Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Friedrich Nietzsche

2007-10-22T11:58:08Z

Manishmghosh:

[[Image:nietzsche2.jpg|right|250px|thumb]]
'''Friedrich Nietzsche''' (1844-1900) was a [[Germany|German]] [[atheism|atheist]] philosopher whose work set a foundation for the [[existentialism|existentialist]] movement of the 1900s.<ref>[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nietzsche/ Stanford's Biography on Nietzsche]</ref> Nietzsche was critical of religion in general, though especially Christianity, which he described as the "religion of pity."<ref>[http://www.quotationspage.com/quotes/Friedrich_Nietzsche/ Nietzsche Quotations]</ref> Nietzsche is famous for his anguish declaration that “God is dead” because human have killed him by their actions; Nietzsche thus suggested ways for human to cope with this loss of the idea of "Good" and "Evil". Nietzsche suffered a mental collapse in 1889, and spent the last ten years of his life unable to care for himself. During this time, his sister Elizabeth Förster-Nietzsche took over his affairs, and worked to falsify and re-edit his writings in order to support her virulent anti-Semitism (a view which Nietzsche consistently abhorred, and often mocked, during his lifetime). It was her distorted version of culled and misquoted statements which later provided an intellectual fig leaf for the Nazis and Italian Fascists.

The ''Übermensch'' (overhuman, superhuman) was a literary device used in his magnum opus, "[[Thus Spoke Zarathustra]]". The Overman was to be a new kind of being which would overcome resentment and affirm the Eternal Recurrence of the same.

The statement "God is dead" first appeared in Nietzsche's "[[The Gay Science]]", in Aphorism 108, titled "New Struggles". This very anti-Christian aphorism compares God's death to Buddha's, and implores the reader to take up the task of vanquishing the dead God's shadow. Some argue Nietzsche was not actually anti-Christian, but unfortunately this Aphorism leaves little room to claim it. There is a common misconception that the first appearance of "God is dead" comes later in "[[The Gay Science]]" but the text is clear.

Nietzsche's father Carl Ludwig Nietzsche, was a [[Lutheran]] pastor.

In his first Papal Encyclical, "Deus Caritas Est" (God is Charity/Love) [[Pope Benedict XVI]] quotes from Nietzche's ''Beyond Good and Evil'', taking very seriously Nietzsche's claim that the Church has poisoned ''eros'' (love) with dogma, and responding to it.

==On Morality==
Friedrich Nietzsche argued that [[rational egalitarianism]] denies [[creativity]], and reason cannot create values and morality, attempt to do so would only lead to [[nihilism]]. Therefore morality has been imposed.

Friedrich Nietzsche wrote "Morality is the herd-instinct in the individual.", "With morality, the individual can only ascribe value to himself as a function of the herd", "I submit that egoism belongs to the essence of a noble soul ... and has its basis in the primary law of things", "all morality is partisan; just as any legal system will favor certain behavior against others", "who else should we wish to serve, if not ourselves?" and "Whoever battles monsters should take care not to become a monster too, for if you stare long enough into the Abyss, the Abyss stares back into you."

==On Science and Knowledge==
Friedrich Nietzsche wrote "I mistrust all systemizers and avoid them; the will to systematize is a lack of integrity", "there is no pre-established harmony between the furtherance of truth and the well-being of mankind", "the free-spirit is brought into disrepute chiefly by scholars who miss their thoroughness and ant-like industry in his art of regarding things", "there are many things I do not wish to know, wisdom sets a limit on knowledge too", "the fact that science as we practice it today is possible proves that the elementary instinct which protect life have ceased to function", "we have arranged for ourselves a world in which we are able to live with postulation of bodies, lines, surfaces, causes, and effects, motion and rest, form and content: without these articles of faith, nobody could manage to live", "the irrationality of a thing is no argument against its existence, rather a condition for it", "[too much knowledge causes us to] choke on our own reason", "creed of nihilism which I see everywhere is the result of too much learning" and "Any truth which threatens life is no truth at all, it is an error".

==On Politics==
Friedrich Nietzsche wrote "As a political subject, it is an illusion to ask myself what I require from the state. In reality, it is a question of what the state requires from me", "culture and the state are antagonistic", "clearly, the individual will is forfeit to the demands of government - a kind of political Darwinism. The herd triumphs again, this time under the banner of the state", "socialism is the fantastic younger brother of an almost decrepit despotism, which it wants to succeeded", "the doctrine of free will is an invention of the ruling classes" and "madness is something rare in individuals; but in groups, parties, ages, it is the rule".

