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User talk:CamilleM8

2012-09-20T03:30:13Z

LWBuchheim: Created page with "Hi Camille! How long have you been a lying spammer?--~~~~"

Hi Camille! How long have you been a lying spammer?--[[User:LWBuchheim|LWBuchheim]] 23:30, 19 September 2012 (EDT)

Hyphenated American

2012-09-20T02:51:34Z

LWBuchheim: /* Notes and references */

{{merge|Multiculturalism}}
'''Hyphenated American''' is phrase popularized by former president [[Theodore Roosevelt]] during World War I --at a time the U.S. was neutral and had not entered the war--to criticize Americans who had some loyalties to the countries of their ancestors. He used it only to attack German-Americans and Irish Americans (never to attack British Americans who were demonstrating strong loyalties to Britain, which was at war with Germany and was suppressing a terrorist movement in Ireland. The issue proved highly political and contoversial, and hurt the Republican presidential candidate in 1916, [[Charles Evans Hughes]]. Hughes lost a very close election to [[Woodrow Wilson]] when German-American Republicans were suspicious that Hughes was supported by Roosevelt.

In a 1915 speech to the Catholic group the Knights of Columbus, Roosevelt said:
:There is no room in this country for hyphenated Americanism... a hyphenated American is not an American at all. This is just as true of the man who puts "native" before the hyphen as of the man who puts German or Irish or English or French before the hyphen. Americanism is a matter of the spirit and of the soul. Our allegiance must be purely to the United States. We must unsparingly condemn any man who holds any other allegiance. But if he is heartily and singly loyal to this Republic, then no matter where he was born, he is just as good an American as any one else.

:The one absolutely certain way of bringing this nation to ruin, of preventing all possibility of its continuing to be a nation at all, would be to permit it to become a tangle of squabbling nationalities, an intricate knot of German-Americans, Irish-Americans, English-Americans, French-Americans, Scandinavian-Americans or Italian-Americans, each preserving its separate nationality, each at heart feeling more sympathy with Europeans of that nationality, than with the other citizens of the American Republic. The men who do not become Americans and nothing else are hyphenated Americans; and there ought to be no room for them in this country. The man who calls himself an American citizen and who yet shows by his actions that he is primarily the citizen of a foreign land, plays a thoroughly mischievous part in the life of our body politic. He has no place here; and the sooner he returns to the land to which he feels his real heart-allegiance, the better it will be for every good American. There is no such thing as a hyphenated American who is a good American. The only man who is a good American is the man who is an American and nothing else.

:For an American citizen to vote as a German-American, an Irish-American, or an English-American, is to be a traitor to American institutions; and those hyphenated Americans who terrorize American politicians by threats of the foreign vote are engaged in treason to the American Republic.<ref>[http://www.rpatrick.com/USA/americanism/ Roosevelt Advocates Americanism]</ref>

==Political Correctness==

It is commonly considered "[[politically correct]]" in the United States to refer to blacks as "African-American", those with Asian ancestry as "Asian-American", etc. This is commonly associated with [[liberalism]] in America. However, in [[Canada]], which is far more liberal than the United States, there is no such concept as a "hyphenated Canadian". Race is often referred to as "Black" or "Asian" (but never "African-Canadian" or "Asian-Canadian") for statistical purposes. However, Canadians do not regularly use racial differentiation in society. Everyone is simply "Canadian". Indigenous Canadians, commonly known as the "First Nations" are an exception to this, however the term "Native Canadians", analogous to the politically correct "Native Americans" is never used, in spite of Canada's more liberal nature.

==Notes and references==
<references/>
It is interesting to note that in the Bible, nation was not classified by skin complexion nor physical features, but rather by tongue/land/family tribe. For example, the nation of Israel was composed of 12 tribes, but the people were still Israelites and spoke Hebrew.

If the United States of America was to follow this concept, while withholding the evident truth that there is actually only one race, then everyone who is born, is a citizen, pledges allegience (ONE nation under God..indivisible) would simply be an American.

Hyphenated terms such as 'African-American' or 'European-American' or 'Asian-American' are all viewed as silly concepts by some Americans, particularly Christians who adhere to Biblical teachings. Furthermore, pressing this concept would make it rather easier to adhere to Acts 17:26-28...a key scripture.

