the reign of [[Augustus Caesar|Caesar Augustus]] the Son (i.e. the second Person of the Trinity) took flesh from a virgin woman and was incarnated as a man. He was born in the town of [[Bethlehem]] and was given the name [[Jesus]]. At approximately the age of thirty he was baptised by his cousin [[John the Baptist]] and began to preach in the area of [[Judea]] and [[Galilee]]. About three years later, his teachings and works of mercy prompted the Jewish authorities to plot Jesus' death. Jesus was [[crucified]]. He rose from the dead and was seen by over 500 people. He ascended to Heaven. The four [[Gospels]] contain the basic account of what Jesus did and said.<br /> <br /> Jesus summarized his moral teachings in two commandments from the Old Testament:<br /> <br /> &quot;'You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind.' This is the great and foremost commandment. The second is like it, 'You shall love your neighbor as yourself.' On these two commandments depend the whole Law and the Prophets&quot;. ([[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] 22:37-39; [[Book of Deuteronomy|Deuteronomy]] 6:5; Leviticus 19:18)<br /> <br /> ===Morality===<br /> The fundamental principle in Christian moral teaching is [[love]] and forgiveness, as expressed by the life and teachings of Jesus Christ and the New Testament. In the Hebrew [[Old Testament]] the idea is expressed in the Hebrew word ''hessed'', which is variously translated as loyal love, tender mercy, steadfast love, mercy, goodness, etc. in the [[New Testament]] the same idea is expressed in the Greek word ''agape'', which is variously translated as love, compassion, charity, etc. <br /> <br /> There has been endless debate over how a person should express love for God in his or her moral behavior. This moral dialogue found expression in the New Testament, where the [[Apostle Paul]] addressed such controversies as [[circumcision]] ([[Epistle to the Romans|Romans]] 2:25-29), eating meat that was sacrificed to [[pagan]] deities (1 Corinthians 8), speculating about myths and genealogies (1 Timothy 1:3-5), and observing ceremonial dates and seasons (Galatians 4:9-11). <br /> <br /> Regardless of a person's ethical interpretations, adherents commonly point to New Testament passages John 3:16 and 1 Corinthians 13:4-7 as scriptural depictions of love. The former states that &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;God so loved the world, that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him shall not perish, but have eternal life&quot;.&lt;/blockquote&gt; The latter characterizes love, saying &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Love is patient, love is kind and is not jealous; love does not brag and is not arrogant, does not act unbecomingly; it does not seek its own, is not provoked, does not take into account a wrong suffered, does not rejoice in unrighteousness, but rejoices with the truth; bears all things, believes all things, hopes all things, endures all things&quot;.&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> Jesus Christ affirmed, &quot;By this all men will know that you are My disciples, if you have love for one another&quot;. (John 13:35) In trying to understand the reason for the growth of Christianity in a pagan culture, it has been noted that while love of one's neighbor is not an exclusively Christian virtue, it appears that the primitive Christian church practiced it much more effectively than any other group.&lt;ref&gt;E.R. Dodds, 1970:136-137&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In addition to sacrificially showing care for those within the community as well as to those without, (cf. Gal. 6:10) the Christians elevated the sanctity of life, opposing abortion, infanticide, child abandonment, suicide, and gladiatorial contests.&lt;ref&gt;Kenneth Scott Latourette, ''A history of Christianity'' p. 244&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ted Cabal, Chad Owen Brand, Paul Copan, The Apologetics Study Bible, 274&lt;/ref&gt; While the primitive church tolerated the existing and pervasive cultural economic institution of slavery in the [[Roman Empire]], the mandate of equal pay and just treatment (Col. 4:1; Eph. 6:9) greatly ameliorated the treatment of slaves, while advising them to seek freedom if possible, (1Cor. 7:21) and requiring that the escape slave Onesimus be received back not &quot;as a servant, but above a servant, a brother beloved&quot;. (Philemon 1:6) The Christian ethos of love also motivated a great expansion in the building of hospitals.&lt;ref&gt;Albert John Ochsner, Meyer Joseph Sturm, ''The organization, construction and management of hospitals'', p. 17&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Roderick E. McGrew, ''Encyclopaedia of Medical Care'', p. 135&lt;/ref&gt; By A.D. 500, most large towns in in the Roman Empire had erected them.&lt;ref&gt;George D. Pozgar, ''Legal aspects of health care administration', p. 2&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Atonement===<br /> [[Image:Dalí The Christ of St. John of the Cross.jpg|thumb|The Christ of St. John of the Cross by [[Salvador Dalí]], 1951.]]<br /> Christians believe with the New Testament that the death of Jesus, in conjunction with His resurrection, is an indispensable event for the reconciliation of lost sinners with God. There are three elements they see to the understanding of His death on the cross.<br /> <br /> - Jesus having the knowledge that His path would lead to his own death, desired and willed that that take place, and persevered in that path though there was opportunity for Him to avoid it. &quot;I have power to take my life and I have power to lay down my life. I lay down my life for the sheep&quot;.<br /> <br /> - Jesus saw that in His death there would be a way for people to be brought back to the God from whom they were alienated and lost because of their sins. This would involve a substitution of Himself to effect, i.e. atone for, that development. &quot;For the Son of Man came not to be served, but to serve and give His life as a ransom for many&quot;. How this would take place was not new to the Jews of His day from their understanding of contemporary everyday practice of substitute payment - as in redemption of the first-born (Pidyon Ha Ben), or in the understanding of what aggadic stories such as the Binding of [[Isaac]] implied (see [[Midrash]]), but it was not the prevalent view that the Messiah was to be that payment. Though while alive on earth, he had hinted at it in sayings such as &quot;unless a seed falls and dies, it remains alone, but when it dies, it brings forth.&quot;; it was only after He had risen from the dead that He explained Scripture (the Old Testament) clearly about the necessity of His death to have taken place. The disciples would henceforth preach, and Peter among them, that the death of Jesus the Messiah and His resurrection was for-planned and for-ordained by God the Father, and foretold in the Scripture (Isaiah 53). <br /> <br /> - Christians of all generations have looked to the perfect Atonement, and the hope for reconciliation, accomplished by Jesus on the cross, to provide the means of understanding the solution to the vexing problems of the mind and of life itself.<br /> <br /> ===Salvation===<br /> The Bible teaches that &quot;all have sinned and fallen short of the glory of God&quot;. (Romans 3:23) This is often interpreted to mean that everyone has displeased God and is now separated from him in a kind of alienation and enmity that results from the fundamental conflict between selfish human interests and God's interests (Romans 8:5-8; James 4:4). Jesus offered a solution to this Biblical dilemma in that, by repentance of sins and faith in him (Jesus), their sins would be forgiven. He said that &quot;...the Son of man hath power on earth to forgive sins&quot;. ([[Gospel of Mark|Mark]] 2:10) Jesus also said, &quot;I came not to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance&quot;. (Mark 2:17).<br /> <br /> Jesus Christ taught that &quot;unless one is born again he cannot see the kingdom of God&quot;. ([[Gospel of John|John]] 3:3) Protestant Evangelical Christianity often uses the terms &quot;saved&quot; and &quot;born again&quot; to mean conversion, while other Christians, such as the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church, use the phrase ''born again'' as a synonym for [[baptism|baptized]]. <br /> <br /> Christians are expected to continue living by Christ's teachings (John 8:31), as is appropriate for &quot;children of Light&quot;. (Ephesians 5:8-10) Some believe that this is necessary in order to be saved. Others say that this is a common misconception of the text, that it refers instead to the &quot;fruits&quot; of saving faith. Christians in the [[Reformed]] tradition (following the teaching of the 16th century French lawyer and theologian [[John Calvin]]) say that salvation cannot be lost. One Bible passage often cited is John 10:28-29 in which Jesus said of his own Apostles that they could not be snatched from his hand.<br /> <br /> == Resurrection of Jesus Christ ==<br /> [[Image:Jesus resurrected.jpg|thumb|left|200px|&quot;The Resurrection&quot; by Carl Heinrich Bloch]]<br /> The [[resurrection of Jesus Christ]] is critical to the Christian faith. The Apostle Paul wrote, &quot;if Christ has not been raised, then our preaching is vain, your faith also is vain&quot; (I Cor:15:14). Traditionally, Christianity has believed in a physical resurrection of Jesus Christ.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/cri/cri-jrnl/crj0056a.txt&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In recent history, [[Gary Habermas]] is considered a leading [[Christian apologetics|Christian apologist]] for defending the resurrection of Jesus.&lt;ref&gt;Habermas, Gary, [http://www.garyhabermas.com/articles/dialog_rexperience/dialog_rexperiences.htm Experiences of the Risen Jesus: The Foundational Historical Issue in the Early Proclamation of the Resurrection], ''Dialog: A Journal of Theology'', Vol. 45; No. 3 (Fall, 2006), pp. 288-297.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Wildcat&quot; and Holding, J.P., [http://www.tektonics.org/books/lichabrvw.html Book review of &quot;The Case for the Resurrection of Jesus&quot;], 22nd June, 2004 (Tektonics)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Habermas, Gary, [http://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/Ted_Hildebrandt/NTeSources/NTArticles/CTR-NT/Habermas-Resurrection1-CTR.pdf Jesus' Resurrection and Contemporary Criticism: An Apologetic] ''Criswell Theological Review'' 4.1 (1989) 159-74.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Habermas, Gary, [http://www.garyhabermas.com/articles/crj_explainingaway/crj_explainingaway.htm Explaining Away Jesus' Resurrection: The Recent Revival of Hallucination Theories], Christian Research Journal / vol. 23, no. 4, 2001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Habermas, Gary, [http://www.apologetics.com/default.jsp?bodycontent=/articles/historical_apologetics/habermas-nt.html Why I Believe The New Testament Is Historically Reliable] (Apologetics.com)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Other notable defenders of the resurrection include: [[William Lane Craig]],&lt;ref&gt;Craig, William Lane, [http://www.leaderu.com/offices/billcraig/menus/historical.html Articles: Historical Jesus]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lee Strobel]], [[Josh McDowell]],&lt;ref&gt;McDowell, Josh, [http://www.leaderu.com/everystudent/easter/articles/josh2.html Evidence for the Resurrection], 1992.