Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Howard Baker

2015-12-16T22:53:32Z

M31Galaxy:

'''Howard Henry Baker, Jr.''' (born, November 15, 1925) is the former Majority Leader of the [[United States Senate]] and a member of the [[Republican Party]]. He also served a chief of staff to [[President]] [[Ronald Reagan]] from 1987 through 1988 and U.S. Ambassador to [[Japan]] from 2001 to 2005.

{{DEFAULTSORT: Baker, Howard}}
[[Category:Former United States Senators]]
[[Category:Reagan Era]]
[[Category:Republicans]]

Howard Baker

2015-12-16T22:53:02Z

M31Galaxy:

World History Homework Five

2015-12-16T22:51:33Z

M31Galaxy:

World History Homework Five
 Instructor: Andy Schlafly

'''Read the lecture.''',

Answer six of the following questions (honors - answer eight of the following):

1. Describe two fundamental differences between Islam and Christianity. Which religion originated first?
 
2. Where did chivalry come from, and what is your view of it? Describe a modern example of chivalry.
 
3. Explain what feudalism in Western Europe was, and how it differed from feudalism in Japan around the same time period.
 
4. Do you agree with the term "Dark Ages"? Include in your answer a description of when and what the Dark Ages were.
 
5. What was the "Holy Roman Empire"? Include a basic difference between it and the Roman empire.
 
6. What did "Charles the Hammer" accomplish? Discuss briefly.
 
7. Briefly describe the "pillars" of [[Islam]].
 
8. Discuss one of the major civilizations or tribes in Central and South America in the lecture.
 
9. Write an essay about any aspect of the lecture.
 
10. What was the Carolingian Court?
 
11. "Islam is more than a religion." Do you agree? Discuss.
 
[[Category:World History lectures]],

World History Homework Five

2015-12-16T22:50:47Z

M31Galaxy:

Homosexuality and New Zealand

2015-12-16T22:49:59Z

M31Galaxy:

Sex between men was decriminalised in 1986. New Zealand enacted legislation that permitted civil unions in 2005, which allow couples many of the same rights as married couples. On April 17, 2013, New Zealand allowed [[Same sex Marriage]]. This is the last in the long slide in morality and social values in the land of the long white cloud.

The Human Rights Act 1993 outlaws discrimination on the grounds of sexuality. Initially this law exempted government activities until the year 1999. There are no specific barriers to gay individuals adopting children, except that men cannot adopt female children. Gay couples cannot adopt as couples.

[[Category:Homosexual Agenda]]
[[Category:New Zealand]]
[[Category:Homosexuality]],

Cumberland

2015-12-16T22:49:26Z

M31Galaxy:

'''Cumberland''' is a former [[county]] of north-west [[England]], forming the northern and western part of the present-day county of [[Cumbria]], created in 1974. It included the city of [[Carlisle]] and the towns of Cockermouth, Maryport, Workington and [[Whitehaven]], as well as much of the [[Lake District]] national park.

==See Also==
* [[Cumberland gap]] area in [[Kentucky]]-[[Tennessee]] region.
* [[Cumberland Redoubt]] - the [[American Redoubt]] of the East - A [[strategic relocation]] "[[vote with your feet]]" [[Free States Movement]]

[[Category : Cumberland Redoubt]]
[[Category : Kentucky]]
[[Category : Tennessee]]
[[Category : United States Geography]]
[[Category : Geography]]
[[Category : United Kingdom Counties]]

Cumberland

2015-12-16T22:48:51Z

M31Galaxy:

Nostra sponte

2015-12-16T22:47:10Z

M31Galaxy:

The term '''''nostra sponte''''' refers to a panel of [[judge]]s acting on its own [[motion]], rather than upon a motion or argument by the [[Party|parties]]. It is the plural form of the more familiar term ''[[sua sponte]]'', which is [[Latin]] for ''of its own will''.
[[Category:Legal Terms]]

Nostra sponte

2015-12-16T22:46:45Z

M31Galaxy:

Expert

2015-12-16T22:46:12Z

M31Galaxy:

An '''expert''', is someone who is perceived by others to possess [[knowledge]] and/or [[technique]] in a specialized field of study or activity beyond that of the average person. Typically an expert has formal credentials or academic degrees and has avoided saying anything that is [[politically incorrect]]. Often experts rely on [[liberal]] influence inherent in university departments, government grants, and/or decisions by attorneys in retaining them for legal cases.

== Court experts ==

Those with great skills and knowledge may be called upon to give testimony in a [[court]] of [[law]] to enable a [[judge]] and/or [[jury]] to determine the veracity of items of evidence.

The [[U.S. Supreme Court]] began to limit the use of expert testimony in [[trial]]s in ''[[Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.]]'' Subsequent decisions have placed additional limits on the use of experts in [[trial]]s, but they still exert enormous influence on juries.

== Expert system ==

An '''expert system''' is a [[computer program]] that uses decision-trees to evaluate responses from an individual and give [[diagnosis]] or propose a plan of action

[[Category:Law]]
[[Category:Computers]]

Explorers J

2015-12-16T22:45:31Z

M31Galaxy:

[[Explorers A|A]]-[[Explorers B|B]]-[[Explorers C|C]]-[[Explorers D|D]]-[[Explorers E|E]]-[[Explorers F|F]]-[[Explorers G|G]]-[[Explorers H|H]]-[[Explorers I|I]]-[[Explorers J|J]]-[[Explorers K|K]]-[[Explorers L|L]]-[[Explorers M|M]]-[[Explorers N|N]]-[[Explorers O|O]]-[[Explorers P|P]]-[[Explorers Q|Q]]-[[Explorers R|R]]-[[Explorers S|S]]-[[Explorers T|T]]-[[Explorers U|U]]-[[Explorers V|V]]-[[Explorers W|W]]-[[Explorers X|X]]-[[Explorers Y|Y]]-[[Explorers Z|Z]] 

{{History Terms}}[[Category:Explorers]],

Free Software Foundation

2015-12-16T22:44:57Z

M31Galaxy:

{{merge|free software movement}}
The '''Free Software Foundation''', (FSF) is a group that promote "computer user freedom and to defend the [[rights]] of all [[free software]] users." They promote [[GNU/Linux|GNU OS]] and oppose DRM, the [[RIAA]] and [[Windows]] software. The FSF was fonuded by [[Richard Stallman]] in 1985, and he has remained its president every since.

==External Links==

[http://www.fsf.org Official site]

[[Category:Internet]]
[[Category:Libertarianism]]
[[Category:Operating Systems]]
[[Category:Linux]]
[[Category:Software]]
[[Category:Open Source]].