==On Women==
Friedrich Nietzsche wrote "Women are essentially unpeaceful" and "Man is for woman a means; the purpose is always a child. But what is woman for man?"

==On Philosophy==
Friedrich Nietzsche wrote "Philosophy is the dressing-up in rational argument of moral beliefs, intuitions and desires".

==On Religion==
Friedrich Nietzsche wrote "the religious nature follows the path of self-denial" and "they honored something in themselves when they honored the saint ... self mastery and the will to power".

Thus Friedrich Nietzsche viewed [[Moses]], [[Jesus]], [[Buddha]], [[Homer]] etc, not as religious figures, but as creators of an archaic moral framework, which had lost its authority as Europe began to become secular.

==See Also==
[[nihilism]]

==References==
*[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nietzsche/ Entry on Nietzsche from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
*[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nietzsche-moral-political/ Entry on Nietzsche's Moral and Political Philosophy from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
*[https://www.dartmouth.edu/~fnchron/index.html Nietzsche Chronicle]
*[http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/452786.html Nietzsche: The Problem of Autumn]
*[http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=816224 "The Case for Nietzschean Moral Psychology"]
*[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20051225_deus-caritas-est_en.html#_ftnref1 ''Deus Caritas Est'', from the Vatican website]
*[http://www.amazon.com/Introducing-Nietzsche-Third-Introducing-Laurence/dp/1840466278/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1/103-5268663-4749443?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1179639544&sr=1-1 Introducing Nietzsche, Third Edition by Laurence Gane]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nietzsche, Friedrich}}
[[category:philosophers]]

India

2007-10-22T11:53:04Z

Manishmghosh: /* Religions */

{{Country
|name =''भारत गणराज्य <br/>Bhārat Gaharājya''
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The '''Republic of India''' is a nation located in south [[Asia]]. It spans from the [[Himalayas]] in the north to the [[Indian Ocean]]. The name "India" came from the word 'Indus', which derives from the Persian word "Hindu" which was used to describe the Sindhu river (now known as the Indus). It borders China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and Myanmar. India is the 7th largest country in the world in terms of area and 2nd largest in terms of population, standing at around 1.1 billion (2006 estimate). Only [[China]] has more people. Home to the Indus Valley Civilization, the history, culture and tradition of India is more than three thousand years old.

==Religions==

India is the region where four of the major world religions were founded:
*[[Hinduism]]
*[[Buddhism]]
*[[Jainism]]
*[[Sikhism]]

Although over 80% of Indians identify themselves as Hindu, India has large vibrant communities of [[Muslims]], [[Sikhs]], [[Christians]], [[Jains]], [[Bahaii]] and [[Buddhists]]. Hinduism as it is identified today has existed in India for over 4000 years; in the past it had spread to the rest of South-East Asia and Indonesia, although Hinduism is practiced outside India today only in the island of Bali. Buddhism originated in Eastern India in the 6th century B.C. and spread to the rest of Asia through individual and organized missionaries, although there are few practicing Buddhists left in India today. Jainism originated in Eastern India in the 6th century B.C. and spread to the rest of India; today they are mostly concentrated in the Southern and Western parts of the country. Sikhism is a monotheistic religion that originated in India in the 16th century A.D. Christianity and Islam have well-established traditions in India. The first identifiably Jewish migrants arrived in India as the Bene Israel group. There is some debate as to the Jewishness of a possibly older group of Indians in the Northeastern part of the country called the Bnei Menashe. Christianity arrived in India in the first century A.D., possibly through the travels of the [[Apostle Thomas]], whose tomb in the Indian city of Chennai is a major pilgrimage site for Christians in India. Islam arrived partly through the implementation of holy war or "[[Jihad]]" by Arab militants led by [[Muhammad bin-Qasim]] in the latter half of the 8th century A.D., and partly through the efforts of Arab traders in South India. It continued to spread with invasions, wars and forced conversions by Afghans and Turkic Mongols. Eventually, peace settled and they slowly integrated into the society and formed India's Islamic tradition. The [[Taj Mahal]], India's national monument, was built by a Muslim emperor named Shah Jahan.
[[Image:Taj Mahal.jpg|thumb|Taj Mahal]]

==Economy==

In terms of purchasing power parity, its economy is the second largest in Asia, and is the world's fourth largest economy. India is one of the fastest developing economies in the world with an annual growth rate of over 8%. However it is battling major obstacles to improve the average standard of living , such as high levels of poverty, [[illiteracy]], and [[malnutrition]].

