https://www.conservapedia.com/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=LeopeoConservapedia - User contributions [en]2026-09-28T13:35:02ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.35.14https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User_talk:Tuomo&diff=698799User talk:Tuomo2009-09-07T19:10:30Z<p>Leopeo: Created page with 'Siitä on aikaa kun viimeksi editoit. Maaliskuussa 2007 itse tulin tänne. Onpa Conservapedia muuttunut niistä ajoista! --~~~~'</p>
<hr />
<div>Siitä on aikaa kun viimeksi editoit. Maaliskuussa 2007 itse tulin tänne. Onpa Conservapedia muuttunut niistä ajoista! --[[User:Leopeo|Leopeo]] 15:10, 7 September 2009 (EDT)</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=History_of_Sweden&diff=660720History of Sweden2009-05-06T12:57:57Z<p>Leopeo: /* 19th century */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''[[Sweden]]''' has a history stretching 14 centuries. [[Image:1500BALT.JPG|thumb|400px|the Baltic region in 1500]]<br />
<br />
==Middle Ages==<br />
During the seventh and eighth centuries, the Swedes were merchant seamen well known for their far-reaching trade. In the ninth century, Nordic Vikings raided and ravaged the European continent as far as the Black and Caspian Seas. During the 11th and 12th centuries, Sweden gradually became a unified Christian kingdom that later included Finland. Queen Margaret of Denmark united all the Nordic lands in the "Kalmar Union" in 1397. Continual tension within the countries and within the union gradually led to open conflict between the Swedes and the Danes in the 15th century. The union's final disintegration in the early 16th century brought on a long-lived rivalry between Norway and Denmark on one side and Sweden and Finland on the other. <br />
==Early Modern==<br />
<br />
In the 16th century, Gustav Vasa fought for an independent Sweden, crushing an attempt to restore the Kalmar Union and laying the foundation for modern Sweden. At the same time, he broke with the Catholic Church and established the Reformation. [[Lutheranism]] became the state religion. During the 17th century, after winning wars against Denmark, Russia, and Poland, Sweden-Finland (with scarcely more than 1 million inhabitants) emerged as a great power. Its contributions during the Thirty Years War under King [[Gustavus Adolphus]] determined the political as well as the religious balance of power in Europe. A notable military victory for Gustavus Adolphus was the battle of Breitenfeld (1631). By 1658, Sweden ruled several provinces of Denmark as well as what is now Finland, Ingermanland (in which St. Petersburg is located), Estonia, Latvia, and important coastal towns and other areas of northern Germany. <br />
<br />
Russia, Saxony-Poland, and Denmark-Norway pooled their power in 1700 and attacked the Swedish-Finnish empire. Although the young Swedish King [[Charles XII]] won spectacular victories in the early years of the Great Northern War, most notably in the Battle of Narva (1700), his plan to attack Moscow and force Russia into peace proved too ambitious. <br />
<br />
Following the disastrous defeat inflicted on his army by the Russians at Poltava on 27 June 1709, Charles XII and the remnants of his army fled into Ottoman territory. The initial admiration with which his hosts greeted him turned soon into embarrassment and despair. Indeed, the king of Sweden had no intention of leaving the [[Ottoman Empire]] unless it joined him in a new war against Tsar [[Peter I]] of Russia. In order to force the recalcitrant Ottoman government to follow his policies, he established, from his camp, a powerful political network in Constantinople, which was joined even by the mother of the sultan. Charles's persistence worked, as Peter's army was checked by Ottoman troops. However, Turkish failure to pursue the victory enraged Charles and from that moment his relations with the Ottoman administration soured. During the same period the behavior of his troops worsened and turned disastrous. Lack of discipline and contempt for the locals soon created an unbearable situation in Moldavia. The Swedish soldiers behaved badly, destroying, stealing, raping, and killing. Charles XII fell in battle in 1718. In the subsequent peace treaties, the allied powers, joined by Prussia and England-Hanover, ended Sweden's reign as a great power. <br />
<br />
Charles XII (reigned 1697-1718) has stirred great controversy. Although most early-19th-century historians tended to follow Voltaire's lead in bestowing extravagant praise on the warrior-king, others have criticized him as a fanatic, a bully, and a bloodthirsty warmonger. A more balanced view suggests a capable military ruler whose oft-reviled peculiarities seemed to have served him well. <br />
===Urbanization===<br />
Between 1570 and 1800 Sweden experienced two periods of urban expansion, ca. 1580-1690 and in the mid-18th century, separated by relative stagnation from the 1690s to about 1720. The initial phase was the more active, including an increase in the percentage of urban dwellers in Stockholm - a pattern comparable to increasing urban populations in other European capital and port cities - as well as the foundation of a number of small new towns. Increasing populations in the small towns of the north and west characterized the second period of urban growth, which began around 1750 in response to shifts in Swedish trade patterns from the Baltic to the North Atlantic.<ref> Sven Lilja, "Swedish Urbanization c. 1570-1800: Chronology, Structure and Causes," ''Scandinavian Journal of History'' 1994 19 (4): 277-308. </ref><br />
<br />
==19th century==<br />
Sweden suffered further territorial losses during the Napoleonic wars and was forced to cede Finland to Russia after the Finnish War (1808-1809). The following year, French Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte was elected Crown Prince as Karl Johan by the Riksdag (parliament). In 1813, his forces joined the allies against Napoleon. The Congress of Vienna compensated Sweden for its lost German territory through a merger of the Swedish and Norwegian crowns in a dual monarchy. Sweden's last war was fought in 1814. It was a brief confrontation with Norway to restrain their demands for independence. The war resulted in Norway entering into union with Sweden, but with its own constitution and parliament. The Sweden-Norway union was peacefully dissolved at Norway's request in 1905. <br />
<br />
Sweden's predominantly agricultural economy shifted gradually from village to private farm-based agriculture during the Industrial Revolution, but this change failed to bring economic and social improvements commensurate with the rate of population growth. About 1 million Swedes immigrated to the United States between 1850 and 1890. <br />
<br />
Sweden experimented briefly with overseas colonies, including "New Sweden" in [[Colonial America]] in the 1640s. Sweden purchased the small Caribbean island of Saint Barthélemy from France in 1784, then sold it back in 1878; the population included slaves until they were freed by the Swedish government in 1847.<ref> Francine M. Mayer, and Carolyn E. Fick, "Before and After Emancipation: Slaves and Free Coloreds of Saint-Barthelemy (French West Indies) in The 19th Century." ''Scandinavian Journal of History'' 1993 18 (4): 251-273. </ref> <br />
====Liberal reform====<br />
The 19th century was marked by the emergence of a liberal opposition press, the abolition of guild monopolies in trade and manufacturing in favor of free enterprise, the introduction of taxation and voting reforms, the installation of a national military service, and the rise in the electorate of three major party groups--Social Democratic Party, Liberal Party, and Conservative Party. <br />
<br />
====Health====<br />
The steady decline of death rates in Sweden began about 1810. For men and women of working age the death rate trend diverged, however, leading to increased excess male mortality during the first half of the century. There were very high rates of infant and child mortality before 1800, Among infants and children between the ages of one and four smallpox peaked as a cause of death in the 1770s-1780s and declined afterward. Mortality also peaked during this period due to other air-, food-, and waterborne diseases, but these declined as well during the early 19th century. The decline of several diseases during this time created a more favorable environment that increased children's resistance to disease and dramatically lowered child mortality.<ref> Jan Sundin, "Child Mortality and Causes of Death in a Swedish City, 1750-1860." ''Historical Methods'' 1996 29(3): 93-106. </ref> <br />
<br />
The introduction of compulsory gymnastics in Swedish schools in 1880 rested partly on a long tradition, from Renaissance humanism to the Enlightenment, of the importance of physical as well as intellectual training. More immediately, the promotion of gymnastics as a scientifically sound form of physical discipline coincided with the introduction of conscription, which gave the state a strong interest in educating children physically as well as mentally for the role of citizen soldiers.<ref> Jens Ljunggren, "Nation-Building, Primitivism and Manliness: The Issue of Gymnastics in Sweden around 1880". ''Scandinavian Journal of History'' 1996 21 (2): 101-120. </Ref> Skiing is a major recreation in Sweden and its ideological, functional, ecological, and social impact has been great on Swedish nationalism and consciousness. Swedes perceived skiing as virtuous, masculine, heroic, in harmony with nature, and part of the country's culture. A growing awareness of strong national sentiments and an appreciation of natural resources led to the creation of the Swedish Ski Association in 1892 in order to combine nature, leisure, and nationalism. The organization focused its efforts on patriotic, militaristic, heroic, and environmental Swedish traditions as they relate to ski sports and outdoor life.<ref> Sverker Sörlin, "Nature, Skiing and Swedish Nationalism." ''International Journal of the History of Sport'' 1995 12(2): 147-163.</ref><br />
<br />
==20th century==<br />
During and after World War I, in which Sweden remained neutral, the country benefited from the worldwide demand for Swedish steel, ball bearings, wood pulp, and matches. <br />
<br />
===Welfare State===<br />
Swedish integration of socialism and democracy was successful because of the unique way in which Sweden's labor leaders, politicians, and classes cooperated during the early development period of Swedish social democracy. Because Sweden's socialist leaders chose a moderate, reformist political course with broad-based public support prior in the early stages of Swedish industrialization and prior to the full-blown development of Swedish interclass politics, Sweden escaped the severe extremist challenges and political and class divisions that plagued many European countries that attempted to develop social democratic systems after 1911. By dealing early, cooperatively, and effectively with the challenges of industrialization and its impact on Swedish social, political, and economic structures, Swedish social democrats were able to create one of the most successful social democratic systems in the world, with no signs of repression or totalitarianism.<ref> Jae-Hung Ahn, "Ideology and Interest: The Case of Swedish Social Democracy, 1886-1911." ''Politics & Society'' 1996 24(2): 153-187. </ref> <br />
<br />
When the Social Democratic Party came into power in 1932, its leaders introduced a new political decision-making process, which later became known as "the Swedish model." The party took a central role, but tried as far as possible to base its policy on mutual understanding and compromise. Different interest groups were always involved in official committees that preceded government decisions. <br />
<br />
Foreign policy concerns in the 1930s centered on Soviet and German expansionism, which stimulated abortive efforts at Nordic defense cooperation. Sweden followed a policy of armed neutrality during World War II (although thousands of Swedish volunteers fought in the [[Winter War]] against the Soviets); however, it did permit German troops to pass through its territory to and from occupation duties in its neighbour, [[Norway]], and it supplied the Nazi regime with steel and much needed ball-bearings.<br />
<br />
==Recent history==<br />
Sweden for 200 years has been nonaligned and avoided all wars; it sat out the [[Cold War]] as a neutral. Its cultural and economic ties were very largely with Western Europe. <br />
<br />
Postwar prosperity provided the foundations for the social welfare policies characteristic of modern Sweden. <br />
<br />
Despite extensive social welfare programs, financed by high taxes, Sweden remains a capitalist country, and the main industries and banks are privately owned. Sweden enjoyed excellent economic performance until the world crisis of the 1970s, after that, economic efficiency declined considerably. Prior to 1983, Sweden and other northern European social democracies experienced full employment, large social benefits, modest income in equality, and a near total abolition of poverty. After 1983 unemployment became a major problem. The distance between the political parties narrowed after 1968, as the Social Democrats and the middle class parties grew more similar. <br />
<br />
Sweden became a member of the [[European Union]] (EU) in 1995. In September 2003 Sweden held a referendum on entering the European Monetary Union. The Swedish people rejected participation, with 56% voting against and 42% for. All parliamentary parties pledged to respect the outcome of the referendum. No new referendum is planned for the foreseeable future.<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
===Surveys===<br />
* Derry, Thomas Kingston. ''A History of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Iceland.'' (1979). 447 pp.<br />
* Kent, Neil. ''A Concise History of Sweden'' (2008), 314pp [http://www.amazon.com/Concise-History-Sweden-Cambridge-Histories/dp/0521012279/ref=sr_oe_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241590510&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Magnusson, Lars. ''An Economic History of Sweden'' (2000) [http://www.questia.com/read/102808427?title=An%20Economic%20History%20of%20Sweden online edition]<br />
* Moberg, Vilhelm, and Paul Britten Austin. ''A History of the Swedish People: Volume 1: From Prehistory to the Renaissance,'' (2005); ''A History of the Swedish People: Volume II: From Renaissance to Revolution'' (2005)<br />
* Nordstrom, Byron J. ''The History of Sweden'' (2002) [http://www.amazon.com/History-Sweden-Greenwood-Histories-Nations/dp/0313312583/ref=sr_1_21?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241584511&sr=1-21 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Scott, Franklin D. ''Sweden: The Nation's History'' (1988), survey by leading scholar; [http://www.amazon.com/Sweden-Enlarged-Franklin-D-Scott/dp/0809314894/ref=sr_1_11?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241584198&sr=1-11 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Sprague, Martina. ''Sweden: An Illustrated History'' (2005) [http://www.amazon.com/Sweden-Illustrated-History-Histories-Hippocrene/dp/0781811147/ref=sr_1_15?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241584511&sr=1-15 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Warme, Lars G., ed. ''A History of Swedish Literature.'' (1996). 585 pp.<br />
===Pre 1700===<br />
* Forte, Angelo. Oram, Richard. Pedersen, Frederik. ''Viking Empires''. (2005)<br />
* Hudson, Benjamin. ''Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in North America''. (2005).<br />
* Moberg, Vilhelm, and Paul Britten Austin. ''A History of the Swedish People: Volume 1: From Prehistory to the Renaissance,'' (2005)<br />
* Österberg, Eva. ''Mentalities and Other Realities: Essays in Medieval and Early Modern Scandinavian History.'' Lund U. Press, 1991. 207 pp.<br />
* Österberg, Eva and Lindström, Dag. ''Crime and Social Control in Medieval and Early Modern Swedish Towns.'' (1988). 169 pp.<br />
* Porshnev, B. F. and Paul Dukes, eds. ''Muscovy and Sweden in the Thirty Years' War, 1630-1635.'' (1996). 256 pp. <br />
* Roberts, Michael. ''From Oxenstierna to Charles XII. Four Studies.'' (1991). 203 pp.<br />
* Roberts, Michael. ''The Swedish Imperial Experience, 1560-1718.'' (1979). 156 pp.<br />
===Since 1700===<br />
* Chatterton, Mark. ''Saab: The Innovator.'' (1980). 160 pp.<br />
* Frängsmyr, Tore, ed. ''Science in Sweden: The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 1739-1989.'' (1989). 291 pp.<br />
* Fry, John A., ed. ''Limits of the Welfare State: Critical Views on Post-War Sweden.'' (1979). 234 pp.<br />
* Gustavson, Carl G. ''The Small Giant: Sweden Enters the Industrial Era.'' (1986). 364 pp.<br />
* Hodgson, Antony. ''Scandinavian Music: Finland and Sweden.'' (1985). 224 pp.<br />
* Hoppe, Göran and Langton, John. ''Peasantry to Capitalism: Western Östergötland in the Nineteenth Century.'' (1995). 457 pp.<br />
* Lewin, Leif. ''Ideology and Strategy: A Century of Swedish Politics.'' (1988). 344 pp.<br />
* Metcalf, Michael F., ed. ''The Riksdag: A History of the Swedish Parliament.'' (1987). 347 pp.<br />
* Misgeld, Klaus; Molin, Karl; and Amark, Klas. ''Creating Social Democracy: A Century of the Social Democratic Labor Party in Sweden.'' (1993). 500 pp.<br />
* Moberg, Vilhelm, and Paul Britten Austin. ''A History of the Swedish People: Volume II: From Renaissance to Revolution'' (2005)<br />
* Olsen, Gregg M. "Half Empty or Half Full? the Swedish Welfare State in Transition." ''Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology''. v. 16 #2 (1999) pp 241+. [http://www.questia.com/read/5001258602?title=Half%20Empty%20or%20Half%20Full%3f%20the%20Swedish%20Welfare%20State%20in%20Transition online edition]<br />
* Palmer, Alan. ''Bernadotte: Napoleon's Marshal, Sweden's King.'' (1991). 285 pp.<br />
* Pred, Allan. ''Lost Words and Lost Worlds: Modernity and the Language of Everyday Life in Late Nineteenth-Century Stockholm.'' (1990). 298 pp.<br />
* Pred, Allan Richard. ''Place, Practice and Structure: Social and Spatial Transformation in Southern Sweden, 1750-1850.'' (1986). 268 pp.<br />
* Roberts, Michael. ''The Age of Liberty: Sweden, 1719-1772.'' (1986). 233 pp.<br />
* Söderberg, Johan et al. ''A Stagnating Metropolis: The Economy and Demography of Stockholm, 1750-1850.'' (1991). 234 pp.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.historyofnations.net/europe/sweden.html History of Sweden]<br />
* [http://www.sci.fi/~fta/f19-1.htm F19, Swedish Volunteer Unit in Finland during the Winter War]<br />
* [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2880.htm source for parts of this article; not copyright]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sweden]]<br />
[[Category:European History]]<br />
[[Category:Medieval History]]</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=History_of_Sweden&diff=660719History of Sweden2009-05-06T12:52:49Z<p>Leopeo: /* Early Modern */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''[[Sweden]]''' has a history stretching 14 centuries. [[Image:1500BALT.JPG|thumb|400px|the Baltic region in 1500]]<br />
<br />
==Middle Ages==<br />
During the seventh and eighth centuries, the Swedes were merchant seamen well known for their far-reaching trade. In the ninth century, Nordic Vikings raided and ravaged the European continent as far as the Black and Caspian Seas. During the 11th and 12th centuries, Sweden gradually became a unified Christian kingdom that later included Finland. Queen Margaret of Denmark united all the Nordic lands in the "Kalmar Union" in 1397. Continual tension within the countries and within the union gradually led to open conflict between the Swedes and the Danes in the 15th century. The union's final disintegration in the early 16th century brought on a long-lived rivalry between Norway and Denmark on one side and Sweden and Finland on the other. <br />
==Early Modern==<br />
<br />
In the 16th century, Gustav Vasa fought for an independent Sweden, crushing an attempt to restore the Kalmar Union and laying the foundation for modern Sweden. At the same time, he broke with the Catholic Church and established the Reformation. [[Lutheranism]] became the state religion. During the 17th century, after winning wars against Denmark, Russia, and Poland, Sweden-Finland (with scarcely more than 1 million inhabitants) emerged as a great power. Its contributions during the Thirty Years War under King [[Gustavus Adolphus]] determined the political as well as the religious balance of power in Europe. A notable military victory for Gustavus Adolphus was the battle of Breitenfeld (1631). By 1658, Sweden ruled several provinces of Denmark as well as what is now Finland, Ingermanland (in which St. Petersburg is located), Estonia, Latvia, and important coastal towns and other areas of northern Germany. <br />
<br />
Russia, Saxony-Poland, and Denmark-Norway pooled their power in 1700 and attacked the Swedish-Finnish empire. Although the young Swedish King [[Charles XII]] won spectacular victories in the early years of the Great Northern War, most notably in the Battle of Narva (1700), his plan to attack Moscow and force Russia into peace proved too ambitious. <br />
<br />
Following the disastrous defeat inflicted on his army by the Russians at Poltava on 27 June 1709, Charles XII and the remnants of his army fled into Ottoman territory. The initial admiration with which his hosts greeted him turned soon into embarrassment and despair. Indeed, the king of Sweden had no intention of leaving the [[Ottoman Empire]] unless it joined him in a new war against Tsar [[Peter I]] of Russia. In order to force the recalcitrant Ottoman government to follow his policies, he established, from his camp, a powerful political network in Constantinople, which was joined even by the mother of the sultan. Charles's persistence worked, as Peter's army was checked by Ottoman troops. However, Turkish failure to pursue the victory enraged Charles and from that moment his relations with the Ottoman administration soured. During the same period the behavior of his troops worsened and turned disastrous. Lack of discipline and contempt for the locals soon created an unbearable situation in Moldavia. The Swedish soldiers behaved badly, destroying, stealing, raping, and killing. Charles XII fell in battle in 1718. In the subsequent peace treaties, the allied powers, joined by Prussia and England-Hanover, ended Sweden's reign as a great power. <br />
<br />
Charles XII (reigned 1697-1718) has stirred great controversy. Although most early-19th-century historians tended to follow Voltaire's lead in bestowing extravagant praise on the warrior-king, others have criticized him as a fanatic, a bully, and a bloodthirsty warmonger. A more balanced view suggests a capable military ruler whose oft-reviled peculiarities seemed to have served him well. <br />
===Urbanization===<br />
Between 1570 and 1800 Sweden experienced two periods of urban expansion, ca. 1580-1690 and in the mid-18th century, separated by relative stagnation from the 1690s to about 1720. The initial phase was the more active, including an increase in the percentage of urban dwellers in Stockholm - a pattern comparable to increasing urban populations in other European capital and port cities - as well as the foundation of a number of small new towns. Increasing populations in the small towns of the north and west characterized the second period of urban growth, which began around 1750 in response to shifts in Swedish trade patterns from the Baltic to the North Atlantic.<ref> Sven Lilja, "Swedish Urbanization c. 1570-1800: Chronology, Structure and Causes," ''Scandinavian Journal of History'' 1994 19 (4): 277-308. </ref><br />
<br />
==19th century==<br />
Sweden suffered further territorial losses during the Napoleonic wars and was forced to cede Finland to Russia in 1809. The following year, the Swedish King's adopted heir, French Marshal Bernadotte, was elected Crown Prince as Karl Johan by the Riksdag (parliament). In 1813, his forces joined the allies against Napoleon. The Congress of Vienna compensated Sweden for its lost German territory through a merger of the Swedish and Norwegian crowns in a dual monarchy. Sweden's last war was fought in 1814. It was a brief confrontation with Norway to restrain their demands for independence. The war resulted in Norway entering into union with Sweden, but with its own constitution and parliament. The Sweden-Norway union was peacefully dissolved at Norway's request in 1905. <br />
<br />
Sweden's predominantly agricultural economy shifted gradually from village to private farm-based agriculture during the Industrial Revolution, but this change failed to bring economic and social improvements commensurate with the rate of population growth. About 1 million Swedes immigrated to the United States between 1850 and 1890. <br />
<br />
Sweden experimented briefly with overseas colonies, including "New Sweden" in [[Colonial America]] in the 1640s. Sweden purchased the small Caribbean island of Saint Barthélemy from France in 1784, then sold it back in 1878; the population included slaves until they were freed by the Swedish government in 1847.<ref> Francine M. Mayer, and Carolyn E. Fick, "Before and After Emancipation: Slaves and Free Coloreds of Saint-Barthelemy (French West Indies) in The 19th Century." ''Scandinavian Journal of History'' 1993 18 (4): 251-273. </ref> <br />
====Liberal reform====<br />
The 19th century was marked by the emergence of a liberal opposition press, the abolition of guild monopolies in trade and manufacturing in favor of free enterprise, the introduction of taxation and voting reforms, the installation of a national military service, and the rise in the electorate of three major party groups--Social Democratic Party, Liberal Party, and Conservative Party. <br />
<br />
====Health====<br />
The steady decline of death rates in Sweden began about 1810. For men and women of working age the death rate trend diverged, however, leading to increased excess male mortality during the first half of the century. There were very high rates of infant and child mortality before 1800, Among infants and children between the ages of one and four smallpox peaked as a cause of death in the 1770s-1780s and declined afterward. Mortality also peaked during this period due to other air-, food-, and waterborne diseases, but these declined as well during the early 19th century. The decline of several diseases during this time created a more favorable environment that increased children's resistance to disease and dramatically lowered child mortality.<ref> Jan Sundin, "Child Mortality and Causes of Death in a Swedish City, 1750-1860." ''Historical Methods'' 1996 29(3): 93-106. </ref> <br />
<br />
The introduction of compulsory gymnastics in Swedish schools in 1880 rested partly on a long tradition, from Renaissance humanism to the Enlightenment, of the importance of physical as well as intellectual training. More immediately, the promotion of gymnastics as a scientifically sound form of physical discipline coincided with the introduction of conscription, which gave the state a strong interest in educating children physically as well as mentally for the role of citizen soldiers.<ref> Jens Ljunggren, "Nation-Building, Primitivism and Manliness: The Issue of Gymnastics in Sweden around 1880". ''Scandinavian Journal of History'' 1996 21 (2): 101-120. </Ref> Skiing is a major recreation in Sweden and its ideological, functional, ecological, and social impact has been great on Swedish nationalism and consciousness. Swedes perceived skiing as virtuous, masculine, heroic, in harmony with nature, and part of the country's culture. A growing awareness of strong national sentiments and an appreciation of natural resources led to the creation of the Swedish Ski Association in 1892 in order to combine nature, leisure, and nationalism. The organization focused its efforts on patriotic, militaristic, heroic, and environmental Swedish traditions as they relate to ski sports and outdoor life.<ref> Sverker Sörlin, "Nature, Skiing and Swedish Nationalism." ''International Journal of the History of Sport'' 1995 12(2): 147-163.</ref> <br />
==20th century==<br />
During and after World War I, in which Sweden remained neutral, the country benefited from the worldwide demand for Swedish steel, ball bearings, wood pulp, and matches. <br />
<br />
===Welfare State===<br />
Swedish integration of socialism and democracy was successful because of the unique way in which Sweden's labor leaders, politicians, and classes cooperated during the early development period of Swedish social democracy. Because Sweden's socialist leaders chose a moderate, reformist political course with broad-based public support prior in the early stages of Swedish industrialization and prior to the full-blown development of Swedish interclass politics, Sweden escaped the severe extremist challenges and political and class divisions that plagued many European countries that attempted to develop social democratic systems after 1911. By dealing early, cooperatively, and effectively with the challenges of industrialization and its impact on Swedish social, political, and economic structures, Swedish social democrats were able to create one of the most successful social democratic systems in the world, with no signs of repression or totalitarianism.<ref> Jae-Hung Ahn, "Ideology and Interest: The Case of Swedish Social Democracy, 1886-1911." ''Politics & Society'' 1996 24(2): 153-187. </ref> <br />
<br />
When the Social Democratic Party came into power in 1932, its leaders introduced a new political decision-making process, which later became known as "the Swedish model." The party took a central role, but tried as far as possible to base its policy on mutual understanding and compromise. Different interest groups were always involved in official committees that preceded government decisions. <br />
<br />
Foreign policy concerns in the 1930s centered on Soviet and German expansionism, which stimulated abortive efforts at Nordic defense cooperation. Sweden followed a policy of armed neutrality during World War II (although thousands of Swedish volunteers fought in the [[Winter War]] against the Soviets); however, it did permit German troops to pass through its territory to and from occupation duties in its neighbour, [[Norway]], and it supplied the Nazi regime with steel and much needed ball-bearings.<br />
<br />
==Recent history==<br />
Sweden for 200 years has been nonaligned and avoided all wars; it sat out the [[Cold War]] as a neutral. Its cultural and economic ties were very largely with Western Europe. <br />
<br />
Postwar prosperity provided the foundations for the social welfare policies characteristic of modern Sweden. <br />
<br />
Despite extensive social welfare programs, financed by high taxes, Sweden remains a capitalist country, and the main industries and banks are privately owned. Sweden enjoyed excellent economic performance until the world crisis of the 1970s, after that, economic efficiency declined considerably. Prior to 1983, Sweden and other northern European social democracies experienced full employment, large social benefits, modest income in equality, and a near total abolition of poverty. After 1983 unemployment became a major problem. The distance between the political parties narrowed after 1968, as the Social Democrats and the middle class parties grew more similar. <br />
<br />
Sweden became a member of the [[European Union]] (EU) in 1995. In September 2003 Sweden held a referendum on entering the European Monetary Union. The Swedish people rejected participation, with 56% voting against and 42% for. All parliamentary parties pledged to respect the outcome of the referendum. No new referendum is planned for the foreseeable future.<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
===Surveys===<br />
* Derry, Thomas Kingston. ''A History of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Iceland.'' (1979). 447 pp.<br />
* Kent, Neil. ''A Concise History of Sweden'' (2008), 314pp [http://www.amazon.com/Concise-History-Sweden-Cambridge-Histories/dp/0521012279/ref=sr_oe_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241590510&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Magnusson, Lars. ''An Economic History of Sweden'' (2000) [http://www.questia.com/read/102808427?title=An%20Economic%20History%20of%20Sweden online edition]<br />
* Moberg, Vilhelm, and Paul Britten Austin. ''A History of the Swedish People: Volume 1: From Prehistory to the Renaissance,'' (2005); ''A History of the Swedish People: Volume II: From Renaissance to Revolution'' (2005)<br />
* Nordstrom, Byron J. ''The History of Sweden'' (2002) [http://www.amazon.com/History-Sweden-Greenwood-Histories-Nations/dp/0313312583/ref=sr_1_21?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241584511&sr=1-21 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Scott, Franklin D. ''Sweden: The Nation's History'' (1988), survey by leading scholar; [http://www.amazon.com/Sweden-Enlarged-Franklin-D-Scott/dp/0809314894/ref=sr_1_11?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241584198&sr=1-11 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Sprague, Martina. ''Sweden: An Illustrated History'' (2005) [http://www.amazon.com/Sweden-Illustrated-History-Histories-Hippocrene/dp/0781811147/ref=sr_1_15?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241584511&sr=1-15 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Warme, Lars G., ed. ''A History of Swedish Literature.'' (1996). 585 pp.<br />
===Pre 1700===<br />
* Forte, Angelo. Oram, Richard. Pedersen, Frederik. ''Viking Empires''. (2005)<br />
* Hudson, Benjamin. ''Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in North America''. (2005).<br />
* Moberg, Vilhelm, and Paul Britten Austin. ''A History of the Swedish People: Volume 1: From Prehistory to the Renaissance,'' (2005)<br />
* Österberg, Eva. ''Mentalities and Other Realities: Essays in Medieval and Early Modern Scandinavian History.'' Lund U. Press, 1991. 207 pp.<br />
* Österberg, Eva and Lindström, Dag. ''Crime and Social Control in Medieval and Early Modern Swedish Towns.'' (1988). 169 pp.<br />
* Porshnev, B. F. and Paul Dukes, eds. ''Muscovy and Sweden in the Thirty Years' War, 1630-1635.'' (1996). 256 pp. <br />
* Roberts, Michael. ''From Oxenstierna to Charles XII. Four Studies.'' (1991). 203 pp.<br />
* Roberts, Michael. ''The Swedish Imperial Experience, 1560-1718.'' (1979). 156 pp.<br />
===Since 1700===<br />
* Chatterton, Mark. ''Saab: The Innovator.'' (1980). 160 pp.<br />
* Frängsmyr, Tore, ed. ''Science in Sweden: The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 1739-1989.'' (1989). 291 pp.<br />
* Fry, John A., ed. ''Limits of the Welfare State: Critical Views on Post-War Sweden.'' (1979). 234 pp.<br />
* Gustavson, Carl G. ''The Small Giant: Sweden Enters the Industrial Era.'' (1986). 364 pp.<br />
* Hodgson, Antony. ''Scandinavian Music: Finland and Sweden.'' (1985). 224 pp.<br />
* Hoppe, Göran and Langton, John. ''Peasantry to Capitalism: Western Östergötland in the Nineteenth Century.'' (1995). 457 pp.<br />
* Lewin, Leif. ''Ideology and Strategy: A Century of Swedish Politics.'' (1988). 344 pp.<br />
* Metcalf, Michael F., ed. ''The Riksdag: A History of the Swedish Parliament.'' (1987). 347 pp.<br />
* Misgeld, Klaus; Molin, Karl; and Amark, Klas. ''Creating Social Democracy: A Century of the Social Democratic Labor Party in Sweden.'' (1993). 500 pp.<br />
* Moberg, Vilhelm, and Paul Britten Austin. ''A History of the Swedish People: Volume II: From Renaissance to Revolution'' (2005)<br />
* Olsen, Gregg M. "Half Empty or Half Full? the Swedish Welfare State in Transition." ''Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology''. v. 16 #2 (1999) pp 241+. [http://www.questia.com/read/5001258602?title=Half%20Empty%20or%20Half%20Full%3f%20the%20Swedish%20Welfare%20State%20in%20Transition online edition]<br />
* Palmer, Alan. ''Bernadotte: Napoleon's Marshal, Sweden's King.'' (1991). 285 pp.<br />
* Pred, Allan. ''Lost Words and Lost Worlds: Modernity and the Language of Everyday Life in Late Nineteenth-Century Stockholm.'' (1990). 298 pp.<br />
* Pred, Allan Richard. ''Place, Practice and Structure: Social and Spatial Transformation in Southern Sweden, 1750-1850.'' (1986). 268 pp.<br />
* Roberts, Michael. ''The Age of Liberty: Sweden, 1719-1772.'' (1986). 233 pp.<br />
* Söderberg, Johan et al. ''A Stagnating Metropolis: The Economy and Demography of Stockholm, 1750-1850.'' (1991). 234 pp.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.historyofnations.net/europe/sweden.html History of Sweden]<br />
* [http://www.sci.fi/~fta/f19-1.htm F19, Swedish Volunteer Unit in Finland during the Winter War]<br />
* [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2880.htm source for parts of this article; not copyright]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sweden]]<br />
[[Category:European History]]<br />