Free Software Foundation

2015-12-16T22:44:30Z

M31Galaxy:

Fremont, Ohio

2015-12-16T22:40:50Z

M31Galaxy:

'''Fremont''' is the county seat of Sandusky county in north west [[Ohio]].
[[Category:Ohio]].

Fremont, Ohio

2015-12-16T22:40:21Z

M31Galaxy:

'''Fremont''' is the county seat of Sandusky county in north west [[Ohio]].
[[Category:Ohio]]..

Fremont, Ohio

2015-12-16T22:39:54Z

M31Galaxy:

'''Fremont''' is the county seat of Sandusky county in north west [[Ohio]].
[[Category:Ohio]].

Fremont, Ohio

2015-12-16T22:39:07Z

M31Galaxy:

'''Fremont''' is the county seat of Sandusky county in north west [[Ohio]].
[[Category:Ohio]]

Fremont, Ohio

2015-12-16T22:38:35Z

M31Galaxy:

'''Fremont''' is the county seat of Sandusky county in north west [[Ohio]].
[[Category:Ohio]].

Ibn Sina

2015-12-16T22:37:16Z

M31Galaxy:

'''Ibn Sina''' was a [[Muslim]] [[physician]] who lived from AD 980 to 1037. He wrote ''[[Canon of the Medicine]]'', a book describing infectious [[disease]]s, and ''The Book of Healing''. A prolific [[Persian]] writer, he was particularly fascinated by [[Aristotle]].

== See also ==

*[[Philosophy]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sina, Ibn}}

[[category:Islam]].

Ibn Sina

2015-12-16T22:36:54Z

M31Galaxy:

Ibn Sina

2015-12-16T22:36:27Z

M31Galaxy:

Ibn Sina

2015-12-16T22:35:53Z

M31Galaxy:

Miloš Zeman

2015-12-16T22:35:04Z

M31Galaxy:

'''Miloš Zeman''' is since 2013 the 3rd President of [[Czech Republic]]. He is the leader of the [[Socialism|socialist]] pro-[[European Union|EU]] party "[[Citizens' rights party]]" and known for his big [[Drunkenness]].

[[Category:Socialists]],

Rehnquist Court

2015-12-16T22:34:36Z

M31Galaxy:

The '''Rehnquist Court''' consists of the decisions of the [[United States Supreme Court]] between October 1986, when [[William Rehnquist]] began serving as the Chief Justice, and October 2005, when he was replaced by [[John Roberts]] after his death. It was the successor to the [[Burger Court]] and the predecessor of the [[Roberts Court]].

The Rehnquist Court had over time the following members:

* Chief Justice [[William Rehnquist]]
* Associate Justice [[William Brennan]]
* Associate Justice [[Byron White]]
* Associate Justice [[Thurgood Marshall]]
* Associate Justice [[Lewis Powell]]
* Associate Justice [[Harry Blackmun]]
* Associate Justice [[John Paul Stevens]]
* Associate Justice [[Sandra Day O'Connor]]
* Associate Justice [[Antonin Scalia]] (since September 1986)
* Associate Justice [[Anthony Kennedy]] (since February 1988)
* Associate Justice [[David Souter]] (since October 1990)
* Associate Justice [[Clarence Thomas]] (since October 1991)
* Associate Justice [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]] (since August 1993)
* Associate Justice [[Stephen Breyer]] (since August 1994)

The Rehnquist Court was most influential in limiting the federal [[government]] by enforcing principles of [[federalism]], and in beginning to curtail some of the [[liberal]] decisions of the [[Warren Court]].
[[category:United States Supreme Court]]

Rehnquist Court

2015-12-16T22:34:11Z

M31Galaxy:

The '''Rehnquist Court''', consists of the decisions of the [[United States Supreme Court]] between October 1986, when [[William Rehnquist]] began serving as the Chief Justice, and October 2005, when he was replaced by [[John Roberts]] after his death. It was the successor to the [[Burger Court]] and the predecessor of the [[Roberts Court]].

The Rehnquist Court had over time the following members:

* Chief Justice [[William Rehnquist]]
* Associate Justice [[William Brennan]]
* Associate Justice [[Byron White]]
* Associate Justice [[Thurgood Marshall]]
* Associate Justice [[Lewis Powell]]
* Associate Justice [[Harry Blackmun]]
* Associate Justice [[John Paul Stevens]]
* Associate Justice [[Sandra Day O'Connor]]
* Associate Justice [[Antonin Scalia]] (since September 1986)
* Associate Justice [[Anthony Kennedy]] (since February 1988)
* Associate Justice [[David Souter]] (since October 1990)
* Associate Justice [[Clarence Thomas]] (since October 1991)
* Associate Justice [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]] (since August 1993)
* Associate Justice [[Stephen Breyer]] (since August 1994)

The Rehnquist Court was most influential in limiting the federal [[government]] by enforcing principles of [[federalism]], and in beginning to curtail some of the [[liberal]] decisions of the [[Warren Court]].
[[category:United States Supreme Court]]

Famous Architects

2015-12-16T22:33:34Z

M31Galaxy:

<center>
 

'''World Famous Architects''' 

</center>.
 
