Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Talk:Psychology

2010-01-22T22:59:07Z

JulietB:

Ed, the content you restored is questionable at at best, and also it is a COPY AND PASTE from wikipedia. Instead of removing content that you have no expertise in work on creating new content. [[User:Tmtoulouse|Tmtoulouse]] 12:12, 24 April 2007 (EDT)

:Your comment violates Wikipedia guidelines on page ownership, you know. Telling someone they don't know enough about the subject to edit the article, tsk, tsk. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] 08:54, 21 May 2007 (EDT)

==Materialism and pseudoscience==

The decision to declare the mind as nothing more than an aspect of the brain violates basic scientific principles. We ought rather to come up with ways to test the various theories about the human mind. How can we know whether the mind controls its brain, or the brain produces or controls the mind? --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 17:35, 22 January 2010 (EST)
:Can you consciously stop your heart from beating or consciously go blind? You can't, but you can slow your heart rate or limit your vision by closing your eyes. Therefore the mind doesn't have (complete) control of the brain. And the brain can just as easily do something other than what you want it to do. It's a much more complex interaction than "one controls the other;" they both greatly influence each other. Rather than thinking of ourselves as humans with souls, we could think of ourselves as souls/selves/minds with bodies. I don't see how studying the brain and "the psyche" (hence psychology) conflicts with any theologies. -[[User:JulietB|JulietB]] 17:59, 22 January 2010 (EST)

Medical College Admission Test (MCAT)

2010-01-22T20:48:31Z

JulietB: Created page with 'The Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) is a computerized standardized test administered by the AAMC. All medical schools in the United States and Canada interpret scores a...'

The Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) is a computerized standardized test administered by the [[AAMC]]. All medical schools in the United States and Canada interpret scores autonomously. There are three sections scored numerically from 1 to 15: biological sciences, physical sciences, and verbal reasoning. A writing sample is scored from J to T. Composite scores range from 3J to 45 T.

The national average of all test takers is 30O. However, the average student accepted into medical school scores around 31R.

== External links ==
http://www.aamc.org/students/mcat/

== References ==
Medical School Admission Requirements, 2009-10

Brain

2010-01-17T19:03:04Z

JulietB:

[[Image:Cerebellum.png|right|thumb|200px|A human brain]]

The '''brain''' is a major part of the [[central nervous system]]. In vertebrates, the brain is connected to the [[spinal cord]]. In invertebrates' [[Nervous system | nervous systems]]s, the brain can be a decentralized collection of [[neurons]] or a single [[Ganglia | ganglion]]. In the [[vertebrate]]s, the brain is much more complex and is divided into three separate areas, the [[forebrain]], the [[midbrain]], and the [[hindbrain]]. The brain is involved in higher functioning such as decision-making, speech, and processing of the [[senses]].

In adult humans, the brain weighs about 3 lbs., with 100 billion neurons, and up to 100 trillion connections.

Investigations using new techniques such as [[fMRI]] are expanding knowledge on the relationship between the brain and behavior.

==Free Will==
Many [[liberal]] scientists believe that modern [[neuroscience]] is a subversion of [[free will]], and that the brain is all there is to personality. This is to the direct exclusion of the [[soul]] and [[God]]'s will. For instance, if someone was to commit a crime, that person could be exonerated on the basis of his neurological abnormalities, which are not his fault. [[Descartes]] attempted to avoid this issue by placing the soul at the helm of the individual, stating that it was our spirits that truly drive us. The soul attached to the brain via the [[pineal gland]], communicating with the corporeal matter by squeazing the central gland, and pumping cerebrospinal fluid through the body. However, his [[atheism]] left no place for communion of the soul with God, and Descartes was also mistaken in the belief that only humans have pineal glands. Many conservative scientists are now taking into account the soul, when they factor in free will, which allows for much more variation among individuals.

==References==
* Martin, JH (2003). Neuroanatomy text and atlas 3rd ed., New York: McGraw-Hill.
* Kandel, ER; Schwartz JH, Jessell TM (2000). Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed., New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-8385-7701-6.