==Government==

In terms of population India is the largest [[democracy]] in the world. It operates under a British-style Parliamentary system. The head of state officially is the [[President]] of India, elected for a 5 year term, but the ''de facto'' head of state is the [[Prime Minister]] who holds most executive powers. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President, but they must have the support of the party holding a majority in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of [[Parliament]] in India.

The members of the Rajya Sabha (Council of States), the upper house of Parliament, are elected by state and territorial legislatures in proportion to the state's population, and serve for 6 years. The Lok Sabha(House of People) has its members directly elected by popular vote and represent their constituencies for 5 years.

The executive branch is made up of the President, the Vice President and the Council of Ministers(The Cabinet is its executive committee) which is headed by the Prime Minister. Any minister holding a portfolio must be a member of one of the two houses of Parliament. The executive is subordinate to the legislature, and the Prime Minister and Council are directly responsible to the Lok Sabha.

==See Also==

[[World History Lecture Three]] for more information on Ancient India.

[[Category:Asian Countries]]

India

2007-10-22T11:52:07Z

Manishmghosh: /* Religions */

{{Country
|name =''भारत गणराज्य <br/>Bhārat Gaharājya''
|map =India rel01.jpg
|flag =Flag of India svg.png
|arms =Emblem of India.png
|capital =New Delhi
|capital-raw =
|government =Federal Republic
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|language =Hindi
|king =
|queen =
|monarch-raw =
|president =Pratibha Patil
|president-raw =
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|pm =Manmohan Singh
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|gdp-year =$4.2 trillion (2006)
|gdp-pc =$3,800 (2006)
|currency =rupee
|idd =
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}}

The '''Republic of India''' is a nation located in south [[Asia]]. It spans from the [[Himalayas]] in the north to the [[Indian Ocean]]. The name "India" came from the word 'Indus', which derives from the Persian word "Hindu" which was used to describe the Sindhu river (now known as the Indus). It borders China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and Myanmar. India is the 7th largest country in the world in terms of area and 2nd largest in terms of population, standing at around 1.1 billion (2006 estimate). Only [[China]] has more people. Home to the Indus Valley Civilization, the history, culture and tradition of India is more than three thousand years old.

==Religions==

India is the region where four of the major world religions were founded:
*[[Hinduism]]
*[[Buddhism]]
*[[Jainism]]
*[[Sikhism]]

Although over 80% of Indians identify themselves as Hindu, India has large vibrant communities of [[Muslims]], [[Sikhs]], [[Christians]], [[Jains]], [[Bahaii]] and [[Buddhists]]. Hinduism as it is identified today has existed in India for over 4000 years; in the past it had spread to the rest of South-East Asia and Indonesia, although Hinduism is practiced outside India today only in the island of Bali. Buddhism originated in Eastern India in the 6th century B.C. and spread to the rest of Asia through individual and organized missionaries, although there are few practicing Buddhists left in India today. Jainism originated in Eastern India in the 6th century B.C. and spread to the rest of India; today they are mostly concentrated in the Southern and Western parts of the country. Sikhism is a monotheistic religion that originated in India in the 16th century A.D. Christianity and Islam have well-established traditions in India. The first identifiably Jewish migrants arrived in India as the Bene Israel group. There is some debate as to the Jewishness of a possibly older group of Indians in the Northeastern part of the country called the Bnei Menashe. Christianity arrived in India in the first century A.D., possibly through the travels of the [[Apostle Thomas]], whose tomb in the Indian city of Chennai is a major pilgrimage site for Christians in India. Islam arrived partly through the implementation of holy war or "[[Jihad]]" by Arab militants led by [[Muhammad bin-Qasim]] in the latter half of the First Millenium of the Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, and partly through the efforts of Arab traders in South India. It continued to spread with invasions, wars and forced conversions by Afghans and Turkic Mongols. Eventually, peace settled and they slowly integrated into the society and formed India's Islamic tradition. The [[Taj Mahal]], India's national monument, was built by a Muslim emperor named Shah Jahan.
[[Image:Taj Mahal.jpg|thumb|Taj Mahal]]

==Economy==

In terms of purchasing power parity, its economy is the second largest in Asia, and is the world's fourth largest economy. India is one of the fastest developing economies in the world with an annual growth rate of over 8%. However it is battling major obstacles to improve the average standard of living , such as high levels of poverty, [[illiteracy]], and [[malnutrition]].

==Government==

In terms of population India is the largest [[democracy]] in the world. It operates under a British-style Parliamentary system. The head of state officially is the [[President]] of India, elected for a 5 year term, but the ''de facto'' head of state is the [[Prime Minister]] who holds most executive powers. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President, but they must have the support of the party holding a majority in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of [[Parliament]] in India.