[[Image:Paris Opera.jpg|thumb|400px|The Opera Garnier, [[Paris]].]]
*[[Imhotep (Architect)|Imhotep]] [[Egypt]]
*Callicrates (active fifth century BC), [[Greek]]
*Mnesicles (active fifth century BC), [[Greek]]
*Ictinus (active fifth century BC), [[Greek]]
*[[Phidias]] (ca. 480 BC – ca. 430 BC), [[Greek]]
*Paeonius (active ca. 340 BC to 250 BC), [[Greek]]
*Demetrios (active ca. 340 BC to 250 BC), [[Greek]]
*Vitruvius (ca. 80–70 BC - ca. 15 BC), [[Roman]]
*[[Vitruoya]] (active ca. 117 AD to 135 AD), [[Roman]]
*[[Filippo Brunelleschi]] (1377 - 1445), [[Italy]]
*[[Leon Battista Alberti]] (1404 – 1472), [[Italy]]
*[[Donato Bramante]] (1444 - 1514), [[Italy]]
*[[Michelangelo|Michelangelo Buonarroti]] (1475-1564), [[Italy]]
*[[Mimar Sinan]] (ca. 1490 - 1588) [[Turkey]]
*[[Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola]] (1507 - 1573), [[Italy]]
*[[Giorgio Vasari]] (1511 – 1574), [[Italy]]
*[[Andrea Palladio]] (1508 - 1580), [[Italy]]
*[[Juan de Herrera]] (1530 - 1597), [[Spain]]
*[[Inigo Jones]] (1573 - 1652) [[England]]
[[Image:Neimeyer Cathedrale de Brasilia.jpg|thumb|300px|Cathedrale de [[Brasilia]] by Oscar Neimeyer.]]
*François Mansart (1598 - 1666), [[France]]
*[[Gianlorenzo Bernini]] (1598 - 1680), [[Italy]]
*Luis Le Vau (1612 - 1670), [[France]]
*Andre Le Notre (1613 – 1700), [[France]]
*[[Christopher Wren]] (1618 - 1723), [[England]]
*[[Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach]], (1656 - 1723), [[Austria]]
*[[José Benito Churriguera]] (1665 - 1725), [[Spain]]
*[[Robert Adam]] (1728 - 1792), [[United Kingdom]]
*[[Thomas Jefferson]] (1743 - 1826), [[US]]
*[[James Hoban]] (ca. 1758 - 1831), [[Ireland]]
*[[Charles Garnier]] (1825 - 1898), [[France]]
*[[Gustave Eiffel]] (1832 - 1923), [[France]]
*[[Henry Hobson Richardson]] (1838 – 1886), [[US]]
*[[Camillo Sitte]] (1843 - 1903), [[Austria]]
[[Image:San Cataldo Cemetery Aldo Rossi, Modena.JPG|thumb|250px|San Cataldo Cemetery by Aldo Rossi, Modena, [[Italy]].]]
*[[Daniel Burnham]] (1846 - 1912), [[US]]
*[[Antonio Gaudi]] (1852 – 1926), [[Spain]]
*[[Louis Sullivan]] (1856 - 1924), [[US]]
*Albert Kahn (1869 - 1942), [[Germany]]
*Adolf Loos (1870 – 1933), [[Moravia]]
*Eliel Saarinen (1873 - 1950), [[Finland]]
*[[Walter Gropius]] (1883 – 1969), [[Germany]]
*Paul Williams (1884 - 1980), [[US]]
*[[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]] (1886 - 1969), [[Germany]]
*[[William F. Lamb]] (1883 - 1952), [[US]]
*[[Le Corbusier]] (1887 - 1965), [[Switzerland]]
*[[Frank Lloyd Wright]] (1887 - 1959), [[US]]
*Konstantín Mélnikov (1890 - 1974) [[Russia]]
*[[Richard Neutra]] (1892 - 1970), [[US]]
*Albert Irvin Cassell (1895 - 1969), [[US]]
*Carlos Raul Villanueva (1900 - 1975), [[Venezuela]]
[[Image:Toronto's CN Tower.jpg|thumb|CN Tower by John Andrews, [[Toronto]].]]
*[[Louis Isadore Kahn]] (1901 - 1974), [[US]]
*Luis Barragan (1902 - 1988), [[Mexico]]
*[[Victor Gruen]] (1903 - 1980), Austrian-born, [[US]]
* Philip Johnson (1906 – 2005), [[US]]
*[[Oscar Niemeyer]] (1907 - ), [[Brazil]]
*[[Eero Saarinen]] (1910 - 1961), [[US]] (born in Finland)
*[[Felix Candela]] (1910 - 1997), [[Spain]], [[Mexico]]
*[[Mario Pani]] (1911 - 1993), [[Mexico]]
*Kenzo Tange (1913 - 2005), Japan
*[[I. M. Pei]] (1817 - ), [[China]] - [[US]]
*Jörn Utzon (1918 - 2008), [[Denmark]]

*[[Pedro Ramírez Vázquez]] (1919 - 2013), [[Mexico]]
*[[Gottfried Boehm]] (1920 - ), [[Germany]]
*[[Abraham Zabludovsky]] (1924 - 2003), [[Mexico]]
*[[Cesar Pelli]] (1926 - ), [[Argentina]]
*[[Teodoro González de León]] (1926 - ), [[Mexico]]
*Fumihiko Maki (1928 - ), [[Japan]]
*[[Frank Gehry]] (1929 - ), [[Canada]] [[US]]
*[[Aldo Rossi]] (1931 - 1997), [[Italy]]
*[[John Andrews]] (1933 - ), [[Australia]]
*[[Richard Rogers]] (1933 - ), [[England]]
*[[Cedric Price]] (1934 - 2003), [[England]]
[[File:Valencia - Città delle Arti e della Scienza.jpg|thumb|280px|The Hemispheric at the "Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències" in Valencia, Spain, by Santiago Calatrava.]]
*Richard Meier (1934 - ), [[US]]
*[[Norman Foster]] (1935 - ), [[England]]
*Renzo Piano (1937 - ) [[Italy]]
*[[Tadao Ando]] (1941 - ), [[Japan]]
*Peter Zumthor (1943 - ), [[Switzerland]]
* Adrian D. Smith (1944 - ) [[US]]
*[[Thom Mayne]] (1944 - ), [[US]]
*[[Jean Nouvel]] (1945 - ), [[France]]
* Daniel Libeskind (1946 - ), [[US]]
*[[Zaha Hadid]] (1950 - ), [[Iraq]]
*Hafeez Contractor (1950 - ), [[India]]
*Santiago Calatrava (1951 - ), [[Spain]]
*David Chipperfield (1953 - ), [[England]]
*[[Sheila O'Donnell]] (1953 - ), [[Ireland]]
*John Tuomey (1954 - ), [[Ireland]]
*Tom Wright (1957 - ), [[England]]
*[[Adrian D. Smith]] (1944 - ), [[US]]
[[File:Zaha Hadid - Architecture.jpg|thumb|center|Rosenthal Center for Contemporary Art by Zaha Hadid]]

<blockquote>
What makes a great [[architect]]? Part designer, part [[engineer]], part shrink, the truly great architects must be able to interpret his client's wishes, leaven them with reality and, finally, achieve a vision that stands out as a work of [[art]]. [http://www.forbes.com/2001/06/22/0622home.html]
</blockquote>

== See also ==
[[Image:Church of Saint Pierre France..jpg|thumb|right|Church of Saint Pierre, France, Le Corbusier - Jose Oubrerie.]]
*[[Architecture]]
*[[Architectural Sculpture Gallery]]
*[[World treasures]]
*[[Famous Castles of the World]]
*[[Famous American artists]]
*[[Famous American Architects]]
*[[Famous Mexican architects]]
*[[Contemporary architecture]]

[[File:Cole The Architect s Dream.jpg|thumb|left|[[Thomas Cole]], The Architect's Dream.]]
{{Clear}}

== External links ==
[[Image:Ramirez Torre Mexicana de Aviacion.JPG|thumb|212px|Torre Mexicana de Aviación by Pedro Ramírez Vázquez, [[Mexico City]].]]

