Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Black hole

2009-06-24T20:39:38Z

Koolkid0000:

[[Image:Iu8969hu.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Artist's conception of a binary system consisting of a black hole and a main sequence star. The black hole is drawing matter from the main sequence star via an [[accretion disk]] around it, and some of this matter forms a gas jet.]]
==Nature of a Black Hole==
A '''black hole''' is a mass with an infinitesimal volume, and therefore an infinite density. This gives them an escape velocity greater than the speed of light, meaning that light cannot escape from them due to their steep “gravity wells.” As this renders black holes invisible by traditional means of observation, scientists discover their locations through indirect means, such as the effect of their gravitational pull on nearby stars. Stars that are near black holes, e.g. by being part of a binary star system that contains one, show wobbles in their orbits similar to the tidal effects of the moon on Earth’s oceans. <ref>http://library.thinkquest.org/C007571/english/advance/english.htm</ref><ref>''Black Holes'' by Heather Cooper and Nigel Henbest (book)</ref> While matter and energy, even light, may not escape a black hole, Stephen Hawking has shown that they should emit Hawking radiation, which absent of an influx of mass-energy would lead to the evaporation of the black hole in a burst of gamma rays. Scientists are currently working to pick up one of these bursts, or the radiation itself, with any of several land- and space-based telescopes. However, the matter falling into black holes as well as the cosmic microwave background from the Big Bang obscures the radiation and inhibits its detection. The outer surface of a black hole is an event horizon, a non-material dimensional boundary, beyond which nothing can escape. The center of a black hole, where the mass exists, is called the singularity. The distance from the singularity to the event horizon is known as the Schwarzschild radius. All matter that falls into a black hole becomes part of the singularity, and as such is effectively destroyed.

==Origins of Black Holes==

Black holes form when supermassive stars more than ten times the mass of the Sun run out of fuel and die. The process of death occurs when supermassive stars that have fused the products of their own fusion into larger and larger elements, up to iron. The star then tries to fuse the iron core that forms as a result, but this does not produce enough energy to hold the outer layers of the star apart against the pull of gravity. When this happens, the iron core at the center of the star implodes in a supernova, and the outer layers of the star are blasted into space in one of the most energetic events in the universe—one star going out in a supernova can give off as much light as an entire galaxy. Not all supernovae result in black holes, but if the mass of the core is large enough, about 1.2 times the mass of the Sun, the leftover gravity of the shrinking core stalls the outward rush of the initial blast, and crushes the core into a point of infinite density: a black hole.

==Properties of Black Holes==

Black holes only have three properties by which one differs from another: mass, electric charge, and spin. Mass describes the amount of matter in the singularity. It increases when matter falls into the hole, and decreases as the hole emits Hawking radiation and shrinks. Spin refers to whether the hole is stationary or spinning around an axis. While the singularity of a non-spinning hole is an infinitely small point, the singularity of a spinning hole is in the shape of an infinitely thin ring. Matter entering a spinning hole is first swirled around by the hole’s gravity, causing it to heat up and emit x-rays, which can be used to detect the hole. In the supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies, some of the matter does not fall into the hole. Instead it is blasted into space in twin jets of hot gas perpendicular to the accretion disc, in a phenomenon known as an Active Galactic Nucleus.

==Potential Future Exploration==

Scientists have speculated that if a spinning black hole is large enough, a person could pass through the center of the ring-shaped singularity and possibly enter a wormhole. However, it would have to be a very large hole, for if it were not, the hypothetical astronaut would never survive to reach the event horizon.

Matter coming close to the event horizon of a small black hole undergoes a process called spaghettification. Because the hole is so dense, its gravitational pull on the near end of an object is much greater than the hole’s pull on the object’s far end. This causes the object to be stretched out in a way resembling a piece of spaghetti, and generally torn in two.

==Scientific Understanding of Black Holes==

Schwarzschild discovered that black holes were possible under the theory of relativity. Albert Einstein tried to re-work the whole theory to eliminate the need for these singularities. However, Roger Penrose and Stephen Hawking proved the first of many Singularity Theorems, which states that singularities must form under certain conditions. This demonstrated that, rather than mathematical oddities, singularities are a fairly generic feature of realistic solutions to relativity. According to relativity, any mass with radius less than its Schwarzschild Radius is a black hole.

Contrary to popular myth, a black hole is not a cosmic vacuum cleaner. In other words, a one-solar-mass black hole is no better than any other one-solar-mass object (such as, for example, the Sun) at "sucking in" distant objects. However, a one-solar-mass black hole has the same amount of matter as any other one-solar-mass object but compressed into a much smaller space, making it impossible to move fast enough to leave a black hole once there. If a spaceship could land on a black hole, it would never be able to take off again.

==External links==

*[http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l2/black_holes.html Black Holes]
*[http://cosmology.berkeley.edu/Education/BHfaq.html Black Holes (Frequently Asked Questions)]

== References ==
<References/>

[[category: physics]]

Talk:First person shooters

2009-06-22T22:01:32Z

Koolkid0000:

:Can someone capitalize the "P" and "S" in the title? I'll see what I can do on the article...

By the way, I started the article but there's not much there. I would appreciate it if some people added to it :)
--[[User:Koolkid0000|Koolkid0000]] 18:00, 22 June 2009 (EDT)

Talk:First person shooters

2009-06-22T21:58:23Z

Koolkid0000:

:Can someone capitalize the "P" and "S" in the title? I'll see what I can do on the article...

