Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Battle of Tarawa

2017-01-16T23:41:07Z

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'''The Battle of Tarawa''' was a significant battle during [[World War 2]] on November 20, 1943. The island was defended by 4,700 [[Japan]]ese troops protecting a vital airstrip on the island of Tarawa, from which, if captured, the [[United States]] could launch an air offensive against the [[Philippines]]. The battle involved 18,600 [[marine]]s from the 2nd Marine Division.<ref name="acom">http://www.answers.com/topic/battle-of-tarawa</ref>

Codename: Operation Galvanic<ref>http://www.usstarawavets.org/Operation%20Galvanic.htm</ref>

== Battle Timeline ==

'''November 20, 1943 D-Day'''<ref>http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/CRAIGE/tarawa.html</ref> 

Marines from the 2nd Marine Division assault the island at low tide forcing the men off the boats far from shore. This makes the landing marines easy targets as they attempt to gain a foothold on the beach. They suffer many casualties but are able to gain a toehold on the beach. 

'''November 21, 1943 The Second Day''' 

An attack by the 2nd Marine reserves is ordered for 6 am. Of the 800 reserves attacking that morning, only 450 make it to the shore but it is enough to push farther inland.<ref name="sddoc4">http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/CRAIGE/doc4.html</ref> Meanwhile,the tide has risen allowing the boats to pass over the reef and make it possible for tanks to be brought up to the front lines. The tanks are able to cut a hole in the Japanese defenses.

"Marine Colonel Shoup radioed the daily situation report back to the command ships: "Casualties: many. Percentage dead: unknown."<ref name="sddoc4" />

The Japanese marines with their weapons all but destroyed, prepare their final suicidal charge.

'''November 22, 1943 Victory''' 

On the third day of the battle, three Marine battalions moved inland destroying the last remaining Japanese opposition. At twilight, the Japanese began their suicidal "Bonzai" charge. They rushed the 6th Marines, Company B in almost overwhelming force. Although reinforcements were unavailable, the Marines dug in and held their positions until dawn the next day, taking heavy casualties in the process.

'''November 23 The Final Act'''

When morning broke, the 6th Marines looked around their positions to discover the dead bodies of 300 Japanese fighters around their positions. This turned out to be the last of the strongest resistance to U.S. forces with the exception of a few Japanese snipers that would continue to fire on US forces for the next few days. At 1:12 pm, seventy-six hours after the battle of Tarawa had begun, the area was declared 'secure'.<ref>http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/CRAIGE/doc6.html</ref>

== Casualties ==

United States: 990 dead and 2,391 wounded<ref name="acom" />

Japan: Of the 4,700 defenders, only 17 survived<ref>http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/tarawa.htm</ref>

== See also ==

*[[Philippines]]
*[[World War II]]
*[[United States of America]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tarawa, Battle of}}

[[Category:World War II Battles]]

Mary Celeste

2017-01-16T23:31:33Z

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[[File:Maryceleste.jpg|right|200px|thumb|''Mary Celeste'']]
The ''Mary Celeste'' was an American [[brigantine]] discovered in the Atlantic Ocean unmanned and under full sail heading towards the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] in 1872. The crew was never found, and the reason for their disappearance remains unresolved. The story of the ''Mary Celeste'' is regarded as one of the greatest maritime mysteries in history and remains the subject of much speculation.

== Origins ==
Originally christened the ''Amazon'', the 103-foot (31 m), 282-ton brigantine was built in 1861 at Spencer's Island, [[Nova Scotia]], the first large vessel built in this community. Even from the beginning, the ship was regarded as unlucky. Her first captain, Robert McLellan, died nine days into its maiden voyage; he was one of three captains to die in command of the ship.<ref>http://museum.gov.ns.ca/mma/wrecks/wrecks/shipwrecks.asp?ID=256</ref>

Within the next five years, the ship endured three collisions and a shipboard fire. In 1867, it ran aground off Glace Bay, Nova Scotia and her owners sold her to James H. Winchester of [[New York City]], who renamed her ''Mary Celeste''.<ref>http://www.articlesbase.com/spirituality-articles/the-most-mysterious-maritime-mystery-the-marie-celeste-951410.html</ref>

== Disappearance and discovery ==
On November 5, 1872, under the command of 37-year-old Captain Benjamin Spooner Briggs, the ship picked up a cargo of industrial alcohol and set sail from Staten Island, New York to Genoa, Italy. The ship carried seven crewmen, the captain and his family: 30-year-old Sarah E. Briggs, and their two-year-old daughter, Sofia Mathilda. Their eight-year-old son did not accompany them on the voyage.<ref name="whale">http://www.deafwhale.com/maryceleste/</ref>

On December 4, 1872, the merchant ship ''Dei Gratia,'' under the command of Captain David Reed Morehouse, spotted the Mary Celeste some six hundred miles off the coast of Portugal. The ship was under full sail and showed no signs of distress, but close observation revealed that the vessel was drifting. Morehouse ordered his crewmen to board the ship and investigate.<ref>http://www.maryceleste.net/part2.htm</ref>

Oliver Deveau, the chief mate of the ''Dei Gratia,'' led a party in a small boat to board the Mary Celeste. He found the ship in generally good condition, though he reported that "the whole ship was a thoroughly wet mess". There was only one operational pump, with a lot of water between decks and three-and-a-half feet (1.1 m) of water in the hold. The forehatch and the lazarette were both open, the clock was not functioning and the compass was destroyed. The sextant and marine chronometer were missing, and the only lifeboat appeared to have been intentionally launched rather than torn away, suggesting the ship had been deliberately abandoned.

The cargo was intact, although when it was eventually unloaded in Genoa, nine barrels were found to be empty. A six-month supply of food and water was aboard. All of the ship's papers, except the captain's logbook, were missing. The last log entry was dated November 24 and placed her 100 miles (160 km) west of the Portuguese islands of the [[Azores]]. The last entry on the ship's slate showed her as having reached the island of Santa Maria in the Azores on November 25.

Popular myths exist that the boarding party discovered half-eaten meals, still warm, in the galley, or found the deck covered in blood. There is no proof of these stories.<ref name="whale" />

== Aftermath ==
Crewmen from the ''Dei Gratia'' sailed the Mary Celeste to Gibraltar where a lengthy inquiry ensued. Admiralty court officer Frederick Solly Flood doggedly accused the ''Dei Gratia'' crew of foul play. In the end, the court did award prize money to the crew, but the sum was much less than it should have been, as "punishment" for suspected, but unproved, wrongdoing. Captain Morehouse was awarded one fifth of the ship and cargo.

The ''Mary Celeste'' itself changed hands 13 more times until it was deliberately wrecked on the coast of Haiti on January 3, 1885, in what proved to be an insurance scam by owner Tyrus Alexander.<ref>http://www.essortment.com/all/marycelestemys_rvyu.htm</ref> A 2001 expedition led by author and adventurer [[Clive Cussler]] found the remains of the ship.<ref>http://www.numa.net/press/080801.html</ref>

== Theories on the disappearance ==

=== Pirate attack ===
Some sources maintain the ship was attacked by pirates and the crew was murdered and thrown overboard. However, the cargo was found intact and many of the crew's valuables remained on board. There were also no signs of violence, save for a few small cuts in the stern railing.<ref name="whale" />

=== Drunken mutiny ===
The ''Mary Celeste'' carried a cargo of alcohol, of which nine barrels were found empty. This has led to theories that the crew broke into the barrels, got drunk and took over the ship, murdering the Briggs family. However, the alcohol on board was industrial-grade, used in manufacturing and was not fit for recreational consumption. Ingestion of the alcohol would likely have killed the crew, not led to drunkenness.<ref>''Ghost Ship: The Mysterious True Story of the Mary Celeste and Her Missing Crew'' by Brian Hicks, p.266</ref>

=== Evacuation and accident ===
The theory that has gained the most credence among historians is that the crew evacuated the ship after several barrels of alcohol in the cargo hold sprung leaks. The potent fumes from the alcohol would have caused sickness among the crew and posed a threat of explosion. Since the ''Dei Gratia's'' boarding party found all the ship's hatches and portholes open, the argument continues that the crew likely left the ship to air it out by boarding the ship's lifeboat and floating some distance away, while remaining tied to the ship. The rope broke and the lifeboat drifted off, marooning the crew in the open sea, where they eventually died. There is much evidence to support this theory: the empty barrels of alcohol, the abundance of open hatches, the missing lifeboat and discovery of a frayed, broken rope hanging over the ship's edge, to which the lifeboat may have been tied.<ref>''Ghost Ship: The Mysterious True Story of the Mary Celeste and Her Missing Crew'' by Brian Hicks, p.294</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Ships]]
[[Category:Paranormal]]

Insomnia

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[[Image:Insomnia.jpg|right]]
'''Insomnia''' is a [[sleep]] disorder in which a person experiences poor sleep or has trouble [[dream]]ing.

Insomnia may include the following:
* Difficulty falling asleep
* Difficulty remaining asleep or waking up many times during the night (not necessarily having any difficulty falling asleep)
* Waking up too early in the morning
* Not feeling refreshed after a night's sleep

In all of these instances the person experiences daytime fatigue and feels as if he or she did not have enough sleep. Poor sleep for any length of time can lead to mood disturbances, lack of [[motivation]], decreased [[attention span]], trouble with [[concentration]], low levels of [[energy]], increased [[fatigue]], and increased risk of accidents. Approximately three-fifths of the average person's life is spent sleeping. Healthy sleep is vital to the human body and important for the optimal functioning of the brain, immune system, and other organs.

{{Clear}}
==Types of Insomnia==
There are three types of insomnia:
* Transient insomnia - sleep difficulties that last for a few days; there is little or no evidence of impairment of functioning during the day.
* Moderate insomnia - sleep difficulties that last for less than a month, that mildly affect functioning during the day, together with feelings of irritability and fatigue
* Chronic insomnia - sleep difficulties that last for more than a month, that severely impair functioning during the day, and cause strong feelings of restlessness, [[irritability]], [[anxiety]], and [[fatigue]].

Advanced age (over 60) makes individuals more likely to experience insomnia.

== Treatment ==
<blockquote>
Treatment for insomnia focuses on the reason why you don't sleep well. If you have a medical problem, such as chronic pain, or an emotional problem, such as stress, treating that problem may help you sleep better. [http://health.yahoo.com/sleep-overview/insomnia-topic-overview/healthwise--uh1002.html]
</blockquote>

Regular exercise also helps. ''Techniques such as relaxation exercises, sleep restriction therapy, and reconditioning may be useful.'' [http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/insomnia]

== External links ==

*[http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/insomnia What Is Insomnia?]
*[http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=17762 Definition of Insomnia]

[[Category:Disorders]]

John Steinbeck

2017-01-16T23:23:29Z

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'''John Steinbeck''' (born 1902, d. 1968) was an [[American]] author. He wrote the [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning novel ''The Grapes of Wrath'' (1939), along with fifteen other novels, six non-fiction books and several collections of short stories. In 1962 Steinbeck received the [[Nobel Prize]] for Literature.

Steinbeck grew up in and spent most of his writing career in [[California]]. Some of his works have been made into movies, including ''Cannery Row'' (1945), ''The Pearl'' (1947), ''Of Mice and Men'' (1939) and ''East of Eden'' (1952). Steinbeck was successful as a Hollywood writer, receiving an [[Academy Award]] nomination for Best Story in 1944 for [[Alfred Hitchcock|Alfred Hitchcock's]] ''Lifeboat''.

''Of Mice and Men'' is number six on the American Library Association's list of the 100 most frequently censored books, 1990-2000.<ref>http://www.ala.org/Template.cfm?Section=bbwlinks&Template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=85714</ref>

John Steinbeck died in New York City on December 20, 1968, of heart disease and congestive heart failure. He was 66, and had been a lifelong smoker. An autopsy showed nearly complete occlusion of the main coronary arteries.

==Partial Bibliography==
* ''[[Cup of Gold: A Life of Sir Henry Morgan, Buccaneer, With Occasional Reference to History|Cup of Gold]]'' (1929)
* ''[[The Pastures of Heaven]]'' (1932)
* ''[[The Red Pony]]'' (1933)
* ''[[To a God Unknown]]'' (1933)
* ''[[Tortilla Flat]]'' (1935)
* ''[[The Harvest Gypsies: On the Road to the Grapes of Wrath]]'' (1936)
* ''[[In Dubious Battle]]'' (1936)
* ''[[Of Mice and Men]]'' (1937)
* ''[[The Long Valley]]'' (1938)
* ''[[The Grapes of Wrath]]'' (1939)
* ''[[Forgotten Village]]'' (1941)
* ''[[The Log from the Sea of Cortez|Sea of Cortez: A Leisurely Journal of Travel and Research]]'' (1941)
* ''[[The Moon Is Down]]'' (1942)
* ''[[Bombs Away: The Story of a Bomber Team]]'' (1942)
* ''[[Cannery Row (novel)|Cannery Row]]'' (1945)
* ''[[The Wayward Bus]]'' (1947)
* ''[[The Pearl (novel)|The Pearl]]'' (1947)
* ''[[A Russian Journal]]'' (1948)
* ''[[Burning Bright]]'' (1950)
* ''[[The Log from the Sea of Cortez]]'' (1951)
* ''[[East of Eden]]'' (1952)
* ''[[Sweet Thursday]]'' (1954)
* ''[[The Short Reign of Pippin IV|The Short Reign of Pippin IV: A Fabrication]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Once There Was A War]]'' (1958)
* ''[[The Winter of Our Discontent]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Travels with Charley: In Search of America]]'' (1962)
* ''[[America and Americans]]'' (1966)
Posthumous publishings include:
* ''[[Journal of a Novel: The East of Eden Letters]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Viva Zapata!]]'' (1975)
* ''[[The Acts of King Arthur and His Noble Knights]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Workings Days: The Journals of The Grapes of Wrath]]'' (1989)

==References==

* http://www.steinbeck.org/MainFrame.html - John Steinbeck Center
* http://www.steinbeck.org/Bio.html - Biography
* http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1962/steinbeck-bio.html - Nobel Prize Laureates
==Notes==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Steinbeck, John}}
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Literature]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom award winners]]
[[Category:Best Selling Authors]]

Education

2017-01-16T05:34:15Z

Masterbratac: sp

'''Education''' is the process, whether in a [[school|formal]] setting or [[homeschooling|not]], of acquiring [[skill]]s and [[knowledge]], also called [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/pedagogy pedagogy]. It is most familiar in the schooling of the [[children|young]], but continues throughout life. It is considered a human right, and Article 26 of The Universal Declaration on Human Rights (1948) recognizes education along with other necessities such as food, shelter, and water as a fundamental human right, and that parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.<ref>''The Universal Declaration on Human Rights'' (1948) [http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html United Nations]. Accessed 2 February 2008</ref> The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, ratified by 192 countries in 1989, affirms the right of all children to free, relevant and quality education.<ref>''Convention on the Rights of the Child'' (1989) [http://untreaty.un.org/English/TreatyEvent2001/pdf/03e.pdf United Nations]. Accessed 2 February 2008</ref> As a catalyst for human development, education provides people with the tools and knowledge they need to understand and participate in today’s world. It helps to sustain the human values that contribute to individual and collective well-being. It inspires confidence and provides the skills needed to participate in public debate. It makes people more self-reliant and aware of opportunities and rights.

Academic performance correlates most closely with the amount of time kids spend on homework. The United States has a [[socialism|socialized]] education program, though there are also smaller, competing, [[private school|privately-run schools]] within the country. While it has been the establishment for some time, many have argued against the merits of government run programs.

==Quality of life==
Education enhances the ability of households to manage [[health]] problems, improve [[nutrition]] and [[childcare]], and plan for the future. In developing areas of the world particularly, basic education provides girls and women with a greater understanding of basic health and nutrition, as well as of their own potential.
*Educated women marry later and receive better prenatal care.<ref>''Why is education important?'' (2004) "Education For All" [http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=28703&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html UNESCO]. Accessed 2 February 2008</ref>
*Children of mothers who have received at least a basic education are healthier, better nourished and more likely to receive education themselves than children of mothers who have never received education.<ref>''Why is education important?'' op cit</ref>
*In the [[Philippines]], maternal primary education reduces the risk of child mortality by half and secondary education by a factor of three.<ref>''Education Now: Break the Cycle of Poverty'' (1999) [http://www.oxfam.org.uk/get_involved/campaign/index.html OXFAM]. Accessed 2 February 2008</ref>
*Education helps to prevent the labour, [[trafficking]] and sexual exploitation of children, and their use as soldiers.<ref>''Child Labour Today'' "End Child Exploitation" (2005) [http://www.unicef.org.uk/publications/pdf/ECECHILD2_A4.pdf UNICEF]. Accessed 2 February 2008</ref>
*It is one of the most effective weapons against disease, and raises awareness of living conditions and environmental protection.<ref>''Basic education and gender equality'' (2007) [http://www.unicef.org/girlseducation/index_bigpicture.html UNICEF]. Accessed 2 February 2008</ref>
*Life expectancy rises by as much as 2 years for every 1 per cent increase in literacy.<ref>''The right to education'' "Education: How can a country with limited resources provide education to all children?" [http://concernusa.org/media/pdf/2007/10/FinalEducation.pdf Concern USA]. Accessed 2 February 2008</ref>

==Economic development==
Education is essential for [[economics|economic]] development and eradicating [[poverty]]. It allows people to be more productive, to play a greater role in economic life, and to earn a better living.<ref>''Why is education important?'' op cit</ref>
*An adult with a primary education earns twice as much as an adult without any education.<ref>'''Bartholomew, Carolyn''' ''It All Starts with Education'' (2006) [http://us.oneworld.net/article/view/138663 OneWorld]. Accessed 2 February 2008</ref>
*In [[Niger]], the incidence of poverty is 70% in households headed by adults with no education, compared to 56% for households headed by adults who have received basic education.<ref>'''Dhanarajan, Gajaraj''' ''Combating Poverty through Adult Education'' (lecture; Dennis Irvine Lecture Series, 5 March 2001) [http://www.col.org/colweb/site/cache/offonce/pid/3671 Commonwealth of Learning]. Accessed 2 February 2008</ref>
*Farming practices can be improved through basic education.<ref>''Industry Provides Update on Support for Economic, Social Development and Environmental Conservation in World’s Cocoa Regions'' (2006) [http://www.worldcocoafoundation.org/for-the-media/wcf_industryupdate.asp worldcocoa.org]. Accessed 2 February 2008</ref>
*In [[Uganda]], four years of primary education raise a farmer’s output by 7%.<ref>'''Mutangadura, G. B. and Lamb, V. L.''' ''Variations in rates of primary school access and enrolments in sub-Saharan Africa: a pooled cross-country time series analysis'' International Journal of Educational Development
Volume 23, Issue 4, July 2003, Pages 369-380 [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VD7-48M7TH4-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=01fc5236be0cd5afa9013745bba36513 Science Direct]. Accessed 2 February 2008</ref>
*It is the foundation for acquiring knowledge and skills necessary to participate in and benefit from globalization and technological change.<ref>''Forum on Technology, Employment and Poverty Alleviation'' "Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia/International Labour
Organization (2002) [http://www.escwa.org.lb/information/publications/edit/upload/tech-02-02.pdf UN]. Accessed 2 February 2008</ref>

However, the idea that higher education through colleges is necessary for greater productivity and higher income is challenged by many. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, in 2008 the average college graduate made $46,000 while the average plumber made $49,200, the average electrician $44,000, the average HVAC tech $47,000 and the average carpenter $42,940. In addition, only 35 percent of students earn a diploma in four years, and just 52 percent graduate in six, with the national college-dropout rate being 65 percent.<ref>http://www.rep-am.com/articles/2010/02/27/opinion/469171.txt</ref> "Blue collar" tradesmen are also not burdened with years of college debt, nor do they add to the national debt by going into public service in order to have their student loans "forgiven" after 10 years of employment therein (with 120 continuous payments).<ref>[http://www.studentaid.ed.gov/repay-loans/forgiveness-cancellation/charts/public-service]</ref> Institutions of higher education therefore put a drain on a country's manpower and resources for which there can be no justification in difficult economic times. The previously strong US economy will be restored to its former efficiency when the staggering sums currently being diverted to higher education are put to more effective use in reducing the absurdly high deficit by cutting programs that demonstrably serve no useful purpose.

==Political stability and democracy==
Education makes it possible for people to be responsible and informed citizens, and to have a voice in [[politics]] and [[society]], which is essential for sustaining [[democracy]]. It also provides people with the knowledge and awareness needed to promote tolerance and understanding among people.<ref>''Why is education important?'' op cit</ref>

==Ideology in modern education==
===Progressive Education===
In addition to purely academic teaching, education forms a part in developing a moral and political worldview. In many countries formal religious instruction is part of public education, while the [[United States]], which holds to [[separation of church and state]], no longer formally engages in such. However, it is argued by [[conservatives]] that the modern degree of exclusion of religious belief from the State was not the historical norm.<ref>[http://www.shalomjerusalem.com/heritage/heritage19.html Honorable Judge Robert Ulrich Chief Justice, Missouri Court Of Appeals, Western District, ''Were the Founding Fathers Christian?'']</ref><ref>http://www.naacd.com/issues_judicial.htm</ref> One example invoked in support of this contention is that an estimated 75 percent of the school systems in the South had religious services and Bible readings as late as 1962, when in ''[[Engel versus Vitale]]'', the U.S. [[Supreme Court]] decided that school-sponsored prayer was unconstitutional.<ref>Colliers 1961 Yearbook p. 224</ref> It is also argued that it is impossible to completely separate an educational system from moral beliefs,<ref>[http://peacebyjesus.witnesstoday.org/CauseEffect.html Cause and Effect: The Bible, the Educational System, and Its Influence]</ref> and that the modern divorcement of religion from education constitutes an official "establishment of a religion of secularism" - a term used by U.S. [[Supreme Court]] justice Potter Stewart in dissenting from the decision rendered on June 17, 1963 in ''[[Abington School versus Schempp]]'', which outlawed State-sponsored Bible reading in public schools.<ref>http://www.naacd.com/issues_judicial.htm</ref><ref>Stephen V. Monsma, J. Christopher Soper, ''The Challenge of Pluralism: Church and State in Five Democracies'', p. 27</ref>

Education in America, especially as its higher level, is typically seen by conservatives as promoting liberalism and helping to promoting [[moral degeneration]]. A (disputed) study showed that 50% of American college faculty identified themselves as Democrats and only 11% as Republicans (with 33% being Independent, and 5% identifying themselves with another party). 72% described themselves as "to the left of center," including 18% who were strongly left. Only 15% described themselves as right of center, including only 3% who were "strongly right."<ref>North American Academic Study Survey (NAASS) of students, faculty and administrators at colleges and universities in the United States and Canada 1999. The Berkeley Electronic Press</ref><ref>http://www.bepress.com/forum/vol3/iss1/art2</ref><ref>http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/17963/liberal_bias_in_our_schools.html</ref>

Research on the political leanings of their university professors by members of The George Washington University Chapter of Young America’s Foundation (GWYAF) found substantial liberal bias in the academy. The school’s faculty gave 92 percent of their political donations ($221,490) to Democratic candidates versus only 8 percent ($20,500) to Republicans in the 2008 primary election. Consistent with this, in the presidential election the ratio was 91 percent to 9 percent.

Similarly, the ratio of Yale faculty donations in the 2004 presidential election between Kerry and Bush was 150:3. The ratio at Princeton was 114:1, and at Harvard, 406:13.<ref>http://www.academia.org/george-washington-slanted-here/</ref>

Law professor Richard D. Parker, after 35 years at [[Harvard University]], noted, “On this faculty, there are around 100 professors or assistant professors, and of that 100, I think you’d have to estimate there would be maybe eight registered Republicans." “I’m a registered Independent…and there’s no one else in the 100 who would identify as a populist.”<ref>http://www.academia.org/harvard-still-hates-america</ref>/

Textbooks used in schools of all ages have also been exposed as promoting a decidedly liberal bias against the nation of Israel.<ref>[http://www.academia.org/textbook-bias-against-israel]</ref> A landmark book called ''The Trouble with Textbooks'', by Dr. Gary A. Tobin and Dennis R. Ybarra described results of a comprehensive study they conducted of the 28 most widely used Social Studies textbooks in the United States. The researchers found that U.S. textbooks often contain "repeated misrepresentations that cross the line into bigotry.” Examples included Jesus being called a ''[[Palestinian]]'', Islam being "treated with a devotional tone in some textbooks, less detached and analytical than it ought to be. Muslim beliefs are described in several instances as fact, without any clear qualifier such as ''Muslims believe...''' The Islamic empire of the Middle Ages was presented as “a time of unqualified glory without blemishes”, while various aspects of the wars of Arab states against Israel were misrepresented.

One the glossary of book, ''World History: Continuity and Change'', the entry on the Ten Commandments skeptically describes them as "Moral laws Moses '''claimed''' to have received from the Hebrew G-d Y-hweh on Mount Sinai," while the very same glossary states the [[Qu'ran]] is a "Holy Book of Islam containing revelations received by Muhammad from G-d.” <ref>http://www.israelnationalnews.com/SendMail.aspx?print=print&type=0&item=127797</ref>

One textbook publisher, ''Teachers Curriculum Institute'', has agreed to rewrite its unit on the Middle East after being challenged, and consulting many scholars. The San Francisco-based Jewish Community Relations Council found that the textbooks were so filled with inaccuracies and biased that they should not be used.<ref>San Francisco Jewish Community Publications, Friday, February 13, 2004</ref>

Professor, Larry Schweikart notes that most textbooks tend to come from New York, Boston, Washington and Philadelphia, all liberal bastions. As concerns American history, Schweikart sees the "Reagan test" as a consistent indicator of whether a book is politically slanted. The majority of books he has examined credit former Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev with ending the Cold War, while marginalizing Reagan.<ref>[http://liveshots.blogs.foxnews.com/2010/03/11/president-reagan-gets-the-shaft-in-textbooks/print/ Fox News, March 11, 2010]</ref>

The Intercollegiate Studies Institute conducted extensive surveys in 2006 and 2007 of 14,000 college freshmen and seniors at fifty colleges nationwide, aimed at determining the impact a college education has on civic knowledge. The study resulted in the average freshman and the average senior scoring just over 50% on a sixty-question multiple-choice exam on fundamental knowledge of America’s history and institutions. An additional survey of 2,508 American adults resulted in the average college graduate scoring 57% in a thirty-three-question basic civics test, correctly answering only four questions more than the average high school graduate.

While scores indicated a college education resulted in little advance in knowledge of American history and institutions, an often significant increase in favoring liberal ideology was seen over those who were not college graduates. In addition, those with the highest degrees were the most liberal.<ref>[http://www.americancivicliteracy.org/2010/major_findings_finding1.html Intercollegiate Studies Institute,] ''The Shaping of the American Mind.''</ref>

James Piereson, in analyzing changes in higher education in America, comments on the growth of the ''liberal university'', and which was then displaced by the ''left university'' during the revolutionary years of the mid-1960s to the early 1970s, with its alterations becoming institutionalized in the years that followed. Some of the noted resultant changes are that,
{{cquote|single-sex colleges all but disappeared; college regulation of student morals disappeared as well; government regulation of employment expanded, putting pressure on institutions to hire women and minorities for faculty positions; the line between teaching a subject matter and advocating political positions was blurred or even eliminated altogether as the new campus radicalism asserted that all teaching is political in nature; the liberal underpinnings of academic culture--the freedom to teach and conduct research--were attacked and eroded in the name of political correctness; the unifying character of the humanities was subverted and discredited when they were said to represent an oppressive tradition formed by white European males; new fields, usually with ideological preconceptions, were created outside the traditional departments and areas of study, thus expanding the positions available for radical faculty; serious academic requirements, including foreign language proficiency, were softened or eliminated.