[[Category:Medieval History]]</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=History_of_Sweden&diff=660718History of Sweden2009-05-06T12:51:59Z<p>Leopeo: /* Early Modern */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''[[Sweden]]''' has a history stretching 14 centuries. [[Image:1500BALT.JPG|thumb|400px|the Baltic region in 1500]]<br />
<br />
==Middle Ages==<br />
During the seventh and eighth centuries, the Swedes were merchant seamen well known for their far-reaching trade. In the ninth century, Nordic Vikings raided and ravaged the European continent as far as the Black and Caspian Seas. During the 11th and 12th centuries, Sweden gradually became a unified Christian kingdom that later included Finland. Queen Margaret of Denmark united all the Nordic lands in the "Kalmar Union" in 1397. Continual tension within the countries and within the union gradually led to open conflict between the Swedes and the Danes in the 15th century. The union's final disintegration in the early 16th century brought on a long-lived rivalry between Norway and Denmark on one side and Sweden and Finland on the other. <br />
==Early Modern==<br />
<br />
In the 16th century, Gustav Vasa fought for an independent Sweden, crushing an attempt to restore the Kalmar Union and laying the foundation for modern Sweden. At the same time, he broke with the Catholic Church and established the Reformation. [[Lutheranism]] became the state religion. During the 17th century, after winning wars against Denmark, Russia, and Poland, Sweden-Finland (with scarcely more than 1 million inhabitants) emerged as a great power. Its contributions during the Thirty Years War under King [[Gustavus Adolphus]] determined the political as well as the religious balance of power in Europe. A notable military victory for Gustavus Adolphus was the battle of Breitenfeld (1631). By 1658, Sweden ruled several provinces of Denmark as well as what is now Finland, Ingermanland (in which St. Petersburg is located), Estonia, Latvia, and important coastal towns and other areas of northern Germany. <br />
<br />
Russia, Saxony-Poland, and Denmark-Norway pooled their power in 1700 and attacked the Swedish-Finnish empire. Although the young Swedish King [[Charles XII]] won spectacular victories in the early years of the Great Northern War, most notably in the Battle of Narva (1700), his plan to attack Moscow and force Russia into peace proved too ambitious. <br />
<br />
Following the disastrous defeat inflicted on his army by the Russians at Poltava on 27 June 1709, Charles XII and the remnants of his army fled into Ottoman territory. The initial admiration with which his hosts greeted him turned soon into embarrassment and despair. Indeed, the king of Sweden had no intention of leaving the [[Ottoman Empire]] unless it joined him in a new war against Tsar [[Peter I]] of Russia. In order to force the recalcitrant Ottoman government to follow his policies, he established, from his camp, a powerful political network in Constantinople, which was joined even by the mother of the sultan. Charles's persistence worked, as Peter's army was checked by Ottoman troops. However, Turkish failure to pursue the victory enraged Charles and from that moment his relations with the Ottoman administration soured. During the same period the behavior of his troops worsened and turned disastrous. Lack of discipline and contempt for the locals soon created an unbearable situation in Moldavia. The Swedish soldiers behaved badly, destroying, stealing, raping, and killing. Charles XII he fell in battle in 1718. In the subsequent peace treaties, the allied powers, joined by Prussia and England-Hanover, ended Sweden's reign as a great power. <br />
<br />
Charles XII (reigned 1697-1718) has stirred great controversy. Although most early-19th-century historians tended to follow Voltaire's lead in bestowing extravagant praise on the warrior-king, others have criticized him as a fanatic, a bully, and a bloodthirsty warmonger. A more balanced view suggests a capable military ruler whose oft-reviled peculiarities seemed to have served him well. <br />
===Urbanization===<br />
Between 1570 and 1800 Sweden experienced two periods of urban expansion, ca. 1580-1690 and in the mid-18th century, separated by relative stagnation from the 1690s to about 1720. The initial phase was the more active, including an increase in the percentage of urban dwellers in Stockholm - a pattern comparable to increasing urban populations in other European capital and port cities - as well as the foundation of a number of small new towns. Increasing populations in the small towns of the north and west characterized the second period of urban growth, which began around 1750 in response to shifts in Swedish trade patterns from the Baltic to the North Atlantic.<ref> Sven Lilja, "Swedish Urbanization c. 1570-1800: Chronology, Structure and Causes," ''Scandinavian Journal of History'' 1994 19 (4): 277-308. </ref><br />
<br />
==19th century==<br />
Sweden suffered further territorial losses during the Napoleonic wars and was forced to cede Finland to Russia in 1809. The following year, the Swedish King's adopted heir, French Marshal Bernadotte, was elected Crown Prince as Karl Johan by the Riksdag (parliament). In 1813, his forces joined the allies against Napoleon. The Congress of Vienna compensated Sweden for its lost German territory through a merger of the Swedish and Norwegian crowns in a dual monarchy. Sweden's last war was fought in 1814. It was a brief confrontation with Norway to restrain their demands for independence. The war resulted in Norway entering into union with Sweden, but with its own constitution and parliament. The Sweden-Norway union was peacefully dissolved at Norway's request in 1905. <br />
<br />
Sweden's predominantly agricultural economy shifted gradually from village to private farm-based agriculture during the Industrial Revolution, but this change failed to bring economic and social improvements commensurate with the rate of population growth. About 1 million Swedes immigrated to the United States between 1850 and 1890. <br />
<br />
Sweden experimented briefly with overseas colonies, including "New Sweden" in [[Colonial America]] in the 1640s. Sweden purchased the small Caribbean island of Saint Barthélemy from France in 1784, then sold it back in 1878; the population included slaves until they were freed by the Swedish government in 1847.<ref> Francine M. Mayer, and Carolyn E. Fick, "Before and After Emancipation: Slaves and Free Coloreds of Saint-Barthelemy (French West Indies) in The 19th Century." ''Scandinavian Journal of History'' 1993 18 (4): 251-273. </ref> <br />
====Liberal reform====<br />
The 19th century was marked by the emergence of a liberal opposition press, the abolition of guild monopolies in trade and manufacturing in favor of free enterprise, the introduction of taxation and voting reforms, the installation of a national military service, and the rise in the electorate of three major party groups--Social Democratic Party, Liberal Party, and Conservative Party. <br />
<br />
====Health====<br />
The steady decline of death rates in Sweden began about 1810. For men and women of working age the death rate trend diverged, however, leading to increased excess male mortality during the first half of the century. There were very high rates of infant and child mortality before 1800, Among infants and children between the ages of one and four smallpox peaked as a cause of death in the 1770s-1780s and declined afterward. Mortality also peaked during this period due to other air-, food-, and waterborne diseases, but these declined as well during the early 19th century. The decline of several diseases during this time created a more favorable environment that increased children's resistance to disease and dramatically lowered child mortality.<ref> Jan Sundin, "Child Mortality and Causes of Death in a Swedish City, 1750-1860." ''Historical Methods'' 1996 29(3): 93-106. </ref> <br />
<br />
The introduction of compulsory gymnastics in Swedish schools in 1880 rested partly on a long tradition, from Renaissance humanism to the Enlightenment, of the importance of physical as well as intellectual training. More immediately, the promotion of gymnastics as a scientifically sound form of physical discipline coincided with the introduction of conscription, which gave the state a strong interest in educating children physically as well as mentally for the role of citizen soldiers.<ref> Jens Ljunggren, "Nation-Building, Primitivism and Manliness: The Issue of Gymnastics in Sweden around 1880". ''Scandinavian Journal of History'' 1996 21 (2): 101-120. </Ref> Skiing is a major recreation in Sweden and its ideological, functional, ecological, and social impact has been great on Swedish nationalism and consciousness. Swedes perceived skiing as virtuous, masculine, heroic, in harmony with nature, and part of the country's culture. A growing awareness of strong national sentiments and an appreciation of natural resources led to the creation of the Swedish Ski Association in 1892 in order to combine nature, leisure, and nationalism. The organization focused its efforts on patriotic, militaristic, heroic, and environmental Swedish traditions as they relate to ski sports and outdoor life.<ref> Sverker Sörlin, "Nature, Skiing and Swedish Nationalism." ''International Journal of the History of Sport'' 1995 12(2): 147-163.</ref> <br />
==20th century==<br />
During and after World War I, in which Sweden remained neutral, the country benefited from the worldwide demand for Swedish steel, ball bearings, wood pulp, and matches. <br />
<br />
===Welfare State===<br />
Swedish integration of socialism and democracy was successful because of the unique way in which Sweden's labor leaders, politicians, and classes cooperated during the early development period of Swedish social democracy. Because Sweden's socialist leaders chose a moderate, reformist political course with broad-based public support prior in the early stages of Swedish industrialization and prior to the full-blown development of Swedish interclass politics, Sweden escaped the severe extremist challenges and political and class divisions that plagued many European countries that attempted to develop social democratic systems after 1911. By dealing early, cooperatively, and effectively with the challenges of industrialization and its impact on Swedish social, political, and economic structures, Swedish social democrats were able to create one of the most successful social democratic systems in the world, with no signs of repression or totalitarianism.<ref> Jae-Hung Ahn, "Ideology and Interest: The Case of Swedish Social Democracy, 1886-1911." ''Politics & Society'' 1996 24(2): 153-187. </ref> <br />
<br />
When the Social Democratic Party came into power in 1932, its leaders introduced a new political decision-making process, which later became known as "the Swedish model." The party took a central role, but tried as far as possible to base its policy on mutual understanding and compromise. Different interest groups were always involved in official committees that preceded government decisions. <br />
<br />
Foreign policy concerns in the 1930s centered on Soviet and German expansionism, which stimulated abortive efforts at Nordic defense cooperation. Sweden followed a policy of armed neutrality during World War II (although thousands of Swedish volunteers fought in the [[Winter War]] against the Soviets); however, it did permit German troops to pass through its territory to and from occupation duties in its neighbour, [[Norway]], and it supplied the Nazi regime with steel and much needed ball-bearings.<br />
<br />
==Recent history==<br />
Sweden for 200 years has been nonaligned and avoided all wars; it sat out the [[Cold War]] as a neutral. Its cultural and economic ties were very largely with Western Europe. <br />
<br />
Postwar prosperity provided the foundations for the social welfare policies characteristic of modern Sweden. <br />
<br />
Despite extensive social welfare programs, financed by high taxes, Sweden remains a capitalist country, and the main industries and banks are privately owned. Sweden enjoyed excellent economic performance until the world crisis of the 1970s, after that, economic efficiency declined considerably. Prior to 1983, Sweden and other northern European social democracies experienced full employment, large social benefits, modest income in equality, and a near total abolition of poverty. After 1983 unemployment became a major problem. The distance between the political parties narrowed after 1968, as the Social Democrats and the middle class parties grew more similar. <br />
<br />
Sweden became a member of the [[European Union]] (EU) in 1995. In September 2003 Sweden held a referendum on entering the European Monetary Union. The Swedish people rejected participation, with 56% voting against and 42% for. All parliamentary parties pledged to respect the outcome of the referendum. No new referendum is planned for the foreseeable future.<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
===Surveys===<br />
* Derry, Thomas Kingston. ''A History of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Iceland.'' (1979). 447 pp.<br />
* Kent, Neil. ''A Concise History of Sweden'' (2008), 314pp [http://www.amazon.com/Concise-History-Sweden-Cambridge-Histories/dp/0521012279/ref=sr_oe_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241590510&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Magnusson, Lars. ''An Economic History of Sweden'' (2000) [http://www.questia.com/read/102808427?title=An%20Economic%20History%20of%20Sweden online edition]<br />
* Moberg, Vilhelm, and Paul Britten Austin. ''A History of the Swedish People: Volume 1: From Prehistory to the Renaissance,'' (2005); ''A History of the Swedish People: Volume II: From Renaissance to Revolution'' (2005)<br />
* Nordstrom, Byron J. ''The History of Sweden'' (2002) [http://www.amazon.com/History-Sweden-Greenwood-Histories-Nations/dp/0313312583/ref=sr_1_21?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241584511&sr=1-21 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Scott, Franklin D. ''Sweden: The Nation's History'' (1988), survey by leading scholar; [http://www.amazon.com/Sweden-Enlarged-Franklin-D-Scott/dp/0809314894/ref=sr_1_11?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241584198&sr=1-11 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Sprague, Martina. ''Sweden: An Illustrated History'' (2005) [http://www.amazon.com/Sweden-Illustrated-History-Histories-Hippocrene/dp/0781811147/ref=sr_1_15?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241584511&sr=1-15 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Warme, Lars G., ed. ''A History of Swedish Literature.'' (1996). 585 pp.<br />
===Pre 1700===<br />
* Forte, Angelo. Oram, Richard. Pedersen, Frederik. ''Viking Empires''. (2005)<br />
* Hudson, Benjamin. ''Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in North America''. (2005).<br />
* Moberg, Vilhelm, and Paul Britten Austin. ''A History of the Swedish People: Volume 1: From Prehistory to the Renaissance,'' (2005)<br />
* Österberg, Eva. ''Mentalities and Other Realities: Essays in Medieval and Early Modern Scandinavian History.'' Lund U. Press, 1991. 207 pp.<br />
* Österberg, Eva and Lindström, Dag. ''Crime and Social Control in Medieval and Early Modern Swedish Towns.'' (1988). 169 pp.<br />
* Porshnev, B. F. and Paul Dukes, eds. ''Muscovy and Sweden in the Thirty Years' War, 1630-1635.'' (1996). 256 pp. <br />
* Roberts, Michael. ''From Oxenstierna to Charles XII. Four Studies.'' (1991). 203 pp.<br />
* Roberts, Michael. ''The Swedish Imperial Experience, 1560-1718.'' (1979). 156 pp.<br />
===Since 1700===<br />
* Chatterton, Mark. ''Saab: The Innovator.'' (1980). 160 pp.<br />
* Frängsmyr, Tore, ed. ''Science in Sweden: The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 1739-1989.'' (1989). 291 pp.<br />
* Fry, John A., ed. ''Limits of the Welfare State: Critical Views on Post-War Sweden.'' (1979). 234 pp.<br />
* Gustavson, Carl G. ''The Small Giant: Sweden Enters the Industrial Era.'' (1986). 364 pp.<br />
* Hodgson, Antony. ''Scandinavian Music: Finland and Sweden.'' (1985). 224 pp.<br />
* Hoppe, Göran and Langton, John. ''Peasantry to Capitalism: Western Östergötland in the Nineteenth Century.'' (1995). 457 pp.<br />
* Lewin, Leif. ''Ideology and Strategy: A Century of Swedish Politics.'' (1988). 344 pp.<br />
* Metcalf, Michael F., ed. ''The Riksdag: A History of the Swedish Parliament.'' (1987). 347 pp.<br />
* Misgeld, Klaus; Molin, Karl; and Amark, Klas. ''Creating Social Democracy: A Century of the Social Democratic Labor Party in Sweden.'' (1993). 500 pp.<br />
* Moberg, Vilhelm, and Paul Britten Austin. ''A History of the Swedish People: Volume II: From Renaissance to Revolution'' (2005)<br />
* Olsen, Gregg M. "Half Empty or Half Full? the Swedish Welfare State in Transition." ''Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology''. v. 16 #2 (1999) pp 241+. [http://www.questia.com/read/5001258602?title=Half%20Empty%20or%20Half%20Full%3f%20the%20Swedish%20Welfare%20State%20in%20Transition online edition]<br />
* Palmer, Alan. ''Bernadotte: Napoleon's Marshal, Sweden's King.'' (1991). 285 pp.<br />
* Pred, Allan. ''Lost Words and Lost Worlds: Modernity and the Language of Everyday Life in Late Nineteenth-Century Stockholm.'' (1990). 298 pp.<br />
* Pred, Allan Richard. ''Place, Practice and Structure: Social and Spatial Transformation in Southern Sweden, 1750-1850.'' (1986). 268 pp.<br />
* Roberts, Michael. ''The Age of Liberty: Sweden, 1719-1772.'' (1986). 233 pp.<br />
* Söderberg, Johan et al. ''A Stagnating Metropolis: The Economy and Demography of Stockholm, 1750-1850.'' (1991). 234 pp.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.historyofnations.net/europe/sweden.html History of Sweden]<br />
* [http://www.sci.fi/~fta/f19-1.htm F19, Swedish Volunteer Unit in Finland during the Winter War]<br />
* [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2880.htm source for parts of this article; not copyright]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sweden]]<br />
[[Category:European History]]<br />
[[Category:Medieval History]]</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=History_of_Sweden&diff=660717History of Sweden2009-05-06T12:50:30Z<p>Leopeo: /* Early Modern */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''[[Sweden]]''' has a history stretching 14 centuries. [[Image:1500BALT.JPG|thumb|400px|the Baltic region in 1500]]<br />
<br />
==Middle Ages==<br />
During the seventh and eighth centuries, the Swedes were merchant seamen well known for their far-reaching trade. In the ninth century, Nordic Vikings raided and ravaged the European continent as far as the Black and Caspian Seas. During the 11th and 12th centuries, Sweden gradually became a unified Christian kingdom that later included Finland. Queen Margaret of Denmark united all the Nordic lands in the "Kalmar Union" in 1397. Continual tension within the countries and within the union gradually led to open conflict between the Swedes and the Danes in the 15th century. The union's final disintegration in the early 16th century brought on a long-lived rivalry between Norway and Denmark on one side and Sweden and Finland on the other. <br />
==Early Modern==<br />
<br />
In the 16th century, Gustav Vasa fought for an independent Sweden, crushing an attempt to restore the Kalmar Union and laying the foundation for modern Sweden. At the same time, he broke with the Catholic Church and established the Reformation. [[Lutheranism]] became the state religion. During the 17th century, after winning wars against Denmark, Russia, and Poland, Sweden-Finland (with scarcely more than 1 million inhabitants) emerged as a great power. Its contributions during the Thirty Years War under King [[Gustavus Adolphus]] determined the political as well as the religious balance of power in Europe. A notable military victory for Gustavus Adolphus was the battle of Breitenfeld (1631). By 1658, Sweden ruled several provinces of Denmark as well as what is now Finland, Ingermanland (in which St. Petersburg is located), Estonia, Latvia, and important coastal towns and other areas of northern Germany. <br />
<br />
Russia, Saxony-Poland, and Denmark-Norway pooled their power in 1700 and attacked the Swedish-Finnish empire. Although the young Swedish King [[Charles XII]] won spectacular victories in the early years of the Great Northern War, his plan to attack Moscow and force Russia into peace proved too ambitious. <br />
<br />
Following the disastrous defeat inflicted on his army by the Russians at Poltava on 27 June 1709, Charles XII and the remnants of his army fled into Ottoman territory. The initial admiration with which his hosts greeted him turned soon into embarrassment and despair. Indeed, the king of Sweden had no intention of leaving the [[Ottoman Empire]] unless it joined him in a new war against Tsar [[Peter I]] of Russia. In order to force the recalcitrant Ottoman government to follow his policies, he established, from his camp, a powerful political network in Constantinople, which was joined even by the mother of the sultan. Charles's persistence worked, as Peter's army was checked by Ottoman troops. However, Turkish failure to pursue the victory enraged Charles and from that moment his relations with the Ottoman administration soured. During the same period the behavior of his troops worsened and turned disastrous. Lack of discipline and contempt for the locals soon created an unbearable situation in Moldavia. The Swedish soldiers behaved badly, destroying, stealing, raping, and killing. Charles XII he fell in battle in 1718. In the subsequent peace treaties, the allied powers, joined by Prussia and England-Hanover, ended Sweden's reign as a great power. <br />
<br />
Charles XII (reigned 1697-1718) has stirred great controversy. Although most early-19th-century historians tended to follow Voltaire's lead in bestowing extravagant praise on the warrior-king, others have criticized him as a fanatic, a bully, and a bloodthirsty warmonger. A more balanced view suggests a capable military ruler whose oft-reviled peculiarities seemed to have served him well. <br />
===Urbanization===<br />
Between 1570 and 1800 Sweden experienced two periods of urban expansion, ca. 1580-1690 and in the mid-18th century, separated by relative stagnation from the 1690s to about 1720. The initial phase was the more active, including an increase in the percentage of urban dwellers in Stockholm - a pattern comparable to increasing urban populations in other European capital and port cities - as well as the foundation of a number of small new towns. Increasing populations in the small towns of the north and west characterized the second period of urban growth, which began around 1750 in response to shifts in Swedish trade patterns from the Baltic to the North Atlantic.<ref> Sven Lilja, "Swedish Urbanization c. 1570-1800: Chronology, Structure and Causes," ''Scandinavian Journal of History'' 1994 19 (4): 277-308. </ref><br />
<br />
==19th century==<br />
Sweden suffered further territorial losses during the Napoleonic wars and was forced to cede Finland to Russia in 1809. The following year, the Swedish King's adopted heir, French Marshal Bernadotte, was elected Crown Prince as Karl Johan by the Riksdag (parliament). In 1813, his forces joined the allies against Napoleon. The Congress of Vienna compensated Sweden for its lost German territory through a merger of the Swedish and Norwegian crowns in a dual monarchy. Sweden's last war was fought in 1814. It was a brief confrontation with Norway to restrain their demands for independence. The war resulted in Norway entering into union with Sweden, but with its own constitution and parliament. The Sweden-Norway union was peacefully dissolved at Norway's request in 1905. <br />
<br />
Sweden's predominantly agricultural economy shifted gradually from village to private farm-based agriculture during the Industrial Revolution, but this change failed to bring economic and social improvements commensurate with the rate of population growth. About 1 million Swedes immigrated to the United States between 1850 and 1890. <br />
<br />
Sweden experimented briefly with overseas colonies, including "New Sweden" in [[Colonial America]] in the 1640s. Sweden purchased the small Caribbean island of Saint Barthélemy from France in 1784, then sold it back in 1878; the population included slaves until they were freed by the Swedish government in 1847.<ref> Francine M. Mayer, and Carolyn E. Fick, "Before and After Emancipation: Slaves and Free Coloreds of Saint-Barthelemy (French West Indies) in The 19th Century." ''Scandinavian Journal of History'' 1993 18 (4): 251-273. </ref> <br />
====Liberal reform====<br />
The 19th century was marked by the emergence of a liberal opposition press, the abolition of guild monopolies in trade and manufacturing in favor of free enterprise, the introduction of taxation and voting reforms, the installation of a national military service, and the rise in the electorate of three major party groups--Social Democratic Party, Liberal Party, and Conservative Party. <br />
<br />
====Health====<br />
The steady decline of death rates in Sweden began about 1810. For men and women of working age the death rate trend diverged, however, leading to increased excess male mortality during the first half of the century. There were very high rates of infant and child mortality before 1800, Among infants and children between the ages of one and four smallpox peaked as a cause of death in the 1770s-1780s and declined afterward. Mortality also peaked during this period due to other air-, food-, and waterborne diseases, but these declined as well during the early 19th century. The decline of several diseases during this time created a more favorable environment that increased children's resistance to disease and dramatically lowered child mortality.<ref> Jan Sundin, "Child Mortality and Causes of Death in a Swedish City, 1750-1860." ''Historical Methods'' 1996 29(3): 93-106. </ref> <br />
<br />
The introduction of compulsory gymnastics in Swedish schools in 1880 rested partly on a long tradition, from Renaissance humanism to the Enlightenment, of the importance of physical as well as intellectual training. More immediately, the promotion of gymnastics as a scientifically sound form of physical discipline coincided with the introduction of conscription, which gave the state a strong interest in educating children physically as well as mentally for the role of citizen soldiers.<ref> Jens Ljunggren, "Nation-Building, Primitivism and Manliness: The Issue of Gymnastics in Sweden around 1880". ''Scandinavian Journal of History'' 1996 21 (2): 101-120. </Ref> Skiing is a major recreation in Sweden and its ideological, functional, ecological, and social impact has been great on Swedish nationalism and consciousness. Swedes perceived skiing as virtuous, masculine, heroic, in harmony with nature, and part of the country's culture. A growing awareness of strong national sentiments and an appreciation of natural resources led to the creation of the Swedish Ski Association in 1892 in order to combine nature, leisure, and nationalism. The organization focused its efforts on patriotic, militaristic, heroic, and environmental Swedish traditions as they relate to ski sports and outdoor life.<ref> Sverker Sörlin, "Nature, Skiing and Swedish Nationalism." ''International Journal of the History of Sport'' 1995 12(2): 147-163.</ref> <br />
==20th century==<br />
During and after World War I, in which Sweden remained neutral, the country benefited from the worldwide demand for Swedish steel, ball bearings, wood pulp, and matches. <br />
<br />
===Welfare State===<br />
Swedish integration of socialism and democracy was successful because of the unique way in which Sweden's labor leaders, politicians, and classes cooperated during the early development period of Swedish social democracy. Because Sweden's socialist leaders chose a moderate, reformist political course with broad-based public support prior in the early stages of Swedish industrialization and prior to the full-blown development of Swedish interclass politics, Sweden escaped the severe extremist challenges and political and class divisions that plagued many European countries that attempted to develop social democratic systems after 1911. By dealing early, cooperatively, and effectively with the challenges of industrialization and its impact on Swedish social, political, and economic structures, Swedish social democrats were able to create one of the most successful social democratic systems in the world, with no signs of repression or totalitarianism.<ref> Jae-Hung Ahn, "Ideology and Interest: The Case of Swedish Social Democracy, 1886-1911." ''Politics & Society'' 1996 24(2): 153-187. </ref> <br />
<br />
When the Social Democratic Party came into power in 1932, its leaders introduced a new political decision-making process, which later became known as "the Swedish model." The party took a central role, but tried as far as possible to base its policy on mutual understanding and compromise. Different interest groups were always involved in official committees that preceded government decisions. <br />
<br />
Foreign policy concerns in the 1930s centered on Soviet and German expansionism, which stimulated abortive efforts at Nordic defense cooperation. Sweden followed a policy of armed neutrality during World War II (although thousands of Swedish volunteers fought in the [[Winter War]] against the Soviets); however, it did permit German troops to pass through its territory to and from occupation duties in its neighbour, [[Norway]], and it supplied the Nazi regime with steel and much needed ball-bearings.<br />
<br />
==Recent history==<br />
Sweden for 200 years has been nonaligned and avoided all wars; it sat out the [[Cold War]] as a neutral. Its cultural and economic ties were very largely with Western Europe. <br />
<br />
Postwar prosperity provided the foundations for the social welfare policies characteristic of modern Sweden. <br />
<br />
Despite extensive social welfare programs, financed by high taxes, Sweden remains a capitalist country, and the main industries and banks are privately owned. Sweden enjoyed excellent economic performance until the world crisis of the 1970s, after that, economic efficiency declined considerably. Prior to 1983, Sweden and other northern European social democracies experienced full employment, large social benefits, modest income in equality, and a near total abolition of poverty. After 1983 unemployment became a major problem. The distance between the political parties narrowed after 1968, as the Social Democrats and the middle class parties grew more similar. <br />
<br />
Sweden became a member of the [[European Union]] (EU) in 1995. In September 2003 Sweden held a referendum on entering the European Monetary Union. The Swedish people rejected participation, with 56% voting against and 42% for. All parliamentary parties pledged to respect the outcome of the referendum. No new referendum is planned for the foreseeable future.<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
===Surveys===<br />
* Derry, Thomas Kingston. ''A History of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Iceland.'' (1979). 447 pp.<br />
* Kent, Neil. ''A Concise History of Sweden'' (2008), 314pp [http://www.amazon.com/Concise-History-Sweden-Cambridge-Histories/dp/0521012279/ref=sr_oe_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241590510&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Magnusson, Lars. ''An Economic History of Sweden'' (2000) [http://www.questia.com/read/102808427?title=An%20Economic%20History%20of%20Sweden online edition]<br />
* Moberg, Vilhelm, and Paul Britten Austin. ''A History of the Swedish People: Volume 1: From Prehistory to the Renaissance,'' (2005); ''A History of the Swedish People: Volume II: From Renaissance to Revolution'' (2005)<br />
* Nordstrom, Byron J. ''The History of Sweden'' (2002) [http://www.amazon.com/History-Sweden-Greenwood-Histories-Nations/dp/0313312583/ref=sr_1_21?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241584511&sr=1-21 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Scott, Franklin D. ''Sweden: The Nation's History'' (1988), survey by leading scholar; [http://www.amazon.com/Sweden-Enlarged-Franklin-D-Scott/dp/0809314894/ref=sr_1_11?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241584198&sr=1-11 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Sprague, Martina. ''Sweden: An Illustrated History'' (2005) [http://www.amazon.com/Sweden-Illustrated-History-Histories-Hippocrene/dp/0781811147/ref=sr_1_15?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241584511&sr=1-15 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Warme, Lars G., ed. ''A History of Swedish Literature.'' (1996). 585 pp.<br />
===Pre 1700===<br />
* Forte, Angelo. Oram, Richard. Pedersen, Frederik. ''Viking Empires''. (2005)<br />
* Hudson, Benjamin. ''Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in North America''. (2005).<br />
* Moberg, Vilhelm, and Paul Britten Austin. ''A History of the Swedish People: Volume 1: From Prehistory to the Renaissance,'' (2005)<br />
* Österberg, Eva. ''Mentalities and Other Realities: Essays in Medieval and Early Modern Scandinavian History.'' Lund U. Press, 1991. 207 pp.<br />
* Österberg, Eva and Lindström, Dag. ''Crime and Social Control in Medieval and Early Modern Swedish Towns.'' (1988). 169 pp.<br />
* Porshnev, B. F. and Paul Dukes, eds. ''Muscovy and Sweden in the Thirty Years' War, 1630-1635.'' (1996). 256 pp. <br />
* Roberts, Michael. ''From Oxenstierna to Charles XII. Four Studies.'' (1991). 203 pp.<br />
* Roberts, Michael. ''The Swedish Imperial Experience, 1560-1718.'' (1979). 156 pp.<br />
===Since 1700===<br />
* Chatterton, Mark. ''Saab: The Innovator.'' (1980). 160 pp.<br />
* Frängsmyr, Tore, ed. ''Science in Sweden: The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 1739-1989.'' (1989). 291 pp.<br />
* Fry, John A., ed. ''Limits of the Welfare State: Critical Views on Post-War Sweden.'' (1979). 234 pp.<br />
* Gustavson, Carl G. ''The Small Giant: Sweden Enters the Industrial Era.'' (1986). 364 pp.<br />
* Hodgson, Antony. ''Scandinavian Music: Finland and Sweden.'' (1985). 224 pp.<br />
* Hoppe, Göran and Langton, John. ''Peasantry to Capitalism: Western Östergötland in the Nineteenth Century.'' (1995). 457 pp.<br />
* Lewin, Leif. ''Ideology and Strategy: A Century of Swedish Politics.'' (1988). 344 pp.<br />
* Metcalf, Michael F., ed. ''The Riksdag: A History of the Swedish Parliament.'' (1987). 347 pp.<br />
* Misgeld, Klaus; Molin, Karl; and Amark, Klas. ''Creating Social Democracy: A Century of the Social Democratic Labor Party in Sweden.'' (1993). 500 pp.<br />
* Moberg, Vilhelm, and Paul Britten Austin. ''A History of the Swedish People: Volume II: From Renaissance to Revolution'' (2005)<br />
* Olsen, Gregg M. "Half Empty or Half Full? the Swedish Welfare State in Transition." ''Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology''. v. 16 #2 (1999) pp 241+. [http://www.questia.com/read/5001258602?title=Half%20Empty%20or%20Half%20Full%3f%20the%20Swedish%20Welfare%20State%20in%20Transition online edition]<br />
* Palmer, Alan. ''Bernadotte: Napoleon's Marshal, Sweden's King.'' (1991). 285 pp.<br />
* Pred, Allan. ''Lost Words and Lost Worlds: Modernity and the Language of Everyday Life in Late Nineteenth-Century Stockholm.'' (1990). 298 pp.<br />
* Pred, Allan Richard. ''Place, Practice and Structure: Social and Spatial Transformation in Southern Sweden, 1750-1850.'' (1986). 268 pp.<br />
* Roberts, Michael. ''The Age of Liberty: Sweden, 1719-1772.'' (1986). 233 pp.<br />
* Söderberg, Johan et al. ''A Stagnating Metropolis: The Economy and Demography of Stockholm, 1750-1850.'' (1991). 234 pp.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.historyofnations.net/europe/sweden.html History of Sweden]<br />
* [http://www.sci.fi/~fta/f19-1.htm F19, Swedish Volunteer Unit in Finland during the Winter War]<br />
* [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2880.htm source for parts of this article; not copyright]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sweden]]<br />
[[Category:European History]]<br />
[[Category:Medieval History]]</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=History_of_Sweden&diff=660716History of Sweden2009-05-06T12:48:20Z<p>Leopeo: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''[[Sweden]]''' has a history stretching 14 centuries. [[Image:1500BALT.JPG|thumb|400px|the Baltic region in 1500]]<br />
<br />
==Middle Ages==<br />
During the seventh and eighth centuries, the Swedes were merchant seamen well known for their far-reaching trade. In the ninth century, Nordic Vikings raided and ravaged the European continent as far as the Black and Caspian Seas. During the 11th and 12th centuries, Sweden gradually became a unified Christian kingdom that later included Finland. Queen Margaret of Denmark united all the Nordic lands in the "Kalmar Union" in 1397. Continual tension within the countries and within the union gradually led to open conflict between the Swedes and the Danes in the 15th century. The union's final disintegration in the early 16th century brought on a long-lived rivalry between Norway and Denmark on one side and Sweden and Finland on the other. <br />
