https://www.conservapedia.com/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Jimmy+OConservapedia - User contributions [en]2026-09-30T16:30:54ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.35.14https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hannibal&diff=399914Hannibal2008-03-06T19:31:54Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Hannibal''' was a Carthaginian commander and military genius. He was born in 247 B.C. of the "royal" family of Barca. His father, [[Hamilcar Barca]] was one of the greatest Carthaginian generals during the [[First Punic War]]. The name of "Hannibal" literally means the "mercy of Baal". In 241 B.C. when Hannibal was only 6 years old, in the [[Battle of the Aegates Islands]] the First Punic War came to a close. After 23 years of fighting, the war ended in a peace treaty that both sides knew was more or less "made to be broken." Rome now stood squarely facing Carthage, neither city could place any real trust in the other. Carthage spent the next decade recuperating from the First Punic War. Hamilcar was dispatched to Spain, taking with him his nine year old son. The Carthaginian government was seeking compensation for the loss of Sicily in the last war, and Hamilcar personally saw Spain as a potential base to wage a war of vengeance against the Romans. Hannibal was brought up to succeed his father's position as general of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, and like his father, was filled with a deep hatred of Rome. At the age of 19, Hannibal lost his father in a battle against one of the Hispanic tribes in an attempted, but unsuccessful, revolt in Spain. Young, but already a somewhat seasoned soldier from traveling with his father on his campaigns as a boy, Hannibal rose to command all of the forces in Spain. He was a favorite of the soldiers; very charismatic and determined. Over the next ten years, 228-219 B.C. Hannibal prepared for a second war on Rome.<br />
<br />
While Hannibal had gone on to subdue all of Spain and some of the surrounding small provinces, overwhelming them with numbers and near perfect strategy, Rome had suffered from internal problems. They had spent several years cleaning up numerous Gallic revolts which almost had come to the doorstep of the Capitoline Hill. But true to Roman form, excellent generalship and indomitable courage had quieted these northern neighbors, and Rome had been able to "rest" for about a year. It was at this critical moment in history that Hannibal came to show his real "battlefield genius". The Carthaginian commander prepared to launch his epic attack on the Romans in the spring of 228 B.C. Hannibal's plan was one of relative simplicity. It consisted of making a march over the almost impassable [[Alps]], and striking right at the heart of the Italian peninsula: Rome. Hannibal was one of those people who love a challenge. He assembled his army along with 37 war elephants, as Polybius tells us, and prepared to make a march that would go down in history as second only to Alexander's march through Persia, in 330 B.C. <br />
<br />
After two grueling weeks of toil spent struggling through the incessant snow of the always white capped mountains, Hannibal appeared, as if out of thin air, in Italy. Most of Hannibal's famous elephants had left their hulking grey bodies and long curved tusks in the alpine snows, and the army suffered some casualties of the unbearable weather; but the army of Carthage came through still strong and splendidly disciplined. The [[Second Punic War]] had begun. Hannibal's lightning first struck the two Roman consuls of the year 218, almost encircling their armies on a bitter cold December Day. The Romans fought valiantly, but were surpassed in generalship, and routed. Hannibal destroyed almost two-third of the Roman force. Then in 217, Hannibal pushed across the Apennines, and ambushed the new consul, Flaminius, and his legion. The day had been cold and foggy; the Romans had been completely unsuspecting. Hannibal and his force surrounded them and proceeded to cut them to pieces, killing Flaminius. The Romans were now desperate, they turned to their last resort and selected a dictator in light of the catastrophes that had been reeked on the army. The senate appointed Quintus Fabius Maximus, a man known to history as "the Delayer". Fabius avoided all battle during his brief stint in office, giving the depleted Roman army a chance to recover. Even when he did seek to engage his forces, Hannibal created a brilliant diversion driving two thousand oxen through the Roman camp that night with torches tied to their horns. However, the greatest Roman defeat was still to come.<br />
<br />
In 216 B.C., Hannibal captured a grain depot at Cannae on the Aufidus River. L. Aemilius Paullus and C. Terentius Varro, the consuls for that year, led 4 reinforced legions to out meet him. They proceeded to walk into Hannibal's death trap. In the following conflict, Hannibal used his cavalry masterfully, counterbalancing the fact that his infantry was vastly outnumbered. The Carthaginians won an overwhelming victory, slaughtering over half of the 50,000 soldiers the Romans led into battle. Consul Paullus was numbered among the dead, and Consul Varro had narrowly escaped with his life. Hannibal's casualties numbered approximately 5,700, one -sixth of the Roman losses. It is said in the military that an army that has suffered losses that exceed 70% are broken, fatally wounded, and completely useless. Hannibal seemed to have taken control of the War.<br />
<br />
However, Hannibal needed reinforcements, not only of soldiers, but of arms and other necessary supplies. He had to some degree counted on the assistance of the small towns and tribes surrounding Latium, but they clung fast to Rome. All of Hannibal's elephants had died on the original trip over the Alps, or had perished in battle. He was suffering much the same fate of the King Pyrrhus who in an earlier age had attempted to conquer Rome. Meanwhile, the Roman Senate appointed a second dictator in this second time of crisis. They scrambled to pull the remains of the army together, calling upon all of the small villages under their protection to send aid. Consul Varro had done his best to organize the to crippled forces that had survived the battle unscathed. In four years, Rome, after having six legions destroyed in the field, had assembled 25 new, fresh legions were prepared to fight. Rome had also discovered two leaders capable of matching wits with Hannibal in [[Publius Cornelius Scipio]] the younger, and [[Appius Claudius Pulcher]], descendant of the great Appius Claudius who had inspired Rome's defiance of Pyrrhus. <br />
<br />
Hannibal had tried desperately to buy time, always hoping that somehow Carthage would find a way to get him the necessary reinforcements. Hannibal had put on a demonstration in front of the walls of Rome, hoping to strike fear into the hearts of the Romans. But he was not able to attack, he needed more soldiers to engage in a siege of that magnitude. In 211 B.C. Rome recaptured Syracuse, which had risen against Rome in 216 B.C. and raised the siege of the city of Capua in the same year. The Roman generals Publius Cornelius Scipio the elder, and his brother Gnaeus, had succeeded in blockading the passage of all reinforcements from reaching Hannibal through Spain. Rome, through her fortitude, had forced at least one more deciding battle to be fought.<br />
<br />
Then, in the year of 209 B.C., Publius Cornelius Scipio took the New Carthage, now Cartagena, which was the chief city of the Carthaginians in Spain. This battle, however, included some remarkable phenomenon. During Scipio's siege of the town, which was protected by a lagoon on one side, the waters of this lake parted, and the Romans marched through them to victory. A later historian documented the similarity between the Roman conquest in Spain and the flight of the ancient Israelites from Egypt. This last defeat was a crushing blow to the Carthaginians, specifically to Hannibal's forces encamped in Italy. Now, Hannibal's last hope resided in his brother-in-law [[Hasdrubal Barca]], who had been given command of the Spanish Army. If Hasdrubal could reach Hannibal with his soldiers and arms, Carthage had a fighting chance. But until then, Hannibal was slowly losing his grasp on Italy. Finally, in the year of 208 B.C. Hasdrubal left Spain with the largest of three armies under his command. Once more, elephants came marching through the Alps.<br />
<br />
Once over the Alps, Hasdrubal and company prepared to march into Italy. He was directly opposed by four Legions led by the consul of the year 207, M. Livius Salinator. However, the other consul C.Claudius Nero, also a member of the famous family of Appius Claudius, picked 7,000 men from his army and proceeded to make a forced march along the Adriatic Coast. The women and children came out and the cheered the army at every town they passed. Nero and his men made forty miles a day, an incredible clip, and arrived in the camp of Consul Livius in the dead of night. At dawn, the Roman force marched round the Hasdrubal, outflanking him. Hasdrubal was forced to retreat. However, Nero followed like a dog on a scent. Finally, the two armies met. The 7,000 men under the command of Consul Nero marched clear around the flank of Hasdrubal and his elephants, attacked from the rear, and routed the Carthaginians. Hasdrubal was killed by Nero, who cut off his head. Lesser attempts to reinforce Hannibal would be made, but none were as great as that of Hasdrubal in 207. Hannibal had become almost stranded in Italy, with no possible way to receive supplies or soldiers. At the same time, although retreat was possible, Carthage would not allow Hannibal to pull out. <br />
<br />
Meanwhile, Consul Scipio conquered the rest of Spain, and then in 204 advanced into Africa. The next year he won major battles at the Bagradas River, and captured the city of Tunis, which was within sight of Carthage. He proposed terms in which Carthage was to surrender all there overseas possessions, along with paying an indemnity of 5,000 talents. However, the nation would retain its freedom. Carthage was worn out with the war, and accepted. The terms were sent back to Rome for a final review. From the Senate, Appius Claudius again took the floor and said they would not make terms with an enemy upon their Italian soil. So Hannibal was recalled to Carthage, after 16 years of fighting in Italy. During his campaign, Hannibal never lost a battle, winning often in spectacular fashion as at Cannae. Despite his victories, despite his many triumphs, despite the courage of his men, he had lost. It must had been hard for him to understand how or why. Carthage upon the return of Hannibal, suddenly made the mad decision to make one last gasp for life. They raised an army of all able bodied men, and hired several Hispanic and Gallic mercenary companies. <br />
<br />
It is fair to say that Carthage was already beaten when the raw Carthaginian recruits and mercenaries met Scipio at the [[Battle of Zama]] in 202 B.C. The two armies were essentially equal in numbers, but completely different in morale. the Carthaginian were made up of more mercenary contingents then actual recruits. Hannibal's tried veterans were now vastly depleted. In this final battle of the war, something that rarely occurs. In fact this might be the only incident it happened in an actual military battle. In the front line of the Carthaginians, stout Spanish and Berber mercenaries who were hard pressed by the Roman legions suddenly turned and attacked their on forces. The reason is still unknown to this day, but it was the cause of Hannibal's only defeat. Rome had won the second Punic War.<br />
<br />
Hannibal to this day is one the greatest military minds the world has ever produced. With the exception of the disastrous battle at Zama, Hannibal, like [[Alexander the Great]] was never defeated. He inspired his troops to follow him wherever ha would lead. During the [[Second Punic War]] against Rome, he crossed the [[Alps]] with 38 [[War Elephants]] in a mere 15 days to surprise the Roman armies. Feared and successful even in peace, the Romans eventually forced him to commit suicide in 183 BC. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Military Commanders]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Rome]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hannibal&diff=399908Hannibal2008-03-06T19:28:02Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Hannibal''' was a Carthaginian commander and military genius. He was born in 247 B.C. of the "royal" family of Barca. His father, [[Hamilcar Barca]] was one of the greatest Carthaginian generals during the [[First Punic War]]. The name of "Hannibal" literally means the "mercy of Baal". In 241 B.C. when Hannibal was only 6 years old, in the [[Battle of the Aegates Islands]] the First Punic War came to a close. After 23 years of fighting, the war ended in a peace treaty that both sides knew was more or less "made to be broken." Rome now stood squarely facing Carthage, neither city could place any real trust in the other. Carthage spent the next decade recuperating from the First Punic War. Hamilcar was dispatched to Spain, taking with him his nine year old son. The Carthaginian government was seeking compensation for the loss of Sicily in the last war, and Hamilcar personally saw Spain as a potential base to wage a war of vengeance against the Romans. Hannibal was brought up to succeed his father's position as general of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, and like his father, was filled with a deep hatred of Rome. At the age of 19, Hannibal lost his father in a battle against one of the Hispanic tribes in an attempted, but unsuccessful, revolt in Spain. Young, but already a somewhat seasoned soldier from traveling with his father on his campaigns as a boy, Hannibal rose to command all of the forces in Spain. He was a favorite of the soldiers; very charismatic and determined. Over the next ten years, 228-219 B.C. Hannibal prepared for a second war on Rome.<br />
<br />
While Hannibal had gone on to subdue all of Spain and some of the surrounding small provinces, overwhelming them with numbers and near perfect strategy, Rome had suffered from internal problems. They had spent several years cleaning up numerous Gallic revolts which almost had come to the doorstep of the Capitoline Hill. But true to Roman form, excellent generalship and indomitable courage had quieted these northern neighbors, and Rome had been able to "rest" for about a year. It was at this critical moment in history that Hannibal came to show his real "battlefield genius". The Carthaginian commander prepared to launch his epic attack on the Romans in the spring of 228 B.C. Hannibal's plan was one of relative simplicity. It consisted of making a march over the almost impassable [[Alps]], and striking right at the heart of the Italian peninsula: Rome. But Hannibal was one of those people who just love a challenge. He assembled his army along with a collection of war elephants, and prepared to make a march that would go down in history as second only to Alexander's march through Persia, the greatest kingdom up until the Roman Empire.<br />
<br />
After two grueling weeks of toil spent struggling through the incessant snow of the always white capped mountains, Hannibal appeared, as if out of thin air, in Italy. Most of Hannibal's famous elephants had left their hulking grey bodies and long curved tusks in the alpine snows, and the army suffered some casualties of the unbearable weather; but the army of Carthage came through still strong and splendidly disciplined. The [[Second Punic War]] had begun. Hannibal's lightning first struck the two Roman consuls of the year 218, almost encircling their armies on a bitter cold December Day. The Romans fought valiantly, but were surpassed in generalship, and routed. Hannibal destroyed almost two-third of the Roman force. Then in 217, Hannibal pushed across the Apennines, and ambushed the new consul, Flaminius, and his legion. The day had been cold and foggy; the Romans had been completely unsuspecting. Hannibal and his force surrounded them and proceeded to cut them to pieces, killing Flaminius. The Romans were now desperate, they turned to their last resort and selected a dictator in light of the catastrophes that had been reeked on the army. The senate appointed Quintus Fabius Maximus, a man known to history as "the Delayer". Fabius avoided all battle during his brief stint in office, giving the depleted Roman army a chance to recover. Even when he did seek to engage his forces, Hannibal created a brilliant diversion driving two thousand oxen through the Roman camp that night with torches tied to their horns. However, the greatest Roman defeat was still to come.<br />
<br />
In 216 B.C., Hannibal captured a grain depot at Cannae on the Aufidus River. L. Aemilius Paullus and C. Terentius Varro, the consuls for that year, led 4 reinforced legions to out meet him. They proceeded to walk into Hannibal's death trap. In the following conflict, Hannibal used his cavalry masterfully, counterbalancing the fact that his infantry was vastly outnumbered. The Carthaginians won an overwhelming victory, slaughtering over half of the 50,000 soldiers the Romans led into battle. Consul Paullus was numbered among the dead, and Consul Varro had narrowly escaped with his life. Hannibal's casualties numbered approximately 5,700, one -sixth of the Roman losses. It is said in the military that an army that has suffered losses that exceed 70% are broken, fatally wounded, and completely useless. Hannibal seemed to have taken control of the War.<br />
<br />
However, Hannibal needed reinforcements, not only of soldiers, but of arms and other necessary supplies. He had to some degree counted on the assistance of the small towns and tribes surrounding Latium, but they clung fast to Rome. All of Hannibal's elephants had died on the original trip over the Alps, or had perished in battle. He was suffering much the same fate of the King Pyrrhus who in an earlier age had attempted to conquer Rome. Meanwhile, the Roman Senate appointed a second dictator in this second time of crisis. They scrambled to pull the remains of the army together, calling upon all of the small villages under their protection to send aid. Consul Varro had done his best to organize the to crippled forces that had survived the battle unscathed. In four years, Rome, after having six legions destroyed in the field, had assembled 25 new, fresh legions were prepared to fight. Rome had also discovered two leaders capable of matching wits with Hannibal in [[Publius Cornelius Scipio]] the younger, and [[Appius Claudius Pulcher]], descendant of the great Appius Claudius who had inspired Rome's defiance of Pyrrhus. <br />
<br />
Hannibal had tried desperately to buy time, always hoping that somehow Carthage would find a way to get him the necessary reinforcements. Hannibal had put on a demonstration in front of the walls of Rome, hoping to strike fear into the hearts of the Romans. But he was not able to attack, he needed more soldiers to engage in a siege of that magnitude. In 211 B.C. Rome recaptured Syracuse, which had risen against Rome in 216 B.C. and raised the siege of the city of Capua in the same year. The Roman generals Publius Cornelius Scipio the elder, and his brother Gnaeus, had succeeded in blockading the passage of all reinforcements from reaching Hannibal through Spain. Rome, through her fortitude, had forced at least one more deciding battle to be fought.<br />
<br />
Then, in the year of 209 B.C., Publius Cornelius Scipio took the New Carthage, now Cartagena, which was the chief city of the Carthaginians in Spain. This battle, however, included some remarkable phenomenon. During Scipio's siege of the town, which was protected by a lagoon on one side, the waters of this lake parted, and the Romans marched through them to victory. A later historian documented the similarity between the Roman conquest in Spain and the flight of the ancient Israelites from Egypt. This last defeat was a crushing blow to the Carthaginians, specifically to Hannibal's forces encamped in Italy. Now, Hannibal's last hope resided in his brother-in-law [[Hasdrubal Barca]], who had been given command of the Spanish Army. If Hasdrubal could reach Hannibal with his soldiers and arms, Carthage had a fighting chance. But until then, Hannibal was slowly losing his grasp on Italy. Finally, in the year of 208 B.C. Hasdrubal left Spain with the largest of three armies under his command. Once more, elephants came marching through the Alps.<br />
<br />
Once over the Alps, Hasdrubal and company prepared to march into Italy. He was directly opposed by four Legions led by the consul of the year 207, M. Livius Salinator. However, the other consul C.Claudius Nero, also a member of the famous family of Appius Claudius, picked 7,000 men from his army and proceeded to make a forced march along the Adriatic Coast. The women and children came out and the cheered the army at every town they passed. Nero and his men made forty miles a day, an incredible clip, and arrived in the camp of Consul Livius in the dead of night. At dawn, the Roman force marched round the Hasdrubal, outflanking him. Hasdrubal was forced to retreat. However, Nero followed like a dog on a scent. Finally, the two armies met. The 7,000 men under the command of Consul Nero marched clear around the flank of Hasdrubal and his elephants, attacked from the rear, and routed the Carthaginians. Hasdrubal was killed by Nero, who cut off his head. Lesser attempts to reinforce Hannibal would be made, but none were as great as that of Hasdrubal in 207. Hannibal had become almost stranded in Italy, with no possible way to receive supplies or soldiers. At the same time, although retreat was possible, Carthage would not allow Hannibal to pull out. <br />
<br />
Meanwhile, Consul Scipio conquered the rest of Spain, and then in 204 advanced into Africa. The next year he won major battles at the Bagradas River, and captured the city of Tunis, which was within sight of Carthage. He proposed terms in which Carthage was to surrender all there overseas possessions, along with paying an indemnity of 5,000 talents. However, the nation would retain its freedom. Carthage was worn out with the war, and accepted. The terms were sent back to Rome for a final review. From the Senate, Appius Claudius again took the floor and said they would not make terms with an enemy upon their Italian soil. So Hannibal was recalled to Carthage, after 16 years of fighting in Italy. During his campaign, Hannibal never lost a battle, winning often in spectacular fashion as at Cannae. Despite his victories, despite his many triumphs, despite the courage of his men, he had lost. It must had been hard for him to understand how or why. Carthage upon the return of Hannibal, suddenly made the mad decision to make one last gasp for life. They raised an army of all able bodied men, and hired several Hispanic and Gallic mercenary companies. <br />
<br />
It is fair to say that Carthage was already beaten when the raw Carthaginian recruits and mercenaries met Scipio at the [[Battle of Zama]] in 202 B.C. The two armies were essentially equal in numbers, but completely different in morale. the Carthaginian were made up of more mercenary contingents then actual recruits. Hannibal's tried veterans were now vastly depleted. In this final battle of the war, something that rarely occurs. In fact this might be the only incident it happened in an actual military battle. In the front line of the Carthaginians, stout Spanish and Berber mercenaries who were hard pressed by the Roman legions suddenly turned and attacked their on forces. The reason is still unknown to this day, but it was the cause of Hannibal's only defeat. Rome had won the second Punic War.<br />
<br />
Hannibal to this day is one the greatest military minds the world has ever produced. With the exception of the disastrous battle at Zama, Hannibal, like [[Alexander the Great]] was never defeated. He inspired his troops to follow him wherever ha would lead. During the [[Second Punic War]] against Rome, he crossed the [[Alps]] with 38 [[War Elephants]] in a mere 15 days to surprise the Roman armies. Feared and successful even in peace, the Romans eventually forced him to commit suicide in 183 BC. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Military Commanders]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Rome]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hannibal&diff=399902Hannibal2008-03-06T19:25:36Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Hannibal''' was a Carthaginian commander and military genius. He was born in 247 B.C. of the "royal" family of Barca. His father, [[Hamilcar Barca]] was one of the greatest Carthaginian generals during the [[First Punic War]]. The name of "Hannibal" literally means the "mercy of Baal". In 241 B.C. when Hannibal was only 6 years old, in the [[Battle of the Aegates Islands]] the First Punic War came to a close. After 23 years of fighting, the war ended in a peace treaty that both sides knew was more or less "made to be broken." Rome now stood squarely facing Carthage, neither city could place any real trust in the other. Carthage spent the next decade recuperating from the First Punic War. Hamilcar was dispatched to Spain, taking with him his nine year old son. The Carthaginian government was seeking compensation for the loss of Sicily in the last war, and Hamilcar personally saw Spain as a potential base to wage a war of vengeance against the Romans. Hannibal was brought up to succeed his father's position as general of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, and like his father, was filled with a deep hatred of Rome. At the age of 19, Hannibal lost his father in a battle against one of the hispanic tribes in an attempted, but unsuccessful, revolt. Young, but already a somewhat seasoned soldier from traveling with his father on his campaigns as a boy, Hannibal rose to command all of the forces in Spain. He was a favorite of the soldiers; very charismatic and determined. Over the next ten years, 228-219 B.C. Hannibal prepared for a second war on Rome.<br />
<br />
While Hannibal had gone on to subdue all of Spain and some of the surrounding small provinces, overwhelming them with numbers and near perfect strategy, Rome had suffered from internal problems. They had spent several years cleaning up numerous Gallic revolts which almost had come to the doorstep of the Capitoline Hill. But true to Roman form, excellent generalship and indomitable courage had quieted these northern neighbors, and Rome had been able to "rest" for about a year. It was at this critical moment in history that Hannibal came to show his real "battlefield genius". The Carthaginian commander prepared to launch his epic attack on the Romans in the spring of 228 B.C. Hannibal's plan was one of relative simplicity. It consisted of making a march over the almost impassable [[Alps]], and striking right at the heart of the Italian peninsula: Rome. But Hannibal was one of those people who just love a challenge. He assembled his army along with a collection of war elephants, and prepared to make a march that would go down in history as second only to Alexander's march through Persia, the greatest kingdom up until the Roman Empire.<br />
<br />
After two grueling weeks of toil spent struggling through the incessant snow of the always white capped mountains, Hannibal appeared, as if out of thin air, in Italy. Most of Hannibal's famous elephants had left their hulking grey bodies and long curved tusks in the alpine snows, and the army suffered some casualties of the unbearable weather; but the army of Carthage came through still strong and splendidly disciplined. The [[Second Punic War]] had begun. Hannibal's lightning first struck the two Roman consuls of the year 218, almost encircling their armies on a bitter cold December Day. The Romans fought valiantly, but were surpassed in generalship, and routed. Hannibal destroyed almost two-third of the Roman force. Then in 217, Hannibal pushed across the Apennines, and ambushed the new consul, Flaminius, and his legion. The day had been cold and foggy; the Romans had been completely unsuspecting. Hannibal and his force surrounded them and proceeded to cut them to pieces, killing Flaminius. The Romans were now desperate, they turned to their last resort and selected a dictator in light of the catastrophes that had been reeked on the army. The senate appointed Quintus Fabius Maximus, a man known to history as "the Delayer". Fabius avoided all battle during his brief stint in office, giving the depleted Roman army a chance to recover. Even when he did seek to engage his forces, Hannibal created a brilliant diversion driving two thousand oxen through the Roman camp that night with torches tied to their horns. However, the greatest Roman defeat was still to come.<br />
<br />
In 216 B.C., Hannibal captured a grain depot at Cannae on the Aufidus River. L. Aemilius Paullus and C. Terentius Varro, the consuls for that year, led 4 reinforced legions to out meet him. They proceeded to walk into Hannibal's death trap. In the following conflict, Hannibal used his cavalry masterfully, counterbalancing the fact that his infantry was vastly outnumbered. The Carthaginians won an overwhelming victory, slaughtering over half of the 50,000 soldiers the Romans led into battle. Consul Paullus was numbered among the dead, and Consul Varro had narrowly escaped with his life. Hannibal's casualties numbered approximately 5,700, one -sixth of the Roman losses. It is said in the military that an army that has suffered losses that exceed 70% are broken, fatally wounded, and completely useless. Hannibal seemed to have taken control of the War.<br />
<br />
