Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Meiosis

2008-08-08T19:12:20Z

Jl2000: sorry renumbering

'''Meiosis''' is the process by which a [[diploid cell|diploid (2n) cell]] forms four [[gamete|gametes]]. Meiosis differs from [[mitosis]] as meiosis I involves chromosomal content being recombinantly halved.<ref>Wile, Jay L. ''Exploring Creation With Biology''. Apologia Educational Ministries, Inc. 1998.</ref>

==Overview of Meiosis==
[[Image:Meiosis.gif|thumb|150px|left|Meiosis Overview]]
Meiosis is involved in producing genetic [[variation]] within a species and is part of the process of [[sexual reproduction]]. Two stages occur in meiosis, each split down into several fundamental processes. Meiosis I is a reduction division<ref>Biology 2, Jones M. & Gregory J., 2001, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-79714-4</ref> resulting in two [[haploid]] daughter nuclei from one [[diploid]] cell. Meiosis II is very similar to mitosis, where the genetic material in each of the two meiosis I daughter nucleus is halved to form four gametes.

The stages involved in mitosis, meiosis I and meiosis II are:
*Prophase
*Metaphase
*Anaphase
*Telophase
The names of these stages can be memorised by the phrase PMAT.

==Meiosis I==
There are seven stages to meiosis I:
#Interphase. Cell prepares for phase I replication.
##DNA replication, protein synthesis, organelle replication and cytokinesis occurs.
##Hypoxia-Inducible factors (HIFs) are usually activated due to low pp. of oxygen resulting from increased mitochondrial activity.
#Early prophase I. This is identical to mitosis early prophase where:
##[[chromosome|chromosomes]] become visible due to condensation of [[chromatin]]
#Middle prophase I.
##[[homologous]] chromosomes pair up in synapsis to form bivalents
##[[centrioles]] move to opposite poles of the cell
#Late prophase I.
##nuclear envelope dissolves
##[[nucleolus]] completely disappears
##crossing over of chromatids within bivalents may occur to form a [[chiasma]] (pl. chiasmata)
##spindle is formed at end
#Metaphase I.
##bivalents line up along equator of spindle, attached to centromeres
#Anaphase I.
##unlike mitosis, centromeres do not divide
##whole chromosomes move to spindle of cell, centromeres first, pulled by microtubules.
#Telophase I
##spindle dissolves
##nuclear envelopes form around the two daughter nuclei
##a nucleolus reforms in each of the two daughter nuclei
##cytokinesis may occur - most animal cells will undergo cytokinesis but many plant cells pass into meiosis II without doing so.

==Meiosis II==
Meiosis II is very similar to mitosis, with the exception that four haploid cells are formed. The stages listed below occur in both of the meiosis I daughter cells:
#Prophase II.
##nuclear envelope dissolves
##nucleolus disperses as chromosomes become visible due to condensation of chromatin
##centrioles replicate and move to opposite poles of the cell
#Metaphase II.
##spindle formed
##chromosomes line up across the equator of the spindle
#Anaphase II
##centromeres divide
##individual chromatids are moved the the poles of the cell by microtubules, centromeres first
#Telophase II
##spindle dissolves
##nuclear envelopes form around the four daughter nuclei
##a nucleolus reforms in each of the four daughter nuclei
##cytokinesis

==See also==
*[[Mitosis]]
*[[Sexual reproduction]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Cellular Biology]]
[[Category:Molecular Genetics]]

Meiosis

2008-08-08T19:11:13Z

Jl2000: /* Meiosis I */

'''Meiosis''' is the process by which a [[diploid cell|diploid (2n) cell]] forms four [[gamete|gametes]]. Meiosis differs from [[mitosis]] as meiosis I involves chromosomal content being recombinantly halved.<ref>Wile, Jay L. ''Exploring Creation With Biology''. Apologia Educational Ministries, Inc. 1998.</ref>

==Overview of Meiosis==
[[Image:Meiosis.gif|thumb|150px|left|Meiosis Overview]]
Meiosis is involved in producing genetic [[variation]] within a species and is part of the process of [[sexual reproduction]]. Two stages occur in meiosis, each split down into several fundamental processes. Meiosis I is a reduction division<ref>Biology 2, Jones M. & Gregory J., 2001, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-79714-4</ref> resulting in two [[haploid]] daughter nuclei from one [[diploid]] cell. Meiosis II is very similar to mitosis, where the genetic material in each of the two meiosis I daughter nucleus is halved to form four gametes.

The stages involved in mitosis, meiosis I and meiosis II are:
*Prophase
*Metaphase
*Anaphase
*Telophase
The names of these stages can be memorised by the phrase PMAT.