By the way, I started the article but there's not much there. I would appreciate it if some people added to it :)
-Koolkid0000
[[User_Talk:Koolkid0000|talk]] 14:58, 22 June 2009 (PST)

Talk:First person shooters

2009-06-22T21:51:57Z

Koolkid0000:

Can someone capitalize the "P" and "S" in the title? I'll see what I can do on the article...

By the way, I started the article but there's not much there. I would appreciate it if some people added to it :)
-Koolkid0000

First person shooters

2009-06-22T21:50:53Z

Koolkid0000: Created page with ''''First person shooters''' are games that involve a player to shoot some sort of target, whether it's another player or a NPC. In most first person shooter (FPS) games, the obje...'

'''First person shooters''' are games that involve a player to shoot some sort of target, whether it's another player or a NPC. In most first person shooter (FPS) games, the objective is to get the most kills or at least more kills than the other team. In first person shooters, you are portrayed as the character while in third person shooters, you can see the character on the screen.

==Free FPS Games==
(Due to the growth of this genre, this list will always be incomplete)
*[http://SFront.ijji.com/ Soldier Front]
*[http://Combatarms.nexon.net/ Combat Arms]
*[http://WarRock.net/ War Rock]
*[http://CrossFire.subagames.com/ Cross Fire]

Roleplaying game

2009-06-22T21:35:37Z

Koolkid0000: /* See also */

A '''Roleplaying Game''', or RPG, is a game where a number of participants typically assume the roles of fictional characters.

One of the most popular and long running RPGs is [[Dungeons and Dragons]] which was created in the [[USA]]. It became so popular that it spawned a children's cartoon of the same name.

Traditionally, an RPG was played by a group of friends with pen and paper and one of the group assuming the role of "Game Master" and effectively running the game. Nowadays there are a great number of RPGs available in videogame format - everything from online games designed for any number of players (for example [[World of Warcraft]], [[Phantasy Star Online]], and [[Everquest]]) to single player story led games (for example, the Final Fantasy series). Proponents of tabletop RPGs criticize computer and console-based RPGs for their relative inflexibility, since even the best computer-model can't be as ingenious as an actual game-master can.

From the 1980s onward, RPGs have come under a great deal of criticism from groups who felt that people (especially children) using their imaginations was inherently dangerous, and would lead to [[insanity]], [[murder]], [[suicide]], and [[occultism]].<ref>[http://www.crossroad.to/articles2/2003/occult-rpg.htm Kjos Ministries]</ref><ref>[http://theescapist.com/ The Escapist]</ref>

== Tabletop RPGs ==
* [[Dungeons and Dragons]]
* [[Vampire: the Masquerade]]
* [[Traveller]]
* [[Top Secret]]
* [[Exalted]]
* [[Empire of the Petal Throne]]
* [[Nobilis]]
* [[Boot Hill]]
* [[In Nomine]]
* [[Dragonraid]]
* [[GURPS]]
* [[Bunnies and Burrows]]

== See also ==
*[[CRPG|Console RPGs]]
*[[MMORPG]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[category:games]]

Roleplaying game

2009-06-22T21:35:21Z

Koolkid0000:

A '''Roleplaying Game''', or RPG, is a game where a number of participants typically assume the roles of fictional characters.

One of the most popular and long running RPGs is [[Dungeons and Dragons]] which was created in the [[USA]]. It became so popular that it spawned a children's cartoon of the same name.

Traditionally, an RPG was played by a group of friends with pen and paper and one of the group assuming the role of "Game Master" and effectively running the game. Nowadays there are a great number of RPGs available in videogame format - everything from online games designed for any number of players (for example [[World of Warcraft]], [[Phantasy Star Online]], and [[Everquest]]) to single player story led games (for example, the Final Fantasy series). Proponents of tabletop RPGs criticize computer and console-based RPGs for their relative inflexibility, since even the best computer-model can't be as ingenious as an actual game-master can.

From the 1980s onward, RPGs have come under a great deal of criticism from groups who felt that people (especially children) using their imaginations was inherently dangerous, and would lead to [[insanity]], [[murder]], [[suicide]], and [[occultism]].<ref>[http://www.crossroad.to/articles2/2003/occult-rpg.htm Kjos Ministries]</ref><ref>[http://theescapist.com/ The Escapist]</ref>

== Tabletop RPGs ==
* [[Dungeons and Dragons]]
* [[Vampire: the Masquerade]]
* [[Traveller]]
* [[Top Secret]]
* [[Exalted]]
* [[Empire of the Petal Throne]]
* [[Nobilis]]
* [[Boot Hill]]
* [[In Nomine]]
* [[Dragonraid]]
* [[GURPS]]
* [[Bunnies and Burrows]]

== See also ==
[[CRPG|Console RPGs]]
[[MMORPG]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[category:games]]

Talk:First person shooters

2009-06-22T21:27:40Z

Koolkid0000:

Can someone capitalize the "P" and "S" in the title? I'll see what I can do on the article...

Talk:First person shooters

2009-06-22T21:27:27Z

Koolkid0000: Created page with 'Can someone capitalize the "P" and "S"? I'll see what I can do on the article...'

Can someone capitalize the "P" and "S"? I'll see what I can do on the article...

Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game

2009-06-18T19:53:18Z

Koolkid0000: /* Free MMORPGS */

'''Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games''' (MMORPGs for short) are a genre of [[role-playing]] [[video games]] that involve many players logging into a [[server]] that is usually owned by the company that develops or publishes the game and playing in a virtual world. This game world is persistent, meaning it exists even when you aren't playing.