[[Category:Progressive Era]]
[[Category:Ethnicities]]

Hyphenated American

2012-09-20T02:51:04Z

LWBuchheim:

{{merge|Multiculturalism}}
'''Hyphenated American''' is phrase popularized by former president [[Theodore Roosevelt]] during World War I --at a time the U.S. was neutral and had not entered the war--to criticize Americans who had some loyalties to the countries of their ancestors. He used it only to attack German-Americans and Irish Americans (never to attack British Americans who were demonstrating strong loyalties to Britain, which was at war with Germany and was suppressing a terrorist movement in Ireland. The issue proved highly political and contoversial, and hurt the Republican presidential candidate in 1916, [[Charles Evans Hughes]]. Hughes lost a very close election to [[Woodrow Wilson]] when German-American Republicans were suspicious that Hughes was supported by Roosevelt.

In a 1915 speech to the Catholic group the Knights of Columbus, Roosevelt said:
:There is no room in this country for hyphenated Americanism... a hyphenated American is not an American at all. This is just as true of the man who puts "native" before the hyphen as of the man who puts German or Irish or English or French before the hyphen. Americanism is a matter of the spirit and of the soul. Our allegiance must be purely to the United States. We must unsparingly condemn any man who holds any other allegiance. But if he is heartily and singly loyal to this Republic, then no matter where he was born, he is just as good an American as any one else.

:The one absolutely certain way of bringing this nation to ruin, of preventing all possibility of its continuing to be a nation at all, would be to permit it to become a tangle of squabbling nationalities, an intricate knot of German-Americans, Irish-Americans, English-Americans, French-Americans, Scandinavian-Americans or Italian-Americans, each preserving its separate nationality, each at heart feeling more sympathy with Europeans of that nationality, than with the other citizens of the American Republic. The men who do not become Americans and nothing else are hyphenated Americans; and there ought to be no room for them in this country. The man who calls himself an American citizen and who yet shows by his actions that he is primarily the citizen of a foreign land, plays a thoroughly mischievous part in the life of our body politic. He has no place here; and the sooner he returns to the land to which he feels his real heart-allegiance, the better it will be for every good American. There is no such thing as a hyphenated American who is a good American. The only man who is a good American is the man who is an American and nothing else.

:For an American citizen to vote as a German-American, an Irish-American, or an English-American, is to be a traitor to American institutions; and those hyphenated Americans who terrorize American politicians by threats of the foreign vote are engaged in treason to the American Republic.<ref>[http://www.rpatrick.com/USA/americanism/ Roosevelt Advocates Americanism]</ref>

==Political Correctness==

It is commonly considered "[[politically correct]]" in the United States to refer to blacks as "African-American", those with Asian ancestry as "Asian-American", etc. This is commonly associated with [[liberalism]] in America. However, in [[Canada]], which is far more liberal than the United States, there is no such concept as a "hyphenated Canadian". Race is often referred to as "Black" or "Asian" (but never "African-Canadian" or "Asian-Canadian") for statistical purposes. However, Canadians do not regularly use racial differentiation in society. Everyone is simply "Canadian". Indigenous Canadians, commonly known as the "First Nations" are an exception to this, however the term "Native Canadians", analogous to the politically correct "Native Americans" is never used, in spite of Canada's more liberal nature.

==Notes and references==
<references/>
It is interesting to note that in the Bible, nation was not classified by skin complexion nor physical features, but rather by tonge/land/family tribe. For example, the nation of Israel was composed of 12 tribes, but the people were still Israelites and spoke Hebrew.

If the United States of America was to follow this concept, while withholding the evident truth that there is actually only one race, then everyone who is born, is a citizen, pledges allegience (ONE nation under God..indivisible) would simply be an American.

Hyphenated terms such as 'African-American' or 'European-American' or 'Asian-American' are all viewed as silly concepts by some Americans, particularly Christians who adhere to Biblical teachings. Furthermore, pressing this concept would make it rather easier to adhere to Acts 17:26-28...a key scripture.

[[Category:Progressive Era]]
[[Category:Ethnicities]]

Phototropism

2012-09-20T02:49:15Z

LWBuchheim: Schoolboy error...

A growth response to light<ref>Wile, Dr. Jay L. ''Exploring Creation With Biology''. Apologia
Educational Ministries, Inc. 1998</ref>. Plants are phototropic because they grow by using [[Photosynthesis|photosynthesis]] to synthesize glucose from sunlight, [[Carbon Dioxide|CO<sub>2</sub>]], and [[water]].