However, Hannibal needed reinforcements, not only of soldiers, but of arms and other necessary supplies. He had to some degree counted on the assistance of the small towns and tribes surrounding Latium, but they clung fast to Rome. All of Hannibal's elephants had died on the original trip over the Alps, or had perished in battle. He was suffering much the same fate of the King Pyrrhus who in an earlier age had attempted to conquer Rome. Meanwhile, the Roman Senate appointed a second dictator in this second time of crisis. They scrambled to pull the remains of the army together, calling upon all of the small villages under their protection to send aid. Consul Varro had done his best to organize the to crippled forces that had survived the battle unscathed. In four years, Rome, after having six legions destroyed in the field, had assembled 25 new, fresh legions were prepared to fight. Rome had also discovered two leaders capable of matching wits with Hannibal in [[Publius Cornelius Scipio]] the younger, and [[Appius Claudius Pulcher]], descendant of the great Appius Claudius who had inspired Rome's defiance of Pyrrhus. <br />
<br />
Hannibal had tried desperately to buy time, always hoping that somehow Carthage would find a way to get him the necessary reinforcements. Hannibal had put on a demonstration in front of the walls of Rome, hoping to strike fear into the hearts of the Romans. But he was not able to attack, he needed more soldiers to engage in a siege of that magnitude. In 211 B.C. Rome recaptured Syracuse, which had risen against Rome in 216 B.C. and raised the siege of the city of Capua in the same year. The Roman generals Publius Cornelius Scipio the elder, and his brother Gnaeus, had succeeded in blockading the passage of all reinforcements from reaching Hannibal through Spain. Rome, through her fortitude, had forced at least one more deciding battle to be fought.<br />
<br />
Then, in the year of 209 B.C., Publius Cornelius Scipio took the New Carthage, now Cartagena, which was the chief city of the Carthaginians in Spain. This battle, however, included some remarkable phenomenon. During Scipio's siege of the town, which was protected by a lagoon on one side, the waters of this lake parted, and the Romans marched through them to victory. A later historian documented the similarity between the Roman conquest in Spain and the flight of the ancient Israelites from Egypt. This last defeat was a crushing blow to the Carthaginians, specifically to Hannibal's forces encamped in Italy. Now, Hannibal's last hope resided in his brother-in-law [[Hasdrubal Barca]], who had been given command of the Spanish Army. If Hasdrubal could reach Hannibal with his soldiers and arms, Carthage had a fighting chance. But until then, Hannibal was slowly losing his grasp on Italy. Finally, in the year of 208 B.C. Hasdrubal left Spain with the largest of three armies under his command. Once more, elephants came marching through the Alps.<br />
<br />
Once over the Alps, Hasdrubal and company prepared to march into Italy. He was directly opposed by four Legions led by the consul of the year 207, M. Livius Salinator. However, the other consul C.Claudius Nero, also a member of the famous family of Appius Claudius, picked 7,000 men from his army and proceeded to make a forced march along the Adriatic Coast. The women and children came out and the cheered the army at every town they passed. Nero and his men made forty miles a day, an incredible clip, and arrived in the camp of Consul Livius in the dead of night. At dawn, the Roman force marched round the Hasdrubal, outflanking him. Hasdrubal was forced to retreat. However, Nero followed like a dog on a scent. Finally, the two armies met. The 7,000 men under the command of Consul Nero marched clear around the flank of Hasdrubal and his elephants, attacked from the rear, and routed the Carthaginians. Hasdrubal was killed by Nero, who cut off his head. Lesser attempts to reinforce Hannibal would be made, but none were as great as that of Hasdrubal in 207. Hannibal had become almost stranded in Italy, with no possible way to receive supplies or soldiers. At the same time, although retreat was possible, Carthage would not allow Hannibal to pull out. <br />
<br />
Meanwhile, Consul Scipio conquered the rest of Spain, and then in 204 advanced into Africa. The next year he won major battles at the Bagradas River, and captured the city of Tunis, which was within sight of Carthage. He proposed terms in which Carthage was to surrender all there overseas possessions, along with paying an indemnity of 5,000 talents. However, the nation would retain its freedom. Carthage was worn out with the war, and accepted. The terms were sent back to Rome for a final review. From the Senate, Appius Claudius again took the floor and said they would not make terms with an enemy upon their Italian soil. So Hannibal was recalled to Carthage, after 16 years of fighting in Italy. During his campaign, Hannibal never lost a battle, winning often in spectacular fashion as at Cannae. Despite his victories, despite his many triumphs, despite the courage of his men, he had lost. It must had been hard for him to understand how or why. Carthage upon the return of Hannibal, suddenly made the mad decision to make one last gasp for life. They raised an army of all able bodied men, and hired several Hispanic and Gallic mercenary companies. <br />
<br />
It is fair to say that Carthage was already beaten when the raw Carthaginian recruits and mercenaries met Scipio at the [[Battle of Zama]] in 202 B.C. The two armies were essentially equal in numbers, but completely different in morale. the Carthaginian were made up of more mercenary contingents then actual recruits. Hannibal's tried veterans were now vastly depleted. In this final battle of the war, something that rarely occurs. In fact this might be the only incident it happened in an actual military battle. In the front line of the Carthaginians, stout Spanish and Berber mercenaries who were hard pressed by the Roman legions suddenly turned and attacked their on forces. The reason is still unknown to this day, but it was the cause of Hannibal's only defeat. Rome had won the second Punic War.<br />
<br />
Hannibal to this day is one the greatest military minds the world has ever produced. With the exception of the disastrous battle at Zama, Hannibal, like [[Alexander the Great]] was never defeated. He inspired his troops to follow him wherever ha would lead. During the [[Second Punic War]] against Rome, he crossed the [[Alps]] with 38 [[War Elephants]] in a mere 15 days to surprise the Roman armies. Feared and successful even in peace, the Romans eventually forced him to commit suicide in 183 BC. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Military Commanders]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Rome]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hannibal&diff=399898Hannibal2008-03-06T19:23:23Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Hannibal''' was a Carthaginian commander and military genius. He was born in 247 B.C. of the "royal" family of Barca. His father, [[Hamilcar Barca]] was one of the greatest Carthaginian generals during the [[First Punic War]]. The name of "Hannibal" literally means the "mercy of Baal". In 241 B.C. when Hannibal was only 6 years old, in the [[Battle of the Aegates Islands]] the First Punic War came to a close. After 23 years of fighting, the war ended in a peace treaty that both sides knew was more or less "made to be broken." Rome now stood squarely facing Carthage, neither city could place any real trust in the other. Carthage spent the next decade recuperating from the First Punic War. Hamilcar was dispatched to Spain, taking with him his nine year old son. The Carthaginian government was seeking compensation for the loss of Sicily in the last war, and Hamilcar personally saw Spain as a potential base to wage a war of vengeance against the Romans. Hannibal was brought up to succeed his father's position as general of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, and like his father, was filled with a deep hatred of Rome. At the age of 19, Hannibal lost his father in a battle against one of the hispanic tribes in an attempted, but unsuccessful, revolt. Young, but already a somewhat seasoned soldier from traveling with his father on his campaigns as a boy, Hannibal rose to command all of the forces in Spain. He was a favorite of the soldiers; very charismatic and determined. Over the next ten years, 228-219 B.C. Hannibal prepared for a second war on Rome.<br />
<br />
While Hannibal and his father had gone on to subdue all of Spain and some of the surrounding small provinces, overwhelming them with numbers and near perfect strategy, Rome had suffered from internal problems. They had spent several years cleaning up numerous Gallic revolts which almost had come to the doorstep of the Capitoline Hill. But true to Roman form, excellent generalship and indomitable courage had quieted these northern neighbors, and Rome had been able to "rest" for about a year. It was at this critical moment in history that Hannibal came to show his real "battlefield genius". The Carthaginian commander prepared to launch his epic attack on the Romans in the spring of 228 B.C. Hannibal's plan was one of relative simplicity. It consisted of making a march over the almost impassable [[Alps]], and striking right at the heart of the Italian peninsula: Rome. But Hannibal was one of those people who just love a challenge. He assembled his army along with a collection of war elephants, and prepared to make a march that would go down in history as second only to Alexander's march through Persia, the greatest kingdom up until the Roman Empire.<br />
<br />
After two grueling weeks of toil spent struggling through the incessant snow of the always white capped mountains, Hannibal appeared, as if out of thin air, in Italy. Most of Hannibal's famous elephants had left their hulking grey bodies and long curved tusks in the alpine snows, and the army suffered some casualties of the unbearable weather; but the army of Carthage came through still strong and splendidly disciplined. The [[Second Punic War]] had begun. Hannibal's lightning first struck the two Roman consuls of the year 218, almost encircling their armies on a bitter cold December Day. The Romans fought valiantly, but were surpassed in generalship, and routed. Hannibal destroyed almost two-third of the Roman force. Then in 217, Hannibal pushed across the Apennines, and ambushed the new consul, Flaminius, and his legion. The day had been cold and foggy; the Romans had been completely unsuspecting. Hannibal and his force surrounded them and proceeded to cut them to pieces, killing Flaminius. The Romans were now desperate, they turned to their last resort and selected a dictator in light of the catastrophes that had been reeked on the army. The senate appointed Quintus Fabius Maximus, a man known to history as "the Delayer". Fabius avoided all battle during his brief stint in office, giving the depleted Roman army a chance to recover. Even when he did seek to engage his forces, Hannibal created a brilliant diversion driving two thousand oxen through the Roman camp that night with torches tied to their horns. However, the greatest Roman defeat was still to come.<br />
<br />
In 216 B.C., Hannibal captured a grain depot at Cannae on the Aufidus River. L. Aemilius Paullus and C. Terentius Varro, the consuls for that year, led 4 reinforced legions to out meet him. They proceeded to walk into Hannibal's death trap. In the following conflict, Hannibal used his cavalry masterfully, counterbalancing the fact that his infantry was vastly outnumbered. The Carthaginians won an overwhelming victory, slaughtering over half of the 50,000 soldiers the Romans led into battle. Consul Paullus was numbered among the dead, and Consul Varro had narrowly escaped with his life. Hannibal's casualties numbered approximately 5,700, one -sixth of the Roman losses. It is said in the military that an army that has suffered losses that exceed 70% are broken, fatally wounded, and completely useless. Hannibal seemed to have taken control of the War.<br />
<br />
However, Hannibal needed reinforcements, not only of soldiers, but of arms and other necessary supplies. He had to some degree counted on the assistance of the small towns and tribes surrounding Latium, but they clung fast to Rome. All of Hannibal's elephants had died on the original trip over the Alps, or had perished in battle. He was suffering much the same fate of the King Pyrrhus who in an earlier age had attempted to conquer Rome. Meanwhile, the Roman Senate appointed a second dictator in this second time of crisis. They scrambled to pull the remains of the army together, calling upon all of the small villages under their protection to send aid. Consul Varro had done his best to organize the to crippled forces that had survived the battle unscathed. In four years, Rome, after having six legions destroyed in the field, had assembled 25 new, fresh legions were prepared to fight. Rome had also discovered two leaders capable of matching wits with Hannibal in [[Publius Cornelius Scipio]] the younger, and [[Appius Claudius Pulcher]], descendant of the great Appius Claudius who had inspired Rome's defiance of Pyrrhus. <br />
<br />
Hannibal had tried desperately to buy time, always hoping that somehow Carthage would find a way to get him the necessary reinforcements. Hannibal had put on a demonstration in front of the walls of Rome, hoping to strike fear into the hearts of the Romans. But he was not able to attack, he needed more soldiers to engage in a siege of that magnitude. In 211 B.C. Rome recaptured Syracuse, which had risen against Rome in 216 B.C. and raised the siege of the city of Capua in the same year. The Roman generals Publius Cornelius Scipio the elder, and his brother Gnaeus, had succeeded in blockading the passage of all reinforcements from reaching Hannibal through Spain. Rome, through her fortitude, had forced at least one more deciding battle to be fought.<br />
<br />
Then, in the year of 209 B.C., Publius Cornelius Scipio took the New Carthage, now Cartagena, which was the chief city of the Carthaginians in Spain. This battle, however, included some remarkable phenomenon. During Scipio's siege of the town, which was protected by a lagoon on one side, the waters of this lake parted, and the Romans marched through them to victory. A later historian documented the similarity between the Roman conquest in Spain and the flight of the ancient Israelites from Egypt. This last defeat was a crushing blow to the Carthaginians, specifically to Hannibal's forces encamped in Italy. Now, Hannibal's last hope resided in his brother-in-law [[Hasdrubal Barca]], who had been given command of the Spanish Army. If Hasdrubal could reach Hannibal with his soldiers and arms, Carthage had a fighting chance. But until then, Hannibal was slowly losing his grasp on Italy. Finally, in the year of 208 B.C. Hasdrubal left Spain with the largest of three armies under his command. Once more, elephants came marching through the Alps.<br />
<br />
Once over the Alps, Hasdrubal and company prepared to march into Italy. He was directly opposed by four Legions led by the consul of the year 207, M. Livius Salinator. However, the other consul C.Claudius Nero, also a member of the famous family of Appius Claudius, picked 7,000 men from his army and proceeded to make a forced march along the Adriatic Coast. The women and children came out and the cheered the army at every town they passed. Nero and his men made forty miles a day, an incredible clip, and arrived in the camp of Consul Livius in the dead of night. At dawn, the Roman force marched round the Hasdrubal, outflanking him. Hasdrubal was forced to retreat. However, Nero followed like a dog on a scent. Finally, the two armies met. The 7,000 men under the command of Consul Nero marched clear around the flank of Hasdrubal and his elephants, attacked from the rear, and routed the Carthaginians. Hasdrubal was killed by Nero, who cut off his head. Lesser attempts to reinforce Hannibal would be made, but none were as great as that of Hasdrubal in 207. Hannibal had become almost stranded in Italy, with no possible way to receive supplies or soldiers. At the same time, although retreat was possible, Carthage would not allow Hannibal to pull out. <br />
<br />
Meanwhile, Consul Scipio conquered the rest of Spain, and then in 204 advanced into Africa. The next year he won major battles at the Bagradas River, and captured the city of Tunis, which was within sight of Carthage. He proposed terms in which Carthage was to surrender all there overseas possessions, along with paying an indemnity of 5,000 talents. However, the nation would retain its freedom. Carthage was worn out with the war, and accepted. The terms were sent back to Rome for a final review. From the Senate, Appius Claudius again took the floor and said they would not make terms with an enemy upon their Italian soil. So Hannibal was recalled to Carthage, after 16 years of fighting in Italy. During his campaign, Hannibal never lost a battle, winning often in spectacular fashion as at Cannae. Despite his victories, despite his many triumphs, despite the courage of his men, he had lost. It must had been hard for him to understand how or why. Carthage upon the return of Hannibal, suddenly made the mad decision to make one last gasp for life. They raised an army of all able bodied men, and hired several Hispanic and Gallic mercenary companies. <br />
<br />
It is fair to say that Carthage was already beaten when the raw Carthaginian recruits and mercenaries met Scipio at the [[Battle of Zama]] in 202 B.C. The two armies were essentially equal in numbers, but completely different in morale. the Carthaginian were made up of more mercenary contingents then actual recruits. Hannibal's tried veterans were now vastly depleted. In this final battle of the war, something that rarely occurs. In fact this might be the only incident it happened in an actual military battle. In the front line of the Carthaginians, stout Spanish and Berber mercenaries who were hard pressed by the Roman legions suddenly turned and attacked their on forces. The reason is still unknown to this day, but it was the cause of Hannibal's only defeat. Rome had won the second Punic War.<br />
<br />
Hannibal to this day is one the greatest military minds the world has ever produced. With the exception of the disastrous battle at Zama, Hannibal, like [[Alexander the Great]] was never defeated. He inspired his troops to follow him wherever ha would lead. During the [[Second Punic War]] against Rome, he crossed the [[Alps]] with 38 [[War Elephants]] in a mere 15 days to surprise the Roman armies. Feared and successful even in peace, the Romans eventually forced him to commit suicide in 183 BC. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Military Commanders]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Rome]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hannibal&diff=399896Hannibal2008-03-06T19:21:22Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Hannibal''' was a Carthaginian commander and military genius. He was born in 247 B.C. of the "royal" family of Barca. His father, [[Hamilcar Barca]] was one of the greatest Carthaginian generals during the [[First Punic War]]. The name of "Hannibal" literally means the "mercy of Baal". In 241 B.C. when Hannibal was only 6 years old, the War against Rome came to a close. After 23 years of fighting, the war ended in a peace treaty that both sides knew was more or less "made to be broken." Rome now stood squarely facing Carthage, neither city could place any real trust in the other. Carthage spent the next decade recuperating from the First Punic War. Hamilcar was dispatched to Spain, taking with him his nine year old son. The Carthaginian government was seeking compensation for the loss of Sicily in the last war, and Hamilcar personally saw Spain as a potential base to wage a war of vengeance against the Romans. Hannibal was brought up to succeed his father's position as general of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, and like his father, was filled with a deep hatred of Rome. At the age of 19, Hannibal lost his father in a battle against one of the hispanic tribes in an attempted, but unsuccessful, revolt. Young, but already a somewhat seasoned soldier from traveling with his father on his campaigns as a boy, Hannibal rose to command all of the forces in Spain. He was a favorite of the soldiers; very charismatic and determined. Over the next ten years, 228-219 B.C. Hannibal prepared for a second war on Rome.<br />
<br />
While Hannibal and his father had gone on to subdue all of Spain and some of the surrounding small provinces, overwhelming them with numbers and near perfect strategy, Rome had suffered from internal problems. They had spent several years cleaning up numerous Gallic revolts which almost had come to the doorstep of the Capitoline Hill. But true to Roman form, excellent generalship and indomitable courage had quieted these northern neighbors, and Rome had been able to "rest" for about a year. It was at this critical moment in history that Hannibal came to show his real "battlefield genius". The Carthaginian commander prepared to launch his epic attack on the Romans in the spring of 228 B.C. Hannibal's plan was one of relative simplicity. It consisted of making a march over the almost impassable [[Alps]], and striking right at the heart of the Italian peninsula: Rome. But Hannibal was one of those people who just love a challenge. He assembled his army along with a collection of war elephants, and prepared to make a march that would go down in history as second only to Alexander's march through Persia, the greatest kingdom up until the Roman Empire.<br />
<br />
After two grueling weeks of toil spent struggling through the incessant snow of the always white capped mountains, Hannibal appeared, as if out of thin air, in Italy. Most of Hannibal's famous elephants had left their hulking grey bodies and long curved tusks in the alpine snows, and the army suffered some casualties of the unbearable weather; but the army of Carthage came through still strong and splendidly disciplined. The [[Second Punic War]] had begun. Hannibal's lightning first struck the two Roman consuls of the year 218, almost encircling their armies on a bitter cold December Day. The Romans fought valiantly, but were surpassed in generalship, and routed. Hannibal destroyed almost two-third of the Roman force. Then in 217, Hannibal pushed across the Apennines, and ambushed the new consul, Flaminius, and his legion. The day had been cold and foggy; the Romans had been completely unsuspecting. Hannibal and his force surrounded them and proceeded to cut them to pieces, killing Flaminius. The Romans were now desperate, they turned to their last resort and selected a dictator in light of the catastrophes that had been reeked on the army. The senate appointed Quintus Fabius Maximus, a man known to history as "the Delayer". Fabius avoided all battle during his brief stint in office, giving the depleted Roman army a chance to recover. Even when he did seek to engage his forces, Hannibal created a brilliant diversion driving two thousand oxen through the Roman camp that night with torches tied to their horns. However, the greatest Roman defeat was still to come.<br />
<br />
In 216 B.C., Hannibal captured a grain depot at Cannae on the Aufidus River. L. Aemilius Paullus and C. Terentius Varro, the consuls for that year, led 4 reinforced legions to out meet him. They proceeded to walk into Hannibal's death trap. In the following conflict, Hannibal used his cavalry masterfully, counterbalancing the fact that his infantry was vastly outnumbered. The Carthaginians won an overwhelming victory, slaughtering over half of the 50,000 soldiers the Romans led into battle. Consul Paullus was numbered among the dead, and Consul Varro had narrowly escaped with his life. Hannibal's casualties numbered approximately 5,700, one -sixth of the Roman losses. It is said in the military that an army that has suffered losses that exceed 70% are broken, fatally wounded, and completely useless. Hannibal seemed to have taken control of the War.<br />
<br />
However, Hannibal needed reinforcements, not only of soldiers, but of arms and other necessary supplies. He had to some degree counted on the assistance of the small towns and tribes surrounding Latium, but they clung fast to Rome. All of Hannibal's elephants had died on the original trip over the Alps, or had perished in battle. He was suffering much the same fate of the King Pyrrhus who in an earlier age had attempted to conquer Rome. Meanwhile, the Roman Senate appointed a second dictator in this second time of crisis. They scrambled to pull the remains of the army together, calling upon all of the small villages under their protection to send aid. Consul Varro had done his best to organize the to crippled forces that had survived the battle unscathed. In four years, Rome, after having six legions destroyed in the field, had assembled 25 new, fresh legions were prepared to fight. Rome had also discovered two leaders capable of matching wits with Hannibal in [[Publius Cornelius Scipio]] the younger, and [[Appius Claudius Pulcher]], descendant of the great Appius Claudius who had inspired Rome's defiance of Pyrrhus. <br />
<br />
Hannibal had tried desperately to buy time, always hoping that somehow Carthage would find a way to get him the necessary reinforcements. Hannibal had put on a demonstration in front of the walls of Rome, hoping to strike fear into the hearts of the Romans. But he was not able to attack, he needed more soldiers to engage in a siege of that magnitude. In 211 B.C. Rome recaptured Syracuse, which had risen against Rome in 216 B.C. and raised the siege of the city of Capua in the same year. The Roman generals Publius Cornelius Scipio the elder, and his brother Gnaeus, had succeeded in blockading the passage of all reinforcements from reaching Hannibal through Spain. Rome, through her fortitude, had forced at least one more deciding battle to be fought.<br />
<br />
Then, in the year of 209 B.C., Publius Cornelius Scipio took the New Carthage, now Cartagena, which was the chief city of the Carthaginians in Spain. This battle, however, included some remarkable phenomenon. During Scipio's siege of the town, which was protected by a lagoon on one side, the waters of this lake parted, and the Romans marched through them to victory. A later historian documented the similarity between the Roman conquest in Spain and the flight of the ancient Israelites from Egypt. This last defeat was a crushing blow to the Carthaginians, specifically to Hannibal's forces encamped in Italy. Now, Hannibal's last hope resided in his brother-in-law [[Hasdrubal Barca]], who had been given command of the Spanish Army. If Hasdrubal could reach Hannibal with his soldiers and arms, Carthage had a fighting chance. But until then, Hannibal was slowly losing his grasp on Italy. Finally, in the year of 208 B.C. Hasdrubal left Spain with the largest of three armies under his command. Once more, elephants came marching through the Alps.<br />
<br />
Once over the Alps, Hasdrubal and company prepared to march into Italy. He was directly opposed by four Legions led by the consul of the year 207, M. Livius Salinator. However, the other consul C.Claudius Nero, also a member of the famous family of Appius Claudius, picked 7,000 men from his army and proceeded to make a forced march along the Adriatic Coast. The women and children came out and the cheered the army at every town they passed. Nero and his men made forty miles a day, an incredible clip, and arrived in the camp of Consul Livius in the dead of night. At dawn, the Roman force marched round the Hasdrubal, outflanking him. Hasdrubal was forced to retreat. However, Nero followed like a dog on a scent. Finally, the two armies met. The 7,000 men under the command of Consul Nero marched clear around the flank of Hasdrubal and his elephants, attacked from the rear, and routed the Carthaginians. Hasdrubal was killed by Nero, who cut off his head. Lesser attempts to reinforce Hannibal would be made, but none were as great as that of Hasdrubal in 207. Hannibal had become almost stranded in Italy, with no possible way to receive supplies or soldiers. At the same time, although retreat was possible, Carthage would not allow Hannibal to pull out. <br />
<br />
Meanwhile, Consul Scipio conquered the rest of Spain, and then in 204 advanced into Africa. The next year he won major battles at the Bagradas River, and captured the city of Tunis, which was within sight of Carthage. He proposed terms in which Carthage was to surrender all there overseas possessions, along with paying an indemnity of 5,000 talents. However, the nation would retain its freedom. Carthage was worn out with the war, and accepted. The terms were sent back to Rome for a final review. From the Senate, Appius Claudius again took the floor and said they would not make terms with an enemy upon their Italian soil. So Hannibal was recalled to Carthage, after 16 years of fighting in Italy. During his campaign, Hannibal never lost a battle, winning often in spectacular fashion as at Cannae. Despite his victories, despite his many triumphs, despite the courage of his men, he had lost. It must had been hard for him to understand how or why. Carthage upon the return of Hannibal, suddenly made the mad decision to make one last gasp for life. They raised an army of all able bodied men, and hired several Hispanic and Gallic mercenary companies. <br />
<br />
It is fair to say that Carthage was already beaten when the raw Carthaginian recruits and mercenaries met Scipio at the [[Battle of Zama]] in 202 B.C. The two armies were essentially equal in numbers, but completely different in morale. the Carthaginian were made up of more mercenary contingents then actual recruits. Hannibal's tried veterans were now vastly depleted. In this final battle of the war, something that rarely occurs. In fact this might be the only incident it happened in an actual military battle. In the front line of the Carthaginians, stout Spanish and Berber mercenaries who were hard pressed by the Roman legions suddenly turned and attacked their on forces. The reason is still unknown to this day, but it was the cause of Hannibal's only defeat. Rome had won the second Punic War.<br />