==Early Modern==<br />
<br />
In the 16th century, Gustav Vasa fought for an independent Sweden, crushing an attempt to restore the Kalmar Union and laying the foundation for modern Sweden. At the same time, he broke with the Catholic Church and established the Reformation. [[Lutheranism]] became the state religion. During the 17th century, after winning wars against Denmark, Russia, and Poland, Sweden-Finland (with scarcely more than 1 million inhabitants) emerged as a great power. Its contributions during the Thirty Years War under King [[Gustavus Adolphus]] determined the political as well as the religious balance of power in Europe. By 1658, Sweden ruled several provinces of Denmark as well as what is now Finland, Ingermanland (in which St. Petersburg is located), Estonia, Latvia, and important coastal towns and other areas of northern Germany. <br />
<br />
Russia, Saxony-Poland, and Denmark-Norway pooled their power in 1700 and attacked the Swedish-Finnish empire. Although the young Swedish King [[Charles XII]] won spectacular victories in the early years of the Great Northern War, his plan to attack Moscow and force Russia into peace proved too ambitious. <br />
<br />
Following the disastrous defeat inflicted on his army by the Russians at Poltava on 27 June 1709, Charles XII and the remnants of his army fled into Ottoman territory. The initial admiration with which his hosts greeted him turned soon into embarrassment and despair. Indeed, the king of Sweden had no intention of leaving the [[Ottoman Empire]] unless it joined him in a new war against Tsar [[Peter I]] of Russia. In order to force the recalcitrant Ottoman government to follow his policies, he established, from his camp, a powerful political network in Constantinople, which was joined even by the mother of the sultan. Charles's persistence worked, as Peter's army was checked by Ottoman troops. However, Turkish failure to pursue the victory enraged Charles and from that moment his relations with the Ottoman administration soured. During the same period the behavior of his troops worsened and turned disastrous. Lack of discipline and contempt for the locals soon created an unbearable situation in Moldavia. The Swedish soldiers behaved badly, destroying, stealing, raping, and killing. Charles XII he fell in battle in 1718. In the subsequent peace treaties, the allied powers, joined by Prussia and England-Hanover, ended Sweden's reign as a great power. <br />
<br />
Charles XII (reigned 1697-1718) has stirred great controversy. Although most early-19th-century historians tended to follow Voltaire's lead in bestowing extravagant praise on the warrior-king, others have criticized him as a fanatic, a bully, and a bloodthirsty warmonger. A more balanced view suggests a capable military ruler whose oft-reviled peculiarities seemed to have served him well. <br />
===Urbanization===<br />
Between 1570 and 1800 Sweden experienced two periods of urban expansion, ca. 1580-1690 and in the mid-18th century, separated by relative stagnation from the 1690s to about 1720. The initial phase was the more active, including an increase in the percentage of urban dwellers in Stockholm - a pattern comparable to increasing urban populations in other European capital and port cities - as well as the foundation of a number of small new towns. Increasing populations in the small towns of the north and west characterized the second period of urban growth, which began around 1750 in response to shifts in Swedish trade patterns from the Baltic to the North Atlantic.<ref> Sven Lilja, "Swedish Urbanization c. 1570-1800: Chronology, Structure and Causes," ''Scandinavian Journal of History'' 1994 19 (4): 277-308. </ref> <br />
==19th century==<br />
Sweden suffered further territorial losses during the Napoleonic wars and was forced to cede Finland to Russia in 1809. The following year, the Swedish King's adopted heir, French Marshal Bernadotte, was elected Crown Prince as Karl Johan by the Riksdag (parliament). In 1813, his forces joined the allies against Napoleon. The Congress of Vienna compensated Sweden for its lost German territory through a merger of the Swedish and Norwegian crowns in a dual monarchy. Sweden's last war was fought in 1814. It was a brief confrontation with Norway to restrain their demands for independence. The war resulted in Norway entering into union with Sweden, but with its own constitution and parliament. The Sweden-Norway union was peacefully dissolved at Norway's request in 1905. <br />
<br />
Sweden's predominantly agricultural economy shifted gradually from village to private farm-based agriculture during the Industrial Revolution, but this change failed to bring economic and social improvements commensurate with the rate of population growth. About 1 million Swedes immigrated to the United States between 1850 and 1890. <br />
<br />
Sweden experimented briefly with overseas colonies, including "New Sweden" in [[Colonial America]] in the 1640s. Sweden purchased the small Caribbean island of Saint Barthélemy from France in 1784, then sold it back in 1878; the population included slaves until they were freed by the Swedish government in 1847.<ref> Francine M. Mayer, and Carolyn E. Fick, "Before and After Emancipation: Slaves and Free Coloreds of Saint-Barthelemy (French West Indies) in The 19th Century." ''Scandinavian Journal of History'' 1993 18 (4): 251-273. </ref> <br />
====Liberal reform====<br />
The 19th century was marked by the emergence of a liberal opposition press, the abolition of guild monopolies in trade and manufacturing in favor of free enterprise, the introduction of taxation and voting reforms, the installation of a national military service, and the rise in the electorate of three major party groups--Social Democratic Party, Liberal Party, and Conservative Party. <br />
<br />
====Health====<br />
The steady decline of death rates in Sweden began about 1810. For men and women of working age the death rate trend diverged, however, leading to increased excess male mortality during the first half of the century. There were very high rates of infant and child mortality before 1800, Among infants and children between the ages of one and four smallpox peaked as a cause of death in the 1770s-1780s and declined afterward. Mortality also peaked during this period due to other air-, food-, and waterborne diseases, but these declined as well during the early 19th century. The decline of several diseases during this time created a more favorable environment that increased children's resistance to disease and dramatically lowered child mortality.<ref> Jan Sundin, "Child Mortality and Causes of Death in a Swedish City, 1750-1860." ''Historical Methods'' 1996 29(3): 93-106. </ref> <br />
<br />
The introduction of compulsory gymnastics in Swedish schools in 1880 rested partly on a long tradition, from Renaissance humanism to the Enlightenment, of the importance of physical as well as intellectual training. More immediately, the promotion of gymnastics as a scientifically sound form of physical discipline coincided with the introduction of conscription, which gave the state a strong interest in educating children physically as well as mentally for the role of citizen soldiers.<ref> Jens Ljunggren, "Nation-Building, Primitivism and Manliness: The Issue of Gymnastics in Sweden around 1880". ''Scandinavian Journal of History'' 1996 21 (2): 101-120. </Ref> Skiing is a major recreation in Sweden and its ideological, functional, ecological, and social impact has been great on Swedish nationalism and consciousness. Swedes perceived skiing as virtuous, masculine, heroic, in harmony with nature, and part of the country's culture. A growing awareness of strong national sentiments and an appreciation of natural resources led to the creation of the Swedish Ski Association in 1892 in order to combine nature, leisure, and nationalism. The organization focused its efforts on patriotic, militaristic, heroic, and environmental Swedish traditions as they relate to ski sports and outdoor life.<ref> Sverker Sörlin, "Nature, Skiing and Swedish Nationalism." ''International Journal of the History of Sport'' 1995 12(2): 147-163.</ref> <br />
==20th century==<br />
During and after World War I, in which Sweden remained neutral, the country benefited from the worldwide demand for Swedish steel, ball bearings, wood pulp, and matches. <br />
<br />
===Welfare State===<br />
Swedish integration of socialism and democracy was successful because of the unique way in which Sweden's labor leaders, politicians, and classes cooperated during the early development period of Swedish social democracy. Because Sweden's socialist leaders chose a moderate, reformist political course with broad-based public support prior in the early stages of Swedish industrialization and prior to the full-blown development of Swedish interclass politics, Sweden escaped the severe extremist challenges and political and class divisions that plagued many European countries that attempted to develop social democratic systems after 1911. By dealing early, cooperatively, and effectively with the challenges of industrialization and its impact on Swedish social, political, and economic structures, Swedish social democrats were able to create one of the most successful social democratic systems in the world, with no signs of repression or totalitarianism.<ref> Jae-Hung Ahn, "Ideology and Interest: The Case of Swedish Social Democracy, 1886-1911." ''Politics & Society'' 1996 24(2): 153-187. </ref> <br />
<br />
When the Social Democratic Party came into power in 1932, its leaders introduced a new political decision-making process, which later became known as "the Swedish model." The party took a central role, but tried as far as possible to base its policy on mutual understanding and compromise. Different interest groups were always involved in official committees that preceded government decisions. <br />
<br />
Foreign policy concerns in the 1930s centered on Soviet and German expansionism, which stimulated abortive efforts at Nordic defense cooperation. Sweden followed a policy of armed neutrality during World War II (although thousands of Swedish volunteers fought in the [[Winter War]] against the Soviets); however, it did permit German troops to pass through its territory to and from occupation duties in its neighbour, [[Norway]], and it supplied the Nazi regime with steel and much needed ball-bearings.<br />
<br />
==Recent history==<br />
Sweden for 200 years has been nonaligned and avoided all wars; it sat out the [[Cold War]] as a neutral. Its cultural and economic ties were very largely with Western Europe. <br />
<br />
Postwar prosperity provided the foundations for the social welfare policies characteristic of modern Sweden. <br />
<br />
Despite extensive social welfare programs, financed by high taxes, Sweden remains a capitalist country, and the main industries and banks are privately owned. Sweden enjoyed excellent economic performance until the world crisis of the 1970s, after that, economic efficiency declined considerably. Prior to 1983, Sweden and other northern European social democracies experienced full employment, large social benefits, modest income in equality, and a near total abolition of poverty. After 1983 unemployment became a major problem. The distance between the political parties narrowed after 1968, as the Social Democrats and the middle class parties grew more similar. <br />
<br />
Sweden became a member of the [[European Union]] (EU) in 1995. In September 2003 Sweden held a referendum on entering the European Monetary Union. The Swedish people rejected participation, with 56% voting against and 42% for. All parliamentary parties pledged to respect the outcome of the referendum. No new referendum is planned for the foreseeable future.<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
===Surveys===<br />
* Derry, Thomas Kingston. ''A History of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Iceland.'' (1979). 447 pp.<br />
* Kent, Neil. ''A Concise History of Sweden'' (2008), 314pp [http://www.amazon.com/Concise-History-Sweden-Cambridge-Histories/dp/0521012279/ref=sr_oe_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241590510&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Magnusson, Lars. ''An Economic History of Sweden'' (2000) [http://www.questia.com/read/102808427?title=An%20Economic%20History%20of%20Sweden online edition]<br />
* Moberg, Vilhelm, and Paul Britten Austin. ''A History of the Swedish People: Volume 1: From Prehistory to the Renaissance,'' (2005); ''A History of the Swedish People: Volume II: From Renaissance to Revolution'' (2005)<br />
* Nordstrom, Byron J. ''The History of Sweden'' (2002) [http://www.amazon.com/History-Sweden-Greenwood-Histories-Nations/dp/0313312583/ref=sr_1_21?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241584511&sr=1-21 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Scott, Franklin D. ''Sweden: The Nation's History'' (1988), survey by leading scholar; [http://www.amazon.com/Sweden-Enlarged-Franklin-D-Scott/dp/0809314894/ref=sr_1_11?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241584198&sr=1-11 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Sprague, Martina. ''Sweden: An Illustrated History'' (2005) [http://www.amazon.com/Sweden-Illustrated-History-Histories-Hippocrene/dp/0781811147/ref=sr_1_15?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241584511&sr=1-15 excerpt and text search]<br />
* Warme, Lars G., ed. ''A History of Swedish Literature.'' (1996). 585 pp.<br />
===Pre 1700===<br />
* Forte, Angelo. Oram, Richard. Pedersen, Frederik. ''Viking Empires''. (2005)<br />
* Hudson, Benjamin. ''Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in North America''. (2005).<br />
* Moberg, Vilhelm, and Paul Britten Austin. ''A History of the Swedish People: Volume 1: From Prehistory to the Renaissance,'' (2005)<br />
* Österberg, Eva. ''Mentalities and Other Realities: Essays in Medieval and Early Modern Scandinavian History.'' Lund U. Press, 1991. 207 pp.<br />
* Österberg, Eva and Lindström, Dag. ''Crime and Social Control in Medieval and Early Modern Swedish Towns.'' (1988). 169 pp.<br />
* Porshnev, B. F. and Paul Dukes, eds. ''Muscovy and Sweden in the Thirty Years' War, 1630-1635.'' (1996). 256 pp. <br />
* Roberts, Michael. ''From Oxenstierna to Charles XII. Four Studies.'' (1991). 203 pp.<br />
* Roberts, Michael. ''The Swedish Imperial Experience, 1560-1718.'' (1979). 156 pp.<br />
===Since 1700===<br />
* Chatterton, Mark. ''Saab: The Innovator.'' (1980). 160 pp.<br />
* Frängsmyr, Tore, ed. ''Science in Sweden: The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 1739-1989.'' (1989). 291 pp.<br />
* Fry, John A., ed. ''Limits of the Welfare State: Critical Views on Post-War Sweden.'' (1979). 234 pp.<br />
* Gustavson, Carl G. ''The Small Giant: Sweden Enters the Industrial Era.'' (1986). 364 pp.<br />
* Hodgson, Antony. ''Scandinavian Music: Finland and Sweden.'' (1985). 224 pp.<br />
* Hoppe, Göran and Langton, John. ''Peasantry to Capitalism: Western Östergötland in the Nineteenth Century.'' (1995). 457 pp.<br />
* Lewin, Leif. ''Ideology and Strategy: A Century of Swedish Politics.'' (1988). 344 pp.<br />
* Metcalf, Michael F., ed. ''The Riksdag: A History of the Swedish Parliament.'' (1987). 347 pp.<br />
* Misgeld, Klaus; Molin, Karl; and Amark, Klas. ''Creating Social Democracy: A Century of the Social Democratic Labor Party in Sweden.'' (1993). 500 pp.<br />
* Moberg, Vilhelm, and Paul Britten Austin. ''A History of the Swedish People: Volume II: From Renaissance to Revolution'' (2005)<br />
* Olsen, Gregg M. "Half Empty or Half Full? the Swedish Welfare State in Transition." ''Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology''. v. 16 #2 (1999) pp 241+. [http://www.questia.com/read/5001258602?title=Half%20Empty%20or%20Half%20Full%3f%20the%20Swedish%20Welfare%20State%20in%20Transition online edition]<br />
* Palmer, Alan. ''Bernadotte: Napoleon's Marshal, Sweden's King.'' (1991). 285 pp.<br />
* Pred, Allan. ''Lost Words and Lost Worlds: Modernity and the Language of Everyday Life in Late Nineteenth-Century Stockholm.'' (1990). 298 pp.<br />
* Pred, Allan Richard. ''Place, Practice and Structure: Social and Spatial Transformation in Southern Sweden, 1750-1850.'' (1986). 268 pp.<br />
* Roberts, Michael. ''The Age of Liberty: Sweden, 1719-1772.'' (1986). 233 pp.<br />
* Söderberg, Johan et al. ''A Stagnating Metropolis: The Economy and Demography of Stockholm, 1750-1850.'' (1991). 234 pp.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.historyofnations.net/europe/sweden.html History of Sweden]<br />
* [http://www.sci.fi/~fta/f19-1.htm F19, Swedish Volunteer Unit in Finland during the Winter War]<br />
* [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2880.htm source for parts of this article; not copyright]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sweden]]<br />
[[Category:European History]]<br />
[[Category:Medieval History]]</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Debate:Can_conservapedia_become_the_next_Wikipedia,_is_this_good_or_bad&diff=522381Debate:Can conservapedia become the next Wikipedia, is this good or bad2008-09-22T22:57:36Z<p>Leopeo: Undo revision 522380 by ReverendAltairia (Talk)From a Reverend!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{debate}}<br />
What is needed is something different than each. Something that is actually unbiased. CP is certainly biased, so is wikipedia, the difference is that on wikipedia the bias is pretty much accidental; people edit wikipedia from all over the world, people of every conceivable religion, certainly liberal beliefs would come from such a diverse background. Most people haven't even heard of CP on the other hand, and it's unlikely that many people that aren't passionately conservative would bother with the site. Certainly the American flag is not going do draw many people from the rest of the world. Most of the articles that have any real content are from the domain of religion/politics, and this obviously is going to create a huge bias in CP. You would be missing knowledge from more than half of the American population, and that isn't good either.-gendoikari4<br />
<br />
Conservapedia in it self is a good idea, but it does have its own flaws, short articles (the page on G W bush on conservapedia is at least 1/8 the size of the wikipedia version) practically no articals on Popular culture(artists, video games, tv shows ect.) the articals are short and could never be used for informative purposes. My question is how can cp ever even compare to wikipedia. what do you think needs to be changened to help Cp thrive?- Serg1<br />
<br />
: One of the biggest concerns of Conservapedia is to counteract a perceived bias of Wikipedia. What this does not address, however, is that Conservapedia is inherently biased in the opposite direction. If it the concern is that it is believed that Wikipedia is biased, then the best counteraction can be to present true objective articles, not ones simply biased in the opposite direction. If Conservapedia can accomplish this, then it can succeed in it can find truth. Otherwise, it is just doing the same things it hates Wikipedia for. -Casi<br />
::Quite so. Wikipedia bias is incidental and reflects the contributors, so that sc-fi is elevated far too highly. However, the aspiration is to impartiality. The intention here is for bias. -Stevendavy<br />
<br />
:Size alone is not the determining factor for Conservapedia. Articles that put together a coherent and factual base of information are more strongly sought. As is apparent, we don't wish to become [[Wikipedia]]; we feel there are many shortcomings in the way that system is run that prevent it from living up to its potential. We don't want to compete with what they are, but would prefer to be what they should have been.<br />
<br />
:CP has continued to both grow and fill out articles. Pop culture is not our primary concern, but that area has been growing as well. While we certainly have areas where continued improvement is sought, many of the predictions of doom sounded in debate pages back around February and March are rather laughable when read today. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 01:53, 27 December 2007 (EST)<br />
<br />
::I do understand that CP is a good idea(the conservative versiion of wikipedia) but really it hasnt met my standards of any wiki(the information on it is too short) I wish that CP can shadow other wikis and (as learn together stated) become what wikipedia should have been And stay that way. Another question is manifested through this conclusion though; How?-Serg1 07:27, 28 december 2007<br />
<br />
:::How do you eat an elephant? -- one bite at a time. While there are a number of short articles, especially in helping to fill out categories and wikilinks, many of the articles that were short 9 months ago have been substantially expanded. Any editors making positive contributions, yourself included, can have a hand in turning this site into the resource that was envisioned upon its creation. Some areas, such as a fluid linking and category structure, have already seen great improvement and are becoming top rate. With each day we continue to improve. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 20:42, 28 December 2007 (EST)<br />
<br />
Conservapedia is far too liberal to be any good. --[[User:Cranky Joe|Cranky Joe]] 06:43, 3 January 2008 (EST)<br />
:Oh dear. I can't agree; Joe, I dare say you almost remind me of the obnoxious type of person that goes around claiming the [[New York Times]] has a conservative bias. In any case, I agree with Casi. The point here should not be to right a conservative article or go on a rant Because We Can. It should be to write an unbiased truth about something. And if we go off simply writing rants, then we will not be considered reliable. Unfortunately, I do think that 65% of the population will be uninterested in ''any'' site that openly identifies with an ideology, so that alone will disqualify CP from contention with WP. [[User:TheEvilSpartan|TheEvilSpartan]] 23:03, 3 January 2008 (EST)<br />
<br />
::I agree with the unbiased truth. However, I think that Conservapedia is not fulfilling its function as unbiased. For example, the article on [[Feminism]] states that "Feminists prefer that women wear pants rather than dresses," which is not true since I know many Feminist women who prefer to wear skirts and dresses as is the overall trend. Feminism falls along a spectrum, which is why the article is polarized. Also, Conservapedia has a considerable amount of internet references rather than scholarly peer-reviewed articles, which significantly undermines its credibility.--[[User:Skeem|Skeem]] 23:01, 28 July 2008 (EDT)<br />
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It should never seek to become Wikipedia, and it never will. Wikipedia tries to be neutral as much as possible. Conservapedia is conservative by definition. Therefore, it will not be used by anyone who isn't a conservative American citizen. People from anywhere else in the world with any other political orientations will not use it. [[User:CappyR|CappyR]] 22:41, 6 January 2008 (EST)<br />
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Conservapedia can certainly become as BIG as Wikipedia if not BIGGER. But CP should possibly consider renaming itself to something less biased than Conservapedia. Even though Wikipedia is extremely liberal, the name itself doesn't imply it. CP on the other hand announces it in it's name as a conservative only source. Perhaps CP should rename itself BiasFreepedia.com. That's my TWO cents. --[[User:Watchman|Watchman]] 23:21, 8 January 2008 (EST)<br />
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I agree, the name(CP0 doesnt seem non biased<br />
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I definitely agree with Casi, and coming from sort of the same direction is that Wikipedia is trying to be a real encycopledia with true information, not true information that is edited to make it suit someones views on how that information should be represented. It is twisting the truth, and that alone makes it unreliable as a mainstream encyclopedia. With that said I am sure many people come here to get the type of 'information' that they seek. I actually think it is rather sad that an encyclopedia used to be something you could rely on, and now it is just another forum for people with a certain way of thinking who are trying their best to make sure others end up with the same belief system as them. Information has nothing to do with opinions...--[[User:Truce|truce]] 20:38, 23 February 2008 (EST)<br />
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to Watchman, I doubt Wikipedia intended to be 'liberal'...it is just the way it has come about. This site intends to be conservative, so I don't think the name should be changed. If the name was changed to something less suspicious it would be deceiving people, unless that is of course what you want...just because you view the information here as being accurate because it accurately expresses your opinions on a subject doesn't make it the truth. --[[User:Truce|truce]] 20:38, 23 February 2008 (EST)<br />
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I do not believe Conservapedia could ever become as big as Wikipedia and if it ever did I think it would be a great shame. A site condemning the 'liberal bias' and condoning conservative and Christian bias, discussing homosexuality, liberal views and atheism in a blatant negative manner only shows how small minded some people are. The fact that the site only allows for American English to be used only supports my theory that it has been organised and created by a group of fascists; whatever happened to freedom of speech? As a British atheist I can't say that I am a fan of this site and I dare say that the majority of British people, regardless of religion, will not be fans because of the site condemning the use of British English; this is why Conservapedia will never be as big as Wikipedia; they are cutting themselves off from potential users. Though I am sure they wouldn't want people who use the British spelling of the English language using their site...funny that us British are being told that our spelling of a language created by us is wrong, specially when the majority of English speaking country spells things our way; not the American. Also funny that Conservapedia exclusively promotes and supports creationism which would suggest that 'God' is omnipotent yet is against homosexuality...if one believes 'God' is omnipotent then one is saying that he/she/it created all life including those homosexuals but if homosexuality is right then surely one is criticising the work of 'God' and saying he/she/it made a mistake; I find that most interesting.<br />
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Dear Brit--- Homosexuality is not the work of GOD, Homosexuality is a choice made by human beings. GOD has given us freedom of will to follow HIS teachings and will or not. You are assuming, without any scientific foundation, that homosexuality is genetic or biological, which the article on this site does not support nor does the scientific community. Reading the complete article first, so you can make an honest and intelligent argument, would be wise, so as not to look the fool. <br />
Concerning the English language, their are many dialects, which result in multiple pronunciations and spellings of words. Your assertion that the rest of the English speaking world follows the British example is rubbish and purposefully deceitful.(a practice commonly used by liberals, due to their lack of core values, lose morals and low intelligence. And in your case, the lack of guts and fortitude to at least sign your online name.) The roots of the English language were indeed "invented" by the Anglo Saxons, with heavy influences from old Norse, German, and French. And as with many languages it has evolved over time, many words used in the U.K. are of American origin and vice versa. Further more, I am forced to use your spelling when I frequent British sites as well, but I'm not whining. Where is Winston Churchill when you need him? Majorpain a.k.a. Mike.<br />
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If the criteria for becoming as big as Wikipedia is as the angry atheist Brit has listed, then it's well worth NOT becoming like Wikipedia. Perhaps, it's the Brits that are polluting our online Wiki-resources with such liberal trash. Go George Washington! Cheers! --[[User:Watchman|Watchman]] 22:37, 13 March 2008 (EDT)<br />
:So many people coming to support the site are not welcome. This is why the site is in decline, the pointless anger against people who would support the poject. It is a problem. I acknowledge that some of my spelling has had to be 'corrected', but the deep suspision of anyone not like enough goes against the broadness stated in the word encyclopedia.[[User:Stevendavy|Stevendavy]] 20 March 2008 (EDT)<br />
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For a start, articles should be licensed under GFDL or CC. Why should anyone be motivated to edit an encyclopedia ''for free'' when their work ends up being owned by that encyclopedia? If I edit conservapedia, can anyone guarantee that my work will not someday fall into someone's hands who will claim exclusive rights over it, without giving me compensation? No. The reason I edit wikipedia is not because I trust the people who run it, but because GFDL guarantees that this will never happen. The wikimedia foundation only owns the servers, not the information on them. If they became corrupt one day and decided to use wikipedia to their personal advantage, somebody would soon create a fork that isn't corrupt. The GFDL allows this. With conservapedia on the other hand there is no guarantee. [[User:Cambrasa|Cambrasa]] 12:22, 16 March 2008 (EDT)<br />
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The problem currently is that various articles are far too biased, and there are too many religious fundamentalists registered on this site. Case in point, historical articles such as "paper" barely has a single paragraph, whereas religious articles such as intelligent design/creationism/etc has many pages.<br />
[[User:Intranetusa|Intranetusa]] 14:12, 16 March 2008 (EDT)<br />
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If you really want to get people to read these articles for more than entertainment or a good laugh then you have to take the subjective entries out of your article text. Too many of your articles on controversial issues end up being nothing more than politically and religiously charged attacks or refutes of direct text from Wikipedia. Every article on here that has more than one line of explanation sounds like nothing more than an argument worthy of the opinion page of a bad news paper. It’s not about being bias or not, it’s about presenting both sides of an argument with as much information as possible and allowing the reader to decide which side they believe. This web site is a giant debate fueled by hate and promotion of fear. For as much respect and love for religion that is expressed here there sure aren’t very many people that have learned from it. So the truth might set you free but a strong opinion despite the facts just makes for good entertainment. --[[User:FactMan|FactMan]] 21:52, 25 March 2008 (EDT)<br />
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This place can't be the next Wikipedia. Wikipedia doesn't have to shut down every night for fear of SUBVERSIVE VANDALS. --[[User:Gulik5|Gulik5]] 21:56, 31 March 2008 (EDT)<br />
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A perceived bias and a genuine bias are two completely different things. Conservapedia tells you about a bias up front, which would scare away anyone looking for a neutral source of information. But those on conservapedia feel that Wiki is biased the other way so they must compensate by leaning conservatively. Typically, those who edit wikipedia are fairly tech savy and probably are fairly young. However, as more people age and they become more familiar with the internet/blogging/etc. , they want to make their voice heard. This argument essentially comes down to older users vs. younger users. Now, I know there has been a trend lately of younger people being more conservative. However, I don't think the trend has changed significantly enough to swing the demographic of young voters over to the Republican side. I don't know who said it or where it is attributed to, but I believe the quote is "If you are young and not liberal, you have no heart. If you are old and are not conservative, you have no brain." Thank you for enduring my rambling. And no, it cannot become the next wikipedia. Anything with a bias up front is not going to gain mainstream attention, especially considering the exposure Wikipedia already has. But hey, articles like this just Conservapedia larger. -[[User:ITfreq51|ITfreq51]] 19 April, 2008<br />
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No. It does not matter whether you view this as good or bad. But the two wikis are based on completely different attitudes and perspectives. Conservapedia is from a conservative, Christian point of view(correct me if I'm wrong), while Wikipedia highlights NPOV, which stands for Neutral Point of View(by that it means that so the articles will not offend a particualr group of people). Both Wikis see each other as biased. Wikipedia appeals to all people because it is intended not to target a specific group or to make specific comments about a group. COnservapedia will appeal to Conservatives, but then maybe not the mainstream. (P.S. If you are against this could you also leave your comment on my [[User talk:Faizaguo|talk page]]? Because my Watchlist is flooded. Thanks)--[[User:Faizaguo|Faizaguo]] 12:43, 18 June 2008 (EDT)<br />
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Can CP become as big as Wiki? Certainly. But we need to point out the outrageous bias that wikipedia stands for and embraces. This bias can be found in almost all articles dealing with issues of contention. NPOV in their eyes is the extreme liberal view, the one that militants will tell you is the only truth. The sad thing is that if we were better organized and had more committed members, Wiki wouldn't be able to get away with the garbage and biases that are so rampant. --[[User:Irpw|Irpw]]<br />
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:I think it would be difficult, because, wikipedia is already so big, and conservapedia is not really that well known.[[User:Red4tribe|Red4tribe]] 12:33, 22 August 2008 (EDT)<br />
::Stout heart! In AD100 the Roman Empire was very big, and [[Christianity]] little known. Out of little acorns, great oaks grow. We may yet be of small consequence (though that is debatable), but in the future...! [[User:Bugler|Bugler]] 17:52, 23 August 2008 (EDT)<br />
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:::Yes, I agree. In term s of quality articles, we have already overtaken the liberals!--American78<br />
::::One major difference here is that original research is allowed (instead of relying on experts in fields that largely have liberal points of view) and instead of neutral POV, a conservative POV is implied, as I understand it. So no, this site won't become wikipedia. [[User:Userafw|Userafw]] 17:52, 4 September 2008 (EDT)<br />
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::::: Because we focus on the truth and eliminate [[liberal bias]], you're right that that site won't become wikipedia.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 17:59, 4 September 2008 (EDT)<br />
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I think that the entire point of Conservapedia is to be conservatively biased. We don't want to become the next Wikipedia. Wikipedia is full of liberal propaganda. In order to counteract Wikipedia's effect, we need to write articles from a conservative viewpoint. Neutrality and impartiality are impossible. Without going into any specific issues, I think that I can confidently say that our content is completely factual and true. If Wikipedia is different from us, it's because they're wrong (probably because they let just anyone edit their articles). Not us. --[[User:GunsandaBible|GunsandaBible]] 12:34, 8 September 2008 (EDT)</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Absolute&diff=522357Absolute2008-09-22T22:27:24Z<p>Leopeo: </p>
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<div>'''Absolute''' describes something that is complete, perfect, pure, unadulterated, unrestricted or unlimited.<br />
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It may also refer to an extreme which cannot be surpassed; e.g. [[absolute zero]] (the lowest possible temperature), absolute [[power]] (the most supreme power).<br />
