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	<updated>2026-10-01T02:44:40Z</updated>
	<subtitle>User contributions</subtitle>
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	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_elections&amp;diff=285309</id>
		<title>United States presidential elections</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_elections&amp;diff=285309"/>
		<updated>2007-09-03T02:38:40Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Marsianman: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''United States presidential elections''' began in the [[United States presidential election, 1789|1789 Presidential election]] with the election of [[George Washington]].  The election which occured after it happened three years later in the [[United States presidential election, 1800|1800 Presidential election]].  Since then they have all occured four years apart and November 4 has become the scheduled election day.  The most recent presidential election happened in 2004.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[category:United States History]]&lt;br /&gt;
desu~&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Marsianman</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Denomination&amp;diff=285308</id>
		<title>Denomination</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Denomination&amp;diff=285308"/>
		<updated>2007-09-03T02:38:28Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Marsianman: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;A '''denomination''', in the Christian sense of the word, is an identifiable religious body of grouping under a common name, structure, and/or doctrine, drawn from the four major divisions of Churches: [[Roman Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]], [[Oriental Orthodox]] and [[Protestant]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The term may be applied in particular to Protestant church bodies or groupings. Notable among these are: [[Church of England|Anglican]], [[Methodist]], [[Congregationalism|Congregational]], [[Baptist]], [[Lutheran]], the [[Anabaptist]] tradition (made up of the [[Amish]], [[Hutterites]], and [[Mennonites]]), [[Pentecostal]], and United and Uniting churches. Other groups include: [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], the [[Iglesia ni Cristo]], [[Christadelphian]]s, and the [[Jehovah's Witnesses]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Denominationalism]] is an ideology whiclolwuth views some or all Christian groups as being, in some sense, versions of the same thing regardless of their distinguishing labels. Not all churches teach this; for instance, the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches do not use this term as its implication of interchangeability does not agree with their theological teachings. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are some groups which practically all others would view as [[Apostacy|apostate]] or [[Heresy|heretical]], and not legitimate versions of Christianity.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Christianity]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Marsianman</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=List_of_obscure_musical_instruments&amp;diff=285307</id>
		<title>List of obscure musical instruments</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=List_of_obscure_musical_instruments&amp;diff=285307"/>
		<updated>2007-09-03T02:38:19Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Marsianman: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;List of Obscure Musical Instruments&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Oboe Family===&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Cor Anglais]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Oboe d'amore]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Heckelphone]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Bass Heckelphone]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Bassoon Family===&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Bassoonore]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Contrabassoon]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Contraforte]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Clarinet Family===dfdfd&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Bass Clarinet]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Alto Clarinet]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Contrabass Clarinet]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Saxophone Family===&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Soprillo Saxophone]]&lt;br /&gt;
*F [[Mezzo-Soprano Saxophone]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Sopranino Saxophone]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[C Melody Saxophone]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Conn-O-Sax]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Bass Saxophone]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Contrabass Saxophone]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Sousaphone]] (Named for [[John Philip Sousa]])&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Tubax]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Flute Family===&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Alto Flute]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Bass Flute]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Trombone Family===&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Bass Trombone]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Musical Instruments]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Marsianman</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Mutation&amp;diff=285305</id>
		<title>Mutation</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Mutation&amp;diff=285305"/>
