Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

NVIDIA

2011-03-28T15:58:26Z

Lorr:

'''NVIDIA''' is a [[hardware]] [[company]] specializing in graphics cards. They manufacture the fastest graphics card in the world, the GeForce GTX 590, which was released March 24th, 2011. Also produced by this company are the workstation graphics cards known as Quadro, which are reputed to be the fastest ever, bar none. They also produce the assisted computing cards known as Tesla as well.

==See also==
*[[Intel]]

Jon Foreman

2011-03-28T15:44:53Z

Lorr: Created page with "Jonathan Foreman is the lead singer and guitarist for the Christian band Switchfoot. He founded the band with his brother Tim Foreman and friend Chad Butler."

Jonathan Foreman is the lead singer and guitarist for the Christian band Switchfoot. He founded the band with his brother Tim Foreman and friend Chad Butler.

Kutless

2011-03-14T20:34:54Z

Lorr:

'''Kutless''' is a Christian Hard Rock/Christian Alternative Rock Band from Portland Oregon.

== History ==
Kutless started as a Worship band under the name, "Call Box". Original members include lead singer Jon Micah Sumrall, guitarist James Mead, and drummer Kyle Mitchell. In 2001, They Changed their name to Kutless, and in 2002, they came out with their debut, self titled album. That year, Kutless became the "Best selling new artist of 2002".<ref>http://christianmusic.about.com/od/alprofiles/a/aakutlessprofil.htm</ref> In 2004, they came out with the album "Sea of Faces". In 2005, they came out with their Worship album, "Strong Tower". In 2007, Kutless went back to their old sound in the album, "Hearts of the Innocent". In 2008, they came out with the album, "To Know That You're Alive". 2009 saw the release of "It is Well", followed in 2010 by "The Beginning: A Kutless Anthology" It has been noted that their albums tend to alternate between worship and hard rock genres.<ref>http://www.kutless.com/albumToKnow.aspx</ref>

== Discography ==
*[[Kutless(album)|Kutless]] (2002)
*[[Sea of Faces]] (2004)
*[[Strong Tower]] (2005)
*[[Hearts of the Innocent]] (2006)
*[[To Know That You're Alive]] (2008)
*[[It Is Well]] (2009)
*[[The Beginning: A Kutless Anthology]] (2010)

== Hits ==
*"Your Touch"
*"Run"
*"Tonight"
*"Pride Away"<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutless</ref>
*"Treason"
*"Sea of Faces"
*"Passion"<ref>http://www.kutless.com/albumSea.aspx</ref>
*"Not What You See"
*"It's Like Me"
*"Strong Tower"
*"Draw Me Close"
*"Shut Me Out"
*"Somewhere in the Sky"
*"Winds of Change"
*"Promise of a Lifetime"
*"The Feeling"
*"Complete"

== Members ==
*[[Jon Micah Sumrall]] (Lead vocals, guitar)
*[[James Mead]] (Guitar)
*[[Nick Departee]] (Guitar)
*[[Dave Leukenholter]] (Bass)
*[[Jeffrey Gilbert]] (Drums)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== See Also ==
*[[Christian Rock]]
*[[Stryper]]
*[[Cubed]]

== External Links ==
* http://kutless.wikia.com/wiki/Kutless_Wiki
* http://www.kutless.com/

[[Category:Rock Bands]]
[[Category:Christian Bands]]
[[Category:Christian Rock]]

Xbox

2011-03-07T18:53:07Z

Lorr: /* Features */ removed Halo 2 from the features, it is also available for at least PC.

The '''Xbox''' is a video game console designed and produced by [[Microsoft Corporation]]. It was Microsoft's first system to be launched into the gaming console market, and competed with [[Sony]]'s [[PlayStation]] 2, and the [[Nintendo]] GameCube. The Xbox was first released on November 15, 2001 in North America; February 22, 2002 in Japan; and on March 14, 2002 in Europe and Australia.

==Features==
* Over 500 games available
* Exclusive titles include Full Spectrum Warrior™, Dead or Alive® 3, and Fable™
* Franchises including Grand Theft Auto III, Need for Speed™ Underground, Tom Clancy’s Splinter Cell®, and now EA Sports franchise Madden NFL, NCAA® Football, and FIFA Soccer.
* Online multiplayer via Xbox Live®