[[Category:Anatomy]]
[[Category:Neuroscience]]

Gladiator (2000 film)

2010-01-17T18:52:24Z

JulietB:

{{Infobox Film
| name=Gladiator
| image=
| caption=
| director=Ridley Scott
| producer=David Franzoni Branko Lustig Laurie MacDonald Walter F. Parkes Douglas Wick Ridley Scott (uncredited)
| writer=David Franzoni (creator) John Logan William Nicholson
| starring=[[Russell Crowe]] Joaquin Phoenix Connie Nielsen
| music=Lisa Gerrard Hans Zimmer
| cinematography=John Mathieson
| editing=Pietro Scalia
| distributor=DreamWorks SKG
| release date(s)=May 5, 2000
| running time=155 min.
| language=English}}

'''Gladiator''' is a 2000 film about a Roman general named Maximus, played by Russell Crowe. After a war with Germanic tribes, the Emperor Marcus Aurelius adopts Maximus as his heir. Aurelius's son, Commodus, grows jealous, assassinates Aurelius, and hangs Maximus's wife and son. Maximus is sold into slavery, but exploits the gladiatorial system and Commodus’s decadence to exact vengeance.

This film is not historical, but uses the names of existing Romans (such as Aurelius, Commodus, and Lucius). It portrays the pagan concept of Elysium as being real. Scriptwriter John Franzoni said, "The film is about a hero who has morality, but that morality is a secular morality." <ref> Quoted in "Hollywood Worldviews" ''Watching films with wisdom and discernment,'' Brian Godawa, InterVarsity Press, p. 141 </ref> The film was rated "R" for intense graphic combat. The film won 5 [[Oscars]] for Best Actor in Leading Role, Best Costume Design, Best Visual Effects, Best Picture and Best Sound and was nominated for another 7 Oscars. <ref> http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0172495/awards </ref>

=====References=====
<references/>

[[Category: Movies]]

Gladiator (2000 film)

2010-01-17T18:50:11Z

JulietB: Some plot summary.

{{Infobox Film
| name=Gladiator
| image=
| caption=
| director=Ridley Scott
| producer=David Franzoni Branko Lustig Laurie MacDonald Walter F. Parkes Douglas Wick Ridley Scott (uncredited)
| writer=David Franzoni (creator) John Logan William Nicholson
| starring=[[Russell Crowe]] Joaquin Phoenix Connie Nielsen
| music=Lisa Gerrard Hans Zimmer
| cinematography=John Mathieson
| editing=Pietro Scalia
| distributor=DreamWorks SKG
| release date(s)=May 5, 2000
| running time=155 min.
| language=English}}

'''Gladiator''' is a 2000 film about a Roman general named Maximus, played by Russell Crowe. After a war with Germanic tribes, the Emperor Marcus Aurelius adopts Maximus as his heir. Aurelius's son, Commodus, grows jealous, assassinates Aurelius, and crucifies Maximus's family. Maximus is sold into slavery, but exploits the gladiatorial system and Commodus’s decadence to exact vengeance.

This film is not historical, but uses the names of existing Romans (such as Aurelius, Commodus, and Lucius). It portrays the pagan concept of Elysium as being real. Scriptwriter John Franzoni said, "The film is about a hero who has morality, but that morality is a secular morality." <ref> Quoted in "Hollywood Worldviews" ''Watching films with wisdom and discernment,'' Brian Godawa, InterVarsity Press, p. 141 </ref> The film was rated "R" for intense graphic combat. The film won 5 [[Oscars]] for Best Actor in Leading Role, Best Costume Design, Best Visual Effects, Best Picture and Best Sound and was nominated for another 7 Oscars. <ref> http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0172495/awards </ref>

=====References=====
<references/>

[[Category: Movies]]

Primate

2010-01-17T18:41:08Z

JulietB: Change "genus" to "family" to remain consistent with other info in the article.

:''This article is about the zoological classification. For the ecclesiastical rank, please see [[Primates in the Church]]''

{{Taxonomy
|name=Primates
|image=Pileatedgibbon.JPG
|caption=Pileated gibbon (''Hylobates pileatus'')
|superkingdom=
|kingdom=Animalia
|subkingdom=
|superphylum=
|phylum=Chordata
|subphylum=
|infraphylum=
|microphylum=
|superdivision=
|division=
|subdivision=
|superclass=
|class=Mammalia
|subclass=
|infraclass=Eutheria
|superorder=Euarchontoglires
|order= Primates
|suborder=
|infraorder=
|superfamily=
|families=
|family=
|subfamily=
|supertribe=
|tribe=
|subtribe=
|genera=
|genus=
|subgenus=
|species=
|binomialname=
|syn=
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|regionimg=
|pop=
|conservation=
}}
'''Primates''' is an order of mammals which share ape-like characteristics. Several hundred [[species]] belong to the order.