Most MMORPGs charge a monthly fee, though many new MMORPGs have systems where the game is both free to download and free to play, but the player pays real money for in-game items or services. The cost of developing and running a MMORPG can be high and include the price and maintenance of the servers used, customer and technical support, and developing fresh in-game content. However, with ongoing monthly charges for players or other persistent financial structure, the potential profit can be extraordinary as well.

== History ==

MMORPGs are considered the next step from [[Multi-User Dungeons]] (MUDs), which are text-based multiplayer online games, since MMORPGs are graphics based.

== Commercial MMORPGs ==

(Due to the growth of this genre, this list will always be incomplete)

* [http://9dragons.acclaim.com/index.htm 9 Dragons] Korean company developed MMORPG
* [[Anarchy Online]]
* [http://ac.turbine.com/ Asheron's Call]
* [http://www.awplanet.com/rw/pages/index.en.do;jsessionid=768272CBD42D84920F9125D2F2B6E277 AWplanet]
* [[City of Heroes]]/[[City of Villains]] (abbreviated collectively as CoX)
* [http://www.clubpenguin.com/ Club Penguin] MMORPG for children.
* [http://global.cronous.com/# Cronous: The Shadow of Conspiracy]
* [http://www.darkageofcamelot.com/ Dark Age of Camelot]
* [http://www.darkages.com/ Dark Ages] MMORPG based on Celtic mythology and horror writings of [[H. P. Lovecraft]].
* [http://www.darkspace.net/ DarkSpace] sci-fi outer-space MMORPG.
* [http://www.ddo.com/ Dungeons & Dragons Online: Stormreach]
* [[EVE Online]]
* [[Everquest]]
* [http://www.fomportal.com/ Face of Mankind] sci-fi MMORPG
* [http://www.playonline.com/ff11us/index.shtml Final Fantasy XI]
* [http://www.fwo.com.my/ Fung Wan Online] MMORPG developed by Hong Kong company.
* [[Guild Wars]] pay once, no monthly fees.
* [http://www.istaria.com/ Horizons: Empire of Istaria]
* [http://www.industryplayer.com/index.php Industry Player] massive multi-player online business simulation game that focuses on the "carbon footprint" of businesses and the in-game effects of man-made [[global warming]].
* [http://www.lineage2.com/ Lineage II]
* [http://global.lunia.com/main.asp Lunia: Record of Lunia war]
* [http://home.mland.sdo.com/2006/ Magical Land] Chinese MMORPG
* [[Middle Earth Online]]
* [http://www.gametap.com/home/myst/index.html Myst Online: Uru Live]
* [http://www.navyfield.com/ Navy Field] naval combat MMORPG set during World War II.
* [http://ng.neocron.com/ Neocron] world's first cyber-punk theme MMORPG.
* [[Phantasy Star Online]]
* [[Phantasy Star Universe]]
* [http://iro.ragnarokonline.com/ Ragnarok Online] 2D anime theme MMORPG
* [http://rise.unistellar.com/ Rise: The Vieneo Province]
* [http://www.roma-victor.com/ Roma Victor] historically authentic MMORPG based on the Roman Empire; pay once, no monthly fee.
* [[Second Life]]
* [http://www.soulultimatenation.com/ Soul of the Ultimate Nation] fantasy theme MMORPG developed by Korean company.
* [[Star Wars Galaxies]]
* [http://www.lotro.com/ The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar]
* [http://thematrixonline.station.sony.com/ The Matrix Online]
* [http://play.toontown.com/webHome.php?r=358498&r=446861&r=506777&r=616690 ToonTown] Disney's cartoon theme MMORPG.
* [[Ultima Online]]
* [[Urban Dead]]
* [[Warhammer online]]
* [[World of Warcraft]]

==Free MMORPGS==

(Due to the growth of this genre, this list will always be incomplete)

*[http://www.anarchy-online.com/content/downloads/tryout/ Anarchy Online Free Version] (has in-game advertisements)
*[http://corum.gpotato.com/index.php/?i=download Corum Online] 3D fantasy theme MMORPG
*[http://www.darkandlight.com/en/ Dark & Light]
*[http://darkswords.eu/?r=1910 DarkSwords]
*[http://www.dofus.com/ Dofus] 2D anime theme MMORPG.
*[http://www.endless-online.com/ Endless Online] 2D [[anime]] style MMORPG.
*[http://flyff.gpotato.com/ Fly for Fun]
*[http://www.furcadia.com/ Furcadia] animal world theme MMORPG
*[http://www.gaiaonline.com/ Gaia Online]
*[http://www.galaxseeds.com/ GalaXseeds] cartoon theme MMORPG for preteens
*[http://global.goonzu.com/center/default.asp Goonzu Online]
*[http://www.gunzonline.com/ Gunz: The Duel]
*[http://www.habbo.com/ Habbo Hotel]
*[http://www.kalonline.com/index.asp Kal Online] 3D oriental fantasy MMORPG
*[http://www.knightonlineworld.com/ Knight Online]
*[http://www.maplesea.com/ MapleStory]
*[http://www.globalmuonline.com/ Mu Online]
*[http://o2jam.e-games.com.my/ O2Jam] musical MMORPG
*[http://oilempires.itch.com/ Oil Empire]
*[http://www.wanmei.com/en/wmgj.htm Perfect World] Chinese MMORPG based on mythologies, cost 30 million dollars to develop.
*[http://www.quakelive.com/ Quake Live] First Person Shooter
*[http://ranonline.e-games.com.my/index_eng.asp RAN Online] School campus based MMORPG.
*[http://www.regnumonline.com.ar/ Regnum Online] MMORPG from Argentina, available in English and Spanish. Free to play, with certain "premium items" (mostly cosmetic- and convenience-related) sold for real money.
*[[RuneScape]]
*[http://fate.netgame.com/ Scions of Fate]
*[http://www.gamescampus.com/shotonline/ Shot Online] Massive multiplayer online golf game.
*[http://www.silkroadonline.net/ Silkroad] 3d fantasy theme MMORPG
*[http://sco.gpotato.com/ Space Cowboy Online]
*[http://www.martialheroes.com/main.php The Empire of Martial Heroes]
*[http://legendofares.netgame.com/ The Legend of Ares] 3D medieval fantasy MMORPG.
*[http://www.tibia.com/news/?subtopic=latestnews Tibia] 2D fantasy theme MMORPG
*[http://www.tricksteronline.com/ Trickster Online]
*[http://www.gamescampus.com/xiah/index.asp Xiah] Asian martial arts MMORPG.

