Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Students t-test

2012-02-14T06:39:50Z

John01:

The '''students t-test''' is a method of testing hypotheses in statistics. Specifically, the test is a way to measure the significance of a difference of means between two distributions, such as an observed distribution compared to the [[Normal distribution]]. The test relies on assumptions of normal distribution, non-sphericity, kurtosis and heteroskedasticity.

Often the '''students t-test''' is used when comparing the mean between two groups, even if the standard deviations of the two groups are unknown.
[[category:statistics]]

Psychology

2012-01-12T06:02:28Z

John01: /* History */

{{Etymology|From the ancient Greek ψυχή psyche ("soul," "mind") and -λογία -ology ("study").}}
'''Psychology''' is the study and evaluation of [[mind]] and [[behavior]]. Scientists in the 1600s and 1700s felt that the mind was beyond the ability of science to study it. Beginning with Galvani, some began to feel that [[physical science]] could explain the [[human mind]]. However, an objective view would not reduce the mind to a mere manifestation of the brain. That is the view of materialist philosophers such as [[Feuerbach]] and [[Lenin]].

Psychology, a bastion of [[liberal]]ism and secularism, is rife with [[pseudoscience]] and quackery.<ref>[http://voxday.blogspot.com/2011/11/psychology-is-not-science.html Psychology is not science]</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/03/health/research/noted-dutch-psychologist-stapel-accused-of-research-fraud.html?_r=1 Fraud Case Seen as a Red Flag for Psychology Research]</ref> For example, only 2/3 of Dutch psychologist release the data for their experiments.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/03/health/research/noted-dutch-psychologist-stapel-accused-of-research-fraud.html Dutch psychologist Strapel accused of research fraud]</ref>

In 2011, the ''[[New York Times]]'' reported:
{{cquote|Also common is a self-serving statistical sloppiness. In an analysis published this year, Dr. Wicherts and Marjan Bakker, also at the University of Amsterdam, searched a random sample of 281 psychology papers for statistical errors. They found that about half of the papers in high-end journals contained some statistical error.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/03/health/research/noted-dutch-psychologist-stapel-accused-of-research-fraud.html?_r=1 Fraud Case Seen as a Red Flag for Psychology Research]</ref>}}
== Rosenhan experiment ==

The website Frontier Psychiatrist wrote:
{{Cquote|The ‘[[Rosenhan experiment]]’ is a well known experiment examining the validity of psychiatric diagnosis. It was published in 1975 by David Rosenhan in a paper entitled ‘On being sane in insane places’

The study consisted of two parts. The first involved ‘pseudopatients’ – people who had never had symptoms of serious mental disorder – who, as part of the study, briefly reported auditory hallucinations in order to gain admission to psychiatric hospitals across the United States.

After admission, the pseudopatients no longer reported hallucinations and behaved as they ‘normally’ would. Despite this many were confined as inpatients for substantial periods of time and all were discharged with the diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder.

For the second part of the experiment staff at a teaching hospital, whose staff had learned of Rosenhan’s above results, were informed that one or more pseudopatients would attempt to be admitted to their hospital over an ensuing three month period. Many patients were subsequently identified as likely pseudopatients but in fact no pseudopatient had been sent.<ref>http://frontierpsychiatrist.co.uk/the-rosenhan-experiment-examined/</ref>}}

== Faith in God vs. secular psychology for solving addictions and other personal problems ==

See also: [[Ineffectivness of counseling psychology]]

The Christian group [[Teen Challenge]] reported:
{{Cquote|Teen Challenge claims of a 70% cure rate for the drug addicts graduating from their program attracted the attention of the U.S. Federal Government in 1973. Most secular drug rehabilitation programs only experienced a cure rate of 1-15% of their graduates. The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), part of the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, funded the first year of this study to evaluate the long term results of the Teen Challenge program.<ref>http://teenchallengeusa.com/studies2.php</ref>}}
[[Image:St Paul Preaching.jpg|right|thumb|200px|St. [[Paul]] defends his preaching (Giovanni Ricco)]]
Teen Challenge has a number of studies that indicate the high effectiveness of their drug treatment program compared to other programs.<ref>http://teenchallengeusa.com/studies.php</ref> Studies indicate that consumers of secular counseling psychology for [[alcoholism]] receive hardly any benefit at all.<ref>http://www.spring.org.uk/2005/07/psychological-treatments-for-alcoholism.php</ref><ref>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/5/75/abstract</ref> The [[Apostle Paul]] in a letter to the church of [[Corinth]] indicated that [[Christianity|Christians]] were able to overcome being drunkards through the power of [[Jesus Christ]] (I Corinthians 6:9-11).

The [[Apostle Paul]] wrote:
{{cquote|Do not be deceived: Neither the sexually immoral nor idolaters nor adulterers nor male prostitutes nor homosexual offenders nor thieves nor the greedy nor drunkards nor slanderers nor swindlers will inherit the kingdom of God. And that is what some of you were. But you were washed, you were sanctified, you were [[Justification (theology)|justified]] in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ and by the [[Holy Spirit|Spirit of our God]]." - I Corinthians 6:9-11 (NIV)}}

[[Peter LaBarbera]] is the President of [[Americans for Truth]] which is a organization which counters the [[Homosexual Agenda|homosexual agenda]]. Peter LaBarbera wrote:
{{cquote|Another factor from my experience as a close observer of the “[[Ex-homosexuals|ex-gay]]” phenomenon is that many former homosexuals do not linger in “[[Reparative Therapy|reparative therapy]]” programs, or participate in them at all. They attribute their dramatic and (relatively) rapid transformation to the power of God, and likely would not show up in a study of this kind. In fact, these “unstudied” overcomers would appear to be the most successful ex-homosexuals because they’ve moved on with their lives — as “reborn” Christians move on after overcoming any besetting sin.<ref>http://www.americansfortruth.com/news/landmark-study-change-for-homosexuals-is-possible.html</ref>}}

In 1980 a study was published in the ''American Journal of Psychiatry'' and eleven men participated in this study. The aforementioned study in the ''American Journal of Psychiatry'' stated that eleven homosexual men became heterosexuals "without explicit treatment and/or long-term psychotherapy" through their participation in a [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] church.<ref>E.M. Pattison and M.L. Pattison, "'Ex-Gays': Religiously Mediated Change in Homosexuals," American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 137, pp. 1553-1562, 1980</ref>

The website ''The Berean Call'' has a number of articles on various false claims and unbiblical notions that many practioners of counseling psychology promote.<ref>http://www.thebereancall.org/topic/psychology</ref>

== Effectiveness of laymen vs. trained psychologists ==

Christian author Todd A. Sinelli wrote in an article entitled ''To Whom Shall We Go?'':
{{Cquote|Psychology is ineffective, impotent, and embarrassingly deceptive. The great humbug is that “the psychological industry has successfully concealed its ineffectiveness from the general public. Pastors, churches, and the laity have been brainwashed into believing that only psychologically trained professional counselors are competent to deal with serious problems.”

Empirical research indicates the exact opposite. In a study done by J.A. Durlack entitled Comparitive Effectiveness of Paraprofessional and Professional Helpers he writes, “The research reviewed forty-two studies that compared professional counselors with untrained helpers. The findings were ‘consistent and provocative.’ Paraprofessionals achieve clinical outcomes equal to or significantly better than those obtained by professionals . . . The study, on the whole, lent no support to the major hypothesis that . . . the technical skills of professional psychotherapists produce measurably better therapeutic change.”

At the conclusion of this study, psychologist Gary Collins reluctantly admits, “Clearly there is evidence that for most people, laypeople can counsel as well as or better than professionals.” Again, the bottom line is that Christians are not to turn to psychologist for guidance. Primarily because the Word of God instructs us not to and God has given us the ability to counsel one another through His Word.<ref>http://littorch.com/articles/to-whom-shall-we-go/</ref>}}

See also: [http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=buy.optionToBuy&id=1979-31736-001 Abstract - Comparative effectiveness of paraprofessional and professional helpers] and [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6399757 PubMed citation - Comparative effectiveness of paraprofessional and professional helpers]

A 1985 paper entitled ''Does professional training make a therapist more effective?'' which was published by the University of Texas reported there was no substantial difference in between the results that laymen and trained psychologists are able to achieve.<ref>http://www.psych.umn.edu/courses/fall07/brunnquelld/psy8542/Session%2007/Berman%20session%207_1986-02211-001.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3901068</ref>

== Psychiatric quackery revealed by race often unnecessarily causing misdiagnosis ==

In 2005, The ''Washington Post'' reported:
{{Cquote|John Zeber recently examined one of the nation's largest databases of psychiatric cases to evaluate how doctors diagnose schizophrenia, a disorder that often portends years of powerful brain-altering drugs, social ostracism and forced hospitalizations.

Although schizophrenia has been shown to affect all ethnic groups at the same rate, the scientist found that blacks in the United States were more than four times as likely to be diagnosed with the disorder as whites. Hispanics were more than three times as likely to be diagnosed as whites.<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/27/AR2005062701496.html</ref>}}

==Materialism in Psychology==

From a materialist perspective, the most fundamental [[paradigm]] in psychology is the assumption that the human mind is a manifestation of the [[brain]]. This idea is in opposition to the traditional (religious) belief in the [[soul]] and hence psychology is rejected by many religions and cults, including some [[evangelical Christian]] denominations and also [[Scientology]].

Unlike fields such as [[physics]] or [[biology]] that attempt to work towards a uniting frame or [[theory]] for all hypothesis generated, psychology has traditionally focused on defining different schools of thought with substantially different unifying principles and little effort is made to unite these different schools.

There is a primary division between [[Clinical psychology | clinical]] or applied psychology which focuses on helping people directly through various applications of theory and [[Experimental psychology | experimental]] or research oriented psychology which focuses on applying the scientific method to ascertain the foundations of thought and action.

Most meta-analysis of the field divides psychologist into 5 different paradigms:

*[[Cognitive psychology]]- This school of thought has a strong focus on understanding the mechanisms of mind in order to explain behavior. It often uses analogies to computers to accomplish this task, one of its great themes is the idea of the [[Computational Theory of Mind]].

*[[Behavioral psychology]]- This school of thought views the mind of the organism as a black box which is impossible to describe empirically, therefore the focus is on understanding behavior as a byproduct of environment. [[Ivan Pavlov]] and [[B.F. Skinner]] epitomize this philosophy with their focus on [[classical conditioning]] and [[instrumental learning]].