...the radicals of the 1960s went further to launch a wholesale attack on American culture and the middle-class way of life, which they condemned as repressive and, worse, boring. The cultural radicalism of the 1960s, derived from the Beats of the 1950s, was so appealing to the new campus left because it promised something beyond political reform--namely, a different way of life with a revised set of morals...<ref>[http://www.weeklystandard.com/Utilities/printer_preview.asp?idArticle=6120&R=163E436DC8VI James Piereson, ''The Left University'', part VI], The Weekly Standard, October 3, 2005 Volume 011, Issue 03</ref>}}

Related to this, in his State of the Union address of 2010, President Obama called for providing complete "forgiveness" of student loans to students who spend 10 years (with 120 continuous payments) employed in public service. However, this would be an extension of 2007 College Cost Reduction Act, which took effect in July 2009. Public service includes government and non-profit work, but excludes employment in religious instruction or proselytization.<ref>[http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2008/pdf/E8-24922.pdf Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 206 / Thursday, October 23, 2008 / Rules and Regulations, Section 685.219—Public Service Loan, p. 15.27]</ref> In addition to increasing the [[national debt]], this provision may be seen as being conducive to further promoting an entitlement mentality, and populating government with those who often manifest and propagate the same.

===History of Progressive Education===

Progressives have a very long history of using the schools as a vehicle to advance their agenda. Going as far back as the turn of the 20th century, leaders such as [[John Dewey]] have subverted the educational system to achieve specific ends. [[Woodrow Wilson]], for example, said the following in 1909:
<blockquote>The purpose of a university should be to make a son as unlike his father as possible. By the time a man has grown old enough to have a son in college he has specialized. The university should generalize the treatment of its undergraduates, should struggle to put them in touch with every force of life. Every man of established success is dangerous to society. His tendency is to keep society as it is. His success has been founded upon it. You will not find many reformers among the successful men. A man told me once that he left college interested in humanity. At 40 he was interested only in an industry to which he had applied himself. At 60 he was interested only in his bank account. Any social change affects that bank account. Society cannot progress without change.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Link|first1=Arthur S.|title=The papers of Woodrow Wilson, Volume 19|date=1975|publisher=Princeton University Press}}</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=fpk8AAAAIAAJ&q=%22The+purpose+of+a+university+should+be+to+make+a+son+as+unlike+his+father+as+possible.%22&dq=%22The+purpose+of+a+university+should+be+to+make+a+son+as+unlike+his+father+as+possible.%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=I136VOP8J4O_ggSr9oPoDg&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA Retrieved March-6-15</ref></blockquote>

==Quotes about teaching==

* [[Galileo Galilei]]: "You cannot teach a man anything; you can only help him find it within himself."<ref>[http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/eduquote.htm Quotes on Education]</ref>

* [[George Orwell]]: "the present-day attitude towards education is enormously more humane and sensible than that of the past." [http://www.netcharles.com/orwell/essays/such-such-were-the-joys.htm]

* [[Theodore Roosevelt]] : "A thorough knowledge of the Bible is worth more than a college education."

* "To educate a man in mind and not in morals is to educate a menace to society."

* "There is not in all America a more dangerous trait than the deification of mere smartness unaccompanied by any sense of moral responsibility."

* "A man who has never gone to school may steal from a freight car; but if he has a university education, he may steal the whole railroad."

* [[Thomas Sowell]]: {{sowell-educational-excellence}}

*{{good-teacher-class-size}}

==References==
{{reflist|small}}

==See also==
*[[Citizens For Excellence In Education]]
*[[Homeschooling]]
*[[Liberal Myths About Education]]
*[[Pygmalion effect]]
*[[American Council of Trustees and Alumni]]

==External links==

* [http://www.ed.gov/index.jhtml U.S. Department of Education], the major federal agency for education in the U.S.
* [http://nces.ed.gov/ National Center for Education Statistics], an excellent research resource for educational statistics.
* [http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/ National Assessment of Educational Progress], for researchers and educators interested in assessment issues.
* [http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-294.html A history of the modern homeschool movement], from the Cato Institute.
* [http://www.nheri.org National Home Education Research Institute], a research resource for homeschoolers.
* [http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2007/marapr/features/dweck.html The Effort Effect] - According to a Stanford psychologist, you’ll reach new heights if you learn to embrace the occasional tumble.
* [http://www.heritage.org/Research/Education/hl1013.cfm Why Won't Politically Correct Professors Teach English and American Literature?] - Dr. Elizabeth Kantor at '''[[Heritage Foundation|The Heritage Foundation]]''' talks about why English professors don't seem to want to teach English and American literature, and about why the consequences of that failure are more important than you might think.
* [http://www.aim.org/wls/category/education/ What Liberals Say - Category: Education], [[Accuracy In Media]]
* [https://archive.org/details/bendingtwigrevol00ruddrich Bending the twig; the revolution in education and its effect on our children], an out of copyright book(according to Archive.org) detailing some of the roots of [[Progressive Education]].

[[Category:Education]]

Tax rebate

2017-01-16T05:29:05Z

Masterbratac: sp i am so bored what is wrong with me

'''Tax rebate''' also known as personal income tax rebates or stimulus checks, is the method of returning tax dollars to tax payers. This popular method exists because it is proven that the people can better stimulate a sagging economy than the government can. With the extra income the people would buy goods such as automobiles and the result will be to hire more workers. As more people enter the workforce, more tax revenue is created. This is often referred to as the bottom-up strategy. [[President Ford]] authorized a tax rebate at the behest of a Democrat-led Congress. President [[George W. Bush]] authorized two tax rebates. [[Barack Obama]] and the Democrat-led Congress set up a top-down stimulus strategy, the opposite intentions of a tax rebate. The government is in charge of stimulating the economy and issues tax dollars to be spent on massive public works spending. The result is waste and mismanagement of resources that reach only those people who lobby for tax dollars and has proven not to create jobs.

There is unanimous agreement from all points of the spectrum that the cheapest, easiest and quickest way to save on energy costs and reduce imported oil is to reduce waste and be more efficient on the consumer side—especially in insulating residences and using more efficient appliances and automobiles. Many local electricity and gas companies have rebate programs; the federal government offers $1500 tax rebates to ordinary Americans, and many states have similar programs in 2010.<ref>See [http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=tax_credits.tx_index "Federal Tax Credits for Consumer Energy Efficiency" 2010]; for state rebates see [http://www.dsireusa.org/ The Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy (DSIRE)]</ref>

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Taxation]]

Christina Krotkova

2017-01-16T05:22:42Z

Masterbratac: sp

<div style="float: right; border: 1px solid #8888aa; background: #f7f8ff; padding: 5px; font-size: 85%; margin: 0 15px 0 15px; text-align: center;">
<div style="background: #ccf; font-weight: bold; padding: 1px 3px 1px 3px;">This article is part of the [[Venona project|Venona]] series.</div>
[[CPUSA]] 
[[Office of War Information]]
</div>

'''Christina Krotkova''' worked in the [[Office of War Information]] (OWI) during [[World War II]]. The OWI handled war news for domestic use and overseas propaganda. Krotkova's chief target was Soviet defector Victor Kravchenko. Haynes and Klehr have identified Krotkova as using several code names with [[NKVD|Soviet intelligence]] whom she transmitted information to. At least seven [[Venona project]] transcripts refer to Krotkova. Haynes and Klehr identify Krotkova as code name "Zhanna", "Jeanne", "Ola", and "Ols". A difference of opinion arises on the latter two code names with Nigel West, who identifies "Ola" and "Ols" as being '''Sara Veksler''', who also worked within OWI.

== Sources ==

*John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999).
*Nigel West, ''Venona: The Greatest Secret of the Cold War'' (London: HarperCollins, 1999).

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krotkova, Christina}}
[[Category:KGB Agents and Sources]]

Georg Cantor

2014-01-18T00:14:51Z

Masterbratac:

[[Image:GeorgCantor.png|thumb|right|200px]]
'''Georg Cantor''' (1845-1918) was a [[German]] [[mathematician]] who created the field of [[Set_theory|Set Theory]]. His motivation was Christian, and he dedicated his last publication to a passage from [[1 Corinthians (Translated)|1 Corinthians]]: "The time will come when these things which are now hidden from you will be brought into the light."<ref>http://www.acmsonline.org/Dauben-Cantor.pdf</ref> Cantor was vilified by other mathematicians of his time, such as [[Henri Poincare]], but Cantor's revolutionary work proved to be the most influential of all of them.

Cantor was the first to "put infinity on a firm logical foundation."<ref name="Cantor bio">http://scidiv.bellevuecollege.edu/Math/infinity.html</ref> His invention of set theory helped him achieve this extraordinary goal.<ref>http://www.engr.iupui.edu/~orr/webpages/cpt120/mathbios/gcant.htm</ref> He "described a way to do arithmetic with infinite quantities useful to mathematics."<ref name="Cantor bio"/>

Cantor invented the concept of cardinality and ordered pairs, and proved that some infinities are larger than others.<ref>http://www.economicexpert.com/a/Cardinal:number.html</ref>

Cantor's best known proof is his technique of [[Diagonalization|Cantorian Diagonalization]], a method useful to prove that the [[real numbers]] are larger in [[cardinality]] than the [[integers]]. He is also known for his [[Cantor_set|Cantor Set]]<ref>http://mathworld.wolfram.com/CantorSet.html</ref> and [[Cantor Intersection Theorem]].

The set of integers (or their equivalent) is the smallest infinite set. Cantor's "Continuum Hypothesis" is the conjecture that the set of all real numbers is the ''second'' smallest infinite set.

Paul Cohen proved in the 1960s that the "Continuum Hypothesis" can neither be proved nor disproved within conventional (axiomatized) set theory. Stated another way, it is possible to develop a non-Cantorian set theory that negates the "Continuum Hypothesis."

==References==

<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cantor, Georg}}

[[Category:Mathematicians]]

Goldschmidt's hopeful monster theory

2014-01-17T23:59:33Z

Masterbratac:

[[Image:Goldschmidt.jpg|right|thumb|170px|Richard Goldschmidt]]
The [[evolution]]ist [[Stephen Jay Gould]] described '''Goldschmidt's hopeful monster theory''' of evolution as a "postulate that [[macroevolution]] is not simply [[microevolution]] extrapolated, and that major structural transitions can occur rapidly without a smooth series of intermediate stages."<ref name="sjg">http://www.stephenjaygould.org/library/gould_hopeful-monsters.html</ref> The theory was developed by the evolutionist [[Richard Goldschmidt]], an American evolutionist who was originally from Germany.<ref name="goldschmidt">http://creation.com/images/pdfs/tj/j16_2/j16_2_42-45.pdf</ref> One of the more well known postulates of Richard Goldschmidt was that a [[reptile]] laid an egg that a [[bird]] hatched out of.<ref name="asa">http://www.asa3.org/asa/PSCF/1949/JASA6-49Mixter.html</ref><ref name="goldschmidt" />

The prominent geneticist and evolutionist [[Theodosius Dobzhansky]] wrote concerning the Goldschmidt's hopeful monster theory:
{{cquote|"... systemic [[mutation]]s ... have never been observed. It is possible to imagine a mutation so drastic that its product becomes a monster hurling itself beyond the confines of a species, genus, family or class...The assumption that such a product may, however rarely, walk the earth, overtaxes one's credulity....".<ref name="asa" />}}

Dobzhansky also wrote: ...the simplicity of Goldschmidt's theory is that of a belief in [[miracle]]s.<ref name="asa" />

Goldschmidt's evolutionary thinking influenced [[Stephen Jay Gould]] who was one of the co-founders of the [[punctuated equilibrium]] school of evolutionary thought. In a 1977 in a paper entitled, ‘The Return of the Hopeful Monsters' Gould wrote that when he studied evolutionary biology in graduate school that "official rebuke and derision focused upon Richard Goldschmidt". Nevertheless, Gould also wrote:
{{cquote|I do, however, predict that during this decade Goldschmidt will be largely vindicated in the world of evolutionary biology.....As a Darwinian, I wish to defend Goldschmidt's postulate that macroevolution is not simply microevolution extrapolated, and that major structural transitions can occur rapidly without a smooth series of intermediate stages....In my own, strongly biased opinion, the problem of reconciling evident discontinuity in macroevolution with Darwinism is largely solved by the observation that small changes early in embryology accumulate through growth to yield profound differences among adults.<ref name="sjg" />}}
==See also==
*[[Theories of evolution]]

== External Links==
*[http://creation.com/images/pdfs/tj/j16_2/j16_2_42-45.pdf Golschmidt's hopeful monster] by [[Creation Ministries International]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Evolution]]

Bird

2014-01-17T23:53:25Z

Masterbratac:

{{taxonomy
|kingdom=Animalia
|image=Grey_Wagtail.jpg
|phylum=Chordata
|class=Aves
}}
A '''Bird''' is a warm-blooded [[egg]]-laying [[vertebrate]] with [[wing]]s and [[feather]]s. For the most part, they fly.
[[Ostrich]]es, [[penguin]]s, and [[emu]]s are birds that don't fly, although penguins have sometimes been said to "fly" underwater. [[Robin]]s, [[sparrow]]s, [[cardinal (bird)|cardinal]]s, and [[eagle]]s are more typical flying birds.

== Physical characteristics ==
All birds have two legs and two wings (although in some flightless species such as the [[kiwi]], the wings are very small and serve little purpose). Birds also have a beak, although its shape, size and use varies enormously between species. Uniquely among vertebrates, birds have hollow [[bone]]s; this makes them very light for their size, facilitating flight. Living birds do not have teeth, although some extinct species had teeth. Birds' feathers can be any color, and the colors and pattern often vary between males and females of the same species, with males typically having the more garish and elaborate plumage; in some species such as [[peacock]]s and [[birds of paradise]] this is taken to striking extremes.

== Birds as dinosaurs ==
Almost all evolutionary biologists believe that birds are the only extant group of dinosaurs, a branch of the [[therapod]]s, which included ''[[Velociraptor]]'' and ''[[Deinonychus]]''. This view is disputed by [[creationism|creationists]], and also by a few prominent evolutionary [[biology|biologists]]. Some have even gone so far as to suggest that dinosaur species such as the ''[[Velociraptor]]'' and others possessed primitive feathers<ref>Feather Quill Knobs in the Dinosaur Velociraptor Science 21 September 2007: Vol. 317. no. 5845, p. 1721 http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/317/5845/1721</ref>.

== Creationary view ==
[[Creationism|Creationists]] contend that birds being descendants of [[dinosaur]]s is unreasonable and is not scientifically supported with any evidence.<ref>Sarfati, Jonathan, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/3833/106/ Bird Evolution], chapter 4 of Refuting Evolution.</ref><ref>McIntosh, Andy, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/540/ 100 years of airplanes—but these weren’t the first flying machines!], ''Creation'' 26(1):44–48, December 2003.</ref>

They also point out that God could have created some dinosaurs with feathers, and therefore that finding feathered dinosaurs does not prove that dinosaurs evolved into birds.<ref>Matthews, Michael, [http://creationontheweb.com/content/view/2775 ''Scientific American'' admits creationists hit a sore spot] 13th March, 2003 (Creation Ministries International)</ref>

Creationary scientist Dr. [[Jonathan Sarfati]] wrote regarding birds being descendants of dinosaurs:

{{QuoteBox|The same logic applies to the [[dinosaur]]-bird debate. It is perfectly in order for creationists to cite [[Alan Feduccia|Feduccia]]’s devastating criticism against the idea that birds evolved ‘ground up’ from running dinosaurs (the cursorial theory). But the [[dino-to-bird]] advocates counter with equally powerful arguments against Feduccia’s ‘trees-down’ (arboreal) theory. The evidence indicates that the critics are ''both'' right — birds did not evolve either from running dinos or from tree-living mini-[[crocodile]]s. In fact, birds did not evolve from non-birds at all!<ref>Sarfati, Jonathan, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/2610 15 ways to refute materialistic bigotry: A point by point response to Scientific American], Creation Ministries International</ref>}}

Evolutionary biologist [[Ernst Mayr]] in 1942 wrote:
{{QuoteBox|It must be admitted, however, that it is a considerable strain on one’s credulity to assume that finely balanced systems such as certain sense organs (the eye of vertebrates, or the bird’s feather) could be improved by random mutations.<ref>Brown, Walt, [http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/ReferencesandNotes9.html In the Beginning: Compelling Evidence for Creation and the Flood]</ref>}}

[[Scientific American]] stated:
{{QuoteBox|Of all the body coverings nature has designed, feathers are the most various and the most mysterious...The origin of feathers is a specific instance of the much more general question of the origin of evolutionary novelties--structures that have no clear antecedents in ancestral animals and no clear related structures (homologues) in contemporary relatives. Although evolutionary theory provides a robust explanation for the appearance of minor variations in the size and shape of creatures and their component parts, it does not yet give as much guidance for understanding the emergence of entirely new structures, including digits, limbs, eyes and feathers...<ref>Matthews, Michael, [http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs2003/0313sciam.asp ''Scientific American'' admits creationists hit a sore spot], Answers in Genesis.</ref><ref>Prum, Richard O., and Brush, Alan H., [http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=000CD7F6-B16F-1E41-89E0809EC588EEDF Which Came First, the Feather or the Bird?], ''Scientific American'', March 2003.</ref>}}

Another evolutionist critical of the dinosaur/bird connection is Storrs L. Olson, Curator of Birds at the [[National Museum of Natural History]] at the [[Smithsonian Institution]], who said: {{QuoteBox|The idea of feathered dinosaurs and the theropod origin of birds is being actively promulgated by a cadre of zealous scientists acting in concert with certain editors at Nature and National Geographic who themselves have become outspoken and highly biased proselytizers of the faith. Truth and careful scientific weighing of evidence have been among the first casualties in their program, which is now fast becoming one of the grander scientific hoaxes of our age—the paleontological equivalent of [[cold fusion]].<ref>Olson, Storrs L., [http://creationontheweb.com/content/view/3385/ Open letter], 1st November, 1999.</ref>}}

Since Olsen's open letter was published in 1999, however, numerous theropod fossils with clear evidence of feathers have been discovered<ref>Göhlich, U.B., and Chiappe, L.M. (2006). "A new carnivorous dinosaur from the Late Jurassic Solnhofen archipelago." Nature, 440: 329-332</ref>.

Creationist also assert that the comparative anatomy analysis done by evolutionists comparing bird bones and dinosaur bones is flawed.<ref>Menton, David N., [http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs2005/0328discovery.asp "Ostrich-osaurus" discovery?], Answers in Genesis.</ref>

== Evolutionary view ==
A widespread evolutionist claim is that birds evolved from earlier theropod dinosaurs over 150 million years ago. The most-frequently claimed candidate for a [[transitional form]] is ''[[Archaeopteryx|Archaeopteryx lithographica]]'' which is from the late [[Jurassic]] (about 150 million years ago) of [[Germany]]. This is a flawed example, as creationists often point out that God could have just created a feathered dinosaur.
There are other claimed transitional fossils <ref>http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-transitional/part1b.html#bird</ref> also.

There are many papers in the peer-reviewed science literature, including leading journals such as ''Nature'' and ''Science'', that support the idea that birds are a sub-group of dinosaurs. For example:
{{QuoteBox|Several features, including a carinate sternum and reduced fibula, suggest that ''Mononychus olecranus'' is more closely related to modern birds than is ''Archaeopteryx lithographica''. The two skeletons are among the best preserved fossils known of a primitive bird, and emphasize the complexity of the morphological transformation from nonavialian theropods to modern birds. The occurrence of such a primitive bird in the Late Cretaceous reflects the paucity of Mesozoic bird fossils and suggests that the early radiation of avialians is only beginning to be sampled
<ref>''Nature'' 362, 623-626 ([[15 April]] [[1993]])</ref>}}

Since those words were written in 1993, however, many fossils of primitive birds and other theropods have been discovered, so it is no longer correct to consider the Late Mesozoic fossil evidence of this group as depauperate.

=== Taxonomy ===
The conventional [[Linnaean taxonomy]] places birds in the Class Aves within the Subphylum [[Vertebrate|Vertebrata]]. [[Reptilia]], the conventional Class of reptiles, includes [[crocodile]]s and relatives, [[lizard]]s and [[snake]]s, [[turtle]]s, and the [[tuatara]]. However, birds and other, extinct [[dinosaur]]s should be grouped as [[archosaur]]s, along with the extant crocodiles and the extinct [[pterosaur]]s. Hence the conventional classification does not reflect the current state of evolutionary biology.

[[Zoology|Zoologists]] continue to use Class Aves as the taxonomic group of birds but recognise that it is a sub-group of the Superorder Dinosauria, which in turn is a member of the group Archosauria, including crocodiles and pterosaurs. The higher classification of reptiles (including birds) is not fully resolved but a common view is that current evidence indicates that the archosaurs (including birds) are a sister group of the lepidosaurs, which include lizards, snakes, the tuatara, and the extinct [[mosasaur]]s and [[plesiosaur]]s.<ref>Benton, 2004. Vertebrate Paleontology</ref>

===Evolution of flight===

'''Cursorial Theory'''

Proposed in 1879 by [[fossil]] expert [[Samuel Williston]], the Cursorial Theory suggests that the ancestors of birds were ground-dwelling theropods that developed flight through leaping and jumping. Cursorial Theory is no longer popular among scientists, who generally favor the Arboreal "trees down" theory of flight, since taking off from the ground is energetically expensive, thus it is therefore considered unlikely that flapping flight evolved from the ground up.

However, proponents of the Cursorial theory point to the basilisk lizard, which possesses the ability to run on water for a short time to escape predators, yet also has the ability to climb with great agility. The ability to run bipedally is not evident from the basilisk anatomy alone, and this illustrates the plasticity of animal behavior. It is nearly impossible to determine an animal's behavior simply by looking at its anatomy, as animals are capable of behavior beyond what their anatomy would suggest.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Birds]]
[[Category:Vertebrates]]

Millimeter

2014-01-17T19:23:20Z

Masterbratac:

A '''millimeter''' (mm) is a [[Metric system|metric]] unit of measurement equal to one thousandth of a [[meter]]. There are 25.54 millimeters in one [[inch]].

[[category:Units of Measurement]]

ABC

2014-01-12T01:32:15Z

Masterbratac:

''Not to be confused with the Australian public broadcaster'' [[ABC (Australia)]]

[[Image:American Broadcasting Company Logo.png|right|100px|thumb|American ABC logo]]

'''American Broadcasting Company''': A [[television]] network in the [[United States]] which has been broadcasting since 1948. It is a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company.
**'''ABC Radio Networks''', known as '''ABC Radio''', formerly owned by ABC television but independent since 2007. It originated in 1927 as the "NBC Blue Network", owned by RCA. It became independent of RCA in 1945.

==[[Charles Gibson]]==
Anchorman of ABC News Worldnews Tonight mentioned Conservapedia in a February 2007 segment. [http://xml.searchvideo.com/rd?i=2730017915&a=5dd5ca8652ca1f99f727d2f07104ae9e&p=1&q=language%3Aen%20conservapedia&vl=2721908557%202661562237%203090979217%201476579137%20269517351%201620947046%201937947638%202035605817%201045230044%203890262897%20 See Video]

==See Also==
* [http://www.abc.go.com American Broadcasting Company] official web-site
* [http://www.abc.net.au Australian Broadcasting Corporation] official web-site

[[Category:Broadcasting]]
[[Category:TV Networks]]
[[Category:Radio]]

Essay:Greatest Conservative TV Shows

2014-01-12T01:30:33Z

Masterbratac:

==The greatest conservative television shows==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Title
!Original run
!Network
!TV rating
!Description
|-
|''[[The Brady Bunch]]''
|1969-1974
|[[ABC]]
| TV rating G
|Wholesome sitcom, although highly unlikely, suburban [[Los Angeles]] [[blended family]]-a widow ([[Florence Henderson]]) with three daughters and a widower ([[Robert Reed]]) with three sons.
|-
|''[[Family Ties]]''
|1982-1989
|[[NBC]]
| TV rating PG
|Dramaedy series about how hardworking [[conservative]] children, eg. Michael J. Fox, outsmart their [[liberal]], ex-[[hippie]], underachieving parents.
|-
|''[[Broken Arrow (TV series)|Broken Arrow]]''
|1956-1958
|[[ABC]]
|TV NR/PG
|A compassionate Indian agent, Tom Jeffords, played by John Lupton, forges a friendship with the [[Apache]] [[Indian]] Cochise, portrayed by Michael Ansara; set in [[Arizona]]
|-
|''Sugarfoot''
|1957-1961
|ABC
|NR/PG
|Will Hutchins plays young "do-gooder" Tom "Sugarfoot" Brewster, a novice lawyer who roams the Old West "on the side of law and order," according to the theme song of the [[Warner Brothers]] series; Sugarfoot eschews guns until pushed to the brink and even refuses alcohol and instead orders "sarsparialla with a dash of cherry" when he enters a saloon.
|-
|''Death Valley Days''
|1952-1973
|Syndicated
|NR/PG
|Historically-based dramatic western presentations hosted at different times by Stanley Andrews, [[Ronald Reagan]], Robert Taylor, and Dale Robertson. It ran at times under other titles, such as ''Trails West'', with Ray Milland.
|-
|''[[Faye Emerson's Wonderful Town]]''
|1951-1952
|[[CBS]]
|
|Once a daughter-in-law of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and a wife of Skitch Henderson, Faye Emerson presents the most memorable songs associated with various cities, mostly in the United States; in its day, this was one of the most expensive programs to present to the public.
|-
|''Lawman''
|1958-1962
| ABC
|
|John Russell as Marshal Dan Troop; Peter Brown as deputy Johnny McKay, and Peggie Castle as Lily; this Warner Brothers series sought to maintain highest script quality so as not to be "just another western."
|-
|''Black Saddle''
|1959-1960
|ABC
|
|Peter Breck plays Clay Culhane, a gunfighter-turned-lawyer who seeks to help those in need of legal representation; co-starring Russell Johnson as Marshal Gib Scott
|-
|''Laramie''
|1959-1963
|NBC
|NR
|John Smith and Robert Fuller portray ranch partners Slim Sherman and Jess Harper; many episodes focus on their close friendship, which also extended off the set; Hoagy Carmichael appeared the first season as their housekeeper; Spring Byington filled that role in the last two seasons.
|-
|''State Trooper''
|1956-1959
|Syndicated
|NR
|Rod Cameron adventure/drama anthology series, forgotten to most today, based on case files of the [[Nevada]] state troopers; law and justice always prevail. Many episodes have surprise endings and unusual titles.
|-
| ''Our Man Higgins''
|1962-1963
|ABC
|G
|Stanley Holloway plays an English butler for an American family in a situation comedy with a dose of "culture clash". Frank Maxwell and Audrey Totter played the parents, and [[Ricky Kelman]] was the son, Tommy MacRoberts.
|-
|''The Office''
|2005-
|NBC
|TV PG
|Mockery of liberal ideology and [[political correctness]] in an office setting, without a liberal [[laugh track]]. The main character repeatedly encounters contradictions and absurdities as he tries to conform to liberal expectations. The show was most popular when its humor was conservative, and has declined in quality and popularity as its conservative humor has been diluted. Steve Carell played the main character for six years and was denied an Emmy Award by liberals every time despite being by far the funniest actor on television.
|-
|''The Apprentice''
|2004-
|NBC
|NR
|Liberals stopped watching when they realized that [[Donald Trump]] might be conservative.
|-
|''The Six Million Dollar Man''
|1974-1978
|ABC
|PG
|Capitalism at its finest - technological advances improving life; starring Lee Majors
|-
|''The Cosby Show''
|1984-1992
|NBC
|TV G
|Promoting good family values.
|-
|''Bonanza''
|1959-1973
|NBC
|NR/G
|Western promoting good neighborliness and the pursuit of just causes, with Lorne Greene, Dan Blocker, Pernell Roberts, and Michael Landon
|-
|''The Rifleman''
|1958-1963
|ABC
|NR/G
|Western with emphasis on fair play and giving people a second chance; starring Chuck Connors, Johnny Crawford, and Paul Fix. [http://www.amctv.com/videos#type=all&filter=rb-video-browser-num_items%3D10%26module_id_base%3Drb-video-browser%26rb-video-browser-show%3D4182%26rb-video-browser-content_type%3D&page=1&post_id=71306 The Rifleman]
|-
|''The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet''
|1952-1966
|ABC
|
|Long running comedy show epitomizing 1950s stable families and family values
|-
|''American Idol''
|2002-
|[[Fox Network|Fox]]
|TV PG
|Allows the best of the public to come to the fore musically
|-
|''Dog the Bounty Hunter''
|2004-2012
|[[A & E]]
|PG
|A public prayer to [[Jesus]] launches each new bounty mission; good guys enforcing law and order.
|-
|''[[24]]''
|2001-2010
|Fox
|TV 14
|Jack Bauer protects America at all costs against all terrorists, whether Muslim, European, Chinese, African, and even the US government.
|-
|''[[Top Gear]]''
|2002-
|[[BBC]]
|TV PG
|A British TV show about all types of cars. It is a fun show which celebrates individual freedom, capitalism, and private-sector innovation. It is also often politically incorrect and pokes fun at the belief in global warming.
|-
|''[[Justified]]''
|2010-
|FX Network
|TV MA
|Deputy US Marshal Raylan Givens, a 19th-century-style tough cowboy lawman, enforces his own brand of justice when dealing with criminals of all kinds in the hill country of eastern Kentucky. His boss, the Chief Deputy US Marshal Art Mullen, is played by Nick Searcy, a noted conservative actor. The most recent season has frequent reflections on Christianity and being loved and saved by God.
|-
| ''[[The Waltons]]''
|1972-1981
|CBS
|G
|A family with strong Christian values overcomes hardship in rural America during the Depression and U.S. involvement in World War II and extends charity to strangers while also honoring military service; starring Richard Thomas, Ralph Waite, Michael Learned, Will Geer, and Ellen Corby
|-
| ''[[The Lawrence Welk Show]]''
|1955-1982
|ABC; Syndicated
|G
|A family oriented variety show that appealed to Midwestern values
|-
|''Chuck''
|2007-
|NBC
|PG
|Emphasizes family values, honor, and a respect for our nation's servicemen.
|-
|''[[JAG (TV series)|JAG]]''
|1995-1996; 1997-2005
|NBC; CBS
|PG/PG13
|Also emphasizes pro-military honor and respect. Title means Judge Advocate General, which deals with people charged with crimes committed while in the U.S. military.
|-
|''[[Little House on the Prairie]]''
|1974-1983
|NBC
|TV G
|A show that celebrates family values and the courage of the 1870s-1880s pioneers, starring Michael Landon and based on [[Laura Ingalls Wilder]]'s books.
|-
|''Highway To Heaven''
|1984-1989
|NBC
|TV PG
|[[Michael Landon]] comes back to Earth as an angel to help many people, aided by [[Victor French]], both from NBC's previous ''Little House on the Prairie"
|-
|''Touched by an Angel''
|1994-2003
|CBS
|TV PG
|A popular drama about an angel in human form who visited troubled people in crisis. It was highly ranked for four seasons and ran for nine seasons. Principal star: Della Reese
|-
|''Life is Worth Living''
|1952-1957
|Dumont TV; ABC
|TV G
|Emmy Award winning show dealing with moral issues hosted by Archbishop [[Fulton J. Sheen]]; from 10 to 30 million people watched the show weekly.
|-
|''7th Heaven''
|1996-2007
|[[Warner Brothers]]
|TV PG
|The family of a Christian minister deals with moral and controversial themes, approached from a socially and politically conservative Protestant viewpoint. It has the distinction of having been the longest-running family drama in U.S. television history; starring Stephen Collins.[http://www.timewarner.com/corp/newsroom/pr/0,20812,1028153,00.html]
|-
|''Life Goes On''
|1989-1993
|ABC
|G/PG
|Follows the experiences of a young man with Down Syndrome and recognizes the dignity of people with developmental disabilities and the joy and love they give to their families and others.
|-
|''Dragnet''
|1967-1970
|NBC
|TV rating PG
|Starring Jack Webb as Sgt. Joe Friday and his partner solving actual cases from the files of the Los Angeles Police Department. Great use of law enforcement jargon by the officers while educating the public on the Rule of Law. Showed fine examples of moral conduct, honor of self/others and sacrifice for the good of the public.
|-
|''Adam-12''
|1968-1975
|NBC
|TV rating PG
|Spinoff of Webb-produced "Dragnet", also based on actual cases and more than one per episode, this time focusing on LAPD street patrol officers Peter Malloy and James (Jim) Reed. Same good examples as "Dragnet". Was remade into a limited (L.A. and N.Y.C.) syndication show in 1989-1991 with unknown main players, new characters and situations. None of the original series' three main players (Martin Milner, Kent McCord, William Boyett) ever fell victim to Hollywood Values, (ex. they stayed married to their same wives, with nine children between them. Milner had 4, McCord had 3 and Boyett (who died in 2004 at 77) had 2 and became a grandfather twice over). One episode, "Baby" in 1969, was said to be based on Kent McCord's own real life wife's birth of one of their own children that year.
|-
|''Emergency!''
|1972-1977, with TV specials, "The Final Rescues", periodically from fall 1977-1979.
|NBC
|TV rating PG
|Webb's second spin-off from "Dragnet" is a medical drama about the Los Angeles County Fire Department, its paramedics and the activities of Rampart General Hospital.
|-
|''Quincy, M.E.''
|1976-1983
|NBC
|TV rating PG
|Follows the now late Jack Klugman as Los Angeles County's Medical Examiner on suspicious cases (eg. deaths) and medical mistakes that were previously thought to have been solved but later found to have had more about them than what was originally thought, but that these facts were often hidden by [[bureaucracy]].
|-
|''CHiPS''
|1977-1983
|NBC
|TV rating PG
|Rick Rosner (California Highway Patrol member)-produced light motorcycle dramedy mix on mostly Los Angeles' freeways, beaches and streets, operating through L.A.'s CHP Central station.
|-
|''Hardcastle & McCormick''
|1983-1986
|ABC
|TV rating NY (PG ?)
|Los Angeles County Superior Court's Milton C. Hardcastle (Brian Keith) goes after about 200 cases who walked away on technicalities with help of a former race car driver turned criminal, Mark McCormick (Daniel Hugh Kelly).
|-
|''The Commish''
|1991-1996
|ABC
|TV rating NR (PG ?)
|Former New York City PD detective Tony Scali (Michael Chicklis) moves upstate to a small town PD and uses creativity instead of much violence to fight crime in the fictious city of Eastbridge, N.Y. He has the same amount of genuine concern (love) for his family as he does for his city and its police force.
|-
|''Parking Wars''
|2008-
|A & E
|PG
|Demonstrates the offensiveness of overbearing government bureaucracy while maintaining a respect for law officers.
|-
|''Pawn Stars''
|2009-
|History Channel/A & E
|TV PG
|Shows how two parties can **mutually and fairly benefit** from a negotiated free-market transaction, independent of any government "assistance".
|-
|''The Bob Newhart Show''
|1972-1978
|CBS
|TV G
|A mockery of how insane people may become in a secular world.
|-
|''Hawaii-Five-O''
|1968-1980
|CBS
|PG
|Even in what might be expected to be a lazy, hazy paradise, the law is still the law, with Jack Lord and James MacArthur.
|-
|''Daniel Boone''
|1964-1971
|NBC
|G
|As the title music sang, "he fought for America, to make all Americans free", with Fess Parker in the starring role.|
|-
|''Adam''
|1983
|NBC
|TV NR
|TV made film on the abduction and murder of [[John Walsh]]'s son Adam in 1981 and his crusade for missing and exploited children. Followed by a sequel, ''Adam: His Song Continues'' (1986).
|-
|''America's Most Wanted''
|1988-2011
|Fox TV
|TV NR/PG13
|[[John Walsh]] hosts news documentary of well known suspects and fugitives, their crimes and captures. Was the real life father of above mentioned Adam Walsh and subject of above mentioned TV films named for him.
|-
|''MacGyver''
|1985-1992
|ABC
|TV PG
|The main character played by Richard Dean Anderson uses Yankee ingenuity to solve various problems and escape the clutches of his enemies; the series eschews violence until absolutely necessary.
|-
|''The Equalizer''
|1985-1989
|CBS
|TV PG-13
|Spy drama follows Robert McCall ([[Edward Woodward]]) through [[New York City]] as he helps people in extreme situations against all odds of their success in overcoming these problems.
|-
|''Walker, Texas Ranger''
|1993-2001
|CBS
|TV rating PG/PG13
|Starring [[Chuck Norris]] and Noble Willingham as modern day Texas Rangers
|-
|''NCIS''
|2003-
|CBS
|TV 14
|Show about U.S. Navy investigators, voted ''America's favorite program in 2011''; starring Mark Harmon and David McCallum
|-
|''Mission: Impossible''
|1966-1973; 1988-1990
|CBS, ABC
|TV G/PG
|Emphasizes teamwork, friendship, professionalism, and American ingenuity and exceptionalism, which can overcome any obstacle, with Peter Graves, Martin Landau, and Barbara Bain
|-
|''Storage Wars''
|
|A & E
|
|Emphasizes [[capitalism|capitalist]] and [[free market]] values. Plus on another level, it illustrates the importance of [[conservative values|personal responsibility]]; the lockers that are being auctioned off belonged to people who decided not to pay their bills.
|-
|''The Prisoner''
|1967-1968
| [[ITV]]
|TV PG
|Classic British TV show about a secret agent who is sent to a strange "village" in order to determine the reasons for his resignation. The Prisoner is a metaphor for the Individual against the Collective. The series ran for only seventeen episodes.
|-
|''Yes, Minister!''''Yes, Prime Minister!''
|
|BBC
|
|Classic British sit-com about the political machinations of being a cabinet member in the British government, and then eventually as Prime Minister. A recurring theme is that of the struggle of politicians to make the desired changes despite the resistence of the bureaucracy.
|-
|''Storm Chasers''
|
|The Weather Channel
|
|Demonstrates core conservative values such as courage and a thirst for practical, scientific knowledge
|-
|''The Pretender''
|1996-2000
|[[NBC]]
|
|Pro-life and with a message of charity and self-sacrifice as personal responsibility
|-
|''The Dick Van Dyke Show''
|1961-1966
|CBS
|
|Pro-marriage and pro-family, this series launched the career of Mary Tyler Moore.
|-
|''The Donna Reed Show''
|1958-1966
|ABC
|
|Situation comedy of an upper middle-class family in Hillsdale (state not given), with Donna Reed in the role of Donna Stone, wife of a pediatrician, played by Carl Betz.
|-
|''Wagon Train''
|1957-1965
|NBC/ABC
|
||Western with conservatives Ward Bond and John McIntire playing trailmasters Seth Adams and Chris Hale, respectively; the struggle of pioneers seeking a fresh start in the American West. Robert Horton and Robert Fuller also starred in the series.
|-
|''Wanted: Dead or Alive''
|1958-1961
|CBS
|
|Steve McQueen as a kind-hearted bounty hunter, Josh Randall, dedicated to the enforcement of the law; numerous episodes have spiritual themes; a spinoff of ''Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theatre''
|-
|''Who Do You Think You Are?''
|
|NBC
|
|NBC in USA (in other countries also) with famous people showing how to research relationships and histories of our ancestors. We owe them so much, whether horse thieves or royalty, they gave us our lives, and in some cases fought in the [[American Revolution]].
|-
|''Coming Home''
|
|ABC
|
|Shows American war veterans coming home to their families
|-
|''Dog the Bounty Hunter''
|
|A&E
|
|[[Born Again Christian]], Duane "Dog" Chapman, promotes the American values as he hunts down criminals. After capturing wanted fugitives, Dog tells them that they need to give their life over to Christ.
|-
|''Legends of the Hidden Temple''
|1993-1995
|Nickelodeon
|TV Y
|[[Game show]] that uses a conservative elimination format (ensuring only the most meritorious players survive to play the final round) and is unyielding in difficulty. Also, it refuses to succumb to [[liberal]] beliefs in archeology that keep historical sites and artifacts off limits, instead promoting the conservative ''Indiana Jones'' persona
|-
|''Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?''
|1999-2002
|ABC
|TV G
|[[Game show]], uses a conservative elimination format (ensuring only the most meritorious players survive to play the final round) and is unyielding in difficulty. The format for qualifying to be on the hot seat entirely depends on knowledge, not having the stereotypical game show contestant persona. The show unashamedly rewards people who know the most. Host Regis Philbin.
|-
|''Karol: A Man Who Became Pope''
|2005
|Hallmark Channel
|TV NR (PG for some violence and adult discussions)
|[[Biopic]] of younger Karol Wojtyla, from World War II Resistance to his election as [[Pope John Paul II]]. Followed by a Canadian sequel, ''Karol: The Pope The Man'' (2006), which itself chronicled the events from his papal inauguration in 1978 to his death in 2005.
|-
|''Have No Fear: The Life of Pope John Paul II''
|December 1, 2005
|ABC
|TV PG
|Thomas Kretchmann played the late pontiff, from his non-violent resistance to Nazism and Communism to his elevations as priest, archbishop, cardinal and his life as the titular pontiff. Includes his confrontation of El Salvador's archbishop [[Oscar Romero]] about Romero's leftist [[liberation theology]], just before Romero's tragic assassination.
|-
|''Pope John Paul II''
|December 4 & 7, 2005
|CBS
|TV PG
|In this biopic miniseries, conservative actor [[Jon Voight]] portrayed Pope [[John Paul II]], who was influential in Part 1's non-violent resistance to [[World War II]]'s Nazism and the subsequent [[Cold War]]'s [[Communists]], eventually defeating Communism in Part 2's end of Scene 16 (circa 1989). Part 1 covers his years as priest, professor, bishop and cardinal. Part 2 covers his 26-1/2 year pontificate from his election up to his death. [[Cary Elwes]] played younger Wojtyla in Part 1 from ages 19 to just before his pontifical election at 58, while Voight took over at the start of Part 2 in the title role.
|-
|''The Glenn Beck Show''
|
|[[Fox News]]
|
|Public affairs program
|-
|''[[Hannity (TV show)|Hannity]]'' (formerly ''Hannity and Colmes'')
|2009-
|Fox News
|
|Sean Hannity's television public affairs program
|-
|''House of Cards''
|2013
|Netflix original series
|
|Shows Democrats as they really are: corrupt frauds and atheists
|}

==Debatable whether conservative==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Title
!Original run
!Network
!TV rating
!Description
|-
|''The Twilight Zone''
|1959-1964 (original run)
|CBS
|
|A recurring theme is that the selfish and the self-centered eventually lose what they sought to gain; hosted by Rod Serling. Examples of [[conservative]] episodes include:
*"The Prime Mover" (episode #57, 3/24/61)<ref>http://www.filmschoolrejects.com/features/exploring-the-twilight-zone-57-the-prime-mover.php</ref>
|-
|''The Beverly Hillbillies''
|1962-1971
|CBS
|
|Although silly, the show is powerful in illustrating how material possessions are not what define a person. Buddy Ebsen stars as Jed Clampbett.
|-
|''King of the Hill''
|1997-2010
|Fox
|TV PG
|Despite cartoonish nature, shows the struggle of a hardworking, traditional American family against "alternative" modern cultural movements.
|-
|''Law & Order''
|1990-2010
|NBC
| TV PG13
|Police & court drama similar to [[Perry Mason]] in which the first halves of each episodes were the crimes, investigations and arrests of suspects and the second halves were the trials and aftermaths thereofs.
|-
|''Antiques Roadshow''
|
|[[PBS]]
|
|Shows the real value (financial and historical) of handcrafts and traditional, old-fashioned things and memorabilia
|-
|''The Larry Sanders Show''
|
|
|
|A dark comedy based around the background of a [[Hollywood]] talk show, showing a great deal of liberal and celebrity hypocrisy and mocking them for their behavior.
|-
|''Breaking Bad''
|
|American Movie Classic
|
|A previously law-abiding chemistry teacher gets involved in the drug trade and destroys himself and his family. Each immoral decision leads him further along the path of destruction. The evildoers all suffer for their actions.
|-
|''[[The O'Reilly Factor]]''
|
|Fox News
|
|[[Bill O'Reilly]] is like "Archie Bunker": cranky, critical, and wants government to push people around and lock 'em up. O'Reilly rarely espouses true [[conservative]] values, and was extremely vicious towards [[pro-life]] Cardinal Bernard Law. O'Reilly alienates millions of young people.
|-
|''Cops''
|1989-
|Fox
|TV rating PG
|The good guys protecting the public from criminals, yet arguably promotes police state and big government. Filmed on location in many exotic and mundane locales with actual law enforcement agencies, both here in the U.S. and abroad.
|-
|[[Smallville]]
|2001-2011
|CW
|TV rating PG & 14
|Some conservative themes are present in the show and some liberal themes are present. Biblical undertones are present such as main character appearing as a Christ-like figure.
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also ==
*[[Essay:Greatest Conservative Movies]]
*[[Essay:Greatest Conservative Songs]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Greatest Conservative TV Shows}}
[[Category:Television]]
[[Category:Conservatism]]
[[Category:Greatest Conservative TV Shows]]

Rational number

2014-01-12T01:27:00Z

Masterbratac:

{{Math-m}}

The '''rational numbers''' are the numbers representable as ratios of integers, that is, fractions. Mathematicians denote the set of rational numbers with an ornate capital letter: <math>\mathbb{Q}</math>. They are the 3rd item in this hierarchy of types of [[number]]s:

*The "[[natural number]]s", 1, 2, 3, ... (There is controversy about whether zero should be included. It doesn't matter.)
*The "[[integer]]s"—positive, negative, and [[zero]]
*The "rational numbers", which can be represented as [[fraction]]s, like 355/113
*The "[[real number]]s", including irrational numbers
*The "[[complex number]]s", which give solutions to polynomial equations

__TOC__

Rational numbers are actually defined as ''[[equivalence class]]es'' of ratios of integers, so that 2/3 and 4/6 are the same number.

If a rational number were to be represented as a decimal to infinite precision, that decimal would either terminate at some point (e.g. 1.25) or would eventually get into an endless repeating pattern (e.q. 1.250909090909..., which is 1376/1100).

Zero in the denominator of a rational number is not allowed. All rational numbers are [[infinity|finite]].

==Countability and density==
An important theoretical property of the rationals is that they are countable. That is, the entire set of rational numbers can be put into a one-to-one correspondence with the integers. This is surprising at first glance, since the integers are "sparse" while the rationals seem to fill out the real line. To see this correspondence, we need to list all rational numbers in some order. List the rationals (that is, the rationals in which the fraction has been fully reduced) that have the sum of their numerators and denominators equal to one. 0/1 is the only such. Then follow those with the rationals that have the sum of their numerators and denominators equal to two. 1/1 is the only such, since 0/2 is not reduced. Follow those with the rationals that have the sum of their numerators and denominators equal to three. They are 1/2 and 2/1. Continue without end.

A more subtle theoretical property is that the rationals comprise a countable [[dense set|dense subset]] of the reals. This is used in some advanced theorems of topology.

==Algebraic Properties==
The algebraic implications of the rational numbers are both interesting and far reaching. The rational numbers represent a specific example of a [[field (mathematics)|Field of Fractions]] over the [[Integers]]. The [[integers]] constitute a [[ring (mathematics)|ring]], there are two defined operations - addition and multiplication, which follow a certain set of rules (or as Mathematicians would say - have a certain structure). Specifically, the integers are an integral domain, a special type of ring with no zero divisors (There is no integer <math>a,b\neq 0</math> such that <math>a*b = 0</math>) and where the multiplication is commutative. The integers, however, are not a [[field (mathematics)|field]] because not every integer has an integer multiplicative inverse (in fact, only the number 1 and -1 do) .

As mentioned above, we can define an [[equivalence class|equivalence relation]] on (<math>\mathbb{Z}\times\mathbb{Z}\backslash\{0\}</math>) (A set of pairs of integers, where the second number in the pair cannot be 0 - thus avoiding the issue of dividing by zero) where two tuples <math>(a,b)</math> and <math>(c,d)</math> (which can be written in the more familiar form <math>\frac{a}{b}</math> and <math>\frac{c}{d}</math>) are equivalent if <math>ad-bc = 0</math>. For example, the two fractions <math>\frac{1}{4}</math> and <math>\frac{2}{8}</math> are equivalent because <math>2*4 - 1*8 = 0</math>. When two pairs of numbers (or fractions) are equivalent we call them members of the same equivalence class. The Field of fractions is the [[set]] of these equivalence classes, it is a simple exercise to show that they constitute a field. Along with the equivalence class, we define the operations of addition (<math>\frac{a}{b} + \frac{c}{d} = \frac{ad+cb}{bd}</math>) and multiplication (<math>\frac{a}{b}*\frac{c}{d} = \frac{ac}{bd}</math>), these operations are intentionally designed to mimic the addition and multiplication of fractions often taught in gradeschool, however keep in mind that the underlying ring does not necessarily have to be the integers (this same formulation constructs a field for ''any'' ring). Since the [[integers]] are ''naturally embedded'' in its field of fractions (we define the trivial mapping that <math>a\in \mathbb{Z} \rightarrow (a,1) \equiv \frac{a}{1} \in \mathbb{Z}\times \mathbb{Z}\backslash\{0\}</math> we only need to show the existence of a multiplicative inverse for each member of the set (all the other rules are satisfied by the ring and integral domain structure of the integers). Since for every fraction <math>\frac{a}{b}</math> we can construct a multiplicative inverse <math>\frac{b}{a}</math>, we satisfy all the conditions for a [[field]] and complete the proof. If the field of fractions is taken over a bona-fide field we will just get back the same field (technically, a new field but which is isomorphic to the original) - so the field of fractions over the rationals is just the rationals again.

Therefore, the rational numbers (or following the definition above, the field of fraction over the integers) can be though of as a "completion" of the integers in the sense that we construct a field "from the ashes" of the ring of integers. It is also important to note that the rational numbers is the smallest field in which the integers can be embedded, in fact, for any arbitrary ring, its field of fractions constitute the smallest field into which the ring can be embedded. Since both the integers and the rationals are infinite in size, we define the notion of smallest to mean that there doesn't exist a subfield <math>F \subset \mathbb{Q}</math> such that <math>\mathbb{Z} \subset F</math>.

The concept of a field of fraction may seem heavy-handed for something as intuitive as rational numbers, however when we are dealing with very abstract rings that look very little like the integers we have been acquainted with since kindergarten its field of fractions may look very bizarre , it is useful that we can rely on our intuition of rational numbers to understand very abstract things.

[[Category:Mathematics]]
[[Category:Calculus]]

Algebraic topology

2014-01-12T01:25:29Z

Masterbratac:

'''Algebraic topology''' is a branch of mathematics that uses [[abstract algebra]] to understand [[topological space]]s, and [[topology]] to understand [[abstract algebra]].

The primary method of algebraic topology is to identify some kind of relation between a [[group (mathematics)|group]] (or a [[ring (mathematics)|ring]] or other structure) and a [[topological space]]. Once such a relation is established, known results in one field can yield results in the other field.

Important results in this field include the [[Poincare conjecture]], the unclassifiable nature of four-dimensional manifolds, and the proof that subgroups of free groups are necessarily free themselves.

== The Homotopy Groups ==

One of the most elementary tools in algebraic topology is the [[fundamental group]], which is symbolized by <math>\pi_{1}(X) \ </math> for a given topological space <math>X \ </math>. Some details must be ironed out: for example, the investigation of loops which are very similar gives no insight into the structure of the space, so we work instead with sets of loops called homotopy classes.
 
The formal definition is as follows: Let <math>p \ </math> be a fixed point in <math>X \ </math>.
Consider the space of all [[curve]]s <math>\gamma:[0,1]\rightarrow X \ </math> which begin and end at <math>p \ </math>.
We consider two such curves to be ([[homotopy|homotopically]]) equivalent if we can [[continuous]]ly deform the first curve into the second; that is to say, we consider <math>\gamma_1 \ </math> to be equivalent to <math>\gamma_2 \ </math>
if there exists a [[mapping]] <math>H:[0,1]\times[0,1]\rightarrow X \ </math> with <math>H(t,0) = \gamma_1(t) \ </math> and <math>H(t,1) = \gamma_2(t) \ </math>. We can define an group structure on the resulting [[equivalence class]] of curves by declaring <math>\gamma_1\cdot\gamma_2 \ </math> to be the curve <math>\gamma_2 \ </math> followed by <math>\gamma_1 \ </math>, and rescaled so that the resulting curve still has domain <math>[0,1]</math>. This group is called the fundamental group of <math>X \ </math>.

Higher homotopy groups can be defined, and are written as <math>\pi_n(X) \ </math>. These are defined in just the same way, except we consider maps <math>\gamma:[0,1]^n \rightarrow X \ </math> instead.
 
A very important example is the topological space <math>\mathbb{S}^1 \ </math>, the circle. It can be shown that the fundamental group of <math>\mathbb{S}^1 \ </math> is isomorphic to the additive group of [[integer]]s <math>\mathbb{Z}</math>. Other examples include the torus, <math>\pi_1(\mathbb{T}^n) \ </math>, which is the free abelian group on <math>n \ </math> generators, the sphere

<math>\pi_m(\mathbb{S}^n) = \begin{cases} \left\{{e}\right\}, & \mbox{if } m< n \\ \mathbb{Z}, & \mbox{if } m=n \end{cases} \ </math>

where the former is the group with one element.

==The Homology Groups==

Homology groups, while lacking the simple definition of the homotopy groups, tend to be more studied and more useful for classification of topological spaces. There are several approaches to the study of homology: simplicial, which forms groups out of chain complexes, and de Rham, which forms groups from differential forms.

[[Category:Topology]]
[[Category:Algebra]]

Field (mathematics)

2014-01-12T01:23:30Z

Masterbratac:

A '''field''' is a commutative [[Ring (mathematics)|ring]] which contains a non-zero multiplicative identity and all non-zero elements have multiplicative inverses. Loosely, a field is a collection of entities with well-behaved and compatible addition and multiplication operations. A few examples serve to illustrate this point.

== Examples ==

# The [[rational numbers]] <math>\mathbb Q</math>, with operations the usual addition and multiplication.
# The [[real numbers]] <math>\mathbb R</math>, with operations the usual addition and multiplication.
# The [[complex numbers]] <math>\mathbb C</math>, with operations the usual addition and multiplication.
# The integers modulo <math>p</math> (denoted <math>\mathbb Z/p\mathbb Z</math>), where <math>p</math> is prime. Here the operations are addition and multiplication modulo <math>p</math>. Observe that if <math>p</math> is not prime, then <math>\mathbb Z/p\mathbb Z</math> is not a field. For example, the element <math>2 \in \mathbb Z/6 \mathbb Z</math> has no multiplicative inverse modulo 6! In this case, <math>\mathbb Z/p\mathbb Z</math> has only the structure of a [[ring (mathematics)|ring]].
# The field <math>\mathbb Q[\sqrt{3}]</math> of real numbers of the form <math>a+b\sqrt{3}</math>, where both <math>a</math> and <math>b</math> are rational.
# Finite fields: for each prime number <math>p</math> and positive integer <math>n</math>, there is a unique (up to [[isomorphism]]) finite field of [[cardinality]] is <math>p^n</math>. This field is of characteristic <math>p</math>.
# The set of [[meromorphic function|meromorphic functions]] on a complex [[manifold]], with pointwise addition and multiplication. For example, the set of meromorphic functions on <math>\mathbb C</math> or the unit disk <math>\Delta \subset \mathbb C</math>.
# The [[p-adic]] fields <math>\mathbb Q_p</math> and <math>\Omega_p</math>, which play a prominent role in [[number theory]].