<br />
Hannibal to this day is one the greatest military minds the world has ever produced. With the exception of the disastrous battle at Zama, Hannibal, like [[Alexander the Great]] was never defeated. He inspired his troops to follow him wherever ha would lead. During the [[Second Punic War]] against Rome, he crossed the [[Alps]] with 38 [[War Elephants]] in a mere 15 days to surprise the Roman armies. Feared and successful even in peace, the Romans eventually forced him to commit suicide in 183 BC. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Military Commanders]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Rome]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Second_Punic_War&diff=398214Second Punic War2008-03-04T02:29:20Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Second Punic War''' (218-202 B.C.) was fought between the empire of [[Roman Republic|Rome]] and [[Carthage]] led by the infamous [[Hannibal]]. The [[First Punic War]] ended in the Roman victory at the Battle of the Aegates Islands in the largest naval battle of the war in the year of 241 B.C. Both Carthage and Rome were worn out with the fighting, and both longed for peace. After 23 years of fighting, the war ended in a peace treaty which allowed Carthage to maintain most of their overseas territory, with the exception of Sicily, and was forced to pay a large sum of money over a ten year to period to Rome. However, the peace of 241 was no real peace. Carthage was badly injured in both their pride and their pocket and were waiting for an opportunity seek vengeance. Rome equally realized that Carthage was a sleeping giant, and inevitably bound to wake up. Rome now stood squarely facing Carthage, neither city could place any real trust in the other. Carthage spent the next decade recuperating from the war.<br />
<br />
Carthage dispatched their most successful general, known as [[Hamilcar]], who would become the father of [[Hannibal]], to Spain, taking with him Hannibal who was nine years old son at the time. The Carthaginian government was seeking compensation for the loss of Sicily in the last war, and Hamilcar personally saw Spain as a potential base to wage a war of vengeance against the Romans. Hannibal was brought up to succeed his father's position as general of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, and like his father, was filled with a deep hatred of Rome. At the age of 19, Hannibal lost his father in a battle against one of the Hispanic tribes in an attempted, but unsuccessful, revolt. Young, but already a somewhat seasoned soldier from traveling with his father on his campaigns as a boy, Hannibal rose to command all of the forces in Spain. He was a favorite of the soldiers; very charismatic and determined. Over the next ten years, 228-219 B.C. Hannibal prepared for a second war on Rome. Hannibal's adversaries in Rome knew a second war was virtually inevitable; the two countries were constantly arguing over small possessions such as the town of Saguntin in Spain which was supposedly under the protection of Rome. <br />
<br />
While Hannibal and his father had gone on to subdue all of Spain and some of the surrounding small provinces, overwhelming them with numbers and near perfect strategy, Rome had suffered from internal problems. They had spent several years cleaning up numerous Gallic revolts which almost had come to the doorstep of the Capitoline Hill. But true to Roman form, excellent generalship and indomitable courage had quieted these northern neighbors, and Rome had been able to "rest" for about a year. It was at this critical moment in history that Hannibal came to show his real "battlefield genius". The Carthaginian commander prepared to launch his epic attack on the Romans in the spring of 228 B.C. Hannibal's plan was one of relative simplicity. It consisted of making a march over the almost impassable Alps, and striking right at the heart of the Italian peninsula: Rome. But Hannibal was one of those people who just love a challenge. He assembled his army along with a collection of war elephants, and prepared to make a march that would go down in history as second only to Alexander's march through Persia, the greatest kingdom up until the Roman Empire.<br />
After two grueling weeks of toil spent struggling through the incessant snow of the always white capped mountains, Hannibal appeared, as if out of thin air, in Italy. Most of Hannibal's famous elephants had left their hulking grey bodies and long curved tusks in the alpine snows, and the army suffered some casualties of the unbearable weather; but the army of Carthage came through still strong and splendidly disciplined. The Second Punic War had begun. Hannibal's lightning first struck the two Roman consuls of the year 218, almost encircling their armies on a bitter cold December Day. The Romans fought valiantly, but were surpassed in generalship, and routed. Hannibal destroyed almost two-third of the Roman force. Then in 217, Hannibal pushed across the Apennines, and ambushed the new consul, Flaminius, and his legion. The day had been cold and foggy; the Romans had been completely unsuspecting. Hannibal and his force surrounded them and proceeded to cut them to pieces, killing Flaminius. The Romans were now desperate, they turned to their last resort and selected a dictator in light of the catastrophes that had been reeked on the army. The senate appointed Quintus Fabius Maximus, a man known to history as "the Delayer". Fabius avoided all battle during his brief stint in office, giving the depleted Roman army a chance to recover. Even when he did seek to engage his forces, Hannibal created a brilliant diversion driving two thousand oxen through the Roman camp that night with torches tied to their horns. However, the greatest Roman defeat was still to come.<br />
<br />
In 216 B.C., Hannibal captured a grain depot at Cannae on the Aufidus River. L. Aemilius Paullus and C. Terentius Varro, the consuls for that year, led 4 reinforced legions to out meet him. They proceeded to walk into Hannibal's death trap. In the following conflict, Hannibal used his cavalry masterfully, counterbalancing the fact that his infantry was vastly outnumbered. The Carthaginians won an overwhelming victory, slaughtering over half of the 50,000 soldiers the Romans led into battle. Consul Paullus was numbered among the dead, and Consul Varro had narrowly escaped with his life. Hannibal's casualties numbered approximately 5,700, one -sixth of the Roman losses. It is said in the military that an army that has suffered losses that exceed 70% are broken, fatally wounded, and completely useless. Hannibal seemed to have taken control of the War.<br />
<br />
However, Hannibal needed reinforcements, not only of soldiers, but of arms and other necessary supplies. He had to some degree counted on the assistance of the small towns and tribes surrounding Latium, but they clung fast to Rome. All of Hannibal's elephants had died on the original trip over the Alps, or had perished in battle. He was suffering much the same fate of the King Pyrrhus who in an earlier age had attempted to conquer Rome. Meanwhile, the Roman Senate appointed a second dictator in this second time of crisis. They scrambled to pull the remains of the army together, calling upon all of the small villages under their protection to send aid. Consul Varro had done his best to organize the to crippled forces that had survived the battle unscathed. In four years, Rome, after having six legions destroyed in the field, had assembled 25 new, fresh legions were prepared to fight. Rome had also discovered two leaders capable of matching wits with Hannibal in Publius Cornelius Scipio the younger, and Appius Claudius Pulcher, descendant of the great Appius Claudius who had inspired Rome's defiance of Pyrrhus.<br />
<br />
Hannibal had tried desperately to buy time, always hoping that somehow Carthage would find a way to get him the necessary reinforcements. Hannibal had put on a demonstration in front of the walls of Rome, hoping to strike fear into the hearts of the Romans. But he was not able to attack, he needed more soldiers to engage in a siege of that magnitude. In 211 B.C. Rome recaptured Syracuse, which had risen against Rome in 216 B.C. and raised the siege of the city of Capua in the same year. The Roman generals Publius Cornelius Scipio the elder, and his brother Gnaeus, had succeeded in blockading the passage of all reinforcements from reaching Hannibal through Spain. Rome, through her fortitude, had forced at least one more deciding battle to be fought.<br />
Then, in the year of 209 B.C., Publius Cornelius Scipio took the New Carthage, now Cartagena, which was the chief city of the Carthaginians in Spain. This battle, however, included some remarkable phenomenon. During Scipio's siege of the town, which was protected by a lagoon on one side, the waters of this lake parted, and the Romans marched through them to victory. A later historian documented the similarity between the Roman conquest in Spain and the flight of the ancient Israelites from Egypt. This last defeat was a crushing blow to the Carthaginians, specifically to Hannibal's forces encamped in Italy. Now, Hannibal's last hope resided in his brother-in-law Hasdrubal Barca, who had been given command of the Spanish Army. If Hasdrubal could reach Hannibal with his soldiers and arms, Carthage had a fighting chance. But until then, Hannibal was slowly losing his grasp on Italy. Finally, in the year of 208 B.C. Hasdrubal left Spain with the largest of three armies under his command. Once more, elephants came marching through the Alps.<br />
<br />
Once over the Alps, Hasdrubal and company prepared to march into Italy. He was directly opposed by four Legions led by the consul of the year 207, M. Livius Salinator. However, the other consul C.Claudius Nero, also a member of the famous family of Appius Claudius, picked 7,000 men from his army and proceeded to make a forced march along the Adriatic Coast. The women and children came out and the cheered the army at every town they passed. Nero and his men made forty miles a day, an incredible clip, and arrived in the camp of Consul Livius in the dead of night. At dawn, the Roman force marched round the Hasdrubal, outflanking him. Hasdrubal was forced to retreat. However, Nero followed like a dog on a scent. Finally, the two armies met. The 7,000 men under the command of Consul Nero marched clear around the flank of Hasdrubal and his elephants, attacked from the rear, and routed the Carthaginians. Hasdrubal was killed by Nero, who cut off his head. Lesser attempts to reinforce Hannibal would be made, but none were as great as that of Hasdrubal in 207. Hannibal had become almost stranded in Italy, with no possible way to receive supplies or soldiers. At the same time, although retreat was possible, Carthage would not allow Hannibal to pull out.<br />
Meanwhile, Consul Scipio conquered the rest of Spain, and then in 204 advanced into Africa. The next year he won major battles at the Bagradas River, and captured the city of Tunis, which was within sight of Carthage. He proposed terms in which Carthage was to surrender all there overseas possessions, along with paying an indemnity of 5,000 talents. However, the nation would retain its freedom. Carthage was worn out with the war, and accepted. The terms were sent back to Rome for a final review. From the Senate, Appius Claudius again took the floor and said they would not make terms with an enemy upon their Italian soil. So Hannibal was recalled to Carthage, after 16 years of fighting in Italy. During his campaign, Hannibal never lost a battle, winning often in spectacular fashion as at Cannae. Despite his victories, despite his many triumphs, despite the courage of his men, he had lost. It must had been hard for him to understand how or why. Carthage upon the return of Hannibal, suddenly made the mad decision to make one last gasp for life. They raised an army of all able bodied men, and hired several Hispanic and Gallic mercenary companies.<br />
<br />
It is fair to say that Carthage was already beaten when the raw Carthaginian recruits and mercenaries met Scipio at the Battle of Zama in 202 B.C. The two armies were essentially equal in numbers, but completely different in morale. the Carthaginian were made up of more mercenary contingents then actual recruits. Hannibal's tried veterans were now vastly depleted. In this final battle of the war, something that rarely occurs. In fact this might be the only incident it happened in an actual military battle. In the front line of the Carthaginians, stout Spanish and Berber mercenaries who were hard pressed by the Roman legions suddenly turned and attacked their on forces. The reason is still unknown to this day, but it was the cause of Hannibal's only defeat. Rome had won the second Punic War.<br />
<br />
Hannibal took his entire army through [[Spain]] and then, in a preemptive move, crossed the Italian [[Alps]] in merely 15 days to the great surprise of the Romans. Hannibal's crossing of the Alps with 30,000 men and some elephants is considered one of the greatest military feats of the ancient world. He then beat the Romans in a series of battles for 16 years, inflicting horrible losses, but the Romans wouldn't break and their allies remained loyal. In the end Hannibal could not conquer Rome itself since he had no seige train. The Romans couldn't repel Hannibal, but they didn't have to. Hannibal had to retreat to Africa when the Roman general Scipio, who was later called "Africanus" because of his valor in Africa, was set to attack Carthage. Eventually with an army of mostly green recruits, Hannibal was defeated at the [[Battle of Zama]]. Carthage sued for peace. Rome acquired Spain as a result of the Second Punic War.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Wars]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Second_Punic_War&diff=398211Second Punic War2008-03-04T02:25:46Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Second Punic War''' (218-202 B.C.) was fought between the empire of [[Roman Republic|Rome]] and [[Carthage]] led by the infamous [[Hannibal]]. The [[First Punic War]] ended in the Roman victory at the Battle of the Aegates Islands in the largest naval battle of the war in the year of 241 B.C. Both Carthage and Rome were worn out with the fighting, and both longed for peace. After 23 years of fighting, the war ended in a peace treaty which allowed Carthage to maintain most of their overseas territory, with the exception of Sicily, and was forced to pay a large sum of money over a ten year to period to Rome. However, the peace of 241 was no real peace. Carthage was badly injured in both their pride and their pocket and were waiting for an opportunity seek vengeance. Rome equally realized that Carthage was a sleeping giant, and inevitably bound to wake up. Rome now stood squarely facing Carthage, neither city could place any real trust in the other. Carthage spent the next decade recuperating from the war.<br />
<br />
[[Hamilcar]] was dispatched to Spain, taking with him his nine year old son. The Carthaginian government was seeking compensation for the loss of Sicily in the last war, and Hamilcar personally saw Spain as a potential base to wage a war of vengeance against the Romans. Hannibal was brought up to succeed his father's position as general of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, and like his father, was filled with a deep hatred of Rome. At the age of 19, Hannibal lost his father in a battle against one of the hispanic tribes in an attempted, but unsuccessful, revolt. Young, but already a somewhat seasoned soldier from traveling with his father on his campaigns as a boy, Hannibal rose to command all of the forces in Spain. He was a favorite of the soldiers; very charismatic and determined. Over the next ten years, 228-219 B.C. Hannibal prepared for a second war on Rome. Hannibal's adversaries in Rome knew a second war was virtually inevitable; the two countries were constantly arguing over small possessions such as the town of Saguntin in Spain which was supposedly under the protection of Rome. <br />
<br />
While Hannibal and his father had gone on to subdue all of Spain and some of the surrounding small provinces, overwhelming them with numbers and near perfect strategy, Rome had suffered from internal problems. They had spent several years cleaning up numerous Gallic revolts which almost had come to the doorstep of the Capitoline Hill. But true to Roman form, excellent generalship and indomitable courage had quieted these northern neighbors, and Rome had been able to "rest" for about a year. It was at this critical moment in history that Hannibal came to show his real "battlefield genius". The Carthaginian commander prepared to launch his epic attack on the Romans in the spring of 228 B.C. Hannibal's plan was one of relative simplicity. It consisted of making a march over the almost impassable Alps, and striking right at the heart of the Italian peninsula: Rome. But Hannibal was one of those people who just love a challenge. He assembled his army along with a collection of war elephants, and prepared to make a march that would go down in history as second only to Alexander's march through Persia, the greatest kingdom up until the Roman Empire.<br />
After two grueling weeks of toil spent struggling through the incessant snow of the always white capped mountains, Hannibal appeared, as if out of thin air, in Italy. Most of Hannibal's famous elephants had left their hulking grey bodies and long curved tusks in the alpine snows, and the army suffered some casualties of the unbearable weather; but the army of Carthage came through still strong and splendidly disciplined. The Second Punic War had begun. Hannibal's lightning first struck the two Roman consuls of the year 218, almost encircling their armies on a bitter cold December Day. The Romans fought valiantly, but were surpassed in generalship, and routed. Hannibal destroyed almost two-third of the Roman force. Then in 217, Hannibal pushed across the Apennines, and ambushed the new consul, Flaminius, and his legion. The day had been cold and foggy; the Romans had been completely unsuspecting. Hannibal and his force surrounded them and proceeded to cut them to pieces, killing Flaminius. The Romans were now desperate, they turned to their last resort and selected a dictator in light of the catastrophes that had been reeked on the army. The senate appointed Quintus Fabius Maximus, a man known to history as "the Delayer". Fabius avoided all battle during his brief stint in office, giving the depleted Roman army a chance to recover. Even when he did seek to engage his forces, Hannibal created a brilliant diversion driving two thousand oxen through the Roman camp that night with torches tied to their horns. However, the greatest Roman defeat was still to come.<br />
<br />
In 216 B.C., Hannibal captured a grain depot at Cannae on the Aufidus River. L. Aemilius Paullus and C. Terentius Varro, the consuls for that year, led 4 reinforced legions to out meet him. They proceeded to walk into Hannibal's death trap. In the following conflict, Hannibal used his cavalry masterfully, counterbalancing the fact that his infantry was vastly outnumbered. The Carthaginians won an overwhelming victory, slaughtering over half of the 50,000 soldiers the Romans led into battle. Consul Paullus was numbered among the dead, and Consul Varro had narrowly escaped with his life. Hannibal's casualties numbered approximately 5,700, one -sixth of the Roman losses. It is said in the military that an army that has suffered losses that exceed 70% are broken, fatally wounded, and completely useless. Hannibal seemed to have taken control of the War.<br />
<br />
However, Hannibal needed reinforcements, not only of soldiers, but of arms and other necessary supplies. He had to some degree counted on the assistance of the small towns and tribes surrounding Latium, but they clung fast to Rome. All of Hannibal's elephants had died on the original trip over the Alps, or had perished in battle. He was suffering much the same fate of the King Pyrrhus who in an earlier age had attempted to conquer Rome. Meanwhile, the Roman Senate appointed a second dictator in this second time of crisis. They scrambled to pull the remains of the army together, calling upon all of the small villages under their protection to send aid. Consul Varro had done his best to organize the to crippled forces that had survived the battle unscathed. In four years, Rome, after having six legions destroyed in the field, had assembled 25 new, fresh legions were prepared to fight. Rome had also discovered two leaders capable of matching wits with Hannibal in Publius Cornelius Scipio the younger, and Appius Claudius Pulcher, descendant of the great Appius Claudius who had inspired Rome's defiance of Pyrrhus.<br />
<br />
Hannibal had tried desperately to buy time, always hoping that somehow Carthage would find a way to get him the necessary reinforcements. Hannibal had put on a demonstration in front of the walls of Rome, hoping to strike fear into the hearts of the Romans. But he was not able to attack, he needed more soldiers to engage in a siege of that magnitude. In 211 B.C. Rome recaptured Syracuse, which had risen against Rome in 216 B.C. and raised the siege of the city of Capua in the same year. The Roman generals Publius Cornelius Scipio the elder, and his brother Gnaeus, had succeeded in blockading the passage of all reinforcements from reaching Hannibal through Spain. Rome, through her fortitude, had forced at least one more deciding battle to be fought.<br />
Then, in the year of 209 B.C., Publius Cornelius Scipio took the New Carthage, now Cartagena, which was the chief city of the Carthaginians in Spain. This battle, however, included some remarkable phenomenon. During Scipio's siege of the town, which was protected by a lagoon on one side, the waters of this lake parted, and the Romans marched through them to victory. A later historian documented the similarity between the Roman conquest in Spain and the flight of the ancient Israelites from Egypt. This last defeat was a crushing blow to the Carthaginians, specifically to Hannibal's forces encamped in Italy. Now, Hannibal's last hope resided in his brother-in-law Hasdrubal Barca, who had been given command of the Spanish Army. If Hasdrubal could reach Hannibal with his soldiers and arms, Carthage had a fighting chance. But until then, Hannibal was slowly losing his grasp on Italy. Finally, in the year of 208 B.C. Hasdrubal left Spain with the largest of three armies under his command. Once more, elephants came marching through the Alps.<br />
<br />
Once over the Alps, Hasdrubal and company prepared to march into Italy. He was directly opposed by four Legions led by the consul of the year 207, M. Livius Salinator. However, the other consul C.Claudius Nero, also a member of the famous family of Appius Claudius, picked 7,000 men from his army and proceeded to make a forced march along the Adriatic Coast. The women and children came out and the cheered the army at every town they passed. Nero and his men made forty miles a day, an incredible clip, and arrived in the camp of Consul Livius in the dead of night. At dawn, the Roman force marched round the Hasdrubal, outflanking him. Hasdrubal was forced to retreat. However, Nero followed like a dog on a scent. Finally, the two armies met. The 7,000 men under the command of Consul Nero marched clear around the flank of Hasdrubal and his elephants, attacked from the rear, and routed the Carthaginians. Hasdrubal was killed by Nero, who cut off his head. Lesser attempts to reinforce Hannibal would be made, but none were as great as that of Hasdrubal in 207. Hannibal had become almost stranded in Italy, with no possible way to receive supplies or soldiers. At the same time, although retreat was possible, Carthage would not allow Hannibal to pull out.<br />
Meanwhile, Consul Scipio conquered the rest of Spain, and then in 204 advanced into Africa. The next year he won major battles at the Bagradas River, and captured the city of Tunis, which was within sight of Carthage. He proposed terms in which Carthage was to surrender all there overseas possessions, along with paying an indemnity of 5,000 talents. However, the nation would retain its freedom. Carthage was worn out with the war, and accepted. The terms were sent back to Rome for a final review. From the Senate, Appius Claudius again took the floor and said they would not make terms with an enemy upon their Italian soil. So Hannibal was recalled to Carthage, after 16 years of fighting in Italy. During his campaign, Hannibal never lost a battle, winning often in spectacular fashion as at Cannae. Despite his victories, despite his many triumphs, despite the courage of his men, he had lost. It must had been hard for him to understand how or why. Carthage upon the return of Hannibal, suddenly made the mad decision to make one last gasp for life. They raised an army of all able bodied men, and hired several Hispanic and Gallic mercenary companies.<br />
<br />
It is fair to say that Carthage was already beaten when the raw Carthaginian recruits and mercenaries met Scipio at the Battle of Zama in 202 B.C. The two armies were essentially equal in numbers, but completely different in morale. the Carthaginian were made up of more mercenary contingents then actual recruits. Hannibal's tried veterans were now vastly depleted. In this final battle of the war, something that rarely occurs. In fact this might be the only incident it happened in an actual military battle. In the front line of the Carthaginians, stout Spanish and Berber mercenaries who were hard pressed by the Roman legions suddenly turned and attacked their on forces. The reason is still unknown to this day, but it was the cause of Hannibal's only defeat. Rome had won the second Punic War.<br />
<br />
Hannibal took his entire army through [[Spain]] and then, in a preemptive move, crossed the Italian [[Alps]] in merely 15 days to the great surprise of the Romans. Hannibal's crossing of the Alps with 30,000 men and some elephants is considered one of the greatest military feats of the ancient world. He then beat the Romans in a series of battles for 16 years, inflicting horrible losses, but the Romans wouldn't break and their allies remained loyal. In the end Hannibal could not conquer Rome itself since he had no seige train. The Romans couldn't repel Hannibal, but they didn't have to. Hannibal had to retreat to Africa when the Roman general Scipio, who was later called "Africanus" because of his valor in Africa, was set to attack Carthage. Eventually with an army of mostly green recruits, Hannibal was defeated at the [[Battle of Zama]]. Carthage sued for peace. Rome acquired Spain as a result of the Second Punic War.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Wars]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Second_Punic_War&diff=396642Second Punic War2008-03-01T03:51:29Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Second Punic War''' (218-202 B.C.) was fought between the empire of [[Roman Republic|Rome]] and [[Carthage]] led by the infamous [[Hannibal]]. In 241 B.C. when Hannibal was only 6 years old, the War against Rome came to a close. After 23 years of fighting, the war ended in a peace treaty that both sides knew was more or less "made to be broken." Rome now stood squarely facing Carthage, neither city could place any real trust in the other. Carthage spent the next decade recuperating from the war. Hamilcar was dispatched to Spain, taking with him his nine year old son. The Carthaginian government was seeking compensation for the loss of Sicily in the last war, and Hamilcar personally saw Spain as a potential base to wage a war of vengeance against the Romans. Hannibal was brought up to succeed his father's position as general of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, and like his father, was filled with a deep hatred of Rome. At the age of 19, Hannibal lost his father in a battle against one of the hispanic tribes in an attempted, but unsuccessful, revolt. Young, but already a somewhat seasoned soldier from traveling with his father on his campaigns as a boy, Hannibal rose to command all of the forces in Spain. He was a favorite of the soldiers; very charismatic and determined. Over the next ten years, 228-219 B.C. Hannibal prepared for a second war on Rome. Hannibal's adversaries in Rome knew a second war was virtually inevitable; the two countries were constantly arguing over small possessions such as the town of Saguntin in Spain which was supposedly under the protection of Rome. <br />
<br />
While Hannibal and his father had gone on to subdue all of Spain and some of the surrounding small provinces, overwhelming them with numbers and near perfect strategy, Rome had suffered from internal problems. They had spent several years cleaning up numerous Gallic revolts which almost had come to the doorstep of the Capitoline Hill. But true to Roman form, excellent generalship and indomitable courage had quieted these northern neighbors, and Rome had been able to "rest" for about a year. It was at this critical moment in history that Hannibal came to show his real "battlefield genius". The Carthaginian commander prepared to launch his epic attack on the Romans in the spring of 228 B.C. Hannibal's plan was one of relative simplicity. It consisted of making a march over the almost impassable Alps, and striking right at the heart of the Italian peninsula: Rome. But Hannibal was one of those people who just love a challenge. He assembled his army along with a collection of war elephants, and prepared to make a march that would go down in history as second only to Alexander's march through Persia, the greatest kingdom up until the Roman Empire.<br />