*[[Psychoanalytic psychology]]- This school of thought attempts to understand mind and behavior as a product of the unconscious. It is most closely linked with the ideas of [[Sigmund Freud]] and [[Carl Jung]]. Freud believed that much of behavior is related to repressed sexuality, while Jung and others extended his ideas to include other forms of repression. Psychoanalytic psychology is primarily used in clinical settings though it is not unheard of for researchers to appeal to Freudian concepts.

*[[Existential psychology]] and [[Humanistic psychology]]- While these schools of thought differ in some fundamental ways they are often linked together because of their focus on differences and the importance of the individual over generalized rules. Existential Psychology emerges from French [[Existential philosophy]] most notably linked to [[Jean-Paul Sartre]]. It places great importance on [[Existential angst]] as an inevitability of existence, and that the role of psychology is to help individuals recognize their angst and come to terms with it. Humanistic approaches to psychology are closely linked to the ideas of [[Abraham Maslow]] and his idea of the [[Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs | Hierarchy of Needs]]. To Maslow, psychological illness is a consequence of the difference between the idealized self and the actual self, the role of the psychologist is to help the person either adjust his idealized self image or improve his actual self. [[Carl Rogers]]' [[Client Centered Therapy]] is also closely linked to humanistic approaches.

*[[Evolutionary psychology]] and [[Biology of psychology | Biological psychology]]- These approaches attempt to understand mind and behavior as products of [[biology | biologic]] interactions and [[Theory of Evolution | evolutionary history]]. This school of thought is heavily researched based. Evolutionary Psychology is a relatively recent development, and many of its proponents believe that a strongly biologic approach to psychology may ultimately serve as a unifying principle for the field of psychology.

== History ==
{{main|History of psychology}}

Psychology is viewed as a relatively young discipline. It started with [[Wilhelm Wundt]] and "[[introspection]]", continued on with [[William James]], and was later influenced by [[Charles Darwin]] and the [[Theory of evolution]].

[[Sigmund Freud]] and his [[psychodynamics]] had an enormous influence on psychology which continues to this day, e.g., the concept of an [[unconscious]] mind being able to change and direct behavior.
He also posited that people go through developmental stages in which their mind and behavior change as they grow up and grow old, an idea taken up by [[Jean Piaget]].

[[Ivan Pavlov]]'s work on [[classical conditioning]] was pivotal. It became combined with the concepts developed in functionalism and the field of [[behavioral psychology]] was born (see [[B.F. Skinner]]), and it was hoped that psychology could became a [[hard science]] like physics with mathematical rigor.
Skinner also [[operant conditioning|thought]] that all of human behavior was a function of conditioning and instrumental learning.

During the 1960s several developments altered the course of psychological research. Several experiments had begin turning up anomalous results. One of the most famous is the [[Garcia effect]] where an animal that is exposed to a novel food and then made sick instantly learns to no longer desire that food.
[[Noam Chomsky]] showed that language acquisition follows seemingly innate rules. Thus [[cognitive psychology]] was born as a reaction against behaviorism. Cognitive psychologist attempted to understand the "[[black box]]" of the mind through computational analysis, modeling and rigorous experimentation. Psychology has continued to divorce itself from the strict empiricism of behaviouralism through the general endorsement of neuropsychological research. Neuropsychological research, typically conducted with fMRI scans, is not without controversy with prominent psychologists claiming that the interpretation of the data far outstrips its explanatory power. A similar complaint is often levelled against evolutionary psychology by prominent bioligists who note that most evolutionary interpretations of psychological phenomena are neccessarily post hoc and consequently untestable. It seems noteworthy that as psychology continues to grow and mature as a discipline it becomes increasingly mired in controversy.

[[Stanley Milgram]]'s [[Milgram experiment|research on obedience to authority]] demonstrated that normal individuals would obey an authority figure and endanger the health and life of other people. This was also linked to [[Philip Zimbardo]]'s work on the [[Stanford prison experiment]] demonstrating the ability for college students to quickly turn into torturers.

== Fields of Psychology ==

While embracing one or several (referred to as eclectic) of the paradigms listed earlier individual psychologist, psychiatrist and therapist can work in a range of sub-fields that deal with the total spectrum of human interactions. These include but are not limited to:

*[[Community psychology]]

*[[Affective psychology]]

*[[Developmental psychology]] is the study of how mental processes and behavior change with aging.

*[[Health psychology | Health psychology/behavioral medicine]] focuses on the impact of psychological factors on behaviors that are relevant to physical health. Researchers in this field study topics such as substance abuse, obesity, and exercise.

*[[Industrial psychology | Industrial/organizational psychology]]

*[[Neuroscience]]

*[[Social psychology]] is the study of social behavior or interpersonal interactions. Social psychologists study issues such as the way in which attitudes towards other people are formed, or the effect that our perceptions of another person's behavior have on our interactions with that person.

*[[Abnormal psychology]]

== External links ==

*[http://www.abess.com/glossary.html GLOSSARY] Terms in the field of Psychiatry and Neurology.
*[http://www.sntp.net/psychology_definition.htm The Definition of "Psychology"] - by Gene Zimmer

== Research in Psychology ==

{{psychology}}
==References==
<references />
[[Category:psychology]]
[[Category:Mental health]]

Psychology

2012-01-12T05:48:44Z

John01: /* Materialism in Psychology */ I think this is self evident - why else would Neuropsychology exist?

{{Etymology|From the ancient Greek ψυχή psyche ("soul," "mind") and -λογία -ology ("study").}}
'''Psychology''' is the study and evaluation of [[mind]] and [[behavior]]. Scientists in the 1600s and 1700s felt that the mind was beyond the ability of science to study it. Beginning with Galvani, some began to feel that [[physical science]] could explain the [[human mind]]. However, an objective view would not reduce the mind to a mere manifestation of the brain. That is the view of materialist philosophers such as [[Feuerbach]] and [[Lenin]].

Psychology, a bastion of [[liberal]]ism and secularism, is rife with [[pseudoscience]] and quackery.<ref>[http://voxday.blogspot.com/2011/11/psychology-is-not-science.html Psychology is not science]</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/03/health/research/noted-dutch-psychologist-stapel-accused-of-research-fraud.html?_r=1 Fraud Case Seen as a Red Flag for Psychology Research]</ref> For example, only 2/3 of Dutch psychologist release the data for their experiments.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/03/health/research/noted-dutch-psychologist-stapel-accused-of-research-fraud.html Dutch psychologist Strapel accused of research fraud]</ref>

In 2011, the ''[[New York Times]]'' reported:
{{cquote|Also common is a self-serving statistical sloppiness. In an analysis published this year, Dr. Wicherts and Marjan Bakker, also at the University of Amsterdam, searched a random sample of 281 psychology papers for statistical errors. They found that about half of the papers in high-end journals contained some statistical error.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/03/health/research/noted-dutch-psychologist-stapel-accused-of-research-fraud.html?_r=1 Fraud Case Seen as a Red Flag for Psychology Research]</ref>}}
== Rosenhan experiment ==

The website Frontier Psychiatrist wrote:
{{Cquote|The ‘[[Rosenhan experiment]]’ is a well known experiment examining the validity of psychiatric diagnosis. It was published in 1975 by David Rosenhan in a paper entitled ‘On being sane in insane places’

The study consisted of two parts. The first involved ‘pseudopatients’ – people who had never had symptoms of serious mental disorder – who, as part of the study, briefly reported auditory hallucinations in order to gain admission to psychiatric hospitals across the United States.

After admission, the pseudopatients no longer reported hallucinations and behaved as they ‘normally’ would. Despite this many were confined as inpatients for substantial periods of time and all were discharged with the diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder.

For the second part of the experiment staff at a teaching hospital, whose staff had learned of Rosenhan’s above results, were informed that one or more pseudopatients would attempt to be admitted to their hospital over an ensuing three month period. Many patients were subsequently identified as likely pseudopatients but in fact no pseudopatient had been sent.<ref>http://frontierpsychiatrist.co.uk/the-rosenhan-experiment-examined/</ref>}}

== Faith in God vs. secular psychology for solving addictions and other personal problems ==

See also: [[Ineffectivness of counseling psychology]]

The Christian group [[Teen Challenge]] reported:
{{Cquote|Teen Challenge claims of a 70% cure rate for the drug addicts graduating from their program attracted the attention of the U.S. Federal Government in 1973. Most secular drug rehabilitation programs only experienced a cure rate of 1-15% of their graduates. The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), part of the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, funded the first year of this study to evaluate the long term results of the Teen Challenge program.<ref>http://teenchallengeusa.com/studies2.php</ref>}}
[[Image:St Paul Preaching.jpg|right|thumb|200px|St. [[Paul]] defends his preaching (Giovanni Ricco)]]
Teen Challenge has a number of studies that indicate the high effectiveness of their drug treatment program compared to other programs.<ref>http://teenchallengeusa.com/studies.php</ref> Studies indicate that consumers of secular counseling psychology for [[alcoholism]] receive hardly any benefit at all.<ref>http://www.spring.org.uk/2005/07/psychological-treatments-for-alcoholism.php</ref><ref>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/5/75/abstract</ref> The [[Apostle Paul]] in a letter to the church of [[Corinth]] indicated that [[Christianity|Christians]] were able to overcome being drunkards through the power of [[Jesus Christ]] (I Corinthians 6:9-11).

The [[Apostle Paul]] wrote:
{{cquote|Do not be deceived: Neither the sexually immoral nor idolaters nor adulterers nor male prostitutes nor homosexual offenders nor thieves nor the greedy nor drunkards nor slanderers nor swindlers will inherit the kingdom of God. And that is what some of you were. But you were washed, you were sanctified, you were [[Justification (theology)|justified]] in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ and by the [[Holy Spirit|Spirit of our God]]." - I Corinthians 6:9-11 (NIV)}}

[[Peter LaBarbera]] is the President of [[Americans for Truth]] which is a organization which counters the [[Homosexual Agenda|homosexual agenda]]. Peter LaBarbera wrote:
{{cquote|Another factor from my experience as a close observer of the “[[Ex-homosexuals|ex-gay]]” phenomenon is that many former homosexuals do not linger in “[[Reparative Therapy|reparative therapy]]” programs, or participate in them at all. They attribute their dramatic and (relatively) rapid transformation to the power of God, and likely would not show up in a study of this kind. In fact, these “unstudied” overcomers would appear to be the most successful ex-homosexuals because they’ve moved on with their lives — as “reborn” Christians move on after overcoming any besetting sin.<ref>http://www.americansfortruth.com/news/landmark-study-change-for-homosexuals-is-possible.html</ref>}}

In 1980 a study was published in the ''American Journal of Psychiatry'' and eleven men participated in this study. The aforementioned study in the ''American Journal of Psychiatry'' stated that eleven homosexual men became heterosexuals "without explicit treatment and/or long-term psychotherapy" through their participation in a [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] church.<ref>E.M. Pattison and M.L. Pattison, "'Ex-Gays': Religiously Mediated Change in Homosexuals," American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 137, pp. 1553-1562, 1980</ref>

The website ''The Berean Call'' has a number of articles on various false claims and unbiblical notions that many practioners of counseling psychology promote.<ref>http://www.thebereancall.org/topic/psychology</ref>

== Effectiveness of laymen vs. trained psychologists ==

Christian author Todd A. Sinelli wrote in an article entitled ''To Whom Shall We Go?'':
{{Cquote|Psychology is ineffective, impotent, and embarrassingly deceptive. The great humbug is that “the psychological industry has successfully concealed its ineffectiveness from the general public. Pastors, churches, and the laity have been brainwashed into believing that only psychologically trained professional counselors are competent to deal with serious problems.”