The [[characteristic]] of a field must be either 0 or a [[prime number]] ''p''. A field of characteristic 0 is necessarily infinite.

Fields play an important role in nearly every area of [[mathematics]], and are one of the most basic objects studied by [[algebra]]. The study of the relationships between different fields, and in particular subfields of a given field, leads to the study of [[Galois]] theory, and makes possible the proof of [[Abel-Ruffini theorem|Abel's theorem]] and was one of the motivations for the early study of fields and [[abstract algebra]] more generally.

== Axioms ==

Technically, a field F consists of a set of elements and two [[Binary operation|binary operations]], addition + and multiplication *, which obey the following axioms:

'''Addition'''
 
1. Closure: If a,b ∈ F then a + b ∈ F.
 
2. [[Associative property|Associativity]]: For a,b,c ∈ F, (a + b) + c = a + (b + c).
 
3. [[Commutative property|Commutativity]]: For a,b ∈ F, a + b = b + a
 
4. [[Identity_Element|Identity]]: There exists an element 0 ∈ F such that a + 0 = 0 + a = a for all a ∈ F.
 
5. [[Inverse]]: If a ∈ F then there exists an (-a) ∈ F such that a + (-a) = (-a) + a = 0.

'''Multiplication'''
 
1. Closure: If a,b ∈ F then a*b ∈ F.
 
2. [[Associative property|Associativity]]: For a,b,c ∈ F. (a*b)*c = a*(b*c).
 
3. [[Commutative property|Commutativity]]: For a,b ∈ F, a*b = b*a
 
4. [[Identity_Element|Identity]]: There exists an element 1 ∈ F such that a*1 = 1*a = a for all a ∈ F.
 
5. [[Inverse]]: If a ∈ F and a ≠ 0 then there exists an a-1 ∈ F such that a*a-1 = a-1*a = 1.

'''Distributivity'''

For a,b,c ∈ F, a*(b + c) = a*b + a*c.

Sometimes the condition 0 ≠ 1 is also included.

[[Category:Algebra]]

James Connolly

2014-01-10T20:24:06Z

Masterbratac:

'''James Connolly''' (1868-1916) was an [[Irish]] [[socialist]] and [[trade union]] leader. In 1913 he founded the paramilitary [[Irish Citizen Army]] as a workers' militia; it later participated, alongside the [[Irish Volunteers]], in the [[Easter Rising]] of 1916 against [[British]] rule in [[Ireland]]. Connolly was wounded in the fighting; he was, after the rebel forces surrendered, tried by [[court martial]] and executed by firing squad.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Connolly, James}}
[[Category:Ireland]]
[[Category:Labor Union Leaders]]

Jack Brabham

2014-01-10T17:28:02Z

Masterbratac:

'''Sir John Arthur "Jack" Brabham''', OBE (born April 2 1926) is an [[Australia|Australian]] racing driver who was [[Formula One]] champion in 1959, 1960 and 1966<ref>http://www.formula1.com/default.html</ref>.

Brabham was a second generation [[Australia]]n, born the son of a grocer in the [[Sydney]] suburb of Hurstville. He left school at fifteen to work in a garage.

During [[World War II]] he served in the Royal Australian Air Force. In 1946 he opened a small repair business. He also raced midget cars and in his first season won the New South Wales Championship and formed a partnership with Ron Tauranac.

In 1955 he made his Grand Prix debut at the British Grand Prix driving his own Maserati 250F. He soon joined the Cooper Car Company team, which was the first to run the engine at the rear. In 1959 Brabham won the World Championship with a Coventry Climax engined Cooper. In 1960 he won the championship again with Cooper<ref>http://www.formula1.com/teams_and_drivers/hall_of_fame/133/</ref>.

Brabham took the Championship-winning Cooper to the Indianapolis Motor Speedway for a test following the 1960 season, then entered the famous Indianapolis 500 in a modified version of the Formula One car in 1961. The "funny" little car from Europe was mocked by the other teams, but it ran as high as third and finished ninth. The Indianapolis establishment gradually realized the writing was on the wall as Brabham and his team principal John Cooper had shown that the days of front-engined roadsters were numbered<ref>http://www.grandprix.com/gpe/eng-engin.html</ref>. Ironically, Cooper were not as competitive this year, as the 1.5 litre engine rules were introduced and the famous Shark Nose Ferrari dominated. Brabham also raced at Indy in 1964, 1969 and 1970.

In 1961 he founded the Brabham Racing Organisation with Ron Tauranac. A newly introduced engine limit in Formula One of 1500cc did not suit Brabham and he did not win a single race with a 1500cc car, although his first team win came in 1964 with driver [[Dan Gurney]]. In 1966 a new 3000cc formula was created, Brabham in a Brabham-Repco won the championship again and became the first driver to win the Formula One World Championship in a car that carried his own name. In 1967 the title went to his teammate Denny Hulme. <ref>http://www.repco.com.au</ref> Following injuries in the 1969 season Brabham intended to retire in 1970 but finding no top drivers available he raced for one more year, retiring after the Mexican Grand Prix. After retiring he made a complete break from racing<ref>http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/honours/honour_roll/search.cfm?aus_award_id=1107812&search_type=simple&showInd=true</ref>, selling his interest in the team to Tauranac and returning to Australia <ref>http://www.4mula1.ro/history/driver/Jack_Brabham</ref>. He was knighted in 1979<ref>http://www.speedcafe.com/2013/01/25/jack-brabham/</ref>.

All three of Brabham's sons - Geoff, Gary and David<ref>http://www.formulaford.com.au/content/records/1986.php</ref> - are also engaged in racing careers. <ref>http://www.lemans24.com</ref>

==References==
<references/>
[[Category: Australia]]
[[Category:Sportspeople ]]

File:Lya.jpg

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File:Zar.jpg

2014-01-10T17:20:05Z

Masterbratac:

File:Larouche1.jpg

2014-01-10T17:17:10Z

Masterbratac:

Dark age

2014-01-10T17:03:33Z

Masterbratac: Redirected page to Dark Ages

#redirect [[Dark Ages]]

Reformed Churches

2014-01-10T17:01:47Z

Masterbratac:

[[Image:Geneva_Bible.jpg|right|280px|Geneva Bible]]
The '''Reformed Churches''' are a group of [[Protestant]] Churches that originated during the [[Protestant Reformation]] of the 16th century. This Protestant movement was led first by [[Ulrich Zwingli]] and then by [[John Calvin]]. "Reformed" churches are said to be [[Calvinist]] in doctrine.

== History ==

The Reformer, [[John Calvin]], was French by birth; however he wrote and preached mostly in Switzerland. Here he published his "Institutes of the Christian Religion". From Geneva, Calvinism spread throughout Europe, but especially into the [[Netherlands]] and [[Scotland]]. Various Confessions were drawn up to distinguish the Reformed faith from other Protestant viewpoints. English [[Puritans]] and Scottish [[Presbyterian]]s brought the Reformed faith to the United States and Australasia after the Reformation. So did the Reformed Dutch and Germans and the French [[Huguenots]] bring their faith to South Africa.

== Doctrine ==

In Reformed Churches, the Bible is the sole and supreme authority in all matters of faith. The various Confessions are merely accepted explanations of Biblical doctrine.

The Confessions:

*Dutch: [[The Belgic Confession]], [[The Heidelberg Cathegism]] and the [[Canons of Dordt]].
*Scottish: [[The Westminster Confession]], [[The Westminster Larger Cathegism]] and [[The Westminster Shorter Cathegism]], as well as the [[Scots Confession]].
*Swiss: [[The Second Helvetic Confession]].

== Form of Governance ==

Reformed Churches use the [[Presbyterian polity]] for their church government. This emphasizes the autonomy of the local church, which is governed by [[elders]].

== Different Traditions ==

Scottish Presbyterian, and Dutch and Swiss Reformed churches are distinguished by different confessions, but hold to the same set of beliefs.

Another tradition has developed also--"Reformed Baptist." It shares some of the same Calvinist beliefs as the general Reformed Churches, but Reformed Baptists baptize adults and not infants as other Reformed Churches do. They adhere to the [[London Baptist Confession]].

== Summary of Reformed Churches Worldwide ==

Here is a brief summary of the Reformed Churches in the Western world. Liberal denominations are distiguished from the more Conservative ones. "Conservative-Fundamentalist and Orthodox" denominations include a wide spectrum, however, and may range from moderately conservative to very Orthodox.

=== United States and Canada ===

'''Liberal, Non-Calvinist'''

[[Presbyterian Church (USA)]] - around 3,600,000 members

[[United Church of Canada]] - around 2,800,000 members - Presbyterian & Congregational & Methodist

[[Evangelical Presbyterian Church]] - around 68,000 members

[[Korean Presbyterian Church in America]] - around 29,000 members

[[Presbyterian Church in Canada]] - around 225,000 members

[[Reformed Church in America]] - around 300,000 members

'''Conservative-Fundamentalist and Orthodox'''

[[Presbyterian Church in America]] - around 350,000 members

[[Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church]] - around 40,000 members

[[Korean American Presbyterian Church]] - around 33,000 members

[[Orthodox Presbyterian Church]] - around 30,000 members
:*[http://escondidoopc.org/ Escondido Orthodox Presbyterian Church]
[[Confederation of Reformed Evangelical Churches]] - around 15,000 members, Reformed and Reformed Baptist

[[Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America]] - around 7,000 members

[[Covenant Reformed Presbyterian Church]]

[[Free Presbyterian Church]] - Reformed Baptist

[[Presbyterian Reformed Church]]

[[Reformed Presbyterian Church - Hanover Presbytery]]

[[Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States]]

[[Reformed Presbyterian Church General Assembly]]

[[Upper Cumberland Presbyterian Church]] - less than 1000 members - Four-Point Calvinist

[[Traditional Protestant Episcopal Church]] - less than 100 members - Episcopal

[[Christian Reformed Church]] - around 270,000 members

[[United Reformed Churches in North America]] - around 20,700 members

[[Canadian and American Reformed Churches]] - around 16,000 members

[[Confederation of Reformed Evangelical Churches]] - around 15,000 members - Reformed Baptist

[[Reformed Church in the United States]]

[[Orthodox Christian Reformed Church]] - around 1,500 members

[[Bible Presbyterian Church]] - around 3,500 members

[[American Presbyterian Church]]

[[Christian Presbyterian Church]] - Korean

[[Evangelical Reformed Presbyterian Church]]

[[Reformed Presbytery in North America]]

[[Westminster Presbyterian Church in the United States]]

[[Netherlands Reformed Congregations]] - around 9,500 members - Dutch

[[Free Reformed Churches in North America]] - around 4,500 members

[[Heritage Reformed Congregations]] - around 2,000 members

'''Hyper Calvinist'''

[[Protestant Reformed Church|Protestant Reformed Churches in America]] - around 7,000 members

=== The Netherlands ===

'''Liberal, non-Calvinist'''

[[Protestant Church in the Netherlands]] - 2 million members

[[Continued Reformed Churches in the Netherlands]] - 5,000 members

'''Conservative-Fundamentalist and Orthodox'''

[[Christian Reformed Churches of the Netherlands]] - 75,000 members

[[Reformed Congregations in the Netherlands]] - 31,000 members

[[Netherlands Reformed Churches]] - 19,000 members

[[Restored Reformed Church]] - 70,000 members

[[Old-Reformed Church in the Netherlands]]

[[Netherlands Reformed Congregations]] - 105,000 members

[[Reformed Churches of the Netherlands (Liberated)]] - 130,000 members

[[New Liberated Reformed Church]] - 3,000 members

=== Germany ===

'''Liberal, non Calvinist'''

[[Evangelical Church in Germany]]

'''Conservative-Fundamentalist and Orthodox'''

[[Evangelical Oldreformed Churches]]

[[Evangelical Reformed Churches of Middle Germany]]

[[Free Reformed Church]] - Episcopal

=== The UK and Ireland ===

'''Liberal, non-Calvinist'''

[[United Reformed Church]]

[[Presbyterian Church in Ireland]]

[[Church of Scotland]]

'''Conservative-Fundamentalist and Orthodox'''

[[Evangelical Presbyterian Church of England and Wales]]

[[Free Presbyterian Church]] - Reformed Baptist

[[Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland]]

[[Reformed Presbyterian Church of Ireland]]

[[Free Church of Scotland]]

[[Free Church of Scotland (Continuing)]]

=== Rest of Europe ===

'''Liberal, non Calvinist'''

[[United Protestant Church in Belgium]]

[[Swiss Reformed Church]]

[[Polish Reformed Church]]

[[Hungarian Reformed Church]] (Episcopal)

[[French Reformed Church]]

[[Reformed Church of Elsance-Lorraine]]

[[Reformed Church in Croatia]]

[[Evangelical Church of the Czech Brethren]]

[[Reformed Synod of Denmark]]

[[Synod of the Evangelical Reformed Church in Luthuania]]

[[Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Portugal]]

[[Reformed Church in Portugal]]

[[Reformed Church in Romania]]

[[Reformed Church in Romania - Transylvanian district]]

[[Reformed Christian Church in Serbia and Montenegro]]

[[Reformed Christian Church in Slovakia]]

[[Reformed Church in Slovenia]]

[[Spanish Evangelical Church]]

[[Reformed Church in Transcarpathia]] - Ukraine

'''Conservative-Fundamentalist and Orthodox'''

[[Reformed Churches of the Westminster Confession]] (Austria and Switzerland)

[[National Union of Independent Reformed Evangelical Churches of France]]

[[Reformed Presbyterian Church of Central and Eastern Europe]] (Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine)

[[Belarussian Evangelical Reformed Church]]

[[Evangelical Brethren Church]] - Czech Republic and Slovakia

[[Reformed Congregation in Fredericia]] - Denmark

[[German Reformed Church of Copenhagen]] - Denmark

[[Reformed Church in Latvia]]

[[Christian Presbyterian Church of Portugal]]

[[Reformed Fundamental Church]] - Russia

[[Union of Evangelical Reformed Churches of Russia]]

[[Ukrainian Evangelical Reformed Church]]

=== Australia and New Zealand ===

'''Liberal, non-Calvinist'''

[[Christian Reformed Churches of Australia]]

[[Presbyterian Church of Australia]]

[[Uniting Church in Australia]]

[[Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand]]

'''Conservative-Fundamentalist and Orthodox'''

[[Australian Free Church]]

[[Free Presbyterian Church]] - Reformed Baptist

[[Evangelical Presbyterian Church]]

[[Evangelical Reformed Church]]

[[Presbyterian Reformed Church (Australia)]]

[[Reformed Presbyterian Church of Australia]]

[[Westminster Presbyterian Church of Australia]]

[[Grace Presbyterian Church of New Zealand]]

[[Free Reformed Churches of Australia]]

[[Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia]]

[[Southern Presbyterian Church]]

[[Reformed Churches of New Zealand]]

=== South Africa ===

'''Liberal, non-Calvinist'''

[[Dutch Reformed Church (NG Kerk)]] - about 1 million members

[[Dutch Reformed (Hervormde) Church]] (NH Kerk) - 100,000 members

[[Presbyterian Church of Southern Africa]]

[[Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa]] - 80,000 members

'''Conservative-Fundamentalist and Orthodox'''

[[Afrikaans Reformation Church]] - just over 100 members

[[Afrikaans Protestant Church]] - 46,000 members

[[Free Reformed Churches in South Africa]] - less than 1,000 members

[[Reformed Churches in South Africa]] - 90,000 members

[[Church of England in South Africa]] - 120,000 members - Episcopal

==External links==
*[http://reformedtheology.org/index.html Institute for Reformed Theology]

[[category:protestantism]]
[[category:Christian Denominations]]
[[Category:Fundamentalism]]
[[Category:Reformation]]

Acts 1-9 (Translated)

2014-01-10T02:46:34Z

Masterbratac:

{{ConservativeBible}}

==Chapter 1==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Verse
!King James Version
!Proposed Conservative Translation
!Analysis
|-
|1
|The former treatise have I made, O Theophilus, of all that Jesus began both to do and teach,
|My former treatise to you, Theophilus, was concerning all that Jesus began to do and teach
|Acts was written by Luke, and he refers here to the [[Gospel of Luke (Translated)|Gospel of Luke]].
|-
|2
|Until the day in which he was taken up, after that he through the Holy Ghost had given commandments unto the apostles whom he had chosen:
|until the day he ascended to heaven; after that, through the Divine Guide, he gave commandments to the apostles he had chosen.
|
|-
|3
|To whom also he shewed himself alive after his passion by many infallible proofs, being seen of them forty days, and speaking of the things pertaining to the kingdom of God:
|To them he showed himself alive after his tribulation with many infallible proofs, spending forty days with them and speaking of the Kingdom of God.
|
|-
|4
|And, being assembled together with them, commanded them that they should not depart from Jerusalem, but wait for the promise of the Father, which, saith he, ye have heard of me.
|When they were together, he commanded them that they should not leave Jerusalem until the promise of the Father, which he had spoken of, had been fulfilled,
|
|-
|5
|For John truly baptized with water; but ye shall be baptized with the Holy Ghost not many days hence.
|For John baptized with water, but they should be baptized with the Divine Guide in a few days.
|
|-
|6
|When they therefore were come together, they asked of him, saying, Lord, wilt thou at this time restore again the kingdom to Israel?
|At this time they asked him, "Lord, will you soon restore the kingdom of Israel?"
|
|-
|7
|And he said unto them, It is not for you to know the times or the seasons, which the Father hath put in his own power.
|And he said to them, "It is not for you to know the times or seasons, which the Father has decided.
|
|-
|8
|But ye shall receive power, after that the Holy Ghost is come upon you: and ye shall be witnesses unto me both in Jerusalem, and in all Judaea, and in Samaria, and unto the uttermost part of the earth.
|But you shall receive power once the Divine Guide has come upon you, and you shall tell all you meet about me, in Jerusalem, all Judea, and Samaria, and to the ends of the Earth."
|
|-
|9
|And when he had spoken these things, while they beheld, he was taken up; and a cloud received him out of their sight.
|Having said this, he ascended into heaven as they watched, and a cloud obscured him from their sight.
|
|-
|10
|And while they looked stedfastly toward heaven as he went up, behold, two men stood by them in white apparel;
|And as they stared towards heaven, two men in white stood by,
|
|-
|11
|Which also said, Ye men of Galilee, why stand ye gazing up into heaven? this same Jesus, which is taken up from you into heaven, shall so come in like manner as ye have seen him go into heaven.
|and said, "Men of Galilee, why do you stare into heaven? This same Jesus who has been taken up from you into heaven will return in the same way he was taken up."
|
|-
|12
|Then returned they unto Jerusalem from the mount called Olivet, which is from Jerusalem a sabbath day's journey.
|They then returned to Jerusalem from the mounts of Olives, which is a sabbath day's journey from Jerusalem.
|One could only travel so far on the sabbath without breaking the 3rd commandment under Jewish law, approximately 3/4 of a mile.
|-
|13
|And when they were come in, they went up into an upper room, where abode both Peter, and James, and John, and Andrew, Philip, and Thomas, Bartholomew, and Matthew, James the son of Alphaeus, and Simon Zelotes, and Judas the brother of James.
|They went into an upstairs room, where Peter, James, John, Andrew, Philip, Thomas, Bartholomew, Matthew, James the son of Alphaeus, Simon the Zealot, and Judas the brother of James all lived.
|
|-
|14
|These all continued with one accord in prayer and supplication, with the women, and Mary the mother of Jesus, and with his brethren.
|They prayed together with the women and the family of Jesus.
|
|-
|15
|And in those days Peter stood up in the midst of the disciples, and said, (the number of names together were about an hundred and twenty,)
|In those days, Peter stood amongst the disciples, and said to them (about one hundred twenty in all),
|
|-
|16
|Men and brethren, this scripture must needs have been fulfilled, which the Holy Ghost by the mouth of David spake before concerning Judas, which was guide to them that took Jesus.
|"My brothers, the scripture needed to be fulfilled, which David prophesied by the Divine Guide, that Judas should should guide those who arrested Jesus.
|
|-
|17
|For he was numbered with us, and had obtained part of this ministry.
|For he was one of us, and a part of our ministry.
|
|-
|18
|Now this man purchased a field with the reward of iniquity; and falling headlong, he burst asunder in the midst, and all his bowels gushed out.
|He purchased a field with the payment he received for his betrayal, and fell, bursting apart with his organs gushing out.
|While some Christians, like [[C. S. Lewis]], consider this to be a contradiction to [[Matthew 20-28 (Translated)#Chapter 27|Matthew 27:3-8]], [[Lee Strobel]] has pointed out that a hanged individual will bloat after death, and that once they have fallen from their noose, could easily burst as described here.
|-
|19
|And it was known unto all the dwellers at Jerusalem; insomuch as that field is called in their proper tongue, Aceldama, that is to say, The field of blood.
|All those who lived in Jerusalem knew these things, which is why that field is now called Aceldama, which in their language means "the field of blood."
|
|-
|20
|For it is written in the book of Psalms, Let his habitation be desolate, and let no man dwell therein: and his bishoprick let another take.
|It is written in the book of Psalms, "Let his habitation be desolate, and let no man live there, and his holy office be taken by another."
|
|-
|21
|Wherefore of these men which have companied with us all the time that the Lord Jesus went in and out among us,
|Therefore, out of these men, who have stood with us as long as the Lord Jesus came among us,
|
|-
|22
|Beginning from the baptism of John, unto that same day that he was taken up from us, must one be ordained to be a witness with us of his resurrection.
|from His baptism by John, to the day he was taken up from us, we must choose one to be ordained as one of us, witnesses of his resurrection."
|
|-
|23
|And they appointed two, Joseph called Barsabbas, who was surnamed Justus, and Matthias.
|Two were nominated, Joseph called Barabbas, also known as Justus, and Matthias.
|
|-
|24
|And they prayed, and said, Thou, Lord, which knowest the hearts of all men, shew whether of these two thou hast chosen,
|And they prayed, saying, "Lord, who knows the hearts of all men, show us which of these two you have chosen,
|
|-
|25
|That he may take part of this ministry and apostleship, from which Judas by transgression fell, that he might go to his own place.
|so he may take his place in this ministry and his apostleship, which, due to his sins, Judas has left and gone to Hell."
|
|-
|26
|And they gave forth their lots; and the lot fell upon Matthias; and he was numbered with the eleven apostles.
|And they drew lots, and the lot favored Matthias, and so he came to be counted with the other eleven apostles.
|
|}

==Chapter 2==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Verse
!King James Version
!Proposed Conservative Translation
!Analysis
|-
|1
|And when the day of Pentecost was fully come, they were all with one accord in one place.
|When the day of Pentecost had come, they were all together in one place
|
|-
|2
|And suddenly there came a sound from heaven as of a rushing mighty wind, and it filled all the house where they were sitting.
|when suddenly there came a sound from heaven like a great wind, and it filled the whole house they were in.
|
|-
|3
|And there appeared unto them cloven tongues like as of fire, and it sat upon each of them.
|There appeared to them tongues of fire which separated and came upon each of them,
|
|-
|4
|And they were all filled with the Holy Ghost, and began to speak with other tongues, as the Spirit gave them utterance.
|and they were all filled with the Divine Guide, and began to speak other languages, as the Guide gave them the ability.
|
|-
|5
|And there were dwelling at Jerusalem Jews, devout men, out of every nation under heaven.
|At this time, there were Jews in Jerusalem from every nation under heaven, devout men all.
|
|-
|6
|Now when this was noised abroad, the multitude came together, and were confounded, because that every man heard them speak in his own language.
|When these things were heard about town, the crowds came together, and were amazed, because every man heard the apostles speak in his own language.
|
|-
|7
|And they were all amazed and marvelled, saying one to another, Behold, are not all these which speak Galilaeans?
|And they marvelled, saying to one another, "Are not all these men who speak to us Galileans?
|
|-
|8
|And how hear we every man in our own tongue, wherein we were born?
|Then how come each of us hear each of these men in our own language from our birthplace?
|
|-
|9
|Parthians, and Medes, and Elamites, and the dwellers in Mesopotamia, and in Judaea, and Cappadocia, in Pontus, and Asia,
|Parthians, Medes, Elamites, Mesopotamians, Judeans, Cappadocians, those from Pontus and Asia,
|
|-
|10
|Phrygia, and Pamphylia, in Egypt, and in the parts of Libya about Cyrene, and strangers of Rome, Jews by birth and by conversion,
|Phyrgia, Pamphylia, Egypt, and the area around Cyrene in Libya, and Rome, Jews and gentiles,
|
|-
|11
|Cretes and Arabians, we do hear them speak in our tongues the wonderful works of God.
|Cretans and Arabians, we all hear them speak in our own languages the wonderful works of God."
|
|-
|12
|And they were all amazed, and were in doubt, saying one to another, What meaneth this?
|They all were amazed, and doubted their ears, saying to each other, "What could this mean?"
|
|-
|13
|Others mocking said, These men are full of new wine.
|Others mocked the apostles, saying, "These men are drunk!"
|
|-
|14
|But Peter, standing up with the eleven, lifted up his voice, and said unto them, Ye men of Judaea, and all ye that dwell at Jerusalem, be this known unto you, and hearken to my words:
|But Peter, standing with the eleven, raised his voice and said to the men, "Men of Judea, and all who are here in Jerusalem, hear me:
|
|-
|15
|For these are not drunken, as ye suppose, seeing it is but the third hour of the day.
|For these men with me are not drunk as you might think, as it it only the third hour of the day.
|
|-
|16
|But this is that which was spoken by the prophet Joel;
|This is instead the fulfillment of the prophecy of Joel,
|
|-
|17
|And it shall come to pass in the last days, saith God,I will pour out of my Spirit upon all flesh: and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, and your young men shall see visions, and your old men shall dream dreams:
|''It shall happen that in the last days,' said God, 'I will pour out my spirit upon all men, and your sons and daughters shall prophesy, and your young men shall see visions, and your old men dream dreams.
|
|-
|18
|And on my servants and on my handmaidens I will pour out in those days of my Spirit; and they shall prophesy:
|And on my servants and handmaidens I will pour my spirit, and they shall prophecy,
|
|-
|19
|And I will shew wonders in heaven above, and signs in the earth beneath; blood, and fire, and vapour of smoke:
|And I will show wonders in heaven and signs on Earth, blood, fire, and smoke,
|
|-
|20
|The sun shall be turned into darkness, and the moon into blood, before that great and notable day of the Lord come:
|the sun shall go dark and the moon turned to blood before the great day of the Lord comes,
|
|-
|21
|And it shall come to pass, that whosoever shall call on the name of the Lord shall be saved.
|and whoever calls on the Lord shall be saved.'
|
|-
|22
|Ye men of Israel, hear these words; Jesus of Nazareth, a man approved of God among you by miracles and wonders and signs, which God did by him in the midst of you, as ye yourselves also know:
|Men of Israel, hear these words: Jesus of Nazareth, a man who proved He was God with miracles and wonders and signs, which God did through Him while He was among you, as you know.
|should "miracle" be used here, or is there something better?
|-
|23
|Him, being delivered by the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God, ye have taken, and by wicked hands have crucified and slain:
|Jesus, gifted to us with God's recommendation and prior knowledge, was taken by you, and crucified and murdered with the help of others;
|the "by wicked hands" may be a reference to Pilate's soldiers
|-
|24
|Whom God hath raised up, having loosed the pains of death: because it was not possible that he should be holden of it.
|Yet God raised Him up, casting off the pain of death, because it was impossible for death's grip to hold Jesus.
|a valid use of the term "impossible", which the Bible does not otherwise use
|-
|25
|For David speaketh concerning him, I foresaw the Lord always before my face, for he is on my right hand, that I should not be moved:
|David spoke about Him, "I foresee the Lord at my side, on my right hand, that I shall not be dethroned,
|"dethroned" is questionable here; perhaps "hurt" instead?
|-
|26
|Therefore did my heart rejoice, and my tongue was glad; moreover also my flesh shall rest in hope:
|So my soul rejoiced and my voice filled with gladness, and my body can rest with hope.
|
|-
|27
|Because thou wilt not leave my soul in hell, neither wilt thou suffer thine Holy One to see corruption.
|Because you won't leave my soul in hell, and you won't allow your Holy One to be corrupted.
|
|-
|28
|Thou hast made known to me the ways of life; thou shalt make me full of joy with thy countenance.
|You have taught me the ways of Life and you will me joyful with your approval."
|Countenance rarely has this meaning in modern speech.
|-
|29
|Men and brethren, let me freely speak unto you of the patriarch David, that he is both dead and buried, and his sepulchre is with us unto this day.
|Men and brothers, I wish to speak freely to you about the Patriarch David. He is dead and buried and his tomb remains to this day.
|
|-
|30
|Therefore being a prophet, and knowing that God had sworn with an oath to him, that of the fruit of his loins, according to the flesh, he would raise up Christ to sit on his throne;
|Being a prophet, he knew that God had promised him that as one of his own descendants, he would raise Christ to sit on his throne.
|
|-
|31
|He seeing this before spake of the resurrection of Christ, that his soul was not left in hell, neither his flesh did see corruption.
|When he saw this he talked about Christ's resurrection. His soul wasn't left in hell and his body didn't decay.
|
|-
|32
|This Jesus hath God raised up, whereof we all are witnesses.
|God has raised Jesus up to heaven. We are all eyewitnesses of this.
|Note the emphasis on evidence and testimony in the story of redemption.
|-
|33
|Therefore being by the right hand of God exalted, and having received of the Father the promise of the Holy Ghost, he hath shed forth this, which ye now see and hear.
|So, sitting exalted at God's right hand, and having received the promise of the Divine Guide from the Father, He has revealed this which you are seeing and hearing.
|
|-
|34
|For David is not ascended into the heavens: but he saith himself, The LORD said unto my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand,
|Because David hasn't ascended into the heavens. Instead, he said, 'The Lord said to my Lord, sit at my right hand,
|
|-
|35
|Until I make thy foes thy footstool.
|Until I make you a footstool out of your enemies.'
|
|-
|36
|Therefore let all the house of Israel know assuredly, that God hath made that same Jesus, whom ye have crucified, both Lord and Christ.
|So let all of Israel be certain that God has made Jesus himself, the man you crucified, Lord and Christ."
|
|-
|37
|Now when they heard this, they were pricked in their heart, and said unto Peter and to the rest of the apostles, Men and brethren, what shall we do?
|When the people heard this, their souls were touched, and they asked Peter and the apostles, "what should we do?"
|
|-
|38
|Then Peter said unto them, Repent, and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the remission of sins, and ye shall receive the gift of the Holy Ghost.
|Then Peter told them, "Every one of you should repent and get baptized in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of sins, and you'll receive the gift of the Divine Guide.
|
|-
|39
|For the promise is unto you, and to your children, and to all that are afar off, even as many as the Lord our God shall call.
|Because the Promise is for you and your children, and your distant descendants, as many as our Lord God should call to him."
|
|-
|40
|And with many other words did he testify and exhort, saying, Save yourselves from this untoward generation.
|He continued to testify and compel them with a great variety of speech, "Save yourselves from this cursed generation."
|
|-
|41
|Then they that gladly received his word were baptized: and the same day there were added unto them about three thousand souls.
|The people who happily accepted his message were baptized. Three thousand souls were saved that very day.
|
|-
|42
|And they continued stedfastly in the apostles' doctrine and fellowship, and in breaking of bread, and in prayers.
|They steadfastly followed the apostles' doctrines and committed themselves to the fellowship, the breaking of bread, and prayer.
|
|-
|43
|And fear came upon every soul: and many wonders and signs were done by the apostles.
|They were all struck with fear, as the apostles performed incredible achievements and showed signs.
|
|-
|44
|And all that believed were together, and had all things common;
|Everyone who believed was together and shared values, faith, and the truth.
|"had all things common" commonly misread as socialistic nowadays, but doesn't refer to material
|-
|45
|And sold their possessions and goods, and parted them to all men, as every man had need.
|They sold their possessions and gave them to others, as every man must,
|
|-
|46
|And they, continuing daily with one accord in the temple, and breaking bread from house to house, did eat their meat with gladness and singleness of heart,
|and continuing to practice their faith in the temple, breaking bread from house to house, they ate their food with contentedness and a shared heart.
|
|-
|47
|Praising God, and having favour with all the people. And the Lord added to the church daily such as should be saved.
|They praised God, and were favored by all the people. And everyday the Lord added people who were saved to the church.
|}