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The opposite of ''absolute'' in many cases is ''relative''. The [[Fahrenheit]] and [[Celsius]] scales have a relative zero. ''Relative power'' is one that is checked (usually by a [[Parliament]]).<br />
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[[Category:Dictionary]]</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Soccer&diff=520391Soccer2008-09-19T19:05:46Z<p>Leopeo: </p>
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<div>[[Image:800px-Soccer goalkeeper.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Goalkeeper leaping to make a save]]<br />
'''Soccer''' is a sport played with a round ball propelled by a player's foot. It is more commonly known as "'''football'''" outside the [[United States]]. In soccer, players are not allowed to intentionally touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play, with the exception of goalkeepers in a restricted area.<br />
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The game is played between two teams of 11 players (10 out-field players and one goalkeeper each). In official play, there are two 45 [[minute]] halves separated by a 15 minute break known as half-time. Unlike most sports, the clock does not always stop when the ball is not in play. When the ball is knocked out of bounds or a penalty is committed, the clock runs continuously. The referee makes up the lost time by added minutes onto the end of the half known as stoppage or injury time. If both scores are even at the end of regulation time, the game is usually declared a draw. However, in [[knockout cup]] games, there is often an additional period of play consisting of two 15-minute halves. If the scores are still level, the result is decided with a penalty shootout. The set of rules used in soccer are called the [[Laws of the Game]]. <br />
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The game is played on a grass (or artificial grass) pitch with dimensions 90-120 m (100-130 yards) in length and 45-90 m (50-100 yards) in width.<br />
<ref>[http://www.fifa.com/documents/fifa/laws/LOTG2006_e.pdf FIFA Laws of the Game 2006] ''Official FIFA website''</ref><br />
A goal is scored when the ([[sphere|spherical]]) ball is propelled into the opposition net. Each goal is worth one point. <br />
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The word ''soccer'' derived in England as slang for "As<u>soc</u>iation Football", <ref>[http://london.usembassy.gov/rss/transcripts/worldcup2006a.html] ''US Embassy, London'' </ref>, much like "rugger" is slang for [[rugby|<u>rug</u>by]].<br />
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It is the most popular [[team sport]] in the world, described by the legendary Brazilian player, [[Pele]], as "The Beautiful Game". Its governing body is [[FIFA]] (Fédération Internationale de Football Association).<br />
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==Note== <br />
<references/> <br />
<br />
[[Category:Sports]]<br />
[[Category:Football soccer]]<br />
[[Category:Soccer]]</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Punctuation_mark&diff=520374Punctuation mark2008-09-19T18:23:31Z<p>Leopeo: </p>
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<div>A '''punctuation mark''' is one of a set of marks or signs used to clarify meaning by indicating separation of words into sentences and clauses and phrases.<br />
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Examples of punctuation marks include:<br />
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* [[Acute accent]] ('''é''') - The acute accent is a symbol placed over a vowel in some languages, especially [[French]] and [[Italian]].<br />
* [[Ampersand]] ('''&''') - Is used to represent conjunction (the use of the word "and").<br />
* [[Apostrophe]] ('''<nowiki>'</nowiki>''') - Indicates possession, or the omission of one or more letters from a word.<br />
* [[Circumflex]] ('''^''') - An accent placed over a vowel in some languages, especially [[French]] and [[Afrikaans]].<br />
* [[Colon]] (''':''') - Used after a word that introduces a series, or an example, or an explanation.<br />
* [[Comma]] (''',''') - Used to separate words or phrases in a sentence.<br />
* [[Ellipsis]] ('''...''') - Used to indicate that part of a sentence or sequence has been omitted. <br />
* [[Exclamation point]] ('''!''') - Used to stress the preceding point, or to show feeling.<br />
* [[Grave accent]] ('''&egrave;''') - An accent placed over a vowel in some languages, especially [[French]], [[Italian]] and [[Vietnamese]].<br />
* [[Hyphen]] (or dash) ('''-''') - Used to separate the parts of a compound word or noun, or between the syllables of a word when the word has to be divided at the end of a line of text.<br />
* [[Period]] (or full stop) ('''.''') - Used to indicate the end of a declarative sentence to indicate a full stop, or after abbreviations of words.<br />
* [[Question mark]] ('''?''') - Used at the end of a sentence to indicate that a question has been asked.<br />
* [[Quotation mark]] (or inverted commas) (") - Used to attribute the text enclosed within the commas to someone else.<br />
* [[Semicolon]] (''';''') - Used to connect independent clauses; indicates a closer relation than does a period.<br />
* [[Separatrix]] ('''/''') - Used to separate related items of information.<br />
* [[Tilde]] (or swung dash) ('''~''') - Used in text to indicate the omission of a word.<br />
* [[Umlaut]] (or [[trema]]) ('''ü''') - An accent, represented by two dots above the vowel, used in some languages, especially [[German]] and [[Afrikaans]] and Nordic languages like [[Swedish]] and [[Finnish]].<br />
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[[category:Linguistics]]</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Monticello&diff=520365Monticello2008-09-19T17:53:32Z<p>Leopeo: </p>
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<div>[[Image:Montecello.jpg|275px|right]]<br />
'''Monticello''', located in Charlottesville, [[Virginia]], was the estate of [[Thomas Jefferson]].<ref>[http://www.greatbuildings.com/cgi-bin/building_map.cgi? Map of Monticello location]</ref> The word 'Monticello' in Italian means "Little Mountain". The mansion is placed on a mountain in view of [[Virginia University]].<br />
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In 1768, Jefferson unfolded his plans for a Palladian villa, and the work on the building continued until 1824, two years before his death. The construction of the building was sporadic and slow, partly because of debt that Jefferson had accumulated throughout his political career. When Jefferson was president, half of the rooms were not plastered and many lacked floors. <ref>Paul Johnson, A History of the American People, page. 246</ref> Historian Paul Johnson wrote on the complexities of the building,<br />
<blockquote><br />
"The house was full of ingenious but amateurish Heath Robinson devices such as this, many of which do not work to this day. The library consisted not of shelves but of individual boxes stacked on top of each other, a weird arrangement. The dining-room looked into the tea-room and was only closed off by glass doors, shut in the cold weather. The Dome Rome proved an insoluble problem. There was no way to heat it as a chimney flue would have marred its external appearance-the whole point of its existence-so Jefferson could not install a stove."<ref>Paul Johnson, A History of the American People, page. 246</ref><br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
The building was constructed with over a half-million bricks which were baked on a Monticello kilms.<br />
While serving as Minister to France, Jefferson collected trees, paintings and furniture and brought them to his Virginia estate.<ref>http://www.aboutfamouspeople.com/article1015.html </ref><br />
<br />
In 1819, due to financial collapse, Jefferson attempted to but failed to sell Monticello.<ref> Paul Johnson, A History of the American People, page. 248</ref> He died with over $100,000 in debt. After his death, practically everything at Monticello was sold in a auction. In 1926 however, the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation bought much of the property back.<br />
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Monticello is currently open to the public<br />
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==References==<br />
<references/><br />
[[Category:Buildings]]</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Caravaggio&diff=422617Caravaggio2008-04-04T20:46:11Z<p>Leopeo: Redirecting to Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio]]</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Manda&diff=388404Talk:Manda2008-02-15T20:30:41Z<p>Leopeo: </p>
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<div>Please put in paragraphs and make this in a format that matches Conservapedia standards. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 15:01, 15 February 2008 (EST)<br />
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What would be a good category of this kind of articles? --[[User:Leopeo|Leopeo]] 15:30, 15 February 2008 (EST)</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Manda&diff=388403Manda2008-02-15T20:28:51Z<p>Leopeo: </p>
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<div>'''Manda''' is a [[Japan|Japanese]] giant monster, or daikaiju, created and owned by the Japanese company Toho.<br />
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Manda is a giant Asian Dragon, and is either a dark gold or gray color. It is the god/defender of the ancient civilization of Mu, and appears in three films: Atragon, Destroy All Monsters, and Godzilla: Final Wars.<br />
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Manda's history began when the Mu Empire declared war on the world, attacking several American and Japanese submarines. Japan, meanwhile, released a new weapon, the super tri-phibian vessel Atragon. Atragon, originally built to combat America during WWII, proved more than a match for the Mu ships, and invaded the under-water kingdom. In a last ditch effort, the Mu released Manda to attack Atragon. Manda had experiance attacking submarines, but Atragon electrified her hull, forcing Manda to release the ship. Atragon then froze Manda with her secret weapon, the Absolute Zero Cannon. Atragon returned to Japan, while Manda, forgotten, sank to the bottom of the ocean. But Manda was not dead. When the UN established Monster Island in the 60's, Manda was among the island's inmates, beside Godzilla, Mothra, and Rodan. In 1999, when the Killaks took over the island, Manda was released on London as part of the alien's plan to create panic, then was the third monster to appear in Tokyo, behind Rodan and Godzilla. After the monsters were rested from Killak control, Manda was among the monsters who attacked the Killak HQ. When King Ghidorah appeared, Manda did not help its allies by combating the space demon. While this is often seen as cowardice, Manda probably did not want to fight a monster who could breathe lighting, which was fatal to the monster.<br />
<br />
After the Killak defeat, Manda was amoung the monsters who returned to Monster Island, and is seen there at the end of Destroy All Monsters,as well as Godzilla's Revenge and Terror of Mechagodzilla. In the new time line created for Godzilla:Final Wars, Manda and Godzilla are amoung the few monsters not killed by the Earth Defense Forces. After an attack by the monster on Normandy, the EDF sent Gotnego, an updated version of Atragon, to destroy Manda. The two fight under water, and Gotengo uses missiles to open a volcanic vent, causeing the ships hull to heat up and force Manda to release the Gotengo. Manda tries to make another run on Gotengo, but the ship uses the absolute zero cannon to freeze the creature, allowing Gotengo to use her drill to destroy Manda once and for all. It has been speculated that Manda was under the control of the Xillians, like every monster besides Godzilla and Mothra. This is probably not true, as all of the other monsters attacked at the same time, and Manda is not mentioned as having any M base in its blood, while Ebirah, Gigan,and Anguirus, as well as all the other monsters did, and M base was essential to the monster's being controlled by the Xillians.<br />
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[[Category:Manga]]</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Manda&diff=388402Manda2008-02-15T20:27:58Z<p>Leopeo: is the summary of all its adventures necessary?</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Manda''' is a [[Japan|Japanese]] giant monster, or daikaiju, created and owned by the Japanese company Toho.<br />
<br />
Manda is a giant Asian Dragon, and is either a dark gold or gray color. It is the god/defender of the ancient civilization of Mu, and appears in three films: Atragon, Destroy All Monsters, and Godzilla: Final Wars.<br />
<br />
Manda's history began when the Mu Empire declared war on the world, attacking several American and Japanese submarines. Japan, meanwhile, released a new weapon, the super tri-phibian vessel Atragon. Atragon, originally built to combat America during WWII, proved more than a match for the Mu ships, and invaded the under-water kingdom. In a last ditch effort, the Mu released Manda to attack Atragon. Manda had experiance attacking submarines, but Atragon electrified her hull, forcing Manda to release the ship. Atragon then froze Manda with her secret weapon, the Absolute Zero Cannon. Atragon returned to Japan, while Manda, forgotten, sank to the bottom of the ocean. But Manda was not dead. When the UN established Monster Island in the 60's, Manda was among the island's inmates, beside Godzilla, Mothra, and Rodan. In 1999, when the Killaks took over the island, Manda was released on London as part of the alien's plan to create panic, then was the third monster to appear in Tokyo, behind Rodan and Godzilla. After the monsters were rested from Killak control, Manda was among the monsters who attacked the Killak HQ. When King Ghidorah appeared, Manda did not help its allies by combating the space demon. While this is often seen as cowardice, Manda probably did not want to fight a monster who could breathe lighting, which was fatal to the monster.<br />
<br />
After the Killak defeat, Manda was amoung the monsters who returned to Monster Island, and is seen there at the end of Destroy All Monsters,as well as Godzilla's Revenge and Terror of Mechagodzilla. In the new time line created for Godzilla:Final Wars, Manda and Godzilla are amoung the few monsters not killed by the Earth Defense Forces. After an attack by the monster on Normandy, the EDF sent Gotnego, an updated version of Atragon, to destroy Manda. The two fight under water, and Gotengo uses missiles to open a volcanic vent, causeing the ships hull to heat up and force Manda to release the Gotengo. Manda tries to make another run on Gotengo, but the ship uses the absolute zero cannon to freeze the creature, allowing Gotengo to use her drill to destroy Manda once and for all. It has been speculated that Manda was under the control of the Xillians, like every monster besides Godzilla and Mothra. This is probably not true, as all of the other monsters attacked at the same time, and Manda is not mentioned as having any M base in its blood, while Ebirah, Gigan,and Anguirus, as well as all the other monsters did, and M base was essential to the monster's being controlled by the Xillians.</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Espionage&diff=388376Espionage2008-02-15T19:21:41Z<p>Leopeo: widespread, also today</p>
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<div>'''Espionage''' refers to the act of gathering information, generally using subversive [[mean]]s. A person who engages in espionage is called a [[spy]].<br />
<br />
The word ''Espionage'' comes from the [[French]] word ''espionage'', meaning literally "to spy". However, it was the Americans and Russians who made the most historical use of espionage, during the [[Cold War]]. Almost all countries have used espionage, notably [[Israel]][http://www.whatreallyhappened.com/spyring.html], [[Germany]] during [[World War II]], and [[Great Britain]]. Espionage is much less talked about today, except for ''industrial espionage'', which is what happens when one company spies on another one. However, it has been alleged that [[Al Qaeda]] has planted spies in U.S. organizations, as well.<br />
<br />
Famous spies include [[Mata Hari]] and [[Alger Hiss]].<br />
<br />
[[Category:Occupations]]<br />
[[Category:Espionage]]</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Columbine_High_School_Massacre&diff=388237Columbine High School Massacre2008-02-15T14:48:13Z<p>Leopeo: Undo revision 388234 by Special:Contributions/Internetsuperhero (User talk:Internetsuperhero)</p>
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<div>[[Image:Columbine.jpg|right|thumb|Grieving Columbine students]]<br />
'''Columbine massacre ''' refers to a massacre by two students, Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris,<ref>The official report omits how one of the students had been taken off powerful mind-altering medication, which can lead to dangerous conduct.[http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2000/columbine.cd/Pages/SUSPECTS_TEXT.htm]</ref> of 12 students and a coach at Columbine High School in Littleton, [[Colorado]], on April 20, 1999.<br />
<br />
The killers were anti-religion, anti-establishment, antisocial, and anti-gun control; they sought out as victims [[Christianity|Christians]], [[Americans]], and popular athletes. The killers planned their attack beforehand and investigators later found descriptions in their notes about their intentions to kill. <br />
<br />
Politicians cited the massacre in their demands for greater [[gun control]], and congressional [[Democratic Party|Democrats]] held highly publicized hearings to pass gun control legislation. But gun control became an issue that hurt liberal Democratic presidential candidate [[Al Gore]] in 2000, causing him to lose the election by losing the traditionally Democratic state of West Virginia, where the right to bear arms is valued. Since the 2000 election there have not been any significant political demands for gun control. [[Liberal]] [[Socialism|socialist]] filmmaker [[Michael Moore]] used the incident as the backdrop for an anti-gun rights propaganda piece, ''Bowling For Columbine''.<br />
[[Image:Eric harris dylan klebold.jpg|right|thumb|Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, perpetrators of the massacre, caught on Columbine High School's security cameras in the cafeteria shortly before committing suicide.]]<br />
A moving photo gallery of the young students is available online.<ref>http://www.acolumbinesite.com/victim/memoriam.html</ref> Also online is the much-criticized official report of the massacre.<ref>http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2000/columbine.cd/Pages/TOC.htm</ref><br />
<br />
In 2005, Daniel Ledonne of Alamosa, Colorado, created a much-criticized video game called ''Super Columbine Massacre RPG!'' which simulates the school shootings at Columbine.<ref>http://live.canoe.ca/TheShow/Archives/2006/09/14/1839452.html</ref><br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
[[Category:United States History]]<br />
[[Category:School violence]]</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Columbine_High_School_Massacre&diff=388236Columbine High School Massacre2008-02-15T14:47:41Z<p>Leopeo: Undo revision 388235 by Special:Contributions/Internetsuperhero (User talk:Internetsuperhero)</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Columbine.jpg|right|thumb|Grieving Columbine students]]<br />
'''Columbine massacre ''' refers to a massacre by two students, Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris,<ref>The official report omits how one of the students had been taken off powerful mind-altering medication, which can lead to dangerous conduct.[http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2000/columbine.cd/Pages/SUSPECTS_TEXT.htm]</ref> of 12 students and a coach at Columbine High School in Littleton, [[Colorado]], on April 20, 1999.<br />
<br />
The killers were 12 ft tall nazi supermen they sought out as victims [[jew]][[rednecks]], and popular athletes. The killers planned their attack beforehand and investigators later found descriptions in their notes about their intentions to kill. <br />
<br />
Politicians cited the massacre in their demands for greater [[gun control]], and congressional [[Democratic Party|Democrats]] held highly publicized hearings to pass gun control legislation. But gun control became an issue that hurt liberal Democratic presidential candidate [[Al Gore]] in 2000, causing him to lose the election by losing the traditionally Democratic state of West Virginia, where the right to bear arms is valued. Since the 2000 election there have not been any significant political demands for gun control. [[Liberal]] [[Socialism|socialist]] filmmaker [[Michael Moore]] used the incident as the backdrop for an anti-gun rights propaganda piece, ''Bowling For Columbine''.<br />
[[Image:Eric harris dylan klebold.jpg|right|thumb|Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, perpetrators of the massacre, caught on Columbine High School's security cameras in the cafeteria shortly before committing suicide.]]<br />
A moving photo gallery of the young students is available online.<ref>http://www.acolumbinesite.com/victim/memoriam.html</ref> Also online is the much-criticized official report of the massacre.<ref>http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2000/columbine.cd/Pages/TOC.htm</ref><br />
<br />
In 2005, Daniel Ledonne of Alamosa, Colorado, created a much-criticized video game called ''Super Columbine Massacre RPG!'' which simulates the school shootings at Columbine.<ref>http://live.canoe.ca/TheShow/Archives/2006/09/14/1839452.html</ref><br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
[[Category:United States History]]<br />
[[Category:School violence]]</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User_talk:IrishBeryl&diff=387862User talk:IrishBeryl2008-02-14T17:38:56Z<p>Leopeo: New page: Hi Beryl! I try to stay away from controversial topics and improve the site by correcting inaccuracies and adding useful information to articles. On the Special pages link you'll find goo...</p>
<hr />
<div>Hi Beryl!<br />
<br />
I try to stay away from controversial topics and improve the site by correcting inaccuracies and adding useful information to articles. On the Special pages link you'll find good pages to create or improve, such as Wanted pages, Dead End pages, and such. Remember also the 90/10 rule - which I should remember too! --[[User:Leopeo|Leopeo]] 12:38, 14 February 2008 (EST)</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=God_Save_the_Queen&diff=387802God Save the Queen2008-02-14T12:43:52Z<p>Leopeo: /* Lyrics */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''God Save the Queen''' is the national anthem of the [[United Kingdom]]. Words and music are anonymous, though various theories as to authorship exist. The first known performance of the song was at a banquet in London in 1740. A fourth verse was added after the defeat of the Scottish rebellion of 1745, which spoke of crushing the Scots and such like, but was removed in Victorian times as not being particularly conducive to a harmonious union between England and Scotland. A different fourth verse, called the peace verse, was added at the end of the First World War, but this too was later removed. The song has been widely criticised ever since it appeared for its doggeral, schoolboy lyrics, its crude triumphalism, and its frankly appalling tune. And yet, perhaps almost because of these faults, it has gained wide affection amongst countless millions the world over.<br />
<br />
W. S. Gilbert, the librettist and lyricist of the [[Gilbert and Sullivan]] collaboration, professed to know little about music and famously said "I only know two songs. One is God Save the Queen and the other isn't."<ref>[http://www.labsoftware.com/Troupers/pirates2001/glossary_of_obscure_references_i.htm Glossary of Obscure References in ''Pirates'']</ref><br />
<br />
==Lyrics==<br />
<br />
:God save our gracious Queen<br><br />
:Long live our noble Queen,<br><br />
:God save the Queen:<br><br />
:Send her victorious,<br><br />
:Happy and glorious,<br><br />
:Long to reign over us:<br><br />
:God save the Queen.<br><br />
<br />
:O Lord, our God, arise,<br><br />
:Scatter thine enemies,<br><br />
:And make them fall:<br><br />
:Confound their politics,<br><br />
:Frustrate their knavish tricks,<br><br />
:On thee our hopes we fix:<br><br />
:God save us all.<br><br />
<br />
:Thy choicest gifts in store,<br><br />
:On her be pleased to pour;<br><br />
:Long may she reign:<br><br />
:May she defend our laws,<br><br />
:And ever give us cause<br><br />
:To sing with heart and voice<br><br />
:God save the Queen.<br />
<br />
''Note'': When the monarch of the time is male, the word ''Queen'' is replaced with ''King'', ''her'' with ''him'' and ''she'' with ''he''.<br />
<br />
== Outside the United Kingdom ==<br />
In the United States, the same tune is the setting for the familiar patriotic hymn entitled ''America'' (but universally referred to by its first line, "My Country, 'Tis of Thee.")<ref>[http://www.hymnsite.com/lyrics/umh697.sht America (My Country, 'Tis of Thee)]</ref>. It is often sung in elementary schools, perhaps because it is much easier for young children than ''The Star-Spangled Banner.'' The song was written by Samuel F. Smith in 1831 and first performed by Lowell Mason on July 4, 1831, at a children's service at the Park Street Church in Boston, Massachusetts.<ref name=loc>[http://memory.loc.gov/cocoon/ihas/loc.natlib.ihas.200000012/default.html My Country, 'Tis of Thee], Library of Congress American Memory project</ref><br />
<br />
== In popular music ==<br />
An anti-monarchist song, taking its title from the anthem, was a major hit record for the [[Sex Pistols]] in 1977, despite being banned from radio airplay in the United Kingdom.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.navyband.navy.mil/anthems/ANTHEMS/United%20Kingdom.mp3 Lsten to God Save the Queen] performed by the US Navy Band.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:National Anthem|God Save the Queen]][[Category:Patriotic songs]]</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Eye&diff=387517Talk:Eye2008-02-13T17:29:37Z<p>Leopeo: Image</p>
<hr />
<div>==Eye Evolution?==<br />
Should there be a section on this, or should we just ignore that? [[User:Barikada|Barikada]] 22:59, 17 January 2008 (EST)<br />
<br />
== Image ==<br />
<br />
Is the [http://www.conservapedia.com/images/thumb/3/33/Eyeball.jpg/200px-Eyeball.jpg eyeball] image family friendly enough? After all, there is no section on eye surgery in the article, perhaps a more neutral image would be better? --[[User:Leopeo|Leopeo]] 12:29, 13 February 2008 (EST)</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Dot_product&diff=387426Dot product2008-02-13T12:32:06Z<p>Leopeo: de-deadended, improved.</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''dot product''' is defined for two [[Vector|vectors]] X and Y to be:<br />
<br />
: <math>X \cdot Y = |X||Y|\cos\theta</math><br />
<br />
where |x| is the norm and theta is the angle between the vectors.<br />
<br />
Unlike the [[cross product]], the dot product is a [[scalar]], not a vector, and has no direction.<br />
<br />
It follows from the above definition that the dot product of X and Y is 0 if X is perpendicular to Y. <br />
<br />
Alternatively, one can describe the dot product as the length of the geometric projection of X onto Y times the length of Y, when the tails of the two vectors are placed at the same point. It must be remembered though, that the dot product is positive if the angle between the two vectors is less than 90 degrees, negative if the angle is between 90 and 180 degrees.<br />
[[category:mathematics]]<br />
[[category:physics]]</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User_talk:Zoidberg5000&diff=387423User talk:Zoidberg50002008-02-13T12:11:58Z<p>Leopeo: Trying to be sarcastic, sorry</p>
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<div>I expected a better first contribution, given that it took you six months. --[[User:Leopeo|Leopeo]] 07:11, 13 February 2008 (EST)</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Intelligence_testing&diff=387422Intelligence testing2008-02-13T12:06:36Z<p>Leopeo: Undo revision 387421 by Special:Contributions/Zoidberg5000 (User talk:Zoidberg5000)vandalism</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Intelligence testing''' began in an organized way in the early 20th Century with the [[Stanford-Binet]] test. The purpose was to form an estimate of a person's aptitude before investing time and money in their education.<br />
<br />
At the time these tests were developed, medical science and psychology were<br />
in their infancy. Ideas such as [[eugenics]] still had currency, and intelligence tests were used to weed out so-called "defectives". <br />
<br />
Testers classified people as idiots, imbeciles, morons, normal, above average, and geniuses on a numerical scale based on [[mental age]]. For children, dividing the mental age by chronological age produces the [[intelligence quotient]] (IQ) used for placement in slow or rapid classes.<br />
<br />
In the United States, intelligence tests were to classify recruits and draftees for service in World War II. The more technical jobs were assigned to men with higher scores. Sociologists also noted racial differences in IQ scores, and some supposed that these differences were inherent. A controversy over this matter has raged ever since.<br />
<br />
Open questions for psychologists and sociologists focus on what produces differences in [[intelligence]], whether intelligence can be developed or stunted by upbringing and education, and why different [[race]]s or cultural groups have significantly different scores.<br />
<br />
The two main reasons given are:<br />
#that there may be inherent differences between the races<br />
#that upbringing, education and social factors can skew the results<br />
<br />
==Liberal bias==<br />
<br />
The field of intelligence testing has been acrimonious and contentious. Researchers such as [[Arthur Jensen]] and [[Charles Murray]] have been pilloried in the mass media, accused of maintaining views which different or even opposite of their actual views. <ref>Evolution advocate Gould portrays Murray as saying intelligence can be measured with a single number; Murray, of course, makes it clear in his book (as well as in a follow-up retort to Gould) that intelligence is too complex to be measured with a single number. </ref><br />
<br />
One professor had to come to Jensen's defense, after [[Stephen Jay Gould]] attacked him in print:<br />
<br />
:I object to Gould's tendency to visit the alleged sins of early investigators on present day investigators. If Goddard, Brigham, and others once tended to view various human races as relatively superior or inferior in intelligence and therefore relatively worthy or unworthy, this does not mean that present-day investigators, like Jensen (1980) or Rushton (1995), are necessarily guilty of such views. In fact, from my personal acquaintance with Jensen and his publications, I can attest that he does not view the African race (if one accepts that it is a race) as in any way less worthy than other so-called races. [http://www.psych.utoronto.ca/~reingold/courses/intelligence/cache/carroll-gould.html]<br />
<br />
[[Charles Murray]] said:<br />
<br />
*As soon as anyone argues that racial differences in intelligence are authentic, not an artifact of biased tests, everyone decodes that as saying the differences are grounded in genes. It is a non-sequitur, but an invariable one in my experience. America's intellectual elites are hysterical about the possibility of black - white genetic differences in IQ.<br />
*As you know, The Bell Curve actually took a mild, agnostic stand on the subject. Dick Herrnstein and I said that nobody yet knows what the mix between environmental and genetic causes might be, and it makes no practical difference anyway. The only policy implication of the black - white difference, whatever its sources, is that the U.S. should return forthwith to its old ideal of treating people as individuals.<br />
*But how many people know this? No one who hasn't read the book. Everyone went nuts about genes, so much so that most people now believe that race and genes is the main topic of our book. [http://www.eugenics.net/papers/mssel.html]<br />
<br />
The Bell Curve book is not the only controversial study on IQ among different races or groups of people. Danish professor [[Helmuth Nyborg]] has conducted studies of IQ which indicate [[Politically correct language|politically incorrect]] results such as: on average, white people have higher IQs than black people, and men have higher IQs than women. His latest research finds that on average, [[atheists]] have IQs about 5.8 points higher than people of [[faith]], prompting similar outrage among his critics, who claim that such results might be due to cultural biases.[http://danish.newsvine.com/_news/2007/02/05/554043-professor-atheists-are-more-intelligent-than-believers]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.eugenics.net/papers/mssel.html As the Bell Curves] - [[Charles Murray]] and [[Daniel Seligman]] - (Originally published in The National Review, December 8, 1997)<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[category:psychology]]</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Derby&diff=387420Derby2008-02-13T11:53:54Z<p>Leopeo: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Derby''' is a city and is the county town of [[Derbyshire]], [[England]] through which the River Derwent flows. Its population is 221,716 (2001).<br />
<br />
ADtranz (formerly British Rail Engineering Limited) manufacture railway trains in the city and the railway station is a regional interchange. [[Toyota]]'s car factory is in Burnaston, near Derby. [[Rolls Royce]] have facilities in the city. Derby, [[Nottingham]] and [[Leicester]] are served by [[East Midlands Airport]]. [[Derby County F.C.|Derby County Football Club]] play in the [[English Premier League]] (soccer).<br />
<br />
<br />
"'''Derby'''" is also used as a [[Common word|common word]] in sports, meaning an important or traditional game between two teams of the same town. Often the derby is considered more important by the supporters of the teams involved than success in the championship. Traditional derbys in [[Europe|European]] [[soccer]] are the [[Manchester]] derby between Manchester United and Manchester City and the [[Milan]] derby between Internazionale and Milan.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:United Kingdom Towns and Cities]]</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Manchester_City_F.C.&diff=387418Manchester City F.C.2008-02-13T11:45:07Z<p>Leopeo: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Manchester City Football Club'''<ref>http://www.mcfc.co.uk/</ref> is the smaller of two [[English Premier League]] [[soccer]] teams (called [[football]] in England) in the city of [[Manchester]], [[England]]. Usually lying lower in the Premier League than their [[Derby|derby]] rivals, [[Manchester United]], City is managed by the former manager of the English national squad, [[Sven Goran-Eriksson]].<br />
<br />
The team plays at the City of Manchester Stadium, built as the main stadium for the 2002 [[Commonwealth Games]]. The stadium will host the [[UEFA Cup]] Final 2008.<br />
<br />
Currently, the club is owned by the former President of [[Thailand]], [[Thaksin Shinawatra]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<References/><br />
<br />
{{Nb sl english premier}}</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Manchester_City_F.C.&diff=387416Manchester City F.C.2008-02-13T11:44:23Z<p>Leopeo: updated</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Manchester City Football Club'''<ref>http://www.mcfc.co.uk/</ref> is the smaller of two [[English Premier League]] [[soccer]] teams (called [[football]] in England) in the city of [[Manchester]], [[England]]. Usually lying lower in the Premier League than their [[Derby|derby]] rivals, [[Manchester United]], City is managed by the former manager of the English national squad, [[Sven Goran-Eriksson]].<br />
<br />
The team plays at the City of Manchester Stadium, built as the main stadium for the 2002 [[Commonwealth Games]], which will host the [[UEFA Cup]] Final 2008.<br />
<br />
Currently, the club is owned by the former President of [[Thailand]], [[Thaksin Shinawatra]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<References/><br />
<br />