The members of the Rajya Sabha (Council of States), the upper house of Parliament, are elected by state and territorial legislatures in proportion to the state's population, and serve for 6 years. The Lok Sabha(House of People) has its members directly elected by popular vote and represent their constituencies for 5 years.

The executive branch is made up of the President, the Vice President and the Council of Ministers(The Cabinet is its executive committee) which is headed by the Prime Minister. Any minister holding a portfolio must be a member of one of the two houses of Parliament. The executive is subordinate to the legislature, and the Prime Minister and Council are directly responsible to the Lok Sabha.

==See Also==

[[World History Lecture Three]] for more information on Ancient India.

[[Category:Asian Countries]]

India

2007-10-22T11:50:34Z

Manishmghosh: /* Religions */

{{Country
|name =''भारत गणराज्य <br/>Bhārat Gaharājya''
|map =India rel01.jpg
|flag =Flag of India svg.png
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|capital =New Delhi
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|queen =
|monarch-raw =
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|chancellor-raw =
|pm =Manmohan Singh
|pm-raw =
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|pop-basis =
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|gdp-year =$4.2 trillion (2006)
|gdp-pc =$3,800 (2006)
|currency =rupee
|idd =
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}}

The '''Republic of India''' is a nation located in south [[Asia]]. It spans from the [[Himalayas]] in the north to the [[Indian Ocean]]. The name "India" came from the word 'Indus', which derives from the Persian word "Hindu" which was used to describe the Sindhu river (now known as the Indus). It borders China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and Myanmar. India is the 7th largest country in the world in terms of area and 2nd largest in terms of population, standing at around 1.1 billion (2006 estimate). Only [[China]] has more people. Home to the Indus Valley Civilization, the history, culture and tradition of India is more than three thousand years old.

==Religions==

India is the region where four of the major world religions were founded:
*[[Hinduism]]
*[[Buddhism]]
*[[Jainism]]
*[[Sikhism]]

Although over 80% of Indians identify themselves as Hindu, India has large vibrant communities of [[Muslims]], [[Sikhs]], [[Christians]], [[Jains]], [[Bahaii]], [[Animists]] and [[Buddhists]]. Hinduism as it is identified today has existed in India for over 4000 years; in the past it had spread to the rest of South-East Asia and Indonesia, although Hinduism is practiced outside India today only in the island of Bali. Buddhism originated in Eastern India in the 6th century B.C. and spread to the rest of Asia through individual and organized missionaries, although there are few practicing Buddhists left in India today. Jainism originated in Eastern India in the 6th century B.C. and spread to the rest of India; today they are mostly concentrated in the Southern and Western parts of the country. Sikhism is a monotheistic religion that originated in India in the 16th century A.D. Christianity and Islam have well-established traditions in India. The first identifiably Jewish migrants arrived in India as the Bene Israel group. There is some debate as to the Jewishness of a possibly older group of Indians in the Northeastern part of the country called the Bnei Menashe. Christianity arrived in India in the first century A.D., possibly through the travels of the [[Apostle Thomas]], whose tomb in the Indian city of Chennai is a major pilgrimage site for Christians in India. Islam arrived partly through the implementation of holy war or "[[Jihad]]" by Arab militants led by [[Muhammad bin-Qasim]] in the latter half of the First Millenium of the Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, and partly through the efforts of Arab traders in South India. It continued to spread with invasions, wars and forced conversions by Afghans and Turkic Mongols. Eventually, peace settled and they slowly integrated into the society and formed India's Islamic tradition. The [[Taj Mahal]], India's national monument, was built by a Muslim emperor named Shah Jahan.
[[Image:Taj Mahal.jpg|thumb|Taj Mahal]]

==Economy==

In terms of purchasing power parity, its economy is the second largest in Asia, and is the world's fourth largest economy. India is one of the fastest developing economies in the world with an annual growth rate of over 8%. However it is battling major obstacles to improve the average standard of living , such as high levels of poverty, [[illiteracy]], and [[malnutrition]].

==Government==

In terms of population India is the largest [[democracy]] in the world. It operates under a British-style Parliamentary system. The head of state officially is the [[President]] of India, elected for a 5 year term, but the ''de facto'' head of state is the [[Prime Minister]] who holds most executive powers. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President, but they must have the support of the party holding a majority in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of [[Parliament]] in India.

The members of the Rajya Sabha (Council of States), the upper house of Parliament, are elected by state and territorial legislatures in proportion to the state's population, and serve for 6 years. The Lok Sabha(House of People) has its members directly elected by popular vote and represent their constituencies for 5 years.