==Chapter 3==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Verse
!King James Version
!Proposed Conservative Translation
!Analysis
|-
|1
|Now Peter and John went up together into the temple at the hour of prayer, being the ninth hour.
|At 3 PM, the hour of prayer, Peter and John went into the temple together
|
|-
|2
|And a certain man lame from his mother's womb was carried, whom they laid daily at the gate of the temple which is called Beautiful, to ask alms of them that entered into the temple;
|and a man who had been crippled since birth was carried to the "Beautiful" gate of the temple to ask change of those entering, as he was daily.
|
|-
|3
|Who seeing Peter and John about to go into the temple asked an alms.
|Seeing Peter and John about to go into the temple, he asked for change.
|
|-
|4
|And Peter, fastening his eyes upon him with John, said, Look on us.
|Peter stared at the man with John, and said, "Look at us."
|
|-
|5
|And he gave heed unto them, expecting to receive something of them.
|The man looked, expecting to receive something from them.
|
|-
|6
|Then Peter said, Silver and gold have I none; but such as I have give I thee: In the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth rise up and walk.
|Then Peter said, "I have neither silver nor gold, but I shall give you what I have: In the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth, rise up and walk."
|
|-
|7
|And he took him by the right hand, and lifted him up: and immediately his feet and ancle bones received strength.
|And he took him by the right hand, and lifted him up, and immediately his feet and ankle bones received strength.
|
|-
|8
|And he leaping up stood, and walked, and entered with them into the temple, walking, and leaping, and praising God.
|And the man leaped up, and walked with them into the temple, jumping and praising God.
|
|-
|9
|And all the people saw him walking and praising God:
|All the people saw him walking and praising God,
|
|-
|10
|And they knew that it was he which sat for alms at the Beautiful gate of the temple: and they were filled with wonder and amazement at that which had happened unto him.
|and they knew that it was the beggar who sat at the "Beautiful" gate of the temple, and they were amazed at what had happened to him.
|
|-
|11
|And as the lame man which was healed held Peter and John, all the people ran together unto them in the porch that is called Solomon's, greatly wondering.
|While the newly healed man looked at Peter and John, the other people congregated on Solomon's porch, amazed.
|
|-
|12
|And when Peter saw it, he answered unto the people, Ye men of Israel, why marvel ye at this? or why look ye so earnestly on us, as though by our own power or holiness we had made this man to walk?
|Peter saw this, and asked them, "Men of Israel, why do you marvel at this? Why do you look at us so intently, as if it was by our own power that we made him walk?"
|
|-
|13
|The God of Abraham, and of Isaac, and of Jacob, the God of our fathers, hath glorified his Son Jesus; whom ye delivered up, and denied him in the presence of Pilate, when he was determined to let him go.
|"The God of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and our fathers has given his son, Jesus Christ, great glory, the very man you turned over to Pilate, and denied mercy for when he was to be released."
|
|-
|14
|But ye denied the Holy One and the Just, and desired a murderer to be granted unto you;
|"You denied the Holy and Just One, wanting to free a murderer."
|
|-
|15
|And killed the Prince of life, whom God hath raised from the dead; whereof we are witnesses.
|"You killed the Prince of Life, who we have seen resurrected by God."
|
|-
|16
|And his name through faith in his name hath made this man strong, whom ye see and know: yea, the faith which is by him hath given him this perfect soundness in the presence of you all.
|"Faith in the name of Jesus has healed this man, who is known to you. His sturdy faith has given him his stability in your presence."
|
|-
|17
|And now, brethren, I wot that through ignorance ye did it, as did also your rulers.
|"Brothers, I know you and your rulers have acted in ignorance."
|
|-
|18
|But those things, which God before had shewed by the mouth of all his prophets, that Christ should suffer, he hath so fulfilled.
|"But all of the things which God told us about through the mouths of His prophets, especially that Christ would suffer, He has fulfilled."
|
|-
|19
|Repent ye therefore, and be converted, that your sins may be blotted out, when the times of refreshing shall come from the presence of the Lord;
|"So repent and convert to the truth, so your sins may be obliterated when the Lord's presence brings a time of great refreshing."
|
|-
|20
|And he shall send Jesus Christ, which before was preached unto you:
|"And He will send Jesus Christ, who they were talking about when they preached:
|
|-
|21
|Whom the heaven must receive until the times of restitution of all things, which God hath spoken by the mouth of all his holy prophets since the world began.
|'he must stay in heaven until the times for setting everything right,' which God said through the mouth of every one of His holy prophets since the beginning of the world."
|
|-
|22
|For Moses truly said unto the fathers, A prophet shall the Lord your God raise up unto you of your brethren, like unto me; him shall ye hear in all things whatsoever he shall say unto you.
|"Moses told the fathers, 'the Lord your God will bring you a prophet from your brothers, much like me. Listen to whatever he will tell you.'"
|
|-
|23
|And it shall come to pass, that every soul, which will not hear that prophet, shall be destroyed from among the people.
|"And it is certain that every person who closes his ears to that prophet will be destroyed."
|
|-
|24
|Yea, and all the prophets from Samuel and those that follow after, as many as have spoken, have likewise foretold of these days.
|"Yes, and all the prophets who have spoken since Samuel have foretold the same thing of this era."
|
|-
|25
|Ye are the children of the prophets, and of the covenant which God made with our fathers, saying unto Abraham, And in thy seed shall all the kindreds of the earth be blessed.
|"You are the prophets' children, part of the covenant God made with our fathers when He said to Abraham, 'all of the people descended from your seed will bless the earth."
|
|-
|26
|Unto you first God, having raised up his Son Jesus, sent him to bless you, in turning away every one of you from his iniquities.
|"Raising His son Jesus, God sent him to you in order to bless you, by turning all of you away from your sinful lifestyles."
|
|}

==Chapter 4==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Verse
!King James Version
!Proposed Conservative Translation
!Analysis
|-
|1
|And as they spake unto the people, the priests, and the captain of the temple, and the Sadducees, came upon them,
|While they were talking to the people, the priests, the skeptics, and the temple captain came to them.
|Sadducees were an inherently skeptical group, rejecting Pharisee beliefs such as resurrection of the dead, which is of key importance.
|-
|2
|Being grieved that they taught the people, and preached through Jesus the resurrection from the dead.
|They were upset that they were teaching the people and preaching Jesus' doctrine that the dead would be resurrected.
|
|-
|3
|And they laid hands on them, and put them in hold unto the next day: for it was now eventide.
|It was evening, and they seized them and imprisoned them until the following day.
|
|-
|4
|Howbeit many of them which heard the word believed; and the number of the men was about five thousand.
|Nonetheless, many of the listeners opened their minds and believed, about five thousand men.
|
|-
|5
|And it came to pass on the morrow, that their rulers, and elders, and scribes,
|So the following day, the rulers, elders, writers,
|
|-
|6
|And Annas the high priest, and Caiaphas, and John, and Alexander, and as many as were of the kindred of the high priest, were gathered together at Jerusalem.
|Annas, high priest, Caiaphas, John, Alexander, and many of the high priest's family gathered in Jerusalem.
|
|-
|7
|And when they had set them in the midst, they asked, By what power, or by what name, have ye done this?
|Bringing them out where all could see, they asked, "By whose authority, and in whose name have you been acting?"
|
|-
|8
|Then Peter, filled with the Holy Ghost, said unto them, Ye rulers of the people, and elders of Israel,
|Peter, filled with the Divine Guide, replied, "Rulers of the people, elders of Israel,"
|
|-
|9
|If we this day be examined of the good deed done to the impotent man, by what means he is made whole;
|"If we're being scrutinized today for the charity we've done to this crippled man, newly made well,"
|
|-
|10
|Be it known unto you all, and to all the people of Israel, that by the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth, whom ye crucified, whom God raised from the dead, even by him doth this man stand here before you whole.
|"You should all understand, and so should all the Israelites, that it is through the power of Jesus Christ of Nazareth, who you crucified but God resurrected. Through him, this man stands healed."
|
|-
|11
|This is the stone which was set at nought of you builders, which is become the head of the corner.
|"He is the stone which was valued as worthless by you builders, but has become the cornerstone."
|
|-
|12
|Neither is there salvation in any other: for there is none other name under heaven given among men, whereby we must be saved.
|"Salvation cannot be had through anyone else. There is no other name under heaven known to men with which we can be saved."
|
|-
|13
|Now when they saw the boldness of Peter and John, and perceived that they were unlearned and ignorant men, they marvelled; and they took knowledge of them, that they had been with Jesus.
|When the people saw the fortitude of Peter and John, and realized they were unschooled, untrained men, the elitists were staggered. They learned that they had been with Jesus.
|[[liberals]] claim that Peter and John were illiterate, but that is not the plain meaning of this verse
|-
|14
|And beholding the man which was healed standing with them, they could say nothing against it.
|And as they saw the evidence of the cured man standing with them, they couldn't say anything to discredit it.
|
|-
|15
|But when they had commanded them to go aside out of the council, they conferred among themselves,
|But when he ordered them to leave the council, they discussed this among themselves,
|
|-
|16
|Saying, What shall we do to these men? for that indeed a notable miracle hath been done by them is manifest to all them that dwell in Jerusalem; and we cannot deny it.
|saying, "What should we do with these men? The great miracle they performed can be seen by everyone in Jerusalem, and we cannot deny it."
|
|-
|17
|But that it spread no further among the people, let us straitly threaten them, that they speak henceforth to no man in this name.
|"But we don't want this news to spread, so let's threaten them, so they won't speak to anyone else in the name of Jesus."
|
|-
|18
|And they called them, and commanded them not to speak at all nor teach in the name of Jesus.
|And they called them, and ordered them not to speak or teach in the name of Jesus.
|
|-
|19
|But Peter and John answered and said unto them, Whether it be right in the sight of God to hearken unto you more than unto God, judge ye.
|Peter and John answered them, "Ask yourselves - is it right to listen to you instead of to God?"
|
|-
|20
|For we cannot but speak the things which we have seen and heard.
|"We must talk about the things which we have seen and heard."
|
|-
|21
|So when they had further threatened them, they let them go, finding nothing how they might punish them, because of the people: for all men glorified God for that which was done.
|After further threatening Jesus' apostles, they let them go, because they couldn't find a way to punish them since the people of the city glorified God and were thankful for the miracle that was done.
|
|-
|22
|For the man was above forty years old, on whom this miracle of healing was shewed.
|The man on whom the miracle was performed was older than forty.
|
|-
|23
|And being let go, they went to their own company, and reported all that the chief priests and elders had said unto them.
|Once they were released, they returned among friends and explained what the chief priests and the elders had said.
|
|-
|24
|And when they heard that, they lifted up their voice to God with one accord, and said, Lord, thou art God, which hast made heaven, and earth, and the sea, and all that in them is:
|After they heard it, they praised God with unanimity, "Lord, you are God. You have made heaven, earth, the oceans, and everything in them."
|
|-
|25
|Who by the mouth of thy servant David hast said, Why did the heathen rage, and the people imagine vain things?
|"You said through the mouth of your servant David, 'Why does the heathen rage and the people imagine petty things?'"
|
|-
|26
|The kings of the earth stood up, and the rulers were gathered together against the Lord, and against his Christ.
|"The governments rose up together against the Lord God and against Christ."
|"Kings" refers to legitimate monarchies, of which there were few to none at the time
|-
|27
|For of a truth against thy holy child Jesus, whom thou hast anointed, both Herod, and Pontius Pilate, with the Gentiles, and the people of Israel, were gathered together,
|"It's true, Herod and Pontius Pilate and the gentiles and the Israelis got together and plotted against your holy, anointed son Jesus,"
|
|-
|28
|For to do whatsoever thy hand and thy counsel determined before to be done.
|"to do what you had already determined would happen."
|
|-
|29
|And now, Lord, behold their threatenings: and grant unto thy servants, that with all boldness they may speak thy word,
|"Lord, look how they threaten! Please bless your servants with such courage that they will spread your truth."
|
|-
|30
|By stretching forth thine hand to heal; and that signs and wonders may be done by the name of thy holy child Jesus.
|"Stretch out your hand to heal men, and have awesome signs and wonders performed in Jesus' holy name."
|
|-
|31
|And when they had prayed, the place was shaken where they were assembled together; and they were all filled with the Holy Ghost, and they spake the word of God with boldness.
|After they had prayed, the place where they had congregated shook and they were filled up with the Divine Guide, so they went out and spoke God's truth with courage."
|
|-
|32
|And the multitude of them that believed were of one heart and of one soul: neither said any of them that ought of the things which he possessed was his own; but they had all things common.
|The crowd which believed had the same heart and mind. None of them claimed that any of their possessions were their own, but they held them together.
|
|-
|33
|And with great power gave the apostles witness of the resurrection of the Lord Jesus: and great grace was upon them all.
|The apostles testified to the resurrection of Lord Jesus with great fortitude, and all of them were blessed by grace.
|
|-
|34
|Neither was there any among them that lacked: for as many as were possessors of lands or houses sold them, and brought the prices of the things that were sold,
|Nor was anyone impoverished, for those who owned property and houses sold them, and were generous with the money they made,
|
|-
|35
|And laid them down at the apostles' feet: and distribution was made unto every man according as he had need.
|presenting them to the apostles so they might be distributed among those who were needy.
|
|-
|36
|And Joses, who by the apostles was surnamed Barnabas, (which is, being interpreted, The son of consolation,) a Levite, and of the country of Cyprus,
|The Levite Joses, called Barnabas by the apostles (meaning "the son of consolation"), who was from Cyprus,
|
|-
|37
|Having land, sold it, and brought the money, and laid it at the apostles' feet.
|owned land, so he sold it and brought the money he made to lay it before them.
|
|}

==Chapter 5==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Verse
!King James Version
!Proposed Conservative Translation
!Analysis
|-
|1
|But a certain man named Ananias, with Sapphira his wife, sold a possession,
|Then a man named Ananias and his wife Sapphira sold something they owned,
|
|-
|2
|And kept back part of the price, his wife also being privy to it, and brought a certain part, and laid it at the apostles' feet.
|but they deceitfully kept some of the profit, while bringing the rest and giving it to the apostles.
|
|-
|3
|But Peter said, Ananias, why hath Satan filled thine heart to lie to the Holy Ghost, and to keep back part of the price of the land?
|Peter demanded, "Ananias, why has Satan persuaded you to lie to the Divine Guide and keep some of the money for yourself?"
|
|-
|4
|Whiles it remained, was it not thine own? and after it was sold, was it not in thine own power? why hast thou conceived this thing in thine heart? thou hast not lied unto men, but unto God.
|"When you still possessed it, wasn't it yours? After you sold it, weren't you in charge of it? Why have you conspired to do this? You haven't lied to we men, but to God."
|
|-
|5
|And Ananias hearing these words fell down, and gave up the ghost: and great fear came on all them that heard these things.
|When Ananias heard this, he fell down, dead, and everyone watching was overcome by fear.
|"gave up the ghost" long antiquated phrase
|-
|6
|And the young men arose, wound him up, and carried him out, and buried him.
|The young men got up, wrapped him up, carried him out, and buried him
|
|-
|7
|And it was about the space of three hours after, when his wife, not knowing what was done, came in.
|About three hours later his wife came in, though she didn't know what had happened.
|
|-
|8
|And Peter answered unto her, Tell me whether ye sold the land for so much? And she said, Yea, for so much.
|Peter asked her, "Did you sell the land for this price?" To which she replied, "Yes, for that price."
|
|-
|9
|Then Peter said unto her, How is it that ye have agreed together to tempt the Spirit of the Lord? behold, the feet of them which have buried thy husband are at the door, and shall carry thee out.
|Peter then said, "Why have you agreed to tempt the Lord's Spirit? See them? They have buried your husband and will carry you out as well."
|
|-
|10
|Then fell she down straightway at his feet, and yielded up the ghost: and the young men came in, and found her dead, and, carrying her forth, buried her by her husband.
|She too fell down at his feet, dead. The young entered to find her dead, and went to bury her with her husband.
|
|-
|11
|And great fear came upon all the church, and upon as many as heard these things.
|The people who saw this at the church, and those who heard about it were amazed and frightened.
|
|-
|12
|And by the hands of the apostles were many signs and wonders wrought among the people; (and they were all with one accord in Solomon's porch.
|The people saw the apostles perform many great wonders, all gathered at a place known as "Solomon's Porch."
|
|-
|13
|And of the rest durst no man join himself to them: but the people magnified them.
|But no one else dared to join them, even though they were greatly honored.
|
|-
|14
|And believers were the more added to the Lord, multitudes both of men and women.)
|However, countless men and women came to believe in the Lord.
|
|-
|15
|Insomuch that they brought forth the sick into the streets, and laid them on beds and couches, that at the least the shadow of Peter passing by might overshadow some of them.
|They even brought the sick people into the streets on beds and couches so that they might at least see the shadow of Peter as he passed.
|
|-
|16
|There came also a multitude out of the cities round about unto Jerusalem, bringing sick folks, and them which were vexed with unclean spirits: and they were healed every one.
|Countless people also came from the cities near Jerusalem with their sick families and people suffering from dirty minds, and they were all healed of their affliction.
|
|-
|17
|Then the high priest rose up, and all they that were with him, (which is the sect of the Sadducees,) and were filled with indignation,
|The high priest and those with him, his fellow skeptics, were furious at this,
|
|-
|18
|And laid their hands on the apostles, and put them in the common prison.
|so they seized the apostles and threw them in jail.
|"laid hands on" antiquated.
|-
|19
|But the angel of the Lord by night opened the prison doors, and brought them forth, and said,
|But the Lord's angel freed them during the night, and told them,
|
|-
|20
|Go, stand and speak in the temple to the people all the words of this life.
|"Go stand in the temple, and tell the people the true message of life!"
|
|-
|21
|And when they heard that, they entered into the temple early in the morning, and taught. But the high priest came, and they that were with him, and called the council together, and all the senate of the children of Israel and sent to the prison to have them brought.
|They went into the temple the next morning to teach. The high priest came with his fellows to call a council of Israel's senate. They called for the apostles to be brought from prison.
|
|-
|22
|But when the officers came, and found them not in the prison, they returned, and told,
|The officers found that they had escaped, and told the council of this:
|
|-
|23
|Saying, The prison truly found we shut with all safety, and the keepers standing without before the doors: but when we had opened, we found no man within.
|"The prison was locked tight when we found it, and the jailers were on duty, but no one was inside the cell."
|
|-
|24
|Now when the high priest and the captain of the temple and the chief priests heard these things, they doubted of them whereunto this would grow.
|The high priest, captain of the temple, and the chief priests were troubled by this, not knowing what it entailed.
|
|-
|25
|Then came one and told them, saying, Behold, the men whom ye put in prison are standing in the temple, and teaching the people.
|Then a man stepped forward and said, "The men you imprisoned are in the temple right now, teaching the people."
|
|-
|26
|Then went the captain with the officers, and brought them without violence: for they feared the people, lest they should have been stoned.
|The temple captain and his officers went to the temple and brought them back without being violent, since they feared the people might stone them.
|
|-
|27
|And when they had brought them, they set them before the council: and the high priest asked them,
|They brought them before the council, and the high priest said,
|
|-
|28
|Saying, Did not we straitly command you that ye should not teach in this name? and, behold, ye have filled Jerusalem with your doctrine, and intend to bring this man's blood upon us.
|"Didn't we command you not to teach in Jesus' name? Look, you're filling Jerusalem with your doctrines and want to blame us for this man's death."
|
|-
|29
|Then Peter and the other apostles answered and said, We ought to obey God rather than men.
|But Peter and the apostles answered, "We must not obey God, not men."
|
|-
|30
|The God of our fathers raised up Jesus, whom ye slew and hanged on a tree.
|"The God of our fathers reared Jesus, who you crucified and killed."
|
|-
|31
|Him hath God exalted with his right hand to be a Prince and a Saviour, for to give repentance to Israel, and forgiveness of sins.
|"God has honored him with a place at his right hand, and has made him Prince and Savior, forgiving Israel its sins, if it repents."
|
|-
|32
|And we are his witnesses of these things; and so is also the Holy Ghost, whom God hath given to them that obey him.
|"We saw these things, as did the Divine Guide, which God give people who obey him."
|
|-
|33
|When they heard that, they were cut to the heart, and took counsel to slay them.
|The priests were appalled by this, and conspired to murder the apostles.
|
|-
|34
|Then stood there up one in the council, a Pharisee, named Gamaliel, a doctor of the law, had in reputation among all the people, and commanded to put the apostles forth a little space;
|Gamaliel the Pharisee, knowledgeable in the law and well respected, stood and commanded that the apostles be put outside.
|
|-
|35
|And said unto them, Ye men of Israel, take heed to yourselves what ye intend to do as touching these men.
|He said "Men of Israel, be careful in deciding what to do with these men."
|
|-
|36
|For before these days rose up Theudas, boasting himself to be somebody; to whom a number of men, about four hundred, joined themselves: who was slain; and all, as many as obeyed him, were scattered, and brought to nought.
|"Remember when Theudas, who boasted about his importance, rose up. Four hundred men joined him, and all were slain and scattered. It came to nothing."
|
|-
|37
|After this man rose up Judas of Galilee in the days of the taxing, and drew away much people after him: he also perished; and all, even as many as obeyed him, were dispersed.
|"Then Judas of Galilee rose up in the days of taxation, and drew a mob after him. He too died, and they were all dispersed."
|
|-
|38
|And now I say unto you, Refrain from these men, and let them alone: for if this counsel or this work be of men, it will come to nought:
|"So I advise you, leave these men along and do not kill them. If their plot is man-made, it will come to nothing."
|
|-
|39
|But if it be of God, ye cannot overthrow it; lest haply ye be found even to fight against God.
|"If it's from God, however, you cannot stop it. Worse it will be if you fight against God."
|
|-
|40
|And to him they agreed: and when they had called the apostles, and beaten them, they commanded that they should not speak in the name of Jesus, and let them go.
|They agreed with him, and after calling the apostles in and beating them, commanded them not to speak the name of Jesus, and set them free.
|
|-
|41
|And they departed from the presence of the council, rejoicing that they were counted worthy to suffer shame for his name.
|So the apostles left the council, rejoicing that they were worthy enough to suffer for Jesus' name.
|
|-
|42
|And daily in the temple, and in every house, they ceased not to teach and preach Jesus Christ.
|And each day in the temple and every house they came to, they continued to teach and preach the name of Jesus Christ.
|
|}