[[Category:Video Games]]

RuneScape

2009-06-17T03:22:08Z

Koolkid0000: Membership

[[Image:Runescapemining.jpg|right|thumb|Screenshot of RuneScape.]]
'''RuneScape''' is a popular web-based [[MMORPG]].<ref>[http://www.runescape.com/ RuneScape official site]</ref> It was developed and supported by Jagex, Inc., and based in [[Cambridge]], [[England]]. RuneScape is offered in a free version or a subscription version. Paying the $5.95 ([[US]]) per month subscription gives players access to a vast array of new items, quests, and areas to explore. Members also have superior access to the website, forums, and customer support.

The game is popular for a number of reasons, not least of which is that players can chat with each other in a way viewed by everyone in the immediate game area, or privately to selected friends. Control of one's character in the game is mostly done by mouse, including character movement in the game world, purchasing items, selling, picking up or dropping items and changing a character's attire. The graphics interface is intuitive to most players.

Character development is another strong element of the game. A character begins with low skill levels and raises a skill by performing it. Several skills with weapons, armor and magic are used in combat and are raised by performing them. Monsters (dragons, demons, skeletons, etc.) are found in various game locations and respawn a few seconds after they are killed. Player characters can fight each other in designated game's areas. A further strong point the game has is the players ability to create and personalize their own account.

Non-combat skills are also a major aspect of the game. Players use skills such as fishing, mining, and woodcutting to collect raw materials. Secondary skills like cooking or crafting are used to convert these materials into useful items. Again, paying members have an upper hand as they have access to skills unavailable to non-paying members. Some examples of player-produced items are lobsters for restoring hitpoints and "runes" for casting spells.

In addition to skills, there are a variety of quests and minigames which offer useful rewards like skill experience or new items. RuneScape is updated frequently with new content, often on a weekly basis. Tips about playing Runescape can be found at [http://runescape.wikia.com/wiki/Main_Page this RuneScape wiki].

==Membership==
RuneScape has two types of players, free and members. Membership costs $5.95 (US) and has many advantages. With membership, you get more quests, more abilities/skills, more monsters to battle, more minigames, more items, and more locations to go to. In the past year, the price for membership went up from $5.00 (US) to $5.95 (US). <ref>[http://news.runescape.com/newsitem.ws?id=1324 ''Two More Weeks of RuneScape at Lower Price!'' ]</ref> RuneScape now offers a "membership" card in stores if you cannot use a credit card to purchase online.

==Criticism==
The most common criticisms of RuneScape's gameplay are its repetitive nature and relatively low quality of graphics (compared to other MMORPGs).

Along with other RPGs, Runescape has come under criticism over its addictive nature with players sometimes using the game for days on end. <ref>[http://www.news.com.au/perthnow/story/0,21598,22073926-2761,00.html ''Stress over teen's "addiction"']</ref>

Runescape has been criticized on its fan sites and its own sites forums concerning the games shameless socialist and evolutionary bias.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Video Games]]

Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game

2009-06-17T03:02:39Z

Koolkid0000: Alphabetized

'''Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games''' (MMORPGs for short) are a genre of [[role-playing]] [[video games]] that involve many players logging into a [[server]] that is usually owned by the company that develops or publishes the game and playing in a virtual world. This game world is persistent, meaning it exists even when you aren't playing.

Most MMORPGs charge a monthly fee, though many new MMORPGs have systems where the game is both free to download and free to play, but the player pays real money for in-game items or services. The cost of developing and running a MMORPG can be high and include the price and maintenance of the servers used, customer and technical support, and developing fresh in-game content. However, with ongoing monthly charges for players or other persistent financial structure, the potential profit can be extraordinary as well.

== History ==

MMORPGs are considered the next step from [[Multi-User Dungeons]] (MUDs), which are text-based multiplayer online games, since MMORPGs are graphics based.