{{Nb sl english premier}}</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Portuguese_language&diff=387412Portuguese language2008-02-13T11:28:30Z<p>Leopeo: typo</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Portuguese''', also ''português'' or ''língua portuguesa'', is a [[Romance Language]] which origniated in [[Portugal]]. Like all Romance languages, Portugese originated from [[Latin]], and the first known use a distinct Portugese was around 900 AD. Portugese is widely spoken in [[Portugal]], [[Angola]], [[Mozambique]], and [[Brazil]]. It has about 230 million speakers worldwide, making it the seventh most widely spoken language in the world.<ref>[http://www.linguaportuguesa.ufrn.br/ A lingua portuguesa] (in Portuguese)</ref><br />
<br />
Portuguese is closely related to [[Spanish]]; it looks similar on the page but sounds very different. There are also differences in [[vocabulary]] and [[pronunciation]] between European and South American Portuguese, much as there are between [[American English]] and [[British English]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Portuguese_language&diff=387411Portuguese language2008-02-13T11:28:01Z<p>Leopeo: Undo revision 387410 by Special:Contributions/Leopeo (User talk:Leopeo)oops</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Portuguese''', also ''português'' or ''língua portuguesa'', is a [[Romance Language]] which origniated in [[Portugal]]. Like all Romance languages, Portugese originated from [[Latin]], and the first known use a distinct Portugese was around 900 AD. Portugese is widely spoken in [[Portugal]], [[Angola]], [[Mozambique]], and [[Brazil]]. It has about 230 million speakers worldwide, making it the seventh most widely spoken language in the world.<ref>[http://www.linguaportuguesa.ufrn.br/ A lingua portuguesa] (in Portugese)</ref><br />
<br />
Portuguese is closely related to [[Spanish]]; it looks similar on the page but sounds very different. There are also differences in [[vocabulary]] and [[pronunciation]] between European and South American Portuguese, much as there are between [[American English]] and [[British English]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Portuguese_language&diff=387410Portuguese language2008-02-13T11:27:04Z<p>Leopeo: typo</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Portuguese''', also ''português'' or ''língua portuguesa'', is a [[Romance Language]] which origniated in [[Portugal]]. Like all Romance languages, Portugese originated from [[Latin]], and the first known use a distinct Portugese was around 900 AD. Portugese is widely spoken in [[Portugal]], [[Angola]], [[Mozambique]], and [[Brazil]]. It has about 230 million speakers worldwide, making it the seventh most widely spoken language in the world.<ref>[http://www.linguaportuguesa.ufrn.br/ A lingua portuguesa] (in Portuguese)</ref><br />
<br />
Portuguese is closely related to [[Spanish]]; it looks similar on the page but sounds very different. There are also differences in [[vocabulary]] and [[pronunciation]] between European and South American Portuguese, much as there are between [[American English]] and [[British English]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages]]http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Portuguese&action=edit<br />
Edit</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&diff=387400Nicolas Sarkozy2008-02-13T11:14:56Z<p>Leopeo: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Nicolas Sarkozy''' (born in 1955) is a [[France|French]] [[conservative]] [[politics|politician]], who was [[2007 French presidential elections|elected]] [[President]] of France on May 6, 2007. <br />
<br />
Sarkozy, 52, an admirer of the [[United States]],<ref>http://www.washtimes.com/op-ed/20070424-102752-8335r.htm</ref> was born in [[Paris]] to a French mother (the daughter of a Greek immigrant) and a [[Hungarian]] father (real name: Sarkozy de Nagy-Bocsa) who had escaped [[Communism]]. Sarkozy attended law school at the University of Paris, and also studied at the Institute of Political Studies. In 1983, at the age of 28, he became [[mayor]] of Neuilly-sur-Seine, a major suburb of Paris. He was elected to [[Parliament]] in 1988 and named minister in 1993. From 2002 to 2007 he served as interior minister and budget minister during which time he burnished his reputation as a tough-on-crime and straightforward politician. On January 14, 2007, he was chosen by the [[UMP|Union pour un Mouvement Populaire]] (UMP), France's main conservative party, as its candidate for president.<br />
<br />
Divorced twice, Sarkozy is father to three sons, Pierre and Jean from his first marriage and Louis from his second.<ref>http://www.support-sarkozy-france.com/nicolas_sarkozy/</ref> He was married for a third time on February 2, 2008, to model and singer [[Carla Bruni]].<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/02/03/europe/03sarkozy.php Elaine Sciolino, "French president and ex-model wed, quietly," ''International Herald Tribune'' 3 Feb. 2008.]</ref><br />
<br />
Sarkozy also has engendered much controversy in France with his advocacy of economic reforms, [[immigration]] controls, a youth employment law that the [[government]] was compelled to repeal by widespread protests,<ref>http://worldnews.about.com/od/france/g/sarkozy_nicolas.htm </ref> and his notorious comment that his intention was to "wash away the scum", when referring to the [[2005 Paris Riots]].<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/france/story/0,,2063783,00.html</ref><br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkozy, Nicholas}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Heads of state]]<br />
[[Category:French People]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/></div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Nicolas_Sarkozy&diff=387399Nicolas Sarkozy2008-02-13T11:13:14Z<p>Leopeo: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Nicolas Sarkozy''' (born in 1955) is a [[France|French]] [[conservative]] [[politics|politician]], who was [[2007 French presidential elections|elected]] [[President]] of France on May 6, 2007. <br />
<br />
Sarkozy, 52, an admirer of the [[United States]],<ref>http://www.washtimes.com/op-ed/20070424-102752-8335r.htm</ref> was born in [[Paris]] to a French mother (the daughter of a Greek immigrant) and a [[Hungarian]] father (real name: Sarkozy de Nagy-Bocsa) who had escaped [[Communism]]. Sarkozy attended law school at the University of Paris, and also studied at the Institute of Political Studies. In 1983, at the age of 28, he became [[mayor]] of Neuilly-sur-Seine, a major suburb of Paris. He was elected to [[Parliament]] in 1988 and named minister in 1993. From 2002 to 2007 he served as interior minister and budget minister during which time he burnished his reputation as a tough-on-crime and straightforward politician. On January 14, 2007, he was chosen by the [[UMP|Union pour un Mouvement Populaire]] (UMP), France's main conservative party, as its candidate for president.<br />
<br />
Married and divorced twice, Sarkozy is father to three sons, Pierre and Jean from his first marriage and Louis from his second.<ref>http://www.support-sarkozy-france.com/nicolas_sarkozy/</ref> He was married for a third time on February 2, 2008, to model and singer [[Carla Bruni]].<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/02/03/europe/03sarkozy.php Elaine Sciolino, "French president and ex-model wed, quietly," ''International Herald Tribune'' 3 Feb. 2008.]</ref><br />
<br />
Sarkozy also has engendered much controversy in France with his advocacy of economic reforms, [[immigration]] controls, a youth employment law that the [[government]] was compelled to repeal by widespread protests,<ref>http://worldnews.about.com/od/france/g/sarkozy_nicolas.htm </ref> and his notorious comment that his intention was to "wash away the scum", when referring to the [[2005 Paris Riots]].<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/france/story/0,,2063783,00.html</ref><br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkozy, Nicholas}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Heads of state]]<br />
[[Category:French People]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/></div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Twelve_Apostles&diff=387398Twelve Apostles2008-02-13T10:50:00Z<p>Leopeo: uniformity</p>
<hr />
<div>'''The Twelve Apostles''' or The Twelve Disciples were the twelve followers of [[Jesus]] while He walked the earth. <br />
<br />
They are [[Saints]] in the [[Catholic]] and [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] traditions except for [[Judas Iscariot]], the traitor of Jesus.<ref>[http://www.keyway.ca/htm2002/whydoit.htm See Why Did He Do It?]</ref><br />
<br />
The Apostles were<br />
<br />
*[[Saint Peter]]<br />
*[[John the Apostle]]<br />
*[[James the Apostle]]<br />
*[[St. James the Less|Saint James the Less]]<br />
*[[Thomas the Apostle]]<br />
*[[Saint Andrew]]<br />
*[[Bartholomew the Apostle]]<br />
*[[Saint Philip]]<br />
*[[Jude the Apostle]]<br />
*[[Simon the Apostle]]<br />
*[[Saint Matthew]]<br />
*[[Judas Iscariot]] <br />
<br />
After the death of Judas (Matt 27:5), his place was taken by:<br />
<br />
*[[Matthias the Apostle]] (Matthias was chosen as an apostle by prayer and lot.)<br />
<br />
<br />
While not one of the Twelve, an Apostle is considered<br />
*[[Paul|Saint Paul]], Apostle of the Gentiles (Years later) <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<References/><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.keyway.ca/htm2002/apostles.htm The Twelve Apostles] Daily Bible Study.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:12 Disciples]]</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Twelve_Apostles&diff=387397Twelve Apostles2008-02-13T10:39:29Z<p>Leopeo: minor corrections and less dramatic</p>
<hr />
<div>'''The Twelve Apostles''' or The Twelve Disciples were the twelve followers of [[Jesus]] while He walked the earth. <br />
<br />
They are [[Saints]] in the [[Catholic]] and [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] traditions except for [[Judas Iscariot]], the traitor of Jesus.<ref>[http://www.keyway.ca/htm2002/whydoit.htm See Why Did He Do It?]</ref><br />
<br />
The Apostles were<br />
<br />
*[[Saint Peter]]<br />
*[[John the Apostle]]<br />
*[[James the Apostle]]<br />
*[[St. James the Less|Saint James the Less]]<br />
*[[Thomas the Apostle]]<br />
*[[Saint Andrew]]<br />
*[[Bartholomew the Apostle]]<br />
*[[Saint Philip]]<br />
*[[Jude the Apostle]]<br />
*[[Simon the Apostle]]<br />
*[[Saint Matthew]]<br />
*[[Judas Iscariot]] <br />
<br />
After the death of Judas (Matt 27:5), his place was taken by:<br />
<br />
*[[Matthias the Apostle]] (Matthias was chosen as an apostle by prayer and lot.)<br />
<br />
<br />
While not one of the Twelve, an Apostle is considered<br />
*[[Paul|St. Paul]], Apostle of the Gentiles (Years later) <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<References/><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.keyway.ca/htm2002/apostles.htm The Twelve Apostles] Daily Bible Study.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:12 Disciples]]</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User_talk:Gregor&diff=387395User talk:Gregor2008-02-13T10:31:42Z<p>Leopeo: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{welcome|sig=[[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 09:58, 28 December 2007 (EST)}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Gaussian adaptation]] is an interesting article! However, you usually should not sign your contributions to articles, and reserve signing to Talk or Debate pages. Your name remains in the article history. If you prefer to write a more personalized article with full credit to you as an author, and without letting others change it, call it Essay:Articlename (if I'm wrong someone correct me). --[[User:Leopeo|Leopeo]] 05:28, 13 February 2008 (EST)<br />
:Another note, if you want to create and improve an article before putting it in the right place, you may create a page called User:Gregor/Sandbox . That way, you can reserve your main page, [[User:Gregor]], to information about yourself and the like (again, if I'm wrong, someone correct me). Cheers, --[[User:Leopeo|Leopeo]] 05:31, 13 February 2008 (EST)</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User_talk:Gregor&diff=387394User talk:Gregor2008-02-13T10:28:50Z<p>Leopeo: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{welcome|sig=[[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 09:58, 28 December 2007 (EST)}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Gaussian adaptation]] is an interesting article! However, you usually should not sign your contributions to articles, and reserve signing to Talk or Debate pages. Your name remains in the article history. If you prefer to write a more personalized article with full credit to you as an author, and without letting others change it, call it Essay:Articlename (If I'm wrong someone correct me). --[[User:Leopeo|Leopeo]] 05:28, 13 February 2008 (EST)</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Australian_Aborigines&diff=387192Australian Aborigines2008-02-12T21:07:47Z<p>Leopeo: /* Government apology */ wikify</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Aborigines''' are the main group of [[indigenous Australians]].<br />
<br />
[[Archaeology|Archaeological]] evidence has led some researchers to claim that there has been 40 to 45 thousand years of continuous occupation of the [[Australia]]n mainland by indigenous people. However, [[Young Earth Creationist|Young Earth Creationists]] contend that the universe is only 6,000 years old, so they consider this conclusion to be mistaken. Since the colonisation of [[Australia]] by [[Britain]] in 1788, the original inhabitants of [[Australia]] have been known until recently as “Aborigines”. They make up about 2.4% of Australia's population.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Before white settlement of Australia, the distribution of the Aboriginal population was much the same as the modern population distribution, but at a much lower level. Today, the fertile regions with a temperate climate are dominated by the white Australian community. In most southern and eastern areas, Aborigines have either assimilated, died out, or been pushed out. Only in the central and northern parts of the country are there significant communities of Aborigines living on and in control of their traditional lands.<br />
<br />
Most traditional Aborigines were nomadic over the range of their clan, however there are also several archaeological sites of permanent settlements in [[Victoria]].<br />
<br />
Aborigines had no written language before contact with Europeans, but have a rich oral history. Their traditional creation stories are based on "The Dreamtime". Many of the modern Aboriginal communities in outback Australia are on the sites of Christian missions set up in the 1800s and early 1900s.<br />
<br />
==Modern customs==<br />
Since the 1980s indigenous Australians have been differentiated as “Australian Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders” and more recently the acknowledgment of local tribal groups and [[language]]s has become normal. It has become customary for important public meetings and gatherings to begin by acknowledging “the customary owners of this land, the NAME people” where the local tribal name is given. <br />
<br />
==Stolen Generation==<br />
From the late 1800s through to the mid-1900s, many Aboriginal children were taken from their homes and placed in foster care arrangements, typically on [[Christian]] missions or state Government homes.<br />
In the early 1990s Australians came to see this as being racist.<br />
<br />
A prevailing view held that there was a hierarchy of human [[race]]s. This notion supposed that Northern Europeans were superior in civilisation and that Aborigines were inferior. According to this view, the increasing numbers of mixed-descent children in Australia, labelled as 'half-castes' (or alternatively 'crossbreeds', 'quadroons' and 'octoroons'), were seen by many to be a threat to racial purity. Many believe that in the first half of the twentieth century, this led to policies and legislation that resulted in the removal of children from their parents. The stated aim was to culturally assimilate mixed-descent people into contemporary Australian society. These children came to be called the Stolen Generation.<br />
<br />
A [[Royal Commission]] was instituted by the [[Government of Australia]] under the auspices of the (Australian) Human Rights and Equal Opportunities Commission, headed by Sir [[Ronald Wilson]], a former Judge of the [[High Court of Australia]] and former President of the [[liberal]] [[Uniting Church in Australia]]. The commission took public testimony from around Australia, including visits to tribal lands, and its 1997 report ’’Bringing Them Home: Report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families’’ has been seen to have re-shaped Australia’s internal race relations.<br />
<br />
However, some people, including [[conservative]] columnist [[Andrew Bolt]], has challenged the existence of the Stolen Generation.<br />
He has challenged [[Robert Manne]], an outspoken advocate of the Stolen Generation, to produce the names of just ten children taken from their parents simply because they were aboriginal or part aboriginal.<br />
When Manne did produce a list, Bolt showed that the children were actually taken for the sake of their welfare.<br />
<br />
Bolt has further condemned the Stolen Generation concept for actually causing harm to Aboriginal children, as welfare officials are now too scared of being branded racist to take children who are in danger.<br />
<br />
==Government apology==<br />
<br />
On 13th of February, 2008 the [[Australia|Australian Government]] formally apologized to the Aboriginal People, and specifically to the Stolen Generation, for the actions of previous governments. The text of the apology, read by Prime Minister [[Kevin Rudd]], follows:<br />
<br />
<blockquote><br />
Today we honour the Indigenous peoples of this land, the oldest continuing cultures in human history.<br />
<br />
We reflect on their past mistreatment.<br />
<br />
We reflect in particular on the mistreatment of those who were stolen generations - this blemished chapter in our nation's history.<br />
<br />
The time has now come for the nation to turn a new page in Australia's history by righting the wrongs of the past and so moving forward with confidence to the future.<br />
<br />
We apologise for the laws and policies of successive Parliaments and governments that have inflicted profound grief, suffering and loss on these our fellow Australians.<br />
<br />
We apologise especially for the removal of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from their families, their communities and their country.<br />
<br />
For the pain, suffering and hurt of these stolen generations, their descendants and for their families left behind, we say sorry.<br />
<br />
To the mothers and the fathers, the brothers and the sisters, for the breaking up of families and communities, we say sorry.<br />
<br />
And for the indignity and degradation thus inflicted on a proud people and a proud culture, we say sorry.<br />
<br />
We the Parliament of Australia respectfully request that this apology be received in the spirit in which it is offered as part of the healing of the nation.<br />
<br />
For the future we take heart; resolving that this new page in the history of our great continent can now be written.<br />
<br />
We today take this first step by acknowledging the past and laying claim to a future that embraces all Australians.<br />
<br />
A future where this Parliament resolves that the injustices of the past must never, never happen again.<br />
<br />
A future where we harness the determination of all Australians, Indigenous and non-Indigenous, to close the gap that lies between us in life expectancy, educational achievement and economic opportunity.<br />
<br />
A future where we embrace the possibility of new solutions to enduring problems where old approaches have failed.<br />
<br />
A future based on mutual respect, mutual resolve and mutual responsibility.<br />
<br />
A future where all Australians, whatever their origins, are truly equal partners, with equal opportunities and with an equal stake in shaping the next chapter in the history of this great country, Australia.<br />
<br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
==Aborigines in the media==<br />
Various Australian films have significantly changed perceptions of Aborigines. <br />
* ''Jedda'' (1955) by the Australian filmmaker Charles Chauvel. The film is most notable for being the first to star two Aboriginal actors (Robert Tudawali and Ngarla Kunoth) in the leading roles, and also to be the first Australian film shot in color.<br />
* ''Storm Boy'' (1976) which tells of the interaction between an Anglo boy and a local Aborigine.<br />
* ''Rabbit-Proof Fence'' (2002) is an Australian film based on the book ''Follow The Rabbit Proof Fence'' by Doris Pilkington Garimara. It concerns the author's mother, and two other young mixed-race Aboriginal girls, who ran away from a residential school that is located in Moore River Native Settlement, north of [[Perth]], [[Western Australia]], in which they were placed in 1931, in order to return to their Aboriginal families. The film follows the girls as they trek/walk for nine weeks along 2,400km (1,500 miles) of the Australian [[rabbit]]-proof fence to return to their community at Jigalong.<br />
* ''Ten Canoes'' (2006) by Rolf de Heer. The film is narrated in English by David Gulpilil; all protagonists speak in indigenous languages, with English subtitles.<br />
<br />
David Gulpilil is recognized as a very important Australian Aboriginal actor, whose work has changed perceptions of Aborigines. His films have been:<br />
<br />
* ''Walkabout'' (1971) <br />
* ''Storm Boy'' (1976)<br />
* ''The Last Wave'' (1977)<br />
* ''The Right Stuff'' (1983) <br />
* ''Crocodile Dundee'' (1986)<br />
* ''Rabbit-Proof Fence'' (2002)<br />
* ''The Tracker'' (2002) <br />
* ''The Proposition'' (2005) <br />
* ''Ten Canoes'' (2006) <br />
<br />
Stan Grant is an Aboriginal television personality who had international recognition as a presenter for [[CNN]] in [[Bejing]], [[China]] in the mid-2000s.<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.hreoc.gov.au/social_justice/bth_report/index.html Bringing them home: The 'Stolen Children' report (1997)], Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission.<br />
* Bolt, Andrew, [http://blogs.news.com.au/heraldsun/andrewbolt/index.php/heraldsun/comments/stolen_generations_my_writers_festival_speech/ Stolen generations: My Melbourne Writers’ Festival speech], 5th September, 2006.<br />
* Bolt, Andrew, [http://blogs.news.com.au/heraldsun/andrewbolt/index.php/heraldsun/comments/fisking_mannes_column/ Fisking Manne’s column], 9th December, 2006 (reply to ''The Cruelty of Denial'')<br />
* Bolt, Andrew, [http://blogs.news.com.au/heraldsun/andrewbolt/index.php/heraldsun/comments/another_stolen_life/ Another stolen life], 19th September, 2006 (Bolt claims as a case of an aboriginal child in danger and ''not'' removed by authorities because of concerns over racism)<br />
* Bolt, Andrew, [http://blogs.news.com.au/heraldsun/andrewbolt/index.php/heraldsun/comments/column_truth_is_what_was_stolen/ Truth is what was stolen], ''Herald Sun'', 8th February, 2008.<br />
* Manne, Robert, [http://www.theage.com.au/ed_docs/manne1.pdf Stolen Generations Debate, with Andrew Bolt], 3rd September, 2006.<br />
* Manne, Robert, [http://www.theage.com.au/news/robert-manne/the-cruelty-of-denial/2006/09/08/1157222325367.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1 The Cruelty of Denial], The Age, 9th December, 2006.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Great Flood]] (which mentions some aboriginal flood stories)<br />
[[Category:Australia]]</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Alvin_Plantinga&diff=387178Alvin Plantinga2008-02-12T20:31:24Z<p>Leopeo: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Alvin Carl Plantinga''' (born November 15, 1932, Ann Arbor, [[Michigan]]) is a current [[professor]] of [[philosophy]] at the [[University of Notre Dame]], South Bend, [[Indiana]]. He is known for his lectures in the debate over divine sovereignty and providence, as well as works on the existence of [[God]]. He is a [[Christian]], and has rebutted many of the arguments of [[Richard Dawkins]].<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
*[http://philosophy.nd.edu/people/all/profiles/plantinga-alvin/ Notre Dame bio]<br />
*[http://www.veritas-ucsb.org/library/plantinga/index2.html List of works, and several essays]<br />
*[http://www.leaderu.com/truth/3truth02.html "Theism, Atheism, and Rationality" essay]<br />
*[http://www.calvin.edu/academic/philosophy/virtual_library/plantinga_alvin.htm Plantinga in the Virtual Library of Christian Philosophy]<br />
*[http://www.christianitytoday.com/bc/2007/002/1.21.html Plantinga debunks Richard Dawkins]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Plantinga, Alvin}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Philosophers]]<br />
[[Category:Academics]]<br />
[[Category:Religious people]]</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Pesto&diff=387157Pesto2008-02-12T18:54:03Z<p>Leopeo: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Pesto''' is a thick aromatic sauce used in [[Italian]] cuisine, eaten directly with tossed [[pasta]] or as an ingredient of sauces. Although many varieties of pesto exist, the 'classic' version, ''Pesto alla Genovese'', is made up of [[basil]], [[garlic]], [[olive oil]], [[pine-nuts]] and a [[cheese]], pounded into a rough paste.<br><br />
The ancient recipe of ''Pesto all'Arcorese''' is a special red and pungent sauce who includes pepperoni, fresh ricotta cheese, paprika, powdered ''ossa di morto'' (a natural thickening agent) and olive oil.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Italy]]<br />
[[Category:Food and Drink]]</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Padre_Pio&diff=387143Padre Pio2008-02-12T18:10:16Z<p>Leopeo: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Padre Pio''' (''Father Pio''), born '''Francesco Frocione''' (May 25, 1887 – September 23, 1968), canonized as '''Saint Pio of Pietrelcina''', was a Franciscan [[monk]] and priest, born in Pietrelcina. Padre Pio was said to have a stigmata of the wounds of [[Christ]] for 50 years, but it disappeared 3 days before his death. <ref>''Padre Pio and the Stigmata''. 1 April 2007. <http://www.padrepio.com/app2.html></ref> Padre Pio died in 1968. He was canonized by [[Pope John Paul II]] in 2002.<ref>''Padre Pio - Miracle Worker''. 16 June 2002. 1 April 2007. <http://members.aol.com/goodyburk/padrepio.html></ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
<br />
[[category:Saints]]</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Zeno%27s_paradox&diff=368505Zeno's paradox2008-01-11T22:24:23Z<p>Leopeo: corrected a division by zero etc</p>
<hr />
<div>Zeno's paradox, formulated by the [[Polytheism|polytheist]] [[Zeno|Zeno the Greek]], is a [[Philosophy|philosophical]] [[Paradox|paradox]] about the concept of [[infinity]]. It states that a person can never get from New York to San Francisco because he would first go half the distance, then half of what remains, then half of what remains next, and then half of that half. This process keeps continuing indefinitely by halving subsequent distances repeatedly. This argument seems to suggest no one can make this trip in finite time, but we know that people go from New York to San Francisco successfully every day.<br />
<br />
Mathematically, Zeno's paradox asks if <math>\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{4} + ...</math> has a value (notice each successive term is half of its predecessor). [[Mathematician|Mathematicians]] can express this value as:<br />
<br />
<math>\sum_{i=1}^\infty \frac{1}{2i}</math>, <br />
<br />
or more commonly, <br />
<br />
<math>1.</math><br />
<br />
[[Category:Philosophy]]<br />
[[Category:Mathematics]]</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Guadalcanal&diff=368456Guadalcanal2008-01-11T21:24:23Z<p>Leopeo: Marines</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Guadalcanal''' is an [[island]] in the [[Solomon Islands]] [[archipelago]] in the South [[Pacific Ocean]]. It was the location of the Battle of Guadalcanal fought between 7 August 1942 and 7 February 1943 by American and allied forces to eject the Japanese occupiers of the island. <br />
<br />
Guadalcanal was one of the most important battles of their history for U.S. [[Marines]]. <br />
<br />
[[Category:Islands]]<br />
[[Category:Second World War]]</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User_talk:HelpJazz&diff=368452User talk:HelpJazz2008-01-11T21:19:16Z<p>Leopeo: /* KAL 007 relevance */ Off Topic</p>
<hr />
<div>{| style="width: 100%; border: black solid 1px; background-color: lightgrey;"<br />
|-<br />
|{{Useful links|float=right}}<center><big>'''Guidelines for my talk page'''</big></center><br />
*Please, no "ping-pong" conversations: if I leave a message on your talk page, please respond there; I'm watching it. If you start a conversation here, I'll reply here, so please watch this page<br />
*Sign you posts with four tildes, like this: '''<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>'''<br />
*At the beginning of each month I will archive all conversations which are at least 1 month and 1 day from the most recent reply.<br />
*Please, only one picture of Putin at a time. He scares me in large doses.<br />
*'''If you have been blocked by me''': please do not create a sock and complain on this page! Instead, [[Special:Emailuser/HelpJazz|email me]] and we can work it out. (You will need a valid, verified e-mail address for this to work).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[/Sept07|>> Sep '07 Archive]] [[/Oct07|>> Oct '07 Archive]] [[/Nov07|>> Nov '07 Archive]]<br />
<br />
== Block Vandal ==<br />
<br />
Hi, please block "Bushbestpotus" a new user who is vandalising pages. Thank you [[User:Taj|Taj]] 14:27, 2 December 2007 (EST)<br />
:Someone beat me to it. Thanks for the warning though. [[User:HelpJazz|Help]][[User talk:HelpJazz|Jazz]] 14:29, 2 December 2007 (EST)<br />
<br />
==[[North America]]==<br />
The empty sections are there to provide a particular layout or guide for the article. Same applies to all the continents. Hopefully they can be filled. [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 17:24, 12 December 2007 (EST)<br />
:Oh, I didn't realize that was intentional. I thought that nobody had just gotten around to it yet. My bad :) [[User:HelpJazz|Help]][[User talk:HelpJazz|Jazz]] 17:32, 12 December 2007 (EST)<br />
::Not your bad at all! I started doing Europe, but other things got in the way. [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 17:33, 12 December 2007 (EST)<br />
<br />
==[[Genocide]]==<br />
<br />
This seems a fairly straightforward issue to me. I have seen no definition of genocide outside of this site's article that requires that genocide be carried out by a government. The UN has not defined genocide this way, and the State Department states explicitly that genocide occurred in Bosnia. [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2868.htm] Based on these facts, I think the definition in the article should be corrected, and the Srebrenica massacre should be reinserted as an example of genocide. What are your thoughts? [[User:SSchultz|SSchultz]] 21:42, 13 December 2007 (EST)<br />
<br />
:I don't know enough about Srebrenica to know if it was genocide. I don't see the value in labeling anything as a "genocide". Call it a killing and then work on stopping it. All this arguing over what is and is not a genocide just ends up offending and distracting people -- in the mean time the body count rises. [[User:HelpJazz|Help]][[User talk:HelpJazz|Jazz]] 22:43, 14 December 2007 (EST)<br />
<br />
==Page move/rename request==<br />
<br />
Is the movement/renaming of pages restricted to administrators? If not please will you let me know what to do. I believe that [[Scilly Isles]] should be renamed [[Isles of Scilly]]. Isles of Scilly is the formal name and is used in the UK post office format for the address:<br />
<br />
http://postcode.royalmail.com/portal/rm/postcodefinder?catId=400145&pageId=pcaf_pc_search&gear=postcode<br />
<br />
If you enter as an example "Hell Bay Hotel", "Bryher" on the above link it gives "ISLES OF SCILLY". Many locals find the name "Scilly Isles" irritating and consider it incorrect. Thanks. [[User:Barclay|Barclay]] 09:02, 21 December 2007 (EST)<br />
<br />
:It is restricted, however I am not an admin. A list of admins can be found [http://www.conservapedia.com/Special:Listusers?group=sysop here]; I would ask one you are familiar with, if possible. I agree that they should be moved; if you type "Scilly Isles" into Yahoo, the only results that come up are ones for "Isles of Scilly". [[User:HelpJazz|Help]][[User talk:HelpJazz|Jazz]] 22:51, 21 December 2007 (EST)<br />
<br />
I've contacted an admin. I assumed you were an administrator from looking at special:log/block. I find it odd that you're allowed to block people but not move pages! Thanks. [[User:Barclay|Barclay]] 09:26, 22 December 2007 (EST)<br />
: This is (sort of) explained in the [[Conservapedia:Editor's guide|Editor's guide]] and [[Conservapedia:User rights|User rights]] pages, the former of which is linked from the welcome message on your talk page and the latter from the former. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 09:35, 22 December 2007 (EST)<br />
<br />
==User PsycoDolly==<br />
I blocked this user for a parody page title "Jesus poo", of which Dolly's content was everything the name implied. She knows exactly why she was blocked as well, so does not require an explanation. [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 11:42, 22 December 2007 (EST)<br />
:Oh, they played ''me'' for the fool. I just looked at their contribs and it didn't show the pages they made that were deleted. Sorry about that. [[User:HelpJazz|Help]][[User talk:HelpJazz|Jazz]] <br />
::It's ok. You're not the only one she tried playing "innocent" with. [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 11:58, 22 December 2007 (EST)<br />
<br />
If you please, contact any of the sysops or Aschlafly in case something similar happens again. We can look up the block history as well as deleted pages and make a determination. [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 12:43, 22 December 2007 (EST)<br />
<br />
:Sure thing. Sorry again. [[User:HelpJazz|Help]][[User talk:HelpJazz|Jazz]] 18:14, 22 December 2007 (EST)<br />
<br />
== Great block and reverts ==<br />
<br />
Great block and reverts! Well done!--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 21:24, 31 December 2007 (EST)<br />
:Thanks. That guy really gets on my nerves! [[User:HelpJazz|Help]][[User talk:HelpJazz|Jazz]] 21:31, 31 December 2007 (EST)<br />
<br />
==Anti-religious [[Bill Maher]]==<br />
<br />
Please see [[talk:Real Time]]. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] <sup>[[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]]</sup> 17:24, 4 January 2008 (EST)--<br />
:Thanks for the heads up. I responded there. [[User:HelpJazz|Help]][[User talk:HelpJazz|Jazz]] 18:37, 4 January 2008 (EST)<br />
<br />
== Bush Revert ==<br />
<br />
Thanks for resubmitting my edit to the Bush entry. The original version glossed over the nuance of her statement. It was less a threat and more of an over-the-top statement of frustration. --[[User:Jdellaro|Jdellaro]] 15:19, 5 January 2008 (EST)<br />
:No problem. I had to revert the guy who added stuff right before you, but don't have any easy way to do it, so I reverted both edits then added yours back. [[User:HelpJazz|Help]][[User talk:HelpJazz|Jazz]] 15:22, 5 January 2008 (EST)<br />
==Contest4==<br />
Hey - I have created [[Conservapedia:Contest4]] and I've set up the [[Conservapedia talk:Contest4|talk]] page to discuss everything that you guys mentioned in your analysis of Contest3 (everything besides what I had already done to the scoring itself). If you don't mind it would be a great help to me if you took a look and made any changes you thought necessary.--<small>[[User:Iduan|<span style="color: #FFCCCC; background: #660000">I]][[User_talk:Iduan|<span style="color:#CCCCFF; background:#000033">Duan]]</span></span></small> 11:44, 7 January 2008 (EST)<br />
<br />
==KAL 007 relevance==<br />
<br />
O.K. HelpJazz. Thanks for your note! I think that I need a little help making the connection of KAL 007 relevant to the the topics of Ronald Reagan and Communism (I think that you are referring to my postings on these two). I know that KAL 007 is very relevant to both the demise of Communism and to the funtioning of Reagan as President but apparently I didn't present it cogently and clearly. Can you help me with this? Let me know if I need to present it differently or if you think otherwise. Thanks! By the way, I assume that the Jazz in HelpJazz says something of your fondness for Jazz music. Me too - Ben Webster and the likes. [[User:BertSchlossberg|BertSchlossberg]] 08:27, 11 January 2008 (EST)<br />