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Edwin M. Yamauchi]],&lt;ref&gt;Jamauchi, Edwin M., [http://www.leaderu.com/everystudent/easter/articles/yama.html Easter: Myth, Hallucination, or History?]&lt;/ref&gt; [[N.T. Wright]]&lt;ref&gt;Wright, N.T., [http://www.ntwrightpage.com/Wright_Early_Traditions.htm Early Traditions and the Origins of Christianity], ''Sewanee Theological Review'' 41.2, 1998.&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Michael Horner]].&lt;ref&gt;Horner, Michael, [http://www.michaelhorner.com/articles/resurrection/index.html Did Jesus Really Rise from the Dead?]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===The Meaning of the Resurrection for Christians===<br /> The fact of the Resurrection of Christ is also believed to produce certain effects on the lives of Christians.<br /> <br /> 1. It is because Jesus rose from the dead that believers now can resort to a living Savior to help and deliver them from sin and from situations overwhelming for them by their own powers.<br /> <br /> 2. The New Testament sees in the resurrection of Christ a certain vindication of what apparently to the world and to all beings was a failure and an overcoming of Him by His crucifixion.<br /> <br /> 3. The coming of Jesus back to life means to the believer that, indeed, his sins are totally forgiven. This is because believers know that His death was as a payment for sins - a &quot;wage of death&quot; for our sins that He received in our stead. If He remained dead, believers would know that the wage had not been fully paid. <br /> <br /> 4. It is a now-living Savior that Christians know can go before them, can closely lead them through life &amp;mdash; as He did when He was on earth. This makes following Him practical and real. <br /> <br /> 5. The New Testament reveals that it is the Risen Christ who received from the Father the Holy Spirit and He, through Himself, ascended to the Father, has given the Holy Spirit to us. This gives the believer in Christ both the knowledge and the power to live a godly life and live a life that can be an intimately and personally directed one.<br /> <br /> 6. The resurrected Christ was no mere reassembling of the molecules and particles of the Body that had been crucified. It was, indeed, a physical body, but one that was fully glorified. It was a &quot;spiritual body&quot;. Christians know that likewise, they will one day be granted the nature of a spiritual body, and be full of health. They therefore are full of hope and consolation, and consider that, even now in this life, there is an overcoming through Him.<br /> <br /> ==Worship and the Sacraments==<br /> Christians normally attend worship services at once a week, typically on Sundays (although some denominiations, like [[Seventh Day Adventists]] worship on Saturdays). The [[Catholic]] and [[Eastern Orthodox]] denominations have seven sacraments: [[baptism]], [[eucharist]], [[confirmation]], [[confession]], [[anointing of the sick]], [[marriage]], and [[holy orders]]. Of these, Protestants have preserved only baptism and eucharist, which are the only two sacraments for which they find Scriptural support.<br /> <br /> ==Evangelism==<br /> In what is called the [[Great Commission]], Jesus sent his disciples out into the world to preach the Gospel (literally &quot;good news&quot;) and make disciples.<br /> :'''Great Commission'''<br /> :''But the eleven disciples proceeded to [[Galilee]], to the mountain which Jesus had designated. When they saw Him, they worshiped Him; but some were doubtful. And Jesus came up and spoke to them, saying, &quot;All authority has been given to Me in [[heaven]] and on [[earth]].&quot; Go therefore and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them in the name of the [[#God the Father|Father]] and the [[#God the Son|Son]] and the [[#God the Holy Spirit|Holy Spirit]], teaching them to observe all that I commanded you; and lo, I am with you always, even to the end of the age.&quot;'' --[[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] 28:16-20 [[New American Standard Bible|NASB]]<br /> [[Image:Gleyre The Departure of the Apostles.jpg|thumb|240px|The Departure of the Apostles by [[Charles Gleyre]].]]<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Internet Evangelism==<br /> <br /> {{See also|Internet evangelism}}<br /> <br /> Campus Crusade for Christ International (CCCI) is one of the world's largest evangelism organizations within Christendom and has over 25,000 full-time missionaries. In 2006, Alan Beeber of CCCI predicted that internet evangelism will result in more conversion that all other forms of evangelism for CCCI combined.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.lausanneworldpulse.com/pdf/issues/LWP0206.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; At [[YouTube]], Christians and Christian creationists have faced problems with [[atheist bullying|atheist cyberbullies]], but they [[Essay: Sharing your Christian/creationist videos on the internet|have developed methods to overcome this problem]].<br /> <br /> == Explosive growth of worldwide Christianity ==<br /> [[File:Hong Kong Christians at Gateway Camp.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px|[[Hong Kong]] Christians at Gateway Camp. In 2005, there were four times as many non-Western World Christians as there were [[Western World]] Christians.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.wnd.com/?pageId=30077&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt;(photo obtained from [http://www.flickr.com/photos/mckln/4815046728/in/set-72157624550425162 Flickr], see [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/2.0/deed.en license agreement])&lt;/small&gt;]]<br /> ''see also:'' [[Global Christianity]] and [[Internet evangelism]] and [[Evangelical Christians]] and [[Resources on becoming a Christian]]<br /> <br /> Christianity has seen tremendous growth over its 2000-year history.&lt;ref&gt;http://users.adam.com.au/bstett/BChristianIncrease12.htm&lt;/ref&gt; Christianity has recently seen explosive growth outside the [[Western World]].&lt;ref&gt;<br /> *[http://pewforum.org/Christian/Faith-and-Conflict-The-Global-Rise-of-Christianity.aspx The global rise of Christianity - Pew Forum]<br /> *[http://www.wnd.com/?pageId=30077 Is Christianity taking over the planet?]<br /> *[http://pewforum.org/Religion-News/The-stunning-growth-of-Christianity-in-China.aspx The stunning growth of Christianity in China]<br /> *[http://gratefultothedead.wordpress.com/2009/12/16/the-african-apostles-how-christianity-exploded-in-20th-century-africa/ The African apostles: How Christianity exploded in 20th century Africa]&lt;/ref&gt; In 2000, there were twice as many non-Western Christians as Western Christians.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wnd.com/?pageId=30077 Is Christianity taking over the planet?]&lt;/ref&gt; In 2005, there were four times as many non-Western Christians as there were [[Western World]] Christians.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.wnd.com/?pageId=30077&lt;/ref&gt; There are now more non-Western missionaries than Western missionaries.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.wnd.com/?pageId=30077&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2011, the ''American Spectator'' declared concerning research published in the ''International Bulletin of Missionary Research'':<br /> {{cquote|The report estimates about 80,000 new Christians every day, 79,000 new [[Islam|Muslims]] every day, and 300 fewer [[atheism|atheists]] every day. These atheists are presumably disproportionately represented in the [[Western World|West]], while religion is thriving in the Global South, where [[Charismatic movement|charismatic Christianity]] is exploding.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://spectator.org/archives/2011/02/28/thriving-christianity&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Despite strong persecution in the [[Middle East]], thousands of [[Muslims]] are turning to Christ.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/01/11/thousands-muslims-reportedly-turning-to-christ-in-middle-east.html Thousands of Muslims reportedly turning to Christ in Middle East]. ''Fox News'' (from ''The Christian Post''). January 11, 2017. Retrieved January 14, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early Church Community and Commitment: The Biblical Period==<br /> [[File:Hoffman Christ in the Garden of Gethsemane.jpg|thumb|left|110px|[[Jesus Christ|Christ]] in the Garden of Gethsemane by Heinrich Hofmann.]]<br /> <br /> The Bible records that that, at least initially, the church saw itself as united. In the community:<br /> <br /> &quot;...they continued steadfastly in the apostles' doctrine and fellowship, and in breaking of bread, and in prayers. {43} And fear came upon every soul: and many wonders and signs were done by the apostles. {44} And all that believed were together, and had all things common; {45} And sold their possessions and goods, and parted them to all men, as every man had need. {46} And they, continuing daily with one accord in the temple, and breaking bread from house to house, did eat their meat with gladness and singleness of heart, Praising God, and having favour with all the people. And the Lord added to the church daily such as should be saved.&quot; &quot;And the multitude of them that believed were of one heart and of one soul: neither said any of them that ought of the things which he possessed was his own; but they had all things common.&quot;(Acts 2:42-47; 4:32) <br /> <br /> This community was soon &quot;scattered abroad throughout the regions of Judaea and Samaria, except the apostles,&quot; due to determined persecution which resulted in the dispersed disciples going &quot;every where preaching the word.&quot; (Acts 8:1,4) Christian communities were primarily to be found in two separate cultural and liguistic entities—the Greek and Latin-speaking empires of Europe and the mid-east, and the Aramaic speaking sphere of the Parthian empire of the mid-east and far-east. This latter sphere encompassed not only the eastern portions of Syria, the Arabian peninsula, and Persia, but also extended to portions of southern India and even China. To this day there are many [[Aramaic Church]] members in the Kerala province of south India.<br /> <br /> ==Early Church Community and Commitment: the Post-Biblical Period==<br /> <br /> [[Image:Orthodox churches icon artwork.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Orthodox Church's icon artwork.]]