After two grueling weeks of toil spent struggling through the incessant snow of the always white capped mountains, Hannibal appeared, as if out of thin air, in Italy. Most of Hannibal's famous elephants had left their hulking grey bodies and long curved tusks in the alpine snows, and the army suffered some casualties of the unbearable weather; but the army of Carthage came through still strong and splendidly disciplined. The Second Punic War had begun. Hannibal's lightning first struck the two Roman consuls of the year 218, almost encircling their armies on a bitter cold December Day. The Romans fought valiantly, but were surpassed in generalship, and routed. Hannibal destroyed almost two-third of the Roman force. Then in 217, Hannibal pushed across the Apennines, and ambushed the new consul, Flaminius, and his legion. The day had been cold and foggy; the Romans had been completely unsuspecting. Hannibal and his force surrounded them and proceeded to cut them to pieces, killing Flaminius. The Romans were now desperate, they turned to their last resort and selected a dictator in light of the catastrophes that had been reeked on the army. The senate appointed Quintus Fabius Maximus, a man known to history as "the Delayer". Fabius avoided all battle during his brief stint in office, giving the depleted Roman army a chance to recover. Even when he did seek to engage his forces, Hannibal created a brilliant diversion driving two thousand oxen through the Roman camp that night with torches tied to their horns. However, the greatest Roman defeat was still to come.<br />
<br />
In 216 B.C., Hannibal captured a grain depot at Cannae on the Aufidus River. L. Aemilius Paullus and C. Terentius Varro, the consuls for that year, led 4 reinforced legions to out meet him. They proceeded to walk into Hannibal's death trap. In the following conflict, Hannibal used his cavalry masterfully, counterbalancing the fact that his infantry was vastly outnumbered. The Carthaginians won an overwhelming victory, slaughtering over half of the 50,000 soldiers the Romans led into battle. Consul Paullus was numbered among the dead, and Consul Varro had narrowly escaped with his life. Hannibal's casualties numbered approximately 5,700, one -sixth of the Roman losses. It is said in the military that an army that has suffered losses that exceed 70% are broken, fatally wounded, and completely useless. Hannibal seemed to have taken control of the War.<br />
<br />
However, Hannibal needed reinforcements, not only of soldiers, but of arms and other necessary supplies. He had to some degree counted on the assistance of the small towns and tribes surrounding Latium, but they clung fast to Rome. All of Hannibal's elephants had died on the original trip over the Alps, or had perished in battle. He was suffering much the same fate of the King Pyrrhus who in an earlier age had attempted to conquer Rome. Meanwhile, the Roman Senate appointed a second dictator in this second time of crisis. They scrambled to pull the remains of the army together, calling upon all of the small villages under their protection to send aid. Consul Varro had done his best to organize the to crippled forces that had survived the battle unscathed. In four years, Rome, after having six legions destroyed in the field, had assembled 25 new, fresh legions were prepared to fight. Rome had also discovered two leaders capable of matching wits with Hannibal in Publius Cornelius Scipio the younger, and Appius Claudius Pulcher, descendant of the great Appius Claudius who had inspired Rome's defiance of Pyrrhus.<br />
<br />
Hannibal had tried desperately to buy time, always hoping that somehow Carthage would find a way to get him the necessary reinforcements. Hannibal had put on a demonstration in front of the walls of Rome, hoping to strike fear into the hearts of the Romans. But he was not able to attack, he needed more soldiers to engage in a siege of that magnitude. In 211 B.C. Rome recaptured Syracuse, which had risen against Rome in 216 B.C. and raised the siege of the city of Capua in the same year. The Roman generals Publius Cornelius Scipio the elder, and his brother Gnaeus, had succeeded in blockading the passage of all reinforcements from reaching Hannibal through Spain. Rome, through her fortitude, had forced at least one more deciding battle to be fought.<br />
Then, in the year of 209 B.C., Publius Cornelius Scipio took the New Carthage, now Cartagena, which was the chief city of the Carthaginians in Spain. This battle, however, included some remarkable phenomenon. During Scipio's siege of the town, which was protected by a lagoon on one side, the waters of this lake parted, and the Romans marched through them to victory. A later historian documented the similarity between the Roman conquest in Spain and the flight of the ancient Israelites from Egypt. This last defeat was a crushing blow to the Carthaginians, specifically to Hannibal's forces encamped in Italy. Now, Hannibal's last hope resided in his brother-in-law Hasdrubal Barca, who had been given command of the Spanish Army. If Hasdrubal could reach Hannibal with his soldiers and arms, Carthage had a fighting chance. But until then, Hannibal was slowly losing his grasp on Italy. Finally, in the year of 208 B.C. Hasdrubal left Spain with the largest of three armies under his command. Once more, elephants came marching through the Alps.<br />
<br />
Once over the Alps, Hasdrubal and company prepared to march into Italy. He was directly opposed by four Legions led by the consul of the year 207, M. Livius Salinator. However, the other consul C.Claudius Nero, also a member of the famous family of Appius Claudius, picked 7,000 men from his army and proceeded to make a forced march along the Adriatic Coast. The women and children came out and the cheered the army at every town they passed. Nero and his men made forty miles a day, an incredible clip, and arrived in the camp of Consul Livius in the dead of night. At dawn, the Roman force marched round the Hasdrubal, outflanking him. Hasdrubal was forced to retreat. However, Nero followed like a dog on a scent. Finally, the two armies met. The 7,000 men under the command of Consul Nero marched clear around the flank of Hasdrubal and his elephants, attacked from the rear, and routed the Carthaginians. Hasdrubal was killed by Nero, who cut off his head. Lesser attempts to reinforce Hannibal would be made, but none were as great as that of Hasdrubal in 207. Hannibal had become almost stranded in Italy, with no possible way to receive supplies or soldiers. At the same time, although retreat was possible, Carthage would not allow Hannibal to pull out.<br />
Meanwhile, Consul Scipio conquered the rest of Spain, and then in 204 advanced into Africa. The next year he won major battles at the Bagradas River, and captured the city of Tunis, which was within sight of Carthage. He proposed terms in which Carthage was to surrender all there overseas possessions, along with paying an indemnity of 5,000 talents. However, the nation would retain its freedom. Carthage was worn out with the war, and accepted. The terms were sent back to Rome for a final review. From the Senate, Appius Claudius again took the floor and said they would not make terms with an enemy upon their Italian soil. So Hannibal was recalled to Carthage, after 16 years of fighting in Italy. During his campaign, Hannibal never lost a battle, winning often in spectacular fashion as at Cannae. Despite his victories, despite his many triumphs, despite the courage of his men, he had lost. It must had been hard for him to understand how or why. Carthage upon the return of Hannibal, suddenly made the mad decision to make one last gasp for life. They raised an army of all able bodied men, and hired several Hispanic and Gallic mercenary companies.<br />
<br />
It is fair to say that Carthage was already beaten when the raw Carthaginian recruits and mercenaries met Scipio at the Battle of Zama in 202 B.C. The two armies were essentially equal in numbers, but completely different in morale. the Carthaginian were made up of more mercenary contingents then actual recruits. Hannibal's tried veterans were now vastly depleted. In this final battle of the war, something that rarely occurs. In fact this might be the only incident it happened in an actual military battle. In the front line of the Carthaginians, stout Spanish and Berber mercenaries who were hard pressed by the Roman legions suddenly turned and attacked their on forces. The reason is still unknown to this day, but it was the cause of Hannibal's only defeat. Rome had won the second Punic War.<br />
<br />
Hannibal took his entire army through [[Spain]] and then, in a preemptive move, crossed the Italian [[Alps]] in merely 15 days to the great surprise of the Romans. Hannibal's crossing of the Alps with 30,000 men and some elephants is considered one of the greatest military feats of the ancient world. He then beat the Romans in a series of battles for 16 years, inflicting horrible losses, but the Romans wouldn't break and their allies remained loyal. In the end Hannibal could not conquer Rome itself since he had no seige train. The Romans couldn't repel Hannibal, but they didn't have to. Hannibal had to retreat to Africa when the Roman general Scipio, who was later called "Africanus" because of his valor in Africa, was set to attack Carthage. Eventually with an army of mostly green recruits, Hannibal was defeated at the [[Battle of Zama]]. Carthage sued for peace. Rome acquired Spain as a result of the Second Punic War.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Wars]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Second_Punic_War&diff=396639Second Punic War2008-03-01T03:34:25Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Second Punic War''' (218-202 B.C.) was fought between the empire of [[Roman Republic|Rome]] and [[Carthage]] led by the infamous [[Hannibal]]. <br />
<br />
Hannibal took his entire army through [[Spain]] and then, in a preemptive move, crossed the Italian [[Alps]] in merely 15 days to the great surprise of the Romans. Hannibal's crossing of the Alps with 30,000 men and some elephants is considered one of the greatest military feats of the ancient world. He then beat the Romans in a series of battles for 16 years, inflicting horrible losses, but the Romans wouldn't break and their allies remained loyal. In the end Hannibal could not conquer Rome itself since he had no seige train. The Romans couldn't repel Hannibal, but they didn't have to. Hannibal had to retreat to Africa when the Roman general Scipio, who was later called "Africanus" because of his valor in Africa, was set to attack Carthage. Eventually with an army of mostly green recruits, Hannibal was defeated at the [[Battle of Zama]]. Carthage sued for peace. Rome acquired Spain as a result of the Second Punic War.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Wars]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Second_Punic_War&diff=396634Second Punic War2008-03-01T03:30:04Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Second Punic War''' (218-202 B.C.) was fought between the empire of [[Roman Republic|Rome]] and [[Carthage]] led by the infamous [[Hannibal]]. The Second Punic War will go down as one of the most important wars in world history, to rival the conquests of [[Alexander the Great]] in 325 B.C. and the Persian Wars in Greece in the 5th century B.C. Looking back upon history, to imagine a post Persian War which the outcome had been the opposite, is difficult to imagine. We realize that the learning and philosophy that the Greeks had built up over the centuries, that years upon years of toil and effort in storing knowledge, would be lost to history ''forever.'' The conquest of Alexander spread the Greek language and learning throughout the world enabling the saving message of Jesus Christ to be communicated to all peoples. If Persia had conquered the Greeks, as they should have in all likelihood, the world would have been ruled by a regime that lacked all the historical background of the Greeks. The conquest of Alexander would have been rendered impossible. The Punic Wars hold in the balance an epic battle between good and evil. <br />
Hannibal took his entire army through [[Spain]] and then, in a preemptive move, crossed the Italian [[Alps]] in merely 15 days to the great surprise of the Romans. Hannibal's crossing of the Alps with 30,000 men and some elephants is considered one of the greatest military feats of the ancient world. He then beat the Romans in a series of battles for 16 years, inflicting horrible losses, but the Romans wouldn't break and their allies remained loyal. In the end Hannibal could not conquer Rome itself since he had no seige train. The Romans couldn't repel Hannibal, but they didn't have to. Hannibal had to retreat to Africa when the Roman general Scipio, who was later called "Africanus" because of his valor in Africa, was set to attack Carthage. Eventually with an army of mostly green recruits, Hannibal was defeated at the [[Battle of Zama]]. Carthage sued for peace. Rome acquired Spain as a result of the Second Punic War.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Wars]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Second_Punic_War&diff=396629Second Punic War2008-03-01T03:16:38Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Second Punic War''' (218-202 B.C.) was fought between the empire of [[Roman Republic|Rome]] and [[Carthage]] led by the infamous [[Hannibal]]. The Second Punic War will go down as one of the ost important in world history, to rival the conquests of [[Alexander the Great]] in 325 B.C. and the Persian Wars in Greece in the 5th century B.C. <br />
Hannibal took his entire army through [[Spain]] and then, in a preemptive move, crossed the Italian [[Alps]] in merely 15 days to the great surprise of the Romans. Hannibal's crossing of the Alps with 30,000 men and some elephants is considered one of the greatest military feats of the ancient world. He then beat the Romans in a series of battles for 16 years, inflicting horrible losses, but the Romans wouldn't break and their allies remained loyal. In the end Hannibal could not conquer Rome itself since he had no seige train. The Romans couldn't repel Hannibal, but they didn't have to. Hannibal had to retreat to Africa when the Roman general Scipio, who was later called "Africanus" because of his valor in Africa, was set to attack Carthage. Eventually with an army of mostly green recruits, Hannibal was defeated at the [[Battle of Zama]]. Carthage sued for peace. Rome acquired Spain as a result of the Second Punic War.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Wars]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Second_Punic_War&diff=396628Second Punic War2008-03-01T03:15:45Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Second Punic War''' (218-202 B.C.) was fought between the empire of [[Roman Republic|Rome]] and [[Carthage]] led by the infamous [[Hannibal]]. The Second Punic War will go down as one of the ost important in world history, to rival the conquests of [[Alexander the Great]] in 325 B.C. and the [[First Persian War]] in 499 B.C. and the [[Second Persian War in 485 B.C. <br />
<br />
Hannibal took his entire army through [[Spain]] and then, in a preemptive move, crossed the Italian [[Alps]] in merely 15 days to the great surprise of the Romans. Hannibal's crossing of the Alps with 30,000 men and some elephants is considered one of the greatest military feats of the ancient world. He then beat the Romans in a series of battles for 16 years, inflicting horrible losses, but the Romans wouldn't break and their allies remained loyal. In the end Hannibal could not conquer Rome itself since he had no seige train. The Romans couldn't repel Hannibal, but they didn't have to. Hannibal had to retreat to Africa when the Roman general Scipio, who was later called "Africanus" because of his valor in Africa, was set to attack Carthage. Eventually with an army of mostly green recruits, Hannibal was defeated at the [[Battle of Zama]]. Carthage sued for peace. Rome acquired Spain as a result of the Second Punic War.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Wars]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Second_Punic_War&diff=396627Second Punic War2008-03-01T03:14:54Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Second Punic War''' (218-202 B.C.) was fought between the empire of [[Roman Republic|Rome]] and [[Carthage]] led by the infamous [[Hannibal]]. The Second Punic War will go down as one of the ost important in world history, to rival the conquests of [[Alexander the Great]] in 325 B.C. and the [[Persian War]]. <br />
<br />
Hannibal took his entire army through [[Spain]] and then, in a preemptive move, crossed the Italian [[Alps]] in merely 15 days to the great surprise of the Romans. Hannibal's crossing of the Alps with 30,000 men and some elephants is considered one of the greatest military feats of the ancient world. He then beat the Romans in a series of battles for 16 years, inflicting horrible losses, but the Romans wouldn't break and their allies remained loyal. In the end Hannibal could not conquer Rome itself since he had no seige train. The Romans couldn't repel Hannibal, but they didn't have to. Hannibal had to retreat to Africa when the Roman general Scipio, who was later called "Africanus" because of his valor in Africa, was set to attack Carthage. Eventually with an army of mostly green recruits, Hannibal was defeated at the [[Battle of Zama]]. Carthage sued for peace. Rome acquired Spain as a result of the Second Punic War.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Wars]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hannibal&diff=396408Hannibal2008-02-29T20:31:16Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Hannibal''' was a Carthaginian commander and military genius. He was born in 247 B.C. of the "royal" family of Barca. His father, [[Hamilcar Barca]] was one of the greatest Carthaginian generals during the [[First Punic War]]. The name of "Hannibal" literally means the "mercy of Baal". In 241 B.C. when Hannibal was only 6 years old, the War against Rome came to a close. After 23 years of fighting, the war ended in a peace treaty that both sides knew was more or less "made to be broken." Rome now stood squarely facing Carthage, neither city could place any real trust in the other. Carthage spent the next decade recuperating from the war. Hamilcar was dispatched to Spain, taking with him his nine year old son. The Carthaginian government was seeking compensation for the loss of Sicily in the last war, and Hamilcar personally saw Spain as a potential base to wage a war of vengeance against the Romans. Hannibal was brought up to succeed his father's position as general of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, and like his father, was filled with a deep hatred of Rome. At the age of 19, Hannibal lost his father in a battle against one of the hispanic tribes in an attempted, but unsuccessful, revolt. Young, but already a somewhat seasoned soldier from traveling with his father on his campaigns as a boy, Hannibal rose to command all of the forces in Spain. He was a favorite of the soldiers; very charismatic and determined. Over the next ten years, 228-219 B.C. Hannibal prepared for a second war on Rome.<br />
<br />
While Hannibal and his father had gone on to subdue all of Spain and some of the surrounding small provinces, overwhelming them with numbers and near perfect strategy, Rome had suffered from internal problems. They had spent several years cleaning up numerous Gallic revolts which almost had come to the doorstep of the Capitoline Hill. But true to Roman form, excellent generalship and indomitable courage had quieted these northern neighbors, and Rome had been able to "rest" for about a year. It was at this critical moment in history that Hannibal came to show his real "battlefield genius". The Carthaginian commander prepared to launch his epic attack on the Romans in the spring of 228 B.C. Hannibal's plan was one of relative simplicity. It consisted of making a march over the almost impassable [[Alps]], and striking right at the heart of the Italian peninsula: Rome. But Hannibal was one of those people who just love a challenge. He assembled his army along with a collection of war elephants, and prepared to make a march that would go down in history as second only to Alexander's march through Persia, the greatest kingdom up until the Roman Empire.<br />
<br />
After two grueling weeks of toil spent struggling through the incessant snow of the always white capped mountains, Hannibal appeared, as if out of thin air, in Italy. Most of Hannibal's famous elephants had left their hulking grey bodies and long curved tusks in the alpine snows, and the army suffered some casualties of the unbearable weather; but the army of Carthage came through still strong and splendidly disciplined. The [[Second Punic War]] had begun. Hannibal's lightning first struck the two Roman consuls of the year 218, almost encircling their armies on a bitter cold December Day. The Romans fought valiantly, but were surpassed in generalship, and routed. Hannibal destroyed almost two-third of the Roman force. Then in 217, Hannibal pushed across the Apennines, and ambushed the new consul, Flaminius, and his legion. The day had been cold and foggy; the Romans had been completely unsuspecting. Hannibal and his force surrounded them and proceeded to cut them to pieces, killing Flaminius. The Romans were now desperate, they turned to their last resort and selected a dictator in light of the catastrophes that had been reeked on the army. The senate appointed Quintus Fabius Maximus, a man known to history as "the Delayer". Fabius avoided all battle during his brief stint in office, giving the depleted Roman army a chance to recover. Even when he did seek to engage his forces, Hannibal created a brilliant diversion driving two thousand oxen through the Roman camp that night with torches tied to their horns. However, the greatest Roman defeat was still to come.<br />
<br />
In 216 B.C., Hannibal captured a grain depot at Cannae on the Aufidus River. L. Aemilius Paullus and C. Terentius Varro, the consuls for that year, led 4 reinforced legions to out meet him. They proceeded to walk into Hannibal's death trap. In the following conflict, Hannibal used his cavalry masterfully, counterbalancing the fact that his infantry was vastly outnumbered. The Carthaginians won an overwhelming victory, slaughtering over half of the 50,000 soldiers the Romans led into battle. Consul Paullus was numbered among the dead, and Consul Varro had narrowly escaped with his life. Hannibal's casualties numbered approximately 5,700, one -sixth of the Roman losses. It is said in the military that an army that has suffered losses that exceed 70% are broken, fatally wounded, and completely useless. Hannibal seemed to have taken control of the War.<br />
<br />
However, Hannibal needed reinforcements, not only of soldiers, but of arms and other necessary supplies. He had to some degree counted on the assistance of the small towns and tribes surrounding Latium, but they clung fast to Rome. All of Hannibal's elephants had died on the original trip over the Alps, or had perished in battle. He was suffering much the same fate of the King Pyrrhus who in an earlier age had attempted to conquer Rome. Meanwhile, the Roman Senate appointed a second dictator in this second time of crisis. They scrambled to pull the remains of the army together, calling upon all of the small villages under their protection to send aid. Consul Varro had done his best to organize the to crippled forces that had survived the battle unscathed. In four years, Rome, after having six legions destroyed in the field, had assembled 25 new, fresh legions were prepared to fight. Rome had also discovered two leaders capable of matching wits with Hannibal in [[Publius Cornelius Scipio]] the younger, and [[Appius Claudius Pulcher]], descendant of the great Appius Claudius who had inspired Rome's defiance of Pyrrhus. <br />
<br />
Hannibal had tried desperately to buy time, always hoping that somehow Carthage would find a way to get him the necessary reinforcements. Hannibal had put on a demonstration in front of the walls of Rome, hoping to strike fear into the hearts of the Romans. But he was not able to attack, he needed more soldiers to engage in a siege of that magnitude. In 211 B.C. Rome recaptured Syracuse, which had risen against Rome in 216 B.C. and raised the siege of the city of Capua in the same year. The Roman generals Publius Cornelius Scipio the elder, and his brother Gnaeus, had succeeded in blockading the passage of all reinforcements from reaching Hannibal through Spain. Rome, through her fortitude, had forced at least one more deciding battle to be fought.<br />
<br />
Then, in the year of 209 B.C., Publius Cornelius Scipio took the New Carthage, now Cartagena, which was the chief city of the Carthaginians in Spain. This battle, however, included some remarkable phenomenon. During Scipio's siege of the town, which was protected by a lagoon on one side, the waters of this lake parted, and the Romans marched through them to victory. A later historian documented the similarity between the Roman conquest in Spain and the flight of the ancient Israelites from Egypt. This last defeat was a crushing blow to the Carthaginians, specifically to Hannibal's forces encamped in Italy. Now, Hannibal's last hope resided in his brother-in-law [[Hasdrubal Barca]], who had been given command of the Spanish Army. If Hasdrubal could reach Hannibal with his soldiers and arms, Carthage had a fighting chance. But until then, Hannibal was slowly losing his grasp on Italy. Finally, in the year of 208 B.C. Hasdrubal left Spain with the largest of three armies under his command. Once more, elephants came marching through the Alps.<br />
<br />
Once over the Alps, Hasdrubal and company prepared to march into Italy. He was directly opposed by four Legions led by the consul of the year 207, M. Livius Salinator. However, the other consul C.Claudius Nero, also a member of the famous family of Appius Claudius, picked 7,000 men from his army and proceeded to make a forced march along the Adriatic Coast. The women and children came out and the cheered the army at every town they passed. Nero and his men made forty miles a day, an incredible clip, and arrived in the camp of Consul Livius in the dead of night. At dawn, the Roman force marched round the Hasdrubal, outflanking him. Hasdrubal was forced to retreat. However, Nero followed like a dog on a scent. Finally, the two armies met. The 7,000 men under the command of Consul Nero marched clear around the flank of Hasdrubal and his elephants, attacked from the rear, and routed the Carthaginians. Hasdrubal was killed by Nero, who cut off his head. Lesser attempts to reinforce Hannibal would be made, but none were as great as that of Hasdrubal in 207. Hannibal had become almost stranded in Italy, with no possible way to receive supplies or soldiers. At the same time, although retreat was possible, Carthage would not allow Hannibal to pull out. <br />
<br />
Meanwhile, Consul Scipio conquered the rest of Spain, and then in 204 advanced into Africa. The next year he won major battles at the Bagradas River, and captured the city of Tunis, which was within sight of Carthage. He proposed terms in which Carthage was to surrender all there overseas possessions, along with paying an indemnity of 5,000 talents. However, the nation would retain its freedom. Carthage was worn out with the war, and accepted. The terms were sent back to Rome for a final review. From the Senate, Appius Claudius again took the floor and said they would not make terms with an enemy upon their Italian soil. So Hannibal was recalled to Carthage, after 16 years of fighting in Italy. During his campaign, Hannibal never lost a battle, winning often in spectacular fashion as at Cannae. Despite his victories, despite his many triumphs, despite the courage of his men, he had lost. It must had been hard for him to understand how or why. Carthage upon the return of Hannibal, suddenly made the mad decision to make one last gasp for life. They raised an army of all able bodied men, and hired several Hispanic and Gallic mercenary companies. <br />
<br />
It is fair to say that Carthage was already beaten when the raw Carthaginian recruits and mercenaries met Scipio at the [[Battle of Zama]] in 202 B.C. The two armies were essentially equal in numbers, but completely different in morale. the Carthaginian were made up of more mercenary contingents then actual recruits. Hannibal's tried veterans were now vastly depleted. In this final battle of the war, something that rarely occurs. In fact this might be the only incident it happened in an actual military battle. In the front line of the Carthaginians, stout Spanish and Berber mercenaries who were hard pressed by the Roman legions suddenly turned and attacked their on forces. The reason is still unknown to this day, but it was the cause of Hannibal's only defeat. Rome had won the second Punic War.<br />
<br />
Hannibal to this day is one the greatest military minds the world has ever produced. With the exception of the disastrous battle at Zama, Hannibal, like [[Alexander the Great]] was never defeated. He inspired his troops to follow him wherever ha would lead. During the [[Second Punic War]] against Rome, he crossed the [[Alps]] with 38 [[War Elephants]] in a mere 15 days to surprise the Roman armies. Feared and successful even in peace, the Romans eventually forced him to commit suicide in 183 BC. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Military Commanders]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Rome]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hannibal&diff=396402Hannibal2008-02-29T20:14:39Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Hannibal''' was a Carthaginian commander and military genius. He was born in 247 B.C. of the "royal" family of Barca. His father, [[Hamilcar Barca]] was one of the greatest Carthaginian generals during the [[First Punic War]]. The name of "Hannibal" literally means the "mercy of Baal". In 241 B.C. when Hannibal was only 6 years old, the War against Rome came to a close. After 23 years of fighting, the war ended in a peace treaty that both sides knew was more or less "made to be broken." Rome now stood squarely facing Carthage, neither city could place any real trust in the other. Carthage spent the next decade recuperating from the war. Hamilcar was dispatched to Spain, taking with him his nine year old son. The Carthaginian government was seeking compensation for the loss of Sicily in the last war, and Hamilcar personally saw Spain as a potential base to wage a war of vengeance against the Romans. Hannibal was brought up to succeed his father's position as general of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, and like his father, was filled with a deep hatred of Rome. At the age of 19, Hannibal lost his father in a battle against one of the hispanic tribes in an attempted, but unsuccessful, revolt. Young, but already a somewhat seasoned soldier from traveling with his father on his campaigns as a boy, Hannibal rose to command all of the forces in Spain. He was a favorite of the soldiers; very charismatic and determined. Over the next ten years, 228-219 B.C. Hannibal prepared for a second war on Rome.<br />