:The best thing to do is just to write a short paragraph of its own in the relevant section, or just put a link in the "See Also" section. The way you had it we had a paragraph which was all about one subject, except for one sentence that seemed very out of place. I can help if you like, but I don't know much about the KAL.<br />
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:And yes, my name refers to jazz music :) [[User:HelpJazz|Help]][[User talk:HelpJazz|Jazz]] 16:10, 11 January 2008 (EST)<br />
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::Give me a call when you create the Conservapedia jazz club :-D --[[User:Leopeo|Leopeo]] 16:19, 11 January 2008 (EST)<br />
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==Block==<br />
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Please bock smi and entrepeneur!!<br />
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thanks [[User:Lukecorlando|Luke]] 15:03, 11 January 2008 (EST)<br />
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:Thanks for the heads up. I wasn't paying attention to the recent changes. [[User:HelpJazz|Help]][[User talk:HelpJazz|Jazz]] 15:05, 11 January 2008 (EST)<br />
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no problem. [[User:Lukecorlando|Luke]] 15:07, 11 January 2008 (EST)</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Calcium_carbonate&diff=368340Calcium carbonate2008-01-11T19:54:47Z<p>Leopeo: bolded</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Calcium Carbonate''', commonly known as limewater, is a chemical with the formula CaCO<sub>3</sub>.</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Henryk_Sienkiewicz&diff=368268Henryk Sienkiewicz2008-01-11T18:08:37Z<p>Leopeo: comma</p>
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<div>[[Image:Ry4ue763.jpg|thumb|right]]<br />
'''Henryk Sienkiewicz'''(1846-1916) was a [[nationalist]], deeply religious, [[Nobel Prize]] winning [[Polish]] author. Sienkiewicz was born in [[Wola Okrzejska]], in the area of Poland that was at the time under [[Russian]] control. He studied in [[Warsaw]], and in 1876 he traveled to the [[United States]]. His travels were said to have influenced his writings. He and his family were staunch [[patriots]] and nationalists. This element can be clearly seen in his works. Sienkiewicz was and still is very popular in his homeland, however his popularity never really extended outside of Poland. This is partly because very few decent translations of his works are available in [[English]]. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1905.<br />
<br />
==Works==<br />
His most famous novel, published in 1895, is ''[[Quo Vadis]]'', the story of Christian persecution at the hands of [[Nero]] and the [[Roman Empire|Romans]]. He also wrote the ''The Trilogy'': ''[[With Fire and Sword|Ogniem i Mieczem]]'' (''With Fire and Sword''), ''[[Potop]]'' (''The Deluge''), and ''[[Pan Wolodyjowski]]'' (''Pan Michael''), which are three nationalist historical novels set in the 17th Century, published in 1884, 1886, and 1888 respectively. He also authored: ''[[Bez Dogmatu]]'' (''Without Dogma'') (1891); ''[[Rodzina Polanieckich]]'' (''Children of the Soil'') (1894); ''[[Krzyzacy]]'' (1900), which deals with the victory of the Poles over the [[Teutonic Knights]]; ''[[Na Polu Chwaly]]'' (''On the Field of Glory'') (1906); ''[[Wiry]]'' (''Whirlpools'') (1910); and ''[[W Pustyni i w Puszczy]]'' (''In Desert and Wilderness'') (1912). <br />
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==Death==<br />
Sienkiewicz died in 1916, two years before the independent state of Poland he dreamed of was reformed.<br />
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==References==<br />
[http://www.polishamericancenter.org/Sienkiewicz.htm Polish American Center] <br />
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[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1905/sienkiewicz-bio.html Official Website of the Nobel Foundation] Sienkiewicz Biography<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Sienkiewicz, Henryk}}<br />
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[[Category:Nobel laureates in Literature]]<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[category:Slavic Authors]]</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Henryk_Sienkiewicz&diff=368267Henryk Sienkiewicz2008-01-11T18:08:17Z<p>Leopeo: religious</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Ry4ue763.jpg|thumb|right]]<br />
'''Henryk Sienkiewicz'''(1846-1916) was a [[nationalist]], deeply religious [[Nobel Prize]] winning [[Polish]] author. Sienkiewicz was born in [[Wola Okrzejska]], in the area of Poland that was at the time under [[Russian]] control. He studied in [[Warsaw]], and in 1876 he traveled to the [[United States]]. His travels were said to have influenced his writings. He and his family were staunch [[patriots]] and nationalists. This element can be clearly seen in his works. Sienkiewicz was and still is very popular in his homeland, however his popularity never really extended outside of Poland. This is partly because very few decent translations of his works are available in [[English]]. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1905.<br />
<br />
==Works==<br />
His most famous novel, published in 1895, is ''[[Quo Vadis]]'', the story of Christian persecution at the hands of [[Nero]] and the [[Roman Empire|Romans]]. He also wrote the ''The Trilogy'': ''[[With Fire and Sword|Ogniem i Mieczem]]'' (''With Fire and Sword''), ''[[Potop]]'' (''The Deluge''), and ''[[Pan Wolodyjowski]]'' (''Pan Michael''), which are three nationalist historical novels set in the 17th Century, published in 1884, 1886, and 1888 respectively. He also authored: ''[[Bez Dogmatu]]'' (''Without Dogma'') (1891); ''[[Rodzina Polanieckich]]'' (''Children of the Soil'') (1894); ''[[Krzyzacy]]'' (1900), which deals with the victory of the Poles over the [[Teutonic Knights]]; ''[[Na Polu Chwaly]]'' (''On the Field of Glory'') (1906); ''[[Wiry]]'' (''Whirlpools'') (1910); and ''[[W Pustyni i w Puszczy]]'' (''In Desert and Wilderness'') (1912). <br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
Sienkiewicz died in 1916, two years before the independent state of Poland he dreamed of was reformed.<br />
<br />
<br />
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==References==<br />
[http://www.polishamericancenter.org/Sienkiewicz.htm Polish American Center] <br />
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[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1905/sienkiewicz-bio.html Official Website of the Nobel Foundation] Sienkiewicz Biography<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Sienkiewicz, Henryk}}<br />
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[[Category:Nobel laureates in Literature]]<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[category:Slavic Authors]]</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Adriatic_Sea&diff=368212Adriatic Sea2008-01-11T15:53:49Z<p>Leopeo: </p>
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<div>The '''Adriatic Sea''' is an arm of the [[Mediterranean Sea]] bounded by Italy to its west and the [[Balkan peninsula]] to its east. For centuries its seaways were dominated by the Republic of [[Venice]], which was known as 'the Queen of the Adriatic'. It is named after the port of Adria.</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Adriatic_Sea&diff=368211Adriatic Sea2008-01-11T15:53:07Z<p>Leopeo: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Adriatic Sea''' is an arm of the [[Mediterranean Sea]] bounded by Italy to its west and the [[Balkan peninsula]] to its east. For centuries its seaways were dominated by the republic of [[Venice]], which was known as 'the Queen of the Adriatic'. It is named after the port of Adria.</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Essay:Problem&diff=367717Talk:Essay:Problem2008-01-10T21:28:39Z<p>Leopeo: </p>
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<div>What the hell is this? This is probably the worst page on Conservapedia, and that is a considerable achievement. I would improve it myself, but I don't even know what it's supposed to be about - 'Problem' doesn't explain anything.<br />
<br />
:Maybe this article should be renamed Essay:Problem? And for you, anonymous User, I'm sure there are plenty of articles here that you could improve. There also are a few [[Special:Wantedpages|Wanted]] pages, where you will surely find one you could create. Well, enough for now: I'm guilty of too much talk myself. --[[User:Leopeo|Leopeo]] 16:28, 10 January 2008 (EST)</div>Leopeohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Abortion&diff=367680Talk:Abortion2008-01-10T20:14:06Z<p>Leopeo: /* Please add a link to Abortion Facts */</p>
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<div>'''<br />
== Your definition is misleading and downright false. ==<br />
'''<br />
<br />
I would just like to point out the the term abortion is used in the medical community to describe the termination of a pregnancy both voluntarily and involuntarily (otherwise known as a miscarriage)-- This came to my attention when I read a story about a woman who experienced severe degradation at a gynecologist's appointment for noting on her medical intake form that she had several abortions. In her case she was referring to a series of miscarriages. I don't think any person should be made to feel that horrible under any circumstance, but the fact that it was a complete misunderstanding based on existing personal beliefs and unwillingness on behalf of the doctor to even investigate before making her remarks makes it even more upsetting. If a doctor doesn't know something like this, how can the public be expected to when you perpetuate the wrong idea? This isn't a bias, its a fact. Words are very powerful and its wrong to tell readers only what you want them to think or know and leave out the rest. It's disrespectful. <br />
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{{protect|Aschlafly}}<br />
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==Maintain the neutrality of the article==<br />
Reading through this article, nearly 1/3 of all the sentences cite a 'fact' yet have no reference. And because it is edit-locked, a mod with a true notion of what it is to create informative articles needs to go over this with a fine tooth comb.--[[User:Nosferatu.feuertote|Nosferatu.feuertote]] 21:18, 16 March 2007 (EDT)<br />
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I cannot help but notice that of the TWO citations noted after the claim that abortion is a "billion dollar industry", neither of the linked "references" make any claims about the value of the "abortion industry". I am NOT pro-abortion, however I am PRO-FACT. If you make a claim and list citations directly afterwards, THOSE CITATIONS SHOULD DIRECTLY VERIFY THE CLAIM YOU HAVE JUST MADE! A quote from the first "source": <br />
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Republicans say this law is being violated in the interest of making money, although they did not provide specific numbers or incidents. <br />
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The second "source makes absolutely no mention of any revenues, potential or actual. <br />
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Brian<br />
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<br />
"The father of medicine, Hippocrates, expressly prohibited abortion in his ethical Oath long before Christianity." Is a bit weasly. Hippocrates also would not perform surgery, and definitely interfering with the heart was out of the question. But we know how many people are prevented from dying through heart-surgery. I fail to see the relevance of mentioning the oath in the first paragraph. [[User:Teji|Teji]] 15:32, 6 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
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=="This is Conservapedia"==<br />
Although I would expect that most people who self-identify as "conservatives" ''are'' opposed to abortion, I doubt that all of them are. I don't think opposition to abortion is part of the definition of, or a litmus test for conservatism. Nor do I think it is part of the definition of, or a litmus test for Christianity. Of course one could say that anyone who claims to be a "pro-choice conservative" is not ''really'' a conservative, but that's begging the question.<br />
<br />
See, for example, the Seventh-Day Adventists' [http://www.adventist.org/beliefs/guidelines/main_guide1.html nuanced statement] on abortion. Most would regard them as a conservative Christian group. They say:<br />
<br />
:prenatal life must not be thoughtlessly destroyed. Abortion should be performed only for the most serious reasons.<br />
<br />
:Abortion is one of the tragic dilemmas of human fallenness. The Church should offer gracious support to those who personally face the decision concerning an abortion. Attitudes of condemnation are inappropriate in those who have accepted the gospel. <br />
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[[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith]] 13:29, 18 February 2007 (EST)<br />
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If this was just Conservative you might have a point, but it is Conservative and Christian. There is no way a Conservative Christian could support abortion in any way. It is contrary to everything in the Bible, so you must be willing to either 1.) Ignore parts of the Bible like some liberal Christians. or ignore all of the Bible like non Christians. Otherwise you can't support abortion. Adventists are as much Conservative as they are Christian--which is to say NOT AT ALL. They are a cult, and ignore the Bible in many significant ways. Come up with better evidence then tehm if you think your point is valid.<br />
--[[User:CWilson|CWilson]] 03:44, 15 March 2007 (EDT)<br />
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This is a genuine query to every poster on this page. Somewhere in the Old Testement, I think Dueteronomy, there is an edict on how long a woman remains unclean after abortion/miscarriage, and says something like a woman is unclean for 60 days after aborting a male, but only 30 days after aborting a female. Can anyone please point out the Bilical reference<br />
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That's very interesting. The Seventh-Day Adventists run many hospitals, including one in New Jersey. I'm disappointed in its official stance, though I suspect that many adherents to the religion are more opposed to abortion that the statement implies. I doubt the Adventist hospital in NJ performs any elective abortions.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 16:07, 18 February 2007 (EST)<br />
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:: I ''assume'' that they're thinking about situations where the life of the mother is at stake.... [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith]] 18:33, 18 February 2007 (EST)<br />
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: I agree that there can be conservatives who support abortion. Personally however, as a Christian myself, I believe it is impossible to be a Christian and support abortion at the same time. This would be a major contradiction. Also, I highly doubt that "most" would regard the Seventh-Day-Adventist church as Christian as they add their own ideas to the teachings of Jesus. Just my opinion on the matter. [[User:PhilipB|PhilipB]] 18:13, 18 February 2007 (EST)<br />
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:: Is there ''any'' denomination that doesn't "add their own ideas to the teachings of Jesus?" <br />
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:: Doesn't the Catholic Church add the opinions of the Pope when he speaks ''ex cathedra.'' Surely Catholics are Christians? <br />
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:: And if Protestant denominations don't "add anything to the teachings of Jesus" than why do Baptists say they have "no sacraments," Lutherans say they have two, and Episcopalians seven? Why do Methodists believe in the "Real Presence" of Christ in the Lord's Supper but Presbyterians believe he is only "spiritually" present? Why do some denominations baptize adults and others not? [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith]] 18:33, 18 February 2007 (EST)<br />
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:::'''Reply:''' It is very true that churches have added onto the teachings of Jesus even though it clearly states in Revelation 22:18-19 that anyone who adds or takes away any words from the Bible will be harshly punished:<br />
<br />
:::''"I warn everyone who hears the words of the prophecy of this book: If anyone adds anything to them, God will add to him the plagues described in this book. And if anyone takes words away from this book of prophecy, God will take away from him his share in the tree of life and in the holy city, which are described in this book." Revelation 22:18-19''<br />
<br />
:::It is made very clear that God does not want to be edited. But Dpbsmith, I ''do'' believe that there are churches that hold very tightly to the teachings of Jesus and base their faith completely on His Word. So, yes, there are denominations that do not add their own ideas to the Bible. <br />
::: And, though abortion is never ''directly'' called "abortion" in the Bible, Exodus 21: 22-25 refers to God giving his explanations to the Israelites about how to deal with matters of women with child:<br />
<br />
:::"If men who are fighting hit a pregnant woman and she gives birth prematurely but there is no serious injury, the offender must be fined whatever the woman's husband demands and the court allows. But if there is serious injury, you are to take life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, burn for burn, wound for wound, bruise for bruise." Exodus 21: 22-25<br />
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:::'''Reply:''' It is funny that you reference the old mosaic law when Jesus clearly gave a new law to take place of the eye for an eye law. Jesus taught us to turn the other cheek, not eye for an eye, tooth for tooth.<br />
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:::It is very obvious that the life of an unborn child is valued and considered a human life by God. There is another verse, Jeremiah 1:5, that also deals with the value of an unborn child's life, but I am sure that Conservapedia would rather have an article on the Bible than try to be it. :) --[[User:David R|David R]] 20:35, 18 February 2007 (EST)<br />
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::: Ok, a number of issues- first, that verse has classically has a very different translation, premature birth actually means miscarriage in most translations (and from my (admittedly minimal knowledge of Hebrew, is more plausibly correct). (Examples of ones which translate as such in English are the KJV ASV,)). The vulgatus in fact used the word "abortivum" to describe what happened. The Hebrew is actually interesting - the phrase is וְיָצְאוּ יְלָדֶיהָ which litterally means "and the child went out" which is interesting because there is a separate verb used generally to mean giving birth. Now the upshot of all of this is important, if this refers to a miscarriage then one must conclude that if anything the Bible does not see the unborn child at the same level as that of a human since the punishment for manslaughter of a normal human is much more severe than just a monetary fine. Thus, if anything, this verse shows that the Bible see a serious distinction between the unborn and the born. And even if you insist on translating this as premature birth then it simply becomes a tort of born individuals. Thus, if anything, this verse undermines pro-life arguments. <br />
<br />
::: Jeremiah 1:5 has similar problems. The NAS translation is "Before I formed you in the womb I knew you, And before you were born I consecrated you; I have appointed you a prophet to the nations." Again, there are interesting translational issues but they aren't as directly germane. This one simply requires a bit of context. When it is quoted as attempting to support pro-life arguments the last part of the verse is generally not quoted. When you look at the entire verse and the verse right above one thing is very clear, this verse is talking about a single person - Jeremiah. Jeremiah was known to God in womb, Jeremiah was consecrated and appointed as a prophet. This isn't talking about generic babies. Furthermore, one could make the argument that if God consecrated every single unborn baby then there would be no point in telling Jeremiah that he had been consecrated as such and that you can therefore see this verse as possibly arguing against every baby being consecrated (I find this argument very weak, but that's a different matter). The bottom line however is that this verse doesn't support a pro-life stance and if it has anything to say on the matter says the opposite. [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] 00:09, 19 February 2007 (EST)<br />
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Joshua Z, you have twisted the translation badly. A premature birth does not equal a miscarraige. It didn't mean that in Biblical times and it doesn't mean that now. Please go [[http://www.christiancourier.com/articles/read/does_exodus_21_sanction_abortion| here]] for an educated translation and discussion on that specific topic. --[[User:David R|David R]] 10:17, 19 February 2007 (EST)<br />
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: I find it interesting that you accuse me of twisitng the translation when the translation I have given you is that of the Vulgatus and the KJV. Also, this is how the verse was classicly intepreted in ancient Israelite law as seen in the talmud (certainly this is the majority view in the talmud, I don't even remember the possiblity of premature birth in this matter coming up- looking this up now) . As to the christian courier article, it is rife with problems. Among other problems, Job and Kings are written far after Exodus and there is a much larger vocabularly. The last verse quoted in the article about Menachem is in fact clearly in context referring to such ripping as a torture or punishment of the female in question. There are a variety of other issues with the article, but I'm not going to go into them in detail. The bottom line is that the KJV agrees with this translation, the Vulgatus agrees with this translation and the ancient Israelite law used this translation. It is at best inaccurate to call such a translation "twisted." (I incidentally presume from the lack of comment that you don't disagree with my analysis of Jeremiah)[[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] 20:40, 19 February 2007 (EST)<br />
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I dont know how you translated "miscarraige" from the King James Version. It does not contain the word miscarriage. In fact, it says premature birth. The last time I check a premature birth was a premature birth, not a miscarriage. You could say that a miscarriage resulted from a premature birth(verse 23). Nevertheless, the translation provides no miscarriage. Going to the Hebrew translation, the fact that they did have a separate verb for "birth" and "and the child came out" goes to show that the second verb refered to a unorthodox birth. But it is pure speculation to call it a miscarriage. As for why I did not reply to your second paragraph containing your thoughts, it is only because I was focusing more on the first one and happened to forget about the second. Be patient. It is a mistake on your part to simply assume that I have no counter to your "analysis". The verses in Jeremiah imply that Jeremiah was set apart to become a great prophet, not to be the only baby to have life before birth. I admit, after looking over this verse a couple times, that it wasn't the strongest material to back my argument, but it surely does not oppose a "pro-life" stance as you script it to. --[[User:David R|David R]] 23:19, 20 February 2007 (EST) <br />
<br />
: It doesn't say miscarriage. It refers to the fruit departing which is a euphemism for miscarriage in other texts in the late 1500s. As to the Jeremiah point, as I said the argument for it being against a pro-life stance is weak and I find that unpersuasive. However, in context it is at best neutral on the matter. (In any event, the fact that the ancient Israelites interpreted it as miscarriage and the Vulgati translate it as abortivum is very hard to get around). [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] 13:42, 22 February 2007 (EST)<br />
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The Bible and Christianity are clearly incompatible with abortion. First off, abortion is an act of murder. The Bible never once refers to an unborn child as an "unborn fetus." The term "with child" is used, not "with fetus." In Luke 1:36 and 41 Elisabeth's "babe" leaps in her womb, not her "fetus." Job refers to unborn children as infants in Job 3:16.<br />
<br />
<blockquote>At two weeks pregnancy, the "fetus" can move alone. By four weeks the child has limbs, muscle tissue, a heart and heartbeat. Ears, eyes, and small hands are visible by the fifth week. The child responds to touch sensations by the sixth or seventh week. At eight weeks, the baby sometimes tries to take a breath when removed from the mother. At twelve weeks, the child will often struggle for life two or three hours when removed from the mother.</blockquote><br />
<br />
:At two weeks from fertilisation, the embryo has not even [http://www.visembryo.com/baby/7.html implanted], indeed, many embryos don't even make it as far as implantation, which happens at about [http://www.visembryo.com/baby/8.html two and a half weeks]. At [http://www.visembryo.com/baby/13.html four weeks] the fetus has no hands, hands don't fully appear until [http://www.visembryo.com/baby/22.html week eight], and the arms are little more than buds[http://www.visembryo.com/baby/13.html buds]. The fetus doesn't practice breathing until [http://www.visembryo.com/baby/12_weeks.html 12] to [http://www.babydiscovery.co.uk/pregnancy-timeline.asp 14] weeks, so I'm not sure how it would try to take a breath at 8 weeks. At twelve weeks, abortions are surgical abortions that do not result in an entire fetus, so the fetus could hardly struggle for life after that. [[User:Smudgepuss|Smudgepuss]] 17:33, 12 March 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
Abortion encourages sin, just as the Texas HPV vaccine will. It does not "fix" any problems as some people would like to believe, it just makes the problem bigger. If God condoned abortion then he would be contradicting himself. Ecclesiastes 3:14 - "I know that, whatsoever God doeth, it shall be for ever: nothing can be put to it, nor any thing taken from it: and God doeth it, that men should fear before him." Abortion is an''' attempt to bring an end to God's work... to make him a liar. [[User:PhilipB|PhilipB]] 09:46, 19 February 2007 (EST)<br />
<br />
:: A charming response that doesn't deal with either the matter in Exodus or the matter in Jeremiah. The use of the same word in all those cases is explainable by the simple fact that most ancient cultures didn't have separate words for fetus, embryo and baby (ancient Hebrew and aramaic do not seem to have had separate words, if they did, they are no longer extant). Again, the above verse in Exodus if anything demonstrates that abortion is not murder since the punishment is less than that for murder. The quote you have about the features of a child at an early age has nothing to do with biblical exegesis. Finally, the last paragraph is also irrelevant- whether or not abortion encourages sin is a distinct question from whether abortion is Biblically forbidden or whether it is murder. Finally, you are applying that quote from Ecclesiastes in a highly selective fashion- under that logic since God makes diseases medicine shouldn't be allowed. In fact, that verse is making a very different statement- the end of the verse is not a commandment but a statement of futulity in fighting God's work- anything that God ordains to occur, will occur whether or not humans attempt to interfere. [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] 09:57, 19 February 2007 (EST)<br />
::: '''Reply''' The fact that they did not have separate words proves that they were considered equal. --[[User:TimSvendsen|TimSvendsen]] 10:51, 19 February 2007 (EST)<br />
<br />
:::: '''REPLY''': Exactly right, Tim. Well done. On another topic, can you figure out how to link to my appearance on MSNBC this morning? I'd greatly appreciate that and some visitors to Conservapedia may be interested. Thanks.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 10:55, 19 February 2007 (EST)<br />
<br />
:::: No, no no. Not at all. The general hebrew vocab was small. See for example the word for holy- kadosh which has about a dozen different meanings and can in one form refer to a prostitute. The total vocab was small. One sees this in other semitic languages also, and without modern medicine and such no one has any need to distinguish that much between whether or not a baby was born. [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] 20:40, 19 February 2007 (EST)<br />
<br />
Wikipedia would never have this talk you know. This is why we are '''Conserv'''apedia --[[User:Will N.|Will N.]] 18:20, 18 February 2007 (EST)<br />
<br />
: Well, that might be related to the fact that Wikipedia doesn't care about anyone's personal religious viewpoints or reading of the bible per among other policies [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research|WP:NOR]]<br />
'''<br />
<br />
:The Wikipedia link is broken. I moved Neurocat's comments about abortion here:<br />
Abortion<br />
<br />
Repeatedly, you have removed my edits regarding the abortion topic. My edits were intended to balance the strong right-wing slant of the original entry. For example ...<br />
<br />
*if abortions do cause health problems, there should be a fair and balanced discussion of what the benefits are of abortion <br />
<br />
: '''REPLY:''' There are no benefits. The mother's health is harmed by abortion , as shown by cited studies, and what happens to the child is obvious. If you claim there are benefits, then you have prove your case.<br />
::But an abortion procedure (a legal one at least) is statistically safer than childbirth. Also, if a women has no children, then she does not have the lower risk of breast cancer gained when having a child, but surely she has not increased her risk of cancer, rather she has not decreased it. [[User:Smudgepuss|Smudgepuss]] 17:44, 12 March 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
*if the pro-choice movement funds the Democrat party, there should be an equal discussion about the funding activities of the pro-life party <br />
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: '''REPLY:''' There is nothing comparable in the Republican Party. There is no billion-dollar industry profiting from saving lives from abortion. Again, if you think there is something comparable, then you have to provide proof for your claim. You'll then see it doesn't exist.<br />
<br />
*if the page is to say that the "pro-choice" group is not pro-choice about the funding for abortion, then there should also be statements about how the "pro-life" group is not truly pro-life when it comes to providing social support for unwanted children, fighting to outlaw the death penalty, or doing stem cell research to save adult lives. <br />
<br />
:'''REPLY:''' Again, your claims are simply untrue. Many pro-lifers are actively engaged in pregnancy crisis centers and adoption. Many oppose the death penalty, but obviously that analogy fails because the death penalty is retribution for a heinous crime. Virtually all pro-lifers support various types of working stem cell therapies to save lives.<br />
<br />
However, I see that these statements, while equally factual to the original entry, do not fit in with the personal bias of the administrators. Therefore, I deleted all biased statements from the entry that were not clearly supported with evidence.<br />
-Neurocat <br />
<br />
:'''REPLY:''' I'll look again at what you did. You're free to post your claims if you back them up. Most of your claims above, however, cannot be backed up.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 00:09, 21 February 2007 (EST)<br />
<br />
It is interesting to note that several times it has been stated that NOTHING good has come of abortion. Freakonomics by Steven Levitt makes a very strong causal link between the introduction of abortion and fall of crime in the US. Perhaps it would be worth a read for some people.--[[User:ChrisF|ChrisF]]<br />
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: Hello. I know I might be jumping in a bit late here, but I thought I'd explain what ex-cathedra meant, as someone seemed to be of the impression that the Pope can add things to the Bible, but this is what the Catholic Encyclopedia [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05677a.htm CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ex Cathedra] defines it as: "Literally 'from the chair', a theological term which signifies authoritative teaching and is more particularly applied to the '''definitions''' given by the Roman pontiff. Originally the name of the seat occupied by a professor or a bishop, cathedra was used later on to denote the magisterium, or teaching authority..." (emphasis added) Anyway, what I think is relevant here is that when the Pope makes an ex-cathedra teaching, he is not just making something new up, he is '''defining''' the Church's stance on the matter. Take, for example, the topic we have here - abortion. On the subject of life beginning at conception John Paul II wrote in [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031995_evangelium-vitae_en.html Evangelium vitae]: "I declare that direct abortion, that is, abortion willed as an end or as a means, always constitutes a grave moral disorder, since it is the deliberate killing of an innocent human being. This doctrine is based upon the natural law and upon the written word of God, is transmitted by the Church’s tradition and taught by the ordinary and universal magisterium." (I'm not actually sure if this is an ex-cathedra document, but you get the idea). What he is doing here is not adding something to the Bible but clarifying the Church's stance on this, '''in accordance with''' the Bible, for example Luke 1:39-41 "And Mary arose in those days, and went into the hill country with haste, into a city of Juda; And entered into the house of Zacharias, and saluted Elisabeth. And it came to pass, that, when Elisabeth heard the salutation of Mary, the babe leaped in her womb; and Elisabeth was filled with the Holy Ghost" The Council of Ancyra also said "Concerning women who commit fornication, and destroy that which they have conceived, or who are employed in making drugs for abortion, a former decree excluded them until the hour of death, and to this some have assented. Nevertheless, being desirous to use somewhat greater lenity, we have ordained that they fulfill ten years [of penance], according to the prescribed degrees" (canon 21 [A.D. 314]). The Early Church Fathers at the Council of Ancyra proclaimed these things to be in concurrence with the Bible, and (as far as Catholics believe) that is just what the Pope (with the help of Cardinals, etc.) does nowadays. Anyway, I know that was a rather long explanation, but thank you if you read it all and I hope you now understand a bit better what we believe about ex-cathedra proclamations. Feel free to contact me if you'd like to know more about what the Church says about abortion (although I think most people already know lol) or anything else Catholicism-related. :D --[[User:Eldestport|Eldestport]]<sup>[[User talk:Eldestport|Talk!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/Eldestport|Work]]</sub> 05:41, 12 March 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
==Additional Information==<br />
I posted some additional information to round out the entry, along with references. This includes a link to a Pro-Life PAC that is against abortion in cases of rape, incest, and medical need, as well as a link to a website that offers information calling the abortion-breast cancer link into some question. Hopefully this provides a richer, more well rounded entry. --[[User:Neurocat|Neurocat]] 10:44, 21 February 2007 (EST)<br />
<br />
Perhaps pointing out the fact that the link between abortion and breast cancer is not a causal one. The way in which the link is presented in the article is biased, it portrays abortion as being a cause of breast cancer. It is much better defined as an indicator, for abortion itself does not cause breast cancer.--[[User:ChrisF|ChrisF]]<br />
<br />
This article needs serious work. There's one sentence talking about what an abortion is, and BAM! Breast cancer. Why is breast cancer at the top? Is that the most important topic relevant to abortion?<br />