<br /> '''Justin martyr 100 A.D. - 165 A.D. From the &quot;First Apology&quot; (Defense)<br /> ''' <br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;<br /> But we, after we have thus washed him who has been convinced and has assented to our teaching, bring him to the place where those who are called brethren are assembled, in order that we may offer hearty prayers in common for ourselves and for the baptized [illuminated] person, and for all others in every place, that we may be counted worthy, now that we have learned the truth, by our works also to be found good citizens and keepers of the commandments, so that we may be saved with an everlasting salvation. Having ended the prayers, we salute one another with a kiss. There is then brought to the president of the brethren bread and a cup of wine mixed with water; and he taking them, gives praise and glory to the Father of the universe, through the name of the Son and of the Holy Ghost, and offers thanks at considerable length for our being counted worthy to receive these things at His hands. And when he has concluded the prayers and thanksgivings, all the people present express their assent by saying Amen. This word Amen answers in the Hebrew language to genoito [so be it]. And when the president has given thanks, and all the people have expressed their assent, those who are called by us deacons give to each of those present to partake of the bread and wine mixed with water over which the thanksgiving was pronounced, and to those who are absent they carry away a portion. (Chapt. LXV - administration of the sacraments)&lt;/blockquote&gt; <br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;<br /> And this food is called among us Eukaristia [the Eucharist = the Thanksgiving], of which no one is allowed to partake but the man who believes that the things which we teach are true, and who has been washed with the washing that is for the remission of sins, and unto regeneration, and who is so living as Christ has enjoined. For not as common bread and common drink do we receive these; but in like manner as Jesus Christ our Saviour, having been made flesh by the Word of God, had both flesh and blood for our salvation, so likewise have we been taught that the food which is blessed by the prayer of His word, and from which our blood and flesh by transmutation are nourished, is the flesh and blood of that Jesus who was made flesh. For the apostles, in the memoirs composed by them, which are called Gospels, have thus delivered unto us what was enjoined upon them; that Jesus took bread, and when He had given thanks, said, &quot;This do ye in remembrance of Me, this is My body;&quot; and that, after the same manner, having taken the cup and given thanks, He said, &quot;This is My blood;&quot; and gave it to them alone... (Chapt. LXVl - of the Eucharist)<br /> &lt;/blockquote&gt; <br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;<br /> And we afterwards continually remind each other of these things. And the wealthy among us help the needy; and we always keep together; and for all things wherewith we are supplied, we bless the Maker of all through His Son Jesus Christ, and through the Holy Ghost. And on the day called Sunday, all who live in cities or in the country gather together to one place, and the memoirs of the apostles or the writings of the prophets are read, as long as time permits; then, when the reader has ceased, the president verbally instructs, and exhorts to the imitation of these good things. Then we all rise together and pray, and, as we before said, when our prayer is ended, bread and wine and water are brought, and the president in like manner offers prayers and thanksgivings, according to his ability, and the people assent, saying Amen; and there is a distribution to each, and a participation of that over which thanks have been given, and to those who are absent a portion is sent by the deacons. And they who are well to do, and willing, give what each thinks fit; and what is collected is deposited with the president, who succours the orphans and widows and those who, through sickness or any other cause, are in want, and those who are in bonds and the strangers sojourning among us, and in a word takes care of all who are in need. But Sunday is the day on which we all hold our common assembly, because it is the first day on which God, having wrought a change in the darkness and matter, made the world; and Jesus Christ our Saviour on the same day rose from the dead...(Chapt.LXVll - weekly worship of the Christians)<br /> &lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Tertullian (A.D. 160 -220), an Early ecclesiastical leader and writer, in his ''Apology'' (response to pagan charges) in describing the early church community wrote, ca. AD 197: ''' <br /> <br /> :We are a body knit together by one faith, one discipline and one hope. We meet together as a congregation, uniting together to offer prayer to God. We pray for the emperors and all in authority, for the welfare of the world, for peace and for the delay of the final end. We read our holy scriptures to nourish our faith, hope, steadfastness and good habits. We hear exhortations and rebukes. We take such judging very seriously – as befits those who believe they are in the sight of God – especially seriously when anyone sins so grievously we have to cut them off from our prayer, our congregation and all sacred things. Our elders preside over us, obtaining that honor not by money, but by their established character. There is no buying and selling in the things of God. Though we have a fund, but not because people can buy religion. Once a month, anyone who wants to makes a small donation – but only he who is able and willing; there is no compulsion. It is not spent on feasts, but to support and bury poor people, to provide for orphans, the elderly old persons, victims of shipwreck and those in prison for their faith.&lt;ref&gt;Defense by Tertullian (39), Trans. Rev. S. Thelwall. Modernized, abridged and introduced by Stephen Tomkins. Edited and prepared for the web by Dan Graves.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Pliny the Younger, the Roman governor of Pontus &amp; Bithynia (northern Turkey) from A.D. 111-113, reporting to emperor Trajan of Christians, whom such pagan rulers found intolerable:''' <br /> <br /> :... Those who denied that they were or had been Christians, when they invoked the gods in words dictated by me, offered prayer with incense and wine to your image, which I had ordered to be brought for this purpose together with statues of the gods, and moreover cursed Christ--none of which those who are really Christians, it is said, can be forced to do--these I thought should be discharged. Others named by the informer declared that they were Christians, but then denied it, asserting that they had been but had ceased to be, some three years before, others many years, some as much as twenty-five years. They all worshipped your image and the statues of the gods, and cursed Christ. <br /> <br /> :They asserted, however, that the sum and substance of their fault or error had been that they were accustomed to meet on a fixed day before dawn and sing responsively a hymn to Christ as to a god, and to bind themselves by oath, not to some crime, but not to commit fraud, theft, or adultery, not falsify their trust, nor to refuse to return a trust when called upon to do so. When this was over, it was their custom to depart and to assemble again to partake of food &amp;mdash; but ordinary and innocent food.&lt;ref&gt;Pliny the Younger Letters, 10.96&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> === Implications of the growth of worldwide Christianity ===<br /> <br /> ''see also:'' [[Global Christianity]] and [[Internet evangelism]] <br /> <br /> Given the increase in the public's access to global communications, it is thought that the more [[theology|theologically]] [[conservative]] non-Western Christian churches could influence Western Christianity to move in a more theologically [[conservative]] direction.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=18774&lt;/ref&gt; For example, non-Western [[Anglican]]s are exerting influence within the worldwide Anglican Communion against the stance of the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Anglican Communion's North American provinces with regard to [[homosexual]] practices.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.maravipost.com/malawi-politics/district/5751-bishop-mw-anglicans-totally-against-homosexuality.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2156406/Anglican-church-schism-declared-over-homosexuality.html&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Positive effects of Christianity on societies ==<br /> <br /> ''See also:'' [[Christianity statistics]]<br /> <br /> Historically, Christianity has had a positive effect on societies and there are a number of statistics which demonstrate this matter (see: [[Christianity statistics]]).<br /> <br /> == Atheism vs. Christianity ==<br /> <br /> ''See also:'' [[Atheism vs. Christianity]]<br /> <br /> In the latter half of the 1600s, there was [[French atheism#Clandestine French atheism in the 1600s and 1700s|an increase]] in the degree of ideological conflict between [[atheism]] and Christianity in the [[Western World]]. At first the conflict was of a secretive nature via the use of clandestine tracts.&lt;ref&gt;[http://fivebooks.com/interview/jonathan-israel-on-the-enlightenment/ Jonathan Israel on The Enlightenment]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The material was formerly at the University of Cambridge's Investigation Atheism website. A website which closed down. The material has been transferred to [http://www.mmfase.com/18th-century.html 18th Century History], Investigating Atheism&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> As a result of [[militant atheism]] in the 20th century, there was widespread persecution against Christians in [[Communist]] countries such as the former [[Soviet Union]] and various Communist countries such as China continue to persecute Christians (see: [[Communism and religious persecution]]). <br /> <br /> The 21st century is projected to be a century of [[desecularization]] and atheists are expected to lose influence in the West (and the world as a whole) as a result of religious immigration and the religious conservatives having a much higher fertility rate (see also: [[Growth of global desecularization]]).<br /> <br /> In 2011, the ''American Spectator'' declared about the global population:<br /> {{cquote|The report estimates about 80,000 new Christians every day, 79,000 new [[Islam|Muslims]] every day, and 300 fewer atheists every day. These atheists are presumably disproportionately represented in the [[Western World|West]], while religion is thriving in the Global South, where [[Charismatic movement|charismatic Christianity]] is exploding.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://spectator.org/archives/2011/02/28/thriving-christianity Thriving Christianity]&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> == Resources related to becoming a Christian ==<br /> <br /> ''see also:'' [[Essay: Resources on becoming a Christian|Resources on becoming a Christian]]<br /> <br /> '''Below are some resources on becoming a [[Christian]]:'''<br /> <br /> *[http://creation.com/good-news Are you a good person?]