==Meiosis I==
There are seven stages to meiosis I:
#Interphase. Cell prepares for MI.
##DNA replication, protein synthesis, organelle replication and cytokinesis occurs. Hypoxia-Inducible factors (HIFs) are usually activated due to low pp. of oxygen resulting from increased mitochondrial activity.
#Early prophase I. This is identical to mitosis early prophase where:
##[[chromosome|chromosomes]] become visible due to condensation of [[chromatin]]
#Middle prophase I.
##[[homologous]] chromosomes pair up in synapsis to form bivalents
##[[centrioles]] move to opposite poles of the cell
#Late prophase I.
##nuclear envelope dissolves
##[[nucleolus]] completely disappears
##crossing over of chromatids within bivalents may occur to form a [[chiasma]] (pl. chiasmata)
##spindle is formed at end
#Metaphase I.
##bivalents line up along equator of spindle, attached to centromeres
#Anaphase I.
##unlike mitosis, centromeres do not divide
##whole chromosomes move to spindle of cell, centromeres first, pulled by microtubules.
#Telophase I
##spindle dissolves
##nuclear envelopes form around the two daughter nuclei
##a nucleolus reforms in each of the two daughter nuclei
##cytokinesis may occur - most animal cells will undergo cytokinesis but many plant cells pass into meiosis II without doing so.

==Meiosis II==
Meiosis II is very similar to mitosis, with the exception that four haploid cells are formed. The stages listed below occur in both of the meiosis I daughter cells:
#Prophase II.
##nuclear envelope dissolves
##nucleolus disperses as chromosomes become visible due to condensation of chromatin
##centrioles replicate and move to opposite poles of the cell
#Metaphase II.
##spindle formed
##chromosomes line up across the equator of the spindle
#Anaphase II
##centromeres divide
##individual chromatids are moved the the poles of the cell by microtubules, centromeres first
#Telophase II
##spindle dissolves
##nuclear envelopes form around the four daughter nuclei
##a nucleolus reforms in each of the four daughter nuclei
##cytokinesis

==See also==
*[[Mitosis]]
*[[Sexual reproduction]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Cellular Biology]]
[[Category:Molecular Genetics]]

User talk:DeanS

2008-08-08T19:04:41Z

Jl2000:

Just tell me how could we protect better the Mormon articles? --[[User:Joaquín Martínez]], [[User talk:Joaquín Martínez|talk]] 12:31, 1 July 2008 (EDT)

:What do you mean by "protect better" Joaquín? This is a wiki and we try to avoid protecting the articles. --[[User:DeanS|DeanStalk]] 13:23, 1 July 2008 (EDT)

: OK, I will do my best to patroll them. At present I am out of home. Just keep doing your wonderfull work. --[[User:Joaquín Martínez]], [[User talk:Joaquín Martínez|talk]] 13:31, 1 July 2008 (EDT)

:: I am out of town. I will be back untill August 6th. Thanks for your help. --[[User:Joaquín Martínez]], [[User talk:Joaquín Martínez|talk]] 14:16, 30 July 2008 (EDT)

::: Good to hear from you Joaquín. I hope you have a great vacation! --[[User:DeanS|DeanStalk]] 17:26, 30 July 2008 (EDT)

Hi DeanS, what a great article 'Breaking Speaker Pelosi's News Blackout'. I love the strategy, proud of my GOP 'ers, it is so patriotic!--[[User:Jpatt|jp]] 00:50, 5 August 2008 (EDT)

:Thanks Jpatt! Now if only President Bush would make Congress come back in session to deal with this issue. They don't deserve a five-week vacation. --[[User:DeanS|DeanStalk]] 02:11, 5 August 2008 (EDT)

== Thanks, Bro! ==

I thought your guys are gonna ignore me again, but Nah, I got wrong ideas. Thank you, May the Lord bless you! [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Template:Mainpageright&oldid=497248] I wish I was brave enough to do that! But only I'm could is to support them to do so, "sigh".--[[User:TagoPagdaluhong|TagoPagdaluhong]] 11:36, 8 August 2008 (EDT)

:Your welcome Tago. I think the pic is a nice addition as well. --[[User:DeanS|DeanStalk]] 11:39, 8 August 2008 (EDT)

::I must say, that picture is much better view then the source had.--[[User:TagoPagdaluhong|TagoPagdaluhong]] 11:50, 8 August 2008 (EDT)

:::I agree. I followed the pic to its source and was rewarded with this version. --[[User:DeanS|DeanStalk]] 11:58, 8 August 2008 (EDT)

==Welcome==

Thanks for the welcome! This website is actually a god-send, a perfect oppurtunity to actually make use of my summer holidays. Hey by the way, I was wondering what CP's policy on science articles are, as this will probably be the aspect I'll be contributing to quite a lot. Thanks again- [[User:Jl2000|Jl2000]]

Proton

2008-08-08T18:59:35Z

Jl2000:

'''Protons''' are one of the two types of [[sub-atomic]] particles that form in the [[nucleus]] of an [[atom]] (together with [[neutron]]s).<ref>Serway, Beichner: ''Physics for Scientists and Engineers'', 5th edition</ref>. Proton, a term which originates from the greek "protos", meaning "first", is a positively charged particle that exemplifies the theory of containement, and is one that exists due to the mediation of the strong nuclear force by [[gluon]]s and [[electron]]s. Protons also exert an electrostatic attraction to [[electron]]s, leading of course to the presence of orbitals, shells and electron promotion in the d-block (a property which makes [[transitional]] compounds colored).