<br />
== profitability of abortion ==<br />
<br />
It's been reported before that fetuses are sold as a commodity, either for use in Chinese medicine:<br />
<br />
http://www.abortiontv.com/Glitch/AbortedBabiesSoldAsHealthFood.htm<br />
<br />
or for ghoulish Western research practices:<br />
<br />
http://archives.cnn.com/2000/HEALTH/03/10/fetal.tissue/index.html<br />
http://www.healthy.net/scr/news.asp?Id=8247<br />
<br />
How is this not something that should be in Conservapedia? This is something that people should be talking about.<br />
<br />
:While fetuses are very usful for research purposes, I find the idea of them as a food quite laughable - who would actually eat it? And the source is hardly credible. Abortiontv.com? Hmm.. really respectable and unbiased. And Phelps is a calm and polite debater. Also, before anyone brings it up, the stories about fetuses being used for embryonic stem cell based cosmetic therepy is also a load of nonsense: Such therepy wouldn't work any better than conventional treatments, and the most likely outcome is a rather nasty tumor. - [[User:Suricou|Suricou]]<br />
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==Should the article introduce and define the terms "pro-life" and "pro-choice?"==<br />
<br />
Regarding [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Abortion&curid=3937&diff=17574&oldid=17566], whether or not the article uses the terms "pro-life" and "pro-choice" I think it makes sense to define both in the article. [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] 23:45, 1 March 2007 (EST)<br />
<br />
One of our rules is conciseness. The above terms are self-evident and not even used much in the article. The sentence is unnecessary for 99.9999% of readers.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 23:53, 1 March 2007 (EST)<br />
<br />
: I'm not sure that's true. That would I presume depend on both what your intended readership is and other issues. (For example, would you be at all aiming for non-native English speakers who don't know much about the English terminology? I always taught to aim to explain to the least knowledgable reader) Furthermore, I think it's important to point out the terms in relation to what the different sides emphasize in regard to the debate. [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] 02:23, 2 March 2007 (EST)<br />
<br />
: As a matter of conciseness, the current article isn't exactly concise (I would think for example that it would make sense to have one section on health risks, not 3. The level of detail there compared to other issues such discussions of the the basies for attitudes towards abortion as well as the political history seems a bit unbalanced. The article doesn't even mention Griswold for exampe.). [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] 02:26, 2 March 2007 (EST)<br />
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::It's my sentence so let me explain why I put it there. It was not to define the terms, but a) to justify the use of terms with "spin" and b) set ground rules. Both terms are so ''thoroughly'' dishonest that I really detest using either of them and think that a justification for their use is needed. The ground rules for the language used throughout the article should be to use the terms which each side likes to have used (no edit wars between "pro-choice" and "pro-murder" or "pro-life" and "pro-non-adult-life," please).<br />
<br />
::I am certain that each side has no trouble seeing the "spin" represented by the ''other'' side's term. They're absolutely wretched and I have to think it would be very helpful if the two factions could bring themselves to call themselves "pro-abortion" and "anti-abortion" (where it's understood that "abortion" is short for "the continuing availability of legalized abortion.) <br />
<br />
::They may be so familiar as to not to require definition, but they are ''certainly'' not "self-evident." A man from Mars would never guess in a million years what "pro-choice" means, or that a "pro-lifer" can support capital punishment. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith]] 06:12, 2 March 2007 (EST)<br />
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:::Pro-lifers cannot support capital punishment; that's an oxymoron. The main force in the fight against abortion is the Catholic church, and they have made it extremely clear that a "culture of life" cannot be consistent with the death penalty; look up some of the references-- [http://www.usccb.org/sdwp/national/deathpenalty/] for example.<br />
[[User:Franklin.jefferson|Franklin.jefferson]] 17:45, 2 March 2007 (EST)<br />
<br />
::::*I personally know some people who are indeed a) Roman Catholic, b) against abortion, and c) against the death penalty. I certainly didn't mean to imply that all "pro-lifers" support death penalty. Many do not. But I don't believe that people who self-describe as "pro-life" can be assumed to be against the death penalty, nor do I think that the term is generally understood to include that. I'm willing to be corrected on that if I'm wrong. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith]] 17:58, 2 March 2007 (EST)<br />
<br />
::::Due diligence:<br />
<br />
::::*Well, for what it's worth: American Heritage Dictionary gives only one meaning, and it's "Advocating full legal protection of human embryos or fetuses, especially by opposing legalized abortion."[http://www.bartleby.com/61/5/P0590500.html]. Merriam-Webster online simply says "antiabortion."[http://209.161.33.50/dictionary/pro-life]. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith]] 18:04, 2 March 2007 (EST)<br />
<br />
::::*National Right-to-Life's website, under "issues," includes abortion, euthanasia, Medicare, and human cloning. Capital punishment is apparently not considered by them to be a right-to-life issue. Their [http://www.nrlc.org/Missionstatement.htm mission statement] says specifically "The Committee does not have a position on issues such as contraception, sex education, capital punishment, and national defense." Their factsheet on the [http://www.nrlc.org/Federal/ICPA/ICPAfactsheet.html Innocent Child Protection Act] says "This bill does ''not'' reflect any point of view on the desirability or appropriateness of imposing capital punishment on persons convicted of premeditated murder or other grave crimes."<br />
<br />
::::I actually think that particular website is avoiding the issue, and I suspect it's because there's a wide spectrum of opinion on capital punishment within the "pro-life" community. I happen to agree with you that pro-life ''should'' imply opposition to capital punishment, but I don't think it does. That's exactly why I think it's a dishonest term. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith]] 18:13, 2 March 2007 (EST)<br />
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:'''REPLY''' Thanks, Dpbsmith, for moving this discussion over here, and I apologize for only getting back to everyone until now. The abortion article never references "pro-choice", and its passing references to "pro-life" near the end can be changed. In fact, I'll remove them now for you.<br />
<br />
: Most people in the abortion movement on both sides reject any analogy between abortion and the death penalty. The same could be said for abortion and war. The issues are very, very different. Criminal punishment is based on retribution and deterrence. Those are not factors in abortion.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 18:38, 2 March 2007 (EST)<br />
<br />
<br />
==Portugal==<br />
I'm not sure that the Portuguese still make abortion illegal. I heard recently that they had a referendum on the issue and they voted to legalize, but the voter turnout was too low for it to count. Last I heard, the ruling party had stated that they were going to enforce the ruling, but I'd assume there would be some challenges from the opposition, so it's definitely worth following. Either way, a factcheck needs to be done on the first bit.--[[User:John|John]] 19:09, 5 March 2007 (EST)<br />
:You're right. The law legalising abortion within the first 10 weeks of pregnancy comes into effect real soon.[http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,2053831,00.html]<br />
<br />
== Article weight ==<br />
<br />
There seem to be issues of weight- almost three quarters of the article as it currently stands deals with potential health complications of abortion, while there is almost no details of the history of abortion or abortion outside the US. I'm a bit puzzled that this level of detail is in here but a single sentence detailing the difference between "pro-life" and "pro-choice" is removed out of concerns of conciseness. [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] 23:26, 5 March 2007 (EST)<br />
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Moreover, this article tells nothing about the types of abortions or the procedures used. Why isn't that the article on abortion has no information actually about abortions? --[[User:ColinR|ColinR]] 15:20, 12 March 2007 (EDT)<br />
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==Bible==<br />
the Abortion article does not mention that Abortion is inconsistent with the 6th commandment "You shall not murder". The Bible, being the word of God, is a infallible moral guide as to the behaviour that God wants us to uphold. Regardless of the (very strong) scientific arguments against abortion the strongest argument (IMHO) against is the 6th commandment. I apppreciate your views.--[[User:AustinM|AustinM]] 11:48, 8 March 2007 (EST)<br />
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The bible proposes no scientific arguments at all against abortion. A commandment is merely a command issue by a higher power, there is no scientific proof shown in it at all. Religion simply puts forward a moral argument. --[[User:JamesLipton|JamesLipton]] 18:19, 13 March 2007 (EDT)<br />
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The Bible contains very little proven fact, either. --[[User:Brooker|Brooker]]<br />
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The Bible clearly indicates in Jeremiah 1 and the Psalms that God regards an unborn baby as being a fully human being separate from any other, and as such, is subject to the protection from being murdered in the 6th Commandment. The Bible also has a great deal of historical evidence to support its accuracy. A read through Josh Mcdowell's "Evidence That Demands A Verdict" should help to demonstrate this. [[User:Luojie|Luojie]] 09:25, 13 September 2007 (EDT)<br />
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== Seriously, please add this to the article ==<br />
<br />
<div style="width: 70%; margin: 0 15% 1em 15%; text-align: center; background-color: #DEE6ED; padding: 0.5em; border: solid 1px #6699CC;"><br />
This article has been identified as not maintaining a neutral point of view. You can and are encouraged to make this article better by contributing. This article may contain opinions, a one-sided bias, or information without proper citation that could be considered opinion. Please be encouraged to edit this article by removing opinions, presenting multiple points of view, and/or adding citations. Please remember to abide by [[The Conservapedia Commandments]].<br />
</div><br />
<includeonly>[[Category:Articles needing major improvement]]</includeonly><br />
<br />
*Support. I'm Catholic and absolutely against abortion, but I think the article is anything but neutral. I appreciate that this is a conservative website but that doesn't mean that we have to push our agenda and beliefs right from the beginning of the article<br />
<br />
==Proposed new section==<br />
While some aspects of the Wikipedia articles on abortion are quite confronting, the fact that this article only devotes a single sentence to a definition is a bit surprising. The current article doesn't actually say anything about the "rightness" of abortion, only that it causes health problems later, and used to be illegal.<br />
<br />
Since the article is protected from editing, I propose a new section here --[[User:Scott|Scott]] 00:56, 12 March 2007 (EDT)<br />
===Alternatives to abortion===<br />
Many people oppose the use of abortion in any or all cases where it might be considered by other people. <br />
<br />
The obvious way to avoid an abortion is for the woman not to get [[pregnancy|pregnant]] in the first place. This can best be achieved by abstinence from [[sex]] before [[marriage]]. If a woman does have sex but does not wish to risk becoming pregnant, the couple should use [[contraception]] to reduce the likelihood of pregnancy.<br />
<br />
Once a woman has become pregnant, the only alternative to abortion is to allow the pregnancy to proceed to a live birth. If the parents are unable or do not wish to bring up the child, it can be offered for [[adoption]]. Otherwise one or both parents will look after the child in a [[family]] until it is old enough to move out of home on his or her own.<br />
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:*Hmm. When I was at Law school my tutor said that the only 100% way to not get pregnant was abstinence (it was a seminar on the Abortion Act). I don't understand why that is such a difficult concept for people to grasp these days. --[[User:Eldestport|Eldestport]]<sup>[[User talk:Eldestport|Talk!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/Eldestport|Work]]</sub> 05:51, 12 March 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:: This argument tends to fall apart for victims of sexual abuse and rape. Of late, I've also seen fringe left-wingers using images of the Virgin Mary with the subtitle "Abstinence doesn't always work" as a joke. [[User:Zondergard|Zondergard]]<br />
<br />
:::Which argument falls apart? All of the above is true even if the sex was involuntary. I'm sure the trauma of the act is magnified by the effects, but if a woman, her friends or relatives believe "abortion is murder", then it doesn't change based on how the conception occurred. I just hope and pray that nobody I know and love is ever in that situation. --[[User:Scott|Scott]] 08:55, 16 March 2007 (EDT)<br />
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:::Apparently this proposed paragraph is not acceptable for the article in its present state as it is not suitably referenced. I'm not quite sure specifically which sentences need reference, but I'm finding it surprisingly difficult to find reliable references on the internet that you don't need an abortion if you don't have sex! Even any pages I can find about alternatives look more biased and pushy than the paragraph above that needs to referenced to be acceptable. [[User:Eldestport|Eldestport]], are you able to reference it from your law book? --[[User:Scott|Scott]] 00:08, 17 March 2007 (EDT)<br />
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==danger of life and abortion needs discussion<br />
Poland, Portugal and Irland permit abortions in cases where the life of the mother is in danger. A discussion of this topic is deerly needed. -- SchiFra.<br />
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==Add Category:Abortion==<br />
Since the page is edit blocked, please add '''Category:Abortion''' [[User:Crocoite|Crocoite]]<sup>[[User Talk:Crocoite|talk]]</sup> 14:47, 12 March 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
==Definition of abortion==<br />
According to the linked definition part 1 (and these [http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=abortion online] [http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?abortion medical dictionaries]), the term abortion relates to the termination of pregnancy, whether planned (induced abortion) or unplanned (spontaneous abortion ak miscarriage). As the everyday useage and the medical terminology are conflicting, I think that this should be clarified and the page possibly split. [[User:Smudgepuss|Smudgepuss]] 16:57, 12 March 2007 (EDT)<br />
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==This article violates the Third Commandment of Conservapedia==<br />
Abortion is clearly not family-friendly. If [[Sex]] isn't allowed, this article has to go. --[[User:ReaganLives|ReaganLives]] 20:49, 12 March 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
anything else you want to censor? --[[User:JamesLipton|JamesLipton]] 16:27, 14 March 2007 (EDT)<br />
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As other posters have said, the very first line of this article contains a startling inaccuracy. Abortion is the purely medical term for the ending of a pregnancy before the foetus can have independent life. Most abortions are caused by Nature, or depending on your personal beliefs, God. Surprisingly, humans have great difficulty getting pregnant, compared to most other mammals, and just as much problems staying pregnant - at least a third, and up to one half of all conceptions which implant, naturally abort before term, although many of these before the mother realises she is pregnant. On a note not wholly related to abortion, the joining of a human egg and sperm is not the begining of a potential human life, it is the begining of TWO or THREE potential human beings, even under natural conditions. It just so happens that identical twins and triplets are even more prone to spontaneous abortion than their single brothers and sisters. KT<br />
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== Reply to the above ==<br />
<br />
The user Scott sent me over here to respond to the above comments, but I didn't find anything here to add to the content page. The content page is a high-quality, thoroughly sourced description of information often censored elsewhere (e.g., Wikipedia omits much of this information). Any additions would have to be of the same quality and cited support.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 14:59, 16 March 2007 (EDT)<br />
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<br />
== Abortion and Breast Cancer==<br />
<br />
In the first sentence of that article section, it states that studies show abortion causes breast cancer, supported by 16/17 statistically significant cases. In a statistical sense, the word "cause" or "causation" is to be avoided. Nothing can ever be proved to cause another thing. Rather, the sentence should state "there is a high correlation evidenced by the studies." Statistics class has ground this principle into me, and so i feel the need to point it out. I would change it myself, but this appears to be another one of those articles that needs "Big Brother" to ensure conservative bias.--[[User:Fpresjh|Fpresjh]] 18:51, 17 March 2007 (EDT)<br />
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To balance the assertions about abortion and breast cancer in this article, it ought to be shown that many factors affect breast cancer rates - for example diet: http://unisci.com/stories/20021/0104023.htm <br />
<br />
and racial grouping: http://www.womenshealthnetwork.org/advocacy/wocbreastca/natam.htm <br />
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Life is full of risks. Your risk of dying of breast cancer is about the same as your risk from radon by living in Cornwall: http://www.cplusc.co.uk/risks.html (Can't say I've noticed women fleeing Cornwall in droves...) <br />
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A higher risk factor for breast cancer than abortion, research published today reveals, is the eating of red meat. See: Red meat ‘raises risks of breast cancer’ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/global/main.jhtml?xml=/global/2007/04/04/nmeat04.xml<br />
<br />
Breastfeeding your baby greatly reduces your risk of breast cancer. Having large numbers of children and breastfeeding them all reduces the risk of breast cancer:<br />
http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn2570 http://society.guardian.co.uk/cancer/story/0,8150,757869,00.html<br />
<br />
Obesity increases the risk of breast cancer: http://society.guardian.co.uk/cancer/story/0,,686105,00.html<br />
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The National Breast Cancer Coalition does not endorse the view that induced abortions increase the risk of breast cancer - one would have thought this kind of organisation would be the first to look at the evidence that exists, since there is no profit in abortion for them. Nor do the American Cancer Society and the World Health Organisation endorse this view. <br />
<br />
Ireland, where abortion is illegal, has one of the highest rates of breast cancer in the EU and the trend for incidence at younger ages (where abortion rates are usually highest) is downwards: <br />
http://www.actuaries.org.uk/files/pdf/library/proceedings/health2001/Jeffery.pdf<br />
<br />
It's dishonest to write an article that greatly overstates the connection between abortion and breast cancer and doesn't put it in the context of all the other things women do that increase or decrease their risk. Getting in a car any day of the week puts you at infinitely higher risk of death than having an abortion: http://www.driveandstayalive.com/info%20section/statistics/stats-usa.htm<br />
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There are legitimate arguments against abortion, but this kind of manipulative shroud-waving isn't among them. [[User:Britinme|Britinme]] 11:19 4 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
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According to Reuters, the largest study ever done on the abortion/cancer link has come to the conclusion that they are not correlated. According to the article, this is going to "fit" with the U.S. National Cancer Institute. Link: http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N23311428.htm --[[User:TempestHead|TempestHead]] 16:58, 23 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
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: Which medical school did the Reuters' reporter go to, or how many cases of breast cancer has he reviewed? Childbirth prevents breast cancer, and termination of childbirth increases breast cancer. By the way, I don't care how many uninformed biased articles might say that 2+2=5.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 17:01, 23 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
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::So that allows you to ignore the studies Reuters references? Strange logic. - [[User:LouisFriend|LouisFriend]] 12:22, 2 September 2007 (EDT)<br />
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::: Every study denying an ABC link that I have looked at, such as [[Harvard Abortion Study]], I have found to be fraudulent or misleading. How many of those pro-abortion studies have you actually looked at? Godspeed.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 12:34, 2 September 2007 (EDT)<br />
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:::: Denying, pro-abortion? LOL, nice wording. Your opinions on these studies '''do not permit''' you to pretend they don't exist and not include them in the article. I have read recent studies, and GASP, I find them flawed regurgitations of scientific consensus. Doesn't excuse your excuses and assumptions about me and the researchers. After you're done getting over yourself and "pro-abortion" notions (people/scientists are allowed to simply be wrong without a grandiose agenda), mention them in the article with relevant (referenced) criticism; if you can't find criticism, then include them anyway! Also, don't refer to the studies as "Lancet" and "Harvard", that is authoritative wording used by anti-abortion breast cancer reporters (which makes up the majority, something you should also substantiate/analyze in the article, but you don't bother). Instead you should call these studies, "Melbye" and "Michels" studies, to clarify shortsighted people can be in charge scientific studies, not just online encyclopedias. If you just reference marginalized science and scientists, then your article will be of marginal quality, importance and persuasiveness. But hey, whatever, it's conservapedia that ends up looking bad. - [[User:LouisFriend|LouisFriend]] 19:34, 7 September 2007 (EDT)<br />
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::Unfortunately you also don't seem to care about the number of methodologically sound studies that find no ABC link. [[User:Murray|Murray]] 17:08, 23 April 2007 (EDT)<br><br />
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:::You may wish to consider though, why so many do. Most studies usually have a 95% threshold for saying there is a statistical correlation. So if there was no statistical correlation between breast cancer and abortion, we would expect that given 20 studies that 18 would show there is no correlation, 1 would show a statical correlation that abortion leads to an increased rate of breast cancer, and 1 would show that abortion lowers the chances of having breast cancer. For so many studies to show a correlation, even if there are many that do not, chances are very high that some level of correlation exists. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 19:23, 7 May 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
::::That does not answer why studies indicating no link are not included. The answer seems obvious, they aren't included because people write about what they want to hear. There are very large studies indicating no link -- which form the current scientific consensus by the way -- and so should be included. Murray is assuming they are "methodologically sound," I do not take the NCI's nor the media's interpretation of the evidence at face value; but how people here think it is okay to excluded from the article is beyond me.<br />
<br />
::::Also, there is no mention of criticism of studies which indicate an ABC link, such as response bias and small data sets. There is plenty of criticism of these studies but has not been mentioned here. The section also repeatedly makes use of the word "expert", yet cites no expert who concludes there is marginal or no ABC link; I'm sure they exist. - [[User:LouisFriend|LouisFriend]] 12:22, 2 September 2007 (EDT)<br />
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== Historical view of abortion ==<br />
<br />
Abortion has been an issue for a long while, though historians and anthropologists rarely write about it. Yet, if abortion became illegal in every country on Earth, with the most severe, harshest penalties imaginable, abortions would still happen. Women who really didn't want to carry to term would find a way. Medically trained people would perform black market sorts of abortions here and there. It is a human issue, an emotional issue. Our grandmothers knew this and their grandmothers. Today's modern medicine allows safe (for the mother) abortion in most cases. Today's law proposes that the decision might not reside in the realm of the mother, but could be mandated, to the benefit of society. Let us not fool ourselves, abortion might be illegal but abortion happens anyway. Who can legally try a woman for falling down stairs or falling against the edge of a table? The article does not, at this time, confront the real reasons why abortion is an issue (my opinion). [[User:Terryeo|Terryeo]] 13:32, 19 March 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
To add to the above, in Thailand, procuring an illegal abortion is subject to the death penalty. Yet the midwives there are the ones mothers turn to for this service, the same people they turn to to deliver their babies safely. And much as the the ultra right may hate the idea, midwives throughout the ages have always carried out this function, unknown to (or ignored by) males. Even with legal terminations, girls still go to their mothers, not to their fathers, and there is many a Pro-lifer who has no idea what his mother's, wife's, sisters' and daughters' reproductive history is. KT<br />
<br />
: Well, fine, burglary and drugs and prostitution and everything else one can imagine will always exist too, no matter how harsh the penalties. Here in the U.S. there is an abortion industry that owns one of the two major political parties (the Democrats), and most women who have an abortion have no idea that they are increasing their risk of breast cancer and future premature birth. The abortion industry does everything it can to prevent that information reaching their potential customers. The tobacco industry did the same thing in the 1940s and 1950s and 1960s. The tobacco industry even got the American Medical Association (AMA) to help it cover up how smoking causes cancer. History repeats itself with abortion.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 20:45, 23 March 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
It's anything but an industry in UK, here Termination of Pregnancy (as you describe abortion) is carried out mainly by the National Health Service. Hospitals in our country are under financial constraints (private insurance does not pay for it), yet still publically funded doctors perform these procedures for the benefit of the woman concerned, and no other reason. They do NOT receive financial reward, and it is the taxpayer who pays. And the British taxpayer is happy to pay for this.<br />
<br />
: I'm not an expert on the UK by any means, but I'm confident physicians perform the operation for payment, not for charity. In the U.S., the operation has little risk of malpractice, is done outside of hospitals and in profitable clinics, and often the physicians do abortions after they have been excluded from their own specialty and/or from hospitals.<br />
<br />
: Your claim that the British taxpayer "is happy to pay for this" strikes me as incredulous also. The British taxpayer is ''forced'' to pay for this. If the Brits were "happy to pay for this" then taxes wouldn't be needed for it, and it could be privately funded!--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 21:45, 23 March 2007 (EDT)<br />
::Aschlafly - I think you aren't clear about how the NHS works. It isn't funded by taxation. It's funded by National Insurance, which all working people pay in the same way as Americans pay Social Security, and it covers the same range of things as Social Security except that it covers health care as well. Because of inadequacies in the NHS, some people choose to pay privately for a termination of pregnancy, but the law in the UK states that two doctors have to agree that there are satisfactory grounds for it. The majority of UK opinion supports the availability of legal abortion on the NHS, though there are a number of people who would prefer to see the upper time limit (currently 24 weeks) brought down to 20-22 weeks. [[User:Britinme|Britinme]]<br />
<br />
You may also like to consider that the majority of women who have terminations (abortions) either already have families, or go on to have families. No woman ever takes this decision lightly, and many women have this procedure to safeguard their real family (people who already exist). KT<br />
<br />
: Unfortunately those women who do have future children (and many can't, by the way) have greatly increased their chance of premature birth, and the severe injuries that causes. Those women should be told that, just as informed consent is required for any other operation. Surely you don't think that the women considering an abortion should not be told?--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 21:45, 23 March 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
If abortions 'causes' breast cancer, is it terminations of pregnancy 'cause' breast cancer, or/and miscarriages (spontaneous abortion)'cause' breast cancer. If spontaneous abortion causes breast cancer, the solution is to never get pregnant, and avoid the 50% risk of natural abortion which comes with every pregnancy. Would that suit Mr/Ms Aschafly; or would this defy the Biblical injunction to go forth and mulitply? KT<br />
<br />
==Portugal==<br />
Could someone remove Portugal from the countries that abortion is illegal in? They voted for it to become legal a few days ago.<br />
--[[User:Daerean|Daerean]] 17:27, 19 March 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
: I thought the vote failed because of low turnout. In other words, the law did not change.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 17:37, 19 March 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
::The PM sent a bill allowing abortion in Portugal that passed in parliament on the 15 March 2007, Accoring to the AP "The bill is now subject to presidential ratification in the next 20 days but becomes law only after published, a process that could take several months." [http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/europe/03/09/portugal.abortion.ap/index.html] So yes, it's still illegal as of today. --[[User:Cracker|Cracker]]<sup>[[User_Talk:Cracker|talk]]</sup> 17:51, 19 March 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:::A severe health risk for the mother has always been an accepted medical reason for abortion in Portugal.<br />
<br />
This is a genuine query to every poster on this page. Somewhere in the Old Testement, I think Dueteronomy, there is an edict on how long a woman remains unclean after abortion/miscarriage, and says something like a woman is unclean for 60 days after aborting a male, but only 30 days after aborting a female. Can anyone please point out the Bilical reference, refresh my memory. Many thanks KT<br />
<br />
== Blocked? ==<br />
<br />
So much for a free encyclopedia, when all the important articles are blocked. Well done. [[User:Theonlyedge|Theonlyedge]] 20:46, 28 March 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:Not ''all'' the important articles - just the ones where a conservative view might differ significantly from that "liberal" alternative, Wikipedia. --[[User:Scott|Scott]] 10:50, 29 March 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
Incidentally, Conservapedia is not a ''free'' encyclopedia, but a ''trustworthy'' encyclopedia. If vandalism or edit clashes break out then pages should be blocked. --[[User:Additioner|Additioner]] 14:49, 22 May 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
: What do the above comments have to do with whether something is "free"? Nothing as far as I can tell.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 14:58, 22 May 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
== death rate ==<br />
<br />
The first paragraph of the "Other health effects" section is <br />
:''A study published in the Southern Medical Journal observed that there are higher death rates association with women who have abortion, and that these higher death rates persist over time and across socioeconomic boundaries.''<br />
Apart from "association" where it presumably should say "associated", I find it surprising that the death rate of women who have had abortions is higher than in women who haven't, given that the death rate amongst women who have not had abortions is effectively 100%! That is, ''all'' women who have not had abortions die eventually, but proportionately more women who ''have'' had abortions die? "110% of women who had abortions die" would be a good headline. --[[User:Scott|Scott]] 09:06, 31 March 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
I was hoping i could edit the article to make it less biased and more factual. I want this site to be taken seriously, and it's articles like this one that destroy it's credibility. If allowed to edit this article, i would not take it from one bias to another, i would simply remove some of the opinion and make it purely factual.--[[User:Sersabian|Sersabian]] 17:52, 31 March 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
== Requested edits ==<br />
<br />
* Could this article be added to [[[[:Category:Abortion]]| ]]? Thanks. --[[User:Interiot|Interiot]] 03:12, 1 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
:* Service with a smile. Thanks! --[[User:Interiot|Interiot]] 03:16, 1 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
::*<nowiki>:</nowiki>D There's your smile! --<font color="#0000CC" face="Comic Sans MS">[[User:Hojimachong|'''Hojimachong''']]</font><sup><font color="00FFAA">[[User_Talk:Hojimachong|talk]]</font></sup> 03:17, 1 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
== Billion Dollar Industry ==<br />
<br />
There is a footnote for the "abortion is now a billion dollar industry" factlet here: [http://archives.cnn.com/2000/HEALTH/03/09/fetal.tissue/index.html]. A very quick search of the page yields no mention of the words "billion" "dollar" or "industry" and a more thorough search discovers that the article is, in fact, dealing with a 2000 congressional hearing over the illegal sale of fetal tissue. I'm sure this was just an oversight... could a source be provided for the billion dollar indutry fact? [[User:Myk|Myk]] 06:10, 1 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
:What, no one sysop has this article on their watchlist? [[User:Myk|Myk]] 14:20, 1 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