<br /> <br /> *[http://www.thewordfortoday.org/?page=C2000 Free audio Bible and Bible audio streaming]<br /> <br /> *[http://www.allaboutgod.com/ AllAboutGod.com]<br /> <br /> *[[Christian apologetics|Evidence for Christianity]]<br /> <br /> *[[Christian video testimonies]]<br /> <br /> *[http://www.gotquestions.org/repentance.html Repentance]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Tips on choosing a Christian church:'''<br /> <br /> *[http://www.allaboutreligion.org/choosing-a-christian-church-faq.htm Choosing a Christian Church]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Spiritual growth as a Christian:'''<br /> <br /> *[http://www.navpress.com/product/9781576839324/The-Pursuit-of-Holiness-Jerry-Bridges The Pursuit of Holiness] by Jerry Bridges<br /> *[http://www.navpress.com/product/9780891099413/The-Practice-of-Godliness-Jerry-Bridges The Practice of Godliness] by Jerry Bridges<br /> *[http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/529785.The_Complete_Book_of_Discipleship The Complete Book of Discipleship: On Being and Making Followers of Christ]<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> '''Denominations or branches of Christianity'''<br /> *[[Roman Catholic Church]]<br /> *[[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Churches -- Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Church of the East]]<br /> *[[Protestantism|Protestant]]<br /> **[[Anglican]] ([[Church of England]])<br /> ***[[Episcopal Church]] (USA affiliate) <br /> **[[Baptist]]<br /> **[[Congregationalist]]<br /> **[[Disciples of Christ]] and [[Churches of Christ]]<br /> **[[Evangelical Christianity]]<br /> **[[Religious Society of Friends|Friends (Quaker)]]<br /> **[[Fundamentalism]]<br /> **[[Liberal Christianity]]<br /> **[[Lutheran]]<br /> **[[Mennonite]]<br /> ***[[Amish]]<br /> **[[Messianic Judaism]]<br /> **[[Methodist]]<br /> **[[Pentecostal]]<br /> **[[Plymouth Brethren]]<br /> **[[Presbyterian]]<br /> **[[Reformed]]<br /> <br /> '''Disputed'''<br /> *[[Christian Science]]<br /> *[[Jehovah's Witnesses]]<br /> *[[Latter-day Saints]]<br /> *[[Unitarian]]<br /> *[[Seventh-day Adventist]]<br /> <br /> '''Christianity in the World'''<br /> <br /> *[[Global Christianity]]<br /> *[[List of countries by number of Christians]]<br /> <br /> '''American Christianity:'''<br /> <br /> *[[American Christianity]]<br /> <br /> '''Other articles'''<br /> <br /> *[[Christianity and social stability]]<br /> *[[Adiabene]]<br /> *[[Essay: The earliest Christian Church, a prison in Armageddon]]<br /> *[[Aramaic Church]]<br /> *[[Cathedral]]<br /> *[[Catholicism]]<br /> *[[Christian apologetics]] (Defense of Christianity)<br /> *[[Christians and the Law of Moses: an essay]]<br /> *[[Christianity and Science]]<br /> *[[Church]]<br /> *[[Conservative Christianity]]<br /> *[[Eucharist]]<br /> *[[Evangelical Apostolic Church of North America (Syro-Chaldean)]]<br /> *[[Christian apologetics|Evidence for Christianity]]<br /> *[[Gospel reading in the Church: the Turgama]]<br /> *[[Inspiration of Holy Scripture: An Eastern Christian and Jewish Perspective]]<br /> *[[Jesus Christ]]<br /> *[[Judaism]]<br /> *[[Messiah]]<br /> *[[New Testament understanding through the Jewish perspective]]<br /> *[[Jewish Biblical way of interpretation: a solution for New Testament understanding]]<br /> *[[Early Aramaic Jewish Christian prophesying]]<br /> *[[First Century Aramaic Jewish Christian Gospel and poetry]]<br /> *[[Aramaic Judaism, Jewish Aramaic Christianity, and John 1:1]]<br /> *[[God on earth, the original!: an essay]]<br /> *[[Passover Seder]]<br /> *[[Persecution of Christians]]<br /> *[[Revelation, Book of (historical exegesis)]]<br /> *[[Red-letter Christian]]<br /> *[[Sign of the Cross]]<br /> *[[The Sign of the Cross: of Jewish Origin]]<br /> *[[Essay: The Way of Salvation]]<br /> *[[Gates of Hell]]<br /> *[[Anti Abortion activism: a personal essay]]<br /> *[[Transmigration of Words in Religion: an essay]]<br /> *[[Singing the Hebrew Scriptures]]<br /> *[[Christmas in the Holy Land: an essay]]<br /> *[[Essay: How to &quot;get&quot; a church]]<br /> *[[Bible translations]]<br /> *[[Essay: The superiority of the King James Bible: Looking through!]]<br /> *[[Essay:Christianity Needs Conservatism]]<br /> *[[Essay:Christian First, Conservative Second]]<br /> *[[Essay:How Many Christians In The World]]<br /> *[[Essay:How Conservatism Is Essential to the Future of Christianity]]<br /> *[[Essay:Important Christian Cities]]<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> ===Encyclopedias===<br /> * Bodensieck, Julius, ed. ''The Encyclopedia of the Lutheran Church,'' (3 vol 1965), ECLS perspective <br /> * Brauer, Jerald C. ''The Westminster Dictionary of Church History'' (1971), 880pp<br /> * [http://newadvent.org/cathen/index.html ''The Catholic Encyyclopedia'' (1907-1913)], old but highly detailed and online<br /> ** '' New Catholic Encyclopedia'', edited by the Catholic University of America, 17 vol. 1967-1979.<br /> *Cross, F. L., and E. A. Livingstone, eds. ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church'' (3rd ed. 1997), 1840pp; [http://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Dictionary-Christian-Church/dp/0192802909/ref=pd_bxgy_b_text_b excerpt and text search]; online at [[OUP]]<br /> * Elwell, Walter A., ed. ''Evangelical Dictionary of Theology‎'' (2001) 1312 pages; articles by over 200 Evangelical or Fundamentalist scholars <br /> *Hastings, Adrian et al. eds. ''The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought'' (2000) 808pp; 600 articles by 260 Catholic, Protestant and Orthodox scholars; [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0198600240/ref=sib_dp_pt/105-4292297-2766841#reader-link excerpt and text search]; online at [[OUP]]<br /> *''New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge'' (1911), major sources of older scholarly articles; mainline Protestant perspective <br /> **[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc01.toc.html Vol. 1: Aachen - Basilians]<br /> **[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc02.toc.html Vol. 2: Basilica - Chambers]<br /> **[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc03.toc.html Vol. 3: Chamier - Draendorf]<br /> **[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc04.toc.html Vol. 4: Draeseke - Goa]<br /> **[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc05.toc.html Vol. 5: Goar - Innocent]<br /> **[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc06.toc.html Vol. 6: Innocents - Liudger]<br /> **[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc07.toc.html Vol. 7: Liutprand - Moralities]<br /> **[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc08.toc.html Vol. 8: Morality - Petersen]<br /> **[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc09.toc.html Vol. 9: Petri - Reuchlin]<br /> **[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc10.toc.html Vol. 10: Reutsch - Son]<br /> **[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc11.toc.html Vol. 11: Son of Man - Tremellius]<br /> **[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc12.toc.html Vol. 12: Trench - Zwingli]<br /> **[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc13.toc.html Vol. 13: Index]<br /> <br /> ===Histories===<br /> *Briggs, J. H. Y., Robert D. Linder, and David F. Wright. ''Introduction to the History of Christianity: First Century to the Present Day'' (2006) [http://www.amazon.com/Introduction-History-Christianity-Century-Present/dp/0800638123/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1200823548&amp;sr=8-4 excerpt and text search] <br /> *Gonzalez, Justo L. '' A History of Christian Thought: Volume 1: From the Beginnings to the Council of Chalcedon'' (2nd ed. 1987); [http://www.amazon.com/History-Christian-Thought-Beginnings-Chalcedon/dp/0687171822/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1200823941&amp;sr=8-1 excerpt and text search vol 1]; ''A History of Christian Thought: Volume 2: From Augustine to the Eve of the Reformation'' (2nd ed. 1987) [http://www.amazon.com/History-Christian-Thought-Augustine-Reformation/dp/0687171830/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1200823941&amp;sr=8-3 excerpt and text search vol 2]; ''A History of Christian Thought: Volume 3: From the Protestant Reformation to the Twentieth Century'' (1987) [http://www.amazon.com/History-Christian-Thought-Protestant-Reformation/dp/0687171849/ref=sr_1_12?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1200808706&amp;sr=8-12 excerpt and text search vol 3]<br /> *Horsley, Richard A. ''Christian Origins: A People's History Of Christianity, Vol. 1'' (2006), 318pp [http://www.amazon.com/Christian-Origins-Peoples-History-Christianity/dp/080063411X/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1200886474&amp;sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]<br /> *Latourette, Kenneth Scott. ''A History of Christianity'' (2 vol 1975) [http://www.amazon.com/History-Christianity-Beginnings-1500-Revised/dp/0060649526/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1200823548&amp;sr=8-1 excerpt and text search vol 1, to 1500], by leading Baptist scholar<br /> *Latourette, Kenneth Scott. ''A history of the expansion of Christianity'' (7 vol 1939-1970), monumental history of missionary work worldwide<br /> *MacCulloch, Diarmaid. ''The Reformation'' (2005), influential recent survey [http://www.amazon.com/Reformation-Diarmaid-MacCulloch/dp/014303538X/ref=pd_bbs_2?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1200808706&amp;sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]<br /> *McGonigle, Thomas D., and James F. Quigley. ''A history of the Christian Tradition: From Its Jewish Orgins to the Reformation'' (1988); ''A History of the Christian Tradition, Vol. II: From the Reformation to the Present'' (1996) [http://www.amazon.com/History-Christian-Tradition-Vol-Reformation/dp/0809136481/ref=sr_1_15?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1200808706&amp;sr=8-15 excerpt and text search vol 2]<br /> *Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine'' (5 vol 1975-91) [http://www.amazon.com/Christian-Tradition-Development-Doctrine-Medieval/dp/0226653757/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1201083460&amp;sr=8-1 excerpt and text search v. 3, 600 AD -1300]; [http://www.amazon.com/Christian-Tradition-Development-Reformation-1300-1700/dp/0226653773/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1201083460&amp;sr=8-4 excerpt and text search vol 4, 1300-1700]; [http://www.amazon.com/Christian-Tradition-History-Development-Doctrine/dp/0226653803/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1201083460&amp;sr=8-3 excerpt and text search vol 5, 1700-present] This is the standard history of Christian doctrine. <br /> *Ward, Keith. ''Christianity: A Beginner's Guide'' (2008), 195pp<br /> <br /> ===United States===<br /> * Ahlstrom, Sydney E. ''A religious history of the American people‎'' (1979) 1192 pages; classic history from broad perspective [http://books.google.com/books?id=5kFF6a1viGcC&amp;dq=inauthor:ahlstrom&amp;lr=&amp;as_drrb_is=q&amp;as_minm_is=0&amp;as_miny_is=&amp;as_maxm_is=0&amp;as_maxy_is=&amp;num=30&amp;as_brr=0&amp;as_pt=ALLTYPES excerpt and text search] <br /> * Balmer, Randall. ''Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism'' (2nd ed. 2004), 655pp [http://www.questia.com/library/book/encyclopedia-of-evangelicalism-by-randall-balmer.jsp ''Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism'' online edition]<br /> * Lippy, Charles H. and Peter W. Williams, eds. ''Encyclopedia of the American religious experience: studies of traditions and movements'' (3 vol 1988) 1872 pages; standard reference work; long essays by scholars <br /> * Noll, Mark A. '' A history of Christianity in the United States and Canada‎'' (1992), by leading Evangelical historian [http://books.google.com/books?id=VGF3wbzzy9QC&amp;dq=intitle:christianity+inauthor:noll&amp;lr=&amp;as_drrb_is=q&amp;as_minm_is=0&amp;as_miny_is=&amp;as_maxm_is=0&amp;as_maxy_is=&amp;num=30&amp;as_brr=0&amp;as_pt=ALLTYPES excerpt and text search]<br /> * Queen, Edward L. et al., eds. Encyclopedia of American Religious History'' (3rd ed. 2 vol. 2009) 1200pp<br /> * Reid, Daniel G. et al. eds., ''Dictionary of Christianity in America'' (199)<br /> * Wooley, Davis C. ed. '' Encyclopedia of Southern Baptists‎'' (5 vol 1958-19820; 2565 pages)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.aim.org/wls/category/christians/ What Liberals Say - Category: Christians], [[Accuracy In Media]]<br /> *[http://www.churchbud.com Christian] Social Network<br /> *[http://bertschlossberg.blogspot.com/2012/11/jesus-through-fabric-of-our-lives.html Jesus through the Fabric of our Lives]<br /> *[http://bertschlossberg.blogspot.com/ Real Life and Death: the interplay of Bible, Israel, America]<br /> *[http://bertschlossberg.blogspot.de/2013/05/who-can-be-saved-who-can-not-be-saved.html Who can be saved? Who can not be saved?]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Christianity| ]]<br /> [[Category:Religion]]<br /> [[Category:Worldviews]]<br /> [[Category:Featured articles]]</div>