They are often put into two large groups: the suborder Strepsirrhini, which include [[lemur]]s, tarsiers, and lorises; and the suborder Haplorrhini, which include the small tarsiers; the New World [[monkey]]s (spider and howler monkeys); Old World monkeys (languars and [[baboon]]s); and the Apes, which, as formulated by most [[biologist]]s and [[Anthropology|anthropologists]], include the lesser apes ([[gibbon]]s) and greater apes ([[gorilla]]s, [[chimpanzee]]s, and [[orangutan]]s).

Scientists who believe in [[evolution]] also claim that it includes [[human]]s, placing us with the family that includes the great apes, a theory rejected by creationists.

==Taxonomy==
*Primates
::Suborder [[Strepsirrhini]]: prosimians
:::Infraorder [[Lemuriformes]]
::::::Family Cheirogaleidae: dwarf and [[mouse lemur]]s
::::::Family Daubentoniidae: [[Aye-aye]]
::::::Family Lemuridae: [[lemur]]s
::::::Family Lepilemuridae: [[sportive lemur]]s
::::::Family Indriidae: [[woolly lemur]]s
:::Infraorder Lorisiformes
::::::Family Lorisidae: [[loris]]es and [[potto]]s
::::::Family Galagidae: [[galago]]s
::Suborder Haplorrhini
:::Infraorder Tarsiiformes
::::::Family Tarsiidae: [[tarsier]]s
:::Infraorder [[Simiiformes]]
::::Parvorder [[Platyrrhini]]: New World monkeys
::::::Family [[Callitrichidae]]: [[marmoset]]s and [[tamarin]]s
::::::Family [[Cebidae]]: [[capuchin monkey|capuchin]] and [[squirrel monkey]]s
::::::Family [[Aotidae]]: [[owl monkey]]s
::::::Family [[Pitheciidae]]: [[titi]]s, [[saki]]s and [[uakari]]s
::::::Family [[Atelidae]]: prehensile-tailed monkeys ([[howler monkey|howler]], [[spider monkey|spider]] and [[woolly monkey]]s)
::::Parvorder [[Catarrhini]]
:::::Superfamily [[Cercopithecoidea]]
::::::Family [[Cercopithecidae]]: Old World monkeys ([[baboon]]s, [[macaque]]s, etc.)
:::::Superfamily [[Hominoidea]]
::::::Family [[Hylobatidae]]: [[gibbon]]s
::::::Family [[Hominidae]]: great apes ([[gorilla]]s, [[chimpanzee]]s, [[orangutan]]s)

[[Category:Primates]]

Epidermis

2010-01-16T06:28:59Z

JulietB: Functions

The '''epidermis''' is the outer layer of [[cell|cells]] designed to provide protection.<ref>Wile, Dr. Jay L. ''Exploring Creation With Biology''. Apologia Educational Ministries, Inc. 1998</ref>, excrete waste and thermoregulate by sweating, retain water, and synthesize [[vitamin D]]. It is also known as the top layer of [[skin]].

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Anatomy]]

Phalanx

2010-01-16T06:23:23Z

JulietB: Addition of what counts as a knuckle; numbering.

A [[bone]] of a digit, ([[finger]] or [[toe]]). The plural of '''phalanx''' is phalanges. Humans have two phalanges in each thumb and big toe; the remaining fingers and toes all have three phalanges. The synovial joints between phalanges of a digit (interphalangeal) and the phalanges and metacarpals are the knuckles. The phalanges are named according to their digit and position: proximal (closest to the body), middle, and distal (closest to the fingertip or toetip). A number is added to indicate which digit a phalanx is located: in humans, the thumb or big toe is I and the last is V.

Phalanx bones are named after the military phalanx, which is a tight formation of infantry in regular rows and files.