		<updated>2007-09-03T02:37:58Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Marsianman: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;:This page is about [[DNA]]. DNA is only fact under the realm of science. Reality as described in Genesis makes no mention of DNA. Man is made from dust and woman from man rib. You should all read your Bibles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In [[biology]]''' mutation''' is any physical change in the [[genetic material]] of an [[organism]]. In most cases this is either the [[DNA]] or [[RNA]] in the cell [[nucleus]]. In multicellular organisms there are two primary classes of mutation, [[germline mutations]] and [[somatic mutations]]. Germline mutations are those changes that can be passed down to offspring, while somatic mutations are mutations that only alter genetic material in the mutated organism. There is some evidence that changes outside of the cell's genetic material, such as the [[cytoplasm]], [[proteins]], or the cell [[membrane]] can also be inherited. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mutations can be caused by internal or external factors. Common external factors include [[ultraviolet]] radiation, chemical [[mutagens]], or parasitic organisms (such as [[viruses]] or [[bacteria]]). Most internal causes of mutations stem from errors in reproduction of genetic material. Most of these errors are corrected by error-correcting [[ribosomes]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some organisms will respond to harsh environments by increasing the rate of mutations. This is known as [[hypermutation]] and is hypothesized to aid organisms by creating wider variation in the [[gene pool]] of the population, increasing the chances that at least some decedents might survive under harsh conditions.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
Biology (7th Edition). Neil A. Campbell,Jane B. Reece. http://www.amazon.com/Biology-7th-Neil-Campbell/dp/080537146X.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Biology]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Marsianman</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Weapon&amp;diff=285303</id>
		<title>Weapon</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Weapon&amp;diff=285303"/>
		<updated>2007-09-03T02:36:42Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Marsianman: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;A '''weapon''' is an instrument of attack or defense. Actually, it's just for offense. That's why it's called a weapon.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[category:Weapons]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Marsianman</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Service&amp;diff=285301</id>
		<title>Service</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Service&amp;diff=285301"/>
		<updated>2007-09-03T02:35:49Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Marsianman: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;In economics, a service is labor that can be bought or sold, as in professional advice.  This is in contrast with a [[good]].  The entire market consists of goods and services.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At law, &amp;quot;service&amp;quot; refers to the delivery of notice of a lawsuit to the affected party, referred to as &amp;quot;service of process.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Recently, Senator Craig of Idaho was caught in a men's bathroom looking for a bit of &amp;quot;service&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[category:economics]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[category:law]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Marsianman</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Nymphs&amp;diff=285297</id>
		<title>Nymphs</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Nymphs&amp;diff=285297"/>
		<updated>2007-09-03T02:34:44Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Marsianman: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Nymphs''' are nature spirits in [[Greek mythology]].  They are often bound to specific locations, although that is not true in all ancient descriptions. Also, nymphs are immature forms of certain types of insects.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Nb mythology greece}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Marsianman</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=School_prayer&amp;diff=285294</id>
		<title>School prayer</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=School_prayer&amp;diff=285294"/>
		<updated>2007-09-03T02:33:53Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Marsianman: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The issue of prayer in U.S. public schools has been a divisive one since the 1960s. Some critics of the practice have stated (or hinted) that letting government-paid teachers lead students in prayer is tantamount to an [[establishment of religion]]. Those critics would be the United States Supreme Court.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Political issues]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Marsianman</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Polar_bear&amp;diff=285289</id>
		<title>Polar bear</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Polar_bear&amp;diff=285289"/>
		<updated>2007-09-03T02:32:19Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Marsianman: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Taxonomy&lt;br /&gt;
|name=Polar bear&lt;br /&gt;
|image=polarbear4.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
|caption=&lt;br /&gt;
|superkingdom=&lt;br /&gt;
|kingdom= Animalia&lt;br /&gt;
|subkingdom=&lt;br /&gt;
|superphylum=&lt;br /&gt;
|phylum= Chordata&lt;br /&gt;
|subphylum=&lt;br /&gt;
|infraphylum=&lt;br /&gt;
|microphylum=&lt;br /&gt;
|superdivision=&lt;br /&gt;
|division=&lt;br /&gt;
|subdivision=&lt;br /&gt;
|superclass=&lt;br /&gt;
|class=Mammalia&lt;br /&gt;
|subclass=&lt;br /&gt;
|infraclass=&lt;br /&gt;
|superorder=&lt;br /&gt;
|order=Carnivora&lt;br /&gt;
|suborder=&lt;br /&gt;
|infraorder=&lt;br /&gt;
|superfamily=&lt;br /&gt;
|family=Ursidae&lt;br /&gt;
|subfamily=&lt;br /&gt;
|supertribe=&lt;br /&gt;
|tribe=&lt;br /&gt;
|subtribe=&lt;br /&gt;
|genera=&lt;br /&gt;
|genus=Ursus&lt;br /&gt;
|subgenus=&lt;br /&gt;
|species=U. maritimus&lt;br /&gt;
|binomialname=Ursus maritimus&lt;br /&gt;
|sub=&lt;br /&gt;
