Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Nucleic acid

2008-07-27T16:04:47Z

LenP:

{{stub}}

'''Nucleic acids''' are large molecules which carry genetic information between cells. The most common types are [[DNA|deoxyribonucleic acid]] and [[RNA|ribonucleic acid]] which play an important role in cell division and other biological processes. Natural nucleic acids are protonated at the normal pH in the body, which makes them more stable. Very high or low pH will denature the nucleic strands, which inhibits processes such as [[transcription]] and is lethal to cells. Artificial nucleic acids include peptide nucleic acid and threose nucleic acid, which are used extensively in research and medicine.

[[Category:Biology]]

Nucleic acid

2008-07-27T15:58:30Z

LenP:

Nucleic acid

2008-07-27T15:56:53Z

LenP:

{{stub}}

'''Nucleic acids''' are large molecules which carry genetic information between cells. The most common types are [[DNA|deoxyribonucleic acid]] and [[RNA|ribonucleic acid]] which play an important role in cell division and other biological processes. The [[nucleotide]]s of nucleic acids are protonated at the normal pH in the body, which makes them more stable. Very high or low pH will denature the nucleic acid strands, which prevents processes such as [[transcription]] and is lethal to cells. Artificial nucleic acids include peptide nucleic acid and threose nucleic acid, which are used extensively in research and medicine.

[[Category:Biology]]

RNA

2008-07-27T15:50:43Z

LenP:

A '''Ribonucleic acid''' (RNA) is a molecule found in all cells, comprised of many individual units of [[nucleic acid]]. It differs from DNA ([[deoxyribonucleic acid]]) in that it only contains a single, not double strand, and substitutes [[uracil]] for [[thymine]]. The sugar backbone of RNA is also composed of ribose (DNA contains deoxyribose). RNAs fall into several different categories, depending on function.

The primary role of mRNA in is to transfer a copy of the information coded in DNA to a [[ribosome]] to be expressed as a protein, using a form of RNA known as messenger RNA ([[mRNA]]). mRNA in eukaryotes undergoes spicing after transcription from DNA to remove [[introns]] or to use alternative splicing to create a different gene product. Alternatively-spliced transcripts can also express the same protein, but at different levels, due to the removal or addition of regulatory sequences.

The main role of [[tRNA]], or transfer RNA is to carry an amino acid to the mRNA (while the mRNA is in the ribosome) during translation of the mRNA into a protein.

The main role of [[rRNA]] or ribosomal RNA is to form the [[ribosome]]. RNA that has catalytic properties (such as the ribosome) is referred to as a [[ribozyme]].

Purification of RNA is problematic as enzymes that degrade RNA ([[RNases]]) are ubiquitous. Successful RNA purification depends on degradation of the DNA template used via DNase and avoidance of RNase using sterile technique.

The polio virus is an example of an organism which contains only RNA to carry its genetic information. Some [[protists]] such as ''Paramecium'' carry similar RNA genes in structures called micronuclei. These are involved in mating and replicate independently from the main cell nucleus.

==Prebiotic RNA Polymerization==

===From Clays===
Research from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute suggests that the formation of long strands of RNA may have been catalyzed by clays such as montmorillonite. The charged clay surface attracts the nucleotides and the increased local concentration of nucleotides causes bond formation between nucleotides, forming a polymer of RNA.<ref>http://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem/chem_faculty/profiles/pdfs/ferris/Royal_Soc..pdf</ref><ref>http://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem/chem_faculty/profiles/pdfs/ferris/Alders.Mass_Spec.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem/chem_faculty/profiles/pdfs/ferris/Huang_MS_JACS_2006%203.pdf</ref>

===From Ice===
Strands of RNA have been shown to form in salty ice water. David Deamer's lab at the University of California at Santa Cruz has found that the process of freezing a dilute solution of RNA nucleotides causes the nucleotides to become concentrated as ice crystals form, eventually resulting in the formation of strands of RNA. <ref>J. P. Dworkin, D. W. Deamer, S. A. Sandford, and L. J. Allamandola. 2001. Self-assembling amphiphilic molecules: Synthesis in simulated interstellar/precometary ices. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:815-819.</ref>

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Genetics]]
[[Category:Biochemistry]]

RNA

2008-07-27T15:47:06Z

LenP: spelling error

A '''Ribonucleic acid''' (RNA) is a molecule found in all cells, comprised of many individual units of [[nucleic acid]]. It differs from DNA ([[deoxyribonucleic acid]]) in that it only contains a single, not double strand, and substitutes [[uracil]] for [[thymine]]. The sugar backbone of RNA is also composed of ribose (DNA contains deoxyribose). RNAs fall into several different categories, depending on function.

The primary role of mRNA in is to transfer a copy of the information coded in DNA to a [[ribosome]] to be expressed as a protein, using a form of RNA known as messenger RNA ([[mRNA]]). mRNA in eukaryotes undergoes spicing after transcription from DNA to remove [[introns]] or to use alternative splicing to create a different gene product. Alternatively-spliced transcripts can also express the same protein, but at different levels, due to the removal or addition of regulatory sequecnces.

