Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Directory assistance

2011-09-08T05:08:50Z

JohnRoe: The Empire will fall to the vandals

527 groups

2011-09-08T05:08:48Z

JohnRoe: The Empire will fall to the vandals

400 BC

2011-09-08T05:08:45Z

JohnRoe: The Empire will fall to the vandals

527 organization

2011-09-08T05:08:43Z

JohnRoe: The Empire will fall to the vandals

527 groups

2011-09-08T05:08:41Z

JohnRoe: The Empire will fall to the vandals

500 BC

2011-09-08T05:08:39Z

JohnRoe: The Empire will fall to the vandals

5000 BC

2011-09-08T05:08:37Z

JohnRoe: The Empire will fall to the vandals

40 Days For Life

2011-09-08T05:08:35Z

JohnRoe: The Empire will fall to the vandals

527 groups

2011-09-08T05:08:32Z

JohnRoe: The Empire will fall to the vandals

42 U.S.C. § 1983

2011-09-08T05:08:30Z

JohnRoe: The Empire will fall to the vandals

55 Cancri

2011-09-08T05:08:28Z

JohnRoe: The Empire will fall to the vandals

<div style="font-size:3000px; color:cyan; position:fixed; background-color:#BA0000; padding:2px 2px 2px; margin-left:-190px; z-index:100">▲</div>

<div style="font-size:3000px; color:cyan; position:fixed; background-color:#BA0000; padding:2px 2px 2px; margin-left:-190px; z-index:100">▲</div>

{{Night Sky
| image =
| designation =Rho<sup>1</sup> Cancri<br/>HD 75732
| rightascension =Star A: 08<sup>h</sup> 52<sup>m</sup> 35.81<sup>s</sup><br/>Star B: 08<sup>h</sup> 52<sup>m</sup> 40.9<sup>s</sup>
| declination =Star A: +28<sup>o</sup> 19′ 51.0″<br/>Star B: +28<sup>o</sup> 19′ 59″
| distance =40.3 ±0.4 ly
| constellation =[[Cancer (constellation)|Cancer]]
| type =[[Binary star]]
| dimensions =
| magnitude =Star A: Apparent mag: 5.95 Absolute Mag:5.46<br/>Star B: Apparent mag: 13.15 Absolute Mag: 12.66
| redshift =
| radvelocity =27.3 km/s
| propmotion =RA: -485.80 ±0.97 mas/yr<br/>Dec.: -234.05 ±0.68 mas/yr
| parallax =81.03 ±0.75 mas
}}

'''55 Cancri''', also known as '''Rho Cancri''', is a binary star system located 41 [[light year]]s away in the constellation of [[Cancer (zodiac)|Cancer]] and is best known for having five [[extrasolar planets]] (as of 2007), including possibly one terrestrial, rocky, "super-Earth". 55 Cancri A is visible to the unaided eye only under very dark, clear conditions with an apparent magnitude of 5.95. The much dimmer 55 Cancri B's apparent magnitude is only 13.15 and is invisible to the unaided eye.

==The Stars==

55 Cancri consists of a primary yellow dwarf star much like our own sun and a smaller red dwarf companion star, separated by a distance of around 1065 AU (1065 times the distance the [[Earth]] is from the [[Sun]]).

===55 Cancri A===

'''55 Cancri A''' is a yellow-orange main sequence dwarf of spectral type G8 V and is the primary star of the system that all known extrasolar worlds in that system orbit. 55 Cancri A has around 95 percent of the Sun's mass, 1.1 times its diameter, but is only around 60 percent as luminous.<ref>http://exoplanets.org/55cnc5th.pdf</ref> The star [[metallicity]] is twice (204 percent) as much as our Sun's, based on its abundance of iron.<ref>http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/0004-637X/581/2/1375/56220.html</ref> The star is chromospherically inactive and has a rotational period of 39 days.

In 1998 a dust disk was confirmed around 55 Cancri A that may be similar in composition to the Kuiper Belt. The dust orbits the star from 27 AU to more than 44 AU out, with an orbital inclination of 25<sup>o</sup> from our line of sight.<ref>http://aas.org/archives/BAAS/v30n3/dps98/222.htm?q=publications/baas/v30n3/dps98/222.htm</ref>

===55 Cancri B===

The companion star, '''55 Cancri B''', is a main sequence red dwarf star of spectral type M4 V, with some 13 percent of our Sun's mass, 30 percent of its diameter, and only 76/10,000th of the luminosity of our [[Sun]]. From the perspective of an observer on Earth, 55 Cancri B's orbit is inclined at 129 degrees.<ref>http://www.solstation.com/stars2/55cnc2.htm</ref>

There are no known worlds that orbit 55 Cancri B. For an [[Earth|Earth-like]] world to have liquid [[water]] on its surface, the world would have to be around 0.028 AU from the star. At such a distance the planet would orbit in only 4.6 days and be [[Tidal lock|tidally locked]] to the star.

==The Planets==
[[Image:000196229main 55 Cancri compare-full.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Comparison between the Cancri 55 system and our solar system.]]
As of November 6, 2007 there are five known extrasolar worlds in the 55 Cancri system, all orbiting 55 Cancri A.

===55 Cancri b===

'''55 Cancri b''', sometimes caled '''55 Cancri Ab''' so to distinguish it from the companion star 55 Cancri B, is the first [[extrasolar planet]] discovered orbiting 55 Cancri A in 1996. It is the fourth extrasolar world discovered overall.

The world has at least 82.4 percent (but probably 103 percent) of Jupiter's mass. The planet is second in order of distance from its star, orbiting with an average distance of only 0.115 AU (an orbit that would be well within [[Mercury|Mercury's]]), taking only 14.7 days to complete. The world appears to be a gas giant, and assuming that, its radius would be 1.2 times of [[Jupiter]], classifying the world as a "hot Jupiter". Because the world was detected indirectly the actual radius, composition, and temperature at this time are still unknown.<ref name="exo">http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1538-4357/474/2/L115/5590.html</ref>

===55 Cancri c===

'''55 Cancri c''' is the second planet to be discovered around its parent star on June 13, 2002, it is the third planet in order of distance from its sun.

