Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

User talk:MHarmon

2010-02-15T02:12:06Z

MHarmon: /* Why so many user names? */

{{welcome|sig=[[User:JacobB|JacobB]] 13:46, 14 February 2010 (EST)}}

== Why so many user names? ==

*Dmoris
*Ronfox
*MHarmon

Is there a plausible explanation? Are you in a dorm? --<big>[[User:TK|'''ṬK''']]</big>/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 20:50, 14 February 2010 (EST)

I am in a library on a university campus. [[User:MHarmon|MHarmon]] 21:12, 14 February 2010 (EST)

X

2010-02-14T19:58:10Z

MHarmon:

X may be used to represent:
[[Roman numeral]] for 10. 
a variable for an unknown in mathematics. 
as a multiplication sign. 
X band, part of the microwave band of the [[Spectrum|Electromagnetic Spectrum]]. 
X [[chromosome]], one of the two sex-determining chromosomes.

X

2010-02-14T19:56:59Z

MHarmon:

X may be used to represent:
[[Roman numeral]] for 10. 
a variable for an unknown in mathematics. 
as a multiplication sign. 
X band, part of the microwave band of the [[electromagnetic wave|EMF]]. 
X [[chromosome]], one of the two sex-determining chromosomes.

X

2010-02-14T19:55:19Z

MHarmon:

X may be used to represent:
[[Roman numeral]] for 10. 
a variable for an unknown in mathematics. 
as a multiplication sign. 
X band, part of the microwave band of the [[EMF]]. 
X [[chromosome]], one of the two sex-determining chromosomes.

X

2010-02-14T19:54:25Z

MHarmon:

X may be used to represent:
[[Roman numeral]] for 10
a variable for an unknown in mathematics
as a multiplication sign

X band, part of the microwave band of the [[EMF]]
X [[chromosome]], one of the two sex-determining chromosomes

Pan

2010-02-14T19:08:03Z

MHarmon:

'''Pan''' is the god of nature in [[ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] [[mythology]]. He is a lesser god and is usually viewed having legs similiar to a goat including fur. Pan is also viewed as wild and somewhat reclusive.
Pan was a musical deity, who gave his name to the instrument known as the panflute, or panpipes.

{{Nb mythology greece}}
[[Category:Musicians]]

Goat

2010-02-14T19:05:34Z

MHarmon: creating page in response to 35 red links

The '''domestic goat''' ('''Capra aegagrus hircus'''), along with sheep, were among the earliest domesticated animals. Goat remains have been found at archaeological sites in western [[Asia]], such as [[Jericho]], Choga, Mami, Djeitun and Cayonu, which allows domestication of the goats to be dated at between 6000 and 7000 [[B.C.]] Goats were kept for their milk and meat, along with uses being found for their dung, bone, hair, and sinew. Today there are several hundred breeds of goats, being breed specifically for meat, milk, fiber, and skin.
Goats are often found in the Bible and the histories of other religions. A goat is a "clean" animal by Jewish law and was slaughtered for an honored guest. In the New Testament, Jesus told a parable of The Sheep and the Goats. Christianity has associated Satan with imagery of goats, based on the Greed deity [[Pan]].

==References==
http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/goats 
http://www.motherearthnews.com/Sustainable-Farming/Introduction-Common-Goat-Breeds.aspx 
http://archaeology.about.com/od/domestications/qt/goats.htm

Beer

2010-02-14T18:53:53Z

MHarmon: /* Categories */

[[Image:Duvel beer.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Belgian bottled beer]]'''Beer''' is an [[alcoholic drink]] produced through [[fermentation]] of [[sugar]]s derived primarily from [[malt|malted grains]]. The primary [[grain]] used is usually malted [[barley]], although some styles of beer use malted [[wheat]] or [[oats]] as the primary grain.

The four major ingredients of beer are [[water]], [[malt]], [[hops]] and [[yeast]]. The particular combination, amount and variety of each of these ingredients determine the final flavor, alcoholic strength and style of the finished beer.

Although almost all modern beer styles use [[hops]], early European brewers originally added spices such as rosemary, coriander, ginger, anise seed, and juniper berries to their beers to impart more complex flavors. Hops are used primarily used today because the bitterness derived from the hops tend to counter-balance the sweetness derived from the malt, and provide a more balanced flavor. Hops may also be added to beer to impart a floral or spicy aroma and flavor. Another benefit early brewers found was that hops also tended to help preserve their beers longer than unhopped beers.

The earliest written records of hop cultivation come from 8th and 9th century A.D. from the Hallertau district in [[Germany]], now famous for their Hallertau Mittelfruh hop variety. The earliest actual brewing records explicitly noting the addition of hops come from 14th century Germany.