<br />
While Hannibal and his father had gone on to subdue all of Spain and some of the surrounding small provinces, overwhelming them with numbers and near perfect strategy, Rome had suffered from internal problems. They had spent several years cleaning up numerous Gallic revolts which almost had come to the doorstep of the Capitoline Hill. But true to Roman form, excellent generalship and indomitable courage had quieted these northern neighbors, and Rome had been able to "rest" for about a year. It was at this critical moment in history that Hannibal came to show his real "battlefield genius". The Carthaginian commander prepared to launch his epic attack on the Romans in the spring of 228 B.C. Hannibal's plan was one of relative simplicity. It consisted of making a march over the almost impassable [[Alps]], and striking right at the heart of the Italian peninsula: Rome. But Hannibal was one of those people who just love a challenge. He assembled his army along with a collection of war elephants, and prepared to make a march that would go down in history as second only to Alexander's march through Persia, the greatest kingdom up until the Roman Empire.<br />
<br />
After two grueling weeks of toil spent struggling through the incessant snow of the always white capped mountains, Hannibal appeared, as if out of thin air, in Italy. Most of Hannibal's famous elephants had left their hulking grey bodies and long curved tusks in the alpine snows, and the army suffered some casualties of the unbearable weather; but the army of Carthage came through still strong and splendidly disciplined. The [[Second Punic War]] had begun. Hannibal's lightning first struck the two Roman consuls of the year 218, almost encircling their armies on a bitter cold December Day. The Romans fought valiantly, but were surpassed in generalship, and routed. Hannibal destroyed almost two-third of the Roman force. Then in 217, Hannibal pushed across the Apennines, and ambushed the new consul, Flaminius, and his legion. The day had been cold and foggy; the Romans had been completely unsuspecting. Hannibal and his force surrounded them and proceeded to cut them to pieces, killing Flaminius. The Romans were now desperate, they turned to their last resort and selected a dictator in light of the catastrophes that had been reeked on the army. The senate appointed Quintus Fabius Maximus, a man known to history as "the Delayer". Fabius avoided all battle during his brief stint in office, giving the depleted Roman army a chance to recover. Even when he did seek to engage his forces, Hannibal created a brilliant diversion driving two thousand oxen through the Roman camp that night with torches tied to their horns. However, the greatest Roman defeat was still to come.<br />
<br />
In 216 B.C., Hannibal captured a grain depot at Cannae on the Aufidus River. L. Aemilius Paullus and C. Terentius Varro, the consuls for that year, led 4 reinforced legions to out meet him. They proceeded to walk into Hannibal's death trap. In the following conflict, Hannibal used his cavalry masterfully, counterbalancing the fact that his infantry was vastly outnumbered. The Carthaginians won an overwhelming victory, slaughtering over half of the 50,000 soldiers the Romans led into battle. Consul Paullus was numbered among the dead, and Consul Varro had narrowly escaped with his life. Hannibal's casualties numbered approximately 5,700, one -sixth of the Roman losses. It is said in the military that an army that has suffered losses that exceed 70% are broken, fatally wounded, and completely useless. Hannibal seemed to have taken control of the War.<br />
<br />
However, Hannibal needed reinforcements, not only of soldiers, but of arms and other necessary supplies. He had to some degree counted on the assistance of the small towns and tribes surrounding Latium, but they clung fast to Rome. All of Hannibal's elephants had died on the original trip over the Alps, or had perished in battle. He was suffering much the same fate of the King Pyrrhus who in an earlier age had attempted to conquer Rome. Meanwhile, the Roman Senate appointed a second dictator in this second time of crisis. They scrambled to pull the remains of the army together, calling upon all of the small villages under their protection to send aid. Consul Varro had done his best to organize the to crippled forces that had survived the battle unscathed. In four years, Rome, after having six legions destroyed in the field, had assembled 25 new, fresh legions were prepared to fight. Rome had also discovered two leaders capable of matching wits with Hannibal in [[Publius Cornelius Scipio]] the younger, and [[Appius Claudius Pulcher]], descendant of the great Appius Claudius who had inspired Rome's defiance of Pyrrhus. <br />
<br />
Hannibal had tried desperately to buy time, always hoping that somehow Carthage would find a way to get him the necessary reinforcements. Hannibal had put on a demonstration in front of the walls of Rome, hoping to strike fear into the hearts of the Romans. But he was not able to attack, he needed more soldiers to engage in a siege of that magnitude. In 211 B.C. Rome recaptured Syracuse, which had risen against Rome in 216 B.C. and raised the siege of the city of Capua in the same year. The Roman generals Publius Cornelius Scipio the elder, and his brother Gnaeus, had succeeded in blockading the passage of all reinforcements from reaching Hannibal through Spain. Rome, through her fortitude, had forced at least one more deciding battle to be fought.<br />
<br />
Then, in the year of 209 B.C., Publius Cornelius Scipio took the New Carthage, now Cartagena, which was the chief city of the Carthaginians in Spain. This battle, however, included some remarkable phenomenon. During Scipio's siege of the town, which was protected by a lagoon on one side, the waters of this lake parted, and the Romans marched through them to victory. A later historian documented the similarity between the Roman conquest in Spain and the flight of the ancient Israelites from Egypt. This last defeat was a crushing blow to the Carthaginians, specifically to Hannibal's forces encamped in Italy. Now, Hannibal's last hope resided in his brother-in-law [[Hasdrubal Barca]], who had been given command of the Spanish Army. If Hasdrubal could reach Hannibal with his soldiers and arms, Carthage had a fighting chance. But until then, Hannibal was slowly losing his grasp on Italy. Finally, in the year of 208 B.C. Hasdrubal left Spain with the largest of three armies under his command. Once more, elephants came marching through the Alps.<br />
<br />
Once over the Alps, Hasdrubal and company prepared to march into Italy. He was directly opposed by four Legions led by the consul of the year 207, M. Livius Salinator. However, the other consul C.Claudius Nero, also a member of the famous family of Appius Claudius, picked 7,000 men from his army and proceeded to make a forced march along the Adriatic Coast. The women and children came out and the cheered the army at every town they passed. Nero and his men made forty miles a day, an incredible clip, and arrived in the camp of Consul Livius in the dead of night. At dawn, the Roman force marched round the Hasdrubal, outflanking him. Hasdrubal was forced to retreat. However, Nero followed like a dog on a scent. Finally, the two armies met. The 7,000 men under the command of Consul Nero marched clear around the flank of Hasdrubal and his elephants, attacked from the rear, and routed the Carthaginians. Hasdrubal was killed by Nero, who cut off his head. Lesser attempts to reinforce Hannibal would be made, but none were as great as that of Hasdrubal in 207. Hannibal had become almost stranded in Italy, with no possible way to receive supplies or soldiers. At the same time, although retreat was possible, Carthage would not allow Hannibal to pull out. <br />
<br />
Meanwhile, Consul Scipio conquered the rest of Spain, and then in 204 advanced into Africa. The next year he won major battles at the Bagradas River, and captured the city of Tunis, which was within sight of Carthage. He proposed terms in which Carthage was to surrender all there overseas possessions, along with paying an indemnity of 5,000 talents. However, the nation would retain its freedom. Carthage was worn out with the war, and accepted. The terms were sent back to Rome for a final review. From the Senate, Appius Claudius again took the floor and said they would not make terms with an enemy upon their Italian soil. So Hannibal was recalled to Carthage, after 16 years of fighting in Italy. During his campaign, Hannibal never lost a battle, winning often in spectacular fashion as at Cannae. Despite his victories, despite his many triumphs, despite the courage of his men, he had lost. It must had been hard for him to understand how or why. <br />
<br />
During the [[Second Punic War]] against Rome, he crossed the [[Alps]] with 38 [[War Elephants]] in a mere 15 days to surprise the Roman armies. Winning battle after battle, including killing 60,000 Romans in a single day at the [[Battle of Cannae]], he still lost the war when the Romans could replenish their losses with deep manpower reserves that [[Carthage]] didn't have. Feared and successful even in peace, the Romans eventually forced him to commit suicide in 183 BC. <br />
<br />
He decided to attempt to take over the Iberian Peninsula (where [[Spain]] is today) by crossing it with 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, and 37 elephants. <ref>http://www.livius.org/ha-hd/hannibal/hannibal.html</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
<references/><br />
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[[Category:Military Commanders]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Rome]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hannibal&diff=396399Hannibal2008-02-29T20:07:13Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Hannibal''' was a Carthaginian commander and military genius. He was born in 247 B.C. of the "royal" family of Barca. His father, [[Hamilcar Barca]] was one of the greatest Carthaginian generals during the [[First Punic War]]. The name of "Hannibal" literally means the "mercy of Baal". In 241 B.C. when Hannibal was only 6 years old, the War against Rome came to a close. After 23 years of fighting, the war ended in a peace treaty that both sides knew was more or less "made to be broken." Rome now stood squarely facing Carthage, neither city could place any real trust in the other. Carthage spent the next decade recuperating from the war. Hamilcar was dispatched to Spain, taking with him his nine year old son. The Carthaginian government was seeking compensation for the loss of Sicily in the last war, and Hamilcar personally saw Spain as a potential base to wage a war of vengeance against the Romans. Hannibal was brought up to succeed his father's position as general of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, and like his father, was filled with a deep hatred of Rome. At the age of 19, Hannibal lost his father in a battle against one of the hispanic tribes in an attempted, but unsuccessful, revolt. Young, but already a somewhat seasoned soldier from traveling with his father on his campaigns as a boy, Hannibal rose to command all of the forces in Spain. He was a favorite of the soldiers; very charismatic and determined. Over the next ten years, 228-219 B.C. Hannibal prepared for a second war on Rome.<br />
<br />
While Hannibal and his father had gone on to subdue all of Spain and some of the surrounding small provinces, overwhelming them with numbers and near perfect strategy, Rome had suffered from internal problems. They had spent several years cleaning up numerous Gallic revolts which almost had come to the doorstep of the Capitoline Hill. But true to Roman form, excellent generalship and indomitable courage had quieted these northern neighbors, and Rome had been able to "rest" for about a year. It was at this critical moment in history that Hannibal came to show his real "battlefield genius". The Carthaginian commander prepared to launch his epic attack on the Romans in the spring of 228 B.C. Hannibal's plan was one of relative simplicity. It consisted of making a march over the almost impassable [[Alps]], and striking right at the heart of the Italian peninsula: Rome. But Hannibal was one of those people who just love a challenge. He assembled his army along with a collection of war elephants, and prepared to make a march that would go down in history as second only to Alexander's march through Persia, the greatest kingdom up until the Roman Empire.<br />
<br />
After two grueling weeks of toil spent struggling through the incessant snow of the always white capped mountains, Hannibal appeared, as if out of thin air, in Italy. Most of Hannibal's famous elephants had left their hulking grey bodies and long curved tusks in the alpine snows, and the army suffered some casualties of the unbearable weather; but the army of Carthage came through still strong and splendidly disciplined. The [[Second Punic War]] had begun. Hannibal's lightning first struck the two Roman consuls of the year 218, almost encircling their armies on a bitter cold December Day. The Romans fought valiantly, but were surpassed in generalship, and routed. Hannibal destroyed almost two-third of the Roman force. Then in 217, Hannibal pushed across the Apennines, and ambushed the new consul, Flaminius, and his legion. The day had been cold and foggy; the Romans had been completely unsuspecting. Hannibal and his force surrounded them and proceeded to cut them to pieces, killing Flaminius. The Romans were now desperate, they turned to their last resort and selected a dictator in light of the catastrophes that had been reeked on the army. The senate appointed Quintus Fabius Maximus, a man known to history as "the Delayer". Fabius avoided all battle during his brief stint in office, giving the depleted Roman army a chance to recover. Even when he did seek to engage his forces, Hannibal created a brilliant diversion driving two thousand oxen through the Roman camp that night with torches tied to their horns. However, the greatest Roman defeat was still to come.<br />
<br />
In 216 B.C., Hannibal captured a grain depot at Cannae on the Aufidus River. L. Aemilius Paullus and C. Terentius Varro, the consuls for that year, led 4 reinforced legions to out meet him. They proceeded to walk into Hannibal's death trap. In the following conflict, Hannibal used his cavalry masterfully, counterbalancing the fact that his infantry was vastly outnumbered. The Carthaginians won an overwhelming victory, slaughtering over half of the 50,000 soldiers the Romans led into battle. Consul Paullus was numbered among the dead, and Consul Varro had narrowly escaped with his life. Hannibal's casualties numbered approximately 5,700, one -sixth of the Roman losses. It is said in the military that an army that has suffered losses that exceed 70% are broken, fatally wounded, and completely useless. Hannibal seemed to have taken control of the War.<br />
<br />
However, Hannibal needed reinforcements, not only of soldiers, but of arms and other necessary supplies. He had to some degree counted on the assistance of the small towns and tribes surrounding Latium, but they clung fast to Rome. All of Hannibal's elephants had died on the original trip over the Alps, or had perished in battle. He was suffering much the same fate of the King Pyrrhus who in an earlier age had attempted to conquer Rome. Meanwhile, the Roman Senate appointed a second dictator in this second time of crisis. They scrambled to pull the remains of the army together, calling upon all of the small villages under their protection to send aid. Consul Varro had done his best to organize the to crippled forces that had survived the battle unscathed. In four years, Rome, after having six legions destroyed in the field, had assembled 25 new, fresh legions were prepared to fight. Rome had also discovered two leaders capable of matching wits with Hannibal in [[Publius Cornelius Scipio]] the younger, and [[Appius Claudius Pulcher]], descendant of the great Appius Claudius who had inspired Rome's defiance of Pyrrhus. <br />
<br />
Hannibal had tried desperately to buy time, always hoping that somehow Carthage would find a way to get him the necessary reinforcements. Hannibal had put on a demonstration in front of the walls of Rome, hoping to strike fear into the hearts of the Romans. But he was not able to attack, he needed more soldiers to engage in a siege of that magnitude. In 211 B.C. Rome recaptured Syracuse, which had risen against Rome in 216 B.C. and raised the siege of the city of Capua in the same year. The Roman generals Publius Cornelius Scipio the elder, and his brother Gnaeus, had succeeded in blockading the passage of all reinforcements from reaching Hannibal through Spain. Rome, through her fortitude, had forced at least one more deciding battle to be fought.<br />
<br />
Then, in the year of 209 B.C., Publius Cornelius Scipio took the New Carthage, now Cartagena, which was the chief city of the Carthaginians in Spain. This battle, however, included some remarkable phenomenon. During Scipio's siege of the town, which was protected by a lagoon on one side, the waters of this lake parted, and the Romans marched through them to victory. A later historian documented the similarity between the Roman conquest in Spain and the flight of the ancient Israelites from Egypt. This last defeat was a crushing blow to the Carthaginians, specifically to Hannibal's forces encamped in Italy. Now, Hannibal's last hope resided in his brother-in-law [[Hasdrubal Barca]], who had been given command of the Spanish Army. If Hasdrubal could reach Hannibal with his soldiers and arms, Carthage had a fighting chance. But until then, Hannibal was slowly losing his grasp on Italy. Finally, in the year of 208 B.C. Hasdrubal left Spain with the largest of three armies under his command. Once more, elephants came marching through the Alps.<br />
<br />
Once over the Alps, Hasdrubal and company prepared to march into Italy. He was directly opposed by four Legions led by the consul of the year 207, M. Livius Salinator. However, the other consul C.Claudius Nero, also a member of the famous family of Appius Claudius, picked 7,000 men from his army and proceeded to make a forced march along the Adriatic Coast. The women and children came out and the cheered the army at every town they passed. Nero and his men made forty miles a day, an incredible clip, and arrived in the camp of Consul Livius in the dead of night. At dawn, the Roman force marched round the Hasdrubal, outflanking him. Hasdrubal was forced to retreat. However, Nero followed like a dog on a scent. Finally, the two armies met. The 7,000 men under the command of Consul Nero marched clear around the flank of Hasdrubal and his elephants, attacked from the rear, and routed the Carthaginians. Hasdrubal was killed by Nero, who cut off his head. Lesser attempts to reinforce Hannibal would be made, but none were as great as that of Hasdrubal in 207. Hannibal had become almost stranded in Italy, with no possible way to receive supplies or soldiers. At the same time, although retreat was possible, Carthage would not allow Hannibal to pull out. <br />
<br />
Meanwhile, Consul Scipio conquered the rest of Spain, and then in 204 advanced into Africa. The next year he won major battles at the Bagradas River, and captured the city of Tunis, which was within sight of Carthage. He proposed terms in which Carthage was to surrender all there overseas possessions, along with paying an indemnity of 5,000 talents. <br />
<br />
During the [[Second Punic War]] against Rome, he crossed the [[Alps]] with 38 [[War Elephants]] in a mere 15 days to surprise the Roman armies. Winning battle after battle, including killing 60,000 Romans in a single day at the [[Battle of Cannae]], he still lost the war when the Romans could replenish their losses with deep manpower reserves that [[Carthage]] didn't have. Feared and successful even in peace, the Romans eventually forced him to commit suicide in 183 BC. <br />
<br />
He decided to attempt to take over the Iberian Peninsula (where [[Spain]] is today) by crossing it with 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, and 37 elephants. <ref>http://www.livius.org/ha-hd/hannibal/hannibal.html</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Military Commanders]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Rome]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hannibal&diff=396201Hannibal2008-02-29T01:49:03Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Hannibal''' was a Carthaginian commander and military genius. He was born in 247 B.C. of the "royal" family of Barca. His father, [[Hamilcar Barca]] was one of the greatest Carthaginian generals during the [[First Punic War]]. The name of "Hannibal" literally means the "mercy of Baal". In 241 B.C. when Hannibal was only 6 years old, the War against Rome came to a close. After 23 years of fighting, the war ended in a peace treaty that both sides knew was more or less "made to be broken." Rome now stood squarely facing Carthage, neither city could place any real trust in the other. Carthage spent the next decade recuperating from the war. Hamilcar was dispatched to Spain, taking with him his nine year old son. The Carthaginian government was seeking compensation for the loss of Sicily in the last war, and Hamilcar personally saw Spain as a potential base to wage a war of vengeance against the Romans. Hannibal was brought up to succeed his father's position as general of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, and like his father, was filled with a deep hatred of Rome. At the age of 19, Hannibal lost his father in a battle against one of the hispanic tribes in an attempted, but unsuccessful, revolt. Young, but already a somewhat seasoned soldier from traveling with his father on his campaigns as a boy, Hannibal rose to command all of the forces in Spain. He was a favorite of the soldiers; very charismatic and determined. Over the next ten years, 228-219 B.C. Hannibal prepared for a second war on Rome.<br />
<br />
While Hannibal and his father had gone on to subdue all of Spain and some of the surrounding small provinces, overwhelming them with numbers and near perfect strategy, Rome had suffered from internal problems. They had spent several years cleaning up numerous Gallic revolts which almost had come to the doorstep of the Capitoline Hill. But true to Roman form, excellent generalship and indomitable courage had quieted these northern neighbors, and Rome had been able to "rest" for about a year. It was at this critical moment in history that Hannibal came to show his real "battlefield genius". The Carthaginian commander prepared to launch his epic attack on the Romans in the spring of 228 B.C. Hannibal's plan was one of relative simplicity. It consisted of making a march over the almost impassable [[Alps]], and striking right at the heart of the Italian peninsula: Rome. But Hannibal was one of those people who just love a challenge. He assembled his army along with a collection of war elephants, and prepared to make a march that would go down in history as second only to Alexander's march through Persia, the greatest kingdom up until the Roman Empire.<br />
<br />
After two grueling weeks of toil spent struggling through the incessant snow of the always white capped mountains, Hannibal appeared, as if out of thin air, in Italy. Most of Hannibal's famous elephants had left their hulking grey bodies and long curved tusks in the alpine snows, and the army suffered some casualties of the unbearable weather; but the army of Carthage came through still strong and splendidly disciplined. The [[Second Punic War]] had begun. Hannibal's lightning first struck the two Roman consuls of the year 218, almost encircling their armies on a bitter cold December Day. The Romans fought valiantly, but were surpassed in generalship, and routed. Hannibal destroyed almost two-third of the Roman force. Then in 217, Hannibal pushed across the Apennines, and ambushed the new consul, Flaminius, and his legion. The day had been cold and foggy; the Romans had been completely unsuspecting. Hannibal and his force surrounded them and proceeded to cut them to pieces, killing Flaminius. The Romans were now desperate, they turned to their last resort and selected a dictator in light of the catastrophes that had been reeked on the army. The senate appointed Quintus Fabius Maximus, a man known to history as "the Delayer". Fabius avoided all battle during his brief stint in office, giving the depleted Roman army a chance to recover. Even when he did seek to engage his forces, Hannibal created a brilliant diversion driving two thousand oxen through the Roman camp that night with torches tied to their horns. However, the greatest Roman defeat was still to come.<br />
<br />
In 216 B.C., Hannibal captured a grain depot at Cannae on the Aufidus River. L. Aemilius Paullus and C. Terentius Varro, the consuls for that year, led 4 reinforced legions to out meet him. They proceeded to walk into Hannibal's death trap. In the following conflict, Hannibal used his cavalry masterfully, counterbalancing the fact that his infantry was vastly outnumbered. The Carthaginians won an overwhelming victory, slaughtering over half of the 50,000 soldiers the Romans led into battle. Consul Paullus was numbered among the dead, and Consul Varro had narrowly escaped with his life. Hannibal's casualties numbered approximately 5,700, one -sixth of the Roman losses. It is said in the military that an army that has suffered losses that exceed 70% are broken, fatally wounded, and completely useless. Hannibal seemed to have taken control of the War.<br />
<br />
However, Hannibal needed reinforcements, not only of soldiers, but of arms and other necessary supplies. He had to some degree counted on the assistance of the small towns and tribes surrounding Latium, but they clung fast to Rome. All of Hannibal's elephants had died on the original trip over the Alps, or had perished in battle. He was suffering much the same fate of the King Pyrrhus who in an earlier age had attempted to conquer Rome. Meanwhile, the Roman Senate appointed a second dictator in this second time of crisis. They scrambled to pull the remains of the army together, calling upon all of the small villages under their protection to send aid. Consul Varro had done his best to organize the to crippled forces that had survived the battle unscathed. In four years, Rome, after having six legions destroyed in the field, had assembled 25 new, fresh legions were prepared to fight. Rome had also discovered two leaders capable of matching wits with Hannibal in [[Publius Cornelius Scipio]] the younger, and [[Appius Claudius Pulcher]], descendant of the great Appius Claudius who had inspired Rome's defiance of Pyrrhus. <br />
<br />
Hannibal had tried desperately to buy time, always hoping that somehow Carthage would find a way to get him the necessary reinforcements. Hannibal had put on a demonstration in front of the walls of Rome, hoping to strike fear into the hearts of the Romans. But he was not able to attack, he needed more soldiers to engage in a siege of that magnitude. In 211 B.C. Rome recaptured Syracuse, which had risen against Rome in 216 B.C. and raised the siege of the city of Capua in the same year. The Roman generals Publius Cornelius Scipio the elder, and his brother Gnaeus, had succeeded in blockading the passage of all reinforcements from reaching Hannibal through Spain. Rome, through her fortitude, had forced at least one more deciding battle to be fought.<br />
<br />
Hannibal's last hope resided in his brother [[Hasdrubal Barca]], who had been given command of the Spanish Army. If Hasdrubal could reach Hannibal with his soldiers and arms, Carthage had a fighting chance. But until then, Hannibal was slowly losing his grasp on Italy. Finally, in the year of 208 B.C. Hasdrubal left Spain with the largest of three armies under his command. Once more, elephants came marching through the Alps.<br />
<br />
Once over the Alps, Hasdrubal and company prepared to march into Italy. He was directly opposed by four Legions led by the consul of the year 207, M. Livius Salinator. However, the other consul C.Claudius Nero, also a member of the famous family of Appius Claudius, picked 7,000 men from his army and proceeded to make a forced march along the Adriatic Coast. Nero and his men made forty miles a day, an incredible clip, and arrived in the camp of Consul Livius in the dead of night. At dawn, the Roman force marched round the Hasdrubal, outflanking him. Hasdrubal was forced to retreat. However, Nero followed like a dog on a scent. finally, the two armies met. The 7,000 men under the command of Consul Nero marched clear around the falnk of Hasdrubal and his elephants, attacked from the rear, and routed the Carthaginians. Hasdrubal was killed by Nero, who cut off his head. <br />
<br />