==Technical Specifications==
*[[CPU]]: 32-bit 733 MHz [[Pentium]] III Coppermine-based Mobile Celeron in Micro-PGA2 package. 180 nm process.
**SSE floating point SIMD. 4 single-precision floating point numbers per clock cycle.
**MMX integer SIMD.
**133 MHz 64-bit GTL+ front side bus to GPU.
**32 KB L1 [[cache]]. 128 KB on-die L2 "Advanced Transfer Cache".
*Shared memory subsystem
**64 MB DDR SDRAM at 200 MHz; 6.4 GB/s
**Supplied by Hynix or Samsung depending on manufacture date and location.
*Graphics processing unit (GPU) and system chipset: 233 MHz "NV2A" ASIC. Co-developed by Microsoft and NVIDIA.
**4 pixel pipelines with 2 texture units each
**932 megapixels/second (233 MHz x 4 pipelines), 1,864 megatexels/second (932 MP x 2 texture units) (peak)
***115 million vertices/second, 125 million particles/second (peak)
***Peak triangle performance: 29,125,000 32-pixel triangles/sec raw or w. 2 textures and lit.
****485,416 triangles per frame at 60fps
****970,833 triangles per frame at 30fps
**4 textures per pass, texture compression, full scene anti-aliasing (NV Quincunx, supersampling, multisampling)
**Bilinear, trilinear, and anisotropic texture filtering
**2x – 5x (2.6 MB/s – 6.6 MB/s) CAV DVD-ROM
**8 or 10 GB, 3.5 in, 5,400 RPM hard disk. Formatted to 8 GB. FATX file system.
**Optional 8 MB memory card for saved game file transfer.
*Audio processor: NVIDIA "MCPX" (a.k.a. SoundStorm "NVAPU")
**64 3D sound channels (up to 256 stereo voices)
**HRTF Sensaura 3D enhancement
**MIDI DLS2 Support
**Monaural, Stereo, Dolby Surround, Dolby Digital Live 5.1, and dts Surround (DVD movies only) audio output options
*Integrated 10/100BASE-TX wired ethernet
*DVD movie playback
*A/V outputs: composite video, S-Video, component video, SCART, Optical Digital TOSLINK, and stereo RCA analog audio
*Resolutions: 480i, 576i, 480p, 720p and 1080i
*Controller Ports: 4 proprietary USB ports
*Weight: 3.86 kg (8.5 lb)
*Dimensions: 320 × 100 × 260 mm (12.5 × 4 × 10.5 in)

==Accessories==
===Audio/video connectors===
* Standard AV Cable
* RF Adapter
* Advanced AV Pack
* High Definition AV Pack
* Advanced SCART Cable

===Networking===
* Ethernet ('''Xbox''' Live) Cable
* Xbox Wireless Adapter
* Xbox Live Starter Kit
* System Link Cable

===Multimedia===
* '''Xbox''' Windows Media Center Extender
* [[DVD]] Playback Kit
* '''Xbox''' Music Mixer

===Controllers and removable storage===
* Standard '''Xbox''' Controller
* Controller S

==Official Sites==
*[http://www.xbox.com Official Xbox/Xbox 360 Website]
*[http://www.gamespot.com/xbox Xbox] at [[GameSpot]]
*[http://xbox.ign.com/ Xbox] at [[IGN]]

[[Category:Video Game Systems]]

NVIDIA

2011-03-07T18:51:05Z

Lorr: Created page with "NVIDIA is a hardware company specializing in graphics cards. They manufacture the fastest graphiccs card in the world, the GeForce GTX 580."

NVIDIA is a hardware company specializing in graphics cards. They manufacture the fastest graphiccs card in the world, the GeForce GTX 580.

Kutless

2011-03-04T14:24:47Z

Lorr: /* History */

'''Kutless''' is a Christian Hard Rock/Christian Alternative Rock Band from Portland Oregon.

== History ==
Kutless started as a Worship band under the name, "Call Box". In 2001, They Changed their name to Kutless, and in 2002, they came out with their debut, self titled album. That year, Kutless became the "Best selling new artist of 2002".<ref>http://christianmusic.about.com/od/alprofiles/a/aakutlessprofil.htm</ref> In 2004, they came out with the album "Sea of Faces". In 2005, they came out with their Worship album, "Strong Tower". In 2007, Kutless went back to their old sound in the album, "Hearts of the Innocent". In 2008, they came out with the album, "To Know That You're Alive". 2009 saw the release of "It is Well", followed in 2010 by "The Beginning: A Kutless Anthology" It has been noted that their albums tend to alternate between worship and hard rock genres.<ref>http://www.kutless.com/albumToKnow.aspx</ref>

== Discography ==
*[[Kutless(album)|Kutless]] (2002)
*[[Sea of Faces]] (2004)
*[[Strong Tower]] (2005)
*[[Hearts of the Innocent]] (2006)
*[[To Know That You're Alive]] (2008)
*[[It Is Well]] (2009)
*[[The Beginning: A Kutless Anthology]] (2010)

== Hits ==
*"Your Touch"
*"Run"
*"Tonight"
*"Pride Away"<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutless</ref>
*"Treason"
*"Sea of Faces"
*"Passion"<ref>http://www.kutless.com/albumSea.aspx</ref>
*"Not What You See"
*"It's Like Me"
*"Strong Tower"
*"Draw Me Close"
*"Shut Me Out"
*"Somewhere in the Sky"
*"Winds of Change"
*"Promise of a Lifetime"
*"The Feeling"
*"Complete"

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== See Also ==
*[[Christian Rock]]
*[[Stryper]]
*[[Cubed]]

== External Links ==
* http://kutless.wikia.com/wiki/Kutless_Wiki
* http://www.kutless.com/

[[Category:Rock Bands]]
[[Category:Christian Bands]]
[[Category:Christian Rock]]

Kutless

2011-03-04T14:24:29Z

Lorr: /* Discography */

'''Kutless''' is a Christian Hard Rock/Christian Alternative Rock Band from Portland Oregon.