Although there are [[microorganisms]] that can spoil beer, such as [[lactobacillus]], there are no known human [[pathogens]] than can live in beer. This is commonly thought to be due to the alcohol in the beer, however it is actually due to the [[pH]]; typically in the range of 4.0 to 4.4. <ref>[http://www2.parc.com/emdl/members/apte/text.pdf Matadero Creek Brewery]</ref> <ref>[http://mi.water.usgs.gov/h2oqual/GWBactHOWeb.html U.S. Department of the Interior | U.S. Geological Survey]</ref>

==Categories==
Beers fall in to many categories, including lagers, ales, bitters. stouts, wheats, and lambics. There are also "hybrid" beers, such as Cream Ales, Kolsch and California Common Beers (Steam Beers).

Lagers are cold [[fermentation|fermented]] with the [[Saccharomyces pastorianus]] variety of [[yeast]], typically between 46 and 56 F. Complete fermentation of lager beers takes from six weeks to nine months. This brewing technique originated in [[Germany]], where the word ‘lagern’ literally means "to store". Common styles of lager beer are Pilsner and Bock. Most beers brewed by the major American breweries are lagers.

Ales are fermented with the ‘S. cerevisiae’ variety of yeast, at temperatures higher than lagers, typically between 55 and 75 F. The higher fermentation temperature of ales tends to produce beers with a more complex, fruity [[flavor]], usually derived from [[ester|esters]] produced by the yeast during fermentation. Common varieties of ales include Pale Ale, India Pale Ale, and Brown Ale.

Stouts are made with roasted malts and grains and top fermenting yeast.

==Styles==

===Ale===
Lambic is probably the oldest style of beer produced in the world today. A later style is that of ale. Ales are fermented using ''top-fermenting'' yeasts, yeasts which congregate at the top of the wort and tend to work best at higher temperatures than Lager yeasts. The top fermentation and warm fermentation temperatures add complex flavors to the beer. "Real Ale" is a term created by the Campaign for Real Ale, and refers to beers brewed by traditional methods, from traditional ingredients and, vitally, served from the vessel in which they have been conditioned. Real Ale has become a cult drink in the United Kingdom and affcionados happily descrive themselves as ''"Real Ale Snobs"'' (non-afficionados tend to use a less family-friendly subrique!).

===Lager===
Lager is a,comparitively, recent introduction. True lagers are brewed at cold temperatures, using bottom fermenting yeast and are then conditioned (or "lagered") for extented periods at very low temperatures. Whilst the ale process adds complexflavors to the beer the lager brewing and conditioning process tends to produce a clean, unified and crisp taste.

===Lambic===
Lambic is a sub style of sour ales which was originally produced by brewers around [[Brussels]] in the [[Senne Valley]]. Lambic comes in two forms, straight (unblended) Lambic and Fruit Lambic. Lambic beers use hops aged for three years to remove any bitterness, and are added primarily for their preservative effect. These beers are allowed to spontaneously ferment by a variety of wild micro-organisms. These micro-organisms include wild yeasts and bacteria such as pediococcus and lactobacillus. The bacteria produce acids during fermentation and are capable of fermenting more sugars that regular yeasts. This results in a beer that can be extremely dry and astonishingly tart.

Due to the specific flavors that the wild yeasts and micro-organisms in this region of the world produce in Lambic beer, production of this style has not spread to other regions like other beers styles of beer have. Versions of Lambics produced with pure cultures tend to lack the depth of flavor that the Belgian brewers are able to produce.

===Evolution of Styles===
Historically beer styles evolved regionally due to the ingredients that were available to the local brewers. For example, in Scotland hops did not grow well, and were expensive to import. So beers produced by Scottish brewers typically had very low level of bitterness and hop flavor, but well developed malt flavors.

==History==
The earliest known evidence of beer and brewing comes from [[Sumeria]] around 4,000 B.C. The evidence comes from clay tablets inscribed with the [[Hymn to Ninkasi]], the Sumerian's Goddess of brewing, where the hymn contains a rudimentary recipe for beer.

Most of the world's beer come from German brewers, who established breweries across Europe, North America, Australia and China.

[[Image:Beer1890.jpg|thumb|300px|U.S. brewery about 1880]]
===United States===
Beer was a staple on the Mayflower and colonists began home brewing early. Even Harvard College had its own brew house. Having greater stability in processing and storage, rum and whiskey soon became more common. With the coming of lager in 1842, however, new interest in brewing - by people with such names as Schaefer, Schmidt, Best, Pabst, Anheuser, Miller, and Busch - revitalized the popularity of beer. Milwaukee's supply of natural ice made it a prime location for the brewing industry, and by the 1870s beer had become America's drink of choice. Anti-German feelings combined with opposition to alcohol led to Prohibition. After an interlude in the 1920s when [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]] closed the breweries, they reopened in 1933. By World War II beer was no longer seen as "German" and was readily available to troops who continued to drink it when they returned to the United States.

Major league baseball featured beer in its refreshment offerings and the working class found beer, baseball, and the saloon "places" of refuge and camaraderie. Since that time, beer has remained America's alcoholic drink of choice because of its appeal to the working class.<ref> Rudin (2002)</ref>

The major national brands have been consolidated and are now controlled by two international conglomerates based in Europe. Since 2002 MillerCoors has been owned by SABMiller, which is based in London. Since 2008 Anheuser-Busch (maker of Budweiser) has been owned by Anheuser-Busch InBev, based in Belgium. Today there are hundreds of locally owned "microbreweries", and imports are important from Europe, Mexico and Japan.