A proton is made up of two up [[quark]]s and one down quark. According to the [[Standard Model]] of particle physics, quarks are [[fundamental particle]]s, meaning that they cannot be split into smaller particles.<ref>Krane: ''Modern Physics'', 2nd edition</ref>

==Properties==
*Mass: 1.5126231*10-27 [[kilogram|kg]]
*Charge: 1.60218925*10-19 [[MilliCouloumb|mC]]

==References==
<references/>

==See Also==

*[[Atom]]
*[[Neutron]]
*[[Electron]]
*[[Periodic table of the elements]]
*[[Quark]]

[[Category:Chemistry]]
[[Category:Physics]]

User:Jl2000

2008-08-08T18:52:24Z

Jl2000: New page: Hello Fellow Conservapedians! Basically, I'm from England, and my passions include medicine, biology, physics and cricket. Hopefully I can be of use to CP :D

Hello Fellow Conservapedians! Basically, I'm from England, and my passions include medicine, biology, physics and cricket. Hopefully I can be of use to CP :D

Talk:Chiasmus

2008-08-08T18:45:01Z

Jl2000: New page: Can there be a disambiguation page, as people might get confused with the scientific use of the term (ie. the point at which homologous chromosones touch and where DNA crossing over occurs...

Can there be a disambiguation page, as people might get confused with the scientific use of the term (ie. the point at which homologous chromosones touch and where DNA crossing over occurs during meiosis prophase I). Just a thought guys -[[User:Jl2000|Jl2000]]

Cricket World Cup

2008-08-08T18:42:25Z

Jl2000: Thought I'd expand a bit on this article- thought conservatives in England may enjoy it!

The '''Cricket World Cup''' is a tournament played by the cricketing nations of the world. It's a [[One-Day International]] tournament which is held every four years. Held in a period believed to be every four years, the tournament is anticipated greatly by a whole variety of religious, ethnic and political groups, primarily because cricket is viewed by a significant proportion of non-American countries as perhaps the "unifying" sport. The Cricket World Cup is organized by the International Cricket Council (ICC), which regulates all international matches. However, the World Cup has a reputation for certain controversies and mysterious disappearances; such as the tragic death of Bob Woolmer on the 23rd of March 2007.

==Structure==

Nevertheless, the World Cup is often perceived as a momentous occasion, despite its somewhat inexplicable unpopularity in the USA and non-[[Commonwealth Nations]]. Theories have been put forward that the slow pace of the game and the lack of Britain's influence during the rapid augmentation in America's strength and military might during the 20th Century may be factors. The World Cup is also clearly a catalyst to the rise of many players, such as the legendary Sanath Jayasuriya and Ed "Spud" Joyce, as well as the wicket-keeper Matthew Thomlinson, reputedly the greatest batsmen in the world. Furthermore, more infamous characters, such as Azeem Raza Sheikh, front-line pace bowler for the Pakistan Cricket Team, has been known for his sledging and cutting jokes. Ayaz Hussain, Bowling Coach and legendary ex-spinner for Pakistan, nonetheless supports Sheikh for his immense contributions to the game.

The rules employed in the World Cup are similar to those of the regular rules of cricket ("The Laws
Of Cricket"; a document believed to be written by a certain [[L.A. Wilding]], although this is disputed). However, the one major difference is the introduction of the "Home Run", which equates to 12 runs, when a batsman launches the ball out of the stadium.

The structure of the World Cup varies greatly from decade to decade, a thing that the IPCC has been criticized about. The usual route of the world cup is as follows: Qualifying stages, Group Matches, Round 2 matches (for example, the "Super Sevens" in the 2007 Cup), the Semi-Finals and the Final. Winners of the Final have the honor of taking the 3 foot high Golden Cup, on which the famous cricketing slogan "Muttu Poda Naye" is inscribed; this is can roughly be translated as "To the one are the many", a saying that originated from India.

==Developments and progress over the years==

Another great innovation of the World Cup is by the renowned Muttiah Muralitharan, chief panellist for the IPCC. He worked out a way in which the results of rained out cricket matches can be calculated, which has hindered many tournaments in the past. The winner will be the team that attains a greater value from the following equation, developed in 1993-4:

W=3x+2zy, where W is the Critical Value, x the runs scored so far in the tournament, y the number of wickets taken and z being the "Constant of Muralitharan", named after the panellist himself; this, however, an irrational number, expressed by the term ee!