*[http://www.vitruvio.ch/arc/masters/masters.php MASTERS]
*[http://architect.architecture.sk/ Famous architects]
*[http://www.pritzkerprize.com/ The Pritzker Architecture Prize]
*[http://architecture.about.com/od/architectsaz/Great_Architects_AZ.htm Great Architects A-Z]
[[Image:Hafeez Contractor CG House.jpg|thumb|left|CG House by Hafeez Contractor, [[India]].]]

 

<center>

[[Image:TORRE DE BABEL.jpg|140px|TORRE DE BABEL.]]</center>

[[Category:Architects]]
[[Category:Architecture]]

Azerbaijan

2015-12-16T22:33:00Z

M31Galaxy:

{{Country
|name =''Azərbaycan Respublikası''
|map =Azerbaijan rel 2004.jpg
|flag =Flag of Azerbaijan.jpg
|arms =Arms of Azerbaijan.png
|capital =Baku
|capital-raw =
|government =Republic
|government-raw =
|language =Azerbaijani
|king =
|queen =
|monarch-raw =
|president =Ilham Aliyev
|president-raw =
|chancellor =
|chancellor-raw =
|pm =Artur Rasizade.
|pm-raw =
|area =33,436 sq mi
|pop =8,587,000 (2007)
|pop-basis =
|gdp =
|gdp-year =$52.35 billion (2007)
|gdp-pc =$6.476 (2007)
|currency =Manat
|idd =
|tld =
}}
'''Azerbaijan''' is a small oil-rich Muslim country in the [[Caucasus]]. Its capital is [[Baku]]. Azerbaijan is a former member of the [[USSR]], and has been locked in struggles with neighboring [[Armenia]].

==Geography==
Azerbaijan is located in southwestern Asia, bordering the [[Caspian Sea]] between [[Iran]] and [[Russia]], with a small portion extending into Europe to the north of the Caucasus mountain range.

==People==
[[File:Azeri girls Turks.JPG|thumb|300px|left|Azeri girls.]]
The majority of Azerbaijanis follow [[Islam]]. Over 90% of the people are ethnic Azerbaijanis. <ref>https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/aj.html</ref> The official language is Turkic.
*Population (July 2005 est.): 7,911,974.
*Population growth rate (2005 est.): 1.0%.
*Net migration rate (2005 est.): -4.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population.
*Ethnic groups (1999 census): Azeri 90.6%, Dagestani 2.2%, Russian 1.8%, Armenian 1.5%, other 3.9%. Note: the separatist *Nagorno-Karabakh region is populated almost entirely by Armenians.
*Religion: Muslim 93.4% (majority Shi'a), Russian Orthodox 2.5%, Armenian Orthodox Church 2.3%, and other 1.8%.
*Languages: Azerbaijani 89%, Russian 3%, Armenian 2%, and other 6%.
*Education: Literacy--97%.
*Health: Infant mortality rate--83.41/1,000 live births (2000 est.). Life expectancy (2007 est.)--65.96 years.
*Work force (3 million): Agriculture and forestry--42.3%; industry--6.9%; construction--4.2%; other--46.6%.

===Culture===
Azerbaijan is an ancient nation rich with culture. Some of the works of art discovered are over 4000 years old. Azerbaijanis have been noted for their carpet making ever since the first century BC. Folk music and dances are very important to the people and are still performed today. Literature flourished in the middle ages.<ref>http://www.azerbaijan.az/_Culture/_GeneralInfo/_generalInfo_e.html</ref>

===Religious Freedoms===
To this day, religious freedoms are restricted in Azerbaijan.<ref>http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2001/5545.htm</ref> However, Christian Missionary activity continues in the country.<ref>http://www.gemission.org/Countries/Default.asp?ID=29</ref>

==Government and Political Conditions==
Although the Government of Azerbaijan consists of three branches, Azerbaijan has a strong presidential system in which the legislative and judicial branches have only limited independence. The executive branch is made up of a president, his apparat, a prime minister, and the cabinet of ministers. The legislative branch consists of the 125-member parliament (Milli Majlis). Members, all of whom are elected from territorial districts, serve 5-year terms. The judicial branch, headed by a Constitutional Court, is nominally independent.

Azerbaijan declared its independence from the former Soviet Union on August 30, 1991, with Ayaz Mutalibov, former First Secretary of the Azerbaijani Communist Party, becoming the country's first President. Following a March 1992 massacre of Azerbaijanis at Khojali in Nagorno-Karabakh (a predominantly ethnic Armenian region within Azerbaijan), Mutalibov resigned and the country experienced a period of political instability. The old guard returned Mutalibov to power in May 1992, but less than a week later his efforts to suspend scheduled presidential elections and ban all political activity prompted the opposition Popular Front Party (PFP) to organize a resistance movement and take power. Among its reforms, the PFP dissolved the predominantly Communist Supreme Soviet and transferred its functions to the 50-member upper house of the legislature, the National Council.

Elections in June 1992 resulted in the selection of PFP leader Abulfez Elchibey as the country's second President. The PFP-dominated government, however, proved incapable of either credibly prosecuting the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict or managing the economy, and many PFP officials came to be perceived as corrupt and incompetent. Growing discontent culminated in June 1993 in an armed insurrection in Ganja, Azerbaijan's second-largest city. As the rebels advanced virtually unopposed on Baku, President Elchibey fled to his native province, the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan. The National Council conferred presidential powers upon its new Speaker, Heydar Aliyev, former First Secretary of the Azerbaijani Communist Party (1969-81) and member of the U.S.S.R. Politburo and U.S.S.R. Deputy Prime Minister (until 1987). Elchibey was formally deposed by a national referendum in August 1993, and Aliyev was elected to a 5-year term as President in October with only token opposition. Aliyev won re-election to another 5-year term in 1998, in an election marred by serious irregularities. Presidential elections that took place on October 15, 2003 resulted in the election of Ilham Aliyev, the son of Heydar Aliyev. The election did not meet international standards. Ilham Aliyev assumed the office of president on October 31, 2003. Heydar Aliyev died December 12, 2003.