== Commercial MMORPGs ==

(Due to the growth of this genre, this list will always be incomplete)

* [http://9dragons.acclaim.com/index.htm 9 Dragons] Korean company developed MMORPG
* [[Anarchy Online]]
* [http://ac.turbine.com/ Asheron's Call]
* [http://www.awplanet.com/rw/pages/index.en.do;jsessionid=768272CBD42D84920F9125D2F2B6E277 AWplanet]
* [[City of Heroes]]/[[City of Villains]] (abbreviated collectively as CoX)
* [http://www.clubpenguin.com/ Club Penguin] MMORPG for children.
* [http://global.cronous.com/# Cronous: The Shadow of Conspiracy]
* [http://www.darkageofcamelot.com/ Dark Age of Camelot]
* [http://www.darkages.com/ Dark Ages] MMORPG based on Celtic mythology and horror writings of [[H. P. Lovecraft]].
* [http://www.darkspace.net/ DarkSpace] sci-fi outer-space MMORPG.
* [http://www.ddo.com/ Dungeons & Dragons Online: Stormreach]
* [[EVE Online]]
* [[Everquest]]
* [http://www.fomportal.com/ Face of Mankind] sci-fi MMORPG
* [http://www.playonline.com/ff11us/index.shtml Final Fantasy XI]
* [http://www.fwo.com.my/ Fung Wan Online] MMORPG developed by Hong Kong company.
* [[Guild Wars]] pay once, no monthly fees.
* [http://www.istaria.com/ Horizons: Empire of Istaria]
* [http://www.industryplayer.com/index.php Industry Player] massive multi-player online business simulation game that focuses on the "carbon footprint" of businesses and the in-game effects of man-made [[global warming]].
* [http://www.lineage2.com/ Lineage II]
* [http://global.lunia.com/main.asp Lunia: Record of Lunia war]
* [http://home.mland.sdo.com/2006/ Magical Land] Chinese MMORPG
* [[Middle Earth Online]]
* [http://www.gametap.com/home/myst/index.html Myst Online: Uru Live]
* [http://www.navyfield.com/ Navy Field] naval combat MMORPG set during World War II.
* [http://ng.neocron.com/ Neocron] world's first cyber-punk theme MMORPG.
* [[Phantasy Star Online]]
* [[Phantasy Star Universe]]
* [http://iro.ragnarokonline.com/ Ragnarok Online] 2D anime theme MMORPG
* [http://rise.unistellar.com/ Rise: The Vieneo Province]
* [http://www.roma-victor.com/ Roma Victor] historically authentic MMORPG based on the Roman Empire; pay once, no monthly fee.
* [[Second Life]]
* [http://www.soulultimatenation.com/ Soul of the Ultimate Nation] fantasy theme MMORPG developed by Korean company.
* [[Star Wars Galaxies]]
* [http://www.lotro.com/ The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar]
* [http://thematrixonline.station.sony.com/ The Matrix Online]
* [http://play.toontown.com/webHome.php?r=358498&r=446861&r=506777&r=616690 ToonTown] Disney's cartoon theme MMORPG.
* [[Ultima Online]]
* [[Urban Dead]]
* [[Warhammer online]]
* [[World of Warcraft]]

==Free MMORPGS==

(Due to the growth of this genre, this list will always be incomplete)

*[http://www.anarchy-online.com/content/downloads/tryout/ Anarchy Online Free Version] (has in-game advertisements)
*[http://corum.gpotato.com/index.php/?i=download Corum Online] 3D fantasy theme MMORPG
*[http://www.darkandlight.com/en/ Dark & Light]
*[http://darkswords.eu/?r=1910 DarkSwords]
*[http://www.dofus.com/ Dofus] 2D anime theme MMORPG.
*[http://www.endless-online.com/ Endless Online] 2D [[anime]] style MMORPG.
*[http://flyff.gpotato.com/ Fly for Fun]
*[http://www.furcadia.com/ Furcadia] animal world theme MMORPG
*[http://www.gaiaonline.com/ Gaia Online]
*[http://www.galaxseeds.com/ GalaXseeds] cartoon theme MMORPG for preteens
*[http://global.goonzu.com/center/default.asp Goonzu Online]
*[http://www.gunzonline.com/ Gunz: The Duel]
*[http://www.habbo.com/ Habbo Hotel]
*[http://www.kalonline.com/index.asp Kal Online] 3D oriental fantasy MMORPG
*[http://www.knightonlineworld.com/ Knight Online]
*[http://www.maplesea.com/ Maple Story]
*[http://www.globalmuonline.com/ Mu Online]
*[http://o2jam.e-games.com.my/ O2Jam] musical MMORPG
*[http://oilempires.itch.com/ Oil Empire]
*[http://www.wanmei.com/en/wmgj.htm Perfect World] Chinese MMORPG based on mythologies, cost 30 million dollars to develop.
*[http://ranonline.e-games.com.my/index_eng.asp RAN Online] School campus based MMORPG.
*[http://www.regnumonline.com.ar/ Regnum Online] MMORPG from Argentina, available in English and Spanish. Free to play, with certain "premium items" (mostly cosmetic- and convenience-related) sold for real money.
*[[RuneScape]]
*[http://fate.netgame.com/ Scions of Fate]
*[http://www.gamescampus.com/shotonline/ Shot Online] Massive multiplayer online golf game.
*[http://www.silkroadonline.net/ Silkroad] 3d fantasy theme MMORPG
*[http://sco.gpotato.com/ Space Cowboy Online]
*[http://www.martialheroes.com/main.php The Empire of Martial Heroes]
*[http://legendofares.netgame.com/ The Legend of Ares] 3D medieval fantasy MMORPG.
*[http://www.tibia.com/news/?subtopic=latestnews Tibia] 2D fantasy theme MMORPG
*[http://www.tricksteronline.com/ Trickster Online]
*[http://www.gamescampus.com/xiah/index.asp Xiah] Asian martial arts MMORPG.