During the [[Second Punic War]] against Rome, he crossed the [[Alps]] with 38 [[War Elephants]] in a mere 15 days to surprise the Roman armies. Winning battle after battle, including killing 60,000 Romans in a single day at the [[Battle of Cannae]], he still lost the war when the Romans could replenish their losses with deep manpower reserves that [[Carthage]] didn't have. Feared and successful even in peace, the Romans eventually forced him to commit suicide in 183 BC. <br />
<br />
He decided to attempt to take over the Iberian Peninsula (where [[Spain]] is today) by crossing it with 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, and 37 elephants. <ref>http://www.livius.org/ha-hd/hannibal/hannibal.html</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Military Commanders]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Rome]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hannibal&diff=396103Hannibal2008-02-28T21:19:18Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Hannibal''' was a Carthaginian commander and military genius. He was born in 247 B.C. of the "royal" family of Barca. His father, [[Hamilcar Barca]] was one of the greatest Carthaginian generals during the [[First Punic War]]. The name of "Hannibal" literally means the "mercy of Baal". In 241 B.C. when Hannibal was only 6 years old, the War against Rome came to a close. After 23 years of fighting, the war ended in a peace treaty that both sides knew was more or less "made to be broken." Rome now stood squarely facing Carthage, neither city could place any real trust in the other. Carthage spent the next decade recuperating from the war. Hamilcar was dispatched to Spain, taking with him his nine year old son. The Carthaginian government was seeking compensation for the loss of Sicily in the last war, and Hamilcar personally saw Spain as a potential base to wage a war of vengeance against the Romans. Hannibal was brought up to succeed his father's position as general of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, and like his father, was filled with a deep hatred of Rome. At the age of 19, Hannibal lost his father in a battle against one of the hispanic tribes in an attempted, but unsuccessful, revolt. Young, but already a somewhat seasoned soldier from traveling with his father on his campaigns as a boy, Hannibal rose to command all of the forces in Spain. He was a favorite of the soldiers; very charismatic and determined. Over the next ten years, 228-219 B.C. Hannibal prepared for a second war on Rome.<br />
<br />
While Hannibal and his father had gone on to subdue all of Spain and some of the surrounding small provinces, overwhelming them with numbers and near perfect strategy, Rome had suffered from internal problems. They had spent several years cleaning up numerous Gallic revolts which almost had come to the doorstep of the Capitoline Hill. But true to Roman form, excellent generalship and indomitable courage had quieted these northern neighbors, and Rome had been able to "rest" for about a year. It was at this critical moment in history that Hannibal came to show his real "battlefield genius". The Carthaginian commander prepared to launch his epic attack on the Romans in the spring of 228 B.C. Hannibal's plan was one of relative simplicity. It consisted of making a march over the almost impassable [[Alps]], and striking right at the heart of the Italian peninsula: Rome. But Hannibal was one of those people who just love a challenge. He assembled his army along with a collection of war elephants, and prepared to make a march that would go down in history as second only to Alexander's march through Persia, the greatest kingdom up until the Roman Empire.<br />
<br />
After several grueling weeks of toil spent struggling through the incessant snow of the always white capped mountains, Hannibal appeared, as if out of thin air, in Italy. Most of Hannibal's famous elephants had left their hulking grey bodies and long curved tusks in the alpine snows, and the army suffered some casualties of the unbearable weather; but the army of Carthage came through still strong and splendidly disciplined. The [[Second Punic War]] had begun. Hannibal's lighting first struck the two Roman consuls of the year 218, almost encircling their armies on a bitter cold December Day. The Romans fought valiantly, but were surpassed in generalship, and routed. Hannibal destroyed almost two-third of the Roman force. Then in 217, Hannibal pushed across the Apennines, and ambushed the new consul, Flaminius, and his legion. The day had been cold and foggy; the Romans had been completely unsuspecting. Hannibal and his force surrounded them and proceeded to cut them to pieces, killing Flaminius. The Romans were now desperate, they turned to their last resort and selected a dictator in light of the catastrophes that had been reeked on the army. The senate appointed Quintus Fabius Maximus, a man known to history as "the Delayer". Fabius avoided all battle during his brief stint in office, giving the depleted Roman army a chance to recover. Even when he did seek to engage his forces, Hannibal created a brilliant diversion driving two thousand oxen through the Roman camp that night with torches tied to their horns. However, the greatest Roman defeat was still to come.<br />
<br />
In 216 B.C., Hannibal captured a grain depot at Cannae on the Aufidus River. L. Aemilius Paullus and C. Terentius Varro, the consuls for that year, led 4 reinforced legions to out meet him. They proceeded to walk into Hannibal's death trap. In the following conflict, Hannibal used his cavalry masterfully, counterbalancing the fact that his infantry was vastly outnumbered. The Carthaginians won an overwhelming victory, slaughtering over half of the 50,000 soldiers the Romans led into battle. Consul Paullus was numbered among the dead, and Consul Varro had narrowly escaped with his life. Hannibal's casualties numbered approximately 5,700, one -sixth of the Roman losses. <br />
<br />
During the [[Second Punic War]] against Rome, he crossed the [[Alps]] with 38 [[War Elephants]] in a mere 15 days to surprise the Roman armies. Winning battle after battle, including killing 60,000 Romans in a single day at the [[Battle of Cannae]], he still lost the war when the Romans could replenish their losses with deep manpower reserves that [[Carthage]] didn't have. Feared and successful even in peace, the Romans eventually forced him to commit suicide in 183 BC. <br />
<br />
He decided to attempt to take over the Iberian Peninsula (where [[Spain]] is today) by crossing it with 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, and 37 elephants. <ref>http://www.livius.org/ha-hd/hannibal/hannibal.html</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Military Commanders]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Rome]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hannibal&diff=396096Hannibal2008-02-28T21:03:19Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Hannibal''' was a Carthaginian commander and military genius. He was born in the year of 247 of the "royal" family of Barca. His father, [[Hamilcar Barca]] was one of the greatest Carthaginian generals during the [[First Punic War]]. The name of "Hannibal" literally means the "mercy of Baal". In 241 B.C. when Hannibal was only 6 years old, the War against Rome came to a close. After 23 years of fighting, the war ended in a peace treaty that both sides knew was more or less "made to be broken." Rome now stood squarely facing Carthage, neither city could place any real trust in the other. Carthage spent the next decade recuperating from the war. Hamilcar was dispatched to Spain, taking with him his nine year old son. The Carthaginian government was seeking compensation for the loss of Sicily in the last war, and Hamilcar personally saw Spain as a potential base to wage a war of vengeance against the Romans. Hannibal was brought up to succeed his father's position as general of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, and like his father, was filled with a deep hatred of Rome. At the age of 19, Hannibal lost his father in a battle against one of the hispanic tribes in an attempted, but unsuccessful, revolt. Young, but already a somewhat seasoned soldier from traveling with his father on his campaigns as a boy, Hannibal rose to command all of the forces in Spain. He was a favorite of the soldiers; very charismatic and determined. Over the next ten years, 228-219 B.C. Hannibal prepared for a Second war on Rome.<br />
<br />
While Hannibal and his father had gone on to subdue all of Spain and some of the surrounding small provinces, overwhelming them with numbers and near perfect strategy, Rome had suffered from internal problems. They had spent several years cleaning up numerous Gallic revolts which almost had come to the doorstep of the Capitoline Hill. But true to Roman form, excellent generalship and indomitable courage had quieted these northern neighbors, and Rome had been able to "rest" for about a year. It was at this critical moment in history that Hannibal came to show his real "battlefield genius". The Carthaginian commander prepared to launch his epic attack on the Romans in the spring of 228 B.C. Hannibal's plan was one of relative simplicity. It consisted of making a march over the almost impassable [[Alps]], and striking right at the heart of the Italian peninsula: Rome. But Hannibal was one of those people who just love a challenge. He assembled his army along with a collection of war elephants, and prepared to make a march that would go down in history as second only to Alexander's march through Persia, the greatest kingdom up until the Roman Empire.<br />
<br />
After several grueling weeks of toil spent struggling through the incessant snow of the always white capped mountains, Hannibal appeared, as if out of thin air, in Italy. Most of Hannibal's famous elephants had left their hulking grey bodies and long curved tusks in the alpine snows, and the army suffered some casualties of the unbearable weather; but the army of Carthage came through still strong and splendidly disciplined. The [[Second Punic War]] had begun. Hannibal's lighting first struck the two Roman consuls of the year 218, almost encircling their armies on a bitter cold December Day. The Romans fought valiantly, but were surpassed in generalship, and routed. Hannibal destroyed almost two-third of the Roman force. Then in 217, Hannibal pushed across the Apennines, and ambushed the new consul, Flaminius, and his legion. The day had been cold and foggy; the Romans had been completely unsuspecting. Hannibal and his force surrounded them and proceeded to cut them to pieces, killing Flaminius. The Romans were now desperate, they turned to their last resort and selected a dictator in light of the catastrophes that had been reeked on the army. The senate appointed Quintus Fabius Maximus, a man known to history as "the Delayer". Fabius avoided all battle during his brief stint in office, giving the depleted Roman army a chance to recover. Even when he did seek to engage his forces, Hannibal created a brilliant diversion driving two thousand oxen through the Roman camp that night with torches tied to their horns. However, the greatest Roman defeat was still to come.<br />
<br />
In the year of 216, Hannibal captured a grain depot at Cannae on the Aufidus River. L. Aemilius Paullus and C. Terentius Varro, the consuls for that year, led 4 reinforced legions to out meet him. They proceeded to walk into Hannibal's death trap. In the following conflict, Hannibal used his cavalry masterfully, counterbalancing the <br />
<br />
During the [[Second Punic War]] against Rome, he crossed the [[Alps]] with 38 [[War Elephants]] in a mere 15 days to surprise the Roman armies. Winning battle after battle, including killing 60,000 Romans in a single day at the [[Battle of Cannae]], he still lost the war when the Romans could replenish their losses with deep manpower reserves that [[Carthage]] didn't have. Feared and successful even in peace, the Romans eventually forced him to commit suicide in 183 BC. <br />
<br />
He decided to attempt to take over the Iberian Peninsula (where [[Spain]] is today) by crossing it with 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, and 37 elephants. [http://www.livius.org/ha-hd/hannibal/hannibal.html]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Military Commanders]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Rome]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hannibal&diff=396084Hannibal2008-02-28T20:50:30Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Hannibal''' was a Carthaginian commander and military genius. He was born in the year of 247 of the "royal" family of Barca. His father, [[Hamilcar Barca]] was one of the greatest Carthaginian generals during the [[First Punic War]]. The name of "Hannibal" literally means the "mercy of Baal". In 241 B.C. when Hannibal was only 6 years old, the War against Rome came to a close. After 23 years of fighting, the war ended in a peace treaty that both sides knew was more or less "made to be broken." Rome now stood squarely facing Carthage, neither city could place any real trust in the other. Carthage spent the next decade recuperating from the war. Hamilcar was dispatched to Spain, taking with him his nine year old son. The Carthaginian government was seeking compensation for the loss of Sicily in the last war, and Hamilcar personally saw Spain as a potential base to wage a war of vengeance against the Romans. Hannibal was brought up to succeed his father's position as general of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, and like his father, was filled with a deep hatred of Rome. At the age of 19, Hannibal lost his father in a battle against one of the hispanic tribes in an attempted, but unsuccessful, revolt. Young, but already a somewhat seasoned soldier from traveling with his father on his campaigns as a boy, Hannibal rose to command all of the forces in Spain. He was a favorite of the soldiers; very charismatic and determined. Over the next ten years, 228-219 B.C. Hannibal prepared for a Second war on Rome.<br />
<br />
While Hannibal and his father had gone on to subdue all of Spain and some of the surrounding small provinces, overwhelming them with numbers and near perfect strategy, Rome had suffered from internal problems. They had spent several years cleaning up numerous Gallic revolts which almost had come to the doorstep of the Capitoline Hill. But true to Roman form, excellent generalship and indomitable courage had quieted these northern neighbors, and Rome had been able to "rest" for about a year. It was at this critical moment in history that Hannibal came to show his real "battlefield genius". The Carthaginian commander prepared to launch his epic attack on the Romans in the spring of 228 B.C. Hannibal's plan was one of relative simplicity. It consisted of making a march over the almost impassable [[Alps]], and striking right at the heart of the Italian peninsula: Rome. But Hannibal was one of those people who just love a challenge. He assembled his army along with a collection of war elephants, and prepared to make a march that would go down in history as second only to Alexander's march through Persia, the greatest kingdom up until the Roman Empire.<br />
<br />
After several grueling weeks of toil spent struggling through the incessant snow of the always white capped mountains, Hannibal appeared, as if out of thin air, in Italy. Most of Hannibal's famous elephants had left their hulking grey bodies and long curved tusks in the alpine snows, and the army suffered some casualties of the unbearable weather; but the army of Carthage came through still strong and splendidly disciplined. Hannibal's lighting first struck the two Roman consuls of the year 218, almost encircling their armies on a bitter cold December Day. The Romans fought valiantly, but were surpassed in generalship, and routed. Hannibal destroyed almost two-third of the Roman force. Then in 217, Hannibal pushed across the Apennines, and ambushed the new consul, Flaminius, and his legion. The day had been cold and foggy; the Romans had been completely unsuspecting. Hannibal and his force surrounded them and proceeded to cut them to pieces, killing Flaminius. The Romans were now desperate, they turned to their last resort and selected a dictator in light of the catastrophes that had been reeked on the army. The senate appointed Quintus Fabius Maximus, a man known to history as "the Delayer". <br />
<br />
During the [[Second Punic War]] against Rome, he crossed the [[Alps]] with 38 [[War Elephants]] in a mere 15 days to surprise the Roman armies. Winning battle after battle, including killing 60,000 Romans in a single day at the [[Battle of Cannae]], he still lost the war when the Romans could replenish their losses with deep manpower reserves that [[Carthage]] didn't have. Feared and successful even in peace, the Romans eventually forced him to commit suicide in 183 BC. <br />
<br />
He decided to attempt to take over the Iberian Peninsula (where [[Spain]] is today) by crossing it with 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, and 37 elephants. [http://www.livius.org/ha-hd/hannibal/hannibal.html]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Military Commanders]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Rome]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hannibal&diff=396073Hannibal2008-02-28T20:47:03Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Hannibal''' was a Carthaginian commander and military genius. He was born in the year of 247 of the "royal" family of Barca. His father, [[Hamilcar Barca]] was one of the greatest Carthaginian generals during the [[First Punic War]]. The name of "Hannibal" literally means the "mercy of Baal". In 241 B.C. when Hannibal was only 6 years old, the War against Rome came to a close. After 23 years of fighting, the war ended in a peace treaty that both sides knew was more or less "made to be broken." Rome now stood squarely facing Carthage, neither city could place any real trust in the other. Carthage spent the next decade recuperating from the war. Hamilcar was dispatched to Spain, taking with him his nine year old son. The Carthaginian government was seeking compensation for the loss of Sicily in the last war, and Hamilcar personally saw Spain as a potential base to wage a war of vengeance against the Romans. Hannibal was brought up to succeed his father's position as general of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, and like his father, was filled with a deep hatred of Rome. At the age of 19, Hannibal lost his father in a battle against one of the hispanic tribes in an attempted, but unsuccessful, revolt. Young, but already a somewhat seasoned soldier from traveling with his father on his campaigns as a boy, Hannibal rose to command all of the forces in Spain. He was a favorite of the soldiers; very charismatic and determined. Over the next ten years, 228-219 B.C. Hannibal prepared for a Second war on Rome.<br />
<br />
While Hannibal and his father had gone on to subdue all of Spain and some of the surrounding small provinces, overwhelming them with numbers and near perfect strategy, Rome had suffered from internal problems. They had spent several years cleaning up numerous Gallic revolts which almost had come to the doorstep of the Capitoline Hill. But true to Roman form, excellent generalship and indomitable courage had quieted these northern neighbors, and Rome had been able to "rest" for about a year. It was at this critical moment in history that Hannibal came to show his real "battlefield genius". The Carthaginian commander prepared to launch his epic attack on the Romans in the spring of 228 B.C. Hannibal's plan was one of relative simplicity. It consisted of making a march over the almost impassable [[Alps]], and striking right at the heart of the Italian peninsula: Rome. But Hannibal was one of those people who just love a challenge. He assembled his army along with a collection of war elephants, and prepared to make a march that would go down in history as second only to Alexander's march through Persia, the greatest kingdom up until the Roman Empire.<br />
<br />
After several grueling weeks of toil spent struggling through the incessant snow of the always white capped mountains, Hannibal appeared, as if out of thin air, in Italy. Most of Hannibal's famous elephants had left their hulking grey bodies and long curved tusks in the alpine snows, and the army suffered some casualties of the unbearable weather; but the army of Carthage came through still strong and splendidly disciplined. Hannibal's lighting first struck the two Roman consuls of the year 218, almost encircling their armies on a bitter cold December Day. The Romans fought valiantly, but were surpassed in generalship, and routed. Hannibal destroyed almost two-third of the Roman force. Then in 217, Hannibal pushed across the Apennines, and ambushed the new consul, Flaminius, and his legion. The day had been cold and foggy; the Romans had been completely unsuspecting. Hannibal and his force surrounded them and proceeded to cut them to pieces, killing Flaminius. <br />
<br />
During the [[Second Punic War]] against Rome, he crossed the [[Alps]] with 38 [[War Elephants]] in a mere 15 days to surprise the Roman armies. Winning battle after battle, including killing 60,000 Romans in a single day at the [[Battle of Cannae]], he still lost the war when the Romans could replenish their losses with deep manpower reserves that [[Carthage]] didn't have. Feared and successful even in peace, the Romans eventually forced him to commit suicide in 183 BC. <br />
<br />
He decided to attempt to take over the Iberian Peninsula (where [[Spain]] is today) by crossing it with 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, and 37 elephants. [http://www.livius.org/ha-hd/hannibal/hannibal.html]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Military Commanders]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Rome]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hannibal&diff=396055Hannibal2008-02-28T20:36:25Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Hannibal''' was a Carthaginian commander and military genius. He was born in the year of 247 of the "royal" family of Barca. His father, [[Hamilcar Barca]] was one of the greatest Carthaginian generals during the [[First Punic War]]. The name of "Hannibal" literally means the "mercy of Baal". In 241 B.C. when Hannibal was only 6 years old, the War against Rome came to a close. After 23 years of fighting, the war ended in a peace treaty that both sides knew was more or less "made to be broken." Rome now stood squarely facing Carthage, neither city could place any real trust in the other. Carthage spent the next decade recuperating from the war. Hamilcar was dispatched to Spain, taking with him his nine year old son. The Carthaginian government was seeking compensation for the loss of Sicily in the last war, and Hamilcar personally saw Spain as a potential base to wage a war of vengeance against the Romans. Hannibal was brought up to succeed his father's position as general of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, and like his father, was filled with a deep hatred of Rome. At the age of 19, Hannibal lost his father in a battle against one of the hispanic tribes in an attempted, but unsuccessful, revolt. Young, but already a somewhat seasoned soldier from traveling with his father on his campaigns as a boy, Hannibal rose to command all of the forces in Spain. He was a favorite of the soldiers; very charismatic and determined. Over the next ten years, 228-219 B.C. Hannibal prepared for a Second war on Rome.<br />
<br />
While Hannibal and his father had gone on to subdue all of Spain and some of the surrounding small provinces, overwhelming them with numbers and near perfect strategy, Rome had suffered from internal problems. They had spent several years cleaning up numerous Gallic revolts which almost had come to the doorstep of the Capitoline Hill. But true to Roman form, excellent generalship and indomitable courage had quieted these northern neighbors, and Rome had been able to "rest" for about a year. It was at this critical moment in history that Hannibal came to show his real "battlefield genius". The Carthaginian commander prepared to launch his epic attack on the Romans in the spring of 228 B.C. Hannibal's plan was one of relative simplicity. It consisted of making a march over the almost impassable [[Alps]], and striking right at the heart of the Italian peninsula: Rome. But Hannibal was one of those people who just love a challenge. He assembled his army along with a collection of war elephants, and prepared to make a march that would go down in history as second only to Alexander's march through Persia, the greatest kingdom up until the Roman Empire.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
During the [[Second Punic War]] against Rome, he crossed the [[Alps]] with 38 [[War Elephants]] in a mere 15 days to surprise the Roman armies. Winning battle after battle, including killing 60,000 Romans in a single day at the [[Battle of Cannae]], he still lost the war when the Romans could replenish their losses with deep manpower reserves that [[Carthage]] didn't have. Feared and successful even in peace, the Romans eventually forced him to commit suicide in 183 BC. <br />
<br />
He decided to attempt to take over the Iberian Peninsula (where [[Spain]] is today) by crossing it with 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, and 37 elephants. [http://www.livius.org/ha-hd/hannibal/hannibal.html]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Military Commanders]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Rome]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hannibal&diff=395941Hannibal2008-02-28T19:01:46Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Hannibal''' was a Carthaginian commander and military genius. He was born in the year of 247 of the "royal" family of Barca. His father, [[Hamilcar Barca]] was one of the greatest Carthaginian generals during the [[First Punic War]]. The name of "Hannibal" literally means the "mercy of Baal". In 241 B.C. when Hannibal was only 6 years old, the War against Rome came to a close. After 23 years of fighting, the war ended in a peace treaty that both sides knew was more or less "made to be broken." Rome now stood squarely facing Carthage, neither city could place any real trust in the other. Carthage spent the next decade recuperating from the war. Hamilcar was dispatched to Spain, taking with him his nine year old son. The Carthaginian government was seeking compensation for the loss of Sicily in the last war, and Hamilcar personally saw Spain as a potential base to wage a war of vengeance against the Romans. Hannibal was brought up to succeed his father's position as general of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, and like his father, was filled with a deep hatred of Rome. At the age of 19, Hannibal lost his father in a battle against one of the hispanic tribes in an attempted, but unsuccessful, revolt. Young, but already a somewhat seasoned soldier from traveling with his father on his campaigns as a boy, Hannibal rose to command all of the forces in Spain. He was a favorite of the soldiers; very charismatic and determined. Over the next ten years, 228-219 B.C. Hannibal prepared for a Second war on Rome.<br />
<br />
While Hannibal and his father had gone on to subdue all of Spain and some of the surrounding small provinces, overwhelming them with numbers and near perfect strategy, Rome had suffered from internal problems. They had spent several years cleaning up numerous Gallic revolts which almost had come to the doorstep of the Capitoline Hill. But true to Roman form, excellent generalship and indomitable courage had quieted these northern neighbors, and Rome had been able to "rest" for about a year. It was at this critical moment in history that Hannibal came to show his real "battlefield genius". <br />
<br />
During the [[Second Punic War]] against Rome, he crossed the [[Alps]] with 38 [[War Elephants]] in a mere 15 days to surprise the Roman armies. Winning battle after battle, including killing 60,000 Romans in a single day at the [[Battle of Cannae]], he still lost the war when the Romans could replenish their losses with deep manpower reserves that [[Carthage]] didn't have. Feared and successful even in peace, the Romans eventually forced him to commit suicide in 183 BC. <br />
<br />
He decided to attempt to take over the Iberian Peninsula (where [[Spain]] is today) by crossing it with 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, and 37 elephants. [http://www.livius.org/ha-hd/hannibal/hannibal.html]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Military Commanders]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Rome]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Second_Punic_War&diff=395930Second Punic War2008-02-28T18:55:30Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Second Punic War''' (218-202 B.C.) was fought between the empire of [[Roman Republic|Rome]] and [[Carthage]] led by the infamous [[Hannibal]].<br />
<br />
Hannibal took his entire army through [[Spain]] and then, in a preemptive move, crossed the Italian [[Alps]] in merely 15 days to the great surprise of the Romans. Hannibal's crossing of the Alps with 30,000 men and some elephants is considered one of the greatest military feats of the ancient world. He then beat the Romans in a series of battles for 16 years, inflicting horrible losses, but the Romans wouldn't break and their allies remained loyal. In the end Hannibal could not conquer Rome itself since he had no seige train. The Romans couldn't repel Hannibal, but they didn't have to. Hannibal had to retreat to Africa when the Roman general Scipio, who was later called "Africanus" because of his valor in Africa, was set to attack Carthage. Eventually with an army of mostly green recruits, Hannibal was defeated at the [[Battle of Zama]]. The Battle of Zama is one of the few battles in history were an army attacked itself. During the action, a group of mercenary troops simply turned and assaulted the Carthaginians. The Romans after this turn of events, had soon routed Hannibal and the remaining soldiers. Carthage sued for peace. Rome acquired Spain as a result of the Second Punic War.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Wars]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Second_Punic_War&diff=395923Second Punic War2008-02-28T18:51:53Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Second Punic War''' (218-202 B.C.) was fought between the empire of [[Roman Republic|Rome]] and [[Carthage]] led by the infamous [[Hannibal]].<br />