== History ==
Kutless started as a Worship band under the name, "Call Box". In 2001, They Changed their name to Kutless, and in 2002, they came out with their debut, self titled album. That year, Kutless became the "Best selling new artist of 2002".<ref>http://christianmusic.about.com/od/alprofiles/a/aakutlessprofil.htm</ref> In 2004, they came out with the album "Sea of Faces". In 2005, they came out with their Worship album, "Strong Tower". In 2007, Kutless went back to their old sound in the album, "Hearts of the Innocent". In 2008, they came out with the album, "To Know That You're Alive". 2009 saw the release of "It is Well", followed in 2010 by "Kutless: the Anthology" It has been noted that their albums tend to alternate between worship and hard rock genres.<ref>http://www.kutless.com/albumToKnow.aspx</ref>

== Discography ==
*[[Kutless(album)|Kutless]] (2002)
*[[Sea of Faces]] (2004)
*[[Strong Tower]] (2005)
*[[Hearts of the Innocent]] (2006)
*[[To Know That You're Alive]] (2008)
*[[It Is Well]] (2009)
*[[The Beginning: A Kutless Anthology]] (2010)

== Hits ==
*"Your Touch"
*"Run"
*"Tonight"
*"Pride Away"<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutless</ref>
*"Treason"
*"Sea of Faces"
*"Passion"<ref>http://www.kutless.com/albumSea.aspx</ref>
*"Not What You See"
*"It's Like Me"
*"Strong Tower"
*"Draw Me Close"
*"Shut Me Out"
*"Somewhere in the Sky"
*"Winds of Change"
*"Promise of a Lifetime"
*"The Feeling"
*"Complete"

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== See Also ==
*[[Christian Rock]]
*[[Stryper]]
*[[Cubed]]

== External Links ==
* http://kutless.wikia.com/wiki/Kutless_Wiki
* http://www.kutless.com/

[[Category:Rock Bands]]
[[Category:Christian Bands]]
[[Category:Christian Rock]]

Kutless

2011-03-04T14:23:38Z

Lorr: /* History */

'''Kutless''' is a Christian Hard Rock/Christian Alternative Rock Band from Portland Oregon.

== History ==
Kutless started as a Worship band under the name, "Call Box". In 2001, They Changed their name to Kutless, and in 2002, they came out with their debut, self titled album. That year, Kutless became the "Best selling new artist of 2002".<ref>http://christianmusic.about.com/od/alprofiles/a/aakutlessprofil.htm</ref> In 2004, they came out with the album "Sea of Faces". In 2005, they came out with their Worship album, "Strong Tower". In 2007, Kutless went back to their old sound in the album, "Hearts of the Innocent". In 2008, they came out with the album, "To Know That You're Alive". 2009 saw the release of "It is Well", followed in 2010 by "Kutless: the Anthology" It has been noted that their albums tend to alternate between worship and hard rock genres.<ref>http://www.kutless.com/albumToKnow.aspx</ref>

== Discography ==
*[[Kutless(album)|Kutless]] (2002)
*[[Sea of Faces]] (2004)
*[[Strong Tower]] (2005)
*[[Hearts of the Innocent]] (2006)
*[[To Know That You're Alive]] (2008)
*[[It Is Well]] (2009)

== Hits ==
*"Your Touch"
*"Run"
*"Tonight"
*"Pride Away"<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutless</ref>
*"Treason"
*"Sea of Faces"
*"Passion"<ref>http://www.kutless.com/albumSea.aspx</ref>
*"Not What You See"
*"It's Like Me"
*"Strong Tower"
*"Draw Me Close"
*"Shut Me Out"
*"Somewhere in the Sky"
*"Winds of Change"
*"Promise of a Lifetime"
*"The Feeling"
*"Complete"

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== See Also ==
*[[Christian Rock]]
*[[Stryper]]
*[[Cubed]]

== External Links ==
* http://kutless.wikia.com/wiki/Kutless_Wiki
* http://www.kutless.com/

[[Category:Rock Bands]]
[[Category:Christian Bands]]
[[Category:Christian Rock]]

Talk:Kutless

2011-03-04T14:22:02Z

Lorr: Created page with "Part of this article plagiarizes http://www.kutless.com/albums/ToKnowThatYourAlive.aspx "Didn't get enough sleep, drank too much coffee, depended on each other more than ever be..."

Part of this article plagiarizes http://www.kutless.com/albums/ToKnowThatYourAlive.aspx
"Didn't get enough sleep, drank too much coffee, depended on each other more than ever before and pushed harder than we ever have."--[[User:Lorr|Lorr]] 09:22, 4 March 2011 (EST)

Fundamentalism

2011-02-22T21:35:51Z

Lorr: added "primarily" between "used by"(liberals)

'''Fundamentalism''' is a pejorative term used primarily by [[liberals]] to criticize a [[conservative]] movement within Protestant Christians which began in the early 20th century. Many [[Evangelical Christians]], especially [[Southern Baptist Convention|Southern Baptists]] have adopted its principled political positions and key theological elements such as [[Dispensationalism]]. It is a tendency found in numerous churches, but it is not an organized movement and has no national body or official statement. By extension scholars have identified fundamentalist tendencies in non-Christian religions.