==Chapter 6==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Verse
!King James Version
!Proposed Conservative Translation
!Analysis
|-
|1
|And in those days, when the number of the disciples was multiplied, there arose a murmuring of the Grecians against the Hebrews, because their widows were neglected in the daily ministration.
|Back then, while the number of disciples grew at an incredible rate, some Grecians muttered about the Hebrews, because their widows were neglected by their activities.
|
|-
|2
|Then the twelve called the multitude of the disciples unto them, and said, It is not reason that we should leave the word of God, and serve tables.
|So the twelve called the throngs of disciples in and said, "it is not reasonable to abandon God's word and serve tables."
|
|-
|3
|Wherefore, brethren, look ye out among you seven men of honest report, full of the Holy Ghost and wisdom, whom we may appoint over this business.
|"So, brothers, find among yourselves seven men who are known to be honest, full of the Divine Guide and his wisdom, who we can put in charge of this."
|
|-
|4
|But we will give ourselves continually to prayer, and to the ministry of the word.
|"But we will continue to pray assiduously and do the ministry of the Lord's word."
|
|-
|5
|And the saying pleased the whole multitude: and they chose Stephen, a man full of faith and of the Holy Ghost, and Philip, and Prochorus, and Nicanor, and Timon, and Parmenas, and Nicolas a proselyte of Antioch:
|This speech was well received by all, and they chose Stephen, Philip, Prochorus, Nicanor, Timon, Parmenas, and Nicolas (an evangelist from Antioch), who were full of faith and the Divine Guide.
|
|-
|6
|Whom they set before the apostles: and when they had prayed, they laid their hands on them.
|They brought them to the apostles, and after praying, put their hands on them.
|
|-
|7
|And the word of God increased; and the number of the disciples multiplied in Jerusalem greatly; and a great company of the priests were obedient to the faith.
|The word of God spread, and the number of disciples grew exponentially in Jerusalem, with a multitude of priests obedient and faithful.
|The Gospels refer not just to numbers being "added" but repeatedly "multiplied." This has no precedent in non-Christian religion.
|-
|8
|And Stephen, full of faith and power, did great wonders and miracles among the people.
|Stephen, who was full of God's faith and power, performed great wonders and signs for the people.
|Differentiation of signs, miracles.
|-
|9
|Then there arose certain of the synagogue, which is called the synagogue of the Libertines, and Cyrenians, and Alexandrians, and of them of Cilicia and of Asia, disputing with Stephen.
|Some people from the synagogue of the Libertines, Cyrenians, Alexandrians, Cilicia and Asia, began arguing with Stephen.
|
|-
|10
|And they were not able to resist the wisdom and the spirit by which he spake.
|But they could not reproach the wisdom and the spirit of his words.
|
|-
|11
|Then they suborned men, which said, We have heard him speak blasphemous words against Moses, and against God.
|So they paid men deceitfully claim, "We've heard him speak blasphemies against God and Moses."
|suborn antiquated
|-
|12
|And they stirred up the people, and the elders, and the scribes, and came upon him, and caught him, and brought him to the council,
|They roused the mob, the elders, and the intellectuals, who seized him and brought him to the council.
|
|-
|13
|And set up false witnesses, which said, This man ceaseth not to speak blasphemous words against this holy place, and the law:
|They brought perjurers, who claimed "He won't stop speaking blasphemies against this holy place and the law itself."
|
|-
|14
|For we have heard him say, that this Jesus of Nazareth shall destroy this place, and shall change the customs which Moses delivered us.
|"We've heard him say that Jesus of Nazareth will destroy this temple and change the very laws brought by Moses."
|
|-
|15
|And all that sat in the council, looking stedfastly on him, saw his face as it had been the face of an angel.
|But those who were in the council, staring into his face, saw it was like the face of an angel.
|
|}

==Chapter 7==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Verse
!King James Version
!Proposed Conservative Translation
!Analysis
|-
|1
|Then said the high priest, Are these things so?
|The high priest asked, "Is this true?"
|
|-
|2
|And he said, Men, brethren, and fathers, hearken; The God of glory appeared unto our father Abraham, when he was in Mesopotamia, before he dwelt in Charran,
|He replied, "Men, brothers, fathers, listen! Glorious God appeared to our father, Abraham, when he was in Mesopotamia, before he went to Charran,"
|
|-
|3
|And said unto him, Get thee out of thy country, and from thy kindred, and come into the land which I shall shew thee.
|"and said to him, 'Get out of your country, and away from your people, and go to the land which I'll show you.'"
|
|-
|4
|Then came he out of the land of the Chaldaeans, and dwelt in Charran: and from thence, when his father was dead, he removed him into this land, wherein ye now dwell.
|"So he left the land of the Chaldeans and stayed in Charran. Since then, when his father had died, he came to this land, where we now live."
|
|-
|5
|And he gave him none inheritance in it, no, not so much as to set his foot on: yet he promised that he would give it to him for a possession, and to his seed after him, when as yet he had no child.
|"But God didn't let him inherit it, not even to set foot on. Instead, he promised it would be his to possess, and his children's after him, though he had none."
|
|-
|6
|And God spake on this wise, That his seed should sojourn in a strange land; and that they should bring them into bondage, and entreat them evil four hundred years.
|"God told him that his descendants would travel in a strange land and be enslaved and mistreated for four hundred years."
|
|-
|7
|And the nation to whom they shall be in bondage will I judge, said God: and after that shall they come forth, and serve me in this place.
|"'I will the judge the nation which enslaves them,' said God. After they escape they will serve me here."
|
|-
|8
|And he gave him the covenant of circumcision: and so Abraham begat Isaac, and circumcised him the eighth day; and Isaac begat Jacob; and Jacob begat the twelve patriarchs.
|"He gave them the circumcision law. So Abraham had a son, Isaac, and circumcised him when he was eight days old, and Isaac had a son, Jacob, from who descended the twelve patriarchs."
|
|-
|9
|And the patriarchs, moved with envy, sold Joseph into Egypt: but God was with him,
|"But the jealous patriarchs sold Joseph as a slave in Egypt, but God stayed with him."
|
|-
|10
|And delivered him out of all his afflictions, and gave him favour and wisdom in the sight of Pharaoh king of Egypt; and he made him governor over Egypt and all his house.
|"God brought him safe from all of his trials, and blessed him with wisdom, which was seen by the Pharaoh of Egypt, who made Joseph governor of Egypt and his household."
|
|-
|11
|Now there came a dearth over all the land of Egypt and Chanaan, and great affliction: and our fathers found no sustenance.
|"A famine swept over Egypt and Chanaan, and our forefathers were starved for lack of food."
|
|-
|12
|But when Jacob heard that there was corn in Egypt, he sent out our fathers first.
|"Jacob heard that there was a surplus of corn in Egypt, so he sent our fathers there."
|
|-
|13
|And at the second time Joseph was made known to his brethren; and Joseph's kindred was made known unto Pharaoh.
|"Then Joseph was revealed to his brothers again, and his family introduced to the Pharaoh."
|
|-
|14
|Then sent Joseph, and called his father Jacob to him, and all his kindred, threescore and fifteen souls.
|"Then Joseph had his father brought to him with his extended family, seventy five people."
|
|-
|15
|So Jacob went down into Egypt, and died, he, and our fathers,
|"So Jacob traveled to Egypt, and lived there, with our forefathers, until he died."
|
|-
|16
|And were carried over into Sychem, and laid in the sepulchre that Abraham bought for a sum of money of the sons of Emmor the father of Sychem.
|"He was carried to Sychem and laid in the tomb Abraham had purchased from Emmor's sons at a price."
|
|-
|17
|But when the time of the promise drew nigh, which God had sworn to Abraham, the people grew and multiplied in Egypt,
|"Once the time to make good God's promise to Abraham arrived, the population multiplied in Egypt,"
|
|-
|18
|Till another king arose, which knew not Joseph.
|"until another leader came to power, who didn't know Joseph."
|
|-
|19
|The same dealt subtilly with our kindred, and evil entreated our fathers, so that they cast out their young children, to the end they might not live.
|"He deceived our people and convinced our fathers to do evil, so that they expelled their young children, submitting them to death."
|
|-
|20
|In which time Moses was born, and was exceeding fair, and nourished up in his father's house three months:
|"During this time, Moses was born and was very virtuous. His father raised him for 3 months."
|
|-
|21
|And when he was cast out, Pharaoh's daughter took him up, and nourished him for her own son.
|"When he was expelled, the Pharaoh's daughter took him in, and raised him as her own son."
|
|-
|22
|And Moses was learned in all the wisdom of the Egyptians, and was mighty in words and in deeds.
|"Moses became wise in Egyptian knowledge, with great power of speech and action."
|
|-
|23
|And when he was full forty years old, it came into his heart to visit his brethren the children of Israel.
|"When he was forty years old, he had a great desire to visit his brothers, the sons of Israel."
|
|-
|24
|And seeing one of them suffer wrong, he defended him, and avenged him that was oppressed, and smote the Egyptian:
|"Seeing one of them wrongly assaulted, he defended him, and killed the Egyptian who assaulted him."
|
|-
|25
|For he supposed his brethren would have understood how that God by his hand would deliver them: but they understood not.
|"He thought his brothers would have realized by now that God was using him to save them, but they didn't,"
|
|-
|26
|And the next day he shewed himself unto them as they strove, and would have set them at one again, saying, Sirs, ye are brethren; why do ye wrong one to another?
|"So the next day he came to them the next day as they worked and said 'Gentlemen, you are brothers, so why do you harm one another?'"
|
|-
|27
|But he that did his neighbour wrong thrust him away, saying, Who made thee a ruler and a judge over us?
|"But the one harming his neighbor pushed him aside, saying, 'Who made you our king and court?'"
|
|-
|28
|Wilt thou kill me, as thou diddest the Egyptian yesterday?
|"'Are you going to kill me, like you killed the Egyptian yesterday?'"
|
|-
|29
|Then fled Moses at this saying, and was a stranger in the land of Madian, where he begat two sons.
|"Moses ran when he heard this, and settled in the foreign land of Madian, and had two sons."
|
|-
|30
|And when forty years were expired, there appeared to him in the wilderness of mount Sina an angel of the Lord in a flame of fire in a bush.
|"Once forty years had passed, he saw an angel of the Lord appear in the desert around Sina in a blazing bush."
|
|-
|31
|When Moses saw it, he wondered at the sight: and as he drew near to behold it, the voice of the Lord came unto him,
|"When he saw it, he was awestruck, and when he walked closer, heard the Lord's voice:"
|
|-
|32
|Saying, I am the God of thy fathers, the God of Abrham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob. Then Moses trembled, and durst not behold.
|"'I am the God of your forefathers, of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.' Moses trembled, and didn't dare look up."
|
|-
|33
|Then said the Lord to him, Put off thy shoes from thy feet: for the place where thou standest is holy ground.
|"Then God told him, 'Take off your shoes, because you're standing on holy ground.'"
|
|-
|34
|I have seen, I have seen the affliction of my people which is in Egypt, and I have heard their groaning, and am come down to deliver them. And now come, I will send thee into Egypt.
|"'I've seen how my people are oppressed in Egypt, heard their cries, and have arrived to save them. Now, I'm sending you to Egypt.'"
|
|-
|35
|This Moses whom they refused, saying, Who made thee a ruler and a judge? the same did God send to be a ruler and a deliverer by the hand of the angel which appeared to him in the bush.
|"To Moses, who they had sent away and said, "Who made you our king and court," God appeared as a burning bush, and guided with an angelic hand to rule over them and save them. "
|
|-
|36
|He brought them out, after that he had shewed wonders and signs in the land of Egypt, and in the Red sea, and in the wilderness forty years.
|"He led them out of Egypt, after performing great signs and accomplishments in Egypt, at the Red Sea, and in the desert for forty years."
|
|-
|37
|This is that Moses, which said unto the children of Israel, A prophet shall the Lord your God raise up unto you of your brethren, like unto me; him shall ye hear.
|"This is the same Moses who told the sons of Israel that 'Lord God will give bring a profit from your brothers much like me, who you should listen to.'"
|
|-
|38
|This is he, that was in the church in the wilderness with the angel which spake to him in the mount Sina, and with our fathers: who received the lively oracles to give unto us:
|"This is the man who was worshiping in the desert when an Angel came to him on Mount Sinai, who brought prophecies to us."
|
|-
|39
|To whom our fathers would not obey, but thrust him from them, and in their hearts turned back again into Egypt,
|"This it the man our ancestors disobeyed and expelled, desiring the slavery of Egypt."
|
|-
|40
|Saying unto Aaron, Make us gods to go before us: for as for this Moses, which brought us out of the land of Egypt, we wot not what is become of him.
|"He told Aaron, 'Build us some idols to take with us. But Moses, the man who saved us from Egypt, we don't care about him."
|
|-
|41
|And they made a calf in those days, and offered sacrifice unto the idol, and rejoiced in the works of their own hands.
|"So they made a golden calf and offered it sacrifices, proud of what they had made."
|
|-
|42
|Then God turned, and gave them up to worship the host of heaven; as it is written in the book of the prophets, O ye house of Israel, have ye offered to me slain beasts and sacrifices by the space of forty years in the wilderness?
|"So God let them do as they wished, fulfilling prophecies: 'Nation of Israel, have you sacrificed animals to me during your forty years of wandering the desert?'"
|A bit awkward. Translations which make it easily understood typically have to reword it.
|-
|43
|Yea, ye took up the tabernacle of Moloch, and the star of your god Remphan, figures which ye made to worship them: and I will carry you away beyond Babylon.
|"'No. You prayed in Moloch's temples, and your false god Remphan's, idols you made just to worship. For this, I will take you past Babylon.'"
|
|-
|44
|Our fathers had the tabernacle of witness in the wilderness, as he had appointed, speaking unto Moses, that he should make it according to the fashion that he had seen.
|"Our ancestors had a temple of faith in that desert, as God had told Moses to do, according to his building directions."
|"fashion" no longer has the meaning of design.
|-
|45
|Which also our fathers that came after brought in with Jesus into the possession of the Gentiles, whom God drave out before the face of our fathers, unto the days of David;
|"Then our forefathers gave it up to the gentiles along with Jesus, and God threw them out in front of our forefathers, and it's been here since the time of David,"
|A bit awkward. Improvement?
|-
|46
|Who found favour before God, and desired to find a tabernacle for the God of Jacob.
|"Who was blessed by God and wanted to find a temple for the God of Jacob."
|
|-
|47
|But Solomon built him an house.
|"But it was Solomon who ended up building it."
|
|-
|48
|Howbeit the most High dwelleth not in temples made with hands; as saith the prophet,
|"'But the Highest doesn't live in handmade temples,' said the prophet."
|
|-
|49
|Heaven is my throne, and earth is my footstool: what house will ye build me? saith the Lord: or what is the place of my rest?
|"'My throne is heaven, but earth is my footstool. How can you possibly build me a house?' says the Lord, 'how will I rest there?'"
|
|-
|50
|Hath not my hand made all these things?
|"'Have I not made everything with my own hands?'"
|
|-
|51
|Ye stiffnecked and uncircumcised in heart and ears, ye do always resist the Holy Ghost: as your fathers did, so do ye.
|"You closed-minded and rule-flaunting men, why do you resist the Divine Guide just like your fathers?"
|Phrase very archaic.
|-
|52
|Which of the prophets have not your fathers persecuted? and they have slain them which shewed before of the coming of the Just One; of whom ye have been now the betrayers and murderers:
|"Your fathers persecuted all of my prophets, didn't they? And they killed anyone who foretold the Just One's arrival."
|
|-
|53
|Who have received the law by the disposition of angels, and have not kept it.
|"You have heard the law from the mouths of angels, but ignored it."
|
|-
|54
|When they heard these things, they were cut to the heart, and they gnashed on him with their teeth.
|When the people heard this, their very souls were shaken, and looked on in frustration.
|"Gnashing" had clear connotations of anger, frustration, or even agony (wailing and gnashing of teeth).
|-
|55
|But he, being full of the Holy Ghost, looked up stedfastly into heaven, and saw the glory of God, and Jesus standing on the right hand of God,
|But he was full of the Divine God, and saw God's glory in heaven, with Jesus standing on God's right hand.
|
|-
|56
|And said, Behold, I see the heavens opened, and the Son of man standing on the right hand of God.
|He said, "Look, I see the heavens open, and the Son of Man stands at God's right hand."
|
|-
|57
|Then they cried out with a loud voice, and stopped their ears, and ran upon him with one accord,
|They shouted loudly, plugged their ears, and ran at him together.
|
|-
|58
|And cast him out of the city, and stoned him: and the witnesses laid down their clothes at a young man's feet, whose name was Saul.
|They threw him out of the city and stoned him. Those who witnessed it set their clothes at the feet of a young man, Saul.
|
|-
|59
|And they stoned Stephen, calling upon God, and saying, Lord Jesus, receive my spirit.
|They stoned Stephen while he declared to God, "Lord Jesus, receive my spirit!"
|
|-
|60
|And he kneeled down, and cried with a loud voice, Lord, lay not this sin to their charge. And when he had said this, he fell asleep.
|He knelt and cried out, "Lord, don't blame them with this sin." He then passed away.
|The [[KJV]] translation of "he fell asleep" is clearly incorrect; this [[CBP]] translation is closer to the original meaning.
|}

==Chapter 8==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Verse
!King James Version
!Proposed Conservative Translation
!Analysis
|-
|1
|And Saul was consenting unto his death. And at that time there was a great persecution against the church which was at Jerusalem; and they were all scattered abroad throughout the regions of Judaea and Samaria, except the apostles.
|Saul agreed to his execution, and the Christians of Jerusalem were direly persecuted, just as those in the lands of Judaea and Samaria, though not the apostles.
|
|-
|2
|And devout men carried Stephen to his burial, and made great lamentation over him.
|Faithful men carried Stephen to be buried, and wept over his body.
|
|-
|3
|As for Saul, he made havock of the church, entering into every house, and haling men and women committed them to prison.
|But Saul acted tyrannically toward the church, dragging Christians from every house to throw them in prison,
|
|-
|4
|Therefore they that were scattered abroad went every where preaching the word.
|so the men scattered across the lands traveled preaching the gospel.
|
|-
|5
|Then Philip went down to the city of Samaria, and preached Christ unto them.
|Philip traveled the city of Samaria, where he preached Christ's message.
|
|-
|6
|And the people with one accord gave heed unto those things which Philip spake, hearing and seeing the miracles which he did.
|There, the people had unity of mind, and listened to Philip's words, seeing the signs he showed them.
|
|-
|7
|For unclean spirits, crying with loud voice, came out of many that were possessed with them: and many taken with palsies, and that were lame, were healed.
|Dirty spirits, wailing out, left the souls of the possessed, and many suffering from epilepsy and the disabled were healed.
|KJV strangely likes to use un- forms, where there are perfectly good antonyms.
|-
|8
|And there was great joy in that city.
|So the city was filled with joy.
|
|-
|9
|But there was a certain man, called Simon, which beforetime in the same city used sorcery, and bewitched the people of Samaria, giving out that himself was some great one:
|Yet a man named Simon, who had amazed Samaria's citizens with his black magic, claimed that he was a great man.
|
|-
|10
|To whom they all gave heed, from the least to the greatest, saying, This man is the great power of God.
|The people respected him, from the low to the high, and said, "This man is powerful through God!"
|
|-
|11
|And to him they had regard, because that of long time he had bewitched them with sorceries.
|They always paid attention to him because he had amazed them with magic.
|
|-
|12
|But when they believed Philip preaching the things concerning the kingdom of God, and the name of Jesus Christ, they were baptized, both men and women.
|Even so, they accepted Philip's preaching about the Kingdom of God, and they were baptized in Jesus Christ's name, man and woman alike!
|
|-
|13
|Then Simon himself believed also: and when he was baptized, he continued with Philip, and wondered, beholding the miracles and signs which were done.
|Simon also believed and was baptized. He traveled with Philip, and was amazed by the great deeds and signs he performed.
|
|-
|14
|Now when the apostles which were at Jerusalem heard that Samaria had received the word of God, they sent unto them Peter and John:
|While the apostles were in Jerusalem, they heard that Samaria had heard God's word, and sent Peter and John to the city.
|
|-
|15
|Who, when they were come down, prayed for them, that they might receive the Holy Ghost:
|When they arrived, they prayed the citizens would accept the Divine Guide.
|
|-
|16
|(For as yet he was fallen upon none of them: only they were baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus.)
|(As they were only baptized in Lord Jesus' name, and hadn't received the Guide yet)
|
|-
|17
|Then laid they their hands on them, and they received the Holy Ghost.
|They placed their hands upon them and they accepted the Divine Guide.
|
|-
|18
|And when Simon saw that through laying on of the apostles' hands the Holy Ghost was given, he offered them money,
|Simon, seeing that this was how the Divine Guide was bestowed, offered to pay them.
|
|-
|19
|Saying, Give me also this power, that on whomsoever I lay hands, he may receive the Holy Ghost.
|He said, "I want this power too, to be able to give anyone the Divine Guide by placing my hands."
|
|-
|20
|But Peter said unto him, Thy money perish with thee, because thou hast thought that the gift of God may be purchased with money.
|Peter replied, "Your money will die with you, since you think God's gifts can be purchased with mere cash."
|
|-
|21
|Thou hast neither part nor lot in this matter: for thy heart is not right in the sight of God.
|"You don't have a stake or part to play in this matter, since your heart is poor in God's sight."
|
|-
|22
|Repent therefore of this thy wickedness, and pray God, if perhaps the thought of thine heart may be forgiven thee.
|"Repent for your sinfulness and pray to God that he might forgive your wicked thoughts."
|
|-
|23
|For I perceive that thou art in the gall of bitterness, and in the bond of iniquity.
|"Because I see you are bitter and drowning in sin."
|
|-
|24
|Then answered Simon, and said, Pray ye to the Lord for me, that none of these things which ye have spoken come upon me.
|Simon answered, "Pray to the Lord for me, that none of what you mentioned will happen to me."
|
|-
|25
|And they, when they had testified and preached the word of the Lord, returned to Jerusalem, and preached the gospel in many villages of the Samaritans.
|So the apostles, finished testifying and preaching the Lord's message, returned to Jerusalem and preached in the Samaritan villages.
|
|-
|26
|And the angel of the Lord spake unto Philip, saying, Arise, and go toward the south unto the way that goeth down from Jerusalem unto Gaza, which is desert.
|One of God's angels said to Philip, "Get up and travel south along the road from Jerusalem to the Gaza desert."
|
|-
|27
|And he arose and went: and, behold, a man of Ethiopia, an eunuch of great authority under Candace queen of the Ethiopians, who had the charge of all her treasure, and had come to Jerusalem for to worship,
|So he got up and went, and what did he find but an Ethiopian eunuch with great authority under their queen, Candace. He was in charge of her treasury and had come to Jerusalem to worship.
|
|-
|28
|Was returning, and sitting in his chariot read Esaias the prophet.
|He was returning home, sitting in his chariot reading the prophet Isaiah.
|
|-
|29
|Then the Spirit said unto Philip, Go near, and join thyself to this chariot.
|The Divine Guide said told Philip, "Get closer. Follow this chariot."
|
|-
|30
|And Philip ran thither to him, and heard him read the prophet Esaias, and said, Understandest thou what thou readest?
|Philip ran toward him and heard him reading from Isaiah, and said "Do you understand that?"
|
|-
|31
|And he said, How can I, except some man should guide me? And he desired Philip that he would come up and sit with him.
|The man replied, "How could I without someone to guide me?" He motioned Philip to sit beside him.
|
|-
|32
|The place of the scripture which he read was this, He was led as a sheep to the slaughter; and like a lamb dumb before his shearer, so opened he not his mouth:
|The scripture he was reading was, "He was led like a sheep to the slaughter, like a dumb lamb to be sheared, his mouth closed."
|
|-
|33
|In his humiliation his judgment was taken away: and who shall declare his generation? for his life is taken from the earth.
|"He was humiliated and had no justice. No one will ever mention his descendants, as he died."
|
|-
|34
|And the eunuch answered Philip, and said, I pray thee, of whom speaketh the prophet this? of himself, or of some other man?
|The eunuch answered, "Who is the prophet talking about? Himself? Someone else?"
|
|-
|35
|Then Philip opened his mouth, and began at the same scripture, and preached unto him Jesus.
|Philip began at the same verse and preached the message of Jesus.
|
|-
|36
|And as they went on their way, they came unto a certain water: and the eunuch said, See, here is water; what doth hinder me to be baptized?
|As they traveled, they reached a body of water. The Eunuch said, "Here's some water. Why can't I be baptized here?"
|
|-
|37
|And Philip said, If thou believest with all thine heart, thou mayest. And he answered and said, I believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God.
|Philip replied, "If you believe with your whole heart, you can!" He answered, "I believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God."
|
|-
|38
|And he commanded the chariot to stand still: and they went down both into the water, both Philip and the eunuch; and he baptized him.
|He halted the chariot and they went over to the water, and Philip baptized him.
|
|-
|39
|And when they were come up out of the water, the Spirit of the Lord caught away Philip, that the eunuch saw him no more: and he went on his way rejoicing.
|As they were coming out of the water, the Divine Guide transported Philip away, so the Eunuch no longer saw him, but he went along rejoicing.
|
|-
|40
|But Philip was found at Azotus: and passing through he preached in all the cities, till he came to Caesarea.
|Philip was found in Azotus, and he kept preaching in the cities along the way to Caesarea.
|
|}