Azerbaijan's first parliament was elected in 1995. The present 125-member unicameral parliament was elected in November 2005 in an election that showed improvements in democratic processes, but still did not meet international standards. A majority of parliamentarians are from the President's "New Azerbaijan Party," although the 2005 elections brought in a much more diverse parliament, with up to 10 opposition members and a sizeable number of independents. Many of these independents may have close ties to government, while as many as 20 others are business leaders whose political affiliations are not clear. According to the constitution, the speaker of parliament stands next in line to the president. The parliament, however, is historically a weak body with little real influence. The Speaker is Oktay Asadov.

===Principal Government Officials===
*President--Ilham Aliyev
*Prime Minister--Artur Rasizade
*Foreign Minister--Elmar Mammadyarov
*Ambassador to the U.S.--Yashar Aliyev
*Ambassador to the UN--Agshin Mehdiyev

The 2005 election was widely criticized in the West. The media is mostly under state control, and dissenting journalists are frequently intimidated or killed.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1235976.stm</ref>

===Foreign Relations===
Azerbaijan is a member of the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), NATO's Partnership for Peace, the Euro-Atlantic Partnership, the World Health Organization, GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Council of Europe, the Community of Democracies, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank.

====Nagorno-Karabakh====
The major domestic and international issue affecting Azerbaijan is the dispute over [[Nagorno-Karabakh]], a predominantly ethnic Armenian region within Azerbaijan. The current conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh began in 1988 when ethnic Armenian demonstrations against Azerbaijani rule broke out in both Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia, and the Nagorno-Karabakh Supreme Soviet voted to secede from Azerbaijan. In 1990, after violent episodes in Nagorno-Karabakh, Baku, and Sumgait, the Soviet Union's Government in Moscow declared a state of emergency in Nagorno-Karabakh, sent troops to the region, and forcibly occupied Baku. In April 1991, Azerbaijani militia and Soviet forces targeted Armenian paramilitaries operating in Nagorno-Karabakh; Moscow also deployed troops to Yerevan. Azerbaijan declared its independence from the U.S.S.R. on August 30, 1991. In September 1991, Moscow declared it would no longer support Azerbaijani military action in Nagorno-Karabakh. Armenian militants then stepped up the violence. In October 1991, a referendum in Nagorno-Karabakh approved independence.

see [[Nagorno-Karabakh War]]

More than 30,000 people were killed in the fighting from 1992 to 1994. In May 1992, Armenian and Karabakhi forces seized Susha (the historical, Azerbaijani-populated capital of Nagorno-Karabakh) and Lachin (thereby linking Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia). By October 1993, Armenian and Karabakhi forces had succeeded in occupying almost all of Nagorno-Karabakh, Lachin, and large areas in southwestern Azerbaijan. As Armenian and Karabakhi forces advanced, hundreds of thousands of Azerbaijani refugees fled to other parts of Azerbaijan. In 1993, the UN Security Council adopted resolutions calling for the cessation of hostilities, unimpeded access for international humanitarian relief efforts, and the eventual deployment of a peacekeeping force in the region. The UN also called for immediate withdrawal of all ethnic Armenian forces from the occupied territories of Azerbaijan. Fighting continued, however, until May 1994 when Russia brokered a cease-fire.

Negotiations to resolve the conflict peacefully have been ongoing since 1992 under the aegis of the Minsk Group of the OSCE. The Minsk Group is currently co-chaired by Russia, France, and the U.S. and has representation from Turkey, the U.S., several European nations, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. Despite the 1994 cease-fire, sporadic violations, sniper fire, and landmine incidents continue to claim over 100 lives each year.

Since 1997, the Minsk Group Co-Chairs have presented a number of proposals to serve as a framework for resolving the conflict. One side or the other rejected each of those proposals, but negotiations have continued at an intensified pace since 2004.

==Defense==
In July 1992, Azerbaijan ratified the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE), which establishes comprehensive limits on key categories of conventional military equipment and provides for the destruction of weaponry in excess of those limits. Although Azerbaijan did not provide all data required by the treaty on its conventional forces at that time, it has accepted on-site inspections of forces on its territory. Azerbaijan approved the CFE flank agreement in May 1997. It also has acceded to the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty as a non-nuclear weapons state. Azerbaijan participates in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's (NATO) Partnership for Peace.

==Economy==
Azerbaijan is an economy in transition in which the state continues to play a dominant role. It has important oil reserves and a significant agronomic potential based on a wide variety of climatic zones. During the late 1990s, in cooperation with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Azerbaijan pursued a successful economic stabilization program, with annual growth exceeding 10% since 2000. Real GDP grew by 36.2% year-on-year in the first half of 2006 (predominantly driven by the hydrocarbon sector) while non-oil GDP grew by 8.5%. Output expansion has been largely driven by oil-sector foreign direct investment (FDI) and related spillover effects in the construction and transportation sectors, although there have also been substantial gains in agriculture. Inflation, which peaked at 13.7% year on year in April 2005 before easing to 11.9% year on year in September 2005, is a major risk and could accelerate in the context of further increases in fiscal spending, high oil prices, and an inflexible exchange rate. Importantly, the higher inflation also reflects customs restrictions that are in place due to supply constraints that limit import competition and monopolies that continue to control many sectors of the economy. The national currency, the manat, is stable against the dollar, but was allowed to strengthen in 2005 by 5%. The IMF has warned that significantly more appreciation (roughly 10%) will be necessary to prevent inflation from increasing.
*GDP (2007 est.): $33.0 billion.
*GDP real growth rate (2007 est.): 26.4%.
*Per capita GDP (2007 est.): $3,862.
*Inflation rate (2006 average): 11%.
*Unemployment rate (est.): 15%-20%.
*Natural resources: Petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, nonferrous metals, alumina.
*Agriculture: Products--cotton, tobacco, grain, rice, grapes, fruit, vegetables, tea, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats.
*Industry: Types--petroleum and natural gas, petroleum products, oilfield equipment, steel, iron ore, cement, chemicals, petrochemicals.
*Trade: Exports--$3.77 billion: oil and gas, chemicals, oilfield equipment, textiles, cotton. Imports--$4.98 billion: machinery and parts, consumer durables, foodstuffs, textiles. Major trade partners--Italy, Russia, Turkey, Israel, U.S., Iran, other EU, and other countries formerly part of the Soviet Union.

The 2006 budget increased spending (in dollar terms) by 84% with the bulk going to the military, wages, infrastructure projects, and social assistance. Part of the increase in expenditures was financed by revenues from the oil fund. The IMF has expressed concern about the impact in inflation and macroeconomic stability as well as governance if the capital budget is not well managed. The State Oil Fund (SOFAZ) was established as an extra-budgetary fund to ensure macroeconomic stability, transparency in the management of oil revenue, and the safeguarding of resources for future generations. All oil revenue profits from the development of new oil fields now flow into SOFAZ, and are held offshore. SOFAZ assets amounted to $1.5 billion as of February 2007. Nevertheless, SOFAZ's sterilization effect is limited since it does not cover SOCAR, the State Oil Company.