Empirical research indicates the exact opposite. In a study done by J.A. Durlack entitled Comparitive Effectiveness of Paraprofessional and Professional Helpers he writes, “The research reviewed forty-two studies that compared professional counselors with untrained helpers. The findings were ‘consistent and provocative.’ Paraprofessionals achieve clinical outcomes equal to or significantly better than those obtained by professionals . . . The study, on the whole, lent no support to the major hypothesis that . . . the technical skills of professional psychotherapists produce measurably better therapeutic change.”

At the conclusion of this study, psychologist Gary Collins reluctantly admits, “Clearly there is evidence that for most people, laypeople can counsel as well as or better than professionals.” Again, the bottom line is that Christians are not to turn to psychologist for guidance. Primarily because the Word of God instructs us not to and God has given us the ability to counsel one another through His Word.<ref>http://littorch.com/articles/to-whom-shall-we-go/</ref>}}

See also: [http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=buy.optionToBuy&id=1979-31736-001 Abstract - Comparative effectiveness of paraprofessional and professional helpers] and [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6399757 PubMed citation - Comparative effectiveness of paraprofessional and professional helpers]

A 1985 paper entitled ''Does professional training make a therapist more effective?'' which was published by the University of Texas reported there was no substantial difference in between the results that laymen and trained psychologists are able to achieve.<ref>http://www.psych.umn.edu/courses/fall07/brunnquelld/psy8542/Session%2007/Berman%20session%207_1986-02211-001.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3901068</ref>

== Psychiatric quackery revealed by race often unnecessarily causing misdiagnosis ==

In 2005, The ''Washington Post'' reported:
{{Cquote|John Zeber recently examined one of the nation's largest databases of psychiatric cases to evaluate how doctors diagnose schizophrenia, a disorder that often portends years of powerful brain-altering drugs, social ostracism and forced hospitalizations.

Although schizophrenia has been shown to affect all ethnic groups at the same rate, the scientist found that blacks in the United States were more than four times as likely to be diagnosed with the disorder as whites. Hispanics were more than three times as likely to be diagnosed as whites.<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/27/AR2005062701496.html</ref>}}

==Materialism in Psychology==

From a materialist perspective, the most fundamental [[paradigm]] in psychology is the assumption that the human mind is a manifestation of the [[brain]]. This idea is in opposition to the traditional (religious) belief in the [[soul]] and hence psychology is rejected by many religions and cults, including some [[evangelical Christian]] denominations and also [[Scientology]].

Unlike fields such as [[physics]] or [[biology]] that attempt to work towards a uniting frame or [[theory]] for all hypothesis generated, psychology has traditionally focused on defining different schools of thought with substantially different unifying principles and little effort is made to unite these different schools.

There is a primary division between [[Clinical psychology | clinical]] or applied psychology which focuses on helping people directly through various applications of theory and [[Experimental psychology | experimental]] or research oriented psychology which focuses on applying the scientific method to ascertain the foundations of thought and action.

Most meta-analysis of the field divides psychologist into 5 different paradigms:

*[[Cognitive psychology]]- This school of thought has a strong focus on understanding the mechanisms of mind in order to explain behavior. It often uses analogies to computers to accomplish this task, one of its great themes is the idea of the [[Computational Theory of Mind]].

*[[Behavioral psychology]]- This school of thought views the mind of the organism as a black box which is impossible to describe empirically, therefore the focus is on understanding behavior as a byproduct of environment. [[Ivan Pavlov]] and [[B.F. Skinner]] epitomize this philosophy with their focus on [[classical conditioning]] and [[instrumental learning]].

*[[Psychoanalytic psychology]]- This school of thought attempts to understand mind and behavior as a product of the unconscious. It is most closely linked with the ideas of [[Sigmund Freud]] and [[Carl Jung]]. Freud believed that much of behavior is related to repressed sexuality, while Jung and others extended his ideas to include other forms of repression. Psychoanalytic psychology is primarily used in clinical settings though it is not unheard of for researchers to appeal to Freudian concepts.

*[[Existential psychology]] and [[Humanistic psychology]]- While these schools of thought differ in some fundamental ways they are often linked together because of their focus on differences and the importance of the individual over generalized rules. Existential Psychology emerges from French [[Existential philosophy]] most notably linked to [[Jean-Paul Sartre]]. It places great importance on [[Existential angst]] as an inevitability of existence, and that the role of psychology is to help individuals recognize their angst and come to terms with it. Humanistic approaches to psychology are closely linked to the ideas of [[Abraham Maslow]] and his idea of the [[Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs | Hierarchy of Needs]]. To Maslow, psychological illness is a consequence of the difference between the idealized self and the actual self, the role of the psychologist is to help the person either adjust his idealized self image or improve his actual self. [[Carl Rogers]]' [[Client Centered Therapy]] is also closely linked to humanistic approaches.

*[[Evolutionary psychology]] and [[Biology of psychology | Biological psychology]]- These approaches attempt to understand mind and behavior as products of [[biology | biologic]] interactions and [[Theory of Evolution | evolutionary history]]. This school of thought is heavily researched based. Evolutionary Psychology is a relatively recent development, and many of its proponents believe that a strongly biologic approach to psychology may ultimately serve as a unifying principle for the field of psychology.

== History ==
{{main|History of psychology}}

Psychology is viewed as a relatively young discipline. It started with [[Wilhelm Wundt]] and "[[introspection]]", continued on with [[William James]], and was later influenced by [[Charles Darwin]] and the [[Theory of evolution]].

[[Sigmund Freud]] and his [[psychodynamics]] had an enormous influence on psychology which continues to this day, e.g., the concept of an [[unconscious]] mind being able to change and direct behavior.
He also posited that people go through developmental stages in which their mind and behavior change as they grow up and grow old, an idea taken up by [[Jean Piaget]].

[[Ivan Pavlov]]'s work on [[classical conditioning]] was pivotal. It became combined with the concepts developed in functionalism and the field of [[behavioral psychology]] was born (see [[B.F. Skinner]]), and it was hoped that psychology could became a [[hard science]] like physics with mathematical rigor.
Skinner also [[operant conditioning|thought]] that all of human behavior was a function of conditioning and instrumental learning.

During the 1960s several developments altered the course of psychological research. Several experiments had begin turning up anomalous results. One of the most famous is the [[Garcia effect]] where an animal that is exposed to a novel food and then made sick instantly learns to no longer desire that food.
[[Noam Chomsky]] showed that language acquisition follows seemingly innate rules. Thus [[cognitive psychology]] was born as a reaction against behaviorism. Cognitive psychologist attempted to understand the "[[black box]]" of the mind through computational analysis, modeling and rigorous experimentation.

[[Stanley Milgram]]'s [[Milgram experiment|research on obedience to authority]] demonstrated that normal individuals would obey an authority figure and endanger the health and life of other people. This was also linked to [[Philip Zimbardo]]'s work on the [[Stanford prison experiment]] demonstrating the ability for college students to quickly turn into torturers.

== Fields of Psychology ==

While embracing one or several (referred to as eclectic) of the paradigms listed earlier individual psychologist, psychiatrist and therapist can work in a range of sub-fields that deal with the total spectrum of human interactions. These include but are not limited to:

*[[Community psychology]]

*[[Affective psychology]]

*[[Developmental psychology]] is the study of how mental processes and behavior change with aging.

*[[Health psychology | Health psychology/behavioral medicine]] focuses on the impact of psychological factors on behaviors that are relevant to physical health. Researchers in this field study topics such as substance abuse, obesity, and exercise.

*[[Industrial psychology | Industrial/organizational psychology]]

*[[Neuroscience]]

*[[Social psychology]] is the study of social behavior or interpersonal interactions. Social psychologists study issues such as the way in which attitudes towards other people are formed, or the effect that our perceptions of another person's behavior have on our interactions with that person.

*[[Abnormal psychology]]

== External links ==

*[http://www.abess.com/glossary.html GLOSSARY] Terms in the field of Psychiatry and Neurology.
*[http://www.sntp.net/psychology_definition.htm The Definition of "Psychology"] - by Gene Zimmer

== Research in Psychology ==

{{psychology}}
==References==
<references />
[[Category:psychology]]
[[Category:Mental health]]

Wine

2011-09-27T00:04:27Z

John01: /* Production */

[[Image:wine.jpg|right|thumb|400px|A wine tasting barrel]]
'''Wine''' is an [[alcoholic beverage]] made by fermenting [[grape]]s. Although most wines are made from grapes, other [[fruit]]s can be used. Grains can be used to produce wine, for example, barley wine, but this is more akin to a [[beer]] than a wine.

Wines are categorized by color. Red wine, white wine and rose (pink) wine are the three main types and are given their characteristic color by the types of grapes used in their production. Red wine is usually served at room temperature whereas the others are served chilled.

==Production==

Traditionally grapes were trampled by barefooted vineyard workers to produce a pulp, which was fermented to produce a rich, fruity alcoholic drink. Today this process in most commercial vineyards is mechanized although many "fine wine" producers such as the D'Arenberg vintners in [[Australia]] still proudly claim their wines are 100% foot pressed.

Modern methods of crushing wine involve multiple steps. Initially grapes are simply crushed by their own pressure in vats - rendering the 'free run' juices. Consequently grapes are softly pressed, usually by metal crushers but for high quality wines basket presses are generally used. Finally for the lowest quality of wine the grapes are fully crushed including the skin and pith - delivering a bitter, often tannic must. White wine is usually briefly left in the vat with the crushed skin to add flavour, whereas red wine is typically taken off the skins and pith immediately to avoid excessive tannins and acids. Wine production in some countries such as Turkey is vastly different, involving mixing vats and crushing through wooden bats.