[[Category:Anatomy]]

Talk:Primate

2010-01-16T06:09:39Z

JulietB: /* Humans are apes. */

Mainstream biologists place [[human]]s in with primates, but I feel that this is the same as asserting that people are only animals. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] 14:35, 11 April 2007 (EDT)
:Biologically; yes. However, in my opinion, what makes us different is that we have the power of higher thinking and creativity. [[User:Marl Karx|Marl Karx]] 14:37, 11 April 2007 (EDT)

::There might be more to it than that (see [[Creationism]]). --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] 14:43, 11 April 2007 (EDT)

:::Clearly the word "animal" is used differently in the Bible than it is in modern science. I'm becoming acutely conscious of the new talk page rule, so I'll post no more on this topic (I'm not joking). [[User:RDre|RDre]] 14:51, 11 April 2007 (EDT)

== Humans are apes. ==

Humans are apes in the sense that we're (technically) animals that would be classified as an ape by the definition of ape (as a way to think about it: are we plants, fungi, or bacteria? Biologically, are we different enough to have our own kingdom for life?).

It comes down to a semantic argument, but primatologists do study the apes (and include humans into that classification) because of our exceedingly close similarities. We fit the definition of ape, but we shouldn't be offended since we're much more complex. -
[[User:JulietB|JulietB]] 00:34, 16 January 2010 (EST)
:God created us in His image, He did not create us as apes. End of story. [[User:AlexWD|AlexWD]] 00:23, 16 January 2010 (EST)
::As stated above, there's a distinction between how the word animal is used. An analogy would be cats and dogs. We can agree they are two distinct animals. But we can also agree they have similarities. In the same way, taxonomically, we're apes because that's what we'd be classified. Ape is just a smaller tier of primate. If you reject the fact that we're apes (which actually has smaller groups to which humans are unique), you might as well go all the way up the chain and not call humans primates or animals. -[[User:JulietB|JulietB]] 00:35, 16 January 2010 (EST)
:::You say that as though there would be something wrong with such a claim. [[User:AlexWD|AlexWD]] 00:37, 16 January 2010 (EST)
::::Creationism and evolution aren't at odds here. It's the classification of humans as apes. If they are not apes, what would you propose they are? If they are not animals, you are suggesting that humans have their own separate kingdom. Humans would be considered mammals, yes? Mammals are animals. So humans are animals. We can go down further by saying humans are apes because they have ape characteristics (our digits, especially our thumbs, have apical tufts; but we are distinct from other apes in that we have many more faculties). Ape is just a classification. We tend to equal it with thoughts of gorillas, but it's a much broader term. -[[User:JulietB|JulietB]] 01:09, 16 January 2010 (EST)

Talk:Primate

2010-01-16T05:35:23Z

JulietB: /* Humans are apes. */

Mainstream biologists place [[human]]s in with primates, but I feel that this is the same as asserting that people are only animals. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] 14:35, 11 April 2007 (EDT)
:Biologically; yes. However, in my opinion, what makes us different is that we have the power of higher thinking and creativity. [[User:Marl Karx|Marl Karx]] 14:37, 11 April 2007 (EDT)

::There might be more to it than that (see [[Creationism]]). --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] 14:43, 11 April 2007 (EDT)

:::Clearly the word "animal" is used differently in the Bible than it is in modern science. I'm becoming acutely conscious of the new talk page rule, so I'll post no more on this topic (I'm not joking). [[User:RDre|RDre]] 14:51, 11 April 2007 (EDT)

== Humans are apes. ==

Humans are apes in the sense that we're (technically) animals that would be classified as an ape by the definition of ape (as a way to think about it: are we plants, fungi, or bacteria? Biologically, are we different enough to have our own kingdom for life?).

It comes down to a semantic argument, but primatologists do study the apes (and include humans into that classification) because of our exceedingly close similarities. We fit the definition of ape, but we shouldn't be offended since we're much more complex. -
[[User:JulietB|JulietB]] 00:34, 16 January 2010 (EST)
:God created us in His image, He did not create us as apes. End of story. [[User:AlexWD|AlexWD]] 00:23, 16 January 2010 (EST)
::As stated above, there's a distinction between how the word animal is used. An analogy would be cats and dogs. We can agree they are two distinct animals. But we can also agree they have similarities. In the same way, taxonomically, we're apes because that's what we'd be classified. Ape is just a smaller tier of primate. If you reject the fact that we're apes (which actually has smaller groups to which humans are unique), you might as well go all the way up the chain and not call humans primates or animals.-[[User:JulietB|JulietB]] 00:35, 16 January 2010 (EST)

Talk:Primate

2010-01-16T05:34:56Z

JulietB:

Talk:Primate

2010-01-16T05:19:29Z

JulietB: /* Humans are apes. */ new section

Primate

2010-01-16T05:04:32Z

JulietB: Spelling

'''Primates''' are a group of mainly tropical mammals. Several hundred [[species]] belong to the order.