Progress on economic reform has generally lagged. The government has undertaken regulatory reforms in some areas, including substantial opening of trade policy, but inefficient public administration, in which commercial and regulatory interests are co-mingled, limits the impact of these reforms. The government has largely completed privatization of agricultural lands and small and medium-sized enterprises. Azerbaijan is still plagued by an arbitrary tax and customs administration, a weak court system, monopolistic regulation of the market, and corruption.
===Oil===
For more than a century the backbone of the Azerbaijani economy has been petroleum. Since becoming independent in 1991, Azerbaijan has attracted significant international interest in its oil and natural gas reserves. Foreign investors are helping the country develop its rich oil and natural gas reserves in the Caspian Sea basin, making Azerbaijan to an important energy exporter over the next decade.

Oil production growth in Azerbaijan is coming primarily from the Azeri Chirag Guneshli (ACG) field, and is expected to increase to almost 1 million barrels per day by 2008.

With the addition of the Shah Deniz natural gas and condensate field and the South Caucasus Pipeline (SCP), Azerbaijan will become a large natural gas provider to Turkey and to Europe in the upcoming decade.

Now that Western oil companies are able to tap deepwater oilfields untouched by the Soviets because of poor technology, Azerbaijan is considered one of the most important spots in the world for oil exploration and development. Proven oil reserves in the Caspian Basin, which Azerbaijan shares with Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Iran are comparable in size to the North Sea, although exploration is still in the early stages.

Azerbaijan has concluded 21 production-sharing agreements with various oil companies. Azerbaijan celebrated first oil for the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline in May 2005, and the official completion ceremony was held in Turkey in July 2006. The BTC pipeline is now operational and has a maximum capacity of one million barrels per day. A parallel Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum gas export pipeline opened in September 2006, but, due to technical issues in the offshore Shah Deniz gas field, has operated only intermittently. Eastern Caspian producers in Kazakhstan also have expressed interest in accessing this pipeline to transport a portion of their production

===Environmental Issues===
Azerbaijan faces serious environmental challenges.

After years of misuse and mismanagement during the Soviet era, the Caspian Sea has become more and more polluted as oil and natural gas extraction activities continue. New pipeline construction will compound the region’s already existing environmental difficulties.

Soil throughout the region was contaminated by DDT and toxic defoliants used in cotton production during the Soviet era. Caspian petroleum and petrochemicals industries also have contributed to present air and water pollution problems. Several environmental organizations exist in Azerbaijan, yet few funds have been allocated to begin the necessary cleanup and prevention programs.

Over-fishing by poachers is threatening the survival of Caspian sturgeon stocks, the source of most of the world's supply of caviar. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) has listed as threatened all sturgeon species, including all commercial Caspian varieties. CITES imposed a ban on most Caspian caviar in January 2006, but lifted it in January 2007.

==History==
[[File:Bibi Heybat mosque Azerbaijan WC.jpg|thumb|Tomb in Bibi Heybat [[mosque]].]]
Azerbaijan combines the heritage of two venerable civilizations--the Seljuk Turks of the 11th century and the ancient Persians. Its name is thought to be derived from the Persian phrase "Land of Fire," referring both to its petroleum deposits, known since ancient times, and to its status as a former center of the Zoroastrian faith. The Azerbaijani Republic borders the Iranian provinces of East and West Azerbaijan, although they have not been united into a single state in modern times.

Little is known about Azerbaijan's history until its conquest and conversion to Islam by the Arabs in 642 AD. Centuries of prosperity as a province of the Muslim caliphate followed. After the decline of the Arab Empire, Azerbaijan was ravaged during the Mongol invasions but regained prosperity in the 13th-15th centuries under the Mongol II-Khans, the native Shirvan Shahs, and under Persia's Safavid Dynasty. <ref>http://www.mfa.gov.az/eng/azer/history.shtml</ref>

Due to its location astride the trade routes connecting Europe to Central Asia and the Near East and on the shore of the Caspian Sea, Azerbaijan was fought over by Russia, Persia, and the Ottomans for several centuries. Finally, the Russians split Azerbaijan's territory with Persia in 1828 by the Treaty of Turkmenchay, establishing the present frontiers and extinguishing the last native dynasties of local Azerbaijani khans. The beginning of modern exploitation of the oil fields in the 1870s led to a period of unprecedented prosperity and growth in the years before World War I.

At the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917, an independent republic was proclaimed in 1918 following an abortive attempt to establish a Transcaucasian Republic with Armenia and Georgia. Azerbaijan received de facto recognition by the Allies as an independent nation in January 1920, an independence terminated by the arrival of the Red Army in April. Incorporated into the Transcaucasian Federated Soviet Socialist Republic in 1922, Azerbaijan became a union republic of the U.S.S.R. (Soviet Union) in 1936. The late 1980s were characterized by increasing unrest, eventually leading to a violent confrontation when Soviet troops killed 190 nationalist demonstrators in Baku in January 1990. Azerbaijan declared its independence from the U.S.S.R. on August 30, 1991. <ref>http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/aztoc.html</ref>

==References==
<references/>

{{Copyright Details (US Government)}}

Source = [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2909.htm]

{{Asian Countries}}
[[Category:Former Soviet Countries]]
[[Category:Muslim-Majority Countries]]
[[Category: Armenia]]

Liberal creep

2015-12-16T22:31:40Z

M31Galaxy:

'''Liberal creep''', is [[liberal bias]] that gradually creeps or distorts an entry, definition, explanation, description, or historical account.