Once pressed, wines are left to mature in vats, large containers made from [[oak]], which add [[flavor]] to the wine. Fine wine takes longer to develop a mature flavor. Cheaper wines may have oak chippings added to give a similar flavor without the need to mature for as long.

==Alcohol Content==

Wines usually range from 10% to 14% [[ABV]]. Stronger wines such as [[port]] and [[sherry]] are classed as fortified wines. These require further refinement and are sold as such. Certain sweet varietals such as [[Riesling]], [[Moscato d'Asti]], and [[Lambrusco]] are routinely prepared with less than 10% ABV.

==Production==

Wine is produced throughout the world. The top twenty leading wine-producing countries in order of total production are:<ref>http://www.wineinstitute.org/communications/statistics/keyfacts_worldwineproduction02.htm</ref> [[France]], [[Italy]], [[Spain]], [[United States of America|USA]], [[Argentina]], [[Czech Republic]], [[China]], [[Australia]], [[Germany]], [[Portugal]], [[South Africa]], [[Chile]], [[Hungary]], [[Romania]], [[Greece]], [[Russia]], [[Brazil]], [[Austria]], [[Bulgaria]], and [[Croatia]].

Many of the best-known vineyards are in France but recent competitions place California wine, particularly the vivid reds from the San Bernardino Valley, alongside French wine in quality. Traditional winemaking is centred in the Languedoc region of Southern [[France]] and La Mancha in [[Spain]]. Kentish [[Pinot Noir]] and Welsh [[Riesling]] are also world-renowned wines.

===Wine and Christianity===
Wine has an important role in the [[Christian]] religion, reflecting the central role it played in society at the times of [[Jesus]]'s ministry on [[Earth]]. Plain water was generally not potable at that time and wine was often mixed with water, so that the alcohol in the wine killed some of the harmful microorganisms in the water. (It should be noted, however, that the same Greek word meant both "grape juice" and "wine", raising issues of translation depending on the context.<ref>See [[Conservative Bible Project]].</ref>)

Christ's first miracle, performed at the wedding feast at Cana, was to turn six amphora filled with water into unfermented grape juice. ([[Gospel of John|John]] 2:7-10.) At the [[Last Supper]], Christ commands the [[Apostles]] to eat bread and drink wine, which he calls His Body and Blood, and commands the Apostles to do this "in remembrance of me." ([[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] 26::26-29; [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]] 14:23-24; [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] 22:20-23.) This is preserved in the liturgy of the Christian Church as [[Holy Communion]]. The different denominations of Christianity have various teachings and doctrines about the place and significance of the wine in the communion service, which are roughly separable into memorialism and a belief in the Real Presence of Christ in the [[Eucharist|Eucharistic]] hosts.

Many of the orders of [[Eastern Orthodox]] and [[Roman Catholic]] religious (monks and nuns) established their own wineries in Europe and, in the case of Catholic orders, in the Americas.

===Wine and Judaism===
Wine is an important part of the [[Jewish]] [[Passover Seder]], in which four cups of wine are ritually consumed.

==Types of wines==

Wines in the [[Americas]], [[Australia]], [[South Africa]] and [[Germany]] are generally sold under the name of the varieties of [[grape]] that go into the production. Some of the most popular types are:

:[[Chardonnay]] - a popular white wine produced worldwide and used especially in making [[Champagne]] and white [[Burgundy]]; Chardonnay can be paired with different kinds of food.

:[[Merlot]] - a pleasant, soft red wine with a mild flavor; it is one of the few red wines that can be drunk by itself, without food. After the bottle is opened, the flavor improves if it is allowed to breathe, that is, be exposed to the air for several minutes.

:[[Cabernet Sauvignon]] - A very heavy, astringent wine that should ideally be served with fatty red meats; the classic pairing is with lamb.

:[[Gewurztraminer]] - sometimes called GWT or GTR for short. A [[German]] varietal now produced worldwide, it has a quirky flavor and goes well with Chinese food.

:[[Pinot Noir]] - a red wine commonly grown in Northern California and Oregon; also used in Champagne and red Burgundy.

:[[Riesling]] - a white wine grape used to produce fine German wines, but also commonly used in plonk, such as Piesporter or Liebfraumilch (commonly sold in the United States under the trade name Blue Nun). It should be sweet without being cloying.

:[[Sauvignon Blanc]] - a richly fragrant white wine. It is currently associated with [[New Zealand]], but it is produced around the world.

Other wines are named after the region in which they are produced.

:[[Rioja]] - a region in northern [[Spain]]
:[[Bordeaux]] - a region in southwestern [[France]]
:Burgundy - a region in eastern France

Quality of Wines

:Fine Wines - These are generally regarded as higher quality wines. But the name "Fine Wine" is derived from the Fining process of a wine rather than quality. Fining is the cleaning process which filters out impurities in the wine after fermentation. Cheaper wines were not fined and so were not regarded as "Fined Wines" later "Fine Wines"

:Beverage Wines - Everyday drinking wines

== Champagne ==
"Champagne" can either mean sparkling wines produced in the Champagne region of northeastern [[France]], although it is commonly incorrectly used to describe such wines, no matter where produced. Rules in the European Union, Canada, Australia and other countries restrict the use of the Champagne name to wines fitting the former description, however it is common to see wines in the United States sold as "champagne" even if they were produced domestically. Recently United States usage of "champagnes" has been limited to existing brands, and those must also display the area of origin so as not to be misleading. The production of sparkling wines outside France has had the effect of making excellent "champagne" type wines available at far less cost than the French varieties and further diversifying the market. Some excellent sparkling wines are produced in [[Australia]] but are not permitted to be sold under the name "champagne".

Champagne and other sparkling wine gets its "fizz" from [[carbon dioxide]] dissolved in the wine.

==Further reading==
* McGovern, Patrick E. ''Uncorking the Past: The Quest for Wine, Beer, and Other Alcoholic Beverages'' (2009)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
[http://www.winespectator.com/ Wine Spectator]

[[Category:Alcoholic Beverages]]

Chuck Norris

2011-08-30T01:15:10Z

John01: sp

[[Image:chuck_norris.jpg|right|Chuck Norris publicity shot from official website.]]

'''Carlos Ray "Chuck" Norris''', born March 10, 1940 (age {{age|1940|3|10}}), is a popular martial artist, actor, humanitarian, book author, columnist at [[WorldNetDaily.com]], and world-record powerboat racer and American hero. He is perhaps best known as the star of the popular television series, ''[[Walker, Texas Ranger]]''.<ref name="bio">[http://www.chucknorris.com/html/biog.html Official Chuck Norris Biography]</ref>

Through his columns, Norris has been an outspoken critic of the false [[theory of evolution]]<ref name="mania" />, the teaching of which he holds partially responsible for school shootings: "We teach our children they are nothing more than glorified apes, yet we don't expect them to act like monkeys."<ref>[http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=55333 "The heroes of America's academic halls"], by Chuck Norris</ref>

==Early Life==
Chuck's Christian name was Carlos Ray Norris. He was born in Oklahoma to hard working conservative parents and he is named after his father's minister. He is part Cherokee. He served with distinction in the USAF where he got his nickname "Chuck" and a black belt in martial arts. In 1958 he married his wife Dianne Holechek. They had two kids.

==Martial arts career==
After his time serving America, Chuck decided to start competing in martial arts tournaments. He became the first American to get a 8th Degree Black Belt in Tae Kwon Do and beat many of his competitors. He has created his own form of martial arts Chun Kuk Do. With the following rules:

# I will develop myself to the maximum of my potential in all ways.
# I will forget the mistakes of the past and press on to greater achievements.
# I will continually work at developing love, happiness and loyalty in my family.
# I will look for the good in all people and make them feel worthwhile.
# If I have nothing good to say about a person, I will say nothing.
# I will always be as enthusiastic about the success of others as I am about my own.
# I will maintain an attitude of open-mindedness.
# I will maintain respect for those in authority and demonstrate this respect at all times.
# I will always remain loyal to my God, my country, family and my friends.
# I will remain highly goal-oriented throughout my life because that positive attitude helps my family, my country and myself.

==Acting==
His first movie was the classic [[Wrecking Crew]]. But liberal Hollywood didn't give him a staring role until 1977 when he starred in [[Breaker! Breaker!]]. He then stared in the [[Missing in Action]] series which he dedicated to his brother who had died heroically fighting communism in the [[Vietnam War]]. The Missing in Action series were about saving prisoners from the brutal Vietnamese.

In 1993 he started [[Walk, Texas Ranger]] the hit TV show which would last many exciting years.

==Politics and Religion==

He has written about the vast [[atheist]] conspiracy to outlaw Christianity in the United States, <ref name="outlaw">[http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=55668 "How to outlaw Christianity (Step 1)"], by Chuck Norris</ref><ref>[http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=55789 "How to outlaw Christianity (Step 2 and 3)"], by Chuck Norris</ref> the first step of which is the acceptance of atheists in our government:

:"Though the majority of Americans continue to claim to be Christians, a Gallup poll discovered 45 percent of us would support an atheist for president. Such a survey is a clear indication that the secularization of society is alive and well."<ref name="outlaw" />
To thwart this menace of secularization, Norris has jokingly promised that if elected [[President of the United States of America | President]] he would "tattoo an American flag with the words, 'In God we trust.' on the forehead of every atheist," "require every member of Congress work out on the Total Gym 15 minutes each day," and "deport all [[Liberals]]." <ref>[http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=56107 "If I am elected president"], by Chuck Norris</ref>
Norris is active in many Christian causes, including the [[Billy Graham Evangelistic Association]] and [[Feed the Children]]<ref>[http://www.chucknorris.com/html/christian.aspx Chuck Norris Official Website: Christian]</ref>. He and his wife are the spokespersons for the [[National Council on Bible Curriculum]], which seeks to bring state certified [[Bible]] courses to public high schools nationwide<ref>[http://www.christiannewswire.com/news/21073870.html "Actor Chuck Norris and Wife Gena Join National Council on Bible Curriculum in Public Schools Board of Directors"], ''Christian Newswire''</ref>.