They are often put into three large groups: Prosimians (including lemurs), tarsiers, and lorises. [[Monkey]]s are actually split into smaller groups: New World monkeys, like spider and howler monkeys, and Old World monkeys like languars and baboons. Apes are similar to monkeys, but have no tail. As formulated by most [[biologist]]s and [[anthropologist]]s, they include the lesser apes (gibbons) and greater apes (gorrilas, chimps, orangutans, and humans).

==See also==
*[[Primates in the Church]]

[[Category:Primates]]

Primate

2010-01-16T05:04:01Z

JulietB:

'''Primates''' are a group of mainly tropical mammals. Several hundred [[species]] belong to the order.

They are often put into three large groups: Prosimians (including lemurs), tarsiers, and lorises. [[Monkey]]s are actually split into smaller groups: New World monkeys, like spider and howler monkeys, and Old World monkeys like languars and baboons. Apes are similar to monkeys, but have no tail. As formulated by most [[biologist]]s and [[anthropologis]]s, they include the lesser apes (gibbons) and greater apes (gorrilas, chimps, orangutans, and humans).

==See also==
*[[Primates in the Church]]

[[Category:Primates]]

Language

2010-01-16T04:57:54Z

JulietB: Difference from call signs and other communication.

A '''language''' is a collection of symbols (called '''[[vocabulary]]''' or lexicon) and rules for connecting these symbols (called '''[[grammar]]''') that facilitates communication.

== Origin ==
The origin of language has been debated for long time among linguists, biologists, cognitive scientists, theologians, anthropologists, along with many other disciplines. Currently, the most wide held belief is that language has evolutionary origins (Pinker, 1997). However, this has not been proven definitively.

Language differs from call signs used by primates and other animals in that language can be used without prompting or a stimulus and is necessary for higher thinking. Call signs are regarded merely as forms of communication rather than abstract symbol use.

Although linguists have been able to allocate most languages to a small number of language "families", they have been unable to find a common origin of these language families. A few of the largest and oldest families include: [[Indo-European]], Afro-Asiatic and Nigar Congo families (Campbell, 98).

==Examples of Languages==
* [[Akkadian]]
* [[Albanian]]
* American [[sign language]]
* [[Arabic]]
* [[Aramaic]]
* [[Babylonian]]
* [[Bulgarian]]
* [[Cantonese]]
* [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
* [[English language|English]]
* [[Flemish language|Flemish]]
* [[French language|French]]
* [[German language|German]]
* [[Greek language|Greek]]
* [[Hebrew]]
* [[Japanese]]
* [[Korean]]
* [[Latin]]
* [[Mandarin Chinese]]
* [[Mexican Spanish]]
* [[Portuguese]]
* [[Russian]]
* [[Sanskrit]]
* [[Spanish]]
* [[Sumerian]]
* [[Turkish]]
* [[Ugaritic]]
* [[Ukrainian]]
* [[Urdu]]
* [[Yiddish]]

== See also ==
* [[:Category:Languages]] for language families and languages
* [[Information]]

[[category:language| ]]
[[category:sociology]]

Anatomy

2010-01-16T04:48:15Z

JulietB:

'''Anatomy''' is the scientific study of body parts of living animals. Human anatomy has led to development of other sciences like [[surgery]] and [[physiology]].

[[category:anatomy]]
[[category:Biology]]

Toe

2010-01-16T04:45:22Z

JulietB: Correction and more info.

A '''toe''' is a digit, usually one of many, attached to an animal's [[foot]]. Animals that walk on their toes, such as cats and dogs, are classified as digitgrade; mammals with hooves instead of toes are called ungulates. Humans, other primates, and animals such as bears have toes, but walk on their soles.