|syn=U. eogroenlandicus&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;U.groenlandicus&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;U. jenaensis&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;U. labradorensis&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;U. marinus&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;U. polaris&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;U. spitzbergensis&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;U. ungavensis&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Thalarctos maritimus&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The '''Polar Bear''' (''Ursus Maritimus'') is a species of large carnivorous [[animal]]s native to the [[Arctic]] which are noted for their white fur. They have thick blubber to keep warm and are capable of surviving extreme cold, as well as sea ice, snow and frozen land.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Polar bears [[hibernate]] through much of the winter, usually in an excavated snow den. Their normal diet consists mainly of [[seal]]s, though in Canada they have been observed to take prey as small as [[lemming]]s. A large polar [[bear]] can stand 11 feet tall and weigh more than 700 pounds, and are one of the few natural predators of humans. For this reason they are greatly feared by arctic travelers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Polar_bears.jpg|left|thumb|200px|A mother polar bear and her two cubs]]&lt;br /&gt;
The polar bear is on the [[Endangered Species List]] in the [[United States]]. There are very few of these bears left in the wild. The habitat is rapidly depleting in the Arctic Circle due to [[Global Warming]]. This obvious fact has even been confirmed by the Bush administration, though some fringe people might cry at the mention of climate change. The current world population is estimated at around 22-27,000.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.naturecanada.ca/climate_change_polar.asp&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Polar bears have been known to [[interbreed]] with [[grizzly bear]]s in the wild, producing a polar-grizzly hybrid.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12738644/GT1/8199/&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==In popular culture== &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Polar bears also starred in a series of [[Coca-Cola]] advertisements that ran during the 1990s.  These were not actual polar bears, but were digital animations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References== &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Bears]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Dangerous animals]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Aquatic mammals]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Marsianman</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Lincoln&amp;diff=285281</id>
		<title>Lincoln</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Lincoln&amp;diff=285281"/>
		<updated>2007-09-03T02:29:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Marsianman: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Lincoln''' is the capital city of [[Nebraska]]. Also, President.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:United States Towns and Cities]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:US State Capitals]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Marsianman</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Donatello&amp;diff=285280</id>
		<title>Donatello</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Donatello&amp;diff=285280"/>
		<updated>2007-09-03T02:29:21Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Marsianman: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{stub}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Donatello''' lived from 1386 to 1466.  He was an influential painter and sculptor of the early [[Renaissance]], and lived in [[Florence]]. He is also a purple banded turtle that fights with a staff and is really good with machines.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.island-of-freedom.com/DONATELL.HTM 1&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Artists]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Marsianman</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Jack_Abramoff&amp;diff=285279</id>
		<title>Jack Abramoff</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Jack_Abramoff&amp;diff=285279"/>
		<updated>2007-09-03T02:28:44Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Marsianman: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;A former chairman of the College Republicans and a superlobbyist.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jack Abramoff was convicted of fraud, conspiracy and tax evasion and is currently in prison. A number of prominent Republicans have been implicated as well, including [[Tom Delay]].&lt;br /&gt;
{{DEFAULTSORT:Abramoff, Jack}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:political people]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Marsianman</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Newsmax_Media&amp;diff=285277</id>
		<title>Newsmax Media</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Newsmax_Media&amp;diff=285277"/>
		<updated>2007-09-03T02:27:32Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Marsianman: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Newsmax''' is a monthly [[magazine]] created to point out [[liberal bias]] and improprieties in the media that are forced upon the American people.  It also seeks to extol men and women who show [[conservative]] virtues.  For those who sign up, there are also daily emails of breaking news stories of interest that may not be fully covered in the general media.  In addition to the magazine, they also have a [[web page]] which covers many of the articles in their magazine in shortened form. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Newsmax Drinking Game==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Scan a random Newsmax article, when the article blames Clinton, DRINK!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External Link ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.newsmax.com newsmax.com]  Website&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[category:conservative media]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[category:magazines]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Marsianman</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Saline&amp;diff=285274</id>