Norris is a [[Republican Party|Republican]] and has donated more than $32,000 to Republican candidates and organizations since 1988. Norris once filled in for [[Sean Hannity]] on [[Hannity and Colmes]].
<ref>[http://wcbstv.com/slideshows/Conservative.Celebrities.20.824701.html Celebs Who Lean To The Right - Slide 5], ''wcbstv.com'', Accessed on April 5, 2009</ref> Norris supported [[Mike Huckabee]] for U.S. President in the 2008 Republican primary. <ref>[http://wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=58255 My choice for president], ''WorldNetDaily'', October 21, 2007</ref> <ref>[http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=58502 Huckabee, not duck-n-weave], ''WorldNetDaily'', November 5, 2007</ref> Norris was also featured in a television campaign ad with Huckabee. <ref>[http://youtube.com/watch?v=MDUQW8LUMs8 Huckchuckfacts Add on Youtube]</ref>

Chuck criticized hypocritical liberals who gabe the Mormons trouble for supporting Prop 8 (which outlawed gay marriage in California) when they ignored the fact that [[people of color]] supported the measure too.
==Other facts==

Chuck Norris is also famous for endorsing the "Total Gym" exercise machine.<ref>[http://www.totalgymdirect.com/ Total Gym Website]</ref>

Chuck Norris is also the subject of the popular internet phenomenon known as "Chuck Norris Facts." <ref name="mania">[http://worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=52567 On Chuck Norris 'mania' sweeping the Net], ''WorldNetDaily'', October 23, 2006</ref> Which portray Chuck as the most powerful manly man in the universe. For example it is said that Chuck Norris's tears cure cancer, but he never cries.

==Honors==
*Many many black belts in martial arts.
*He is an honorary US Marine (Devil Dog)
*Honorary Texas Ranger

Please note; Chuck has received no Academy Awards for his acting because Hollywood is liberal and refuses to acknowledge his acting talent.
==Links==
* [http://www.chucknorris.com/ Chuck Norris Official Website]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT: Norris, Chuck}}
[[Category:Actors]]
[[Category:Columnists]]
[[Category:Christians]]
[[Category:Conservatives]]
[[Category:The 100 Americans The Left Hates Most]]

Analysis of variance

2011-08-21T05:01:20Z

John01: missed one assumption

{{statistics}}

'''Analysis of variance''' or '''ANOVA''' is a statistical method for comparing different models. Models are built with explanatory parameters that attempt to describe the variance of a given data set. The amount of the variance explained by two models are compared and a corresponding value is calculated for how well one model explains the data relative to the other compared models. This value is called the [[Fisher distribution | F-value]] (named for [[R.A. Fisher]] who developed the first ANOVA model). The larger the F-value the better one model explains the variance than the others. In order to determine [[statistical significance]] the f-value is compared to a specific [[Fisher distribution]] based on the [[degrees of freedom]]. The Fisher distribution can give the probability that a given data set was derived from one model relative to another.

The ANOVA test makes several assumptions about the data including that the error is independent, that the data is [[Normal distribution | normally distributed]], that error variance is heteroscedastic and [[homogeneity of variance]].

The one-way ANOVA is probably one of the most used statistical methods for comparing data sets. Today most scientists calculate it using a statistical software package, of which several are available.
[[category:Probability and Statistics]]

Linear regression

2011-08-21T04:26:06Z

John01: A little more info

A '''linear regression''' is a [[regression]] that is linear with respect to the unknown [[parameter]]s used in the fit. A linear regression can illustrate many relationships between variables (eg., quadratic) however, in the case of exponentional or log-linear relationships a linear regression is not an appropriate statistical test.

"Least squares fitting" is the most common type of linear regression.

[[category:Linear algebra]]

Talk:Homosexuality and obesity

2011-08-04T04:14:30Z

John01:

== Really? ==

Is this what this site has resorted to? Calling everyone who doesn't agree with you obese is sinking pretty low. Read up on logical fallacies, particularly "ad hominem". I know whoever wrote this was trying to be humorous, but really, this is just mean. What's worse is this actually made the main page--[[User:Jasonb242|Jasonb242]] 23:08, 25 June 2011 (EDT)
:Conservapedia cited legitimate information from the CDC and medical journals. I realize you dislike this data, but I see no reason to suppress it for the sake of your errant liberal worldview. Get used to reality. It is not going away. [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 01:40, 26 June 2011 (EDT)
::Hi conservative, I'm new here. Have you seen this study that finds religious people are healthier and live longer because they exercise more? [http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/amp/58/1/36/ Here it is.] You should put it in your articles as it is from a peer reviews journal.

Debate:Should RobS lose his Sysop rights?

2011-08-02T00:34:03Z

John01:

<center>'''Uhhh, this really isn't a debate. It's a poll. In response to [[User:Conservative]] pressuring the site owner to abandon established site policies and invoke [[mob rule]], please indicate your votes below.'''</center><center>''Note:User participation here will be exempt from the 90/10 rule, however there's no guarantee you may not suffer a reprisal block for participating. I will however do whatever I can to help if that were to happen.''</center>
[[Category:Conservapedia Debates]]

(To make the vote count accurate, I'm adding some votes that have been cast [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User_talk%3AAschlafly&action=historysubmit&diff=895426&oldid=895420 elsewhere]. I invite anyone I've listed to add a comment by their name. --[[User:MarkGall|MarkGall]] 15:11, 31 July 2011 (EDT))

(I have removed those votes. If people want to add their names then they can do so themselves. It is highly presumptuous for you to add someone else's name to this list. They may not wish to take part in this vote at all. --[[User:JarradD|JarradD]] 17:19, 31 July 2011 (EDT))

(Note also: Only actual signed votes by actual registered users carry any weight. Statements that some unidentified person has privately supported one's position by email carry no weight. Note also that sockpuppets are strictly forbidden at Conservapedia, and that "checkuser" is used to discover violations. --[[User:SamHB|SamHB]] 15:18, 31 July 2011 (EDT))

==Yea==

# Yes, this page is not being honest. I am not against refinement of Conservapedia's rules and suggested a [[User:Conservative/blocking-board-framework|blocking review board framework]]. This is about RobS: being disloyal to his fellow Conservapedians, not wanting to apply rules to himself, playing pointless power games, whitewashing Ashlafly's talk page and often behaving unreasonably. The dishonesty of this web page has probably caused Karajou and TerryH not to vote. Plus, Karajou believes sockpuppets are being used to vote and this page is a sham. Furthermore, I did find it telling that RobS watched my vote and Karajou's vote being removed and did not bother to ask TerryH if he thought he should lose his Admin rights since I maintain this is TerryH's position. Given the dishonesty of this web page, I would not be surprised if others did not vote either and are not going to bother with this web page. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] 09:25, 1 August 2011 (EDT)
#:'''Comment''' When did you vote and who altered your edit? Show diffs, please, before throwing around reckless, wild accusations. [[User:RobSmith|Rob Smith]] 16:28, 1 August 2011 (EDT)
#::'''Comment''' Does Karajou have any proof to show that people are just socking up? Let him run checkuser and weed them out. [[User:TerryB|TerryB]] 19:00, 1 August 2011 (EDT)
#::*Karajou can speak for himself. This is just more [[hearsay]] and [[innuendo]]. We're still waiting for User:Conservative to back up his claim 5 sysops support his scheme. Where are they? I count one. [[User:RobSmith|Rob Smith]] 19:08, 1 August 2011 (EDT)
#Yea. User:RobSmith's plans will not be good for this website. [[User:Bclough|Bclough]] 16:10, 31 July 2011 (EDT)
#Yea. I never had a problem with RobS until he went after [[User:Conservative]]. [[User:Conservative]] is the lifeblood of this site. Without him, CP dies. [[Essay: User:Conservative, what is best in life?|What is best in life?]] Getting rid of RobS. --[[User:FergusE|FergusE]] 16:30, 31 July 2011 (EDT)
#Conservative made good points about RobS's affiliations with an Atheist site. [[User:NickP|NickP]] 01:21, 1 August 2011 (EDT)