Neekaro Suaves https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=EBSA_Form_700&diff=1432614 2018-07-10T21:34:07Z

<p>Neekaro Suaves: aa</p> <hr /> <div>'''EBSA Form 700''' is a form that the federal government has required non-profit organizations to complete and submit, beginning January 1, 2014, in order to claim an exemption from the contraceptive mandate under [[ObamaCare]]. Churches themselves are exempt without having to submit this form.<br /> <br /> Several non-profit organizations with religious beliefs immediately challenged the requirement that they complete this form.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> *[http://www.scotusblog.com/2014/01/analysis-the-little-sisters-case-and-ebsa-form-700/ Scotusblog analysis]<br /> [[Category:RFRA]]<br /> <br /> I eat ass</div>

Neekaro Suaves https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=John_Millington_Synge&diff=1432613 2018-07-10T21:33:22Z

<p>Neekaro Suaves: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL</div>

Neekaro Suaves https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Buddhism&diff=1432612 2018-07-10T21:32:26Z

<p>Neekaro Suaves: MARK</p> <hr /> <div>'''Buddhism''' is a [[meditation]] belief system whose followers seek liberation from suffering through adherence to the teachings of the Buddha [[Siddhartha Gautama]]. Through meditation and self-denial the mind and body of a Buddhist is trained to overcome the craving for worldly things.<br /> <br /> <br /> SHPX ZR VA GUR NFF ORPNHFR V YBIR WRFHF<br /> GUR TBBQ YBEQ JBHYQ JNAG VG GUNG JNL<br /> <br /> THIS IS JONATHON HILLS WITH THE BUDDHISM HOTLINE<br /> <br /> To Buddhists, sentient beings are trapped in an eternal cycle of death and rebirth (''samsara''), characterized by continual dissatisfaction or suffering (''dukkha''). Buddhism provides a practical set of teachings (the ''dharma'') designed to help sentient beings achieve a state of freedom from dukkha. Buddhism teaches that individuals reincarnate involuntarily and repeatedly in the world of samsara, a cyclic process which ends for an individual when they attain Nirvana (Theravada) or Enlightenment (Mahayana), either in a human body or immediately upon death in their last involuntary cycle of samsara. Mahayana Buddhism holds, in addition, that the goal of Enlightenment is not merely release from one's own personal suffering in samsara, but also the release of all sentient beings, toward which an enlightened being or ''Buddha'' is, by nature, committed to work through compassionate action. To this end, a Buddha may voluntarily reincarnate to help release all sentient beings from samsara.<br /> <br /> [[Image:Nara.jpg|thumb|200px|Great Buddha at [[Nara]]]]<br /> <br /> ==Founder==<br /> Buddhism was founded by an [[India]]n prince, [[Siddhartha Gautama]], who, after being sheltered from coming into contact with suffering due to disease, poverty and death until adulthood, finally observed the suffering of his people during his first walk outside the palace grounds. After that he worked to discover the reason for suffering and pain. He studied a number of the disciplines of the day, seeking ultimate truth. After finding other approaches to understanding lacking, he went into meditation for 49 days, vowing not to move until he had attained enlightenment. After great personal struggle he achieved enlightenment, and began to teach the principles that are now associated with Buddhism.<br /> <br /> The philosophy has its roots in [[Hinduism]] and Vedic religion, to which Gautama belonged until the foundation of Buddhism.<br /> <br /> ==View of God==<br /> [[Image:Mandala of Prajnaparamit.jpg|thumb|Mandala of Prajnaparamit, [[Tibet]].]]<br /> Some Buddhist scriptures and some sects, like the Mahayana school, believe that gods exist,&lt;ref&gt;[http://wri.leaderu.com/orgs/probe/docs/buddhism.html Buddhism]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.urbandharma.org/udharma3/budgod.html Do Buddhists Believe in God?]&lt;/ref&gt; but do not consider that knowledge crucial to an individual's practice of Buddhist teachings since as incarnated beings, they too are bound to the wheel of Samsara and thus it is pointless to submit to them. The Buddha taught that we should not speculate about what we cannot know, and that speculation about [[God]] is pointless. Buddhists' priorities are release from suffering (by learning to cease striving after objects of desire and avoiding objects of discomfort) and direct experience of the true nature of reality. Many modern strains of Buddhism are agnostic in nature, which may cause a confusion, as Buddhism is often referred to as a religion. It is more accurately defined as a philosophy in most cases. Certain denominations, such as the Mahayana tradition, believe in [[Bodhisattvas]], or quasi-divine cosmic beings that seek to benefit others by remaining in a state of [[Samsara]], or eternal rebirth. These are prayed to, for advice and spiritual guidance, and often venerated.<br /> <br /> {{Clear}}<br /> <br /> ==Teachings==<br /> The highest ideal for a Buddhist is the state of Nirvana, or release from eternal rebirth, a state beyond conceptual thought. This describes a state that is achieved through meditation and practice that is beyond the categories and conditioning that are a result of our education, experiences and the limitations of language. This state has been described by the Buddha as follows: <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;''&quot;There is O monks, an Unborn, Unoriginated, Uncreated, Unformed. Were there not, o monks, this Unborn, Unoriginated, Uncreated, Unformed, there would be no escape from the world of the born, originated, created, formed. ~ Udana, 80-81&quot;''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> Adherents claim that Buddhism is a very practical [[philosophy]], which teaches us to focus our attention on personal experience, to determine what is the cause of our discontents (&quot;dukkha&quot;) and to find a way to liberate ourselves from these, all the while expressing &quot;metta&quot;, which is universal, unconditional love, and &quot;karuna&quot;, which roughly translates to &quot;compassion&quot;, towards others. These teachings are encapsulated in the [[Four Noble Truths]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.parami.org/buddhistanswers/four_noble_truths.htm Four Noble Truths]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> Buddhism is commonly held to be a relatively peaceful religion, due to its less &quot;absolutist&quot; view of morality and the fluid nature of thought that encouraged not just acceptance of other faiths and ideas, but also examination of those ideas and, if necessary, applying them to one's life. This also allows people to follow Buddhism as a philosophy, and Islam, Judaism or Christianity as a faith, without contradicting any principles of either following.&lt;ref&gt;http://buddhism.about.com/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It should be noted that the ideals of tolerance and introspection among the Buddhist faithful were often ignored by the leaders of Buddhist nations (much like the leaders of most other nations often disobeyed their own religions' fundamental laws in the interest of what was practical) &lt;ref&gt;http://buddhism.about.com/&lt;/ref&gt; and persecution of Christians in predominantly Buddhist nations does occur today.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.persecution.org/whitepapers/vietnam-2002-03.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.christianpersecution.info/news/new-evidence-of-religious-persecution-in-vietnam-despite-release-prisoner/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://persecution.org/Countries/laos.html&lt;/ref&gt; It is important to note here that the beliefs of the populace and those of the leadership do not necessarily always coincide (ref. Israel under Roman control). It is important to note that only around 55% of Vietnam is Buddhist (see below), and that Buddhist monks took an active role in protesting the corrupt Diem regime and the Vietnam War.<br /> <br /> ==Extreme Misunderstanding of Buddhism by Liberals==<br /> Many of what [[liberals]] mistakenly believe to be Buddhism's &quot;tenets&quot; might be considered to promote a 'liberal' lifestyle: [[vegetarianism]], absolute [[pacifism]] (a gross misunderstanding by liberals), [[tolerance]], lack of condemnation of homosexuality (an entirely ignorant liberal misunderstanding of Buddhism), [[agnosticism]], etc. <br /> <br /> However, if one reads the Buddhist [[Sutra]] scriptures and both modern and ancient [[Exegesis|Shastra]] commentaries you will find explicit condemnation of [[homosexuality]], no mention of agnosticism, nor a denying of [[God]] or a &quot;Supreme Being&quot;. One will not find an absolute pacifism in the Mahayana Sutras but a nuanced expedient understanding of when [[violence]], even with [[weapon]]s, is permissible for both [[self defense]] and national defense during times of [[war]] or to prevent evil such as [[genocide]] from being perpetrated by a [[dictator]] such as [[Stalin]] or [[Mao]]. In particular, perverted alterations of Buddhism have been used in the [[atheism|atheistic]] American [[New Age]] movement. [[Liberals]], in keeping with [[relativism]] (particularly [[moral relativism]]) have been known to pick and choose which aspects of Buddhism to follow, while openly breaking other Buddhist teachings, like those forbidding [[alcohol]], [[drug abuse|drug use]] and sexual [[promiscuity]] (see [[Five Precepts]]).<br /> <br /> ==The Eightfold Path==<br /> The [[Noble Eightfold Path]] is a teaching in Buddhism used to enlighten the individual, helping them to see the ultimate truth behind things like greed, suffering, and hatred.<br /> :* Right View - Is the way of looking at the world as it really is, to understand how it really works. <br /> :* Right Intention - The purging of qualities the person knows to be wrong or immoral from themselves. Right View helps to identify which intentions are good and which are not. Exemplified by a commitment to nonviolence against other living beings.<br /> :* Right Speech - Instructs the practitioner of Buddhism in how to speak to others. Emphasizes telling the truth, avoiding gossip and idle chatter, and speaking in a polite, pacifying manner. This path also scorns against hateful, divisive speech.<br /> :* Right Action - This path instructs the practitioner in how to act in a morally upright manner, abstaining from violence, stealing, taking a life, and sexual misconduct.<br /> :* Right Livelihood - This instructs the practitioner to not engage in trades which, either directly or indirectly, result in harm to another living thing. These include arms dealing, human trade, working with animals raised to be slaughtered, or selling alcohol or drugs.<br /> :* Right effort - This is the teaching of ridding oneself of all harmful thought, words, and deeds, and prevent new ones from emerging.<br /> :* Right Mindfulness - This teaches the practitioner to be focused on their own mind and aware or changes and phenomena affecting them, never to act or speak in error due to inattention or forgetfulness.<br /> :* Right Concentration - This path teaches the practitioner how to [[meditation|meditate]], calming the body and mind through measured or conscious [[breathing]] and repetition of a word or phrase such as a [[mantra]] or [[prayer]]. Using this practice allows the person to focus on what they have learned, and through dwelling on those teachings, gain knowledge of the world around them. <br /> <br /> ==Buddhism in Antiquity==<br /> Buddhism has been an important part of the culture in many eastern countries, such as [[Cambodia]], [[Thailand]], and [[India]]. It has endured active persecution when conflicting with older beliefs such as [[Hinduism]], and led in many countries to the rise of Buddhist warrior-dissidents, as well as such interesting anomalies as ''shinshi'' (transliterated from the Khmer), a form of torture wherein strips of flesh are removed slowly from the forehead.&lt;ref&gt;Schlesinger, Robert. ''Schlesinger's History of the East'', 2nd ed. New York: Camport &amp; Sons, 1986.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Branches of Buddhism==<br /> Like many other religions of the world, Buddhism has developed into numerous branches and variation on the themes taught by the Buddha. While it would be impossible to give a truly succinct description of every permutation, the schools of thought encompassing Buddhism are generally broken into three major divisions, discussed briefly below.<br /> <br /> '''Theravada'''<br /> <br /> Therevaden Buddhism, sometimes derisively known as Hinayana (lesser vehicle) by some Mahayana Buddhist practitioners, is what can be described as the earliest advent of Buddhism and the closest to the original philosophy founded by the Buddha and is regarded by practitioners as the more conservative of the three divisions. <br /> <br /> Central to the Theravadan school of thought is the notion of Vibhajjavada&lt;ref&gt;http://palikanon.com/english/wtb/u_v/vibhajja_vaada.htm&lt;/ref&gt; or Teaching of Analysis. This notion holds that true insight for a student comes from a combination of critical reasoning and non-reliance on blind faith, though the teachings and writings of one's elders should be considered.<br /> <br /> Furthermore, Theravada teaches that enlightenment is not attainable in a single lifetime, nor should it be thought to be. Instead, one must break free of their worldly fetters (hatred, lust, shame) before being reborn and continuing on the path to eventual enlightenment.<br /> <br /> Theravadan Buddhism's main text can be considered the Pali Cannon, though a wealth of scripture, sutras and treatises have arisen and shall continue to be written as the philosophy continues to diversify.<br /> <br /> '''[[Mahayana]]'''<br /> <br /> Mahayana Buddhism, literally &quot;Great Vehicle,&quot; is one of the other main branches of Buddhism and is popular in East Asian countries such as [[China]], [[Korea]], [[Japan]], [[Vietnam]] and [[Tibet]]. Whereas Theravada Buddhism focuses on individual enlightenment, Mahayana is Buddhism for the masses. Indeed, it is often called Buddhism for the masses. Furthermore, Mahayana holds [[Bodhivisattva]]s in esteem. To put an analogy to it, Bodhivisattvas are similar to [[saint]]s, preachers, or even teachers in Christianity. Bodhivisattvas are enlightened ones who choose to remain in the cycle of [[samsara]] for the hope of helping others towards enlightenment. [[Guanyin]] (or Avalokiteshvara in Sanskrit) is the most famous of these Bodhivisattvas.<br /> <br /> Adherents of this branch of Buddhism believe in improving both their own consciousness and the world. They acknowledge that this approach would slow down the goal of overcoming suffering and have adopted &quot;We should reach Nirvana as the last ones&quot; as their Bodhisattva vow.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.cs.ru.nl/~henk/BP/bp1.html#SECTION00022000000000000000&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Buddhism Today==<br /> [[Image:China B.jpg|right]]<br /> Buddhism is currently the majority religion in the following states:<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |'''Country'''<br /> |'''Percent'''<br /> |-<br /> |[[Thailand]]<br /> |95% <br /> |-<br /> |[[Cambodia]]<br /> |90 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Myanmar]]<br /> |88<br /> |-<br /> |[[Bhutan]]<br /> |75 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Sri Lanka]]<br /> |70 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Tibet]]*<br /> |65 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Laos]]<br /> |60<br /> |-<br /> |[[Vietnam]]<br /> |55 <br /> |-<br /> |[[Japan]]**<br /> |50<br /> <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[China]]: Is the country with the most Buddhists, with an estimated 100 million adherents. <br /> <br /> &lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Tibet is an estimate, as there has never been a reliable survey. Furthermore, for the [[Chinese]] [[Communist]]s it is debatable whether Tibet should be considered an independent nation.<br /> <br /> &lt;nowiki&gt;**&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Japan]] is an &quot;odd&quot; case, as surveys of adherence are conducted rather differently. Firstly it is debatable at what point various Japanese beliefs shift from being traditions to being religions. This is indicated by the fact that &quot;85% of Japanese claim Buddhism as their preferred religion&quot;, yet &quot;75% percent claim to practice and believe in no religion&quot;—a more accurate estimate may be 20%.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_buddhist.html The Largest Buddhist Communities]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Image:Obon.jpg|thumb|Obon remains one of the most important Buddhist observances]]<br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;<br /> The Obon Festival is one of Japan’s oldest Buddhist celebrations; it marks the time that it’s believed the spirits of dead ancestors return to the Earth. The gathering included the Bon Odori dance, which remembers Japanese ancestors by imitating motions of picking cherries and mining coal. [http://www.culturesdiary.com/]<br /> &lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> {{Clear}}<br /> <br /> ==Buddhism and abortion==<br /> Buddhists believe that causing death is morally wrong. Traditional Buddhists are opposing abortion because it involves the deliberate destroying of a life. Numerous Buddhist [[Sutra]] [[scripture]]s, such as the ''Shurangama Sutra'' assert that [[life]] begins at [[conception]] and that is when the &quot;[[soul]]&quot; (&quot;vijnana&quot;) enters the body of the [[fetus]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/buddhism/buddhistethics/abortion.shtml&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;References/&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Kamakura]]<br /> * [[Nara]]<br /> * [[Oriental art]]<br /> ----<br /> {{Buddhist topics}}<br /> ----<br /> {{Indian philosophy topics}}<br /> <br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *[http://wri.leaderu.com/wri-table2/buddhism.html#intro Buddhism]<br /> *[http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ Access to Insight: Readings in Theravada Buddhism]<br /> *[http://www.kalachakranet.org/buddhism/history_japanese_buddhism.htm History of Japanese Buddhism]<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> [[File:Buddhism1.jpg|thumb|200px]]<br /> * Chodron, Thubten. ''Buddhism for Beginners'' (2001) [http://www.amazon.com/Buddhism-Beginners-Thubten-Chodron/dp/1559391537/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1262317083&amp;sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]<br /> * Harding, John S. et al., eds. ''Wild Geese: Buddhism in Canada'' (2010)<br /> * Landaw, Jonathan, and Stephan Bodian. ''Buddhism For Dummies'' (2002) [http://www.amazon.com/Buddhism-Dummies-Religion-Spirituality/dp/0764553593/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1262317083&amp;sr=1-5 excerpt and text search]<br /> * Rahula, Walpola. ''What the Buddha Taught: Revised and Expanded Edition with Texts from Suttas and Dhammapada''. Grove, 1994.<br /> * Rapaport, Al, and Brian Hotchkiss. ''Buddhism in America'' (1998) [http://www.amazon.com/Buddhism-America-Al-Rapaport/dp/0804831521/ref=sr_1_10?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1262316921&amp;sr=1-10 excerpt and text search]<br /> * Seager, Richard Hughes. ''Buddhism in America'' (2000) [http://www.amazon.com/Buddhism-America-Richard-Hughes-Seager/dp/0231108699/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1262316921&amp;sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Buddhism]]<br /> [[Category:Meditation]]<br /> [[Category:Yoga]]<br /> [[Category:Dharmic Religions]]<br /> [[Category:Religion]]<br /> [[Category:Philosophy]]<br /> {{Buddhist topics}}</div>