<br />
Hannibal took his entire army through [[Spain]] and then, in a preemptive move, crossed the Italian [[Alps]] in merely 15 days to the great surprise of the Romans. Hannibal's crossing of the Alps with 30,000 men and some elephants is considered one of the greatest military feats of the ancient world. He then beat the Romans in a series of battles for 16 years, inflicting horrible losses, but the Romans wouldn't break and their allies remained loyal. In the end Hannibal could not conquer Rome itself since he had no seige train. The Romans couldn't repel Hannibal, but they didn't have to. Hannibal had to retreat to Africa when the Roman general Scipio, who was later called "Africanus" because of his valor in Africa, was set to attack Carthage. Eventually with an army of mostly green recruits, Hannibal was defeated at the [[Battle of Zama]]. Carthage sued for peace. Rome acquired Spain as a result of the Second Punic War.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Wars]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hannibal&diff=395809Hannibal2008-02-28T03:13:20Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Hannibal''' was a Carthaginian commander and military genius. He was born in the year of 247 of the "royal" family of Barca. His father, [[Hamilcar Barca]] was one of the greatest Carthaginian generals during the [[First Punic War]]. The name of "Hannibal" literally means the "mercy of Baal". In 241 B.C. when Hannibal was only 6 years old, the War against Rome came to a close. After 23 years of fighting, the war ended in a peace treaty that both sides knew was more or less "made to be broken." Rome now stood squarely facing Carthage, neither city could place any real trust in the other. Carthage spent the next decade recuperating from the war. Hamilcar was dispatched to Spain, taking with him his nine year old son. The Carthaginian government was seeking compensation for the loss of Sicily in the last war, and Hamilcar personally saw it as a potential base to wage a war of vengeance against the Romans. Hannibal was brought up to succeed his father's position as general of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, and like his father, was filled with a deep hatred of Rome. At the age of 19, Hannibal lost his father in a battle against one of the hispanic tribes in an attempted, but unsuccessful, revolt. Young, but already a somewhat seasoned soldier from traveling with his father on his campaigns as a boy, Hannibal rose to command all of the forces in Spain. He was a favorite of the soldiers; very charismatic, and determined. Over the next ten years, 228-219 B.C. Hannibal prepared for a Second war on Rome.<br />
<br />
While Hannibal and his father had gone on to subdue all of Spain and some of the surrounding small provinces, overwhelming them with numbers and near perfect strategy, Rome had suffered from internal problems. They had spent several years cleaning up numerous Gallic revolts which almost had come to the doorstep of the Capitoline Hill. But true to Roman form, excellent generalship and indomitable courage had quieted these northern neighbors, and Rome had been able to "rest" for about a year. It was at this critical moment in history that Hannibal came to show his real "battlefield genius". <br />
<br />
During the [[Second Punic War]] against Rome, he crossed the [[Alps]] with 38 [[War Elephants]] in a mere 15 days to surprise the Roman armies. Winning battle after battle, including killing 60,000 Romans in a single day at the [[Battle of Cannae]], he still lost the war when the Romans could replenish their losses with deep manpower reserves that [[Carthage]] didn't have. Feared and successful even in peace, the Romans eventually forced him to commit suicide in 183 BC. <br />
<br />
He decided to attempt to take over the Iberian Peninsula (where [[Spain]] is today) by crossing it with 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, and 37 elephants. [http://www.livius.org/ha-hd/hannibal/hannibal.html]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Military Commanders]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Rome]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hannibal&diff=395807Hannibal2008-02-28T03:12:25Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Hannibal''' was a Carthaginian commander and military genius. He was born in the year of 247 of the "royal" family of Barca. His father, [[Hamilcar Barca]] was one of the greatest Carthaginian generals during the [[First Punic War]]. The name of "Hannibal" literally means the "mercy of Baal". In 241 B.C. when Hannibal was only 6 years old, the War against Rome came to a close. After 23 years of fighting, the war ended in a peace treaty that both sides knew was more or less "made to be broken." Rome now stood squarely facing Carthage, neither city could place any real trust in the other. Carthage spent the next decade recuperating from the war. Hamilcar was dispatched to Spain, taking with him his nine year old son. The Carthaginian government was seeking compensation for the loss of Sicily in the last war, and Hamilcar personally saw it as a potential base to wage a war of vengeance against the Romans. Hannibal was brought up to succeed his father's position as general of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, and like his father, was filled with a deep hatred of Rome. At the age of 19, Hannibal lost his father in a battle against one of the hispanic tribes in an attempted, but unsuccessful, revolt. Young, but already a somewhat seasoned soldier from traveling with his father on his campaigns as a boy, Hannibal rose to command all of the forces in Spain. He was a favorite of the soldiers; very charismatic, and determined. Over the next ten years, 228-219 B.C. Hannibal prepared for a Second war on Rome.<br />
<br />
While Hannibal and his father had gone on to subdue all of Spain and some of the surrounding small provinces, overwhelming them with numbers and near perfect strategy, Rome had suffered from internal problems. They had spent several years cleaning up numerous Gallic revolts which almost had come to the doorstep of the Capitoline Hill. But true to Roman form, excellent generalship and indomitable courage had quieted these northern neighbors, and Rome had been able to "rest" for about a year. It was at this critical moment in history that Hannibal came to show his real "battlefield genius". <br />
<br />
During the [[Second Punic War]] against Rome, he crossed the [[Alps]] with 38 [[War Elephants]] in a mere 15 days to surprise the Roman armies. Winning battle after battle, including killing 60,000 Romans in a single day at the [[Battle of Cannae]], he still lost the war when the Romans could replenish their losses with deep manpower reserves that [[Carthage]] didn't have. Feared and successful even in peace, the Romans eventually forced him to commit suicide in 183 BC. <br />
<br />
He decided to attempt to take over the Iberian Peninsula (where [[Spain]] is today) by crossing it with 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, and 37 elephants. [http://www.livius.org/ha-hd/hannibal/hannibal.html]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Military Commanders]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Rome]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hannibal&diff=395805Hannibal2008-02-28T03:02:03Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Hannibal''' was a Carthaginian commander and military genius. He was born in the year of 247 of the "royal" family of Barca. His father, [[Hamilcar Barca]] was one of the greatest Carthaginian generals during the [[First Punic War]]. The name of "Hannibal" literally means the "mercy of Baal". In 241 B.C. when Hannibal was only 6 years old, the War against Rome came to a close. After 23 years of fighting, the war ended in a peace treaty that both sides knew was more or less "made to be broken." Rome now stood squarely facing Carthage, neither city could place any real trust in the other. Carthage spent the next decade recuperating from the war. Hamilcar was dispatched to Spain, taking with him his nine year old son. The Carthaginian government was seeking compensation for the loss of Sicily in the last war, and Hamilcar personally saw it as a potential base to wage a war of vengeance against the Romans. Hannibal was brought up to succeed his father's position as general of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, and like his father, was filled with a deep hatred of Rome. At the age of 19, Hannibal lost his father in a battle against one of the hispanic tribes in an attempted, but unsuccessful, revolt. Young, but already a somewhat seasoned soldier from traveling with his father on his campaigns as a boy, Hannibal rose to command all of the forces in Spain. During the [[Second Punic War]] against Rome, he crossed the [[Alps]] with 38 [[War Elephants]] in a mere 15 days to surprise the Roman armies. Winning battle after battle, including killing 60,000 Romans in a single day at the [[Battle of Cannae]], he still lost the war when the Romans could replenish their losses with deep manpower reserves that [[Carthage]] didn't have. Feared and successful even in peace, the Romans eventually forced him to commit suicide in 183 BC. <br />
<br />
He decided to attempt to take over the Iberian Peninsula (where [[Spain]] is today) by crossing it with 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, and 37 elephants. [http://www.livius.org/ha-hd/hannibal/hannibal.html]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Military Commanders]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Rome]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hannibal&diff=395803Hannibal2008-02-28T02:59:23Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Hannibal''' was a Carthaginian commander and military genius. He was born in the year of 247 of the "royal" family of Barca. His father, [[Hamilcar Barca]] was one of the greatest Carthaginian generals during the [[First Punic War]]. The name of "Hannibal" literally means the "mercy of Baal". In 241 B.C. when Hannibal was only 6 years old, the War against Rome came to a close. After 23 years of fighting, the war ended in a peace treaty that both sides knew was more or less "made to be broken." Rome now stood squarely facing Carthage, neither city could place any real trust in the other. Carthage spent the next decade recuperating from the war. Hamilcar was dispatched to Spain, taking with him his nine year old son. The Carthaginian government was seeking compensation for the loss of Sicily in the last war, and Hamilcar personally saw it as a potential base to wage a war of vengeance against the Romans. Hannibal was brought up to succeed his father's position as general of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, and like his father, was filled with a deep hatred of Rome. At the age of 19, Hannibal lost his father in a battle against one of the hispanic tribes in an attempted, but unsuccessful, revolt. During the [[Second Punic War]] against Rome, he crossed the [[Alps]] with 38 [[War Elephants]] in a mere 15 days to surprise the Roman armies. Winning battle after battle, including killing 60,000 Romans in a single day at the [[Battle of Cannae]], he still lost the war when the Romans could replenish their losses with deep manpower reserves that [[Carthage]] didn't have. Feared and successful even in peace, the Romans eventually forced him to commit suicide in 183 BC. <br />
<br />
He decided to attempt to take over the Iberian Peninsula (where [[Spain]] is today) by crossing it with 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, and 37 elephants. [http://www.livius.org/ha-hd/hannibal/hannibal.html]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Military Commanders]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Rome]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hannibal&diff=395802Hannibal2008-02-28T02:51:19Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Hannibal''' was a Carthaginian commander and military genius. He was born in the year of 247 of the "royal" family of Barca. His father, [[Hamilcar Barca]] was one of the greatest Carthaginian generals during the [[First Punic War]]. The name of "Hannibal" literally means the "mercy of Baal". In 241 B.C. when Hannibal was only 6 years old, the War against Rome came to a close. After 23 years of fighting, the war ended in a peace treaty that both sides knew was more or less "made to be broken." Rome now stood squarely facing Carthage, neither city could place any real trust in the other. Carthage spent the next decade recuperating from the war. Hamilcar was dispatched to Spain, taking with him his nine year old son. During the [[Second Punic War]] against Rome, he crossed the [[Alps]] with 38 [[War Elephants]] in a mere 15 days to surprise the Roman armies. Winning battle after battle, including killing 60,000 Romans in a single day at the [[Battle of Cannae]], he still lost the war when the Romans could replenish their losses with deep manpower reserves that [[Carthage]] didn't have. Feared and successful even in peace, the Romans eventually forced him to commit suicide in 183 BC. <br />
<br />
He decided to attempt to take over the Iberian Peninsula (where [[Spain]] is today) by crossing it with 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, and 37 elephants. [http://www.livius.org/ha-hd/hannibal/hannibal.html]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Military Commanders]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Rome]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hannibal&diff=395801Hannibal2008-02-28T02:40:32Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Hannibal''' was a Carthaginian commander and military genius. He was born in the year of 247 of the "royal" family of Barca. His father, [[Hamilcar Barca]] was one of the greatest Carthaginian generals during the [[First Punic War]]. The name of "Hannibal" literally means the "mercy of Baal". In 241 B.C. when Hannibal was only 6 years old, the War against Rome came to a close. After 23 years of fighting, the war ended in a peace treaty that both sides knew was more or less "made to be broken." Carthage spent the next decade recuperating from the war. They then dispatched Hamilcar Barca and his young boy to Spain, with the intention of using it as a During the [[Second Punic War]] against Rome, he crossed the [[Alps]] with 38 [[War Elephants]] in a mere 15 days to surprise the Roman armies. Winning battle after battle, including killing 60,000 Romans in a single day at the [[Battle of Cannae]], he still lost the war when the Romans could replenish their losses with deep manpower reserves that [[Carthage]] didn't have. Feared and successful even in peace, the Romans eventually forced him to commit suicide in 183 BC. <br />
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He decided to attempt to take over the Iberian Peninsula (where [[Spain]] is today) by crossing it with 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, and 37 elephants. [http://www.livius.org/ha-hd/hannibal/hannibal.html]<br />
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[[Category:Military Commanders]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Rome]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hannibal&diff=395799Hannibal2008-02-28T02:37:00Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
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<div>'''Hannibal''' was a Carthaginian commander and military genius. He was born in the year of 247 of the "royal" family of Barca. His father, [[Hamilcar Barca]] was one of the greatest Carthaginian generals during the [[First Punic War]]. The name of "Hannibal" literally means the "mercy of Baal". In 241 B.C. when Hannibal was only 6 years old, the War against Rome came to a close. After 23 years of fighting, the war ended in a peace treaty that both sides knew was more or less "made to be broken." During the [[Second Punic War]] against Rome, he crossed the [[Alps]] with 38 [[War Elephants]] in a mere 15 days to surprise the Roman armies. Winning battle after battle, including killing 60,000 Romans in a single day at the [[Battle of Cannae]], he still lost the war when the Romans could replenish their losses with deep manpower reserves that [[Carthage]] didn't have. Feared and successful even in peace, the Romans eventually forced him to commit suicide in 183 BC. <br />
<br />
He decided to attempt to take over the Iberian Peninsula (where [[Spain]] is today) by crossing it with 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, and 37 elephants. [http://www.livius.org/ha-hd/hannibal/hannibal.html]<br />
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[[Category:Military Commanders]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Rome]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hannibal&diff=395798Hannibal2008-02-28T02:36:30Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Hannibal''' was a Carthaginian commander and military genius. He was born in the year of 247 of the "royal" family of Barca. His father, [[Hamilcar Barca]] was one of the greatest Carthaginian generals during the [[first Punic war]]. The name of "Hannibal" literally means the "mercy of Baal". In 241 B.C. when Hannibal was only 6 years old, the War against Rome came to a close. After 23 years of fighting, the war ended in a peace treaty that both sides knew was more or less "made to be broken." During the [[Second Punic War]] against Rome, he crossed the [[Alps]] with 38 [[War Elephants]] in a mere 15 days to surprise the Roman armies. Winning battle after battle, including killing 60,000 Romans in a single day at the [[Battle of Cannae]], he still lost the war when the Romans could replenish their losses with deep manpower reserves that [[Carthage]] didn't have. Feared and successful even in peace, the Romans eventually forced him to commit suicide in 183 BC. <br />
<br />
He decided to attempt to take over the Iberian Peninsula (where [[Spain]] is today) by crossing it with 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, and 37 elephants. [http://www.livius.org/ha-hd/hannibal/hannibal.html]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Military Commanders]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Rome]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hannibal&diff=395797Hannibal2008-02-28T02:32:19Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
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<div>'''Hannibal''' was a Carthaginian commander and military genius. He was born in the year of 247 of the "royal" family of Barca. His father, [[Hamilcar Barca]] was one of the greatest Carthaginian generals during the [[first Punic war]]. During the [[Second Punic War]] against Rome, he crossed the [[Alps]] with 38 [[War Elephants]] in a mere 15 days to surprise the Roman armies. Winning battle after battle, including killing 60,000 Romans in a single day at the [[Battle of Cannae]], he still lost the war when the Romans could replenish their losses with deep manpower reserves that [[Carthage]] didn't have. Feared and successful even in peace, the Romans eventually forced him to commit suicide in 183 BC. <br />
<br />
He decided to attempt to take over the Iberian Peninsula (where [[Spain]] is today) by crossing it with 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, and 37 elephants. [http://www.livius.org/ha-hd/hannibal/hannibal.html]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Military Commanders]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Rome]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hannibal&diff=395796Hannibal2008-02-28T02:25:01Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Hannibal''' was a Carthaginian commander and military genius. He was born in the year of 247 of the "royal" family of Barca. His father, [[Hamilcar Barca]] was one of the greatest Carthaginian generals during the [[first Punic war]]. During the [[Second Punic War]] against Rome, he crossed the [[Alps]] with 38 [[War Elephants]] in a mere 15 days to surprise the Roman armies. Winning battle after battle, including killing 60,000 Romans in a single day at the [[Battle of Cannae]], he still lost the war when the Romans could replenish their losses with deep manpower reserves that [[Carthage]] didn't have. Feared and successful even in peace, the Romans eventually forced him to commit suicide in 183 BC. <br />
<br />
He decided to attempt to take over the Iberian Peninsula (where [[Spain]] is today) by crossing it with 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, and 37 elephants. [http://www.livius.org/ha-hd/hannibal/hannibal.html]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Military Commanders]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Rome]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hernan_Cortes&diff=395792Hernan Cortes2008-02-28T02:15:53Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
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<div>[[Image:Hernan Cortes by Clemente Orozco.jpg|right|Hernan Cortes seen by José Clemente Orozco]]<br />
'''Hernando Cortés''' (Medellin, [[Spain]], 1485 - Castilla de la Cuesta, Spain, 1547) was a Spanish [[Conquistador]]. He is famous for his brutal conquest of the [[Aztecs]]. In February of 1519, Cortés departed for the new world. His mission: to bring [[Catholicism]] to the 'uncivilized' nations of the new world, his banners read "Brothers and companions, let us follow the Sign of the Cross with true faith and in it we shall conquer." All the equipment he had was 11 ships, 508 Spanish soldiers, 100 sailors, 16 horses (unknown to the New World), and 4 small cannons. <br />
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The journey to the new world lasted over two months, and the Spanish commander and his soldiers finally set foot in the new world on Good Friday of that year. The day was the 22nd of April, in the year of Our Lord 1519. To the Aztecs it was the year 1- Reed, the day 9-Wind. Supposedly, in Aztec religious tradition, on this day their chief god, Quetzalcoatl, had been predicted to return to conquer the evil spirits who had expelled him from that land. The prediction of the returning god was that he would come wearing black, and armored in shining plates of steel. Ironically, the Spaniards came dressed in all black, as was the ancient European custom on Good Friday, and the Spanish military was always armed with steel or brass armor. <br />
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Cortes first constructed a fort. Once this operation was complete, he left about 200 Spanish Conquistadors to garrison the citadel, and proceeded inland with the remaining 300. The Conquistadors first came to a city called Zoctitlan, were no defense was put up. So Cortés marched on unhindered, and his next stop was the city of Tlaxcala. However, here staunch defense was put up. Outnumbered 10 to 1, the Spaniards won a miraculous victory. But almost all of the troops were injured. The conservative commander would have retreated to the coast, but Cortés pushed on, saying the greater the obstacles, the greater the glory. Cortés's next move was to make a treaty with the Tlaxcalans. Marching forward, Cortés pushed on to Cholula. The Cholulans were prepared, and set a trap for Cortes. However, the chief's wife warned him and the Spaniards won another stunning victory. Finally on November 13, they entered the Aztec's capitol, [[Tenochtitlan]]. Originally, the Aztecs gave Cortés and his men a grand tour of the city, including the temple were all of the human sacrifices were made. <br />
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As 1519 came to a close, Cortés took a small band of men to address another Spanish commander threatening to attack him. He won an easy victory, but the garrison he had left at Tenochtitlan was besieged by the Aztecs. Cortés returned to the Aztec capitol, and took charge of his small force. On June 25, 1520, Cortés led an assault on the Aztec temple. His men fought their way up the 114 steps to the top and victory was his. During the fight [[Montezuma]] was killed. The Aztecs selected [[Cuauhtemoc]] as the new Emperor. However, Cortés' men were too weary to continue fighting, and could not follow up the win. Their food was short so he retreated. But they were attacked again at the plains of Otumba, a small plain outside Tlaxcala. Outnumbered once more, the weary Spanish managed one more miraculous victory. They spent the remainder of the year in Tlaxcala recovering. <br />
[[Image:Cortes Moctezuma.jpg|left|Gravure du XVIIème siècle]]<br />
The following May Cortes began to march on Tenochtitlan. On May 13, 1521, the siege of the city began. This began 93 days of constant warfare; during the day the Spanish would gain ground, during the night they would lose it. Finally, in August, the Spaniards began to hold the ground they were capturing. The Aztec defenders started to run low on food and water. Then on August 13, 1521, Cortes led an assault on the temple of the Aztec gods. The Spaniards fought their way to the top. At the peak, they erected the Cross. Once more they fought their way down, but this time victory was theirs for good. During the battle the Spanish had captured Cuauhtemoc, and the war was over. The Spaniards had won. <br />
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While some people regard Cortes as a man on a mission to bring [[Christianity]] to the Americas, history generally records him as a gold-hungry bandit who used military might in search of wealth.<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Cortés, Hernando}}<br />
[[Category:Military Commanders]]<br />
[[Category:Mexican History]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hernando_Cortez&diff=12640Hernando Cortez2007-02-01T13:53:58Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
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<div>Hernando Cortes was a Spanish Conquistador who lived from 1485 until 1547. He is famous for conquering the brutal Aztecs. In February of 1519, Cortes departed for the new world. His mission: to bring Catholicism to the uncivilized nations of the new world, his banners read "Brothers and companions, let us follow the Sign of the Cross with true faith and in it we shall conquer." All the equipment he had was 11 ships, 508 Spanish soldiers, 100 sailors, 16 horses (unknown to the New World), and 4 small cannons. On April 22, 1519, and it was also Good Friday for the Christians the small band landed. To the Aztecs it was the year 1- Reed, the day 9-Wind. On this day their chief god, Quetzalcoatl, had predicted his return. So upon this date the Spaniards landed. In all respects the Spaniards looked like the returning god to the Aztecs. In all respects the Spaniards looked like the returning god, Quetzalcoatl was supposed to come wearing black, the Spanish, because it was Good Friday, where dressed in black, and they arrived on the correct date. After building a fort, Cortes left about a third of his men to garrison it and marched inland with 300 men. First they reached the city of Zoctitlan, were no defense was put up. So Cortes marched on unhindered, and his next stop was the city of Tlaxcala. However, here staunch defense was put up. Outnumbered 10 to 1, the Spaniards won a miraculous victory. But almost all of the troops were injured. The conservative commander would have retreated to the coast, but Cortes pushed on, saying the greater the obstacles, the greater the glory. Cortes's next move was to make a treaty with the Tlaxcalans. Marching forward, Cortes pushed on to Cholula. The Cholulans were prepared, and set a trap for Cortes. However, the chief's wife warned him and the Spaniards won another stunning victory. Finally on November 13, they entered the Aztec's capitol, Tenochtitlan. Originally, the Aztecs gave Cortes and his men a grand tour of the city, including the temple were all of the human sacrifices were made. As 1519 came to a close, Cortes took a small band of men to address another Spanish commander threatening to attack him. He won an easy victory, but the garrison he had left at Tenochtitlan was besieged by the Aztecs. Cortes returned to the Aztec capitol, and took charge of his small force. On June 25, 1520, Cortes led an assualt on the Aztec temple. His men fought their way up the 114 steps to the top and victory was his. Duing the fight Montezuma was killed. The Aztecs selected Cuauhtemoc as the new Emperor. However, Cortes' men were to weary to continue fighting, and could not follow up the win. Their food was short so he retreated. But they were attacked again at the plains of Otumba, a small plain outside Tlaxcala. Outnumbered once more, the weary Spanish managed one more miraculous victory. They spent the remainder of the year in Tlaxcala recovering. The following May he began to march on Tenochtitlan. On May 13, 1521, the siege of the city began. This began 93 days of constant warfare; during the day the Spanish would gain ground, during the night they would lose it. Finally, in August, the Spaniards began to hold the ground they were capturing. The Aztec defenders started to run low on food and water. Then on August 13, 1521, Cortes led an assault on the temple of the Aztec gods. The Spaniards fought their way to the top. At the peak, they erected the Cross. Once more they fought their way down, but this time victory was theirs for good. During the battle the Spanish had captured Cuauhtemoc, and the war was over. The Spanairds had won! Cortes, although often accused of being a blood-thirsty murderer and a thief seeking only Aztec gold, his motivation was just the opposite. His mission was to bring Christ to the Americas. Also he is said to have slaughtered many innocent Indians. Obviously, many were killed during the war, but they were certainly not innocent. Overall, Cortes was a brilliant genral, a wonderful leader, and he was inspired to bring Christ to the Indians.</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hernando_Cortez&diff=12639Hernando Cortez2007-02-01T13:53:09Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