==Nay==

#I vote '''nay'''. RobS is trying to bring accountability to the site. There is something admirable in that, and it's a move in the right direction. [[User:KBarnett|—KBarnett ]] 14:56, 31 July 2011 (EDT)
#RobS should keep his rights. If anything, Conservative should lose his. [[User:JonS|JonS]] 15:00, 31 July 2011 (EDT)
#Nay. I can't see a reason why RobS should lose his rights, especially when there are others who seem to actively be harming the site through their actions.--[[User:MRellek|MRellek]] 15:03, 31 July 2011 (EDT)
#Obvious '''nay''' for obvious reasons. We need to put an end to arbitrary block times and the constant history deletion of pages (such as the ''Community Portal'') at the very least. As long as the sysops have the right to do whatever they please (while subjecting regular users to rules that are much stricter than for example Wikipedia's policies), the community won't grow and will forever be a paradise for parodists. --[[User:Sid 3050|Sid 3050]] 15:04, 31 July 2011 (EDT)
#I vote no. I haven't been around in quite some time, but I used to be a fairly active user (with block rights etc) and left in part because of some of the same issues RobS has addressed. I too believe these "reforms" are necessary for the site to move forward, and may return to active participation if something along these lines is enacted. --[[User:MarkGall|MarkGall]] 15:08, 31 July 2011 (EDT) (editing while traveling, please don't ban me for the IP change!) (PS: can some sysop fix the spelling of this page?)
#Obvious '''nay''', for all the reasons that have been discussed, by many people, here and elsewhere. --[[User:SamHB|SamHB]] 15:18, 31 July 2011 (EDT)
#Nay. I'm not well versed in this discussion nor this site, but even after wading through the community portal, it's not clearly expressed what RobS has done incorrectly that violates the policy of the site. If anything, this seems more a grudge match, something in between a tit-for-tat and a vendetta. Is Conservapedia really at a point at which ideas for the site can't be discussed? [[User:IanR|IanR]] 15:22, 31 July 2011 (EDT)
#As strong of a '''nay''' as one could possibly nay [[User:TerryB|TerryB]] 15:22, 31 July 2011 (EDT)
#Nay, in the strongest possible terms. If those in power are held to the rules that others must follow then a just society will always emerge. If, however, those in authority are allowed to run rampage unchecked, then [http://www.wnd.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=327929 this] is the inevitable result. Chaos, corruption and an organisation that can no longer function.--[[User:IeuanApGriffith|IeuanApGriffith]] 15:34, 31 July 2011 (EDT)
#Nay. The only thing that will save this wiki as a conservative sight on the internet is Robs's proposals. Lose them and this wiki will go the way TK wanted. Rein in conservative and karajou and this project may JUST be saved. [[User:Davidspencer|Davidspencer]] 15:37, 31 July 2011 (EDT)
#RobS is a reasonable fellow and is only trying to improve the wiki. He is the only sysop campaigning in the face of User:conservative's abusive habits of shutting down discussion by
#*locking talk pages (including his own)
#*deleting and using oversight on talk pages to remove criticism of him
#*blocking people that disagree with him
#:As a result of this, User:conservative has become quite upset at being called out and instead of changing his ways is lashing out at RobS- which normally works fine except that RobS is also a sysop and thus can unblock himself and restore commentary. Worst of all RobS is capable of committing the horrific crime of posting on User:conservative's talk page.
#:It is in Conservapedia's best interests to let Rob keep his rights and march by his side as he strives to improve the community and its interactions.--[[User:CamilleT|CamilleT]] 15:59, 31 July 2011 (EDT)
#Nay. RobS is working to improve the site (while keeping its conservative POV), Conservative to protect his petty fiefdom. [[User:GuidoF|Guy]][[User_talk:GuidoF|message me]] 16:09, 31 July 2011 (EDT)
#Nay. This has gone too far. [[User:WesleyS|WesleyS]][[User Talk:WesleyS|Hello!]] 16:59, 31 July 2011 (EDT)
#Nay. If Rob were to lose his rights it would be a victory for the parodists and the bullies. --[[User:JarradD|JarradD]] 17:14, 31 July 2011 (EDT)
#There needs to be some sysop accountability. [[User:MaxFletcher|MaxFletcher]] 17:25, 31 July 2011 (EDT)
#Definitely not. RobS: Reasonable sysop who is trying to bring some accountability and respect. Conserative: An internet bully, who populates the site with substandard quote mined insults written in crude inelegant language. --[[User:Orsay|Orsay]] 17:54, 31 July 2011 (EDT)
#Nay. I know I said I wouldn't edit this site again following its exploitation of recent events, but for this purpose I will briefly renege on that. RobSmith is the only sysop who is making a concerted effort to improve this site by implementing a set of coherent policies. His opponents are those who have most frequently abused their rights as sysops. Most notable among these is User: Conservative, whose numerous talk page comments and 'essays' are, if not parody, then a genuine cause for concern, and I would in all seriousness advise his fellow sysops to discretely speak with this user regarding this matter. The other vocal opponent of RobSmith is FergusE, who is very clearly a parodist here only to stir things up. [[User:WilliamB1|WilliamB1]] 18:41, 31 July 2011 (EDT)
#I think it is wrong for one sysop to openly campaign against another, especially when it is based on the other only wanting to help the site. As conservatives we should expect accountability and transparency from those who run the site in the same way that we expect it of our government. The wielding of anonymous and unaccountable power is what one expects from Marxists. [[User:KarenWu|KarenWu]] 19:40, 31 July 2011 (EDT)
#Nay. As far as I can see, Rob hasn't done anything to merit losing his Sysop rights. --[[User:MatthewQ|MatthewQ]] 19:53, 31 July 2011 (EDT)
#Nay. This site needs more like Rob. [[User:EricAlstrom|EricAlstrom]] 20:12, 31 July 2011 (EDT)
#Nay. RobS is one of the few people on here in power who is consistently calling for sysop accountability, something that is vital to a collaborative project like this. While I certainly do not support everything he does on here, not including this current issue, it is night and day compared to the nothingness that Conservative and his "articles" bring to this encyclopedia. This is a case of sour grapes from Conservative since he is the main culprit of sysop abuse currently. [[User:Ameda|ameda]] 21:58, 31 July 2011 (EDT)
#No. He is a diligent and attentive administrator, as far as I am aware.--[[User:CPalmer|CPalmer]] 07:13, 1 August 2011 (EDT)
#No. RobS seems to be primarily promoting discussion about the Rules and Guidelines of this site and the accountability of administrators to those guidelines. [[User:CharlieJ|CharlieJ]] 09:08, 1 August 2011 (EDT)
#No. This started out as a simple request from one admin to another for the latter to be more accommodating in the spirit of a wiki. user:Conservative has acted in a manner unbecoming of a sysop, dragging the debate across several pages, including - ironically - Mr. Schlafly's, whilst insisting that people cannot post on his talk page. If anybody deserves censure out of this, it is user:Conservative - he blows a simple request totally out of proportion, divides the sysop body and suddenly runs away - again! - claiming he is "very busy." Somebody this irresponsible should not be in a position of authority. [[User:TracyS|TracyS]] 10:12, 1 August 2011 (EDT)
#No. {{personal remark removed}} User:RobS is correct in attempting to discipline him. {{unsigned|JanW}}
#I don't think either should lose their sysop rights. I enjoy reading Conservatives satirical works, they often make me laugh. On the other hand I think Rob is right, I am new here but I get a little nervous when I see how many people are blocked.

User talk:John01

2011-08-02T00:29:48Z

John01:

== Your edit to the RobS debate page ==
What was that about? --[[User:JarradD|JarradD]] 20:25, 1 August 2011 (EDT)

Did I do something wrong? I put in my vote for NO.
Oh, I just checked and saw what you mean. I have no idea how I did that I think I may have had the page open overnight or something.

User talk:John01

2011-08-02T00:28:25Z

John01:

== Your edit to the RobS debate page ==
What was that about? --[[User:JarradD|JarradD]] 20:25, 1 August 2011 (EDT)

Did I do something wrong? I put in my vote for NO.

Debate:Should RobS lose his Sysop rights?

2011-08-02T00:20:05Z

John01:

Debate:Should RobS lose his Sysop rights?

2011-08-02T00:19:27Z

John01:

Worst College Majors

2011-07-19T06:24:41Z

John01:

The '''worst college majors''' are fields of study that leave the student with relatively few job opportunities and often a distorted or ultra-[[liberal]] view of the world. If the student incurred debt in attending college, then he is left with obligations without any practical way to pay for them.

We encourage college students and employers to improve this list over time.

==Majors==
# Women's studies,<ref>"Women’s studies ... is disappearing from British universities. ... Students have begun to realise, too, that women’s studies is useless for getting you a job. It’s no coincidence that the subject’s collapse coincided with the introduction of tuition fees. The moment you start paying for something is the moment you consider whether it’s really worthwhile." [http://www.theinsider.com/news/639292_The_End_Of_Women_s_Studies_And_Other_Useless_Qualifications]</ref><ref>http://www.boundless.org/2000/features/a0000225.html</ref><ref>http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/why-is-gender-studies-dominated-by-one-gender-1.289830</ref> recently renamed "gender studies" at some schools
# [[Atheism|Secularism]]<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/08/us/08secular.html</ref>
# Film
# General Religious studies program at a [[liberal]] college<ref name="yahoolist" />. Religious majors at liberal colleges are often [[atheistic]] or anti-[[Christian]] in curriculum. Ministers, however, have a low 1.2% unemployment rate in the [[United States]]. <ref>[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703648304575212001278867126.html?mod=WSJ_hpp_sections_careerjournal]</ref>
# English Literature/Literary Criticism
# Music Therapy
# Dance
# Interior Design<ref name="yahoolist" />
# Art History<ref name=yahoolist>[http://finance.yahoo.com/college-education/article/110196/20-worst-paying-college-degrees-in-2010 20 Worst-Paying College Degrees in 2010] Yahoo! Finance, 08/12/2010</ref>
# Comic Book Art
# Surfing Studies
# Golf Management – University of Birmingham / Florida Gulf Coast University
# Communications
# [[Evolution|Evolutionary biology]]
# Architecture <ref>http://www.foxbusiness.com/slideshow/personal-finance/2010/06/28/worst-fields-graduates/#slide=5</ref>
# Degrees leading to careers in investment banking and corporate work<ref>http://www.foxbusiness.com/slideshow/personal-finance/2010/06/28/worst-fields-graduates/#slide=3</ref>
# Journalism <ref>http://www.foxbusiness.com/slideshow/personal-finance/2010/06/28/worst-fields-graduates/#slide=4</ref>
# Psychology
# Fashion Design
# Theater
# Horticulture<ref name="yahoolist" />
# Human Resources
# Photography
# Video game design<ref>One observer noted that not even the video game industry typically hires people who majored in video game design.</ref>
# Forestry/Range Management/Wildlife Management
# Environmental Studies
# Outdoor Recreation
# Fine Art<ref>http://www.artcareer.net/faqs/job-market-outlook-for-artists-and-designers/</ref>
==Courses==
# Football Culture
# Queer Musicology – UCLA
# The Science of Harry Potter – Frostburg University <ref>CBS News: ''Harry Potter Goes To College: Professor Uses Boy Wizard To Explores Links Between Magic, Science'', by Bootie Cosgrove-Mather, Sept. 26, 2003 [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/11/19/national/main584456.shtml] ''...Frostburg State President Catherine R. Gira said she isn't worried that some may view a Harry Potter class as trivial. "Irrespective of the specific title of the course, the 'magic' in the fiction is being analyzed by applying concepts of physics, chemistry, biology and engineering. This honors course creatively packages scientific principles in a contemporary way that will interest today's students," Gira said.''</ref>
# Native American Feminism - University of Michigan
# Cyber Feminism - Cornell University
# Feminist New Black Man - Occidental College <ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HvlL_lDk4ko Jason Mattera At CPAC, YouTube]</ref>
# Philosophy and Star Trek – Georgetown University in Washington <ref> [http://courses.georgetown.edu/index.cfm?Action=View&CourseID=PHIL-180]</ref>
# Emotional Literacy<ref>http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1076368/Schools-councils-waste-300-000-useless-emotional-literacy-course-faraway-island-sun.html</ref>
# Media Genres, the study of zombies - University of Baltimore <ref>[http://www.aolnews.com/weird-news/article/university-of-baltimore-pop-culture-class-focuses-on-zombies/19625044?test=latestnews College Course Preps Pupils for Zombie Apocalypse, AOL News, September 9, 2010]</ref>
# The Science of Superheroes - UC Irvine <ref>[http://www.newsrealblog.com/2010/11/14/the-top-8-california-schools-that-are-like-totally-wasting-your-money/ The Top 8 California Schools that Are, Like, Totally Wasting Your Money, NewsRealBlog, November 14, 2010]</ref>
# Field Equipment Operation (tractor driving) - UC Davis
# Hip Hop: The Politics of Culture - UC San Diego
# History of Surfing - UC Santa Barbara
# Labor Studies - UM Saint Louis & UM Kansas City <ref>[http://www.thehotjoints.com/2011/04/25/video-college-course-teaches-violent-union-tactics/ Video: College Course Teaches Violent Union Tactics, The Hot Joints, April 25, 2011]</ref>
# Arguing with Judge Judy - UC Berkeley
# Self-Esteem - Cal State Fresno
# Gaga for Lady Gaga: Sex, Gender, and Identity- University of Virginia-Charlottesville<ref>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/10/lady-gaga-college-class_n_712540.html</ref>

== Sources ==

* [http://learnfinancialplanning.com/best-worst-college-majors-degree/ Best and Worst College Majors]
* [http://www.toptenz.net/to-10-useless-college-classes-degrees.php Top 10 Useless College Degrees & Classes]
[[Category:college]]
[[Category:education]]

== References ==

<references/>

Vegetarianism

2011-07-19T03:52:08Z

John01:

[[Image:Fruits.jpg|right]]
'''Vegetarianism''' is the practice of abstaining from [[meat]] consumption. Somebody who practices vegetarianism is referred to as a ''vegetarian''.