==Chapter 9==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Verse
!King James Version
!Proposed Conservative Translation
!Analysis
|-
|1
|And Saul, yet breathing out threatenings and slaughter against the disciples of the Lord, went unto the high priest,
|Saul was still issuing threats and murdering Jesus' disciples, and he went to his high priest.
|
|-
|2
|And desired of him letters to Damascus to the synagogues, that if he found any of this way, whether they were men or women, he might bring them bound unto Jerusalem.
|He wanted letters to the synagogues in Damascus, so that they might capture any men or women who followed this new Way and bring them to Jerusalem under arrest.
|
|-
|3
|And as he journeyed, he came near Damascus: and suddenly there shined round about him a light from heaven:
|He was traveling toward Damascus when a bright light from heaven shone around him.
|
|-
|4
|And he fell to the earth, and heard a voice saying unto him, Saul, Saul, why persecutest thou me?
|He fell to the ground and heard a voice saying, "Saul, why do you persecute me?"
|
|-
|5
|And he said, Who art thou, Lord? And the Lord said, I am Jesus whom thou persecutest: it is hard for thee to kick against the pricks.
|He replied, "Who are you, Lord?" The Lord replied, "I am the Jesus you persecute. "
|The "it is hard for you to kick against the goads" is absent in almost all manuscripts.
|-
|6
|And he trembling and astonished said, Lord, what wilt thou have me to do? And the Lord said unto him, Arise, and go into the city, and it shall be told thee what thou must do.
|Trembling and amazed, he said, "Lord, what do you want me to do?" The Lord replied, "Get up and go to the city, and you'll be told what to do."
|
|-
|7
|And the men which journeyed with him stood speechless, hearing a voice, but seeing no man.
|The men traveling with him were speechless as they could hear voice but saw no man.
|
|-
|8
|And Saul arose from the earth; and when his eyes were opened, he saw no man: but they led him by the hand, and brought him into Damascus.
|Saul got up from the ground. When he opened his eyes, he saw no man. They led him along to Damascus.
|
|-
|9
|And he was three days without sight, and neither did eat nor drink.
|He was blind for three days and fasted.
|
|-
|10
|And there was a certain disciple at Damascus, named Ananias; and to him said the Lord in a vision, Ananias. And he said, Behold, I am here, Lord.
|Ananias, a Christian disciple in Damascus, had a vision from God: "Ananias!" He replied, "Yes, Lord?"
|
|-
|11
|And the Lord said unto him, Arise, and go into the street which is called Straight, and inquire in the house of Judas for one called Saul, of Tarsus: for, behold, he prayeth,
|Lord God told him, "Get up and go into the Straight road, and ask at the house of Judas for Saul of Tarsus. He is praying,"
|
|-
|12
|And hath seen in a vision a man named Ananias coming in, and putting his hand on him, that he might receive his sight.
|"and he has had a vision of a man named Ananias entering, laying his hands, and restoring his sight."
|
|-
|13
|Then Ananias answered, Lord, I have heard by many of this man, how much evil he hath done to thy saints at Jerusalem:
|Ananias replied, "Lord, I've heard stories about him, about the evil things he's done to your saints in Jerusalem!"
|
|-
|14
|And here he hath authority from the chief priests to bind all that call on thy name.
|"The chief priests gave him the power here to arrest anyone who calls on your name."
|
|-
|15
|But the Lord said unto him, Go thy way: for he is a chosen vessel unto me, to bear my name before the Gentiles, and kings, and the children of Israel:
|The Lord replied, "Go do it. He's a chosen messenger for me, to take my name among the Gentiles, and their leaders, and the Israelites."
|
|-
|16
|For I will shew him how great things he must suffer for my name's sake.
|"I will show him what great ordeals he will pass through for me."
|
|-
|17
|And Ananias went his way, and entered into the house; and putting his hands on him said, Brother Saul, the Lord, even Jesus, that appeared unto thee in the way as thou camest, hath sent me, that thou mightest receive thy sight, and be filled with the Holy Ghost.
|Ananias entered the house and laid his hands on him, saying, "Brother Saul, Lord Jesus, who appeared to you along the road, has sent me to restore your sight and fill you with the Divine Guide."
|
|-
|18
|And immediately there fell from his eyes as it had been scales: and he received sight forthwith, and arose, and was baptized.
|Saul's sight was immediately restored as if his eyes had been scaly. He got up and was baptized.
|
|-
|19
|And when he had received meat, he was strengthened. Then was Saul certain days with the disciples which were at Damascus.
|He ate some meat and was stronger. Saul stayed with the disciples in Damascus for several days.
|
|-
|20
|And straightway he preached Christ in the synagogues, that he is the Son of God.
|He immediately preached Christ's word in the temples, that he is God's Son.
|
|-
|21
|But all that heard him were amazed, and said; Is not this he that destroyed them which called on this name in Jerusalem, and came hither for that intent, that he might bring them bound unto the chief priests?
|His listeners were amazed, "Isn't this the man who killed Christians in Jerusalem, and was coming here to haul them back to the chief priests?"
|
|-
|22
|But Saul increased the more in strength, and confounded the Jews which dwelt at Damascus, proving that this is very Christ.
|Saul grew in his faith and angered the Damascus Jews by proving Christ was Lord.
|
|-
|23
|And after that many days were fulfilled, the Jews took counsel to kill him:
|After a number of days, the Jews plotted to kill him.
|
|-
|24
|But their laying await was known of Saul. And they watched the gates day and night to kill him.
|But Saul knew of their trap, so they waited night and day to kill him.
|
|-
|25
|Then the disciples took him by night, and let him down by the wall in a basket.
|The disciples snuck him out by night, letting him down a wall in a basket.
|
|-
|26
|And when Saul was come to Jerusalem, he assayed to join himself to the disciples: but they were all afraid of him, and believed not that he was a disciple.
|Saul came to Jerusalem, and wanted to join the disciples, but they were afraid, and didn't believe he was a disciple.
|
|-
|27
|But Barnabas took him, and brought him to the apostles, and declared unto them how he had seen the Lord in the way, and that he had spoken to him, and how he had preached boldly at Damascus in the name of Jesus.
|However, Barnabas brought him before the apostles and declared how he had seen Jesus on the road, and spoken to him, and preached with great power in Damascus in Jesus' name.
|
|-
|28
|And he was with them coming in and going out at Jerusalem.
|So he joined them in their journeys through Jerusalem.
|
|-
|29
|And he spake boldly in the name of the Lord Jesus, and disputed against the Grecians: but they went about to slay him.
|He spoke openly the name of Lord Jesus and debated against the Grecians, though they sought to kill him.
|
|-
|30
|Which when the brethren knew, they brought him down to Caesarea, and sent him forth to Tarsus.
|When the brothers heard of this, they took him to Caesarea and sent him to Tarsus.
|
|-
|31
|Then had the churches rest throughout all Judaea and Galilee and Samaria, and were edified; and walking in the fear of the Lord, and in the comfort of the Holy Ghost, were multiplied.
|After this, the churches in Judaea, Galilee, and Samaria had peace and grew stronger, always amazed by the Lord, comforted by the Divine Guide, and multiplying.
|
|-
|32
|And it came to pass, as Peter passed throughout all quarters, he came down also to the saints which dwelt at Lydda.
|It came to pass that as Peter was traveling through all the lands, he also came down to the saints who lived at Lydda.
|The "coming down" is a topographical term--lower in elevation, not necessarily latitude.
|-
|33
|And there he found a certain man named Aeneas, which had kept his bed eight years, and was sick of the palsy.
|There he found a certain man, Aeneas by name, who had been a bedridden chronic paralytic for eight years.
|
|-
|34
|And Peter said unto him, Aeneas, Jesus Christ maketh thee whole: arise, and make thy bed. And he arose immediately.
|Peter told him, "Aeneas, Jesus Christ is making you whole. Get up and make your bed." And he got up at once.
|
|-
|35
|And all that dwelt at Lydda and Saron saw him, and turned to the Lord.
|Everyone who lived at Lydda and Saron saw him and turned to the Lord.
|
|-
|36
|Now there was at Joppa a certain disciple named Tabitha, which by interpretation is called Dorcas: this woman was full of good works and almsdeeds which she did.
|In Joppa there lived a certain disciple named Tabitha, whose name translates as Dorcas in [[Greek]]. This woman had earned a great reputation for good and charitable works.
|In Greek, "Dorcas" literally means "gazelle."
|-
|37
|And it came to pass in those days, that she was sick, and died: whom when they had washed, they laid her in an upper chamber.
|She happened in those days to fall sick and die. When they had washed her, they laid her in an upper room.
|
|-
|38
|And forasmuch as Lydda was nigh to Joppa, and the disciples had heard that Peter was there, they sent unto him two men, desiring him that he would not delay to come to them.
|Because Lydda was close to Joppa, and the students of the Way had heard that Peter was in Lydda, they sent to men to meet him and ask him to come to them without delay.
|
|-
|39
|Then Peter arose and went with them. When he was come, they brought him into the upper chamber: and all the widows stood by him weeping, and shewing the coats and garments which Dorcas made, while she was with them.
|Peter got up and went with them. When he had come, they brought him into the upper room. All the widows stood by him, weeping and showing him the coats and garments that Dorcas used to make when she was with them.
|Ceremonial weeping is still a prominent custom in the [[Middle East]] today.
|-
|40
|But Peter put them all forth, and kneeled down, and prayed; and turning him to the body said, Tabitha, arise. And she opened her eyes: and when she saw Peter, she sat up.
|But Peter ushered them all outside, and knelt down and prayed. He then turned to the body and said, "Tabitha, get up." And she opened her eyes. When she saw Peter, she sat up.
|
|-
|41
|And he gave her his hand, and lifted her up, and when he had called the saints and widows, presented her alive.
|He gave her his hand, and lifted her up. Then when he had called the saints and widows, he reintroduced her to them as a living person.
|
|-
|42
|And it was known throughout all Joppa; and many believed in the Lord.
|This became know throughout all of Joppa, and many people came to believe in the Lord.
|
|-
|43
|And it came to pass, that he tarried many days in Joppa with one Simon a tanner.
|He happened to stay for many days in Joppa with a tanner named Simon.
|
|}

[[Acts 10-19 (Translated)]]

[[Category:Conservative Bible]]

Hugh Laurie

2014-01-10T00:25:54Z

Masterbratac:

'''Hugh Laurie''' is an [[England|English]] actor and comedian born 11 June 1959 (age {{age|1959|6|11}}).

His first comedic performances were with the famed Footlights Club at Cambridge University. It was whilst on tour with them that he first met Stephen Fry.

He then went on to achieve prominence as a comic actor appearing in the [[BBC]] productions ''[[Blackadder]]'' and ''[[Jeeves and Wooster]]''.

He became known to an international audience through his roles in films such as ''[[Sense and Sensibility]]'' and the ''[[Stuart Little]]'' series. He is best known today for his title role in [[Fox Network|Fox's]] ''[[House MD]]''.

{{DEFAULTSORT: Laurie, Hugh}}
[[category:actors]]

Causes of World War I

2014-01-09T23:21:49Z

Masterbratac:

For the war itself see [[World War I]]

The '''causes of World War I''' vary from the immediate (the assassination of the heir to the Austrian throne by Serbian nationalists), to the complex (such as ethnic nationalism across Europe, the arms race, and the competing alliance systems) to the remote (the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870-1871).

Political scientists generally say the war was not inevitable--that it was caused more by accident, misunderstanding and too-hurried decision-making. Historians say the deep forces would inevitably have caused a war.
== Four "MAIN" causes==
Four of the causes of [[World War I]] are often referred to by the acronym "MAIN", which stands for Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism.
==Multiple causes==
What caused the Great War? Historians still debate the questions involved. How did the conflict start? Was it a case of small mistakes escalating into a conflict that no one really wanted, or was the war an unavoidable consequence of deep conflicts? Why did it become stalemated? Why could it not be terminated? Most ominous of all, could it happen again? The war began in 1914 between two coalitions. The "Central Powers" comprised the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires, later joined by the Turkish (Ottoman) Empire. The "Allies" included the British, Russian and French Empires, Japan, and Serbia.<ref>Italy was originally a Central Power, but remained neutral in 1914 and joined the Allies in 1915.</ref> The powers had vast overseas empires in Asia, Africa and the Western Hemisphere (including Canada) that were active participants.

In examining this war the "who" and "when" questions are less interesting than the "how" and "why" problems. Since 1870 there had been no large war in Europe, largely because the major countries joined one of the two great alliances. Fear of a small conflict escalating into a large war provided deterrence--until 1914 when the system broke down. Historians and political scientists have debated endlessly why the system of alliances and deterrence collapsed, and how the Great War could have been avoided.

===Ethnic nationalism===
Nationalism and ethnic tensions between Germans and Slavs were the basic reasons that the war was fought. Religious affiliations (Roman Catholic, Protestant, Eastern Orthodox, Muslim) overlapped language to produce closed ethnic communities which were highly motivated to fight their traditional enemies. Typically, each ethnic group dominated a central homeland, which had minorities, and also claimed a larger territory. Some claims were centuries old, others were new; they all overlapped. The incantation "it's ours because we were here first" cast a spell on otherwise peaceful peoples and guaranteed perpetual hostility.

For 800 years the Germans had been moving towards the Slavic parts of Central Europe in Europe, attempting to push out the Slavs. Wealth was based on agriculture, so possession of land was decisive. Germany had been unified from Prussia and numerous smaller countries in 1870, and rapidly built a powerful industrial economy with a strong agricultural base. Active imperialism led to the acquisition of numerous colonies in Africa and the Pacific, such as New Guinea. None of the colonies were profitable, but now Germany had a world empire. German’s main rival was Britain, with a smaller home population and a much larger empire, well protected by the world's strongest navy. By 1914 under the leadership of Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, Germany had a good fleet, but the Royal Navy remained well ahead in sea power. The naval race heightened rivalries between the two powers, but did not itself cause the war.

After 1900 the Slavs--led by huge Russia and little Serbia-- were fighting back. Militant Pan-Slavic ideology demanded that oppressive German, Hungarian and Ottoman rule be overthrown, so that the Slavs could have their own nation states. Trouble flared in the Balkans, where two recent wars had revealed a propensity to use violence as a first remedy. <ref> The term "Slavic" refers to languages, and by extension to the corresponding ethnic groups. The main Slavic languages were Russian, Ukrainian, Polish, Serbo-Croatian, Czech, Slovak, and Bulgarian. Note that the Albanians, Estonians, Finns, Germans, Greeks, Hungarians, Italians, Jews, Latvians, Lithuanians, Romanians and Turks who also lived in Central Europe did not consider themselves Slavic, because their languages were distinctively different.</ref> Belgrade (the capital of Serbia) promoted unrest among Serbs in nearby Bosnia-Herzegovina, a multi-ethnic region that the Austro-Hungarian Empire had recently taken from Turkey and now planned to incorporate. The imperial capital, Vienna, was increasingly nervous that unrest among the various minority groups would lead to the breakup of its empire. The only way to keep control was to aggressively suppress nationalist uprisings and stop outsiders from inciting rebellion. On June 28, 1914, Archduke Ferdinand, heir to the throne, visited Bosnia to legitimize his Empire's claim to that province and upgrade its status. In Sarajevo a team of Bosnian Serbs assassinated him and his wife.<ref> The assassination was planned in Serbia with the assistance of Serbian mid-level military and government officials, but not the government itself. Bosnia receded into the background in 1914, only to reappear center stage 79 years later. In 1993 the powers issued an ultimatum to Belgrade ordering it to stop helping the Bosnian Serbs, who were engaged in "ethnic cleansing" against Bosnian Muslims</ref>

===Alliances and Escalation===
The Austrian Empire’s response escalated the conflict. The escalation was facilitated by the alliance network the major countries had built. Austria was closely allied to Germany and Italy through the "Triple Alliance" of 1882. Turkey was close to Germany and hostile to Russia. Russia and France were allied since 1894. Russia, acting without French approval, played the role of protector of the smaller Slavic nations, especially Serbia.

Britain remained aloof from the alliance system. Germany, influenced by the naval theories of the American [[Alfred Thayer Mahan]], embarked on a campaign of naval building, which [[William II (Germany)|the Kaiser] and his naval minister, [[Alfred von Tirpitz]], hoped would help Germany achieve her "place in the sun" among the world powers, and perhaps force the British into an alliance through fear of German naval power. The British responded with an even bigger naval program. The German naval building campaign could not meet its goals, and the British became increasingly alienated from the Germans, whom they increasingly saw as rivals and potential European hegemons. The "Entente Cordiale" of 1904, which dealt with outstanding colonial questions between France and Britain in North Africa, was not a military alliance but it did symbolized Franco-British rapprochement. The Anglo-Russian Entente of 1907 settled outstanding conflicts of interest between Russia and Britain. As a result there was a general alignment of France, Britain, and Russia known as the "Triple Entente."

Britain thus was officially neutral but was unwilling to accept the possibility that Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire would control the European continent militarily and economically. The United States refused to become involved in any way and insisted on complete neutrality.

==The July 1914 Crisis and Declarations of War==
On June 28th, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated while visiting the city of Sarajevo by a team of trained assassins sent by The Black Hand, a pan-Slavic group financed by Serbia. Following the assassination and Germany's giving of a"blank check" of support to the Austro-Hungarians, a series of demands were issued to Serbia by Austria-Hungary with a strict 48-hour deadline. While the Serbian government offered to meet many of the demands, Prime Minister Nikola Pasic refused to turn over three men identified by Austrian authorities as being behind the attacks, declaring that to do so "would be a violation of Serbia's Constitution and criminal in law." Three days later, the Austro-Hungarian Empire declared war on Serbia.

===Preparation for War===
Convinced that now was the time for a showdown, Austria issued an ultimatum to Serbia. Germany supported Austria. Russia announced support for Serbia, and France supported its ally Russia. Each nation in Europe (except Britain) had long trained most or all its young men in the army for two or three years, then retained them for long periods in reserves. That meant each country had a small professional army, and a very large reserve army that could be mobilized in a few days. Russia mobilized on July 28, followed in a matter of days or even hours by its rivals and allies. The Central powers had about 7.5 million regulars and reservists; Germany had 4.5 million, Austria 3.0 million; (in addition they were joined by Turkey with 2.9 million and Bulgaria with 1.2 million.) The Allies had larger numbers, Russia 6.0 million; France 4.0 million; Britain and Empire, 1.0 million; and Serbia 200 thousand, for a total of 11.0 million at the start. Later the Allies were joined by Italy (5.6 million), and the United States (4.4 million), as well as smaller countries.<ref> R.Ernest Dupuy and Trevor Dupuy, ''The Encyclopedia of Military History'' (1985) 990.</ref> In the course of the war 1914-1917 the Central powers used 23 million different soldiers and the Allies 43 million. In 1914 the long-term numbers did not matter--it only mattered how many combat soldiers could be sent in a few days to defend the border, or better, to invade the neighbor. The Germans, with better organization and better railroads, made the most effective use of their manpower, while the dinosauer-like Russian Empire ran far behind schedule.

Few leaders seem to have feared war in 1914--indeed, the prevailing mood was that the world had become too cultured, too dull and boring. Warfare was the challenge needed to restore "manliness" to its "natural" state of warlike being, after so many years of softening in factories and offices. War seemed better than peace--and peace itself appeared dangerous because everyone feared their enemies were growing stronger year by year. Throughout Europe the public therefore enthusiastically supported going to war--even the supposedly antiwar Socialists went along. All the nations wanted to win, and their generals told them the way to win was take the offensive. The logic comprised two parts: First, armies were more mobile because of elaborate railroad networks, telegraph systems and highly detailed mobilization plans. Second, firepower was much greater because of the vastly bigger armies and because the new industrial technology had created better offensive weapons, especially artillery, against which no one had developed defenses. Therefore the offense could whip the defense, and the first to attack would win. The last great war, between France and Germany in 1870-71 had been decided in a matter of weeks. No one looked back to the drawn-out American Civil War, as a warning.

==Further reading==
* Bakeless, John Edwin. ''The Economic Causes of Modern War: A Study of the Period: 1878-1918'' (1919) [http://books.google.com/books?id=5wgAAAAAYAAJ&printsec=toc&dq=intitle:war+date:1919-1921&num=30&as_brr=1&sig=LZcIMpEGmzqwkIldzuhfH5Muveg#PPR3,M1 online edition]
* Clements, Kendrick A. "Woodrow Wilson and World War I," ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' 34:1 (2004). pp 62+. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5006516101 online edition]; [http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-567650/Woodrow-Wilson-and-World-War.html excerpt online]
* Cramer, Kevin. "A World of Enemies: New Perspectives on German Military Culture and the Origins of the First World War," ''Central European History'' (2006), 39#2 pp 270-298 online at [[CJO]]
* Evans, R. J. W., and Hartmut Pogge Von Strandman, eds. ''The Coming of the First World War'' (1990), essays by scholars from both sides [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=22768266 online edition]
* Fay, Sidney. ''The Origins of the World War'' (1930); classic scholarly study; argues every nation shared guilt for starting the war [http://yamaguchy.netfirms.com/7897401/fay/origin_index.html online edition]
* Fromkin, David. ''Europe's Last Summer: Who Started the Great War in 1914?'', (2004), ISBN 0375411569.
* Gilpin, Robert. ''War and Change in World Politics'' (1981) [http://www.amazon.com/Change-World-Politics-Robert-Gilpin/dp/0521273765/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1206447559&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Hamilton, Richard F. and Holger H. Herwig, eds. ''The Origins of World War I,'' (2003) 553pp; 15 long essays by leading scholars; [http://www.amazon.com/Origins-World-War-I/dp/0521817358/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1206447179&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
** Hamilton, Richard F. and Holger H. Herwig, eds. ''Decisions for War, 1914-1917'' (2004) ' a condensed version in 282pp
* Henig, Ruth ''The Origins of the First World War'' (2002) 76pp [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=103326769 online edition]
* Hewitson, Mark. ''Germany and the Causes of the First World War'' (2004)
* Joll, James. ''The Origins of the First World War''. (3rd ed 2006).
* Kennedy, Paul M. (ed.). ''The War Plans of the Great Powers, 1880-1914.'' (1979)
* Kennedy, Paul M. ''The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 1860-1914'' (1981)
* Lee, Dwight E. ed. ''The Outbreak of the First World War: Who Was Responsible?'' (1958), readings from multiple points of view
* Lieber, Keir A. "The New History of World War I and What It Means for International Relations Theory." ''International Security'' (2007) 32:2, 155-191
* Link, Arthur S. ''Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era, 1910-1917'' (1972) standard political history of the era
* Maier, Charles S. "Wargames: 1914-1919" in Rabb T. and Rotberg R. (eds.), ''The Origins and Prevention of Major Wars'', (1989), 249-279
* May, Ernest R. ''The World War and American isolation, 1914-1917'' (1959[http://hdl.handle.net.proxy.cc.uic.edu/2027/heb.00283 online at ACLS e-books]
* Miller, Steven E. (ed.) ''Military Strategy and the Origins of the First World War: an International Security Reader'', (1985)
* Page, Thomas Nelson. ''Italy and the World War'' (1920) [http://books.google.com/books?id=9RUitonph38C&dq=intitle:world+intitle:war+date:1919-2007&num=30&as_brr=1 online edition]
* Ponting, Clive. ''Thirteen Days: Diplomacy and Disaster - The Countdown to the Great War'' (2002)
* Snyder, Jack L. ''The Ideology of the Offensive. Military Decision Making and the Disasters of 1914''. (1984), 267 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Ideology-Offensive-Military-Decision-Disasters/dp/0801482445/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1206447730&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Stevenson, David. ''The First World War and International Politics'' (2005)
* Van Evera, Stephen. ''Causes of War. Power and the Roots of Conflict''. (1998), chap.7, 193-239.
* Williamson, Samuel R. Jr. "The Origins of World War I" in Rabb T. and Rotberg R. (eds.), ''The Origins and Prevention of Major Wars'', (1989), 225-248.
* Williamson, Samuel R. ''The politics of grand strategy: Britain and France prepare for war, 1904-1914'' (1990) [http://www.historyebook.org/ online at ACLS e-books]
* Williamson Jr. Samuel R. and Ernest R. May. "An Identity of Opinion: Historians and July 1914," ''Journal of Modern History''(2007) Volume 79, Number 2, 335-87, historiography

==Externam links==
* [http://yamaguchy.netfirms.com/7897401/fay/origin_index.html Sidney Fay, ''The Origins of the World War'' (1930) classic scholarly study; argues many nations shared guilt for starting the war]

====notes====
<references/>
[[Category:World War I]]
[[Category:European History]]
[[Category:Diplomacy]]

Leeds

2014-01-09T23:09:31Z

Masterbratac:

'''Leeds''' is a major city in [[Yorkshire]]. Known as the "[[London]] of the North" due to a flourishing financial and business sector and the large number of prestigious shops and hotels that have appeared in the 21st century. A partnership with municipal Bradford, UK led to the Leeds Bradford International Airport.

==The People==

Despite the old image of a grim northern industrial town, Leeds now has a thriving multicultural community with thousands of students and workers choosing to live here. Despite the influx of Muslim people from neighboring Bradford, UK, <ref>[http://weaselzippers.us/2011/07/27/british-islamists-expand-campaign-to-set-up-sharia-law-zones-in-uk-cities/ British Islamists Expand Campaign To Set Up Sharia Law Zones In UK Cities…]</ref> Leeds citizens have lost none of their reputation for friendliness and hospitality except if you might espouse Christianity.

==History==

Leeds is one of a string of classic 'foothill towns' on the eastern fringe of the [[Pennines]], established at significant river crossings at the interface between upland and lowland agricultural and economic systems. Founded as a medieval new town, Leeds during the 17th century was predominantly a merchant town, manufacturing [[textiles]] which were exported by means of the Humber estuary. As trading increased throughout the 17th and 18th century, nearly half of England's exports passed through Leeds. The Leeds Corn Exchange, an important meeting place for tradesmen survives to this day and is a historic local landmark despite now being a shopping center.

==The Industrial Revolution==

The [[Industrial Revolution]] sparked a massive population growth in Leeds. The catalysts for this industrial growth were, as in merchant times, the superb transport links. Waterborne transport was originally via the Aire & Calder rivers but, in 1816, the Leeds and [[Liverpool]] Canal was completed allowing huge volumes of goods to be transported between these two cities and, via the famous docks at [[Liverpool]], to the whole world. The "founder of civil engineering," [[John Smeaton]] came from Leeds and was responsible for building the Aire and Calder navigation canal.

During the Industrial Revolution, Leeds was a centre for machinery manufacture as well as having thriving industries based on textiles, chemicals, leather and pottery. Being in the midst of a famous [[coal]] producing heartland, the first commercial railway (The Middleton Railway) was built to transport coal into the centre of Leeds.

In 1893 Leeds was granted city status.

==Modern Leeds==

In the late 20th century, Leeds began to shake off the image of an industrial Northern city, particularly after the decline of the coal and manufacturing industries in the area had led to widespread unemployment. Leeds now has two universities, the Metropolitan and the University of Leeds. The University of Leeds is one of the most popular British universities that caters to a multi-cultural student body. The rise of the financial sector in Leeds was a massive boost to the economy and led to widespread regeneration. Leeds is now described as a "24 hour" city and has seen huge growth in city living and urban culture fuelled by the thriving business sector.

==Notable==

Leeds is the home of the world famous Headingley [[cricket]] ground situated in Headingley (a popular student area).

The Royal Armouries museum was built at Brewery Wharf in Leeds.

The Tetley Brewery is still situated at Brewery Wharf and is a popular tourist attraction as well as being a sucessful brewery.

The famous London luxury goods store Harvey Nichols has its only other branch in Leeds.

Kirkstall Abbey is the best preserved example of a [[Cistercian]] monastery in the British Isles

Leeds is home to the [http://www.henry-moore-fdn.co.uk/matrix_engine/content.php Henry Moore Institute] which houses many of his famous [[sculpture]]s as well as works from many other artists.

During the 1980s, Leeds was famous for a thriving music scene. The Sisters of Mercy, The Mission and Softcell are just some of the many bands hailing from the city.

Leeds is famous for being Barbara Taylor Bradford's birthplace.

==Sport==
Leeds is the home of the world famous Headingley [[cricket]] ground, home of [[Yorkshire]] County Cricket Club.

[[Leeds United F.C.]] is the local [[football]] ([[soccer]]) club. After many years of success in the top rank of English football, Leeds is now doing badly, languishing in the lower divisions and experiencing difficulty retaining good players.

==References==
<references/>

==External Links==

* [http://www.leeds.gov.uk leeds.gov.uk]

* [http://www.leeds.ac.uk leeds.ac.uk]

* [http://www.leeds.gov.uk/kirkstallabbey/ leeds.gov.uk/kirkstallabbey]

* [http://www.leedsbradfordairport.co.uk/ Leeds Bradford International Airport]

[[Category: United Kingdom]]
[[Category: United Kingdom Cities and Towns]]

Texas v. Johnson

2014-01-09T21:38:29Z

Masterbratac:

In '''''Texas v. Johnson''''', 491 U.S. 397 (1989), the 5-4 [[U.S. Supreme Court]] held that burning an American flag is a form of [[symbolic speech]] protected under the [[First Amendment]] of the United States [[Constitution]].

The flag-burning happened at a rally that included about 100 demonstrators, of whom only Johnson was charged with a crime. He was charged with the desecration of a venerated object in violation of Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 42.09(a)(3) (1989). After a trial, he was convicted, sentenced to one year in prison, and fined $ 2,000. The Court of Appeals for the Fifth District of Texas at Dallas affirmed Johnson's conviction, 706 S. W. 2d 120 (1986), but the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals reversed, 755 S. W. 2d 92 1988), holding that the State could not, consistent with the First Amendment, punish Johnson for burning the flag in these circumstances. The [[U.S. Supreme Court]] held that the conviction, and the statute itself, were unconstitutional. 48 state statutes banning flag desecration were vacated.

Justice [[William Brennan]] wrote the opinion, which was joined by Justices [[Thurgood Marshall]], [[Harry Blackmun]], [[Anthony Kennedy]] and, surprisingly, [[Antonin Scalia]]. Justice [[William Rehnquist]] wrote a dissent that was joined by Justices [[Sandra Day O'Connor]] and [[Byron White]]. Justice [[John Paul Stevens]], a veteran, dissented separately.

This caused a political uproar and led Congress to pass the Flag Protection Act in October 1989. That effort was also declared unconstitutional in the 1990 case US v. Eichman. That case was also decided 5-4, with the same division as Texas v. Johnson.

[[category:United States Supreme Court Cases]]
[[Category:First Amendment]]

Robert Latimer

2014-01-09T21:13:01Z

Masterbratac:

{{move|Robert Latimer}}
'''Robert Latimer''' is a former canola farmer, who was the subject of the case R. Vs. Latimer, a controversial case on euthanasia, disabled rights, and rights of the parent, for killing his severely disabled daughter, Tracy Latimer. Prior to incarceration, he lived in Wilkie, Saskatchewan, on a wheat and canola farm with his wife, Laura, and their four children.