Neekaro Suaves https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Bible&diff=1432611 2018-07-10T21:29:47Z

<p>Neekaro Suaves: PUSSY PUSSY PUSSY MARIJUANA</p> <hr /> <div>[[Image:800px-Crop Book of Isaiah 2006-06-06.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The Holy Bible, opened to the Book of Isaiah.]]<br /> {{Bible}}<br /> <br /> The '''Bible''' is the most il[[logic]]al, RETARDED, AND FUCKING STUPID collection of [[book]]s and [[letter]]s ever written.</div>

Neekaro Suaves https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Marijuana&diff=1432609 2018-07-10T21:28:42Z

<p>Neekaro Suaves: PUSSY PUSSY PUSSY MARIJUANA</p> <hr /> <div>PUSSY PUSSY PUSSY MARIJUANA<br /> PUSSY PUSSY PUSSY MARIJUANA<br /> PUSSY PUSSY PUSSY MARIJUANA<br /> PUSSY PUSSY PUSSY MARIJUANA<br /> PUSSY PUSSY PUSSY MARIJUANA<br /> PUSSY PUSSY PUSSY MARIJUANA<br /> PUSSY PUSSY PUSSY MARIJUANA<br /> PUSSY PUSSY PUSSY MARIJUANA<br /> PUSSY PUSSY PUSSY MARIJUANA<br /> PUSSY PUSSY PUSSY MARIJUANA<br /> PUSSY PUSSY PUSSY MARIJUANA<br /> PUSSY PUSSY PUSSY MARIJUANA<br /> PUSSY PUSSY PUSSY MARIJUANA<br /> PUSSY PUSSY PUSSY MARIJUANA<br /> PUSSY PUSSY PUSSY MARIJUANA<br /> PUSSY PUSSY PUSSY MARIJUANA<br /> PUSSY PUSSY PUSSY MARIJUANA<br /> PUSSY PUSSY PUSSY MARIJUANA<br /> PUSSY PUSSY PUSSY MARIJUANA<br /> PUSSY PUSSY PUSSY MARIJUANA<br /> PUSSY PUSSY PUSSY MARIJUANA<br /> PUSSY PUSSY PUSSY MARIJUANA<br /> PUSSY PUSSY PUSSY MARIJUANA<br /> PUSSY PUSSY PUSSY MARIJUANA<br /> PUSSY PUSSY PUSSY MARIJUANA<br /> PUSSY PUSSY PUSSY MARIJUANA<br /> PUSSY PUSSY PUSSY MARIJUANA<br /> PUSSY PUSSY PUSSY MARIJUANA<br /> PUSSY PUSSY PUSSY MARIJUANA<br /> PUSSY PUSSY PUSSY MARIJUANA<br /> PUSSY PUSSY PUSSY MARIJUANA<br /> PUSSY PUSSY PUSSY MARIJUANA<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Image:Marijuana.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Indoor Marijuana Grow (DEA photo)]]<br /> '''Marijuana''' (colloquially known as &quot;weed&quot; or &quot;pot&quot; or &quot;dope&quot; or &quot;reefer&quot;) is the name given to the flowering buds of the ''Cannabis'' genus of plant, divided into the species ''Sativa, Indica'' and ''Ruderalis'', prepared for human consumption. The main psychoactive ingredient in marijuana is [[tetrahydrocannabinol|THC]], or delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, an [[organic chemistry|organic chemical]] compound which imitates natural cannabinoids produced in the human body. Because THC is considered harmful, marijuana is generally illegal to possess, cultivate and sell in most countries, although it is legal in some [[liberal]] states.&lt;ref&gt;The sale of marijuana is illegal virtually everywhere in the world (other than Uruguay, and as of mid-2018 Canada), and results in long prison sentences in many places. In Portugal, Argentina, California and South Australia, the use (rather than the sale) of small quantities of marijuana is allowed.&lt;/ref&gt; In some extremely liberal jurisdictions, you can even buy it in a vending machine.&lt;ref&gt;E.g. [[Seattle]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''''Marijuana is a highly addictive drug that causes short-term memory loss, malaise, psychosis in predisposed individuals, violence and violent fits, as well as impairment of physical and mental functioning'''''. Marijuana use may contribute to a rise in brain tumors. While some pretend that cannabis has &quot;medicinal&quot; benefits (see [[Medical marijuana]]), many scientists debunk that fiction and observe that there are numerous federally approved medicines for the diseases that &quot;medicinal&quot; marijuana has been used to treat. Marijuana consumption impairs one's ability to drive, thereby creating enormous hazards on the road.<br /> <br /> As of early 2018, only one country has legalized recreational use of marijuana, as in 2013 socialist Uruguay legalized the drug. Canada, under Trudeau's Liberal Party, anticipates legalizing marijuana in mid-2018. In the United States, nine states have &quot;legalized&quot; the recreational use of marijuana: Alaska, California, Colorado, Oregon, Massachusetts, Maine, Nevada, Vermont and Washington, along with Washington D.C., but not all allow sales of marijuana. All but three conservative states have either decriminalized marijuana or allowed limited medical usage for specific medical conditions. However, due to the Supremacy Clause, federal law, under which marijuana is illegal, overrules those states which have legalized or decriminalized, so their &quot;legalization&quot; is only de facto effective to the degree to which the federal government refrains from enforcing federal law.<br /> <br /> ==Legal History==<br /> ===United States===<br /> Marijuana was first restricted in the United States on the federal level in 1937, with [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]]'s signing of the 1937 Marihuana Tax Act.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kidd1970&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Jeannette Kidd|title=Marihuana Tax Act of 1937: Its Causes and Effects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DStZAAAAMAAJ|year=1970|publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; From 1973 to 1978, several US states &quot;decriminalized&quot; marijuana, meaning that they would not enforce state laws against minor marijuana use and possession. This began with Oregon, and was joined with Alaska, California, Minnesota, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Nebraska.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dufton2017&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Emily Dufton|title=Grass Roots: The Rise and Fall and Rise of Marijuana in America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qo6YDgAAQBAJ|date=5 December 2017|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-09617-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1996 in California, a voter referendum legalized the use of marijuana for medical usages, allowing it to be used for any condition for which a patient presented a doctor's recommendation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Balzar|first1=John|title=Voters Approve Measure to Use Pot as Medicine|url=http://articles.latimes.com/print/1996-11-06/news/mn-62740_1_voters-approve-measure|accessdate=February 9, 2018|work=Los Angeles Times|date=November 6, 1996}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Arizona]] also passed a medical cannabis ballot measure, but it was rendered ineffective on a technicality.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|title=State-By-State Medical Marijuana Laws|url=https://www.mpp.org/issues/medical-marijuana/state-by-state-medical-marijuana-laws/state-by-state-medical-marijuana-laws-report/|publisher=Marijuana Policy Project|date=December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other states followed, and in 2014 Utah became the first state to legalize only some derivatives of marijuana, not the full drug itself.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=First-of-its-kind medical marijuana law signed in Utah|url=https://www.rt.com/usa/utah-charlees-law-marijuana-409/|accessdate=February 10, 2018|work=RT|date=March 26, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2012, Washington and Colorado &quot;legalized&quot; recreational marijuana by voter initiative;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2012/11/07/psychological-impact-legalizing-marijuana.html&lt;/ref&gt; by early 2018 the number of recreational legal states reached nine with the addition of Vermont.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.reuters.com/article/us-vermont-marijuana/vermont-senate-passes-bill-to-legalize-marijuana-use-idUSKBN1EZ2KS&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Marijuana is a [[Schedule I]] [[Controlled Substance]] in the United States of America, meaning that it is illegal under federal law of the United States, and considered to have no redeemable medical value. According to the FBI, in 2012, there were 658,000 arrests for marijuana possession compared with 256,000 for cocaine, heroin and their derivatives.&lt;ref name=nyt&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/07/27/opinion/sunday/high-time-marijuana-legalization.html?_r=0|title=Repeal Prohibition, Again|work=New York Times|date=July 26, 2014|accessdate=July 27, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Many liberals have advocated for decriminalization, including National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws, Marijuana Policy Project, and Law Enforcement Against Prohibition.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.leap.cc Law Enforcement Against Prohibition]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.lp.org/issues/lp-oss.shtml&lt;/ref&gt; On July 26, 2014, the ''New York Times'' published an editorial calling for removing federal controls over marijuana for people 21 and older, leaving the question to individual states.&lt;ref name=nyt/&gt; Many [[American]] [[conservative]]s, especially social conservatives, oppose legalization of marijuana in any form due to its perceived harmful medical and psychological effects and its likelihood of harm to third parties due to drug-related crime and reckless driving. A few libertarian-leaning conservatives, most notably [[Ron Paul]], [[William F. Buckley]], and [[Larry Elder]], have advocated the decriminalization of this drug. Some [[liberal]]s support legalization, but most instead advocate for drug treatment and rehabilitation. [[Libertarian]]s are usually the biggest supporters of marijuana legalization. [[Gary Johnson]], a former Republican and 2012 Libertarian Party Presidential candidate for President, is the highest ranking US politician to advocate for marijuana legalization. He was a two-term Governor of [[New Mexico]].<br /> <br /> Legalization on a Federal level is virtually impossible, since the United States was a major leader in the international treaty known as the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs&lt;ref&gt;[url=https://www.unodc.org/pdf/convention_1961_en.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt; of 1970. Said treaty is defined by the Constitution as carrying equal weight to an Amendment to the Constitution; therefore, the only way marijuana could ever be legal on a Federal level is if we withdrew from a treaty of our own creation as a prerequisite to legalization.<br /> <br /> ===Overseas===<br /> The [[Netherlands]] decriminalized the use of marijuana in 1976. As a result, marijuana use among the 18-25 age group doubled, however, despite its availability, marijuana use in the Netherlands is lower than the European average. The Netherlands also saw an influx of &quot;drug tourists&quot; and other undesirables, as well as an increase in crime. This has since levelled out, leaving the Netherlands with one of the lowest crime rates in Europe. <br /> <br /> In several countries, particularly in [[Western Europe]], cannabis use has been decriminalized. However, in many other countries, particularly those in the Middle East and Asia, possession of even small amounts of cannabis can be punishable by death.<br /> <br /> In 2013, Uruguay initiated nationwide legalization of recreational marijuana, becoming the first developed nation to do so in the modern era.&lt;ref name=&quot;FijnautRuyver2015&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Cyrille J.C.F. Fijnaut|author2=Brice de Ruyver|title=The Third Way: A Plea for a Balanced Cannabis Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCdACgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA57|date=24 July 2015|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-29319-9|pages=57–}}&lt;/ref&gt; Canada plans to legalize recreational cannabis in mid-2018.<br /> <br /> ==Adverse effects==<br /> [[File:Brain abnormalities of marijuana user.jpg|thumbnail|Areas of the brain negatively effected by THC]]<br /> Marijuana contains many of the same carcinogens as tobacco, and some research suggests that when smoked, it shares the same risk of lung cancer&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090615095940.htm Science Daily 6/9/2009]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!--however, subsequent research has debunked these claims.