[[Category:Video Games]]

Dynamite

2009-06-17T01:50:25Z

Koolkid0000: Organized and added more info

'''Dynamite''' is an explosive consisting of nitroglycerin, which is held by absorbent material inside the dynamite. Dynamite explodes after the blasting cap causes a smaller explosion resulting in a "shock" to the dynamite.

==History==

Dynamite was invented by [[Alfred Nobel]] in 1866 and patented the next year, in 1867. Alfred Nobel believed that once nations see the destruction dynamite can cause, they would stop fighting and attempt to solve the matter in a different way.

:''My dynamite will sooner lead to peace than a thousand world conventions. As soon as men will find that in one instant, whole armies can be utterly destroyed, they surely will abide by golden peace.''

==Uses==

===Construction===

Dynamite is often used in construction projects so workers don't have to dig or mine material that is in their way. Projects that use dynamite to speed up the construction process are the construction of dams and tunnels.

===Mining===

The invention of dynamite has increased the speed and efficiency of mining. Before dynamite was invented, miners used black powder and pickaxes to mine.

===Warfare===

Dynamite was potentially deadly in warfare. The war that first used Nobel's dynamite was [[World War One]]. Alfred didn't live to see the destruction it caused in the war and to realize that his conception about dynamite bring peace was completely wrong. Nobel's dynamite has been replaced by military dynamite, which only has approximately 60% of the strength of his dynamite.

Dynamite

2009-06-16T14:12:58Z

Koolkid0000: Started Dynamite Article

'''Dynamite''' is an explosive consisting of nitroglycerin, which is held by absorbent material inside the dynamite. Dynamite explodes after the blasting cap causes a smaller explosion resulting in a "shock" to the dynamite.

==History==

Dynamite was invented by [[Alfred Nobel]] in 1866 and patented the next year, in 1867. Alfred Nobel believed that once nations see the destruction dynamite can cause, they would stop fighting and attempt to solve the matter in a different way.

:''My dynamite will sooner lead to peace than a thousand world conventions. As soon as men will find that in one instant, whole armies can be utterly destroyed, they surely will abide by golden peace.''

==Uses==

Dynamite is often used for construction, mining, and warfare. Construction projects that involve the use of dynamite are the construction of dams. Before dynamite was invented, miners had to use black powder and pickaxes but after the invention of dynamite, mining was a lot faster and more efficient. Alfred did not live to see the death and destruction it brought in [[World War One]].

Fort Sumter

2009-06-16T04:21:34Z

Koolkid0000:

'''Fort Sumter''' is a fort near Charleston, [[South Carolina]] that is best known as the site of the first shots fired during the [[American Civil War | Civil War]]. South Carolina had seceded from the Union on December 20, 1860. Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard ordered the Union-held fort to be shelled on April 12, 1861, and the Union forces who were camped there, led by Major Robert Anderson, surrendered two days later. Anderson did manage to retain the American flag which had flown over Fort Sumter, and it became a major [[patriotism | patriotic]] symbol used to rally pro-Union crowds up north. The Union managed to retake Fort Sumter in February, 1865 following General [[William T. Sherman]]'s devastating March to the Sea.

Today, Fort Sumter is a National Monument operated by the U.S. National Park Service.

==History==

Fort Sumter was a Union fortification that received the first shots that began Civil War. In 1827, construction of the fort began and on December 26, 1860, shots were fired on the fort. Fort Sumter was then under command under Union Major Robert Anderson and being fired upon by Confederate Brigadier General P.G.T. Beauregard. Beauregard fired upon the fort for 2 straight days. Because the Union troops were weak from lack of supplies, Anderson surrendered his troops and the Confederate Army controlled the fort.

==External Links==

[http://www.nps.gov/fosu/ Fort Sumter National Monument]

[[Category:American Civil War]]

User:Koolkid0000/IJJI

2009-06-15T02:49:54Z

Koolkid0000: Created page with 'Ijji is a company based in Irvine, California that develops games. They have released such games as Soldier Front, GunZ, Drift City,'

Ijji is a company based in Irvine, California that develops games. They have released such games as Soldier Front, GunZ, Drift City,

Alfred Nobel

2009-06-15T02:07:09Z

Koolkid0000: /* Early Life */

[[Image:Nobel.jpg|right|thumb]]
'''Alfred Nobel''' (1833-1896) was a Swedish chemist, [[engineer]] and [[armaments]] manufacturer. He is noted for the invention of dynamite and the inauguration of the [[Nobel Prize|Nobel Prizes]] for achievements in the fields of [[chemistry]], [[physics]], [[literature]], [[medicine]] or [[physiology]], and [[peace]].

==Early Life==

Alfred Bernhard Nobel was born in [[Sweden]] on October 21, 1833. He was the third son of Immanuel Nobel, the inventor of modern [[plywood]]. At the age of 9 his family moved to [[St. Petersburg]] where his father founded a factory to make naval mines for use in the [[Crimean War]]. As a wealth and successful industrialist Immanuel was able to give his sons a first-class education by [[homeschooling|private tutors]]. In Russia, Alfred studied chemistry under Professor Nikolay Nikolaevich Zinin. He also achieved fluency in five languages; Swedish Russian, English French and German. Alfred had a wide variety of interests ranging from chemistry and physics to English literature and [[poetry]]. In order to widen his son's horizons, Immanuel Nobel sent Alfred abroad for further training in chemical engineering and in a two-year period he visited [[France]], [[Germany]], Sweden and the [[United States]]. [[Paris]] became his favorite city and whilst working in a private laboratory there he met Ascanio Sobrero, the inventor of the volatile and unpredictable, powerful explosive; [[nitroglycerin]]. Alfred took an interest in this unstable compound for which he saw great potential if it could be tamed.