Former [[Utah]] state Sen. Bill Wright may have been the first to coin this term in spring 2008 when he "warned of liberal creep — the 'education of [[indoctrinate|indoctrination]]' — in which the media peddle "[[socialism]] and programs. We have been so dumbed-down, so indoctrinated with all this information we’re in a haze; we can’t see through it. We must find out for ourselves."<ref>http://www.slweekly.com/index.cfm?do=article.details&id=5450FFC0-14D1-13A2-9FC3560D929110B0</ref>

Examples of '''liberal creep''' include:
*[[Ronald Reagan]] left the [[White House]] with the best approval ratings of any president, up to that time, at the end of his term, yet the [[media]] and history books have since relentlessly tried to downplay and distort his political achievements.
*Reverse to the above example, [[Bill Clinton]] <ref> Clinton left office with a higher approval rating than Reagan. [http://uspolitics.about.com/od/polls/l/bl_historical_approval.htm] </ref> left office after a failed impeachment attempt on perjury charges, yet liberal creep ensures that this is downplayed and distorted.
*Many early scientists such as [[Isaac Newton]] and [[Galileo Galilei]] were heavily influenced by Christianity and would never have made their important discoveries without their faith in the [[Jesus Christ|Lord Almighty]], yet that faith has since been downplayed in [[liberal]] [[atheistic]] [[public school]] textbooks and [[Wikipedia]].<ref>For example, the Wikipedia entry on [[Isaac Newton]] completely omits how he was a devout Christian who read the Bible daily and derived his inspiration and motivation from it.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton]</ref> <ref>Wikipedia has a comprehensive article detailing Newton's religious views that utilizes similar content and references. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton%27s_religious_views]</ref>
*The ferocity and savageness of the Native Americans towards American settlers has gradually been downplayed, while the relocation of the Cherokee has been gradually inflated to the point that some liberal textbooks treat it as an atrocity comparable to the [[Holocaust]]. Similarly, there has been an increase in denial of the many technological and spiritual improvements the settlers brought to previous inhabitants.
*Liberals in Britain have tried to distort the image of [[Margaret Thatcher]] by point to massive cuts and claiming that she destroyed the British economy calling it a "Trainwreck of a Legacy" <ref>http://www.globalresearch.ca/the-cruel-legacy-of-margaret-thatcher-public-enterprises-privatized-jobs-lost-social-services-cut-and-communities-wrecked/5331383</ref> This is a clear omission of the fact that there was a British economic boom from 1986-89<ref>http://econ.economicshelp.org/2008/10/unemployment-in-uk.html</ref> and the fact that it was failed socialist economic policy forced massive cuts on the government.

== References ==

<references/>
[[Category:Liberalism]]

Pardon

2015-12-16T22:30:56Z

M31Galaxy:

A '''pardon''' means an act, of [[grace]] from governing power which mitigates punishment and restores rights and privileges forfeited on account of the offense.

The President of the United States is authorized to pardon criminals. [[Abraham Lincoln]] signed many pardons during the [[Civil War]], in part to curry favor with political opponents.

[[Category:Legal Terms]]

Pardon

2015-12-16T22:30:09Z

M31Galaxy:

A '''pardon''' means an act of [[grace]] from governing power which mitigates punishment and restores rights and privileges forfeited on account of the offense.

The President of the United States is authorized to pardon criminals. [[Abraham Lincoln]] signed many pardons during the [[Civil War]], in part to curry favor with political opponents.

[[Category:Legal Terms]]

Pardon

2015-12-16T22:29:44Z

M31Galaxy:

Congressman

2015-12-16T22:29:11Z

M31Galaxy:

A '''congressman''' or '''congresswoman''', is a [[politician]] who is a member of a [[Congress]]. In the [[United States]], both [[senator]]s and [[representative]]s are members of Congress, but the term congressman/congresswoman is usually applied to a member of the [[House of Representatives]]. The term "senator" is unambiguous.

[[Category: United States Government]]
[[Category: United States Elected Officials]]
[[Category: United States Congress]],

Congressman

2015-12-16T22:28:27Z

M31Galaxy:

Congressman

2015-12-16T22:28:08Z

M31Galaxy:

Congressman

2015-12-16T22:27:18Z

M31Galaxy:

Congressman

2015-12-16T22:26:56Z

M31Galaxy:

Congressman

2015-12-16T22:26:23Z

M31Galaxy:

Congressman

2015-12-16T22:25:58Z

M31Galaxy:

Congressman

2015-12-16T22:25:33Z

M31Galaxy:

Yield

2015-12-16T22:24:52Z

M31Galaxy:

When a [[Senator]], who has been recognized to speak "yields" to another, he or she permits the other to speak while the first Senator retains the floor. Technically, a Senator may yield to another only for a question.<ref>http://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/reference/b_three_sections_with_teasers/glossary.htm</ref>

== References ==
<div class="references-small">
<references />

[[Category:United States Constitution]]
[[Category:United States Law]]
[[Category:Dictionary]]

Fallopian tubes

2015-12-16T22:24:05Z

M31Galaxy:

The '''Fallopian tubes''' are [[tube]]s, within the female body which play an important role in [[human reproduction]]. The [[ovum]] passes from the [[ovary]] to the [[uterus]], by being gently swept along by [[cilia]] in the Fallopian tubes. The tubes are no bigger than a quarter in diameter and no longer than a candy cane (which they resemble in shape). [[Ectopic pregnancy|Ectopic pregnancies]], where the unborn child develops outside of the uterus, most commonly occur within the fallopian tubes.

[[Category:Physiology]][[Category:Sexuality]]

Pickering v. Board of Education

2015-12-16T22:23:08Z

M31Galaxy:

In, '''''Pickering v. Board of Education''''', 391 U.S. 563, 568 (1968), the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] held in favor of a [[public school]] teacher who had been fired by his Board of Education for sending a letter to a local newspaper in connection with a recently proposed tax increase that was critical of the way in which the Board and superintendent had handled past tax increase proposals. The Court rejected the Board's justification that the teacher had acted in a manner "detrimental to the efficient operation and administration of the schools of the district," and the Court rejected the argument that the relevant Illinois statute, Ill. Rev. Stat., c. 122, § 10-22.4 (1963), supported the firing in the "interests of the school."

The Court agreed that government "has interests as an employer in regulating the speech of its employees that differ significantly from those it possesses in connection with regulation of the speech of the citizenry in general." But the Court "unequivocally rejected" the notion that government employees relinquish their right to comment on matters of public concern. Id. Because Pickering had spoken on an issue of public importance and there was no evidence that he had knowingly or recklessly made false statements, the Court held that the school board had infringed on his First Amendment rights by dismissing him from public employment. ''Id.'' at 574.

[[Category:United States Supreme Court Cases]]
[[Category:education]]

Job creators

2015-12-16T22:22:29Z

M31Galaxy:

'''Job creators''' is a term that usually encompasses [[wealth]]y individuals, small [[business]] owners, and [[corporation]]s.

Wealthy people, are job creators because they have large amounts of wealth on hand that they are able to [[investment|invest]] in business endeavors. Corporations and smaller businesses create jobs by hiring new employees, but they only do this when they are [[profit]]able and when their business outlook is favorable.