===Definitions of Christian fundamentalism===

The term "fundamentalist" is a historical term originating in the 1920s to describe a specific group of Protestants--including their beliefs and their behavior. Determining a precise meaning by which a Fundamentalist may be defined is often seen difficult to do, as in terms of beliefs there is great overlap with the general category of Evangelicals. In ''Understanding Fundamentalism and Evangelicalism'', George M. Marsden states:

:an American fundamentalist is an evangelical who is militant in opposition to liberal theology in the churches or to changes in cultural values or mores, such as those associated with "secular humanism."

Independent Fundamental Baptists esteem the use of the term "Fundamentalist" in describing themselves. Their foremost leader, [[John R. Rice]], founded a fundamentalist paper ''The Sword of the Lord'' in 1934 and served as its editor till his death in 1980. Its masthead states, "An Independent Christian Publication, Standing for the Verbal Inspiration of the Bible, the Deity of Christ, His Blood Atonement, Salvation by Faith, New Testament Soul Winning and the Premillennial Return of Christ; Opposing Modernism, Worldliness and Formalism." Noted fundamentalists in that group included H.A. Ironside, Bob Jones, Sr., Bob Shuler, William Culbertson, Harry Hager, R.G. Lee, Hyman Appelman, V. Raymond Edman, Scotchie McCall, E.J. Daniels, W.A. Criswell, Joe Henry Hankins. However, in one illustration of different manifestations of fundamentalism, after the death of John R. Rice some took issue with with the direction the new editor of "The Sword" had taken in separating brethren over details about which Godly Bible believers may have differing convictions. Primary among these was defining a true fundamentalist as only a independent Baptist who stood with him. In a letter by Rice's daughter,<ref>http://www.biblicalevangelist.org/index.php?id=282&view=Guest+Editorial</ref> she noted that her father even considered some evangelical non-Baptists (including Pentecostals) to be fundamentalists, if they also held to and earnestly contended for the fundamentals of the faith. She pointed to his note on Romans 14:l in the ''Rice Reference Bible'' which stated, "We then are to receive and have fellowship with all saved people who may differ on minor matters but agree on the great fundamentals of the Christian faith."<ref> Also cited were two chapters in Rice's book, ''I AM A FUNDAMENTALIST'' (1975), that of ''Be a Fundamentalist, But Not a Nut,'' and ''Fundamentalists Should Love All Christ's Other Sheep.''</ref>

Further descriptions of fundamentalism are offered by other writers, such as Joel Carpenter in his book, ''Revive Us Again: The Reawakening of American Fundamentalism'' who writes about "the complexity and contributions of fundamentalism as a faith system whose purposes and beliefs have all too frequently been reduced to caricature."<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Revive-Us-Again-Reawakening-Fundamentalism/dp/0195129075 From Library Journal review]</ref> Reviewer William Martin,<ref>[http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=153 "How the Fundamentalists Learned to Thrive"], by Rice University professor of sociology, William Martin in The Christian Century, September, 23-30, 1998, pp. 872-875</ref> notes how author Joel Carpenter acknowledges the value of "fundamentalism" as a generic label for militant religious and cultural conservatism. But he focuses on that particular, identifiable strain of evangelical Christianity that is persistently revivalistic, emphasizes dispensationalist premillennialism and biblical inerrancy, militantly opposes theological modernism and cultural secularity and feels a strong sense of "trusteeship" for American culture.

== Birth of the Fundamentalist Movement ==
The term "fundamentalism" was coined by Baptist editor Curtis Lee Laws in 1920 to designate Christians who were ready "to do battle royal for the Fundamentals"; the term quickly was adopted by all sides.

Fundamentalism had multiple roots. One emerged out of [[Dispensationalism]], an interpretation of the Bible developed in the 1830s in England. It was a [[End Times|millenarian]] theory that divided all of time into different "dispensations," which were seen as stages of God's revelation. The world in this theory is on the verge of the last stage in which Christ would return. An important sign is the rebirth of Israel, support for which is the centerpiece of Fundamentalist foreign policy.

A second stream came from [[Princeton Theology]] in the mid-19th century, which developed the [[doctrine of inerrancy]] in response to higher criticism of the Bible.

A third strand--and the name itself--came from a 12-volume study ''The Fundamentals''<ref>[http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Parthenon/6528/fundcont.htm The Fundamentals A Testimony to the Truth]</ref> (1910-1915). Thanks to sponsorship, over three million individual volumes were distributed free to clergy, laymen and libraries. This version stressed several core beliefs, including:
* The inerrancy of the Bible
* The literal nature of the Biblical accounts of Christ's miracles, the [[Creation]] account in Genesis, and so on
* The [[Virgin Birth]] of Christ
* The bodily [[resurrection]] of Christ
* The substitutionary [[atonement]] of Christ on the cross
By the late 1920s the first two points had become central to Fundamentalism.

A fourth strand was the growing concern among many evangelical Christians with the fruits of modernism and the higher criticism of the Bible. This strand concentrated on opposition to [[Darwinism]].