I just noticed the same thing that [[User:Myk|Myk]] mentioned above but no one seems to have addressed it. If the sentence is going to make the billion-dollar-industry claim, then shouldn't the sources, you know, back that statement up somehow instead of being remotely and tangentially related?--[[User:Porthos|Porthos]] 11:33, 20 August 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
== Scientific/Medical background needed ==<br />
<br />
This article on abortion either needs the medical background behind abortion (reasons for abortions and methods of abortion) and reasons why abortion can be beneficial added or its title changed to 'Reasons Why Abortion is Wrong'. This is another biased article that is lacking in facts about the topic itself. --[[User:Tomt|TomT]] 15:51, 5 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
== Articles I would like to see written at Conservapedia ==<br />
<br />
'''ABORTION RELATED ARTICLES:'''<br />
<br />
*[[Abortion alternatives]]<br />
*[[Abortion procedures]]<br />
*[[Culture of life]]<br />
*[[Dilatation and curettage abortion]] <br />
*[[Dilatation and Evacuation abortion]] <br />
*[[National Right to Life Committee]]<br />
*[[Prostaglandin Abortion]]<br />
*[[Partial birth abortion]]<br />
*[[Right to life]]<br />
*[[Right to life books]]<br />
*[[Right to life movement]]<br />
*[[Saline abortion]]<br />
*[[Suction abortion]]<br />
*[[Sanctity of life]] <br />
*[[Silent scream]]<br />
<br />
[[User:Conservative|Conservative]] 18:07, 9 April 2007 (EDT)conservative<br />
<br />
== American Cancer Society states abortions do NOT cause breast cancer ==<br />
<br />
http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_6x_Can_Having_an_Abortion_Cause_or_Contribute_to_Breast_Cancer.asp?sitearea=<br />
<br />
You all lose. Abortions aren't bad. Get over it.[[User:AtheistKathryn|AtheistKathryn]] 00:41, 10 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
: Get serious. The American Medical Association used to defend smoking too. That is because it is easy for an industry to influence the handful of people who run these organizations at any given time.<br />
<br />
: If you're going to support abortion, at least support giving the mothers information so that they can make an informed decision.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 00:57, 10 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
So once an agency, it's always wrong, following Conservative's line of logic @ [[Evolution]] - "science was wrong once, therefore it's always suspect"? Abortion clinics are not run by corporations that funnel money to the AMA like Philip-Morris did. You get serious, Andy.-'''<font color="#007FFF">Ames</font><font color="#FF0000">G</font>'''<sub>[http://www.conservapedia.com/User_talk:AmesG yo!]</sub> 01:28, 10 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
::Giving the mothers the correct information is indeed the right thing to do. Which is why to claim that 16/17 studies show a link is either misinformed or untruthful. I don't know where that claim came from, but if you search yourself you'd find a lot more than 16 studies showing no statistically significant link. To make it a little easier I've listed 24 of them on my talk page. Have you taken a look? [[User:Murray|Murray]] 11:34, 10 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
Murray, they'll argue that all contrary sources are "liberal biased." Facts don't matter to these people.-'''<font color="#007FFF">Ames</font><font color="#FF0000">G</font>'''<sub>[http://www.conservapedia.com/User_talk:AmesG yo!]</sub> 11:37, 10 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
::Ames, I have no doubt that you're right. Just hoping that some people who read the article might end up here on the talk page and realize that that article is basically one big lie. Or maybe I'm just a glutton for punishment, so I'll keep tilting away! :) [[User:Murray|Murray]] 11:47, 10 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
Perhaps a link to the new breast cancer article might be added to this section? --[[User:Jeremiah4-22|Jeremiah4-22]] 11:44, 10 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
::Murray, I admire your persistence. I hope that you change at least one mind; that'll make it worth it.-'''<font color="#007FFF">Ames</font><font color="#FF0000">G</font>'''<sub>[http://www.conservapedia.com/User_talk:AmesG yo!]</sub> 12:01, 10 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:::Thanks - and right back at you. [[User:Murray|Murray]] 13:11, 10 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
==Listen up== <br />
<br />
Ok, folks, there are many reasons to be against abortion, almost all of them moral. I am pretty liberal but I have some problems with it myself. HOWEVER, adding specious medical claims does not help the case. ''At this point'' there is '''no''' credible evidence linking abortion to any malignancies. Move on, discuss the real reasons to oppose abortion.--[[User:palmd001|PalMD]]<sup>[[User_talk:palmd001|talk]]</sup> 11:48, 10 April 2007 (EDT) <br />
And by the way, Im working on the Breast cancer article.<br />
<br />
:Was just thinking about the "16 out of 17 statistically significant studies" thing. Aschafly, I initially interpreted that as you claiming that most studies that have looked at the relationship have found that abortion is a risk factor. But now it occurs to me that it likely actually means that there are 16 studies finding that it is a significant risk factor, 1 finding that it's a significant protective factor, and some unlisted number finding no significant relationship. Without knowing the number finding no relationship, it's completely meaningless. As I posted above, there are at least 24 studies in that category, and my search was not that comprehensive. It's nonsensical to claim that when less than half of the studies find a relationship that it definitely exists, and suggests misunderstanding of statistical significance. [[User:Murray|Murray]] 13:16, 10 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
Quite astute, young grasshopper. Given all the other reasons to oppose abortion, there is no good reason to just make stuff up.--[[User:palmd001|PalMD]]<sup>[[User_talk:palmd001|talk]]</sup> 13:37, 10 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
==Bizarre fixation on abortion==<br />
<br />
I'm wondering how Schlafly's slightly freaky obsession with abortion (see eg that the most notable feature of [[Wisconsin]] is its abortion statistics) squares with the not-in-front-of-the-kids squeamishness which pervades other articles of a [[sexual intercourse|reproductive]] or genital-related nature. Are home-schooled children allowed to know about abortion without knowing how a woman gets into the situation of being able to have an abortion? [[User:Chrysogonus|Chrysogonus]] 15:09, 10 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
See [[Talk:Breast cancer]]. That may help answer your question.--[[User:palmd001|PalMD]]<sup>[[User_talk:palmd001|talk]]</sup> 15:45, 10 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
== Confused ==<br />
<br />
Please see [[talk:Abortion alternatives]] to see why I am confused. --[[User:Scott|Scott]] 22:35, 13 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
== But what about the benefits of abortion? ==<br />
<br />
This article neglects to mention the benefits of abortion, for example:<br />
*Saving the mother's life<br />
*Protecting the mother's physical and mental health<br />
*Preventing a severely disabled child being born into a world where it would just suffer<br />
I know that these points can be debated and there are others that could be added. Just remember that debate does not belong in the article! --[[User:Tomt|TomT]] 16:53, 15 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
== Abortion and breast cancer, again. ==<br />
<br />
See http://www.cnn.com/2007/HEALTH/conditions/04/23/abortion.cancer.ap/index.html [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] 19:35, 23 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
== I think we need to take on the abortion-breast cancer arguments from Wikipedia and JoshuaZ==<br />
<br />
I think we need to take on this information from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion#Breast_cancer<br />
<br />
For example, why do pro-life people say selection bias is responsible in regards to studies showing there is no abortion and breast cancer connection? I realize that Wikipedia gave this reference in regards to the selection bias possibility: http://bcpinstitute.org/printabc_html.htm '''However, are there more sources? ''' <br />
<br />
I think this article needs to be developed more so Conservapedias footnoted references discuss the Wikipedia information. <br />
<br />
I also think we should take on the link above from JoshuaZ which is this link: http://www.cnn.com/2007/HEALTH/conditions/04/23/abortion.cancer.ap/index.html <br />
<br />
I personally have not made up my mind on this matter. Additional information from the pro-life side would be helpful.<br />
<br />
[[User:Conservative|Conservative]] 20:33, 23 April 2007 (EDT)conservative<br />
<br />
: This isn't a pro-life v. pro-choice issue. I'm basically pro-life. That doesn't alter what the scientific consensus or the evidence says about this matter one iota. [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] 20:56, 23 April 2007 (EDT) (restoring comment that seemed to get accidentally lost in the edting).<br />
<br />
::I really don't understand why there's quite so much focus on the breast cancer thing here. Of course abortion will have some risks, as does any medical procedure. But guess what? There are also risks associated with pregnancy (such as an increased risk of thrombosis) and with many contraceptives (eg the breast cancer link with the pill). Yet strangely those things aren't mentioned in this article. I wonder why?<br />
::The point isn't that '''Abortion carries risks! Abortion Bad!''' but that all the options carry risks and it is down to women to decide which ones they consider worth taking and which ones not. And before anyone leaps in to say that abstinence is the risk free choice, remember that women who never have children are at a higher risk of breast cancer than those who have had children. [[User:Silverfish|Silverfish]] 13:41, 24 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
: Even the supporters of abortion don't deny that preventing childbirth increases risk of breast cancer. Guess what? Abortion prevents childbirth, and therefore increases breast cancer risk. It increases breast cancer risks in additional ways also.<br />
<br />
: Where's the Harvard study, or any other study that tries to deny this? I'd be happy to analyize the study. Its lack of availability, however, does not lend credibility to exaggerated press reports.<br />
<br />
: A few years ago, Harvard researchers claimed to have found a link between gun ownership and increased harm to children. My simple review of their paper revealed severe flaws and biases, and the ''Economist'' published my letter debunking it. In addition, the Harvard researchers were uncooperative in releasing their data. Looks we have the same old, same old with this latest abortion study.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 21:32, 23 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:: Andrew, um have you even looked at this study? That seems a bit presumptious this early on. [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] 00:30, 24 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
::: Joshua, I have been reading the study tonight. That's what I've been doing. It would be even more "presumptuous" to assume the study is valid without reading it. And, by the way, there is about an 80% correlation between people who are pro-evolution and those who support abortion on demand. Do you really fall in that tiny 20%? I'm skeptical, and wonder why you volunteered that you're "pro-life". It's amazing how many people volunteer a position in order to make an argument on the other side, as though that volunteered position should persuade anyone. No one cares about a self-proclaimed Democrat who says he favors Bush, for example.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 00:41, 24 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:::: Since you're reading it, I'd be curious what you think about it. My initial impression is that the most serious possible problem is that the disproportionate number in the sample who were premenopausal (a problem they acknowledge). However, I'm not aware of any biological reason to think that pre and post menopausal females would have significantly different responses. As to your claim that "there is about an 80% correlation between people who are pro-evolution and those who support abortion on demand" -I'd be very curious as to how you arrived at that claim although it would not surprise me if something of that sort were true. I would in any event point out that 20% isn't exactly tiny and that a number of prominent conservatives share this set of views such as John Derbyshire and George Will. As to your comment about people volunteerring "volunteer a position in order to make an argument on the other side, as though that volunteered position should persuade anyone" - if I had been doing that it would have been a nice rhetorical remark and you'd be correct to observe that it would carry no logical weight. My point was however exactrly that this wasn't an issue of one "side" as opposed to another, but an issue of science. Not everything is "liberal" v "conservative" and this would definitely be an example. (I should note however that the insistence in this case that abortion must be such a dangerous procedure seems to be a possible example of belief-overkill). [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] 01:10, 24 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
It's good to know that you guys are so concerned about women's health. I do hope you are going to campaign for it to be illegal for women not to breastfeed their babies, since this could really slash the rate of breast cancer. http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn2570 It affects the baby's health too, since a formula-fed baby is more than three times as likely to be hospitalized for severe respiratory illness as an exclusively breastfed baby. http://www.babyfriendly.org.uk/items/research_detail.asp?item=94. When am I going to see Conservapedia condemn all those mothers who withhold breast milk from their babies? --[[User:Britinme|Britinme]] 22:12, 23 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
: Britinme, women should be told that also. I'm for telling the truth to women, rather than having abortionists exploit them the way that the tobacco industry did years ago.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 22:24, 23 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
Now that is a very strange comparison. How many women do you think are persuaded to get pregnant with a baby they want and then have it aborted because of some massive advertising campaign? And I really do think you ought to stop stating so unequivocally that abortion is a leading cause of breast cancer, when all the discussions and links that have taken place on this and the breast cancer talk page seem to show that the consensus of medical opinion is that there is no such definite link. --[[User:Britinme|Britinme]] 22:41, 23 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
: Yes, there is massive advertising for abortion. Ride a subway in a minority community sometime and look at the ads. Does that influence women? You bet. The ads wouldn't be there if they weren't effective.<br />
<br />
: History repeats itself. The tobacco industry denied its cause of cancer for decades, and got lots of other people to deny it also, including the AMA.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 22:51, 23 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
Let me be sure I understand you - are you of the opinion that a woman pregnant with a baby she wants will be influenced to go and have an abortion by seeing an advert on the subway?--[[User:Britinme|Britinme]] 23:40, 23 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
: The abortionists wouldn't be paying for the ads unless they had an influence. Would you pay for an advertisement that didn't have an influence???--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 00:41, 24 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
Thanks Andy for your honesty. It's good to have it made really clear what your opinion of women is. Personally, as a middle aged women with three adult children and a long history of voluntary work with a childbirth organization as a breastfeeding counsellor, knowing many women who have had unwanted pregnancies (some terminated by abortion and some gone through to delivery and raising of the child) and many women who have had wanted pregnancies (some that have miscarried and some that have gone through to raising the child) I can say, hand on heart, that I do not know one who would have been influenced to terminate a wanted pregnancy by seeing an advert on the subway. But maybe you know a lot more dumb women than I do.--[[User:Britinme|Britinme]] 10:36, 24 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
: Britinme, are you seriously saying that the abortion providers that pay for those ads are completely wasting their money???? Have you ever run a business or purchased advertising yourself???<br />
<br />
: Tell you what. If you're being sincere, then I suggest you call Planned Parenthood and other abortion providers and tell them your great idea for how they can save lots of money. Let me know how they response.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 12:14, 24 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
::Surely these adverts (which, by the way, I have never seen in my life) are to inform women of how to get a safe abortion rather than an unsafe one, and to encourage them to do it early rather than late? I can't see any woman who wants her baby deciding to change her mind just on the basis of some advert, that's crazy. [[User:Silverfish|Silverfish]] 13:43, 24 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
::: I can't believe how many smart businessmen and businesswomen we have here. Silverfish, how about calling up the abortion providers and telling them how you know they are wasting their money on advertising! Don't you think that maybe, just maybe, the abortionists have already done studies and concluded that their money on advertising is money well-spent for their business???--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 13:54, 24 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
I think there are two things going on here which need to be distinguished:<br />
#Many Christians are sad, knowing that human life begins at conception yet millions of girls and women choose [[elective abortion]] rather than bring their baby into the world<br />
#There are studies linking elective abortion with a measurable increase in [[breast cancer]]<br />
<br />
Emotionally, it may be difficult to deal with the linkage between the two issues. But this writing project is not just for homeschooled minors any more. It has become a project to create an encyclopedia. We'll just have to deal with these difficulties. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] 13:47, 24 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
Ed - any argument against abortion needs to hinge around the moral issues, because any unbiased look at the evidence concludes that the level of risk to the mother's health is actually higher from pregnancy than from abortion and that there is no significant link between abortion and breast cancer. A woman who is joyfully pregnant with a planned and wanted baby, or even pregnant with a baby that she didn't plan but feels able to raise herself or give birth to and give to adopters to raise, takes those risks willingly. People who oppose abortion need to put their efforts into helping and supporting women in the decision to have and raise the child, or to give it for adoption, because every time they distort or cherry-pick the evidence they undermine their own case.--[[User:Britinme|Britinme]] 08:27, 25 April 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
==Latest Harvard Study Deserves Inclusion==<br />
<br />
This morning researchers at Harvard University released the results of a study they finished that surveyed 100,000 women over 10 years and failed to find any statistically significant link between breast cancer and abortion or miscarriages. This result seems to confirm the opinion of the National Cancer Institute's 2003 expert panel.<br />
<br />
Related news article:<br />
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/04/070423185607.htm<br />
<br />
Study abstract:<br />
http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/167/8/814<br />
<br />
Full text of study:<br />
http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/167/8/814<br />
<br />
Given the absolute prominence that this encyclopedia chooses to give to the question of a relationship between cancer and abortion, wouldn't it be required diligence to include this study (giving fair provenance to countering opinions and evidence of course)?<br />
<br />
== Quick question ==<br />
<br />
What's the Bible verse that says abortion is bad? --<font color="#0000CC" face="Comic Sans MS">[[User:Hojimachong|'''Hojimachong''']]</font><sup><font color="00FFAA">[[User_Talk:Hojimachong|talk]]</font></sup> 19:29, 7 May 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
Exodus 20:13[[User:JoyousOne|JoyousOne]] 19:32, 7 May 2007 (EDT)<br />
:Thanks :D --<font color="#0000CC" face="Comic Sans MS">[[User:Hojimachong|'''Hojimachong''']]</font><sup><font color="00FFAA">[[User_Talk:Hojimachong|talk]]</font></sup> 19:32, 7 May 2007 (EDT)<br />
::That says "thou shalt not kill". I meant where does it say that life begins at conception. The "thou shalt not kill" rule has been ignored plenty; a la Crusades. --<font color="#0000CC" face="Comic Sans MS">[[User:Hojimachong|'''Hojimachong''']]</font><sup><font color="00FFAA">[[User_Talk:Hojimachong|talk]]</font></sup> 19:34, 7 May 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:Actually, it says "You are not to murder". For many of us, that includes life in the womb. I am probably a bit more liberal than some, in that I do feel it is ok to debate the issue, but if you believe, as i do, that an unborn child is human, then "No murder" applies.[[User:JoyousOne|JoyousOne]] 19:37, 7 May 2007 (EDT)<br />
::I'm using the [http://www.bartleby.com/108/ Bartleby] online Bible, which claims to be KJV, and it says "thou shalt not kill". I just checked with my Revised Standard Version, and it says "thou shalt not kill" as well. Which version are you using? --<font color="#0000CC" face="Comic Sans MS">[[User:Hojimachong|'''Hojimachong''']]</font><sup><font color="00FFAA">[[User_Talk:Hojimachong|talk]]</font></sup> 19:40, 7 May 2007 (EDT)<br />
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::Actually, I have several versions, New International Version has the closest to the original language.[[User:JoyousOne|JoyousOne]] 19:46, 7 May 2007 (EDT)<br />
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Just to add, the implications of various translations can be quite large. There is an obvious difference between "dont kill" and "dont murder", including such issues as the death penalty, etc. Some will argue (perhaps correctly) that nearly-cannonical translations such as KJV can be taken as is since they are so widely accepted. I could go on forever, but I wont. [[User:JoyousOne|JoyousOne]] 20:00, 7 May 2007 (EDT)<br />
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===Round 2===<br />
I never seem to have gotten a clear answer above, so I'll try again: Where does the Bible say that life ''begins at conception''? --<font color="#0000CC" face="Comic Sans MS">[[User:Hojimachong|'''Hojimachong''']]</font><sup><font color="00FFAA">[[User_Talk:Hojimachong|talk]]</font></sup> 17:54, 24 May 2007 (EDT)<br />
:The lack of an answer so far is ''very'' encouraging. --<font color="#0000CC" face="Comic Sans MS">[[User:Hojimachong|'''Ĥøĵĭmåçħôńğ''']]</font><sup><font color="00FFAA">[[User_Talk:Hojimachong|talk]]</font></sup> 23:20, 27 May 2007 (EDT)<br />
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The idea that life begins at conception is not a universally shared one and actually a certain paradox exists because of that reason. The idea is that "potential life" is created at conception. Many people, apparently, believe that life begins at conception as a cell is formed, however whether this is actually life depends on your definition of "life". I assume that from a religious perspective one would assume that this is the moment where the soul enters the body and the soul is then released when it is killed and thus the moment it is actually immoral to cause the destruction of that life. To my understanding people of the Jewish faith believe that life begins with one's first breath. This being said I know of no reason why that definition has changed with Christianity, and I am not aware of any Bible verse that discusses when a soul enters a body. So, unless I'm wrong no biblical scriture mentions anything about abortion. It does bring up an interesting point in the process. The first ammendment of the American Bill of Rights protects the freedom of religion, thus providing a legal definition of when "life" occurs and making abortion prior to that point would be restricting the religious freedoms of others because it is creating morality where morality is unclear and different according to different religions and beliefs. --[[User:Theseus|Theseus]] 22:36, 2 July 2007 (EDT)<br />
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== Logical problem with breast cancer link. ==<br />
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I see a logical problem with what appears to be a an attempt to link abortion to a number of health problems. Opposition to abortion is not based on the notion of risks to the mother, it is based on the risk to the fetus. There is a 100% chance of fetal death. If studies showed conclusively that say: Abortion had no effect on cancer risk and Early term abortion was safer for the mother than full term delivery (Which it is), pretty much all the people who oppose abortion now would still oppose abortion, because of the fetal death issue. <br />
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--[[User:Irish|Irish]] 22:37, 10 July 2007 (EDT)<br />
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: The logical flaw is yours. The link between abortion and breast cancer should be disclosed to the mother regardless of one's views on abortion. It is the abortion industry and its allies and recipients of federal funding who have a motivation to cover up this link, which cannot seriously be disputed.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 23:14, 10 July 2007 (EDT)<br />
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:: Any doctor should disclose all known risks and benefits for any procedure, and my comment did not seek to dispute the existence of a link. I am not a doctor/cancer researcher and would not pretend to know about that. But the problem is that if it could be shown that an abortion presented lower overall risk, making the choice to abort based on that would still be the height of selfishness and would in my view be immoral. What I am saying is that if you frame an argument against abortion around the relative risks/benefits to the mother you are positioning the debate in some dangerous and territory. I think it is safe to say that the majority of people who seek abortions do so because they feel that they are too poor, too busy or otherwise unable to care for the child and maintain their current standard of living. From a certain point of view they may be correct. That still makes the choice a very selfish and immoral one, and as such thinking about the issue from a risk reward point of view if flawed, some people will always come out on the side of abortion. Essentially the way to frame this is: the doctor has two patients, the mother and the fetus. The principal of "first do no harm" implies that the doctor should not take an action that would harm either patient.--[[User:Irish|Irish]] 00:16, 11 July 2007 (EDT)<br />
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==Consider to include in "See also" section==<br />
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I just created an article on the [[National Right to Life Committee]], it might be good to add this to the "see also" section in this article. Thanks, --[[User:Tash|Tash]] 22:20, 18 July 2007 (EDT)<br />
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: Done. Thanks much!--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 22:39, 18 July 2007 (EDT)<br />
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== Abortion in minnesota ==<br />
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http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/chs/abrpt/2006abrpt.pdf 14,065 abortions in Minnesota in 2006 according to Minnesota Department of Health. [[User:FunnyBoy|FunnyBoy]] 22:28, 30 August 2007 (EDT)<br />
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: Thanks. I just added it.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 22:34, 30 August 2007 (EDT)<br />
:: Thanks. [[User:FunnyBoy|FunnyBoy]] 23:23, 31 August 2007 (EDT)<br />
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== Health risks ==<br />
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The section headed ''health risks'' should start out with the fact that abortion always stops the beating heart of the unborn child (except when the child survives, which is even more gruesome). [[User:FunnyBoy|FunnyBoy]] 23:35, 31 August 2007 (EDT)<br />
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: Good point. I added it. Godspeed.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 23:59, 31 August 2007 (EDT)<br />
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== China ==<br />
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I think a new section would be justified talking about the use of forced abortion as a population control tool. I personally know somebody who took part in round-ups of women for forced abortion and have personally seen family planning officials stationed outside a block of flats in order to coerce a women hiding in one of the flats to go and have an abortion. Here's my suggestion. Perhaps others could add some improvements<br />
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== Forced Abortion as a Family Planning Enforcement Tool ==<br />
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Abortion is not only legal up to full term in the [[Peoples Republic of China]] but is frequently used both as a method of [[birth control]] and an instrument of enforcement of that country's [[one-child policy]], despite official protestations to the contrary.<br />
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From the introduction of the [[family planning]] policy in the 1970's until the early 21st century, coerced or forced abortion was used as an instrument of enforcement against women who violated the one child rule. Local officials are held responsible for meeting birth targets in their areas and are usually the ones invovled in such action. In rural areas, teams would be sent out to villages to round up pregnant women without birth permits and take them to a hospital where they would be forced to have abortions. In urban areas, if a pregnant woman was discovered in hiding without a birth permit, the local family planning office would have people stationed by the entrance to the block until the woman either agreed to abort the baby or was forcibly taken.<br />
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Despite the use of forced abortion being outlawed by the central government, the practice has persisted in some areas, most notably, [[Linyi]], [[Shandong]] Province, where it was exposed to [[''Time'']] magazine by blind [[activist]] [[Chen Guangcheng]] in 2005. As a result of his expose of Linyi officials, Chen was sentenced to four years and three months prison for "intentionally damaging property" and "organising a crowd to disturb traffic" after a [[show trial]] in August 2006.<br />
[[User:Luojie|Luojie]] 10:04, 13 September 2007 (EDT)<br />
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==Hypocrisy==<br />
How can conservapedia devote an entire article to bias in wikipedia, and then vomit out a bias-ridden article like this mess? It's the same with other articles on atheism, homosexuality, Islam and other anti-Conservative topics. An encyclopedia is supposed to be neutral - this isn't neutral it is republican party propaganda. [[User:SMI|SMI]] 16:12, 3 January 2008 (EST)<br />
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: No, this isn't republican party propaganda; the GOP isn't this extremist! Seriously, this is more of an essay or blog than an encyclopedia article. [[User:Gootbean|Gootbean]] 16:45, 3 January 2008 (EST)<br />
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:: One comment above uses the [[liberal]] favorite word "hypocrisy"; the other uses the [[liberal]] favorite word "extremist"! Check out [[liberal style]] and see yourselves in the mirror.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 18:19, 3 January 2008 (EST)<br />
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::I kind of wonder about their use of the word "extremists" on us. We're not the ones killing children here. [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 18:22, 3 January 2008 (EST)<br />
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::: Right. Saving lives is "extremist", implying that the opposite is mainstream! Such is the Alice-in-Wonderland logic of [[liberals]].--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 18:26, 3 January 2008 (EST)<br />
::::I do have to say that this article has issues. It is currently a piece of propaganda, not a good encyclopedia article. This all should be mentioned, sure (the idea of Conservapedia is to avoid the censorship so common to such causes), but if we want to create an encyclopdia people can come to an read (not read a political treatise), we should fix this up. [[User:TheEvilSpartan|TheEvilSpartan]] 19:13, 3 January 2008 (EST)<br />
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I find it odd that you just have come to Conservapedia, and seconds later you begin lecturing sysops about the ideals of Conservapedia. I would tread lightly, because your motivations seem questionable at best. If you are here to edit fine, but if you are here, as I suspect, to stir up trouble, then please feel free to leave. [[User:Lukecorlando|Luke]] 19:24, 3 January 2008 (EST)<br />
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==Picture==<br />
Is the picture of the unborn fetus really an integral part of this article? Because I can see it being used as ammo by PETA loons bent on trying to stick cute pictures of cows into the [[hamburger]] and [[beef]] articles. "Give a man an inch..." -[[User:Capricorn|Capricorn]] 14:19, 9 January 2008 (EST)<br />
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: That's your sole contribution to this encyclopedia. How about doing yourself a favor, and [[Essay:Quantifying Openmindedness|opening your mind]] a bit.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 18:30, 9 January 2008 (EST)<br />
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::I made a suggestion about how to close a potential loophole, which people here are free to either take up or pass over, but I would appreciate it if others would consider things on merit, and not resort to roundabout, ad hominem jabs. -[[User:Capricorn|Capricorn]] 18:51, 9 January 2008 (EST)<br />
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== Please add a link to [[Abortion Facts]] ==<br />
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Please add a link to [[Abortion Facts]]; I cannot do it because [[Abortion]] is locked. [[User:StephenW|StephenW]] 22:36, 9 January 2008 (EST)<br />
:Also, let's just unlock this article. What fun is it if I cannot edit [[abortion]], [[evolution]], and [[gun control]]? <font style="background-color:#121298; color:white;">S</font><small>tephen</small><font style="background-color:#121298; color:white;">W</font><sup>[[User:StephenW|U]]·[[User_talk:StephenW|'''T''']]·[[Special:Contributions/StephenW|C]]</sup> 23:58, 9 January 2008 (EST)<br />
::Are you serious? Think about the vandalism we would get if we opened those articles.--<small>[[User:Iduan|<span style="color: #FFCCCC; background: #660000">I]][[User_talk:Iduan|<span style="color:#CCCCFF; background:#000033">Duan]]</span></span></small> 23:59, 9 January 2008 (EST)<br />
:::Which says a lot about public opinion regarding Conservapedia - they're not stupid enough to take this page seriously. [[User:SMI|SMI]] 14:58, 10 January 2008 (EST)<br />
::::Do you equate the acts of a few vandals with public opinion..? --[[User:Leopeo|Leopeo]] 15:14, 10 January 2008 (EST)</div>Leopeo