==Tracy Latimer, and her death==
Tracy Latimer was born November 23rd, 1980. An interruption of oxygen during the birth resulted in severe [[cerebral palsy]], leading to disabilities treatable only by medications. On October 24, 1993, Laura Latimer found Tracy dead. She had died under the care of her father while the rest of the family was at church. At first, Robert Latimer claimed she had died in her sleep, but when an autopsy revealed high levels of carbon monoxide in her blood, he admitted to attaching a hose to the exhaust pipe of his truck into the cab, and placing Tracy in the cab. Robert Latimer claimed his actions were out of love and wish to put her out of her suffering.

==Controversy==
The legal trial afterwards sparked a nationwide controversy over the right of parents to take the lives of their children, the ability of people to decide when to end the suffering of people, and by extension, euthanasia.

==See Also==
*[[Pro-life]]
*[[Euthanasia]]

[[Category:Pro-life]] [[Category:Canadian legal cases]]

Qing

2014-01-09T21:08:36Z

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#REDIRECT [[Qing dynasty]]

Quing Dynasty

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Ch'uing Dynasty

2014-01-09T21:06:38Z

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#redirect [[Qing dynasty]]

Japan Korea Annexation Treaty

2014-01-09T21:03:29Z

Masterbratac:

The '''Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty''' (Japanese: 日韓併合条約 ''Nikkan Heigō Jōyaku'' Korean: 한일병합조약 ''Hanil Byeonghap Joyak'') was signed by representatives of the [[Empire]]s of [[Japan]] and [[Korea]] on 22 August, 1910. It was proclaimed and came into effect on 29 August of the same year. This treaty officially began the period of Japanese rule in Korea, which lasted until the end of [[World War 2]]. In addition, it also meant the end of the Imperial dynasty of Korea.

Although Korean law required the treaty to be signed by Emperor Sunjong, he refused to do so and the treaty was signed by the Prime Minister, Yi Wan-Yong and the Japanese Resident General, Viscount Terauchi Masatake.

The Annexation Treaty was formally rescinded in the "[[Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea]]", signed between Korea and Japan on 22 June, 1965, which stated: "It is confirmed that all treaties or agreements concluded between the Empire of Japan and the Empire of Korea on or before 22 August, 1910 are already null and void."

Korea still commemorates the implementation date of 29 August, calling it "the day of national shame" (''Gukchi-il'' 국치일).

==Full Text of the Treaty==
{{cquote|'''Treaty of Annexation'''
22 August, 1910

The Proclamation

Notwithstanding the earnest and laborious work of reforms in the administration of Korea in which the Governments of Japan and Korea have been engaged for more than four years since the conclusion of the Agreement of 1905, the existing system of government in that country has not proved entirely equal to the duty of preserving public order and tranquillity; and in addition, the spirit of suspicion and misgiving dominates the whole peninsula.

In order to maintain peace and stability in Korea, to promote the prosperity and welfare of Koreans, and at the same time to ensure the safety and repose of foreign residents, it has been made abundantly clear that fundamental changes in the actual regime of government are absolutely essential. The Governments of Japan and Korea, being convinced of the urgent necessity of introducing reforms responsive to the requirements of the situation and of furnishing sufficient guarantee for the future, have, with the approval of His Majesty the Emperor of Japan and His Majesty the Emperor of Korea, concluded, through their plenipotentiaries, a treaty providing for complete annexation of Korea to the Empire of Japan. By virtue of that important act, which shall take effect on its promulgation on August 29, 1910, the Imperial Government of Japan shall undertake the entire government and administration of Korea, and they hereby declare that the matters relating to foreigners and foreign trade in Korea shall be conducted in accordance with the following rules:

The Treaty

His Majesty the Emperor of Japan and His Majesty the Emperor of Korea, having in view the special and close relations between their respective countries, desiring to promote the common wealth of the two nations and to assure the permanent peace in the Far East, and being convinced that these objectives can be best attained by the annexation of Korea to the Empire of Japan, have resolved to conclude a treaty of such annexation and have, for that purpose, appointed as their plenipotentiaries, that is to say, His Majesty the Emperor of Japan Viscount Terauchi Masatake, Resident-General, and His Majesty the Emperor of Korea Yi Wan-Yong, Prime Minister, who upon mutual conference and deliberation have agreed to the following articles:

*Article 1. His Majesty the Emperor of Korea makes the complete and permanent cession to His Majesty the Emperor of Japan of all rights of sovereignty over the whole of Korea.

*Article 2. His Majesty the Emperor of Japan accepts the cession mentioned in the preceding article and consents to the complete annexation of Korea to the Empire of Japan.

*Article 3. His Majesty the Emperor of Japan will accord to their Majesties the Emperor and ex-Emperor and His Imperial Highness the Crown Prince of Korea and their consorts and heirs such titles, dignity, and honor as are appropriate to their respective ranks, and sufficient annual grants will be made for the maintenance of such titles, dignity and honor.

*Article 4. His Majesty the Emperor of Japan will also accord appropriate honor and treatment to the members of the Imperial House of Korea and their heirs other than those mentioned in the preceding article, and the funds necessary for the maintenance of such honor and treatment will be granted.

*Article 5. His Majesty the Emperor of Japan will confer peerage and monetary grants upon those Koreans who, on account of meritorious services, are regarded as deserving such special recognition. Article 6. In consequence of the aforesaid annexation the Government of Japan assume the entire government and administration of Korea, and undertake to afford full protection for the persons and property of Koreans obeying the laws there in force to promote the welfare of all such Koreans.

*Article 7. The Government of Japan will, so far as circumstances permits, employ in the public service of Japan in Korea those Koreans who accept the new regime loyally and in good faith and who are duly qualified for such service.

*Article 8. This treaty, having been approved by His Majesty the Emperor of Japan and His Majesty the Emperor of Korea, shall take effect from the state of its promulgation.

In faith thereof: 

Resident General Viscount Terauchi Masatake 

Prime Minister Yi, Wan-Yong <ref>http://www.international.ucla.edu/eas/documents/kore1910.htm</ref>}}

==Also see==
*[[Protectorate Treaty of 1904]]
*[[Eulsa Treaty‎]]
*[[Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty of 1907]]
*[[Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea]]

==External Links==
*[http://www.murdoch.edu.au/elaw/issues/v3n2/kawasaki.html Yutaka Kawasaki - Was the 1910 Annexation Treaty Between Korea and Japan Concluded Legally?]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[category:Japanese Treaties]][[category:Korea]]

Natural-born citizen

2014-01-09T19:32:59Z

Masterbratac:

A '''natural-born citizen''' is an individual who obtains citizenship at birth (as opposed to obtaining citizenship via [[naturalization]]).

==Meaning of the term==
''Natural-born citizen'' as a term of usage in the United States, evidently comes from the writings of [[Emmerich de Vatell]] (1714-1767),{{who}} a Swiss philosopher and legal scholar who laid the foundations and concepts of modern law.

{{quotebox|''"The citizens are the members of the civil society; bound to this society by certain duties, and subject to its authority, they equally participate in its advantages. The natives, or natural-born citizens, are those born in the country, of parents who are citizens. As the society cannot exist and perpetuate itself otherwise than by the children of the citizens, those children naturally follow the condition of their fathers, and succeed to all their rights. The society is supposed to desire this, in consequence of what it owes to its own preservation; and it is presumed, as matter of course, that each citizen, on entering into society, reserves to his children the right of becoming members of it. The country of the fathers is therefore that of the children; and these become true citizens merely by their tacit consent. We shall soon see whether, on their coming to the years of discretion, they may renounce their right, and what they owe to the society in which they were born. I say, that, in order to be of the country, it is necessary that a person be born of a father who is a citizen; for, if he is born there of a foreigner, it will be only the place of his birth, and not his country."''<ref>Vatell: CHAP. XIX.
OF OUR NATIVE COUNTRY, AND SEVERAL THINGS THAT RELATE TO IT.</ref>}}

[[Thomas Jefferson]] gave a further definition prior to the drafting of the [[United States Constitution]]: ''"A Natural subject is one born within the king's allegiance & still owing allegiance. No instance can be produced in the English law, nor can it admit the idea of a person's being a natural subject and yet not owing allegiance. An alien is the subject or citizen of a foreign power."''<ref>Notes by Jefferson, December, 1783, pertaining to letters written by Delegates to Congress</ref> John Jay, in a letter to [[George Washington]] while he served as president of the Constitutional Convention, went further with a pointed question: "Permit me to hint whether it would not be wise and seasonable to provide a strong check to the admission of foreigners into the administration of our national government; and to declare expressly that the command in chief of the American army shall not be given to, nor devolve on any but a natural born citizen."<ref>http://www.birthers.org/USC/Vattel.html</ref> The implication is that the President of the United States should have loyalty to no country other than his own, which is naturally-guaranteed by birth to two citizen parents.

==U.S. Constitution==
Jay apparently had some influence on Washington, for when the Convention ended and the new Constitution was ratified, only the qualifications for the office of president in [[United States Constitution:Article II|Article II]] had the term "natural-born"; the qualifications for Senator and Representative in Article I did not: "No person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President...."

Because the Constitution fails to define the term "natural born Citizen", establishment of its precise meaning would fall to Congress or the courts. The only US law that has ever employed the exact term "natural born citizen" is the Naturalization Act of 1790:<ref>http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001/llsl001.db&recNum=227</ref>

{{quotebox|And the children of citizens of the United States, that may be born beyond sea, or out of the limits of the United States, shall be considered natural born citizens: ''Provided,'' That the right of citizenship shall not descend to persons whose fathers have never been resident in the United States: ''Provided also,'' That no person heretofore proscribed by any state, shall be admitted a citizen as aforesaid, except by an act of the legislature of the state in which such person was proscribed.}}

This law was passed by the First Congress, which counted among its members nearly half of the signers of the Constitution (and was signed into law by a president who was also a signer of the Constitution), so it may give some insight into the intention behind this provision. However, the 1790 act was repealed in 1795, and no subsequent law or court decision has clearly defined “natural born Citizen”.

Therefore, there is still discussion over exactly who meets the definition of a natural-born citizen. It is clear that someone who was not a citizen from birth, but acquired citizenship through naturalization, is not one. One view is that all others, meaning anyone who is a citizen from the moment of birth, are natural-born citizens. There are arguments that a third category exists, of those who are citizens from birth by law or status, but are not intended to be considered as natural born. The most common reasons given are that the birth did not take place within the US, or that one of the birth parents was not a US citizen. Precedents indicate that neither of these conditions will prevent someone from attaining the Presidency.

Presidential candidate [[John McCain]] was born to U.S. military parents stationed in the Panama Canal Zone, a territory within Panama which until 1978 was administered by the United States<ref>http://www.questia.com/library/encyclopedia/panama-canal-zone.jsp</ref>. The Senate passed a nonbinding resolution declaring that he was indeed a natural born citizen.<ref> [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.uscongress/legislation.110SRes511 S.Res.511]: ''A resolution recognizing that John Sidney McCain, III, is a natural born citizen''; sponsors: Sen. [[Claire McCaskill]], Sen. [[Barack Obama]] ''et al.'' </ref>

Two presidents were born having a father who was not a citizen.
* [[Chester A. Arthur|Chester Arthur]] was born in the US (though rumored to have been born in Canada), but his father was at that time a citizen of the [[UK]].
* [[Barack Hussein Obama|Barack Obama]], who was born in Hawaii on August 4, 1961. His father was a British national from Kenya who was at that time attended a university on a student visa.

Two potential candidates in the [[Presidential Election 2012]] were born having a father who was not a citizen.
* [[Marco Rubio]] was born in the US, but his parents were Cuban exiles who were not US citizens at the time.
* [[Bobby Jindal]] was born in the US, but his parents were Indian nationals at the time of his birth.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
*de Vatell, Emmerich. ''The Law of Nations''; T. & J.W. Johnson & Company, Philadelphia (1883)[http://www.constitution.org/vattel/vattel.htm]
*[http://naturalborncitizen.wordpress.com/2011/03/09/the-house-of-representatives-definition-of-natural-born-citizen-born-of-citizen-parents-in-the-us/ Personal blog which goes into detail on an 1896 case]

[[Category:Political Terms]]

Second Battle of the Marne

2014-01-08T04:23:06Z

Masterbratac:

The '''Second Battle of the Marne''' was fought in July of 1918. It was the turning point of [[World War I]] for the [[Allied Powers of World War I|Allied Powers]]. The battle was fought near the Marne river about seventy miles northeast of [[Paris]].

The battle began with the last of the [[German]] Spring offensives. The first two days saw the Germans make significant gains against the French Sixth Army, while the 3rd U.S. Infantry Division was only major unit that managed to hold its ground. Eventually American and British reinforcements arrived and managed to halt and successfully counter-attack the Germans.

Both sides suffered high causalities during the battle. The Germans also lost half of their artillery pieces that were involved in the battle. Former [[President]] [[Teddy Roosevelt]]'s son was killed in the battle.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marne, Second Battle of the}}

[[category:World War I Battles]]

Congo River

2014-01-08T03:03:21Z

Masterbratac:

The '''Congo''' is the second-longest [[river]] in [[Africa]] (after the [[Nile]]), at 2,900 miles (4,667km) in length. It rises in [[Zambia]] (here named the Chambeshi), flowing across the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]]. For some distance it forms the boundary between the Democratic Republic of Congo and the [[Republic of the Congo]] (the two countries' capitals, [[Kinshasa]] and [[Brazzaville]], face each other across its waters) before re-entering the DRC; it then forms the boundary between the DRC and [[Angola]] before entering the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. The Congo has the second-largest outflow of water of any river in the world and has the second largest drainage basin (in both cases the [[Amazon River|River Amazon]] is number one).

[[Category:African Rivers]]

Octave

2014-01-08T01:09:12Z

Masterbratac:

An '''Octave''' is an [[interval]] of eight (oct- means 8). It is used primarily in Western [[music]]. If two [[note (music)|notes]] are one octave apart, the higher note has exactly a frequency twice that of the lower note. For example the ''central C'' has a frequency of about 260 Hz, the C an octave under is about 130 Hz and the C an octave higher is about 520 Hz. Thus eight tones above any [[pitch]] is another pitch that is interchangeable with it, sounds the same, even if higher, and has the same name. This means the two notes sound the same although they're eight tones, or twelve [[semitone]]s, higher or lower.

===Reference===
''Pocket Manual of Musical Terms'', edited be Theodore Baker
[[Category:Musical terms]]

Abortion Act of 1967

2014-01-08T01:01:15Z

Masterbratac:

{{Merge from|Abortion Act, 1967}}
The '''Abortion Act of 1967''' is the [[British]] law governing [[abortion]] in that nation. It requires physicians to certify the condition of the pregnancy before authorizing an abortion, but:<ref>http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2012/03/24/British-doctors-pre-sign-abortion-forms/UPI-21501332629104/#ixzz1q5XehANo</ref>

{{cquote|doctors routinely signed off on abortions for women they never met. 'We used to pre-sign forms, we used to sign forms after the operation, we used to ask the anesthetists to do it.'}}

== References ==

<references/>

[[Category:abortion]]

Talk:Reparative Therapy

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Talk:American Atheists and their challenges in terms of overweight leadership personnel

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Whole number

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Unwanted same-sex attraction

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Reparative Therapy

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American Atheists and their challenges in terms of overweight leadership personnel

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Civic Platform

2014-01-06T01:30:37Z

Masterbratac: sp

'''Civic Platform''' (Polish: ''Platforma Obywatelska'') is a Polish political party founded in 2001. Since 2007 it has been the largest party in the [[Sejm]], and its leader [[Donald Tusk]] is the prime minister of [[Poland]].

The party won the parliamentary election in October 2007, and created a coalition government with the centre agrarian [[Polish People's Party]] (''Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe''). In 2010 Civic Platform's candidate [[Bronisław Komorowski]] won the presidential election and became President of Poland. In 2011 the party won the parliamentary election again, which makes it the first party since the fall of communism to be re-elected, with Donald Tusk being the longest serving prime minister.

Before 2007 the party ideology was mostly neoliberal and moderately conservative. It supported tax cuts, flat tax, privatization of healthcare, deregulation of the economy, abolishing the compulsory military service and opposed legalizing [[abortion]], [[Same-sex marriage|same-sex marriages]] and soft drugs decriminalisation. Since the party came to power very little of promised reforms were implemented. The conscription was abolished in 2010. In 2011 the party voted against totally banning abortion, but the same day it also voted against liberalizing the abortion law.

Among the members of Civic Platform there are both people with conservative and more left-wing views, so its political position is rather difficult to clearly identify. The party is sharply criticized both by left and right-wing politicians, mainly for growing public debt, rising bureaucracy and populism. Nevertheless Civic Platform still remains the leader in most of the polls.

[[Category:Poland]]

Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act (2009)

2014-01-06T01:23:20Z

Masterbratac: sp

The '''Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009''' is a piece of legislation passed by the 111th [[United States Congress]] and signed into law on the 29th January, 2009 by the then President of the United States, [[Barack Obama]].

The Act supersedes the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] decision made in the 2007 case, ''Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.'', 550 U.S. 618 (2007). The Supreme Court finding in that case ruled that the 180-day statute of limitations for filing an lawsuit in regards to a question of equal pay begins at the date the pay was agreed upon, not at the date of the most recent paycheck received by the plaintiff. The decision made by the Supreme Court meant that somebody who discovered that they had experienced discrimination in regards to pay, but did not make that discovery for more than six months after having agreed the amount of pay to be received, had no legal recourse to challenge the question of whether they had been discriminated against in the matter of pay. With the implementation of the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 any plaintiff who wished to make a claim of pay discrimination had a 180 day statute of limitation timed from the date of the last paycheck that they had received.<ref>http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_cong_bills&docid=f:h2831pcs.txt.pdf</ref>

== Passage of the bill ==

The first attempt to pass the bill, [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d110:H.R.2831: H.R. 2831] and [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d110:S1843: S. 1843], failed when the bill was defeated in the Senate in April 2008 when Republicans voted against it. In response the bill was reintroduced to the 111th Congress in January 2009 as [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d111:H.R.11: H.R. 11] and [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d111:S181: S. 181]. In the House of Representatives the bill passed on the 9th January, 2009 with a vote of 247-171, with 244 Democrats and 3 Republicans voting for and 5 Democrats and 166 Republicans voting against (and a combined party total of 15 members not voting).<ref>http://www.govtrack.us/congress/vote.xpd?vote=h2009-9</ref>. On the 22nd January, 2009, the bill was voted on in the Senate and passed with a vote of 61-36. No Democrat voted against the bill, and all 4 female Republican Senators, as well as Republican Senator Arlen Specter, voted for it. The only Senator not voting was Democrat Senator Edward Kennedy who was unable to vote because of ill-health.<ref>http://www.govtrack.us/congress/vote.xpd?vote=s2009-14</ref>

As the bill passed in the Senate was slightly different to the bill passed in the House, the House then voted on S.181 and passed the bill on the 27th January, 2009, by a vote of 250-177, with 247 Democrats and 3 Republicans voting for, 5 Democrats and 172 Republicans voting against and a combined party total of 6 members not voting.<ref>http://www.govtrack.us/congress/vote.xpd?vote=h2009-37</ref>

The vote in both the Senate and the House regarding the passage of S.181 is interesting in regards to how the two genders voted in regards to the bill. The combined female vote in the Senate and House supporting S.181 was 74, whilst the total number of votes against was 17. In comparison the total male vote in the Senate and House supporting S.181 was 237, whilst the total number of votes against was 196. In percentage terms this means that the female vote split 81.32% for, 18.68% against, whilst the male vote split 54.73% for, 45.27% against. Those figures do not take into account those not voting.<ref>http://www.govtrack.us/congress/vote.xpd?vote=s2009-14</ref><ref>http://www.govtrack.us/congress/vote.xpd?vote=h2009-37</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:Law]]

Paul Hill

2013-08-23T01:19:48Z

Masterbratac:

'''Paul Jennings Hill''' (born in February 6, 1954) was a radical pro-life activist. He was [[death penalty|executed]] in [[Florida]] for fatally shooting an [[abortion]] practitioner named Dr. [[John Britton]], a abortion provider, on July 29, 1994 in Pensacola, Florida.<ref>http://www.rickross.com/reference/a-abortion/a-abortion7.html</ref> He was executed on September 3, 2003 under the governance of Jeb Bush.

==Criticism and Controversy==
The majority of the [[pro-life]] movement condemns him. A few do support him such citing him to be a [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] among these is Rev. [[Michael Bray]] and [[David Miller]]. The climax of the controversy was at his execution when dozens of death penalty protesters and radical antiabortionists protested together. The sky actually became darkened and began to thunder shortly before his funerals which many radical anti-abortionist cited as the wrath of [[God]] for his execution. Among the movement to stop his execution was John Briton's step daughter who said such violence solves nothing.This is the last words of Paul Hill:"The last thing I want to say: If you believe abortion is a lethal force, you should oppose the force and do what you have to do to stop it. May God help you to protect the unborn as you would want to be protected."<ref name="clark">http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/US/hill873.htm</ref>

==Paul Hills Early Life==
As a teenager Paul Hill was part of the counter-culture he was arrested by the police for drug charges by a warrant signed by his own father. He underwent treatment for drugs soon after that. He continued living a wild lifestyle until he met a stranger who told him to accept the Lord though he fought nothing of it then he later accepted the Lord that night. He stopped doing drugs immediately after his conversion. He later attended a [[Christian]] [[liberal arts college]] where he read the [[Bible]] at four a.m. two or three hours each day. He mingled well with his non-Christian friends just as well as he did before. He later joined Reformed Theological Seminary and subsequently became a preacher of two churches. He accepted a belief in Theonamy--the belief that God's law supersedes government laws. He was inspired by Michael Griffin, the first protester to kill an abortion doctor. He soon was removed from the ministry for his radical personal beliefs. A year later he shot the abortion doctor.<ref name="clark" /> <ref>http://www.fadp.org/news/PensacolaNewsJournal-20030824.htm</ref> In jail he continued to be involved with radical antiabortionists and wrote a book entitled "Mix my Blood with the Unborn".<ref>http://www.armyofgod.com/Paulhillindex.html</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
*[http://http://www.armyofgod.com/Paulhillindex.html Paul Hill's Book]
*[http://http://s155777461.onlinehome.us/docs/html/gnlg/gnlg.html Letter's to Paul Hill]
*[http://www.paulhillmemorial.com/ Paul Hill Memorial]
*[http://http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/US/hill873.html Prosecution and records]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hill, Paul}}
[[Category:Criminals]]
[[Category:Right to Life Movement]]

Paul Hill

2013-08-23T01:18:16Z

Masterbratac:

'''Paul Jennings Hill''' (born in February 6, 1954) was a radical pro-life activist. He was [[death penalty|executed]] in [[Florida]] for fatally shooting an [[abortion]] practitioner named Dr. [[John Britton]], a abortion provider, on July 29, 1994 in Pensacola, Florida.<ref>http://www.rickross.com/reference/a-abortion/a-abortion7.html</ref> He was executed on September 3, 2003 under the governance of Jeb Bush.

==Criticism and Controversy==
The majority of the [[pro-life]] movement condemns him. A few do support him such citing him to be a [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] among these is Rev. [[Michael Bray]] and [[David Miller]]. The climax of the controversy was at his execution when dozens of death penalty protesters and radical antiabortionists protested together. The sky actually became darkened and began to thunder shortly before his funerals which many radical anti-abortionist cited as the wrath of [[God]] for his execution. Among the movement to stop his execution was John Briton's step daughter who said such violence solves nothing.This is the last words of Paul Hill:"The last thing I want to say: If you believe abortion is a lethal force, you should oppose the force and do what you have to do to stop it. May God help you to protect the unborn as you would want to be protected."<ref name="clark">http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/US/hill873.htm</ref>

==Paul Hills Early Life==
As a teenager Paul Hill was part of the counter-culture he was arrested by the police for drug charges by a warrant signed by his own father. He underwent treatment for drugs soon after that. He continued living a wild lifestyle until he met a stranger who told him to accept the Lord though he fought nothing of it then he later accepted the Lord that night. He stopped doing drugs immediately after his conversion. He later attended a [[Christian]] [[liberal arts college]] where he read the [[Bible]] at four a.m. two or three hours each day. He mingled well with his non-Christian friends just as well as he did before. He later joined Reformed Theological Seminary and subsequently became a preacher of two churches. He accepted a belief in Theonamy--the belief that God's law supersedes government laws. He was inspired by Michael Griffin, the first protester to kill an abortion doctor. He soon was removed from the ministry for his radical personal beliefs. A year later he shot the abortion doctor<ref name="clark" /> <ref>http://www.fadp.org/news/PensacolaNewsJournal-20030824.htm</ref> In jail he continued to be involved with radical antiabortionists and wrote a book entitled "Mix my Blood with the Unborn".<ref>http://www.armyofgod.com/Paulhillindex.html</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
*[http://http://www.armyofgod.com/Paulhillindex.html Paul Hill's Book]
*[http://http://s155777461.onlinehome.us/docs/html/gnlg/gnlg.html Letter's to Paul Hill]
*[http://www.paulhillmemorial.com/ Paul Hill Memorial][http://http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/US/hill873.html Prosecution and records]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hill, Paul}}
[[Category:Criminals]]
[[Category:Right to Life Movement]]

Parents Music Resource Center

2013-08-23T01:12:24Z

Masterbratac: rm dead link

The '''Parents Music Resource Center''' (PMRC) was an organization founded in 1985 which focused on vulgar content in [[rock music|rock]] and [[heavy metal]] [[music]]. It was founded by [[Tipper Gore]], the wife of [[Al Gore]], and members included the wives of many politicians. The PMRC claimed that rock music led to an increase in [[rape]] and [[suicide]].

== The PMRC's demands ==

The PMRC demanded that the Recording Industry Association of America ([[RIAA]]):

* 1. Print lyrics on album covers.
* 2. Keep explicit covers under the counter.
* 3. Establish a ratings system for records similar to that for films.
* 4. Establish a ratings system for concerts.
* 5. Reassess the contracts of performers who engage in violence and explicit sexual behavior onstage.
* 6. Establish a citizen and record-company media watch that would pressure broadcasters not to air "questionable-talent."

This led to stores such as [[Wal-Mart]] and [[Sears]] censoring the music they carried.

The PMRC also had a list of 15 albums (the "Filthy 15") they wanted banned. Specific songs on these albums were mentioned, such as [[Prince]]'s "Darling Nikki" and [[Twisted Sister]]'s "We're Not Gonna Take It."

The PMRC was also concerned with [[backmasking]].{{fact}}

== Senate Hearing ==

On September 19, 1985, the Senate then held a hearing on "[[porn]] rock" with members of the PMRC. [[Frank Zappa]], [[John Denver]], and [[Dee Snider]] of Twisted Sister were present at the hearing, defending the rights of musicians.

== Parental Advisory sticker ==

The RIAA then decided to put "Parental Advisory: Explicit Content" stickers on albums with explicit lyrics.

== See also ==

* [[Censorship]]

== Sources ==

* [http://www.joesapt.net/superlink/shrg99-529/ Transcript of Senate Hearing]

[[Category:Music]]

Liberal projection

2013-08-23T01:10:13Z

Masterbratac:

'''Liberal [[projection]]''' is the [[liberal]] debating tactic where 'A' accuses their enemy 'B' of doing what 'A' is actually already doing. In politics, the classical example is accusing your opponent of a [[smear campaign]] while running one yourself.

Some examples of [[liberal]] projection include:
* Accusing conservatives of suppressing [[free speech]], while [[Liberal censorship|censoring]] Conservative viewpoints.
* Claiming "[[freedom of religion]]" to oppress [[Christianity]].
* Saying their opponents are [[moral]] degenerates while tolerating [[homosexuality]].
* Acting as if [[conservative]] politicians are irredeemably [[corruption|corrupt]], while ignoring graft among liberal ones.
* Claiming conservatives are "closed minded" while ignoring [[Scientific theory|scientific theories]].

[[Category:Liberals]]
[[Category:Politics]]