==Who Really Creates Jobs?==
Economists have observed that it is not the size of a company, but rather the age of a company that is correlated to job creation. A majority of jobs are created by young start-up companies, and established companies are often net job destroyers.<ref>Badger, Emily. "Do the Rich Really Make All the Jobs?" September 22, 2011. Miller-McCune. http://www.miller-mccune.com/business-economics/do-the-rich-really-make-all-the-jobs-36382/</ref> However, failed start-ups do result in job destruction. It takes capital to start businesses, which means that the people at the heart of job creation are likely to be wealthy, but that does not necessarily mean that all wealthy people are job creators.

The debate over who really creates jobs can be thought of as an extension of the debate over the effectiveness of [[supply-side economics]] versus demand-side economics. Proponents of supply-side economics believe that reducing economic barriers (e.g. [[taxes]], [[regulation]]) to produce [[goods]] and [[services]] leads to more [[supply]] and economic growth. This is analogous to their belief, in the context of employment, that if corporations, small businesses and individuals are able to retain as much as their wealth as possible, then their capacity to supply [[capital]] and goods will create demand and lead to job creation.

Proponents of demand-side economics and [[Keynesian Economics]] believe that the capacity for supply is not enough, and that there needs to be [[demand]] for goods and services in order to drive the need for supply and create economic growth. They also believe that money in the hands of the middle and lower classes is more effective at creating this demand because their money has more "velocity" (i.e. it gets re-spent more often). In the context of job creation, they believe that even if taxes on corporations, small businesses and wealthy individuals are reduced, these parties will not necessarily spend the extra money they retain on creating jobs, especially if there is no demand for their goods or services.<ref>Blodget, Henry. "Finally, A Rich American Destroys the Fiction That Rich People Create The Jobs." December 12, 2011. Business Insider. http://www.businessinsider.com/rich-people-do-not-create-jobs-2011-12</ref> Note that many people claim Keynesian Economics has been disproven<ref>Cook, Christopher. "Does Keynesian economics (Obamanomics) logically refute itself?" September 6, 2011. Western Free Press. http://www.westernfreepress.com/2011/09/06/does-keynesian-economics-obamanomics-logically-refute-itself/</ref>, which would mean the demand-side arguments for job creation have little credence.

===Government===
[[Government]]s are considered by some to be job creators. Left-leaning studies have shown that government spending has been effective in generating employment.<ref>Rumberger, Russell W. "The Employment Impact of Government Spending." May 1983. Institute for Research on Educational Finance and Governence, Stanford Univeristy. http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED235568&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED235568</ref> But even if the government is a large employer, that doesn't necessarily mean it is a job creator. The principles of [[capitalism]] and [[small government]] tell us that many, if not most, goods and services commonly provided by governments can be [[efficient]]ly provided by the private sector. This means that the government jobs associated with these goods and services can be provided by the private sector - government spending merely redistributes existing jobs while introducing economic inefficiency.<ref>DiLorenzo, Thomas J. "The Myth of Government Job Creation." February 19, 1984. ''Policy Analysis'' No. 48. http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=914</ref> On the other hand, it is difficult to argue that cutting government spending will create jobs in the short term, because government spending either pays government employees' salaries directly or it pays for goods or services supplied by the private sector.<ref>Blinder, Alan S. "The GOP Myth of 'Job-Killing Spending." June 21, 2011. ''The Wall Street Journal'' (Opinion). http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303635604576392023187860688.html</ref> It is more likely that spending cuts will destroy jobs in the short term.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Economics]]

Howard Baker

2015-12-16T22:21:51Z

M31Galaxy:

World History Homework Nine Answers - Student Thirteen

2015-12-16T22:21:15Z

M31Galaxy:

Michelle F

1. Now that you've taken the midterm exam, how might you have prepared better? (5 words or less)

Studied further in advance

:Excellent point.

2. Religious wars in England: its loss, America's gain. Explain.

The religious disagreements in England were what caused the Pilgrims to leave, and if they had not left and established religious freedom in America, it is possible that the United States would not be free, or that they would not exist at all.

:Superb.

3. The French Revolution: all bad, or was there something good about it?

There probably was some small good that come out of it, but I have no idea what. This was a war in which the leaders had likely adopted the mentality of “the end justifies the means”, which is not a good way to lead a country, even in a revolution. Even if a good end did come, I don’t think that could have justified the senseless murder of innocent civilians. All of France became a slaughterhouse. There may have been some good, but I can’t see it.

:Terrific, may use as a model answer.

4. Pick another revolution and describe it.

The Haitian revolution, in what was then called Saint-Dominique, was successful in procuring independence from France. The revolution started with 100,000 slaves and ended with the leading general being deviously captured and imprisoned until his death, and a general under him, Dessalines, successfully leading the country to independence.

:Excellent.

5. Why do you think it took the world so long before revolutions started occurring?

I think the Renaissance and the Age of Enlightenment had something to do with it. The belief that all men are created equal and have equal rights did not start gaining widespread acceptance until that era. That belief would inevitably lead to a shift from the feudal type of government, and even monarchies, to a sort of republic, or democracy, in which everyone has a (theoretically) equal sway in matters of government. There would be two ways to go about doing this. One could, a) try to convince the current governing authorities to change the system, or, b) revolt and set up an entirely new system. The first option was not probable, so most countries would simply skip considering that step altogether, and revolt. I believe that the reason America’s revolution was less bloody than the French, is because the leaders of the American revolution considered all options rationally, and proceeded with caution.

:Superb.

H1. Does art follow politics, or lead it? Comment in connection with "revolutionary art (including music)."

Neither. I think that they both go hand in hand. I think that both are expressions of moods of the people. I don’t think that one leads the other; I would say that if one seems to be leading the other, it is simply manifesting itself earlier. I would say that in fact, it is the philosophers, thinkers, and scholars that lead both politics and art, because they are the most direct influence on the mood of the people.

:Terrific, may use as a model.

H4. Comment on the theory or justification of a revolution, and what you think about it.

If a country, nation, or people is being oppressed, is that justification for revolting? Well, what is a revolt? I would say that a revolt is a dramatic and often forceful change of government. Is it wrong? I would say that it depends on the nature of the revolt. For example, the French revolution, which lost all semblance of any form of government, except anarchy. Is that right? My personal thought on the matter is that if you are going to cause that kind of upheaval and bloodshed, the new form of government had better be drastically better than the original, which the French government was not. What about the American Revolution? It showed forethought, rational thinking, and drastic improvement, all with minimal bloodshed. I would say that one cannot collectively justify or condemn of revolutions. There are just too many variables.

:Superb again.

:Terrific answers, among the best in the class. May use two of yours as model answers. Well done! 70/70.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 21:24, 5 April 2009 (EDT)

[[Category:World History lectures]]