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Biology]]

Kent Hovind

2012-09-20T02:48:01Z

LWBuchheim:

[[File:KentHovind.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Kent Hovind giving a presentation]]
'''Dr. Kent Hovind''' (born 1953), commonly called "Dr. Dino", is a prominent and controversial [[Young Earth Creationism|young Earth creationist]]. He founded Creation Science Evangelism in 1989<ref>http://www.drdino.com/</ref> and has an unaccredited doctoral degree in Christian education from [[Patriot University]], a [[diploma mill]].

In 2001, Hovind opened a theme park in Pensacola, Florida called Dinosaur Adventure Land, filled with exhibits explaining God's Creation.

On January 19th 2007, Hovind was sentenced to 10 years in prison on 58 federal accounts of tax related offences, and is scheduled for release on August 11th, 2015.
== Criticism ==

Dr. Karen Bartelt, a critic of Hovind, questions the quality of his doctoral thesis and the academic standards of the university from which he received it, believing both to be subpar for institutions of higher learning.<ref>[http://chem.tufts.edu/science/Stear-NoAiG/no-AiG/bartelt_dissertation_on_hovind_thesis.htm Karen Bartelt, Ph.D. "The Dissertation Kent Hovind Doesn't Want You To Read."]</ref> In 2009, Hovind's thesis was leaked to the public, with the content matching Bartelt's review.<ref>http://foo.ca/wp/2009/12/10/kent-hovinds-dissertation-for-doctor-of-philosophy-in-christian-education-full-text/</ref> Patriot University has stated that they were tricked into releasing the thesis by people claiming to be supporters, claiming the work was not a final copy, and that they do not release final copies.<ref>http://www.patriotuniversity.com/PriceOfTruth3.html</ref>

Hovind has been criticized by fellow Young Earth Creationists for supposedly using arguments that are unsound both Biblically and scientifically.<ref>Wieland, Carl, Ham, Ken, and Sarfati, Jonathan, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/2571/ Maintaining Creationist Integrity] October 2002</ref>

He is currently serving a ten-year term in U.S. federal prison for 58 tax offenses, obstructing federal agents and related charges.<ref>''"10 years for 'Dr. Dino'"'', Michael Stewart. Pensacola News Journal, 19 January 19, 2007</ref>
Hovind has maintained that, as provided in U.S. law, there should have been no taxes because he runs a home-based religious organization.

Hovind, with his son Eric Hovind, had released a set of videos titled "Answering the Critics" whereby they answered some common criticisms of themselves, usually from Internet sources. Hovind claimed he did not want to answer all the critics because he believed many critics criticize him without wanting to get any answers from him, so it was best to ignore them and continue preaching to those who really want to listen.<ref>Answering the Critics #1</ref>

In 2007, an atheist group known for posting Hovind-critical videos on [[YouTube]] was banned from the site due to [[DMCA]] notices sent by Creation Science Evangelism. CSE had released videos made prior to 2005 into the [[public domain]], and sending DMCA notices over public domain material is illegal. Later, Hovind requested that YouTube remove the ban on public domain material, with Hovind retaining his copyright on future videos.<ref>http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2007/09/dr-dino-uses-dmca-takedowns-on-critics-admits-to-mistakes.ars</ref><ref>http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2007/09/youtube-support/</ref><ref>http://www.wired.com/entertainment/theweb/news/2007/09/youtube_dmca</ref>

== $250,000 Offer ==

Hovind is well known for his standing US$250,000 offer to anyone who can "prove evolution".<ref>http://www.drdino.com/articles.php?spec=67</ref>
The offer has gone unclaimed.
Contributors at [[Talk.origins|TalkOrigins]], a pro-evolution web-site, have pointed out that Hovind's challenge includes not just biological evolution but also [[abiogenesis]], [[cosmology]] and other things, and have claimed that the challenge is worded in a way that makes it impossible to fulfill since it requires proving the negative statement that "evolution" is the only possible explanation for the existence of life.<ref>Isaak, Mark, (Ed.) [http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CA/CA341.html Claim CA341], 2006</ref>

== External link ==
*[http://www.drdino.com/ Creation Science Evangelism] Official home page (DrDino.com)
*[http://foo.ca/wp/2009/12/10/kent-hovinds-dissertation-for-doctor-of-philosophy-in-christian-education-full-text/ Dissertation for Doctor of Philosophy in Christian Education] Full text of Hovind's dissertation
*[http://www.archive.org/details/KentHovind_Part1_HowOldIsTheEarth How Old Is The Earth?]