==The Invention Of Dynamite==

Alfred was requested to return to Russia in 1852 in order help with the family business which was booming because of the munitions being delivered to the Russian Army. In [[Russia]], Alfred worked with his father to develop a stable version of nitroglycerin. However, with the end of the war, Immanuel Nobel's business was forced into bankruptcy leaving the two eldest sons, Robert and Ludvig, to salvage the company. Returning to Sweden in 1863, Alfred continued his development of nitroglycerin. After several explosions, including one that killed his brother Emil, the authorities prohibited his research within the Stockholm city limits and he moved to a barge anchored on Lake Mälaren. After starting commercial production of nitroglycerin in 1864, Nobel experimented with different additives. He discovered that by mixing it with ''[[kieselguhr]]'' the volatile liquid became a relatively stable paste which could be shaped into cylinders for insertion into drilled holes. He patented this material in 1867 under the name '''[[dynamite]]'''. In order to produce an explosion from the stable compound, he also invented the detonator or blasting cap, which could be triggered by the ignition of a fuse. The parallel invention of the diamond drilling crown meant that the costs of major civil engineering works were drastically reduced.

==Commercial Success==

The market for Nobel's products grew rapidly and Alfred proved to be a skillful businessman as well as a scientist. By 1865, his factory in Germany was exporting nitroglycerin explosives throughout the world. Eventually he built 90 laboratories and factories in 20 different countries. While basing himself in [[Paris]], [[France]] he continued to travel widely and was described by [[Victor Hugo]] as "Europe's richest vagabond". Not content with developing explosives, Nobel registered 355 [[patent|patents]] including materials such as synthetic [[rubber]], [[leather]], and [[silk]].

[[Baku]] in [[Azerbaijan]] had long been famous for its [[oil]] seeps and in 1872, the Tsarist regime in Russia started to auction off sections of the oilfield. With his two older brothers, Robert and Ludvig, Alfred began the process to turn Baku into one the first large-scale commercial oil-fields in Europe. After visiting Baku in search of walnut wood to make rifle stocks for the family's armaments factory in St. Petersburg, Alfred ended up buying tracts of oil-bearing land. Bringing in six [[Pennsylvania|Pennsylvanian]] drillers, Nobel transformed Russian oil-field technology. However, the remoteness of Baku meant that transporting wooden barrels full of crude oil to the western markets was a difficult task. But by 1880 Nobel had constructed the first oil pipeline in Europe to deliver the oil to Baku and with the profits from their enterprise they not only launched the world's first oil tanker, the ''Zoroaster'', but also built the first continuous-process [[refinery]] as well as a [[railway]] to transport the crude to St. Petersburg. At one time a single well form the ''Apspheron'' oil-field could produced 4.5 million litres, far surpassing any well in the United States. It was only the quantity of oil from Baku that prevented [[John D. Rockefeller]]'s [[Standard Oil]] from establishing the same monopoly position in Europe that it had in the United States.

==Personal Life==

Alfred Nobel's dedication to his work and travel did not leave much room for family life. Feeling like an old man at the age of 43 he advertised in a newspaper - "Wealthy, highly-educated elderly gentleman seeks lady of mature age, versed in languages, as secretary and supervisor of household." The position was taken by the Austrian, Countess Bertha Kinsky. She worked a short time for Nobel but returned to Austria to marry Count Arthur von Suttner. Despite this, she and Alfred remained firm friends and corresponded with each other for many years.

==War And Peace==

Nobel became one of the first proponents of MAD ([[mutually-assured destruction]]) when he said :

:''My dynamite will sooner lead to peace than a thousand world conventions. As soon as men will find that in one instant, whole armies can be utterly destroyed, they surely will abide by golden peace.''

However, his friend Bertha von Suttner became increasingly critical of the arms race and wrote a seminal book, ''Lay Down Your Arms'' which undoubtedly influenced Nobel. When he died in [[Sanremo]], [[Italy]] on December 10, 1895 his last will laid out the proposal that his estate be invested in a fund, the interest of which was to be distributed amongst five prizes. These were to be awarded for Physics, Chemistry, Literature, Physiology or Medicine, and Peace. The first prizes were not awarded until 1901. In 1905 the Peace Prize was awarded to Bertha von Suttner.

[[Category:Scientists]]
[[Category:Chemists]]
[[Category:Engineers]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nobel, Alfred}}

Alfred Nobel

2009-06-15T01:58:47Z

Koolkid0000:

[[Image:Nobel.jpg|right|thumb]]
'''Alfred Nobel''' (1833-1896) was a Swedish chemist, [[engineer]] and [[armaments]] manufacturer. He is noted for the invention of dynamite and the inauguration of the [[Nobel Prize|Nobel Prizes]] for achievements in the fields of [[chemistry]], [[physics]], [[literature]], [[medicine]] or [[physiology]], and [[peace]].