A fifth strand was the strong sense of the need for public revivals, a common theme among many Evangelicals who did not become Fundamentalists.

Numerous efforts to form coordinating bodies failed, and the most influential treatise came much later, in ''Systematic Theology'' (1947) by Lewis S. Chafer, who founded the Dallas Theological Seminary in 1924.

Much of the enthusiasm for mobilizing Fundamentalism came from "Bible Colleges", especially those modeled after the [[Moody Bible Institute]] in Chicago. The Bible colleges prepared ministers who lacked college or seminary experience with intense study of the Bible, often using the ''Scofield Reference Bible'' of 1909, which was the King James version with detailed notes explaining how to interpret Dispensationalist passages.

==Organizing the Fundamentalists==
Fundamentalist movements were found in most Protestant denominations by 1919, with the debate between fundamentalists and modernists especially strong in [[Presbyterian]] and [[Baptist]] churches.

The most important leader in organizing a movement was [[William Bell Riley]], a Northern Baptist based in Minneapolis, where his Northwestern Bible and Missionary Training School (1902), Northwestern Evangelical Seminary (1935), and Northwestern College (1944) produced thousands of graduates.

Riley became the leading organizer of the movement for Fundamentalism. He created, at a large conference in Philadelphia in 1919, the World's Christian Fundamentals Association (WCFA). It became the chief interdenominational fundamentalist organization in the 1920s, and Riley was president until 1929, after which the WFCA faded in importance.

Although the fundamentalist drive of the 1920s to take control of the major Protestant denominations failed at the national level, the network of churches and missions developed and controlled by Riley indicates that fundamentalism was growing in strength, especially in [[The South]]. Both rural and urban in character, the flourishing movement acted as a denominational surrogate and aimed at a militant orthodoxy of evangelical Christianity.<ref> William Vance Trollinger, Jr. "Riley's Empire: Northwestern Bible School and Fundamentalism in the Upper Midwest". ''Church History'' 1988 57(2): 197-212. 0009-6407 </ref>
==Fighting evolution==
Fundamentalists in the 1920s devoted themselves to fighting the teaching of evolution in the nation's schools and colleges, both public and private.

Riley took the initiative in the [[Scopes Trial]] of 1925 to bring in famed orator [[William Jennings Bryan]] as an assistant to the local prosecutor. The trial revealed a growing chasm in American Christianity and two ways of finding truth, one "biblical" and one "scientific." Liberals saw a division between educated, tolerant Christians and narrow-minded, tribal, obscurantist Christians.<ref> David Goetz, "The Monkey Trial". ''Christian History'' 1997 16(3): 10-18. 0891-9666; Burton W. Folsom, , Jr. "The Scopes Trial Reconsidered." ''Continuity'' 1988 (12): 103-127. 0277-1446, by a leading conservative scholar
</ref>

Gatewood (1969) analyzes the transition from the antievolution crusade of the 1920s to the creation science movement of the 1960s. Despite some similarities between these two causes, the creation science movement represented a shift from religious to scientific objections to Darwin's theory. Creation science also differed in terms of popular leadership, rhetorical tone, and sectional focus. It lacked a prestigious leader like Bryan, utilized scientific rather than religious rhetoric, and was a product of California and Michigan instead of the South.<ref> Willard B. Gatewood, Jr., ed. ''Controversy in the Twenties: Fundamentalism, Modernism, & Evolution'' (1969)</ref>

Edwards (2000) contradicts the conventional view that in the wake of the Scopes trial a humiliated fundamentalism retreated into the political and cultural background, a viewpoint evidenced in the movie "Inherit the Wind" and the majority of contemporary historical accounts. Rather, the cause of fundamentalism's retreat was the death of its leader, Bryan. Most fundamentalists saw the trial as a victory and not a defeat, but Bryan's death soon after created a leadership void that no other fundamentalist leader could fill. Bryan, unlike the other leaders, brought name recognition, respectability, and the ability to forge a broad-based coalition of fundamentalist and mainline religious groups to argue for the antievolutionist position.<ref> Mark Edwards, "Rethinking the Failure of Fundamentalist Political Antievolutionism after 1925". ''Fides Et Historia'' 2000 32(2): 89-106. 0884-5379</ref>

The American Civil Liberties Union at first had no objection to a general Christian outlook in the public schools, as long as it was that of no particular sect. By the time of the Scopes Trial, however, the ACLU and other advocates of secular humanism insisted that public education must not assume any religious outlook, laying the groundwork, as Bryan feared, for the triumph of materialism.