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hovind, Kent}}

[[Category:Young Earth Creationists]]

Center for Democratic Renewal

2012-09-20T02:44:42Z

LWBuchheim:

The '''Center for Democratic Renewal''' (formerly the '''National Anti-Klan Network''') was founded in the aftermath of a deadly 1979 confrontation between [[Communists]] and [[Neo-Nazis]] and is headed by [[Leonard Zeskind]].

In 1985, it changed its name but remained a [[liberal]] activist group.

In 1996 it capitalized on distorted statistics to put over the [[black church-burning hoax]] of 1996.
<ref>Fumento, Michael. "Politics and Church Burnings". ''Commentary'', October 1996.</ref>
<ref>Wilcox, Laird. ''The Watchdogs''. Olathe, KS: Editorial Research Service, 1999, pp. 69-70.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Chip Berlet]]
* [[Southern Poverty Law Center]]
* [[Essay:The Protocols of Ritual Defamation]]

==References==
<references />

[[category:United States Political Organizations]]

Relish

2012-09-20T02:43:17Z

LWBuchheim:

1. '''Relish''' means enthusiasm: 'The sysop took up his new responsibilities with relish'.

2. '''Relish''' is a piquant sauce, technically a kind of [[chutney]], served as an enhancement of other foodstuffs, particularly [[burger]]s. Relish often contains ingredients such as [[tomato]], [[sweetcorn]] and [[turnip]], as well as [[vinegar]], [[herb]]s and [[spice]]s.
[[Category:Food and Drink]]

Relish

2012-09-20T02:43:01Z

LWBuchheim:

1. '''Relish''' means enthusiasm: 'The sysop took up his new responsibilities with relish'.

2. '''Relish''' is a piquant sauce, technically a kind of [[chutney]], served as an enhancement of other foodstuffs, particularly [[burger]]s. Relish often contains ingredients such as [[tomato]], [[sweetcorn]] and [[turnip]], as well as [[herb]]s and [[spice]]s.
[[Category:Food and Drink]]

Gauntlet

2012-09-20T02:42:08Z

LWBuchheim:

'''Gauntlet''' has two meanings. Firstly a gauntlet is a kind of heavy protective glove, originally a piece of [[armor]] and now often used as protective clothing by [[welder]]s and other workers. The gauntlet was also a type of challenge in Native [[Indian]] culture. Men would line up in two straight rows, often with mild weapons like switches, and a single man would run down the middle. This practice fell out of favor as barbaric having lead to many deaths.

==Expressions==
To "throw down the gauntlet," or "fling down the gauntlet" is an [[idiom|idiomatic]] expression that means to issue a challenge. It comes from a [[Medieval]] [Europe]]an method of challenging someone to a duel; the challenger would drop a gauntlet (later a glove) and the other person could accept the challenge by picking it up.

[[category: Idioms]]

KAL 007 on the Water: a sighting

2012-09-20T02:36:53Z

LWBuchheim: /* Soviet aerial sighting of KAL 007 on the water */

==KAL 007 on the Water: a sighting==

===Background to the Report===

Information from immigrating former Soviet military men about Soviet radar trackings of KAL 007 to what was believed to be a safe water landing had come to the Israeli Research Centre for Prisons, Psych-Prisons, and Forced Labor Concentration Camps of the U.S.S.R. From there it was conveyed to Senator Jesse Helms, the ranking member of the minority staff (Republican) of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. Senator Helms requested American intelligence agencies, main among them the CIA and the NSA, to verify the information.. Partial but essential verification was the result and the Minority Staff of the Committee produced the 1991 draft report of the incident. Based on the information from the Israel Research Centre and the intelligence information of the report. Senator Helms wrote [[Boris Yeltsin]] asking him to convey to the :Committee all information concerning survivors, including their present whereabouts, camp locations, etc., with special request for information concerning Democratic Rep. from Georgia, [[Larry McDonald]], a sitting congressman who had been aboard KAL 007 He also asked Yeltsin to supply all military communications related to the shootdown.