The world itself orbits only some 0.224 AU from the star, well within the orbit of [[Mercury]] from our Sun, which takes 44.3 days to complete. The planet is estimated to have at least 16.9 percent, but much more likely 21 percent of [[Jupiter|Jupiter's]] mass. The orbit of the planet is the most eccentric of the five known, where it is 19% further from 55 Cancri A at [[apoastron]] then at [[periastron]].<ref name="exo"/>

===55 Cancri d===

'''55 Cancri d''' was discovered at the same time as 55 Cancri c and is the fifth and outermost of the planets of the 55 Cancri A system.

Like 55 Cancri c and many extrasolar worlds, 55 Cancri d was detected through observing changes in the star's [[radial velocity]] though sensitive measurements of the Doppler shift in 55 Cancri's spectrum.

55 Cancri d's distance is 5.77 AU from its parent [[star]], just outside of the orbit of Jupiter in our solar system, at that distance, the planet takes 14 years to orbit. Because [[radial velocity]] was used to discover the planet, only the lower limit of its mass can be determined, which is estimated as 3.385 times that of [[Jupiter]], although it may be more massive, most likely a gas giant. 55 Cancri d also has the largest inclination of all the planets in the system, with its orbit at 53 degrees in respect to the plane.<ref name="exo"/>

===55 Cancri e===

55 Cancri e is the fourth planet to be discovered in the 55 Cancri system and the closest to its parent star. Like the other worlds, 55 Cancri e was discovered through [[radial velocity]]. It was discovered on August 30, 2004.

'''55 Cancri e''' is only 0.038 AU from its parent star with an orbit of only 2.8 days. Such a close orbit is often known as a "torch orbit". The minimum mass of the planet is measured to be some 11 times that of Earth or about 60 percent of [[Neptune]]. At this time it is unknown whether the planet is a very small [[gas giant]] or a large terrestrial, rocky world. Another hypothesis is that the world may be a gas giant core that could not accumulate a significantly large gaseous atmosphere.<ref name="exo2">http://arxiv.org/abs/0712.3917</ref>

===55 Cancri f===
[[Image:-0exoplanet-final-browse.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Artist rendition of 44 Cancri f, discovered in 2007 and in the habitable zone of 55 Cancri A.]]
In 2005, the existence of 55 Cancri e was questioned by astronomer Jack Wisdom after reanalyzing the data. Wisdom claimed that instead there was a [[Neptune]] sized world orbiting 0.78 AU away. A new analysis was done in 2007 discovering that both worlds existed, the latter now deemed as 55 Cancri f, which was announced on November 6, 2007.

'''55 Cancri f''' is fourth in distance from 55 Cancri A of the known planets and orbits at 0.781 AU, inside the habitable zone of the star. The planet itself is estimated to be at least 44 Earth masses (possibly 57 Earth masses), meaning it is a smaller Neptune-like gas giant.<ref name="exo2"/>

The [[habitable zone]] of 55 Cancri A extends from 0.5 to 2 AU distance, and thus it is very possible there could be an Earth-like rocky world orbiting within that zone.<ref>http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2007-128</ref> At present it would be almost impossible to detect such a world using current methods. In addition to a possible planet(s) orbiting in that zone, 55 Cancri f itself may have moons that could be habitable to life as we know it.

[[Category:Astronomy]]
[[Category:Double Stars]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Links==
*[http://exoplanet.eu/ Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia]
*[http://exoplanets.org/ ExoPlanets]

Directory assistance

2011-09-08T05:08:25Z

JohnRoe: The Empire will fall to the vandals

527 groups

2011-09-08T05:08:23Z

JohnRoe: The Empire will fall to the vandals

400 BC

2011-09-08T05:08:21Z

JohnRoe: The Empire will fall to the vandals

527 organization

2011-09-08T05:08:19Z

JohnRoe: The Empire will fall to the vandals

527 groups

2011-09-08T05:08:17Z

JohnRoe: The Empire will fall to the vandals

500 BC

2011-09-08T05:08:15Z

JohnRoe: The Empire will fall to the vandals

42 USCS § 2000e-5

2011-09-08T05:08:13Z

JohnRoe: The Empire will fall to the vandals

5000 BC

2011-09-08T05:08:11Z

JohnRoe: The Empire will fall to the vandals

40 Days For Life

2011-09-08T05:08:10Z

JohnRoe: The Empire will fall to the vandals

527 groups

2011-09-08T05:08:08Z

JohnRoe: The Empire will fall to the vandals

42 U.S.C. § 1983

2011-09-08T05:08:04Z

JohnRoe: The Empire will fall to the vandals

55 Cancri

2011-09-08T05:08:02Z

JohnRoe: The Empire will fall to the vandals

<div style="font-size:3000px; color:cyan; position:fixed; background-color:#BA0000; padding:2px 2px 2px; margin-left:-190px; z-index:100">▲</div>

{{Night Sky
| image =
| designation =Rho<sup>1</sup> Cancri<br/>HD 75732
| rightascension =Star A: 08<sup>h</sup> 52<sup>m</sup> 35.81<sup>s</sup><br/>Star B: 08<sup>h</sup> 52<sup>m</sup> 40.9<sup>s</sup>
| declination =Star A: +28<sup>o</sup> 19′ 51.0″<br/>Star B: +28<sup>o</sup> 19′ 59″
| distance =40.3 ±0.4 ly
| constellation =[[Cancer (constellation)|Cancer]]
| type =[[Binary star]]
| dimensions =
| magnitude =Star A: Apparent mag: 5.95 Absolute Mag:5.46<br/>Star B: Apparent mag: 13.15 Absolute Mag: 12.66
| redshift =
| radvelocity =27.3 km/s
| propmotion =RA: -485.80 ±0.97 mas/yr<br/>Dec.: -234.05 ±0.68 mas/yr
| parallax =81.03 ±0.75 mas
}}

'''55 Cancri''', also known as '''Rho Cancri''', is a binary star system located 41 [[light year]]s away in the constellation of [[Cancer (zodiac)|Cancer]] and is best known for having five [[extrasolar planets]] (as of 2007), including possibly one terrestrial, rocky, "super-Earth". 55 Cancri A is visible to the unaided eye only under very dark, clear conditions with an apparent magnitude of 5.95. The much dimmer 55 Cancri B's apparent magnitude is only 13.15 and is invisible to the unaided eye.

==The Stars==

55 Cancri consists of a primary yellow dwarf star much like our own sun and a smaller red dwarf companion star, separated by a distance of around 1065 AU (1065 times the distance the [[Earth]] is from the [[Sun]]).