==Other states==
Webb (1991) traces the political and legal struggles between strict creationists and Darwinists to influence the extent to which evolution would be taught as science in Arizona and California schools. After Scopes was convicted, creationists throughout the United States sought similar antievolution laws for their states. These included Reverends R. S. Beal and Aubrey L. Moore in Arizona and members of the Creation Research Society in California, all supported by distinguished laymen. They sought to ban evolution as a topic for study or, at least, relegate it to the status of unproven theory perhaps taught alongside the biblical version of creation. Educators, scientists, and other distinguished laymen favored evolution. This struggle occurred later in the Southwest than in other US areas and persisted through the Sputnik era, which inspired increased faith in evolutionism.<ref>George E. Webb, "The Evolution Controversy in Arizona and California: From the 1920s to the 1980s." ''Journal of the Southwest'' 1991 33(2): 133-150. 0894-8410. See also Christopher K. Curtis, "Mississippi's Anti-Evolution Law of 1926." ''Journal Of Mississippi History'' 1986 48(1): 15-29. </ref>

==Fundamentalism in various religions==

The term slowly came to mean all movements within religions that reject modernizing/liberalizing influences and attempt to stay true to the word of that religion's scriptures. The term has been applied to Christians, Muslims, and Hindus. Christian fundamentalism differs from Orthodoxy in its sole reliance on the Bible and disregard for previously established tradition. Similarly, within Islam, the "fundamentalist" movements (such as [[Wahhabism]]) seek to remove perceived impurities in Islam and return it to the believed roots. Unlike Christianity, however, these uncovered roots have spawned incredible amounts of violence. "Fundamentalist" Hinduism is, in a way, a contradiction in terms. Hinduism has no one sacred holy book, and thus no original scriptures to return to, and so the term is instead used to describe those Hindus who are intolerant of the existence of other religions (and occasionally non-Indians) in their communities.
===Mormons===
The term fundamentalist is also self-applied by a breakaway movement from The [[Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], calling itself the "Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints." This group, whose leader was convicted on charges relating to child rape, claims to continue the original revelations of [[Joseph Smith]]. It is held to be apostate by the mainstream church, and cannot truly be called fundamentalist, as it ignores the doctrine of continuous revelation to the leaders of the church.

===Jews===
There are no fundamentalist Jews, as all movements to return to the basic tenets of [[Judaism]] simply result in increased orthodoxy. Judaism may be unique in this regard. Though according to scholars such as Samuel C. Heilman, Menachem Friedman, and Werner Backeberg, there are "truly fundamentalist Jews" who are "a minority of a minority of a minority (that is, approximately 30 percent of Orthodox Jewry, which itself is only about 15 percent of the approximately twelve million members of world Jewry)."<ref> Fundamentalism, Werner Backeberg (Faculty of Theology) Institute for Missiological and Ecumenical Research (IMER), University of Pretoria, p. 19 </ref><ref> [http://search.barnesandnoble.com/Fundamentalism-Observed/Martin-E-Marty/e/9780226508788 ''Fundamentalism Observed''], p. 198 </ref>

In recent times, the media has taken to describing any conservative non-denominational church or conservative evangelical church as fundamentalist. Indeed these churches do strive to return to the basics of Christianity—its fundamentals.

==Israel and Christian fundamentalism==
See [[Christian Zionism]]

Historically speaking, the vast and overwhelming majority of American Fundamentalists have been and remain [[zionism|zionists]]. Fundamentalist-evangelicals rejoiced when part of Jerusalem was annexed after the 1967 six day war, whereas the [[National Council of Churches]] denounced Israel. Liberal Christianity called for the "internationalization" of Jerusalem throughout the 1960s, while Fundamentalists expressed their hope for Biblical [[prophecy]]: God promised Jerusalem to Israel.<ref name=Rausch>''[http://books.google.com/books?id=-BPjHQAACAAJ Zionism Within Early American Fundamentalism 1878-1918: A Convergence of Two Traditions]'', David A. Rausch, Edwin Mellen Press, 1979, ISBN 9-88946-875-3, ISBN 0-88946-976-8, p.4 </ref>

===Differences between liberal and fundamentalist Christians ===
There are three main differences between [[liberal Christianity|liberal Christian theology]] and fundamentalism-evangelicalism that affect their respective attitudes toward Jewish people. These differences<ref name=Rausch/> are:
#Fundamentalism's literal interpretation of [[prophecy]] versus Liberalism's spiritual interpretation.
#Fundamentalism's equal weighting of the Old and New Testaments versus Liberalism privileging the New, especially the liberal tendency to interpret critical remarks against Judaism.
#Fundamentalism's belief in unconverted Israel over against Liberalism's conversion requirement (i.e., so-called replacement theology).

== See also ==
* [[John Gresham Machen]]
* [[Southern Baptist Convention]]
* [[Theory of Fundamentalist anti-Semitism]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Parthenon/6528/fundcont.htm Online copy of ''The Fundamentals'']