*Here [http://www.rescue007.org/republican_staff_study.htm] is the complete text of the 1991 Republican Staff Study.of the Committee on Foreign Relations

*Here [http://www.rescue007.org/faq.htm#8] is the background and history of the 1991 Republican Staff Study of the Committee on Foreign Relations

*Here [http://www.rescue007.org/nance_letter.htm] is the letter from Rear Admiral Bud Nance, Minority Staff Director under Senator Helms, to the director of the Israeli Research Centre affirming that the information coming from Israel to Committee on Foreign Relations had been partially confirmed by the CIA and was the basis for Sen. Helms writing to Yeltsin..

*Here [http://www.rescue007.org/helms_letter.htm] is the letter of Senator Helms to Boris Yeltsin with attached interrogatories.

===Soviet aerial sighting of KAL 007 on the water===
Some Soviet support aircraft sent aloft with the [[Sukhoi Su-15|Su-15]] that downed KAL 007 were unable to locate the stricken jumbo jet, neither in the air during its twelve minute plus post-detonation flight, nor on the water. See 18:29:13, 18:29:54, and 18:38:37 of [[KAL 007: Timeline of Interception and Shootdown]]. But others, or these afterwards, were able to make visual contact with KAL 007. According to the Republican Staff Study, “sensitive special intelligence” (NSA electronic intercepts) revealed the following: About four hours after the shoot-down, Soviet Air Defense command posts were reporting that Soviet pilots were saying that a civilian passenger plane had been shot down instead of a U.S. RC-135 reconnaissance plane, and they (the command posts) were expressing regret, both that they had not downed the RC-135 and that now the Americans would accuse them of killing Americans.

====Intelligence Analysis====

The knowledge that Americans among the passengers were killed could not have come from media coverage of event as at that time the world was unaware that KAL 007 had been shot down, though there was knowledge that the flight was overdue and missing. The Study asks how, while flying overhead, could Soviet pilots conclude that Americans were among the passengers killed? They might conclude from seeing the aircraft’s distinctive hump as the plane floated on the water that it was a passenger plane that was shot down, as in 1983 there were no military versions of the Boeing 747. And they might have seen the distinctive bird emblem on the tail of the aircraft—the symbol in use then by Korean Air Lines—but this would not indicate the nationalities of the passengers. The Study would conclude that the only way Soviet pilots could know that Americans had been killed is if they had heard that information on their radios during the time the rescue was actually taking place. This misses the point that any flight out of New York is likely to have Americans on board, especially when it's flying to the capital of an important US ally.

“Thus the only way that Soviet pilots could possibly have identified the nationality of some of the KAL 007 passengers as Americans, from the air, would have been from possible emergency radio communications which U. S. Intelligence did not intercept, from either the stricken airliner ditched at sea, or from its life rafts, or from Soviet rescue boats.” (Republican Staff StudyReport, pg. 47)

==See Also==
*[[Korean Airlines Flight 007]]
*[[KAL 007: Soviet stalk, shoot down, and rescue mission orders transcripts]]
*[[Water Ditching]]
*[[Passenger Plane Crashes at Sea]]
*[[KAL 007: Timeline of Events, Russian Regime changes, and Investigations]]
*[[Miracle on the Hudson and KAL 007]]
*[[A Tracking of KAL 007 to Water: An Interview]]
*[[The KAL 007 related Soviet/ U.S naval confrontation]]
[[Category:KAL007]]

Treaty of Alliance with France (1778)

2012-09-20T02:34:12Z

LWBuchheim: The French Navy was far weaker than the British one, as were the Spanish and Dutch navies.

[[Image:Treaty of alliance.JPG|thumb|300px|The 1778 Treaty of Alliance with France]]
Believing that they would benefit militarily by allying themselves with a powerful nation, the newly formed [[United States]] formed an alliance with [[France]] against [[Great Britain]] in February 1778. [[Benjamin Franklin]] was the chief negotiator. He was popular in Paris and American victory at Saratoga in 1777 convinced France that an alliance could be a military success and humiliate France's arch-enemy by stripping away most of its empire.

According to this first military treaty of the new nation, the U.S. would provide for a defensive alliance to aid France should Britain attack, and neither France nor the United States would make peace with Britain until the independence of the United States was recognized.

France did declare war on Britain, and brought the Netherlands and Spain into the war along with their strong navies, while keeping the other major powers neutral. Britain was isolated, outgunned at sea and outnumbered on land.. The French sent an army and navy, which proved decisive at the battle of Yorktown in 1781. Both sides thus honored the treaty, which lapsed when peace was signed at the [[Treaty of Paris]] in 1783.