The main role of [[tRNA]], or transfer RNA is to carry an amino acid to the mRNA (while the mRNA is in the ribosome) during translation of the mRNA into a protein.

The main role of [[rRNA]] or ribosomal RNA is to form the [[ribosome]]. RNA that has catalytic properties (such as the ribosome) is referred to as a [[ribozyme]].

Purification of RNA is problematic as enzymes that degrade RNA ([[RNases]]) are ubiquitous. Successful RNA purification depends on degradation of the DNA template used via DNase and avoidance of RNase using sterile technique.

The polio virus is an example of an organism which contains only RNA to carry its genetic information. Some [[protists]] such as ''Paramecium'' carry similar RNA genes in structures called micronuclei. These are involved in mating and replicate independently from the main cell nucleus.

==Prebiotic RNA Polymerization==

===From Clays===
Research from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute suggests that the formation of long strands of RNA may have been catalyzed by clays such as montmorillonite. The charged clay surface attracts the nucleotides and the increased local concentration of nucleotides causes bond formation between nucleotides, forming a polymer of RNA.<ref>http://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem/chem_faculty/profiles/pdfs/ferris/Royal_Soc..pdf</ref><ref>http://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem/chem_faculty/profiles/pdfs/ferris/Alders.Mass_Spec.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem/chem_faculty/profiles/pdfs/ferris/Huang_MS_JACS_2006%203.pdf</ref>

===From Ice===
Strands of RNA have been shown to form in salty ice water. David Deamer's lab at the University of California at Santa Cruz has found that the process of freezing a dilute solution of RNA nucleotides causes the nucleotides to become concentrated as ice crystals form, eventually resulting in the formation of strands of RNA. <ref>J. P. Dworkin, D. W. Deamer, S. A. Sandford, and L. J. Allamandola. 2001. Self-assembling amphiphilic molecules: Synthesis in simulated interstellar/precometary ices. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:815-819.</ref>

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Genetics]]
[[Category:Biochemistry]]

RNA

2008-07-27T15:42:30Z

LenP:

A '''Ribonucleic acid''' (RNA) is a molecule found in all cells, comprised of many individual units of [[nucleic acid]]. It differs from DNA ([[deoxyribonucleic acid]]) in that it only contains a single, not double strand, and substitutes [[uracil]] for [[thymine]]. The sugar backbone of RNA is also conposed of ribose (DNA contains deoxyribose). RNAs fall into several different categories, depending on function.

The primary role of mRNA in is to transfer a copy of the information coded in DNA to a [[ribosome]] to be expressed as a protein, using a form of RNA known as messenger RNA ([[mRNA]]). mRNA in eukaryotes undergoes spicing after transcription from DNA to remove [[introns]] or to use alternative splicing to create a different gene product. Alternatively-spliced transcripts can also express the same protein, but at different levels, due to the removal or addition of regulatory sequecnces.

The main role of [[tRNA]], or transfer RNA is to carry an amino acid to the mRNA (while the mRNA is in the ribosome) during translation of the mRNA into a protein.

The main role of [[rRNA]] or ribosomal RNA is to form the [[ribosome]]. RNA that has catalytic properties (such as the ribosome) is referred to as a [[ribozyme]].

Purification of RNA is problematic as enzymes that degrade RNA ([[RNases]]) are ubiquitous. Successful RNA purification depends on degradation of the DNA template used via DNase and avoidance of RNase using sterile technique.

The polio virus is an example of an organism which contains only RNA to carry its genetic information. Some [[protists]] such as ''Paramecium'' carry similar RNA genes in structures called micronuclei. These are involved in mating and replicate independently from the main cell nucleus.

==Prebiotic RNA Polymerization==

===From Clays===
Research from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute suggests that the formation of long strands of RNA may have been catalyzed by clays such as montmorillonite. The charged clay surface attracts the nucleotides and the increased local concentration of nucleotides causes bond formation between nucleotides, forming a polymer of RNA.<ref>http://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem/chem_faculty/profiles/pdfs/ferris/Royal_Soc..pdf</ref><ref>http://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem/chem_faculty/profiles/pdfs/ferris/Alders.Mass_Spec.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem/chem_faculty/profiles/pdfs/ferris/Huang_MS_JACS_2006%203.pdf</ref>

===From Ice===
Strands of RNA have been shown to form in salty ice water. David Deamer's lab at the University of California at Santa Cruz has found that the process of freezing a dilute solution of RNA nucleotides causes the nucleotides to become concentrated as ice crystals form, eventually resulting in the formation of strands of RNA. <ref>J. P. Dworkin, D. W. Deamer, S. A. Sandford, and L. J. Allamandola. 2001. Self-assembling amphiphilic molecules: Synthesis in simulated interstellar/precometary ices. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:815-819.</ref>

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Genetics]]
[[Category:Biochemistry]]

User:LenP

2008-07-27T15:08:52Z

LenP: New page: I'm Len, a 32-year old graphic designer. "But if the party tells you that 2+2=5, what then?"

I'm Len, a 32-year old graphic designer.

"But if the party tells you that 2+2=5, what then?"

User talk:LenP

2008-07-27T15:08:11Z

LenP: New page: Wellcome to my talkpage!

Wellcome to my talkpage!