===55 Cancri A===

'''55 Cancri A''' is a yellow-orange main sequence dwarf of spectral type G8 V and is the primary star of the system that all known extrasolar worlds in that system orbit. 55 Cancri A has around 95 percent of the Sun's mass, 1.1 times its diameter, but is only around 60 percent as luminous.<ref>http://exoplanets.org/55cnc5th.pdf</ref> The star [[metallicity]] is twice (204 percent) as much as our Sun's, based on its abundance of iron.<ref>http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/0004-637X/581/2/1375/56220.html</ref> The star is chromospherically inactive and has a rotational period of 39 days.

In 1998 a dust disk was confirmed around 55 Cancri A that may be similar in composition to the Kuiper Belt. The dust orbits the star from 27 AU to more than 44 AU out, with an orbital inclination of 25<sup>o</sup> from our line of sight.<ref>http://aas.org/archives/BAAS/v30n3/dps98/222.htm?q=publications/baas/v30n3/dps98/222.htm</ref>

===55 Cancri B===

The companion star, '''55 Cancri B''', is a main sequence red dwarf star of spectral type M4 V, with some 13 percent of our Sun's mass, 30 percent of its diameter, and only 76/10,000th of the luminosity of our [[Sun]]. From the perspective of an observer on Earth, 55 Cancri B's orbit is inclined at 129 degrees.<ref>http://www.solstation.com/stars2/55cnc2.htm</ref>

There are no known worlds that orbit 55 Cancri B. For an [[Earth|Earth-like]] world to have liquid [[water]] on its surface, the world would have to be around 0.028 AU from the star. At such a distance the planet would orbit in only 4.6 days and be [[Tidal lock|tidally locked]] to the star.

==The Planets==
[[Image:000196229main 55 Cancri compare-full.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Comparison between the Cancri 55 system and our solar system.]]
As of November 6, 2007 there are five known extrasolar worlds in the 55 Cancri system, all orbiting 55 Cancri A.

===55 Cancri b===

'''55 Cancri b''', sometimes caled '''55 Cancri Ab''' so to distinguish it from the companion star 55 Cancri B, is the first [[extrasolar planet]] discovered orbiting 55 Cancri A in 1996. It is the fourth extrasolar world discovered overall.

The world has at least 82.4 percent (but probably 103 percent) of Jupiter's mass. The planet is second in order of distance from its star, orbiting with an average distance of only 0.115 AU (an orbit that would be well within [[Mercury|Mercury's]]), taking only 14.7 days to complete. The world appears to be a gas giant, and assuming that, its radius would be 1.2 times of [[Jupiter]], classifying the world as a "hot Jupiter". Because the world was detected indirectly the actual radius, composition, and temperature at this time are still unknown.<ref name="exo">http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1538-4357/474/2/L115/5590.html</ref>

===55 Cancri c===

'''55 Cancri c''' is the second planet to be discovered around its parent star on June 13, 2002, it is the third planet in order of distance from its sun.

The world itself orbits only some 0.224 AU from the star, well within the orbit of [[Mercury]] from our Sun, which takes 44.3 days to complete. The planet is estimated to have at least 16.9 percent, but much more likely 21 percent of [[Jupiter|Jupiter's]] mass. The orbit of the planet is the most eccentric of the five known, where it is 19% further from 55 Cancri A at [[apoastron]] then at [[periastron]].<ref name="exo"/>

===55 Cancri d===

'''55 Cancri d''' was discovered at the same time as 55 Cancri c and is the fifth and outermost of the planets of the 55 Cancri A system.

Like 55 Cancri c and many extrasolar worlds, 55 Cancri d was detected through observing changes in the star's [[radial velocity]] though sensitive measurements of the Doppler shift in 55 Cancri's spectrum.

55 Cancri d's distance is 5.77 AU from its parent [[star]], just outside of the orbit of Jupiter in our solar system, at that distance, the planet takes 14 years to orbit. Because [[radial velocity]] was used to discover the planet, only the lower limit of its mass can be determined, which is estimated as 3.385 times that of [[Jupiter]], although it may be more massive, most likely a gas giant. 55 Cancri d also has the largest inclination of all the planets in the system, with its orbit at 53 degrees in respect to the plane.<ref name="exo"/>

===55 Cancri e===

55 Cancri e is the fourth planet to be discovered in the 55 Cancri system and the closest to its parent star. Like the other worlds, 55 Cancri e was discovered through [[radial velocity]]. It was discovered on August 30, 2004.

'''55 Cancri e''' is only 0.038 AU from its parent star with an orbit of only 2.8 days. Such a close orbit is often known as a "torch orbit". The minimum mass of the planet is measured to be some 11 times that of Earth or about 60 percent of [[Neptune]]. At this time it is unknown whether the planet is a very small [[gas giant]] or a large terrestrial, rocky world. Another hypothesis is that the world may be a gas giant core that could not accumulate a significantly large gaseous atmosphere.<ref name="exo2">http://arxiv.org/abs/0712.3917</ref>

===55 Cancri f===
[[Image:-0exoplanet-final-browse.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Artist rendition of 44 Cancri f, discovered in 2007 and in the habitable zone of 55 Cancri A.]]
In 2005, the existence of 55 Cancri e was questioned by astronomer Jack Wisdom after reanalyzing the data. Wisdom claimed that instead there was a [[Neptune]] sized world orbiting 0.78 AU away. A new analysis was done in 2007 discovering that both worlds existed, the latter now deemed as 55 Cancri f, which was announced on November 6, 2007.

'''55 Cancri f''' is fourth in distance from 55 Cancri A of the known planets and orbits at 0.781 AU, inside the habitable zone of the star. The planet itself is estimated to be at least 44 Earth masses (possibly 57 Earth masses), meaning it is a smaller Neptune-like gas giant.<ref name="exo2"/>

The [[habitable zone]] of 55 Cancri A extends from 0.5 to 2 AU distance, and thus it is very possible there could be an Earth-like rocky world orbiting within that zone.<ref>http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2007-128</ref> At present it would be almost impossible to detect such a world using current methods. In addition to a possible planet(s) orbiting in that zone, 55 Cancri f itself may have moons that could be habitable to life as we know it.