In the 1790s the [[Democratic-Republican]] party of [[Thomas Jefferson]] tried and failed to keep the treaty alive, as the U.S. and France fought an informal war in 1798 known as the "Quasi War".
==Bibliography==
==Diplomacy==
* Bemis, Samuel Flagg. ''The Diplomacy of the American Revolution'' (1935) [http://serv.ul.cs.cmu.edu/zoom/record.html?id=15577 online edition]
* Brands, H. W. ''The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin'' (2002) [http://www.amazon.com/First-American-Times-Benjamin-Franklin/dp/0385495404/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1260319493&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
* Brecher, Frank W. ''Securing American Independence: John Jay and the French Alliance''. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107032616 Praeger Publishers, 2003. Pp. xiv, 327 online]
* Chartrand, René, and Back, Francis. ''The French Army in the American War of Independence'' Osprey; 1991.
* Corwin, Edward S. ''French Policy and the American Alliance of 1778'' Archon Books; 1962.
* Dull, Jonathan. ''A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution,'' 1985.
* Dull, Jonathan R. ''The French Navy and American Independence: A Study of Arms and Diplomacy 1774-1787'' (1975)
*** Kaplan, Lawrence S. "The Diplomacy of the American Revolution: the Perspective from France." ''Reviews in American History'' 1976 4(3): 385-390. Issn: 0048-7511 Fulltext in Jstor; review of Dull (1975)
* Dull, Jonathan R. ''A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution (1985).
* Ferling, John. "John Adams: Diplomat," ''William and Mary Quarterly'' 51 (1994): 227–52.
* Hutson, James H. ''John Adams and the Diplomacy of the American Revolution'' (1980).
* Hoffman, Ronald, and Peter J. Albert, eds. ''Diplomacy and Revolution: The Franco-American Alliance of 1778'' (1981)
* Hoffman, Ronald, and Peter J. Albert, eds. ''Peace and the Peacemakers:The Treaty of Paris of 1783'' (1986).
* Hudson, Ruth Strong. ''The Minister from France: Conrad-Alexandre Gérard, 1729-1790.'' Lutz, 1994. 279 pp.
* Kaplan, Lawrence S., ed. ''The American Revolution and “A Candid World'' (1977)
* Kennett, Lee. ''The French Forces in America, 1780-1783.'' Greenwood, 1977. 188 pp.
* Lint, Gregg L. "John Adams on the Drafting of the Treaty Plan of 1776," ''Diplomatic History'' 2 (1978): 313–20.
* Perkins, James Breck. ''France in the American Revolution'' (1911) [http://books.google.com/books?id=OFIsAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA5&dq=intitle:France+intitle:in+intitle:the+intitle:American+intitle:Revolution+inauthor:perkins&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0&cd=1 full text online]
* Pritchard, James. "French Strategy and the American Revolution: a Reappraisal." ''Naval War College Review'' 1994 47(4): 83-108. Issn: 0028-1484
* Stinchcombe, William E. ''The American Revolution and the French Alliance'' (1969)
* Unger, Harlow Giles. ''Lafayette'' (2002)[http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107265187 online]* Schiff, Stacy. ''A Great Improvisation: Franklin, France, and the Birth of America'' (2005)

==Text of the Treaty==
'''Treaty of Alliance'''

The most Christian King and the United States of North America, to wit, New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhodes island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, having this Day concluded a Treaty of amity and Commerce, for the reciprocal advantage of their Subjects and Citizens have thought it necessary to take into consideration the means of strengthening those engagements and of rend'ring them useful to the safety and tranquility of the two parties, particularly in case Great Britain in Resentment of that connection and of the good correspondence which is the object of the said Treaty, should break the Peace with France, either by direct hostilities, or by hind'ring her commerce and navigation, in a manner contrary to the Rights of Nations, and the Peace subsisting between the two Crowns; and his Majesty and the said united States having resolved in that Case to join their Councils and efforts against the Enterprises of their common Enemy, the respective Plenipotentiaries, impower'd to concert the Clauses & conditions proper to fulfil the said Intentions, have, after the most mature Deliberation, concluded and determined on the following Articles.

===ART. 1.===
If War should break out betwan France and Great Britain, during the continuance of the present War betwan the United States and England, his Majesty and the said united States, shall make it a common cause, and aid each other mutually with their good Offices, their Counsels, and their forces, according to the exigence of Conjunctures as becomes good & faithful Allies.