==History==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Country
! Player of Tournament
|
| 1975
| Sri Lanka
| Pt-Ed Joyce
|
| 1979
| West Indies
| Clive Joyce
|
| 1983
| India
| Sachin Tendulkar
|
| 1987
| Australia
| Sunil Gavaskar
|
| 1992
| Pakistan
| Imran Khan/Sanath Jayasuriya
|
| 1996
| Sri Lanka
| Sanath Jayasuriya
|
| 1999
| Sri Lanka
| Sanath Jayasuriya
|
| 2003
| England
| Matthew Thomlinson
|
| 2007
| England
| Matthew Thomlinson/Chaminda Vaas
|}

==Historic Occasions in Previous World Cups==

*'''1975:''' Sri Lanka storm through the tournament to win the first ever World Cup. Ed Joyce breaks a world record to score the first ever 150 in the game, with 5 "home runs"
*'''1979:''' James Cormack, captain of the Scotland Cricket Team, end up with brilliant figures of 7-15 in 10 overs as well as a batting score of 75* (the first ever batsman to do so), leading to an unprecendented 7-wicket victory over West Indies
*'''1983:''' Umpire Publius Sextus Quintus Fell entered a controversial race row in an India vs South Africa match, in which Fell allegedly no-balled leg-spinner Ramachandran repeatedly on the ground of "smelling like curry" and for "chucking". He was also accused of muttering swear words in Afrikaans during the match.
*'''1992:''' Sheikh picks up a five-wicket haul in the finals against England to take the Cup.
*'''1996:''' Jayasuirya, George Chamberlain and Dave "The Rave" Twyman all score huge centuries in the Cup, making it the most exciting tournament since its inaugaration in 1975, especially since 'The Rave' continued to emit dance and rave tunes throughout the contest.
*'''1999:''' James "Watty" Watts was suspended and subsequently expelled from the Cup after allegations of drug-taking and bullying Avi Mayorcas after the latter's stunning catch to dismiss Watts.
*'''2003:''' Thomlinson scores a crushing double century in just 120 deliveries to take the Cup in the finals against Sri Lanka. Michael Craddock hits 7 "home runs" (a new record) against New Zealand, but was also accused of singing too much by angry Kiwi supporters.
*'''2007:''' Sanghon Kim captains the Korean side and leads them to a shock victory over Australia by a narrow margin of 2 runs, in which Kim achieved bowling figures of 2-8 and scored 56. Jack Owen scores a mesmerising 152* off just 99 balls to gain a 9 wicket victory over Austalia in the finals; England consequently take the cup after surpassing Australia's score of 322-7 in 45.4 overs. Aveenash Sekhar emerges as the leading all-rounder and statistically the greatest in terms of wickets and runs, with over 8000 runs and 300 wickets in ODIs. Josh Wills wins Winston Cricketer of the Year award.

==Controversy==

Since Watts's expulsion from the Cricket World Cup, fans have been leading protests against the IPCC and do not wish the competition to be continued. They feel it is a tragedy that such an event happened, and thus far their protests have fallen on deaf ears. The famous pagan feminist Lewis Newburn is rumoured to be leading these protests, and his frustration over nothing changing in the past eight years has caused much amusement - some have seen him swearing in his anger, which is not a Christian activity. Kartik Subaraj, also known as the enigmatic “Subbulegend”, has once again accused the off-spinner Muttiah Muralitharan as being, as he terms it, “pseudo-bowlistic” and of being a “murali” (latin term meaning ‘ballistic”, a profound reference to Muralitharan’s so-called “chucking”). Moreover, Subaraj proceeded to incite much controversy in starting up a campaign to have Muralitharan and Lasith Malinga shipped off to Kashmir, and subsequently to Baku. The campaign is named “Oh bowling Murali (in an Australian accent)!”

== Updates ==

Since the recent World Cup of 2007, the International Cricketing Council have decided to introduce a new, prestigious award to the batsman who has shone in the previous domestic season. It has been named the Winston Award after the infamous Sri Lankan leg spinner Winston Vasanthakumar.
The winner of this award for 2007 was Josh Wills of Middlesex. He scored 1050 runs in the 2006 season at an average of 56.77 and a best of 221*. This merited his selection for the England B tour to the Caribbean later in 2007. Lauds are also conveyed to Ann Gilliat and Jess Harrison in the ''Women's Cricket World Cup'', in which the former achieved record bowling figures of 6-36 and the latter a stunning 126* off just 100 deliveries to take the Cup.

[[category:sports tournaments]]
[[Category:Cricket]]
{{stub}}