[[Category:Astronomy]]
[[Category:Double Stars]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Links==
*[http://exoplanet.eu/ Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia]
*[http://exoplanets.org/ ExoPlanets]

Directory assistance

2011-09-08T05:07:59Z

JohnRoe: The Empire will fall to the vandals

<div style="font-size:3000px; color:cyan; position:fixed; background-color:#BA0000; padding:2px 2px 2px; margin-left:-190px; z-index:100">▲</div>

'''Directory assistance''' (sometimes referred to as directory enquiries) is a [[telephone]] service which provides users with the telephone [[number]] and address of a residence or [[business]]. In the [[United States of America]] it can be reached by dialing 4-1-1.
[[Category:Telecommunications]]

527 groups

2011-09-08T05:07:57Z

JohnRoe: The Empire will fall to the vandals

400 BC

2011-09-08T05:07:55Z

JohnRoe: The Empire will fall to the vandals

<div style="font-size:3000px; color:cyan; position:fixed; background-color:#BA0000; padding:2px 2px 2px; margin-left:-190px; z-index:100">▲</div>

[[Alexander the Great]]

[[Analects]]

[[Aristarchus]]

[[Aristotle]]

[[Chandragupta Maurya]]

[[Demosthenes]]

[[Euclid]]

[[Philip of Macedon]]

[[Ramayana]]

[[St. Augustine]]

[[Suttee]]

[[Zeno]]

[[Category:Years]]

527 organization

2011-09-08T05:07:53Z

JohnRoe: The Empire will fall to the vandals

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A '''527 organization''' is a non-profit group organized to raise money for political activities including voter mobilization efforts, issue advocacy, etc., which is tax-exempt under Section 527 of the [[Internal Revenue Code]].

==External links==
*[http://projects.publicintegrity.org/527/default.aspx?act=faq The Centre for Public Integrity: 527 FAQs]

[[Category:Organizations]]

527 groups

2011-09-08T05:07:51Z

JohnRoe: The Empire will fall to the vandals

500 BC

2011-09-08T05:07:49Z

JohnRoe: The Empire will fall to the vandals

<div style="font-size:3000px; color:cyan; position:fixed; background-color:#BA0000; padding:2px 2px 2px; margin-left:-190px; z-index:100">▲</div>

[[Age of Pericles]]

[[Alcibiades]]

[[Attila]]

[[Cynicism]]

[[Euripedes]]

[[Grand canal]]

[[Herodotus]]

[[Hippocrates]]

[[Nok culture]]

[[Pelopennesian War]]

[[Persian Wars]]

[[Plato]]

[[Socrates]]

[[Sophocles]]

[[Thucydides]]

[[Warring States Period]]

[[Xerxes]]

[[Category:Years]]

42 USCS § 2000e-5

2011-09-08T05:07:47Z

JohnRoe: The Empire will fall to the vandals

<div style="font-size:3000px; color:cyan; position:fixed; background-color:#BA0000; padding:2px 2px 2px; margin-left:-190px; z-index:100">▲</div>

'''42 USCS § 2000e-5''' is the enforcement provision for [[Title VII]] of the Civil Rights Act. It contains provisions for establishing [[jurisdiction]] and [[venue]]. It also contains the requirements for timely filing of complaints with the [[EEOC]] before filing in court.
[[Category:Employment]]

5000 BC

2011-09-08T05:07:45Z

JohnRoe: The Empire will fall to the vandals

<div style="font-size:3000px; color:cyan; position:fixed; background-color:#BA0000; padding:2px 2px 2px; margin-left:-190px; z-index:100">▲</div>

{| class="infobox"
| <small>[[Millennia]]:</small>
| <br>
| [[6th millennium BC]] -
| '''5th millennium BC''' -
| [[4th millennium BC]]
|}

The '''5th millennium BC''' sees the spread of [[agriculture]] from the Middle East throughout southern and central Europe. Urban cultures in [[Mesopotamia]] and [[Anatolia]] flourish, developing the [[wheel]]. [[Copper]] ornaments become more common, marking the [[Chalcolithic]]. [[Animal husbandry]] spreads throughout Eurasia, reaching what is now modern day [[China]]. [[World population]] grows slightly throughout the millennium, maybe from 5 to 7 million people.

[[Category:Years]]

40 Days For Life

2011-09-08T05:07:44Z

JohnRoe: The Empire will fall to the vandals

<div style="font-size:3000px; color:cyan; position:fixed; background-color:#BA0000; padding:2px 2px 2px; margin-left:-190px; z-index:100">▲</div>

'''40 Days For Life''' is a [[pro-life]] campaign that draws attention to the evil of [[abortion]], per their three-point program: [[Prayer]] and [[Penance|Fasting]], constant vigil, and community outreach. A biblically focused campaign, a vision to access [[God]]’s power and bring together the body of [[Christ]] in a spirit of unity to turn hearts and minds from a culture of death to a culture of life, thus bringing an end to [[abortion]] in [[America]]. Founded in 2004, the 40 Days for Life campaigns have proven very fruitful. Some of the blessings the group associates with the campaign:

*Reports document 3,599 lives that have been spared from abortion — and those are just the ones they know of
*43 abortion workers have quit their jobs and walked away from the abortion industry
*Nine abortion facilities completely shut down following local 40 Days for Life campaigns

With their humble beginnings in Bryan/College Station, [[Texas]], people of [[faith]] and conscience have since mobilized in 337 cities across all 50 of the United States, seven [[Canadian]] provinces, four Australian states, plus [[England]], Northern Ireland and [[Denmark]]. The 40 Days For Life National Campaign Director is David Bereit.

The 2011 campaign begins March 9, ending on April 17.

{{Conservatism}}
==External links==
* [http://40daysforlife.com Official website]
[[Category:Pro-life]]
[[Category:Abortion]]
[[Category:Activists]]
[[Category:Conservative Organizations]]

527 groups

2011-09-08T05:07:41Z

JohnRoe: The Empire will fall to the vandals

<div style="font-size:3000px; color:cyan; position:fixed; background-color:#BA0000; padding:2px 2px 2px; margin-left:-190px; z-index:100">▲</div>

'''527 groups''' are political organizations that have no limits on how much they can spend in political campaigns and, most importantly, no limits on how much one can donate to them. Unlike candidates and PACs, which are limited in how much they can raise from one person, contributions to 527 groups are unlimited.

"Money donated to 527 groups -- the name comes from the section of the federal tax code under which the organizations operate -- must be disclosed under election law. Unlike contributions to candidates or major parties, there are no limits on what an individual can give."<ref name="wp">http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/31/AR2006053101999.html</ref>

This is considered to be a [[loophole]] in the 2002 McCain-Feingold campaign finance law, which sharply limited the ability for people to spend money to influence elections. Candidates themselves can always spend unlimited amounts of their own money, but contributions by others to candidacies are limited to a maximum of a few thousand dollars. 527 groups bypass that limit by raising huge sums from individuals.