==Reasons for Vegetarianism==

Vegetarianism is a common theme among the [[Dharmic religion]]s, such as [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Sikhism]] and [[Jainism]]. This stems from the belief that all higher animal life is sacred (in Jainism, ''all'' life is considered sacred), one of the core concepts of all of these religions. For more than 130 years Seventh-day Adventists (SDAs) have practiced a vegetarian dietary lifestyle because of their belief in the wholistic nature of people.<ref>[http://www.andrews.edu/NUFS/veggiediet.html Andrews University Nutrition Department]</ref> [[Pythagoras|Pythagoreanism]] also required its followers to abstain from meat, fish, and beans. It was also a central tenet of the [[Essene]] branch of Judaism.

Many people outside of these religions also choose to be vegetarians because of various other beliefs, such as abstinence from contributing to inhumane farming methods practiced by the meat production industry, or to lessen their environmental impact. Health is sometimes provided as another reason to adopt vegeterianism, though its health advantages are debatable. The section below provides more on the nutritional concerns.

Most non-religious vegetarians are [[college]] students or [[teenager]]s, for whom the vegeterianism is often a short-lived fad or mode of rebellion from their parents and other adults. Once their idealism becomes tempered with more experience (or they become tired of maintaining a vegetarian diet), they often return to eating meat. The major exception to this are teens who adopt vegetarianism as a personal form of animal activism. Lucy Watkins, editor of vegetarianteen.com, was interviewed on the matter:
{{cquote|Young people, especially girls, tend to be very loving and softhearted. [Lucy] Watkins says that, although sometimes teens become vegetarians because it's the latest fad, animal activism is often a spark for young people to become vegetarians. When it's done for "faddish" reasons, they usually don't stick with it. The animal rights kids tend to stay the course.<ref>http://www.preteenagerstoday.com/resources/articles/vegetarian.htm</ref>}}
Vegetarianism among teenage girls has troubled many [[dietitian]]s, because in their eagerness to adopt it, teenage girls often underestimate the responsibilities and consequences of a vegetarian lifestyle.<ref>[http://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/feb2006pg58.shtml] "Most dietitians I spoke with who have teenage vegetarian clients agree that teens avoiding meat is becoming a trend or fad and that the vegetarian teenagers (mostly girls aged 14 to 17) they counsel usually come from meat-eating families."</ref><ref>[http://www.annecollins.com/teen-weight-loss-advice.htm] "Quite a few girls turn to vegetarian diets in their mid or late teens. As a way of eating, vegetarianism has a lot to recommend it. Trouble is, most teens don't realise that giving up meat makes it much more difficult to eat a healthy diet. The point is, meat is a very convenient source of important vitamins and minerals, especially iron. So if you stop eating meat, you need to eat a wide range of vegetarian foods to compensate for this deficiency. Unfortunately, vegetarian teenagers are not famous for doing this."</ref> In contrast, teenage boys, who have many exertions from [[sport]]s and other activities, need meat almost daily, so there are far fewer teenage boys than girls that have taken up the fad of vegetarianism. There is conflicting advice about the health effects of vegetarianism on teenagers <ref>http://www.pamf.org/teen/health/nutrition/veggieteens.html</ref>, however given the ideological underrtones associated with the movement parents might be wise to discourage vegetarianism <ref>http://wn.com/savage_more_mosque_history,_liberalism,_vegetarianism</ref>.

==Forms of Vegetarianism==
*'''[[Vegan]]''' - A vegan diet excludes all food and ingredients that comes from animals. This excludes animal meat, animal products such as milk, cheese, eggs or honey, and byproducts such as gelatin. Effort is needed to make a vegan diet healthy.<ref>http://www.vegan.org/going_vegan/eating_vegan/index.html Vegan regimen</ref> "Vegan" can refer both to the diet and the dieter.
*'''Lactovegetarian''' - Someone who eats a plant-based diet but also eats animal produced foods (that do not result in the death of the animal) such as milk and cheese. Lacto vegetarians can relatively easily remain healthy.
*'''Ovo-lactovegetarian''' (or '''lacto-ovo-vegetarian''') - Similar to the Lactovegetarian but also consumes eggs.
*'''Pescatarian''' - This form of vegetarianism includes the consumption of [[fish]], but no other varieties of meat. [[Egg]]s and dairy may be part of this diet. Since fish are still living animals, stricter vegetarians (especially those who are vegetarians for moral reasons) are likely to feel that pescatarians are not true vegetarians.

==Nutritional Issues==

Some nutritionists have argued that vegetarianism is an unsustainable diet. It can be difficult to regularly get all of your daily required [[nutrient]]s without eating animal products every day. [[Soy]], [[nut]]s and [[bean]]s are often used as a source of protein and a substitute for meat, but nonetheless many vegetarians have to take vitamin supplements or eat enriched foods.<ref>According to Olivant, the most useful supplements for the vegetarians contain nutrients that may be limited in their diet, such as omega-3. [http://www.nutraingredients.com/news/ng.asp?n=65255-vegetarian-supplements]</ref> Nutrionist Dr. Ray Sahelian warns "Those who eat very little meat, fish and foul and ... may be missing, or getting very little, crucial nutrients for optimal health such as [[vitamin B12]], [[iron]], [[creatine]], [[carnitine]], and several other [[nutrient]]s"<ref>[http://www.raysahelian.com/vegetarian.html Dr. Ray Sahelian]</ref> Vegetarians suffer from higher rates of certain diseases, such as [[osteoporosis]], [[anemia]], [[bulimia]], and [[thyroid]] problems due to the lack of [[calcium]] and other nutrients in their diets. Recently, scientists discovered that a vegetable-heavy diet can actually cause [[brain]] shrinkage.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/HealthSci/Eating_veggies_shrinks_the_brain/articleshow/3480629.cms Times of India] Eating Veggie Shrinks the Brain</ref>

Another danger of the vegetarian diet is an over reliance on highly processed soy products, which contain phytoestrogens (plant estrogens), impair proper thyroid functions and contain compounds that inhibit absorption of minerals and protein. Many people mistake the historic use of soy in Asian countries (with high life expectancies) as evidence that soy is healthy, however these cultures use different methods of preparing their soy foods, and consume far less than the average vegetarian. <ref>http://www.foodrenegade.com/dangers-of-soy/</ref>

In contrast, the American Dietetic Association and the Dietitians of Canada have taken the position that properly planned vegetarian diets can be nutritious, healthy, and provide benefits in helping prevent and treat some diseases, possibly with the help of nutritional supplements.<ref>[http://www.eatright.org/cps/rde/xchg/ada/hs.xsl/advocacy_933_ENU_HTML.htm Vegetarian Diets]</ref> Also, in Daniel 1:4-15, Daniel and his companions declined to eat Babylonian royal food and instead requested fresh water and vegetables. At the end of ten days, they were healthier than those who ate the rich food.

Conversely Genesis 1:26 clearly states that God gave dominion over the animals to man, furthermore after the worldwide flood God says to Noah that every moving thing shall be food to him (Genesis 9: 3). Jesus eats lamb (Luke 22: 7-8), eats fish (Luke 24:41-43), serves fish during the miracle of the loaves and fish (Matthew 15:34-37) and encourages the consumption of fish (John 21: 5-6). A fair reading of the bible doesn't unearth any commandment against vegetarianism, neither is it endorsed, though the current ideological climate of vegetarians is usually hostile to Christ.

==Famous Vegetarians==
[[Image:H G Wells 2.jpg|right|H G Wells, science fiction writer and vegetarian]]
*[[Adam and Eve]], at least while in Eden <ref>(Genesis 1:29)</ref>
*[[Bob Barker]] - Game Show Host, most notably [[The Price is Right]] <ref>Bob Barker [http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/b/bobbarker179450.html]</ref>
*[[Albert Einstein]] - Scientist, famous for [[Theory of Relativity]]. He became a vegetarian a year before his death. <ref>History of Vegetarianism [http://www.ivu.org/history/northam20a/einstein.html]</ref>
*[[Thomas Edison]] - inventor <ref>History of Vegetarianism [http://www.ivu.org/history/northam20a/edison.html]</ref>
*[[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] - writer and philosopher in [[Transcendentalism]].
*[[Benjamin Franklin]] - Statesman, scientist, author and diplomat. <ref>PBS.org [http://www.pbs.org/benfranklin/l3_wit_self.html]</ref>
*[[Mohandas K. Gandhi]] - activist and political leader
*[[Siddhartha Gautama]] - founder of [[Buddhism]]
*[[Adolf Hitler]] - dictator
*[[Henry Heimlich]] - Inventor of the [[Heimlich Maneuver]]<ref>www.famousveggie.com[http://www.famousveggie.com/peoplenew.cfm]</ref>
*[[Mahavira]]
*[[Paul McCartney]] - singer/bassist for [[The Beatles]]
*[[Shania Twain]] - country singer
*[[Henry A. Wallace]] - Vice President of the U.S. 1941-1945; Presidential candidate 1948
*[[H. G. Wells]] - Famous Science Fiction author, works include [[The War of Worlds]]
*[[John Wesley]] - Founder of [[Methodism]].

== Further reading ==
* Foer, Jonathan Safran. ''Eating Animals''. Little, Brown, 2009.