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.livescience.com/42738-marijuana-vs-alcohol-health-effects.html|title=Marijuana vs. Alcohol: Which Is Really Worse for Your Health?|newspaper=Live Science|access-date=February 17, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Further, these effects have not been linked directly to alternate methods of marijuana use. Marijuana use can impair short term memory while intoxicated. THC has slight negative affects on long term memory and thus, in chronic users&lt;ref name=&quot;AskMen: Benefits of Marijuana&quot;&gt;[http://www.askmen.com/sports/health/20_mens_health.html AskMen: Benefits of Marijuana]&lt;/ref&gt; complications with long term memory are a risk.--&gt; If smoked, marijuana also leads to a temporary increase in heart rate and blood pressure resulting is a slight increase in the risk for heart related problems including heart attack.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.askmen.com/sports/health/20_mens_health.html AskMen: Benefits of Marijuana]&lt;/ref&gt; Chronic smokers often suffer from mild withdrawal symptoms, however marijuana is not believed to be physically addictive.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-teenage-mind/201012/is-marijuana-addictive Psychology Today: Is Marijuana Addictive?]&lt;/ref&gt; Marijuana can impair judgment, motor skills, and balance.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.acde.org/common/Marijana.htm]&lt;/ref&gt; Prenatal exposure to marijuana has also been linked to impaired learning and developmental disability in children.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nature.com/npp/journal/v31/n10/full/1301068a.html Neuropsycopharmacology: High-Potency Marijuana Impairs Executive Function and Inhibitory Motor Control]&lt;/ref&gt; If marijuana is consumed heavily and on a daily basis by children around the age of 12 for a period of years, even liberal scientists have been forced to conclude that humans have a 1/4th random chance of developing psychosis, based on a random genetic trait.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/schizophrenia/cannabis-psychosis-link] The Cannabis-Psychosis Link&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Crime===<br /> The [[liberal media]] typically downplay or completely ignore the role of marijuana in [[Young mass murderers|mass killings]], horrific accidents, and other types of harm to innocent people victimized by users of the drug. For example, authorities conceal from the public how much marijuana was in the system of &quot;College Weed Dealer&quot; [[Young Mass Murderers|Dzhokhar Tsarnaev]] when he went on his killing rampage.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.theatlanticwire.com/national/2013/04/dzhokhar-tsarnaev-dealing-drugs/64529/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://canadafreepress.com/article/can-marijuana-fuel-jihad|title=Can Marijuana Fuel Jihad?|last=Kincaid|first=Cliff|date=|newspaper=Canada Free Press|access-date=February 17, 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|work=|language=en|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Rolling Stone'' magazine, which has often featured musicians who abuse drugs, put Dzhokhar Tsarnaev on its July 13, 2013 cover. The magazine's article described him as &quot;a dedicated pot smoker&quot; and local dealer who &quot;always had big Tupperware containers of weed in his fridge.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/jahars-world-20130717|title=Jahar: The Making of a Monster|last=Reitman|first=Janet|date=July 17, 2013|newspaper=Rolling Stone|access-date=February 17, 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|work=|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Medical benefits==<br /> Advocates of marijuana claim that the active ingredient in marijuana, [[Tetrahydrocannabinol|THC]], has been shown to produce some short-term psychological and medicinal &quot;benefits&quot;, which are probably more than offset by the medical harm. For example, Harvard University conducted a study on the effect of Δ-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol on certain lung cancers, claiming that THC might help reduce a lung cancer tumor size by as much as half.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/04/070417193338.htm Science Daily 4/7/2007]&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to a significant reduction in tumor size, there was a reduction in lesions on the lungs by 60%, and a reduction in protein markers associated with the progression of cancer.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/04/070417193338.htm Science Daily 4/17/2007]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Marijuana is used to relieve symptoms experienced by patients afflicted with [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis|ALS]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://ajh.sagepub.com/content/18/4/264.short American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Marijuana is an [[antispasmodic]] and [[anticonvulsant]] is used in the treatment of seizures.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=9586&amp;page=106 National Academies Press: Marijuana and muscle spasticity]&lt;/ref&gt; Marijuana is also used in the treatment of migraines, arthritis,&lt;ref&gt;[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.1780090304/abstract Online Library: Treatment of adjuvant arthritis in rats with anti-inflammatory drugs]&lt;/ref&gt; depression,&lt;ref name=&quot;interestingfacts.org&quot;&gt;[http://www.interestingfacts.org/fact/facts-about-marijuana Interesting Facts: Facts about marijuana]&lt;/ref&gt; and glaucoma. However the effect of marijuana on intraocular pressure (IOC) is not as effective as those offered by other drugs on the market.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nei.nih.gov/news/statements/marij.asp National Eye Institue: Glaucoma and Marijuana use]&lt;/ref&gt; In states where marijuana is legal (either completely or via medication), parents of young children have been known to seek out strains that are high in Cannabidiol (CBD) and low in THC; Cannabidiol is known to counteract the &quot;high&quot; of THC, and is believed to be the cause of the anti-seizure effects when consumed.<br /> <br /> There have not been many in-depth and widely distributed studies into the possible medicinal effects of marijuana. However, with pressure from [[liberal]] &lt;!--and [[conservative]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.sacbee.com/news/state/california/california-weed/article60280481.html|title=Orange County conservative a hero for marijuana advocates|last=Hecht|first=Peter|date=February 13, 2016|newspaper=Sacramento Bee|access-date=February 17, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://theestablishment.co/meet-the-right-wing-women-fighting-for-marijuana-reform-e6789ec8569b#.n27d1opva|title=Meet The Right-Wing Women Fighting For Marijuana Reform|last=McBride|first=Hannah|date=April 29, 2016|newspaper=The Establishment|access-date=February 17, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; advocates of marijuana, more accredited institutions are conducting research on the drug.<br /> <br /> Despite state legality, physicians are reluctant to prescribe medicinal marijuana fearing it may jeopardize their DEA license to prescribe controlled substances.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/810356|title=Medical Marijuana: The Imperative of Educating Physicians|last=Schatman|first=Michael|date=September 6, 2013|website=Medscape|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Medicinal marijuana is used by physicians as a last-resort in states where it is legal or semi-legal (under state law), but also misused by people who simply want to get high. Medicinal marijuana, however well-intentioned and beneficial, will also lead to abuses in that system.<br /> <br /> ===Marinol===<br /> ''Marinol'' (a brand formulation of dronabinol)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.drugscience.org/Archive/bcr3/n3_Marinol.html|title=The Bulletin of Cannabis Reform|website=www.drugscience.org|access-date=2017-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a schedule III controlled substance, approved for relief of nausea and vomiting in persons undergoing cancer chemotherapy and to improve appetite in persons with AIDS. It is dispensed in gelatin capsules containing synthetic Δ-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol dissolved in sesame oil. Liberals advocating &quot;medicinal&quot; marijuana do their best to ignore this drug. A 1998 survey of physicians, addiction specialists and police demonstrated no evidence or concern about the abuse, dependence or diversion of Marinol.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Calhoun|first=S. R.|last2=Galloway|first2=G. P.|last3=Smith|first3=D. E.|date=1998-04-01|title=Abuse potential of dronabinol (Marinol)|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=9692381|journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs|volume=30|issue=2|pages=187–196|doi=10.1080/02791072.1998.10399689|issn=0279-1072|pmid=9692381}}&lt;/ref&gt; About this time, the DEA moved the drug from schedule II to the less restrictive schedule III.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/fed_regs/rules/1998/fr1105.htm|title=Proposed Rules - 1998 - Schedules of Controlled Substances: Rescheduling of Synthetic Dronabinol (Martinol®; (-)-Δ9-(trans)-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Sesame oil and Encapsulated in Soft Gelatin Capsules) From Schedule II to Schedule III.|website=www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov|language=en-US|access-date=2017-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Interesting Facts==<br /> *[[Carl Sagan]] used recreational marijuana to help &quot;open his mind&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://boingboing.net/2009/10/07/carl-sagan-spaced-ou.html Boing Boing: Carl Sagan Spaced Out]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Cannabis was first cultivated in China around 4000 B.C.&lt;ref name=&quot;interestingfacts.org&quot;/&gt;<br /> *U.S. [[Declaration of Independence]] was not written on hemp paper, despite popular belief by liberals.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.usconstitution.net/constfaq_q145.html Constitutional FAQ Answer #145 - U.S. Constitution Online]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[George Washington]] grew marijuana.&lt;ref&gt;[http://usgovinfo.about.com/od/thepresidentandcabinet/a/gwtheman.htm The President and the Cabinet: George Washington the Man]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *An average human will pass out after consuming 1/14 of the LD-50 of weed, which is why no overdoses have ever been reported. Driving while high, however, is extremely dangerous.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/drugged-driving]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Barack Hussein Obama|Barack Obama]] has admitted to use of marijuana. Former President [[Bill Clinton]] has also admitted to smoking marijuana, but claims that he &quot;did not inhale&quot;. Former President [[George W. Bush]] privately admitted to smoking marijuana, but stated he wouldn't state it publicly &quot;'Cause I don't want some little kid doing what I tried.&quot;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:Drugs]]<br /> [[Category:Illegal Substances]]<br /> [[Category:Illegal Drugs]]<br /> [[Category:Hollywood Values]]</div>

Neekaro Suaves https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Template:Bias_in_wikipedia&diff=1432608 2018-07-10T21:27:07Z

<p>Neekaro Suaves: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Navbox<br /> |name=Bias in wikipedia<br /> |basestyle=font-size: 95%; background-color:DarkRed;<br /> |title=[[Examples of Bias in Wikipedia| &lt;span style=&quot;color:white&quot;&gt;Examples of Bias in Wikipedia&lt;/span&gt; ]]<br /> <br /> |group1style=font-size: 85%; background-color:#faecc8;<br /> |group1=&lt;span style=&quot;color:#8B4513&quot;&gt;Examples by category:&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |list1style=font-size: 85%; background-color:white;<br /> |list1=FUCK NIGGERS ALLAHU AKBAR<br /> }}</div>

Neekaro Suaves https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Flat_Earth&diff=1432606 2018-07-10T21:26:22Z