==Further reading==
* Almond, Gabriel A., R. Scott Appleby, and Emmanuel Sivan, eds. ''Strong Religion: The Rise of Fundamentalisms around the World'' (2003) [http://www.amazon.com/Strong-Religion-Fundamentalisms-Fundamentalism-Project/dp/0226014983/ref=sr_1_6?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241067360&sr=8-6 excerpt and text search]
* Hankins, Barry. ''God's Rascal: J. Frank Norris and the Beginnings of Southern Fundamentalism'' (1996)
* Marsden, George M. ''Fundamentalism and American Culture'' (2nd ed 2006), the standard scholarly history (by a fundamentalist) [http://www.amazon.com/Fundamentalism-American-Culture-George-Marsden/dp/0195300475/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241067360&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]
* Marsden, George M. ''Understanding Fundamentalism and Evangelicalism'' (1991) [http://www.amazon.com/Understanding-Fundamentalism-Evangelicalism-George-Marsden/dp/0802805396/ref=sr_1_11?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241067360&sr=8-11 excerpt and text search]
* Ruthven, Malise. ''Fundamentalism: A Very Short Introduction'' (2007) [http://www.amazon.com/Fundamentalism-Very-Short-Introduction-Introductions/dp/0199212708/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241067360&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Sandeen, Ernest R. ''The Roots of Fundamentalism'' (1970)
* Trollinger, William V. ''God's Empire: William Bell Riley and Midwestern Fundamentalism'' (1991) [http://books.google.com/books?id=DE-HQpppDd8C&pg=PA78&dq=fundamentalism+anti-semitism&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES excerpts and text search]
* Witherup, Ronald D. S.S. ''Biblical Fundamentalism: What Every Catholic Should Know'' (2001), 101pp [http://www.amazon.com/Biblical-Fundamentalism-Every-Catholic-Should/dp/0814627226/ref=sid_av_dp excerpt and text search]
*Richard Thomas Hughes, ''The American quest for the primitive church'' (1988) 257 pp [http://books.google.com/books?id=JW3kYxc7Fl0C&pg=PA99&lpg=PA99&dq=Joel+Carpenter++fundamentalism&source=bl&ots=acqfYcxb6E&sig=hFc3Uf_-g1_qWEz-ULBJAXa2mYo&hl=en&ei=UFxgSorTEYuCtgfa-pDKDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=17 excerpt and text search]

===Primary sources===
* Trollinger, William Vance, Jr., ed. ''The Antievolution Pamphlets of William Bell Riley.'' (Creationism in Twentieth-Century America: A Ten-Volume Anthology of Documents, 1903-1961. Vol. 4.) New York: Garland, 1995. 221 pp. [http://books.google.com/books?id=0ymZZKxwHuwC&dq=%22William+Bell+Riley%22&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=VBjIZ-Zw4d&sig=A_Lp6IE0rso5QG8gwLni9tJx4xY&hl=en&ei=OGEHSr6bHITEtAP-5JToAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9#PPR5,M1 excerpt and text search]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Protestantism]]
[[Category:Christian Movements]]
[[Category:Religion]]
[[Category:Fundamentalism]]
[[Category:Religion and Politics]]

Debate:Does God punish sinners for eternity?

2011-01-11T17:38:21Z

Lorr: /* Yes */

{{debate}}

==Yes==
Jesus Christ will be our judge and if you read the Bible at all then you will know that Hell is for eternity. And there is no once saved always saved. you can fall from grace as many have.

I disagree with BOTH of the current posts. First of all, the Elect are "once saved, always saved". They would not be truly saved if they fell from grace. Second, I am entirely unable to tolerate to any degree those who claim that all will be saved - the ones who answer "No" to this question. Citing the ultimate and infallible truth, the holy and inspired Word of God, Matthew 25:41 says "Then shall he say also unto them on the left hand, Depart from me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the devil and his angels". It does not say, "Depart from me, those who sinned even though I love them, into temporary fire", but "Depart from me, ye cursed, into EVERLASTING fire". Finally, this seems to indicate that one can choose to believe in God. This belief is very common, very heretical, and eliminates the need for a savior. The Elect alone will be saved, as indicated by Ephesians. Some claim that Romans contradicts this, but the Bible clearly says "For by grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: it is the gift of God, not of works, lest any man should boast." - Ephesians 2:8-9. We are enabled to believe in Christ through faith in him which is given us by God's saving grace. If Christ needs us to choose him of our own accord then we are all lost eternally. --[[User:Lorr|Lorr]] 12:38, 11 January 2011 (EST)

==No==

God doesn't punish sinners at all. And Hell is not permanent. It is Satan who is the accuser of the brethren, not God. God is all about love and forgiveness.

However, there is a difference between [[right and wrong]]. And we do reap what we sow. If we are selfish, we will suffer the consequences. In particular, [[homosexual acts]] are very selfish. There is no true love - in a conjugal sense - other than between a man and his wife.

It is sometimes argued that homosexuality couldn't be a sin: "Would God consign his children to an eternity of punishment in hell for loving another man?" This question presupposes that any punishment (or harsh consequences) of sin comes from God. Yet the Bible says, "The wages of sin is death" without saying who the paymaster is! The question also confuses [[love]] (which is a good thing, in general) with homosexual [[fornication]] which is a sin.

All this confusion can be cleared up if a person genuinely wants to know (1) Does God exist? (2) Does God love me? and (3) What is the best way to lead my life? --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] <sup>[[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]]</sup> 16:13, 18 June 2009 (EDT)

:Well, we are all sinners. The questions should be stated, Does God punish the evildoers for eternity? Matthew 25:45-46 Jesus says, "I assure you, when you refused to help the least of these my Brothers and Sisters, you were refusing to help me. And they will go away into Eternal Punishment, but the Righteous will go into Eternal Life."