The executive branch is made up of the President, the Vice President and the Council of Ministers(The Cabinet is its executive committee) which is headed by the Prime Minister. Any minister holding a portfolio must be a member of one of the two houses of Parliament. The executive is subordinate to the legislature, and the Prime Minister and Council are directly responsible to the Lok Sabha.

==See Also==

[[World History Lecture Three]] for more information on Ancient India.

[[Category:Asian Countries]]

India

2007-10-22T11:34:05Z

Manishmghosh: /* Religions */

{{Country
|name =''भारत गणराज्य <br/>Bhārat Gaharājya''
|map =India rel01.jpg
|flag =Flag of India svg.png
|arms =Emblem of India.png
|capital =New Delhi
|capital-raw =
|government =Federal Republic
|government-raw =
|language =Hindi
|king =
|queen =
|monarch-raw =
|president =Pratibha Patil
|president-raw =
|chancellor =
|chancellor-raw =
|pm =Manmohan Singh
|pm-raw =
|area =3,287,590 sq mi
|pop =1,129,866,154 (2007)
|pop-basis =
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|gdp-year =$4.2 trillion (2006)
|gdp-pc =$3,800 (2006)
|currency =rupee
|idd =
|tld =
}}

The '''Republic of India''' is a nation located in south [[Asia]]. It spans from the [[Himalayas]] in the north to the [[Indian Ocean]]. The name "India" came from the word 'Indus', which derives from the Persian word "Hindu" which was used to describe the Sindhu river (now known as the Indus). It borders China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and Myanmar. India is the 7th largest country in the world in terms of area and 2nd largest in terms of population, standing at around 1.1 billion (2006 estimate). Only [[China]] has more people. Home to the Indus Valley Civilization, the history, culture and tradition of India is more than three thousand years old.

==Religions==

India is the region where four of the major world religions were founded:
*[[Hinduism]]
*[[Buddhism]]
*[[Jainism]]
*[[Sikhism]]

Although over 80% of Indians identify themselves as Hindu, India has large vibrant communities of [[Muslims]], [[Sikhs]], [[Christians]], [[Jains]], [[Bahaii]] and [[Buddhists]]. Hinduism as it is identified today has existed in India for at least over 4000 years. Buddhism originated in India and spread to the rest of Asia through individual and organized missionaries. Sikhism is a monotheistic religion that originated in India in the 16th century A.D. Christianity, Jainism and Islam have well-established traditions in India. The first identifiably Jewish migrants arrived in India as the Bene Israel group. There is some debate as to the Jewishness of a possibly older group of Indians in the Northeastern part of the country called the Bnei Menashe. Christianity arrived in India in the Second Century of the Lord and Savior Jesus Christ through the travels of the [[Apostle Thomas]], whose tomb in the Indian city of Chennai is a major pilgrimage site for Christians in India. Islam arrived through the implementation of holy war or "[[Jihad]]" by Arab militants led by [[Muhammad bin-Qasim]] in the latter half of the First Millenium of the Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, and continued to spread with invasions, wars and forced conversions by Afghans and Turkic Mongols.Eventually, peace settled and they slowly integrated into the society and formed India's Islamic tradition. The [[Taj Mahal]], India's national monument, was built by a Muslim emperor named Akbar.
[[Image:Taj Mahal.jpg|thumb|Taj Mahal]]

==Economy==

In terms of purchasing power parity, its economy is the second largest in Asia, and is the world's fourth largest economy. India is one of the fastest developing economies in the world with an annual growth rate of over 8%. However it is battling major obstacles to improve the average standard of living , such as high levels of poverty, [[illiteracy]], and [[malnutrition]].

==Government==

In terms of population India is the largest [[democracy]] in the world. It operates under a British-style Parliamentary system. The head of state officially is the [[President]] of India, elected for a 5 year term, but the ''de facto'' head of state is the [[Prime Minister]] who holds most executive powers. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President, but they must have the support of the party holding a majority in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of [[Parliament]] in India.

The members of the Rajya Sabha (Council of States), the upper house of Parliament, are elected by state and territorial legislatures in proportion to the state's population, and serve for 6 years. The Lok Sabha(House of People) has its members directly elected by popular vote and represent their constituencies for 5 years.

The executive branch is made up of the President, the Vice President and the Council of Ministers(The Cabinet is its executive committee) which is headed by the Prime Minister. Any minister holding a portfolio must be a member of one of the two houses of Parliament. The executive is subordinate to the legislature, and the Prime Minister and Council are directly responsible to the Lok Sabha.

==See Also==

[[World History Lecture Three]] for more information on Ancient India.

[[Category:Asian Countries]]