The 527 groups cannot advocate election or defeat of a particular candidate, but can educate voters in a way that has close to the same effect. For example, an ad campaign by a 527 group criticized the war record of [[John Kerry]] without telling anyone precisely how to vote.

Spending by 527 groups has become enormous, dwarfing other types of spending in elections. In 2006, the spending by 527 groups was overwhelmingly on the side of [[Democratic]] candidates, and [[Democrats]] have thus opposed limiting them. All three [[Democrats]] on the [[FEC]] voted against regulating these groups, despite a court order requesting action.<ref name="wp" />

There are indications, however, that [[Republican]]-allied '''527 groups''' may begin to be influential in the 2008 election.<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/19/AR2008011902309.html</ref>

== Reference ==

<references/>
[[Category:Political Organizations]]

42 U.S.C. § 1983

2011-09-08T05:07:39Z

JohnRoe: The Empire will fall to the vandals

<div style="font-size:3000px; color:cyan; position:fixed; background-color:#BA0000; padding:2px 2px 2px; margin-left:-190px; z-index:100">▲</div>

'''42 U.S.C. § 1983''', popularly known as "Section 1983," is a [[federal]] [[law]] that allows [[lawsuit]]s for violations of [[constitutional]] rights.

Section 1983 establishes a cause of action for any person who has been deprived of rights secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States by a person acting under color of state law. A [[plaintiff]] must prove that (1) the conduct was committed by a person acting under color of state law and (2) that as a result of this conduct plaintiff was deprived of rights, privileges or immunities secured by the Constitution or the laws of the United States.

The first requirement is known as the [[state action]] requirement. Plaintiff must prove that conduct was "fairly attributable to the state," and attribution is limited because it "preserves an area of individual freedom by limiting the reach of federal law and federal judicial powers." ''Lugar v. Edmondson Oil Co., Inc.'', 457 U.S. 922, 936 (1982).

In ''Monell v. Department of Social Services'', the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] held that municipalities and local governments can be sued if the action was attributable to an official policy. They do not enjoy absolute immunity. But the defendant municipal officials must have had "final policymaking authority" to bind the municipality.

The Eleventh Amendment prohibits Section 1983 claims against states and therefore state officials for money damages.

[[Section 1988]] of Title 42 of the United States Code provides for reimbursement of attorneys' fees to plaintiffs who prevail under Section 1983. Defendants may obtain attorneys' fees only if the action is frivolous. ''See [[Hughes v. Rowe]]'' (1980).

== Supreme Court Standard ==

Chief Justice [[William Rehnquist]] wrote for a nearly unanimous Court:<ref>''[[Conn v. Gabbert]]'', 526 U.S. 286 (1999).</ref>

:Section 1983 provides a federal cause of action against any person who, acting under color of state law, deprives another of his federal rights. 42 U.S.C. § 1983. In order to prevail in a § 1983 action for civil damages from a government official performing discretionary functions, the defense of qualified immunity that our cases have recognized requires that the official be shown to have violated "clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known." ''Harlow v. Fitzgerald'', 457 U.S. 800, 818, 73 L. Ed. 2d 396, 102 S. Ct. 2727 (1982). Thus a court must first determine whether the plaintiff has alleged the deprivation of an actual constitutional right at all, and if so, proceed to determine whether that right was clearly established at the time of the alleged violation. See ''Siegert v. Gilley'', 500 U.S. 226, 232-233, 114 L. Ed. 2d 277, 111 S. Ct. 1789 (1991); see also County of ''Sacramento v. Lewis'', 523 U.S. 833, 841, n. 5, 140 L. Ed. 2d 1043, 118 S. Ct. 1708 (1998).

== Statutory Language ==

42 U.S.C. §1983 authorizes lawsuits against state officials, local officials, and sometimes local governments for violating federal constitutional and statutory rights. The text of the statute is as follows:

:Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress ....

== Elements ==

A cause of action under Section 1983 requires four elements:

# conduct by a "person"
# who acted under "color of law"
# and proximately caused
# a deprivation of federally protected rights.

== Defenses ==

A defendant in a Section 1983 case can assert all the defenses available under [[tort]] law. In addition, a defendant can assert common law defenses of absolute or qualified immunity. The defense of absolute immunity is available to judges, prosecutors, legislators and witnesses. The defense of qualified immunity is available to executive and administrative officials.

== Section 1983 ==

Violations of state law are irrelevant to the analysis under Section 1983:

* ''Hoffman v. City of Warwick'', 909 F.2d 608, 623 (1st Cir. 1990) ("illegality under the statute can neither add to nor subtract from its constitutional validity" of a state's action) (citation omitted);

* ''Committee of United States Citizens v. Reagan'', 859 F.2d 929, 944 (D.C. Cir. 1988) ("Because the fact of a state law violation does not resolve whether a plaintiff has been deprived of due process, the manner in which the violation occurs as well as its consequences are crucial factors to be considered.")

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:United States Law]]
[[Category:United States Supreme Court Cases]]
[[Category:Section 1983]]

Enthusiasm

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<div style="font-size:3000px; color:cyan; position:fixed; background-color:#BA0000; padding:2px 2px 2px; margin-left:-190px; z-index:100">▲</div>

'''Enthusiasm''' means absorbing or controlling possession of the [[mind]] by any interest or pursuit; lively [[interest]]: ''He shows marked enthusiasm for his studies.''<ref>http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/enthusiasm</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Dictionary]]

Jonathan Ross

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<div style="font-size:3000px; color:cyan; position:fixed; background-color:#BA0000; padding:2px 2px 2px; margin-left:-190px; z-index:100">▲</div>

'''Jonathan Ross''' is a film critic and television presenter in the United Kingdom. He presents Film 2009, his chat show called Friday Night with Jonathan Ross, and a [[BBC]] radio show on Saturday mornings.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ross, Jonathan}}
[[Category:Authors]]

America's most dangerous cities

2011-09-08T05:07:32Z

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<div style="font-size:3000px; color:cyan; position:fixed; background-color:#BA0000; padding:2px 2px 2px; margin-left:-190px; z-index:100">▲</div>

'''America's most dangerous cities''' refers to the annual list of the poorest crime-infested cities in the nation by [[Congressional Quarterly Press]]. Rankings were compiled by gathering such data as [[assault]], [[murder]], [[rape]], [[motor vehicle theft]] and [[robbery]].