:But the questions remains "Does God punish?" No, God doesn't punish. By being cast out of the eternal life of Heaven (through mans own fault), the devil punishes those who end up in Hell. For the devil hates man, made in the likeness of God.--[[User:Jpatt|Jpatt]] 17:44, 19 June 2009 (EDT)

"God is all about love and forgiveness"??<br>
No, He is NOT. This is what social gospel preaches, but not from the bible. God is about love and forgiveness, but He is also holy and just (a not PC view in this post modern culture, and sadly some churches purposely ignore this part, afraid saying God is holy and just, and all people are sinners, will offend people).<br>
Because He is holy and just, He MUST punish EVERY sin. Some will even say that it is because He is love, so He cannot left injustice unaccounted for.([[User:Kmcheng|Kmcheng]] 18:03, 30 March 2010 (EDT))

Yes that's true, but God also loves every person and if they repent then he does not punish them. The fable "The Last Judgement" by Carel Kapek is very helpful to understand one theory about the trials of sinners.

Talk:Debate:Does God punish sinners for eternity?

2011-01-11T17:37:55Z

Lorr: Created page with "I disagree with BOTH of the current posts. First of all, the Elect ''are'' "once saved, always saved". They would not be truly saved if they fell from grace. Second, I am entirel..."

I disagree with BOTH of the current posts.
First of all, the Elect ''are'' "once saved, always saved". They would not be truly saved if they fell from grace.
Second, I am entirely unable to tolerate to any degree those who claim that all will be saved - the ones who answer "No" to this question. Citing the ultimate and infallible truth, the holy and inspired Word of God, Matthew 25:41 says "Then shall he say also unto them on the left hand, Depart from me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the devil and his angels". It does not say, "Depart from me, those who sinned even though I love them, into temporary fire", but "Depart from me, ye cursed, into EVERLASTING fire".
Finally, this seems to indicate that one can choose to believe in God. This belief is very common, very heretical, and eliminates the need for a savior. The Elect alone will be saved, as indicated by Ephesians. Some claim that Romans contradicts this, but the Bible clearly says "For by grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: it is the gift of God, not of works, lest any man should boast." - Ephesians 2:8-9. We are enabled to believe in Christ through faith in him which is given us by God's saving grace. If Christ needs us to choose him of our own accord then we are all lost eternally.

Orthodox Presbyterian Church

2011-01-11T17:23:17Z

Lorr: /* Further reading */

The '''Orthodox Presbyterian Church''' is a conservative American [[Reformed Churches|Reformed denomination]] that emerged from the [[Presbyterian]] tradition in America. In 2005 it had 20,000 full members and 449 clergy in 244 congregations. Despite the term "Orthodox" it has no links to the Eastern Orthodox churches.

It holds steadfastly to the [[Westminster Standards]]. It was founded in 1936 by conservative members (especially [[John Gresham Machen]]) of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America (PCUSA) who were strongly opposed to the pervasive Modernist theology of the 1930s. Machen, a Presbyterian scholar at Princeton Theological Seminary for most of his career, was the first moderator.

The Church attempts to preserve historic [[Calvinism]] within a [[Presbyterian]] structure. OPC was originally called the '''Presbyterian Church of America,''' but a legal issue with Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A caused them to change their name.<ref> Ironically, another conservative denomination has since assumed the name [[Presbyterian Church in America]], which was founded in 1973 and is the second largest Presbyterian church in the United States after [[Presbyterian Church (USA)]].</ref>

It has been charged with being too [[Fundamentalist]] in nature as well as not being Fundamentalist enough. Its willingness to defend Bible-based Christian liberties such as the moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages (see Ecclesiastes 9:7, Matthew 26:29, John 2:3-11) and a robust toleration of various eschatological viewpoints set it apart from those who seek more prohibitionist-based forms of piety and a strict dispensationalist interpretation of scripture. After the confrontations with modernism of 1920's and early 1930's died down, differences among the conservatives, especially in regards to the tolerance of Christian liberties and dispensation theology, became much more apparent. Such differences ultimately led to a split in the OPC: strict dispensationalists and anti-drinking members left to form the [[Bible Presbyterian Church]] in 1937. "With the division of 1937, the OPC signaled that is was not a fundamentalist church.<ref>"Hart, D. G. and John Muether. ''Fighting the Good Fight: A Brief History of the Orthodox Presbyterian Church.'' Philadelphia: Orthodox Presbyterian Church, 1995. p. 105</ref>"

The OPC has disciplined its members for breaking rules that prohibit participation in organized sports on their Sabbath observance. It remains highly skeptical of the [[Charismatic movement]], going so far as to discipline one of its ministers who spoke tongues in private.

==Further reading==
* Hart, D. G. "Fundamentalism, Inerrancy, and the Biblical Scholarship of J. Gresham Machen." ''Journal of Presbyterian History'' 1997 75(1): 13-28.
* Hart, D. G. and John Muether. ''Fighting the Good Fight: A Brief History of the Orthodox Presbyterian Church.'' Philadelphia: Orthodox Presbyterian Church, 1995. 217 pp.
* http://www.opc.org/ The Orthodox Presbyterian Church's website.

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.opc.org/ Main OPC website]

[[category: Christian Denominations]]
[[Category:Presbyterians]]
[[Category:Fundamentalism]]