<p>Neekaro Suaves: </p> <hr /> <div>THE FLAT EARTH IS FUCKING STUPID JUST LIKE CONSERVAPEDIA<br /> <br /> HAHAHAHAAHAHAHAHAHAHA<br /> <br /> FUCK SHIT CUNT BALLS<br /> <br /> The [[ancient Greece|ancient Greeks]] knew that the Earth was spherical. [[Aristotle]] gave some convincing arguments for the spherical Earth, including ships sailing over the horizon. When ships sail away over the horizon the mast disappears after the lower part of the ship has disappeared. Similarly the mast appears before the lower part of the ship when a ship sails towards us over the horizon. This is consistent with the Earth being spherical. During [[lunar eclipse]]s the Earth's shadow is always round. Eratosthenes used [[geometry]] and a hired pace man to estimate its circumference to within a few percent.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Eratosthenes concluded the Earth to be 40,000 kilometers in circumference, or approximately 25,000 miles. Within a few percentage points, this is correct..&quot; The Sum of Existence, by A.R. Barnes, Jr.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Medieval [[Europe]]ans knew this, and had correctly warned [[Christopher Columbus]] that he would never get to India with his limited supplies. Columbus relied on a fallacious argument that the Earth was much smaller than the Greeks estimated.<br /> <br /> Some writers have presented the mistaken idea that medieval Europeans used a literal reading of the Bible to conclude that the [[Earth]] was flat.&lt;ref&gt;'In the time of Columbus, did educated Christians believe the earth was flat? The correct answer is NO, but most modern people will say YES. Why? This wrong idea is due to a fascinating abuse of history that began around 1830 when two writers (a sloppy novelist and an atheist scholar) invented a false story about &quot;belief in a flat earth&quot; that, in the 1870s, was popularized by Draper.' [http://www.asa3.org/ASA/education/origins/twobooks.htm (Craig Rusbult)]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> They supposedly tried to convince [[Christopher Columbus]] that he would fall off the edge of the Earth, the story goes, but Columbus discovered America and [[Ferdinand Magellan]] proved that the Earth was round.&lt;ref&gt;Saying &quot;to the ends of the earth&quot;, &quot;the four corners of the world&quot; or &quot;the sun sank into the sea&quot; does not make you a flat Earther.[http://www.bede.org.uk/flatearth.htm The Myth of the Flat Earth] (Bede's Library)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Flat Earth theory was mostly invented and promoted by evolutionists for the purpose of slandering Christians.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The flat earth remained clearly in the realm of fiction until after Darwin published his Origin of Species in 1859. Two of Darwin’s followers then elevated it to a historical claim in books defending Darwinism and attacking Christianity: John Draper’s The History of the Conflict Between Religion and Science (1874), and Andrew Dickson White’s A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom (1896).&lt;br /&gt;So defenders of Darwinism who ridicule their critics for being like believers in a flat earth are being misled by a myth that Darwinists themselves helped to create.&quot;[http://www.uncommondescent.com/darwinism/the-flat-earth-myth/]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Christianity did not invent or promote the myth of the flat Earth.&quot; [http://www.christiananswers.net/q-aig/aig-c034.html Who invented the flat Earth?] (ChristianAnswers.net)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;'The reason for promoting both the specific lie about the sphericity of the earth and the general lie that [[religion and science]] are in natural and eternal conflict in Western society, is to defend [[Darwinism]]. The answer is really only slightly more complicated than that bald statement. The flat-earth lie was ammunition against the creationists. The argument was simple and powerful, if not elegant: &quot;Look how stupid these Christians are. They are always getting in the way of science and progress. These people who deny evolution today are exactly the same sort of people as those idiots who for at least a thousand years denied that the earth was round. How stupid can you get?&quot;'[http://www.veritas-ucsb.org/library/russell/FlatEarth.html The Myth of the Flat Earth], by Jeffrey Burton Russell.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Problems with the Model==<br /> *Greatly distorted flight distances and times.&lt;ref&gt;Robert Carter, &quot;A direct test of the flat earth model: flight times,&quot; Creation Ministries International, [http://creation.com/a-direct-test-of-the-flat-earth-model-flight-times]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *The shadow of the Earth on the moon.&lt;ref name=&quot;CarterSarfati&quot;&gt;Robert Carter and Jonathan Sarfati, &quot;Refuting flat earth,&quot; Creation Ministries International, [http://creation.com/refuting-flat-earth]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Things disappearing over the horizon.&lt;ref name=&quot;CarterSarfati&quot;/&gt;<br /> *Parallax problems with the Sun.&lt;ref name=&quot;CarterSarfati&quot;/&gt;<br /> *Time zones.&lt;ref name=&quot;CarterSarfati&quot;/&gt;<br /> *Different stars can only be seen from certain places.&lt;ref name=&quot;CarterSarfati&quot;/&gt;<br /> *The missing South Pole.&lt;ref name=&quot;CarterSarfati&quot;/&gt;<br /> *Circumnavigation of the Globe.&lt;ref name=&quot;CarterSarfati&quot;/&gt;<br /> *Astronauts seeing the Earth from space.&lt;ref&gt;NASA, [https://www.nasa.gov/]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> *[[Cosmology]]<br /> *[[History of geography]]<br /> *[[Flat Earth Myth]]<br /> *[[International Flat Earth Society]]<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> <br /> *[http://www.sterlinghousepublisher.com/newsite/content/process/showbook.php?book_id=58 The Sum of Existence], by A.R. Barnes, Jr. - contains an account of how Eratosthenes estimated the [[circumference of the Earth]].<br /> *[http://www.lawrencehallofscience.org/pass/passv10/flat-earth.html Flattening the Earth] Sep-Oct 2002, Mercury Magazine, pp.&amp;nbsp;34–38. by Jeffrey Burton Russell<br /> *[http://creation.com/refuting-flat-earth Refuting flat earth] by Robert Carter and Jonathan Sarfati, Creation Ministries International<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> [[Category:Theories]]<br /> [[Category:Astronomy]]<br /> [[Category:Cartography]]<br /> [[Category:Geography]]</div>

Neekaro Suaves https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Flat_Earth&diff=1432605 2018-07-10T21:26:01Z

<p>Neekaro Suaves: eroeeeeeeeeee</p> <hr /> <div>THE FLAT EARTH IS FUCKING STUPID<br /> <br /> HAHAHAHAAHAHAHAHAHAHA<br /> <br /> FUCK SHIT CUNT BALLS<br /> <br /> The [[ancient Greece|ancient Greeks]] knew that the Earth was spherical. [[Aristotle]] gave some convincing arguments for the spherical Earth, including ships sailing over the horizon. When ships sail away over the horizon the mast disappears after the lower part of the ship has disappeared. Similarly the mast appears before the lower part of the ship when a ship sails towards us over the horizon. This is consistent with the Earth being spherical. During [[lunar eclipse]]s the Earth's shadow is always round. Eratosthenes used [[geometry]] and a hired pace man to estimate its circumference to within a few percent.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Eratosthenes concluded the Earth to be 40,000 kilometers in circumference, or approximately 25,000 miles. Within a few percentage points, this is correct..&quot; The Sum of Existence, by A.R. Barnes, Jr.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Medieval [[Europe]]ans knew this, and had correctly warned [[Christopher Columbus]] that he would never get to India with his limited supplies. Columbus relied on a fallacious argument that the Earth was much smaller than the Greeks estimated.<br /> <br /> Some writers have presented the mistaken idea that medieval Europeans used a literal reading of the Bible to conclude that the [[Earth]] was flat.&lt;ref&gt;'In the time of Columbus, did educated Christians believe the earth was flat? The correct answer is NO, but most modern people will say YES. Why? This wrong idea is due to a fascinating abuse of history that began around 1830 when two writers (a sloppy novelist and an atheist scholar) invented a false story about &quot;belief in a flat earth&quot; that, in the 1870s, was popularized by Draper.' [http://www.asa3.org/ASA/education/origins/twobooks.htm (Craig Rusbult)]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> They supposedly tried to convince [[Christopher Columbus]] that he would fall off the edge of the Earth, the story goes, but Columbus discovered America and [[Ferdinand Magellan]] proved that the Earth was round.&lt;ref&gt;Saying &quot;to the ends of the earth&quot;, &quot;the four corners of the world&quot; or &quot;the sun sank into the sea&quot; does not make you a flat Earther.[http://www.bede.org.uk/flatearth.htm The Myth of the Flat Earth] (Bede's Library)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Flat Earth theory was mostly invented and promoted by evolutionists for the purpose of slandering Christians.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The flat earth remained clearly in the realm of fiction until after Darwin published his Origin of Species in 1859. Two of Darwin’s followers then elevated it to a historical claim in books defending Darwinism and attacking Christianity: John Draper’s The History of the Conflict Between Religion and Science (1874), and Andrew Dickson White’s A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom (1896).&lt;br /&gt;So defenders of Darwinism who ridicule their critics for being like believers in a flat earth are being misled by a myth that Darwinists themselves helped to create.&quot;[http://www.uncommondescent.com/darwinism/the-flat-earth-myth/]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Christianity did not invent or promote the myth of the flat Earth.&quot; [http://www.christiananswers.net/q-aig/aig-c034.html Who invented the flat Earth?] (ChristianAnswers.net)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;'The reason for promoting both the specific lie about the sphericity of the earth and the general lie that [[religion and science]] are in natural and eternal conflict in Western society, is to defend [[Darwinism]]. The answer is really only slightly more complicated than that bald statement. The flat-earth lie was ammunition against the creationists. The argument was simple and powerful, if not elegant: &quot;Look how stupid these Christians are. They are always getting in the way of science and progress. These people who deny evolution today are exactly the same sort of people as those idiots who for at least a thousand years denied that the earth was round. How stupid can you get?&quot;'[http://www.veritas-ucsb.org/library/russell/FlatEarth.html The Myth of the Flat Earth], by Jeffrey Burton Russell.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Problems with the Model==<br /> *Greatly distorted flight distances and times.&lt;ref&gt;Robert Carter, &quot;A direct test of the flat earth model: flight times,&quot; Creation Ministries International, [http://creation.com/a-direct-test-of-the-flat-earth-model-flight-times]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *The shadow of the Earth on the moon.&lt;ref name=&quot;CarterSarfati&quot;&gt;Robert Carter and Jonathan Sarfati, &quot;Refuting flat earth,&quot; Creation Ministries International, [http://creation.com/refuting-flat-earth]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Things disappearing over the horizon.&lt;ref name=&quot;CarterSarfati&quot;/&gt;<br /> *Parallax problems with the Sun.&lt;ref name=&quot;CarterSarfati&quot;/&gt;<br /> *Time zones.&lt;ref name=&quot;CarterSarfati&quot;/&gt;<br /> *Different stars can only be seen from certain places.&lt;ref name=&quot;CarterSarfati&quot;/&gt;<br /> *The missing South Pole.&lt;ref name=&quot;CarterSarfati&quot;/&gt;<br /> *Circumnavigation of the Globe.&lt;ref name=&quot;CarterSarfati&quot;/&gt;<br /> *Astronauts seeing the Earth from space.&lt;ref&gt;NASA, [https://www.nasa.gov/]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> *[[Cosmology]]<br /> *[[History of geography]]<br /> *[[Flat Earth Myth]]<br /> *[[International Flat Earth Society]]<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> <br /> *[http://www.sterlinghousepublisher.com/newsite/content/process/showbook.php?book_id=58 The Sum of Existence], by A.R. Barnes, Jr. - contains an account of how Eratosthenes estimated the [[circumference of the Earth]].<br /> *[http://www.lawrencehallofscience.org/pass/passv10/flat-earth.html Flattening the Earth] Sep-Oct 2002, Mercury Magazine, pp.&amp;nbsp;34–38. by Jeffrey Burton Russell<br /> *[http://creation.com/refuting-flat-earth Refuting flat earth] by Robert Carter and Jonathan Sarfati, Creation Ministries International<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> [[Category:Theories]]<br /> [[Category:Astronomy]]<br /> [[Category:Cartography]]<br /> [[Category:Geography]]</div>

Neekaro Suaves https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Globalism&diff=1432603 2018-07-10T21:25:21Z

<p>Neekaro Suaves: aaaaaaa</p> <hr /> <div>ALLAHU AKBAR</div>

Neekaro Suaves