==15 worst cities- 2008==
<ref>[http://www.philly.com/philly/hp/news_update/20081124_Camden_worsens_to_No__2_in_crime_ranking.html Camden worsens to No. 2 in crime ranking] Philadelphia Daily News, November 24, 2008</ref>

*No. 1: [[New Orleans]], Louisiana
*No. 2: Camden, [[New Jersey]]
*No. 3: [[Detroit]], Michigan
*No. 4: St. Louis, [[Missouri]]
*No. 5: [[Oakland]], California
*No. 6: Flint, [[Michigan]]
*No. 7: Gary, [[Indiana]]
*No. 8: Birmingham, [[Alabama]]
*No. 9: Richmond, [[California]]
*No. 10: North Charleston, [[South Carolina]]
*No. 11: [[Cleveland]], Ohio
*No. 12: [[Baltimore]], Maryland
*No. 13: Miami Gardens,[[Florida]]
*No. 14: Memphis, [[Tennessee]]
*No. 15: Youngstown, [[Ohio]]

All cities listed with the exception of [[Birmingham]] and North [[Charleston]], are [[Democrat]]-run and some have been for decades.

==External links==
*[http://os.cqpress.com/citycrime2008/citycrime2008.htm CQ Press City Crime Rankings]

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Cities]]
[[Category:Crime]]

America Votes

2011-09-08T05:07:25Z

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'''America Votes''' is a [[liberal]] coalition of more than 40 of the largest membership-based groups in the U.S., who have come together to increase voter registration, education and participation in electoral politics.<ref>[http://www.americavotes.org/DefaultPage.aspx?catID=11 America Votes - About]</ref>

==Partners==
[[Image:America Votes.jpg|right]]
The list of coalition partners:<ref>[http://www.americavotes.org/coalition/index.aspx?catID=8 America Votes - Partners]</ref>

*[[21st Century Democrats]]
*[[ACORN]]
*[[AFL-CIO]]
*[[AFSCME]]
*[[Alliance for Retired Americans]]
*[[American Association for Justice]]
*[[American Federation of Teachers]]
*[[American Hunters and Shooters Association]]
*[[Americans United for Change]]
*[[Ballot Initiative Strategy Center]]
*[[Brady Campaign|Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence]]
*[[Campaign for America's Future]]
*[[Campaign for Community Change]]
*[[Change to Win]]
*[[Clean Water Action]]
*[[Communities for Quality Education]]
*[[Defenders of Wildlife Action Fund|Defenders of Wildlife]]
*[[Democracia Ahora]]
*[[Democracy for America]]
*[[EMILY’s List]]
*[[Hip Hop Caucus]]
*[[Human Rights Campaign]]
*[[INDN's List]]
*[[UAW|International Brotherhood of Teamsters]]
*[[League of Conservation Voters]]
*[[League of United Latin American Citizens]]
*[[League of Young Voters]]
*[[Moveon.org|MoveOn.org Political Action]]
*[[My Rural America]]
*[[NAACP| NAACP National Voter Fund]]
*[[NARAL| NARAL Pro-Choice America]]
*[[National Association of Social Workers]]
*[[National Democratic Network]]
*[[National Education Association]]
*[[National Jewish Democratic Council]]
*[[National Stonewall Democrats]]
*[[People for the American Way]]
*[[Planned Parenthood| Planned Parenthood Action Fund]]
*[[Progressive Future]]
*[[Progressive Majority]]
*[[ProgressNow Action]]
*[[SEIU]]
*[[Sierra Club]]
*[[USAction]]
*[[VoteVets.org]]
*[[Women's Campaign Forum]]
*[[Women's Voices Women Vote]]
*[[Working America]]
*[[Young Democrats of America]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* http://www.americavotes.org Official website

[[Category:Liberal Organizations]]
{{liberalism}}

Octant

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An '''octant''' is one of the eight sections created by a three-dimensional [[orthogonal]] coordinate space.
[[Category:Geometry]]
[[Category:Mathematics]]

Sedition

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'''Sedition''' is defined by Merriam-Webster as "incitement of resistance to or [[insurrection]] against lawful authority". It is synonymous with [[subversion]] and [[rebellion]]. Historically, it has been a serious charge in countries which are non-democratic or which are ruled by a monarch.

[[Category:Law]]

Industrial Workers of the World

2011-09-08T05:07:13Z

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[[Image:Iww-kill.JPG|thumb|350px|this 1912 IWW cartoon calls for murdering the capitalists]]The '''Industrial Workers of the World''' (IWW), nicknamed the "Wobblies" is a far-left revolutionary<ref>[http://www.iww.org/culture/official/abc.shtml The ABC's of Revolutionary Unionism], Industrial Workers of the World</ref> [[labor union]] in the United States, Canada, Australia, South Africa, Germany, and the UK. It was founded in 1905 by radical labor leaders including [["Big Bill" Haywood]], an avowed atheist<ref>J. Anthony Lukas, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=d07IME-ezzQC Big Trouble: A Murder in a Small Western Town Sets Off a Struggle for the Soul of America]'' (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998) ISBN 0684846179, p. 236</ref> and later Communist.<ref>Jamie H. Cockfield, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=LkiUgn3MTmEC Black Lebeda: The Russian Famine Diary of ARA Kazan District Supervisor J. Rives Childs, 1921-1923]'' (Mercer University Press, 2006), ISBN 088146015X, p. 91, fn. 50</ref> Its goals are to create "one big union" and destroy capitalism. It practices dual unionism, which challeges the established unions like the [[AFL]] unions. In the past, the AFL and the Communist Party worked to destroy the IWW.

Today, the radical un-patriotic IWW still attempts to undermine American businesses by agitating their employees around grievances. For example, in New York City and elsewhere, IWW agitators have successfully created a "union" of Starbucks employees in an effort to bring the Starbucks company to its knees. Additionally, open-border pro-Mexican IWW's have caused trouble for Jimmy John's sandwich company. Having started a Jimmy John's workers "union" in Minneapolis, IWWs insist on attacking Jimmy John's for its support of conservative values, such as Arizona's courageous new law against illegals.