Humans have five toes on each foot. The "big toe" is the hallux, and each is composed of a two phalanges. The remaining four toes have three phalanges, labeled by the order from which they connect to the [[metatarsal]]s: proximal to the closest, middle, and distal. On the surface of the skin above the distal phalanx is the nail.

Toes help for fine foot coordination and give balance that a foot alone can not achieve.

[[category:anatomy]]

Acetylcholine

2010-01-16T04:30:30Z

JulietB:

'''Acetylcholine''' (often abbreviated ACh) is a [[neurotransmitter]] found within the central nervous system and peripheral nervous systems (which is comprised of the [[autonomic nervous system]] and somatic nervous system). It is one of the neurotransmitters responsible for excitatory neuronal transmission in the CNS, as well as excitatory stimulation of [[skeletal]] muscle action potentials that produce contraction. In the autonomic nervous system, it is released from all pre-ganglionic neurons, as well as post-[[ganglion]]ic [[neuron]]s of the parasympathetic system, including the Vagus nerve that innervates the [[gastrointestinal tract]] and [[heart]]. Additionally, acetycholine is used to stimulate the modified sympathetic ganglion that is the adrenal medulla, as well as stimulation of sweat glands.

Neurons that secrete acetylcholine are called "cholinergic". There are two distinct types of receptors for the neurotransmitter, named after the agonists used in their discovery, Nicotinic and Muscarinic. The former is an ionotropic receptor (ion channel) and is the principle receptor located at the neuromuscular junction, while the latter is coupled to [[G proteins]] to mediate ion conductance.

[[Category: Anatomy]]
[[Category: Physiology]]

Acetylcholine

2010-01-16T04:28:52Z

JulietB:

'''Acetylcholine''' (often abbreviated ACh) is a [[neurotransmitter]] found within the central nervous system and peripheral nervous systems (which is comprised of the [[autonomic nervous system]] and somatic nervous system). It is one of the neurotransmitters responsible for excitatory neuronal transmission in the CNS, as well as excitatory stimulation of [[skeletal]] muscle action potentials that produce contraction. In the autonomic nervous system, it is released from all pre-ganglionic neurons, as well as post-[[ganglion]]ic [[neuron]]s of the [[parasympathetic]] system, including the [[Vagus nerve]] that innervates the [[gastrointestinal system]] and [[heart]]. Additionally, acetycholine is used to stimulate the modified sympathetic ganglion that is the [[adrenal medulla]], as well as stimulation of sweat glands.

Neurons that secrete acetylcholine are called "cholinergic". There are two distinct types of receptors for the neurotransmitter, named after the agonists used in their discovery, [[Nicotinic]] and [[Muscarinic]]. The former is an ionotropic receptor (ion channel) and is the principle receptor located at the neuromuscular junction, while the latter is coupled to [[G proteins]] to mediate ion conductance.

[[Category: Anatomy]]
[[Category: Physiology]]

Serotonin

2010-01-16T04:17:11Z

JulietB: Tried to reduce jargon and add some explanations.

{{jargon}}
'''Serotonin''' or '''5-Hydroxytryptamine''' (5-HT) is a [[neurotransmitter]] synthesized from the [[amino acid]] tryptophan in the [[central nervous system]] and the gastrointestinal tract. Serotonin is thought to play an important role in a number of physiological and psychological functions, including apetite, thermoregulation, sleep, alertness, and mood.

Most of the body's serotonin is found within the gastrointestinal tract (nearly 80%). It is synthesized when an organism is exposed to light, promoting apetite. Excessive amounts of serotonin are collected by blood platelets found in veins near the gut. Serotonin deficiencies can be caused by excessive or undereating, as well as a lack of sunlight or if too much is collected by the platelets.

The source of serotonin within the CNS is the Raphe Nuclei in the brainstem.

Deficiencies in serotonin are vulnerable to disorders such as clinical [[depression]], Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, [[anxiety|anxiety disorders]], [[bipolar disorder]], irritable bowel syndrome, ear infections, and [[migraine]]s. Also, an organism's activity cycle is affected, changing the organism's eating and sleeping habits. Consequently, medications such as antidepressants increase serotonin levels in the brain and are often used to treat these disorders in mammals.

==References==
1. Saladin's Anatomy & Physiology 5th Edition

[[Category:Anatomy]]