==Early Life==

Alfred Bernhard Nobel was born in [[Sweden]] on October 21, 1833. He was the third son of Immanuel Nobel, the inventor of modern [[plywood]]. At the age of 9 his family moved to [[St. Petersburg]] where his father founded a factory to make naval mines for use in the [[Crimean War]]. As a wealth and successful industrialist Immanuel was able to give his sons a first-class education by [[homeschooling|private tutors]]. In Russia, Alfred studied chemistry under Professor Nikolay Nikolaevich Zinin. He also achieved fluency in five languages; Swedish Russian, English French and German. Alfred had a wide variety of interests ranging from chemistry and physics to English literature and [[poetry]]. In order to widen his son's horizons, Immanuel Nobel sent Alfred abroad for further training in chemical engineering and in a two-year period he visited [[France]], [[Germany]], Sweden and the [[United States]]. [[Paris]] became his favorite city and whilst working in a private laboratory there he met Ascanio Sobrero, the inventor of the volatile and unpredictable, powerful explosive; [[nitroglycerine]]. Alfred took an interest in this unstable compound for which he saw great potential if it could be tamed.

==The Invention Of Dynamite==

Alfred was requested to return to Russia in 1852 in order help with the family business which was booming because of the munitions being delivered to the Russian Army. In [[Russia]], Alfred worked with his father to develop a stable version of nitroglycerin. However, with the end of the war, Immanuel Nobel's business was forced into bankruptcy leaving the two eldest sons, Robert and Ludvig, to salvage the company. Returning to Sweden in 1863, Alfred continued his development of nitroglycerin. After several explosions, including one that killed his brother Emil, the authorities prohibited his research within the Stockholm city limits and he moved to a barge anchored on Lake Mälaren. After starting commercial production of nitroglycerin in 1864, Nobel experimented with different additives. He discovered that by mixing it with ''[[kieselguhr]]'' the volatile liquid became a relatively stable paste which could be shaped into cylinders for insertion into drilled holes. He patented this material in 1867 under the name '''[[dynamite]]'''. In order to produce an explosion from the stable compound, he also invented the detonator or blasting cap, which could be triggered by the ignition of a fuse. The parallel invention of the diamond drilling crown meant that the costs of major civil engineering works were drastically reduced.

==Commercial Success==

The market for Nobel's products grew rapidly and Alfred proved to be a skillful businessman as well as a scientist. By 1865, his factory in Germany was exporting nitroglycerin explosives throughout the world. Eventually he built 90 laboratories and factories in 20 different countries. While basing himself in [[Paris]], [[France]] he continued to travel widely and was described by [[Victor Hugo]] as "Europe's richest vagabond". Not content with developing explosives, Nobel registered 355 [[patent|patents]] including materials such as synthetic [[rubber]], [[leather]], and [[silk]].

[[Baku]] in [[Azerbaijan]] had long been famous for its [[oil]] seeps and in 1872, the Tsarist regime in Russia started to auction off sections of the oilfield. With his two older brothers, Robert and Ludvig, Alfred began the process to turn Baku into one the first large-scale commercial oil-fields in Europe. After visiting Baku in search of walnut wood to make rifle stocks for the family's armaments factory in St. Petersburg, Alfred ended up buying tracts of oil-bearing land. Bringing in six [[Pennsylvania|Pennsylvanian]] drillers, Nobel transformed Russian oil-field technology. However, the remoteness of Baku meant that transporting wooden barrels full of crude oil to the western markets was a difficult task. But by 1880 Nobel had constructed the first oil pipeline in Europe to deliver the oil to Baku and with the profits from their enterprise they not only launched the world's first oil tanker, the ''Zoroaster'', but also built the first continuous-process [[refinery]] as well as a [[railway]] to transport the crude to St. Petersburg. At one time a single well form the ''Apspheron'' oil-field could produced 4.5 million litres, far surpassing any well in the United States. It was only the quantity of oil from Baku that prevented [[John D. Rockefeller]]'s [[Standard Oil]] from establishing the same monopoly position in Europe that it had in the United States.

==Personal Life==

Alfred Nobel's dedication to his work and travel did not leave much room for family life. Feeling like an old man at the age of 43 he advertised in a newspaper - "Wealthy, highly-educated elderly gentleman seeks lady of mature age, versed in languages, as secretary and supervisor of household." The position was taken by the Austrian, Countess Bertha Kinsky. She worked a short time for Nobel but returned to Austria to marry Count Arthur von Suttner. Despite this, she and Alfred remained firm friends and corresponded with each other for many years.

==War And Peace==

Nobel became one of the first proponents of MAD ([[mutually-assured destruction]]) when he said :

:''My dynamite will sooner lead to peace than a thousand world conventions. As soon as men will find that in one instant, whole armies can be utterly destroyed, they surely will abide by golden peace.''

However, his friend Bertha von Suttner became increasingly critical of the arms race and wrote a seminal book, ''Lay Down Your Arms'' which undoubtedly influenced Nobel. When he died in [[Sanremo]], [[Italy]] on December 10, 1895 his last will laid out the proposal that his estate be invested in a fund, the interest of which was to be distributed amongst five prizes. These were to be awarded for Physics, Chemistry, Literature, Physiology or Medicine, and Peace. The first prizes were not awarded until 1901. In 1905 the Peace Prize was awarded to Bertha von Suttner.

[[Category:Scientists]]
[[Category:Chemists]]
[[Category:Engineers]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nobel, Alfred}}