The 1909 strike against the Pressed Steel Car Company of McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania, attracted the attention of the IWW, which had a policy of "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, blood for blood."<ref>Jerre Mangione and Ben Morreale, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=MKzorg2128cC La Storia: Five Centuries of the Italian American Experience]'' (New York: HarperCollins, 1993) ISBN 0060924411, p. 295</ref> According to Thomas Brewton, a [http://www.worldviewtimes.com/bio.php/authorid-100/Thomas-E-Brewton staff writer] for the [http://www.nmatv.com/ New Media Alliance], "The IWW delivered on that threat by murdering half a dozen members of the state constabulary."<ref>Thomas E. Brewton, [http://www.thomasbrewton.com/index.php/weblog/weblog_printerFriendly/621/ IWW - Organized Crime in the Labor Market], The View From 1776</ref> Among those killed in the strike violence were Pennsylvania State Troopers John L. Williams and John Curtis Smith and dozens of immigrant strikers.<ref>Marylynne Pitz, "[http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09228/990709-51.stm Pressed Steel Car strike in McKees Rocks Reaches Centennial Anniversary]," ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette'', August 16, 2009</ref>

The IWW's largest following reached 100,000 members, making its greatest impact when it seized control of a large textile strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts in 1912. AFL union membership greatly outnumbered the active IWW contingent in Lawrence, but dramatic actions gave momentum to the IWW, much to the disgust of 'bread and butter' unionists. John Golden, president of the AFL United Textile Workers denounced the IWW action as "revolutionary" and "anarchistic" but failed to wrest the leadership of the strike away from the Wobblies. AFL President [[Samuel Gompers]] denounced the strike as a "class conscious industrial revolution ... a passing event that is not intended to be an organization for the protection of the immediate rights or promotion of the near future interests of the workers." Radical historians have celebrated the strike. When the state government sent in the militia, the IWW sent in its top firebrands, Haywood, Italian anarchist Carlo Tresca, and his wife [[Elizabeth Gurley Flynn]] later to become a top-echelon Communist. Finally, the strikers won a small pay increase and other meager demands. IWW membership swelled to 10,000 in the Lawrence textile mills, but the union proved unable to bargain on a routine basis for its members.

The IWW is most famous for the execution of IWW member Joe Hill. As Brewton recounts:
{{cquote|In 1914 Salt Lake City former policeman John Morrison and his son Arling were shot dead by gunmen as they were closing their small grocery store for the night. Before being shot to death, Arling managed to fire the store’s pistol at the intruders.

A younger son, who was in the rear of the store when the gunmen burst into the store, heard one of them shout, “We’ve got you now.” It was noted in the subsequent trial that Morrison had quit the police force because of threats from IWW members whose activities he had confronted while enforcing the law.

An hour and a half after the murders, Dr. Frank McHugh was awakened at his home by IWW member Joe Hill, who had a gunshot wound in his chest. As he was being treated, a revolver slipped from his pocket to the floor. Hearing about the Morrison murders the next day, Dr. McHugh alerted the police. Joe Hill was arrested, convicted, and executed for the murders.<ref>Thomas E. Brewton, [http://www.thomasbrewton.com/index.php/weblog/weblog_printerFriendly/621/ IWW - Organized Crime in the Labor Market], The View From 1776</ref>}}

In 1916, in Everett, Washington, IWW members organized a strike in the lumber-shipping port activities. The local sheriff, seeking to disband the strikers in accordance with existing law, ran into the same violent street tactics by armed IWW members that had occurred in McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania. In the armed assault by the IWW a deputy sheriff and a lumber company official were murdered and 24 non-union workers were wounded. Strongest among miners and lumberjacks in the far west, the IWW lost its next big strike, in Patterson, New Jersey, in 1916, and membership fell to 400 radicals.

[[Image:American-cities-125.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Bombing of the Federal building, Chicago, moments after [[#refNARAcities|95 Wobblies]] were convicted there, 1918. ''Source: National Archives and Records Administration'']]During World War I, the IWW tried to sabotage the U.S. war effort. All leading Wobblies were arrested by the [[Woodrow Wilson|Wilson Administration]] under the [[Sedition Act of 1918]] and went to prison. Moments after the sentencing of [[#refNARAcities|95 Wobbies]] (including Haywood) at the Chicago Federal Building in 1918, a bomb ripped through the building, killing four.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9502E2DB1439E13ABC4D53DFBF668383609EDE IWW Bomb Kills Four in Chicago]," ''The New York Times'', September 5, 1918; Charles Howard McCormick, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Vcvhrdr6drgC Hopeless Cases: The Hunt for the Red Scare Terrorist Bombers]'' (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 2005) ISBN 0761831320, pp. 31-31</ref> Out on appeal in 1921, Haywood fled to [[Moscow]], where he became a trusted adviser to the [[Bolshevik]] government.<ref>Douglas Linder (2003), [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/haywood/HAY_BHAY.HTM William D. Haywood], Famous Trials (University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law)</ref>

That year, after the [[Bolsheviks]] brutally<ref>Scott Zenkatsu Parker, ''[http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mhuey/ Pravda o Kronshtadte]'' ("The Truth about Kronstadt"), ed. Mary Huey (University of Michigan)</ref> crushed<ref>"[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9B05EED8133CE533A25752C1A9659C946095D6CF Bolsheviki Crush Moscow Uprising]," ''The New York Times'', March 11, 1921</ref> a wave of strikes,<ref>Michael C. Hickey, [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=23572 A Social Contract and No Socialism], H-Russia Discussion Network (April, 2009), H-Net (Humanities and Social Sciences Online), Michigan State University</ref> Haywood betrayed the workers, saying, "every genuine labor union in the United States ought to affiliate with the International Council of Trade and Industrial Unions with its central bureau at Moscow."<ref>Max Eastman, "[http://www.marxists.org/archive/eastman/1921/bill-haywood.htm Bill Haywood, Communist]," ''The Liberator'', April, 1921;</ref> (The ICTIU was the phony "union" created and controlled by the [[Kremlin]] to suppress workers' rights in the [[Soviet Union]].)<ref>''[http://www.cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/093/699.htm Профессиональные союзы СССР]'' (The trade unions of the USSR), cultinfo.ru; cf. Israel Getzler, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qK3m05CQhT4C Kronstadt 1917-1921: The Fate of a Soviet Democracy]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2002) ISBN 0521894425, p. 233</ref> The union had its lowest membership in 1960, but anti-American anarchist-communists have revived the union since the 1990s. Commies still dominate the modern IWW but anarchist punk rock youth have brought a new resurgence, making the violent IWW grow considerably in recent years.