==See also==
* [[Alcoholic drinks]]
* [[Ale]]
* [[Bud Light Lime]]
* [[Guinness]]
* [[Heineken]]
* [[Budweiser]]
* [[Becks]]
* [[Corona]]
* [[Home brewing]]
* [[Miller]]
* [[Narragansett Beer]]
* [[Prohibition in the United States]]
* [[Real ale]]
* [[Steinlager]]
* [[Taverns]]
==Further reading==
* Cochran, Thomas C. ''The Pabst Brewing Company: the history of an American business'' (1948), excellent business history.
* Downard, William L. ''Dictionary of the History of the American Brewing and Distilling Industries.'' (1980). 268 pp.
* Downard, William L. ''The Cincinnati Brewing Industry: A Social and Economic History.'' (1973). 173 pp.
* McGovern, Patrick E. ''Uncorking the Past: The Quest for Wine, Beer, and Other Alcoholic Beverages'' (2009)
* Rudin, Max. "Beer And America," ''American Heritage'' 2002 53(3): 28-38. 0002-8738 [http://www.toribeckman.com/beerWA.doc online edition]

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External Links==
*[http://www.coopsmaps.com/beer/hops.html Coops Maps - A short history of hops]
*[http://www.alabev.com/history.htm A short history of beer]
*[http://www.brewery.org/library/ReinHeit.html English translation of the Reinheitsgebot]
*[http://www.bjcp.org/stylecenter.html Beer Judge Certification Program Style Guidelines]

[[Category:Alcoholic Beverages]]
[[Category:Food and Drink]]
[[Category:Prohibition]]

User talk:MHarmon

2010-02-14T18:47:08Z

MHarmon:

{{welcome|sig=[[User:JacobB|JacobB]] 13:46, 14 February 2010 (EST)}}

Crossbow

2010-02-14T18:46:25Z

MHarmon:

'''The crossbow''' is a weapon consisting of a bow mounted on a wooden stock. Originally used in [[China]] and eastern Asia, the weapon eventually became popular in [[Europe]]. The [[Crusaders]] used many crossbows when trying to free the [[Holy Lands]] from the [[Muslim]]s. Crossbows were very effective, and could penetrate the armor of a [[knight]].

[[Category:Weapons]]

Crossbow

2010-02-14T18:46:08Z

MHarmon:

'''The crossbow''' is a weapon consisting of a bow mounted on a wooden stock. Originally used in [[China]] and eastern Asia, the weapon eventually became popular in [[Europe]]. ]. The [[Crusaders]] used many crossbows when trying to free the [[Holy Lands]] from the [[Muslim]]s. Crossbows were very effective, and could penetrate the armor of a [[knight]].

[[Category:Weapons]]

Calico

2010-02-14T18:43:18Z

MHarmon:

'''Calico''' or '''tortoiseshell''' is a type of coloring found on [[cat]]s and [[fish]]. It is usually a combination of red, black, chocolate and cinnamon. The color pattern is caused by a genetic trait called X-inactivation or lyonization.
Calico is also a type of plain-woven cotton fabric, traditionally produced in [[India]].

== External links ==
* [http://messybeast.com/tricolours.htm Tortoiseshell and Tri-Color Cats]

[[Category:Biology]]

Axes

2010-02-14T18:37:31Z

MHarmon: fix double redirect

#REDIRECT [[Axis Powers]]

Dubnium

2010-02-14T18:36:01Z

MHarmon:

{{Element | name=Dubnium | symbol=Db | anumber=105 | amass=262 amu | noe=105 | class=Transition metal | cstructure=Unknown | color=Unknown | date=1970 | discname=[[Albert Ghiorso]] | origname=After Dubna, Russia. | uses=Dubnium has no known uses.| obtained=Man-made. }}
'''Dubnium''' is an artificially produced radioactive element. The atomic weight of nine known isotopes range from 255 to 263; the longest-lived isotope, dubnium 268 has an half-life of 32 hours. Dubnium is very unstable and little is known about it.

==References==
http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/db.htm#ixzz0fXKrhPDT

Bohrium

2010-02-14T18:32:26Z

MHarmon:

{{Element | name=Bohrium | symbol=Bh | anumber=107 | amass=264 amu | noe=107 | class=Transition Metal | cstructure=Unknown | color=Unknown | date=1976 | discname=Peter Armsbruster and Gottfried Munzenber. | origname=Bohrium is named after [[Niels Bohr]]. | uses=There are no known uses for Bohrium. | obtained=Man-made. }}
'''Bohrium''' is an artificially produced radioactive element. It's most stable isotope, Bh-262 has an half life of 17 seconds. Due to its extreme instability, Bohrium does not have any known application and little is known about it.

==Refrences==
http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/bh.htm#ixzz0fXJnfzLE