==References==
<references/>

== See also ==
*[[Naturopathy]]
*[[Adrian Vander]]

==External Links==
*[http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2005/document/html/appendixC.htm USDA Dietary Guidelines]
* [http://www.vegsoc.org/ The Vegetarian Society ]
* [http://www.britishmeat.com/49.htm 49 good reasons to be a vegetarian]
* [http://www.westonaprice.org/mythstruths/mtvegetarianism.html The Myths of Vegetarianism by Stephen Byrnes]

[[Category:Health]]
[[Category:Vegetarianism]]

Vegetarianism

2011-07-18T06:49:29Z

John01:

[[Image:Fruits.jpg|right]]
'''Vegetarianism''' is the practice of abstaining from [[meat]] consumption. Somebody who practices vegetarianism is referred to as a ''vegetarian''.

==Reasons for Vegetarianism==

Vegetarianism is a common theme among the [[Dharmic religion]]s, such as [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Sikhism]] and [[Jainism]]. This stems from the belief that all higher animal life is sacred (in Jainism, ''all'' life is considered sacred), one of the core concepts of all of these religions. For more than 130 years Seventh-day Adventists (SDAs) have practiced a vegetarian dietary lifestyle because of their belief in the wholistic nature of people.<ref>[http://www.andrews.edu/NUFS/veggiediet.html Andrews University Nutrition Department]</ref> [[Pythagoras|Pythagoreanism]] also required its followers to abstain from meat, fish, and beans. It was also a central tenet of the [[Essene]] branch of Judaism.

Many people outside of these religions also choose to be vegetarians because of various other beliefs, such as abstinence from contributing to inhumane farming methods practiced by the meat production industry, or to lessen their environmental impact. Health is sometimes provided as another reason to adopt vegeterianism, though its health advantages are debatable. The section below provides more on the nutritional concerns.

Most non-religious vegetarians are [[college]] students or [[teenager]]s, for whom the vegeterianism is often a short-lived fad or mode of rebellion from their parents and other adults. Once their idealism becomes tempered with more experience (or they become tired of maintaining a vegetarian diet), they often return to eating meat. The major exception to this are teens who adopt vegetarianism as a personal form of animal activism. Lucy Watkins, editor of vegetarianteen.com, was interviewed on the matter:
{{cquote|Young people, especially girls, tend to be very loving and softhearted. [Lucy] Watkins says that, although sometimes teens become vegetarians because it's the latest fad, animal activism is often a spark for young people to become vegetarians. When it's done for "faddish" reasons, they usually don't stick with it. The animal rights kids tend to stay the course.<ref>http://www.preteenagerstoday.com/resources/articles/vegetarian.htm</ref>}}
Vegetarianism among teenage girls has troubled many [[dietitian]]s, because in their eagerness to adopt it, teenage girls often underestimate the responsibilities and consequences of a vegetarian lifestyle.<ref>[http://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/feb2006pg58.shtml] "Most dietitians I spoke with who have teenage vegetarian clients agree that teens avoiding meat is becoming a trend or fad and that the vegetarian teenagers (mostly girls aged 14 to 17) they counsel usually come from meat-eating families."</ref><ref>[http://www.annecollins.com/teen-weight-loss-advice.htm] "Quite a few girls turn to vegetarian diets in their mid or late teens. As a way of eating, vegetarianism has a lot to recommend it. Trouble is, most teens don't realise that giving up meat makes it much more difficult to eat a healthy diet. The point is, meat is a very convenient source of important vitamins and minerals, especially iron. So if you stop eating meat, you need to eat a wide range of vegetarian foods to compensate for this deficiency. Unfortunately, vegetarian teenagers are not famous for doing this."</ref> In contrast, teenage boys, who have many exertions from [[sport]]s and other activities, need meat almost daily, so there are far fewer teenage boys than girls that have taken up the fad of vegetarianism. There is conflicting advice about the health effects of vegetarianism on teenagers <ref>http://www.pamf.org/teen/health/nutrition/veggieteens.html</ref>, however given the ideological underrtones associated with the movement parents might be wise to discourage vegetarianism <ref>http://wn.com/savage_more_mosque_history,_liberalism,_vegetarianism</ref>.

==Forms of Vegetarianism==
*'''[[Vegan]]''' - A vegan diet excludes all food and ingredients that comes from animals. This excludes animal meat, animal products such as milk, cheese, eggs or honey, and byproducts such as gelatin. Effort is needed to make a vegan diet healthy.<ref>http://www.vegan.org/going_vegan/eating_vegan/index.html Vegan regimen</ref> "Vegan" can refer both to the diet and the dieter.
*'''Lactovegetarian''' - Someone who eats a plant-based diet but also eats animal produced foods (that do not result in the death of the animal) such as milk and cheese. Lacto vegetarians can relatively easily remain healthy.
*'''Ovo-lactovegetarian''' (or '''lacto-ovo-vegetarian''') - Similar to the Lactovegetarian but also consumes eggs.
*'''Pescatarian''' - This form of vegetarianism includes the consumption of [[fish]], but no other varieties of meat. [[Egg]]s and dairy may be part of this diet. Since fish are still living animals, stricter vegetarians (especially those who are vegetarians for moral reasons) are likely to feel that pescatarians are not true vegetarians.

==Nutritional Issues==

Some nutritionists have argued that vegetarianism is an unsustainable diet. It can be difficult to regularly get all of your daily required [[nutrient]]s without eating animal products every day. [[Soy]], [[nut]]s and [[bean]]s are often used as a source of protein and a substitute for meat, but nonetheless many vegetarians have to take vitamin supplements or eat enriched foods.<ref>According to Olivant, the most useful supplements for the vegetarians contain nutrients that may be limited in their diet, such as omega-3. [http://www.nutraingredients.com/news/ng.asp?n=65255-vegetarian-supplements]</ref> Nutrionist Dr. Ray Sahelian warns "Those who eat very little meat, fish and foul and ... may be missing, or getting very little, crucial nutrients for optimal health such as [[vitamin B12]], [[iron]], [[creatine]], [[carnitine]], and several other [[nutrient]]s"<ref>[http://www.raysahelian.com/vegetarian.html Dr. Ray Sahelian]</ref> Vegetarians suffer from higher rates of certain diseases, such as [[osteoporosis]], [[anemia]], [[bulimia]], and [[thyroid]] problems due to the lack of [[calcium]] and other nutrients in their diets. Recently, scientists discovered that a vegetable-heavy diet can actually cause [[brain]] shrinkage.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/HealthSci/Eating_veggies_shrinks_the_brain/articleshow/3480629.cms Times of India] Eating Veggie Shrinks the Brain</ref>

Another danger of the vegetarian diet is an over reliance on highly processed soy products, which contain phytoestrogens (plant estrogens), impair proper thyroid functions and contain compounds that inhibit absorption of minerals and protein. Many people mistake the historic use of soy in Asian countries (with high life expectancies) as evidence that soy is healthy, however these cultures use different methods of preparing their soy foods, and consume far less than the average vegetarian. <ref>http://www.foodrenegade.com/dangers-of-soy/</ref>

In contrast, the American Dietetic Association and the Dietitians of Canada have taken the position that properly planned vegetarian diets can be nutritious, healthy, and provide benefits in helping prevent and treat some diseases, possibly with the help of nutritional supplements.<ref>[http://www.eatright.org/cps/rde/xchg/ada/hs.xsl/advocacy_933_ENU_HTML.htm Vegetarian Diets]</ref> Also, in Daniel 1:4-15, Daniel and his companions declined to eat Babylonian royal food and instead requested fresh water and vegetables. At the end of ten days, they were healthier than those who ate the rich food.

==Famous Vegetarians==
[[Image:H G Wells 2.jpg|right|H G Wells, science fiction writer and vegetarian]]
*[[Adam and Eve]], at least while in Eden <ref>(Genesis 1:29)</ref>
*[[Bob Barker]] - Game Show Host, most notably [[The Price is Right]] <ref>Bob Barker [http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/b/bobbarker179450.html]</ref>
*[[Albert Einstein]] - Scientist, famous for [[Theory of Relativity]]. He became a vegetarian a year before his death. <ref>History of Vegetarianism [http://www.ivu.org/history/northam20a/einstein.html]</ref>
*[[Thomas Edison]] - inventor <ref>History of Vegetarianism [http://www.ivu.org/history/northam20a/edison.html]</ref>
*[[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] - writer and philosopher in [[Transcendentalism]].
*[[Benjamin Franklin]] - Statesman, scientist, author and diplomat. <ref>PBS.org [http://www.pbs.org/benfranklin/l3_wit_self.html]</ref>
*[[Mohandas K. Gandhi]] - activist and political leader
*[[Siddhartha Gautama]] - founder of [[Buddhism]]
*[[Adolf Hitler]] - dictator
*[[Henry Heimlich]] - Inventor of the [[Heimlich Maneuver]]<ref>www.famousveggie.com[http://www.famousveggie.com/peoplenew.cfm]</ref>
*[[Mahavira]]
*[[Paul McCartney]] - singer/bassist for [[The Beatles]]
*[[Shania Twain]] - country singer
*[[Henry A. Wallace]] - Vice President of the U.S. 1941-1945; Presidential candidate 1948
*[[H. G. Wells]] - Famous Science Fiction author, works include [[The War of Worlds]]
*[[John Wesley]] - Founder of [[Methodism]].

== Further reading ==
* Foer, Jonathan Safran. ''Eating Animals''. Little, Brown, 2009.

==References==
<references/>

== See also ==
*[[Naturopathy]]
*[[Adrian Vander]]

==External Links==
*[http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2005/document/html/appendixC.htm USDA Dietary Guidelines]
* [http://www.vegsoc.org/ The Vegetarian Society ]
* [http://www.britishmeat.com/49.htm 49 good reasons to be a vegetarian]
* [http://www.westonaprice.org/mythstruths/mtvegetarianism.html The Myths of Vegetarianism by Stephen Byrnes]

[[Category:Health]]
[[Category:Vegetarianism]]

Intelligence (psychology)

2011-07-18T06:18:49Z

John01:

'''Intelligence''' is the ability to [[understand]] from [[experience]], acquire and retain knowledge and respond quickly and effectively to new situation. At its basic physiological level intelligence correlates strongly with the speed that electrical impulses are transmitted by nerves. This speed of transmission is thought to form an overarching intelligence factor, often referred to as ''g'' or general mental ability (GMA). It is commonly accepted that there are many sub-types of intelligence which are strongly related to ''g'' but are still somewhat independent (eg., verbal, numerical or computational intelligence).

'''Military intelligence''' is knowledge of enemy forces, conditions in occupied territories, etc. See [[intelligence agency]].

==See Also==
*[[U.S. Intelligence on KAL 007's Intrusion into Soviet Territory and the Shoot down]]

[[Category:Military]]