===ART. 2.===
The essential and direct End of the present defensive alliance is to maintain effectually the liberty, Sovereignty, and independence absolute and unlimited of the said united States, as well in Matters of Governement as of commerce.

===ART. 3.===
The two contracting Parties shall each on its own Part, and in the manner it may judge most proper, make all the efforts in its Power, against their common Enemy, in order to attain the end proposed.

===ART. 4.===
The contracting Parties agree that in case either of them should form any particular Enterprise in which the concurrence of the other may be desired, the Party whose concurrence is desired shall readily, and with good faith, join to act in concert for that Purpose, as far as circumstances and its own particular Situation will permit; and in that case, they shall regulate by a particular Convention the quantity and kind of Succor to be furnished, and the Time and manner of its being brought into action, as well as the advantages which are to be its Compensation.

===ART. 5.===
If the united States should think fit to attempt the Reduction of the British Power remaining in the Northern Parts of America, or the Islands of Bermudas, those Countries or Islands in case of Success, shall be confederated with or dependent upon the said united States.

===ART. 6.===
The Most Christian King renounces for ever the possession of the Islands of Bermudas as well as of any part of the continent of North America which before the treaty of Paris in 1763. or in virtue of that Treaty, were acknowledged to belong to the Crown of Great Britain, or to the united States heretofore called British Colonies, or which are at this Time or have lately been under the Power of The King and Crown of Great Britain.

===ART. 7.===
If his Most Christian Majesty shall think proper to attack any of the Islands situated in the Gulph of Mexico, or near that Gulph, which are at present under the Power of Great Britain, all the said Isles, in case of success, shall appertain to the Crown of france.

===ART. 8.===
Neither of the two Parties shall conclude either Truce or Peace with Great Britain, without the formal consent of the other first obtain'd; and they mutually engage not to lay down their arms, until the Independence of the united states shall have been formally or tacitly assured by the Treaty or Treaties that shall terminate the War.

===ART. 9.===
The contracting Parties declare, that being resolved to fulfil each on its own Part the clauses and conditions of the present Treaty of alliance, according to its own power and circumstances, there shall be no after claim of compensation on one side or the other whatever may be the event of the War.

===ART. 10.===
The Most Christian King and the United states, agree to invite or admit other Powers who may have received injuries from England to make common cause with them, and to accede to the present alliance, under such conditions as shall be freely agreed to and settled between all the Parties.

===ART. 11.===
The two Parties guarantee mutually from the present time and forever, against all other powers, to wit, the united states to his most Christian Majesty the present Possessions of the Crown of France in America as well as those which it may acquire by the future Treaty of peace: and his most Christian Majesty guarantees on his part to the united states, their liberty, Sovereignty, and Independence absolute, and unlimited, as well in Matters of Government as commerce and also their Possessions, and the additions or conquests that their Confederation may obtain during the war, from any of the Dominions now or heretofore possessed by Great Britain in North America, conformable to the 5th & 6th articles above written, the whole as their Possessions shall be fixed and assured to the said States at the moment of the cessation of their present War with England.

===ART. 12.===
In order to fix more precisely the sense and application of the preceding article, the Contracting Parties declare, that in case of rupture between France and England, the reciprocal Guarantee declared in the said article shall have its full force and effect the moment such War shall break out and if such rupture shall not take place, the mutual obligations of the said guarantee shall not commence, until the moment of the cessation of the present War between the united states and England shall have ascertained the Possessions.

===ART. 13.===
The present Treaty shall be ratified on both sides and the Ratifications shall be exchanged in the space of six months, sooner if possible.

In faith where of the respective Plenipotentiaries, to wit on the part of the most Christian King Conrad Alexander Gerard royal syndic of the City of Strasbourgh & Secretary of his majesty's Council of State and on the part of the United States Benjamin Franklin Deputy to the General Congress from the State of Pennsylvania and President of the Convention of the same state, Silas Deane heretofore Deputy from the State of Connecticut & Arthur Lee Councellor at Law have signed the above Articles both in the French and English Languages declaring Nevertheless that the present Treaty was originally composed and concluded in the French Language, and they have hereunto affixed their Seals

Done at Paris, this sixth Day of February, one thousand seven hundred and seventy eight.

C. A. GERARD
B FRANKLIN
SILAS DEANE
ARTHUR LEE

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[[category:American Revolution]][[Category:American State Papers]]
[[category:Diplomacy]]
[[category:French History]]