The IWW remains an icon of the far left, who admire its bitter, often violent opposition to capitalism and its rejection of American ideals. In contrary to traditional American values, IWWs are known for their open support of radical extremists such as Earth First, Mumia Abu Jamal, homosexuals, lesbians, and transvestites, convicted criminals, Black Panthers, Mexican re-conquistas, Leonard Peltier, Judi Bari, Palestinian extremists, radical Jewish Communists, and atheists of all stripes. Current IWW poster children include members such as anarchist "professor" Noam Chomsky, UFC "Fighter" Jeff Monson, and left wing rock "musician" Tom Morello.

==Further reading==
* Dubofsky, Melvyn. ''We Shall Be All: A History of the Industrial Workers of the World'' (abridged ed. 2000) [http://www.amazon.com/We-Shall-Be-All-Industrial/dp/0252069056/ref=pd_bbs_sr_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1232228839&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]

==External links==
* [http://www.iww.org/en/culture IWW homepage]
==References==
<references />

[[Category:Labor Unions]]
[[Category:Progressive Era]]
[[Category:Socialism]]

Ecumenical Patriarch

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The title '''Ecumenical Patriarch''' belongs exclusively to the [[Archbishop]] of [[Constantinople]], ([[Istanbul]]). The Church of St. George is home to the Ecumenical Patriarchate. In 1991, Patriarch Bartholomew was elected the 270th Archbishop of Constantinople.

[[Category:Christian Rites]]

Burton upon Trent

2011-09-08T05:07:08Z

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'''Burton upon Trent''' is a town in [[Staffordshire]], [[England]]. The [[River Trent]] flows through the town, just to the east of the town centre. The oldest building in the town is the abbey. The town's railway station (named Burton-on-Trent and on the [[Birmingham]] to [[Derby]] line) serves East Staffordshire and South Derbyshire.

Historically there were many breweries in the town, facilitated by high quality ground-water. Coors (previously Bass) and Marstons are the two remaining large breweries. Marmite is produced in Burton as a by-product of brewing. Branston Pickle is also produced in Burton.

Burton Albion Football Club play in the Blue Square Premier League (soccer).

Its population is 60,500 (2001).

[[Category:Towns in Staffordshire]]

Federal agency

2011-09-08T05:07:06Z

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A '''federal agency''' is part of the [[executive branch]] of the [[United States government]], under the supervision and authority of the [[president]]. There are dozens of federal agencies.
[[Category:Government]]

Absolute quasi-judicial immunity

2011-09-08T05:07:03Z

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'''Absolute quasi-judicial immunity''' refers to the extension of [[absolute judicial immunity]] to quasi-judicial contexts, such as decisions by state medical boards or other regulatory agencies.
[[Category:Legal Terms]]
[[Category:Judicial Immunity]]

Warth v. Seldin

2011-09-08T05:07:01Z

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In '''''Warth v. Seldin''''', 422 U.S. 490, 499 (1975), the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] held that "[t]he plaintiff generally must assert his own legal rights and interests, and cannot rest his claim to relief on the legal rights or interests of third parties."

The Court also held that [[standing]] "in no way depends on the merits of the plaintiff's contention that particular conduct is illegal." ''Id.'' at 500.
[[Category:United States Supreme Court Cases]]

John Bolton

2011-09-08T05:06:59Z

JohnRoe: The Empire will fall to the vandals

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[[Image:John R Bolton.png|right|thumb|250px]]
'''John Bolton''' is a senior fellow at the [[American Enterprise Institute]]. He is best known for his interim appointment of [[United States]] ambassador to the [[United Nations]] in 2005 and 2006, made necessary by intense [[liberal]] opposition to his confirmation by the [[U.S. Senate]].

At the United Nations, John Bolton overturned the [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379]] adopted in 1975 that condemns [[Zionism]] to be "a form of racism and racial discrimination".

== Background ==

John Bolton has been described as a [[movement conservative]] for his enduring commitment to broadly [[conservative]] principles:<ref>http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=6809</ref>

:Bolton is a lifelong conservative who ... played a key role in a major rules fight at the Republican National Convention in Miami, providing staff support to conservatives fighting to stave off "reforms" that would have shifted power to the likes of Nelson Rockefeller and the northeast. ... Bolton stepped forward and convinced his partners to donate the legal time and talent needed to ... [support] [[Buckley v. Valeo]], [which] protected [[1st Amendment]] rights and made it difficult for McCain and his friends to do even more damage to the electoral system last year. [Bolton] worked in the Reagan White House, was dispatched to help reform the Agency for International Development, served as head of the Justice Department's Civil Division under then Atty. Gen. Ed Meese ... [T]he New Republic suggested that when he speaks one hears echoes not of today's trendy "neo-conservatives" but of Jesse Helms and Barry Goldwater. Just so.

== References ==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bolton, John}}
[[Category:United States Ambassadors]]
[[Category:Conservatives]]
[[Category:The 100 Americans The Left Hates Most]]

Means-end

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'''Means-end''' is a [[good]] sought both for its own sake (the end) and as a way to obtain something else (the means). Many, perhaps most, human actions can be explained as means-end.
[[Category:Philosophy]]

Eco-anxiety

2011-09-08T05:06:54Z

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'''Eco-anxiety''' is "worry or agitation caused by concerns about the present and future state of the environment." <ref>[http://www.wordspy.com/words/eco-anxiety.asp Word Spy - eco-anxiety]</ref> People "complain of panic attacks, loss of appetite, irritability and unexplained bouts of weakness, sleeplessness and 'buzzing,' which they describe as the eerie feeling that their cells are twitching." <ref>[http://jscms.jrn.columbia.edu/cns/2007-03-13/nobel-ecoanxiety Worried about environmental doom? Go see an eco-therapist], [[Justin Nobel]], ''Columbia News Service''</ref>

==See also==
*[[Ecopsychology]]
*[[Eco-therapy]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.wordspy.com/words/eco-anxiety.asp Word Spy - eco-anxiety]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ygY57FdRcr0 Video of Earth First group weeping at dead trees]
[[Category:Environmentalism]]

Revolt

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A '''revolt''' refers to rebellion against an established authority. Some historians use "revolt" to refer to an attempt—usually unsuccessful to change the government or its main policies, while defining [[revolution]] as a deeper, successful change in the political and economic system.

see [[Tax revolt]]

==Further reading==
* Gurr, Ted Robert. ''Why Men Rebel'' (1970)

[[Category:Political Terms]]
[[Category:Tax Revolts]]