		<title>Saline</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Saline&amp;diff=285274"/>
		<updated>2007-09-03T02:26:29Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Marsianman: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;A '''saline''' solution is one that contains both [[salt]] and [[water]].  Saline solutions are often used with [[contact lenses]]. It should be noted though, that [[atom]]s are theory, not fact. There are critical challenges to the pro-atom dogma including the [[intelligent sticking]] theory.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[category:chemistry]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Marsianman</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Immanence&amp;diff=285270</id>
		<title>Immanence</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Immanence&amp;diff=285270"/>
		<updated>2007-09-03T02:24:06Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Marsianman: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Immanence''' comes from the [[Latin]] and refers to [[God|God's]] ability to be present in the material world.  This includes His presence in [[human]]s, [[nature]], and human [[history]]. Unfortunately, when he tried this, he was killed in the name of another religion. Making Jesus the most ironic character in Middle Eastern religions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[category:religion]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Marsianman</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Atom&amp;diff=285269</id>
		<title>Atom</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Atom&amp;diff=285269"/>
		<updated>2007-09-03T02:22:55Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Marsianman: secular science has clealy blinded you, science proves NOTHING. atoms are just as much a theory as evolutiion, and we all know thats not true&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;:''This page is over '''atoms'''. Atoms are theory, '''not a fact'''. Information presented in this article should be critically interpreted and taken with an open mind. There are true challenges to this debated theory including the [[intelligent matter]] theory''.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Atoms1.jpg|thumb|right|Subatomic resolution of atoms by AFM]]&lt;br /&gt;
An '''atom''' is the smallest unit of chemical element that still retains the element's properties.  The word atom comes from the Greek term for indivisible, ''átomos''.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Structure===&lt;br /&gt;
Atoms are comprised of three subatomic particles: positively charged [[proton]]s, electrically neutral [[neutron]]s and negatively charged [[electron]]s. Protons and neutrons are comprised of quarks and are contained in close proximity in the center of an atom, forming the [[nucleus]]. Electrons inhabit the space around the nucleus, and are arranged around it in a series of layers, known as [[electron shell|shells]] or energy levels.&lt;br /&gt;
Currently quarks and electrons are considered truly elementary particles, though neither are capable of being seen.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Those who understand electrical theory might notice that positively charged particles packed closely together would repel one another. The nucleus stays together because of what is known as the ''strong nuclear force''. The quantization of this force is a tiny particle called a &amp;quot;gluon&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
===Atomic Number===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Chemical elements are made up of atoms with certain properties. The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom (known as the [[atomic number]]) determine the properties of the atom, and the element it constitutes. For example, [[Hydrogen]] has one proton, and therefore an atomic number of 1. [[Oxygen]] has 8 protons in its nucleus and has an atomic number of 8. Under normal conditions, atoms contain an equal number of protons and electrons.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Ions===&lt;br /&gt;
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Atoms are normally electrically neutral; they have no charge. However, electrons in the [[valence shell]] can be gained or lost (depending on the element and the conditions) to form an [[ion]]. An atom that loses electrons becomes positively charged and is known as a cation. An atom that gains electrons electrons becomes negatively charged and is known as an anion.&lt;br /&gt;
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Many common substances are made up of ions. For example, [[sodium chloride]] (NaCl), otherwise known as table salt, is made up of [[sodium cations]] (Na&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;+&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;) and [[chlorine]] anions (Cl&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;-&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;) in equal proportions. The negatively charged chlorine ions are attracted to the positively charged sodium ions, forming an [[ionic bond]]. This results in a lattice structure, which is responsible for sodium chloride being crystalline in its solid state.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Isotopes===&lt;br /&gt;
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Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons are known as isotopes. Some isotopes are more stable than others, and occur more often in nature, but there is no &amp;quot;standard&amp;quot; number of neutrons in a given element. The atomic weight of an element is a weighted average of the number of neutrons and protons (number of protons remains constant in a given element) in all naturally occurring isotopes.&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chemistry]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Physics]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Marsianman</name></author>
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