<hr />
<div>Hernando Cortes was a Spanish Conquistador who lived from 1485 until 1547. He is famous for conquering the brutal Aztecs. In February of 1519, Cortes departed for the new world. His mission: to bring Catholicism to the uncivilized nations of the new world, his banners read "Brothers and companions, let us follow the Sign of the Cross with true faith and in it we shall conquer." All the equipment he had was 11 ships, 508 Spanish soldiers, 100 sailors, 16 horses (unknown to the New World), and 4 small cannons. On April 22, 1519, and it was also Good Friday for the Christians the small band landed. To the Aztecs it was the year 1- Reed, the day 9-Wind. On this day their chief god, Quetzalcoatl, had predicted his return. So upon this date the Spaniards landed. In all respects the Spaniards looked like the returning god to the Aztecs. In all respects the Spaniards looked like the returning god, Quetzalcoatl was supposed to come wearing black, the Spanish, because it was Good Friday, where dressed in black, and they arrived on the correct date. After building a fort, Cortes left about a third of his men to garrison it and marched inland with 300 men. First they reached the city of Zoctitlan, were no defense was put up. So Cortes marched on unhindered, and his next stop was the city of Tlaxcala. However, here staunch defense was put up. Outnumbered 10 to 1, the Spaniards won a miraculous victory. But almost all of the troops were injured. The conservative commander would have retreated to the coast, but Cortes pushed on, saying the greater the obstacles, the greater the glory. Cortes's next move was to make a treaty with the Tlaxcalans. Marching forward, Cortes pushed on to Cholula. The Cholulans were prepared, and set a trap for Cortes. However, the chief's wife warned him and the Spaniards won another stunning victory. Finally on November 13, they entered the Aztec's capitol, Tenochtitlan. Originally, the Aztecs gave Cortes and his men a grand tour of the city, including the temple were all of the human sacrifices were made. As 1519 came to a close, Cortes took a small band of men to address another Spanish commander threatening to attack him. He won an easy victory, but the garrison he had left at Tenochtitlan was besieged by the Aztecs. Cortes returned to the Aztec capitol, and took charge of his small force. On June 25, 1520, Cortes led an assualt on the Aztec temple. His men fought their way up the 114 steps to the top and victory was his. Duing the fight Montezuma was killed. The Aztecs selected Cuauhtemoc as the new Emperor. However, Cortes' men were to weary to continue fighting, and could not follow up the win. Their food was short so he retreated. But they were attacked again at the plains of Otumba, a small plain outside Tlaxcala. Outnumbered once more, the weary Spanish managed one more miraculous victory. They spent the remainder of the year in Tlaxcala recovering. The following May he began to march on Tenochtitlan. On May 13, 1521, the siege of the city began. This began 93 days of constant warfare; during the day the Spanish would gain ground, during the night they would lose it. Finally, in August, the Spaniards began to hold the ground they were capturing. The Aztec defenders started to run low on food and water. Then on August 13, 1521, Cortes led an assault on the temple of the Aztec gods. The Spaniards fought their way to the top. At the peak, they erected the Cross. Once more they fought their way down, but this time victory was theirs for good. During the battle the Spanish had captured Cuauhtemoc, and the war was over. The Spanairds had won! Cortes, although often accused of being a blood-thirsty murderer and a thief seeking only Aztec gold, his motivation was just the opposite. His mission was to bring Christ to the Americas. Also he is said to have killed many innocent Indians. Obviously, many were killed during the war, but they were certainly not innocent. Overall, Cortes was a brilliant genral, a wonderful, and he was inspired to bring Christ to the Indians.</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hernando_Cortez&diff=12638Hernando Cortez2007-02-01T13:52:31Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
<hr />
<div>Hernando Cortes was a Spanish Conquistador who lived from 1485 until 1547. He is famous for conquering the brutal Aztecs. In February of 1519, Cortes departed for the new world. His mission: to bring Catholicism to the uncivilized nations of the new world, his banners read "Brothers and companions, let us follow the Sign of the Cross with true faith and in it we shall conquer." All the equipment he had was 11 ships, 508 Spanish soldiers, 100 sailors, 16 horses (unknown to the New World), and 4 small cannons. On April 22, 1519, and it was also Good Friday for the Christians the small band landed. To the Aztecs it was the year 1- Reed, the day 9-Wind. On this day their chief god, Quetzalcoatl, had predicted his return. So upon this date the Spaniards landed. In all respects the Spaniards looked like the returning god to the Aztecs. In all respects the Spaniards looked like the returning god, Quetzalcoatl was supposed to come wearing black, the Spanish, because it was Good Friday, where dressed in black, and they arrived on the correct date. After building a fort, Cortes left about a third of his men to garrison it and marched inland with 300 men. First they reached the city of Zoctitlan, were no defense was put up. So Cortes marched on unhindered, and his next stop was the city of Tlaxcala. However, here staunch defense was put up. Outnumbered 10 to 1, the Spaniards won a miraculous victory. But almost all of the troops were injured. The conservative commander would have retreated to the coast, but Cortes pushed on, saying the greater the obstacles, the greater the glory. Cortes's next move was to make a treaty with the Tlaxcalans. Marching forward, Cortes pushed on to Cholula. The Cholulans were prepared, and set a trap for Cortes. However, the chief's wife warned him and the Spaniards won another stunning victory. Finally on November 13, they entered the Aztec's capitol, Tenochtitlan. Originally, the Aztecs gave Cortes and his men a grand tour of the city, including the temple were all of the human sacrifices were made. As 1519 came to a close, Cortes took a small band of men to address another Spanish commander threatening to attack him. He won an easy victory, but the garrison he had left at Tenochtitlan was besieged by the Aztecs. Cortes returned to the Aztec capitol, and took charge of his small force. On June 25, 1520, Cortes led an assualt on the Aztec temple. His men fought their way up the 114 steps to the top and victory was his. Duing the fight Montezuma was killed. The Aztecs selected Cuauhtemoc as the new Emperor. However, Cortes' men were to weary to continue fighting, and could not follow up the win. Their food was short so he retreated. But they were attacked again at the plains of Otumba, a small plain outside Tlaxcala. Outnumbered once more, the weary Spanish managed one more miraculous victory. They spent the remainder of the year in Tlaxcala recovering. The following May he began to march on Tenochtitlan. On May 13, 1521, the siege of the city began. This began 93 days of constant warfare; during the day the Spanish would gain ground, during the night they would lose it. Finally, in August, the Spaniards began to hold the ground they were capturing. The Aztec defenders started to run low on food and water. Then on August 13, 1521, Cortes led an assault on the temple of the Aztec gods. The Spaniards fought their way to the top. At the peak, they erected the Cross. Once more they fought their way down, but this time victory was theirs for good. During the battle the Spanish had captured Cuauhtemoc, and the war was over. The Spanairds had won!<br />
Cortes, although often accused of being a blood-thirsty murderer and a thief seeking only Aztec gold, his motivation was just the opposite. His mission was to bring Christ to the Americas. Also he is said to have killed many innocent Indians. Obviously, many were killed during the war, but they were certainly not innocent. Overall, Cortes was a brilliant genral, a wonderful, and he was inspired to bring Christ to the Indians.</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hernando_Cortez&diff=12637Hernando Cortez2007-02-01T13:45:39Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
<hr />
<div>Hernando Cortes was a Spanish Conquistador who lived from 1485 until 1547. He is famous for conquering the brutal Aztecs. In February of 1519, Cortes departed for the new world. His mission: to bring Catholicism to the uncivilized nations of the new world, his banners read "Brothers and companions, let us follow the Sign of the Cross with true faith and in it we shall conquer." All the equipment he had was 11 ships, 508 Spanish soldiers, 100 sailors, 16 horses (unknown to the New World), and 4 small cannons. On April 22, 1519, and it was also Good Friday for the Christians the small band landed. To the Aztecs it was the year 1- Reed, the day 9-Wind. On this day their chief god, Quetzalcoatl, had predicted his return. So upon this date the Spaniards landed. In all respects the Spaniards looked like the returning god to the Aztecs. In all respects the Spaniards looked like the returning god, Quetzalcoatl was supposed to come wearing black, the Spanish, because it was Good Friday, where dressed in black, and they arrived on the correct date. After building a fort, Cortes left about a third of his men to garrison it and marched inland with 300 men. First they reached the city of Zoctitlan, were no defense was put up. So Cortes marched on unhindered, and his next stop was the city of Tlaxcala. However, here staunch defense was put up. Outnumbered 10 to 1, the Spaniards won a miraculous victory. But almost all of the troops were injured. The conservative commander would have retreated to the coast, but Cortes pushed on, saying the greater the obstacles, the greater the glory. Cortes's next move was to make a treaty with the Tlaxcalans. Marching forward, Cortes pushed on to Cholula. The Cholulans were prepared, and set a trap for Cortes. However, the chief's wife warned him and the Spaniards won another stunning victory. Finally on November 13, they entered the Aztec's capitol, Tenochtitlan. Originally, the Aztecs gave Cortes and his men a grand tour of the city, including the temple were all of the human sacrifices were made. As 1519 came to a close, Cortes took a small band of men to address another Spanish commander threatening to attack him. He won an easy victory, but the garrison he had left at Tenochtitlan was besieged by the Aztecs. Cortes returned to the Aztec capitol, and took charge of his small force. On June 25, 1520, Cortes led an assualt on the Aztec temple. His men fought their way up the 114 steps to the top and victory was his. Duing the fight Montezuma was killed. The Aztecs selected Cuauhtemoc as the new Emperor. However, his men were to weary to continue fighting, and could not follow up the win. Their food was short so he retreated. But they were attacked again at the plains of Otumba, a small plain outside Tlaxcala. Outnumbered once more, the weary Spanish managed one more miraculous victory. They spent the remainder of the year in Tlaxcala recovering. The following May he began to march on Tenochtitlan. On May 13, 1521, the siege of the city began. This began 93 days of constant warfare; during the day the Spanish would gain ground, during the night they would lose it. Finally, in August, the Spaniards began to hold the ground they were capturing. The Aztec defenders started to run low on food and water. Then on August 13, 1521, Cortes led an assault on the temple of the Aztec gods. The Spaniards fought their way to the top. At the peak, they erected the Cross. Once more they fought their way down, but this time victory was theirs for good. During the battle the Spanish had captured Cuauhtemoc, and the war was over. The Spanairds had won!</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hernando_Cortez&diff=12636Hernando Cortez2007-02-01T13:43:50Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
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<div>Hernando Cortes was a Spanish Conquistador who lived from 1485 until 1547. He is famous for conquering the brutal Aztecs. In February of 1519, Cortes departed for the new world. His mission: to bring Catholicism to the uncivilized nations of the new world, his banners read "Brothers and companions, let us follow the Sign of the Cross with true faith and in it we shall conquer." All the equipment he had was 11 ships, 508 Spanish soldiers, 100 sailors, 16 horses (unknown to the New World), and 4 small cannons. On April 22, 1519, and it was also Good Friday for the Christians the small band landed. To the Aztecs it was the year 1- Reed, the day 9-Wind. On this day their chief god, Quetzalcoatl, had predicted his return. So upon this date the Spaniards landed. In all respects the Spaniards looked like the returning god to the Aztecs. In all respects the Spaniards looked like the returning god, Quetzalcoatl was supposed to come wearing black, the Spanish, because it was Good Friday, where dressed in black, and they arrived on the correct date. After building a fort, Cortes left about a third of his men to garrison it and marched inland with 300 men. First they reached the city of Zoctitlan, were no defense was put up. So Cortes marched on unhindered, and his next stop was the city of Tlaxcala. However, here staunch defense was put up. Outnumbered 10 to 1, the Spaniards won a miraculous victory. But almost all of the troops were injured. The conservative commander would have retreated to the coast, but Cortes pushed on, saying the greater the obstacles, the greater the glory. Cortes's next move was to make a treaty with the Tlaxcalans. Marching forward, Cortes pushed on to Cholula. The Cholulans were prepared, and set a trap for Cortes. However, the chief's wife warned him and the Spaniards won another stunning victory. Finally on November 13, they entered the Aztec's capitol, Tenochtitlan. Originally, the Aztecs gave Cortes and his men a grand tour of the city, including the temple were all of the human sacrifices were made. As 1519 came to a close, Cortes took a small band of men to address another Spanish commander threatening to attack him. He won an easy victory, but the garrison he had left at Tenochtitlan was besieged by the Aztecs. Cortes returned to the Aztec capitol, and took charge of his small force. On June 25, 1520, Cortes led an assualt on the Aztec temple. His men fought their way up the 114 steps to the top and victory was his. However, his men were to weary to continue fighting, and could not follow up the win. Their food was short so he retreated. But they were attacked again at the plains of Otumba, a small plain outside Tlaxcala. Outnumbered once more, the weary Spanish managed one more miraculous victory. They spent the remainder of the year in Tlaxcala recovering. The following May he began to march on Tenochtitlan. On May 13, 1521, the siege of the city began. This began 93 days of constant warfare; during the day the Spanish would gain ground, during the night they would lose it. Finally, in August, the Spaniards began to hold the ground they were capturing. The Aztec defenders started to run low on food and water. Then on August 13, 1521, Cortes led an assault on the temple of the Aztec gods. The Spaniards fought their way to the top. At the peak, they erected the Cross. Once more they fought their way down, but this time victory was theirs for good. During the battle the Spanish had captured Cuauhtemoc, and the war was over. The Spanairds had won!</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hernando_Cortez&diff=12635Hernando Cortez2007-02-01T13:42:56Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
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<div>Hernando Cortes was a Spanish Conquistador who lived from 1485 until 1547. He is famous for conquering the brutal Aztecs. In February of 1519, Cortes departed for the new world. His mission: to bring Catholicism to the uncivilized nations of the new world, his banners read "Brothers and companions, let us follow the Sign of the Cross with true faith and in it we shall conquer." All the equipment he had was 11 ships, 508 Spanish soldiers, 100 sailors, 16 horses (unknown to the New World), and 4 small cannons. On April 22, 1519, and it was also Good Friday for the Christians the small band landed. To the Aztecs it was the year 1- Reed, the day 9-Wind. On this day their chief god, Quetzalcoatl, had predicted his return. So upon this date the Spaniards landed. In all respects the Spaniards looked like the returning god to the Aztecs. In all respects the Spaniards looked like the returning god, Quetzalcoatl was supposed to come wearing black, the Spanish, because it was Good Friday, where dressed in black, and they arrived on the correct date. After building a fort, Cortes left about a third of his men to garrison it and marched inland with 300 men. First they reached the city of Zoctitlan, were no defense was put up. So Cortes marched on unhindered, and his next stop was the city of Tlaxcala. However, here staunch defense was put up. Outnumbered 10 to 1, the Spaniards won a miraculous victory. But almost all of the troops were injured. The conservative commander would have retreated to the coast, but Cortes pushed on, saying the greater the obstacles, the greater the glory. Cortes's next move was to make a treaty with the Tlaxcalans. Marching forward, Cortes pushed on to Cholula. The Cholulans were prepared, and set a trap for Cortes. However, the chief's wife warned him and the Spaniards won another stunning victory. Finally on November 13, they entered the Aztec's capitol, Tenochtitlan. Originally, the Aztecs gave Cortes and his men a grand tour of the city, including the temple were all of the human sacrifices were made. As 1519 came to a close, Cortes took a small band of men to address another Spanish commander threatening to attack him. He won an easy victory, but the garrison he had left at Tenochtitlan was besieged by the Aztecs. Cortes returned to the Aztec capitol, and took charge of his small force. On June 25, 1520, Cortes led an assualt on the Aztec temple. His men fought their way up the 114 steps to the top and victory was his. However, his men were to weary to continue fighting, and could not follow up the win. Their food was short so he retreated. But they were attacked again at the plains of Otumba, a small plain outside Tlaxcala. Outnumbered once more, the weary Spanish managed one more miraculous victory. They spent the remainder of the year in Tlaxcala recovering. The following May he began to march on Tenochtitlan. On May 13, 1521, the siege of the city began. This began 93 days of constant warfare; during the day the Spanish would gain ground, during the night they would lose it. Finally, in August, the Spaniards began to hold the ground they were capturing. The Aztec defenders started to run low on food and water. Then on August 13, 1521, Cortes led an assault on the temple of the Aztec gods. The Spaniards fought their way to the top. At the peak, they erected the Cross. Once more they fought their way down, but this time victory was theirs for good. During the battle the Spanish had captured Cuauhtemoc</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hernando_Cortez&diff=12619Hernando Cortez2007-02-01T03:49:52Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
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<div>Hernando Cortes was a Spanish Conquistador who lived from 1485 until 1547. He is famous for conquering the brutal Aztecs. In February of 1519, Cortes departed for the new world. His mission: to bring Catholicism to the uncivilized nations of the new world, his banners read "Brothers and companions, let us follow the Sign of the Cross with true faith and in it we shall conquer." All the equipment he had was 11 ships, 508 Spanish soldiers, 100 sailors, 16 horses (unknown to the New World), and 4 small cannons. On April 22, 1519, and it was also Good Friday for the Christians the small band landed. To the Aztecs it was the year 1- Reed, the day 9-Wind. On this day their chief god, Quetzalcoatl, had predicted his return. So upon this date the Spaniards landed. In all respects the Spaniards looked like the returning god to the Aztecs. In all respects the Spaniards looked like the returning god, Quetzalcoatl was supposed to come wearing black, the Spanish, because it was Good Friday, where dressed in black, and they arrived on the correct date. After building a fort, Cortes left about a third of his men to garrison it and marched inland with 300 men. First they reached the city of Zoctitlan, were no defense was put up. So Cortes marched on unhindered, and his next stop was the city of Tlaxcala. However, here staunch defense was put up. Outnumbered 10 to 1, the Spaniards won a miraculous victory. But almost all of the troops were injured. The conservative commander would have retreated to the coast, but Cortes pushed on, saying the greater the obstacles, the greater the glory. Cortes's next move was to make a treaty with the Tlaxcalans. Marching forward, Cortes pushed on to Cholula. The Cholulans were prepared, and set a trap for Cortes. However, the chief's wife warned him and the Spaniards won another stunning victory. Finally on November 13, they entered the Aztec's capitol, Tenochtitlan. Originally, the Aztecs gave Cortes and his men a grand tour of the city, including the temple were all of the human sacrifices were made. As 1519 came to a close, Cortes took a small band of men to address another Spanish commander threatening to attack him. He won an easy victory, but the garrison he had left at Tenochtitlan was besieged by the Aztecs. Cortes returned to the Aztec capitol, and took charge of his small force. On June 25, 1520, Cortes led an assualt on the Aztec temple. His men fought their way up the 114 steps to the top and victory was his. However, his men were to weary to continue fighting, and could not follow up the win. Their food was short so he retreated. But they were attacked again at the plains of Otumba, a small plain outside Tlaxcala. Outnumbered once more, the weary Spanish managed one more miraculous victory. They spent the remainder of the year in Tlaxcala recovering. The following May he began to march on Tenochtitlan. On May 13, 1521, the siege of the city began.</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hernando_Cortez&diff=12618Hernando Cortez2007-02-01T03:47:11Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
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<div>Hernando Cortes was a Spanish Conquistador who lived from 1485 until 1547. He is famous for conquering the brutal Aztecs. In February of 1519, Cortes departed for the new world. His mission: to bring Catholicism to the uncivilized nations of the new world, his banners read "Brothers and companions, let us follow the Sign of the Cross with true faith and in it we shall conquer." All the equipment he had was 11 ships, 508 Spanish soldiers, 100 sailors, 16 horses (unknown to the New World), and 4 small cannons. On April 22, 1519, and it was also Good Friday for the Christians the small band landed. To the Aztecs it was the year 1- Reed, the day 9-Wind. On this day their chief god, Quetzalcoatl, had predicted his return. So upon this date the Spaniards landed. In all respects the Spaniards looked like the returning god to the Aztecs. In all respects the Spaniards looked like the returning god, Quetzalcoatl was supposed to come wearing black, the Spanish, because it was Good Friday, where dressed in black, and they arrived on the correct date. After building a fort, Cortes left about a third of his men to garrison it and marched inland with 300 men. First they reached the city of Zoctitlan, were no defense was put up. So Cortes marched on unhindered, and his next stop was the city of Tlaxcala. However, here staunch defense was put up. Outnumbered 10 to 1, the Spaniards won a miraculous victory. But almost all of the troops were injured. The conservative commander would have retreated to the coast, but Cortes pushed on, saying the greater the obstacles, the greater the glory. Cortes's next move was to make a treaty with the Tlaxcalans. Marching forward, Cortes pushed on to Cholula. The Cholulans were prepared, and set a trap for Cortes. However, the chief's wife warned him and the Spaniards won another stunning victory. Finally on November 13, they entered the Aztec's capitol, Tenochtitlan. Originally, the Aztecs gave Cortes and his men a grand tour of the city, including the temple were all of the human sacrifices were made. As 1519 came to a close, Cortes took a small band of men to address another Spanish commander threatening to attack him. He won an easy victory, but the garrison he had left at Tenochtitlan was besieged by the Aztecs. Cortes returned to the indian capitol, and took charge of his small force. On June 25, 1520, Cortes led an assualt on the Aztec temple. His men fought their way up the 114 steps to the top and victory was his. However, his men were to weary to continue fighting, and could not follow up the win. Their fod was short so he retreated. But they were attacked again at the plains of Otumba, a small plain outside Tlaxcala. Outnumbered once more, the weary Spanish managed one more miraculous victory. They spent the remainder of the year in Tlaxcala recovering. The following May he began to march on Tenochtitlan. On May 13, 1521, the siege of the city began.</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Hernando_Cortez&diff=12617Hernando Cortez2007-02-01T03:46:14Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
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<div>Hernando Cortes was a Spanish Conquistador who lived from 1485 until 1547. He is famous for conquering the brutal Aztecs. In February of 1519, Cortes departed for the new world. His mission: to bring Christianity to the uncivilized nations of the new world, his banners read "Brothers and companions, let us follow the Sign of the Cross with true faith and in it we shall conquer." All the equipment he had was 11 ships, 508 Spanish soldiers, 100 sailors, 16 horses (unknown to the New World), and 4 small cannons. On April 22, 1519, and it was also Good Friday for the Christians the small band landed. To the Aztecs it was the year 1- Reed, the day 9-Wind. On this day their chief god, Quetzalcoatl, had predicted his return. So upon this date the Spaniards landed. In all respects the Spaniards looked like the returning god to the Aztecs. In all respects the Spaniards looked like the returning god, Quetzalcoatl was supposed to come wearing black, the Spanish, because it was Good Friday, where dressed in black, and they arrived on the correct date. After building a fort, Cortes left about a third of his men to garrison it and marched inland with 300 men. First they reached the city of Zoctitlan, were no defense was put up. So Cortes marched on unhindered, and his next stop was the city of Tlaxcala. However, here staunch defense was put up. Outnumbered 10 to 1, the Spaniards won a miraculous victory. But almost all of the troops were injured. The conservative commander would have retreated to the coast, but Cortes pushed on, saying the greater the obstacles, the greater the glory. Cortes's next move was to make a treaty with the Tlaxcalans. Marching forward, Cortes pushed on to Cholula. The Cholulans were prepared, and set a trap for Cortes. However, the chief's wife warned him and the Spaniards won another stunning victory. Finally on November 13, they entered the Aztec's capitol, Tenochtitlan. Originally, the Aztecs gave Cortes and his men a grand tour of the city, including the temple were all of the human sacrifices were made. As 1519 came to a close, Cortes took a small band of men to address another Spanish commander threatening to attack him. He won an easy victory, but the garrison he had left at Tenochtitlan was besieged by the Aztecs. Cortes returned to the indian capitol, and took charge of his small force. On June 25, 1520, Cortes led an assualt on the Aztec temple. His men fought their way up the 114 steps to the top and victory was his. However, his men were to weary to continue fighting, and could not follow up the win. Their fod was short so he retreated. But they were attacked again at the plains of Otumba, a small plain outside Tlaxcala. Outnumbered once more, the weary Spanish managed one more miraculous victory. They spent the remainder of the year in Tlaxcala recovering. The following May he began to march on Tenochtitlan. On May 13, 1521, the siege of the city began.</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Middle_Ages_Terms_C&diff=12616Middle Ages Terms C2007-02-01T02:11:47Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
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<div>[[Middle Ages Terms A|A]]-[[Middle Ages Terms B|B]]-[[Middle Ages Terms C|C]]-[[Middle Ages Terms D|D]]-[[Middle Ages Terms E|E]]-[[Middle Ages TermsF|F]]-[[Middle Ages Terms G|G]]-[[Middle Ages Terms H|H]]-[[Middle Ages Terms I|I]]-[[Middle Ages Terms J|J]]-[[Middle Ages Terms K|K]]-[[Middle Ages Terms L|L]]-[[Middle Ages Terms M|M]]-[[Middle Ages Terms N|N]]-[[Middle Ages Terms O|O]]-[[Middle Ages Terms P|P]]-[[Middle Ages Terms Q|Q]]-[[Middle Ages Terms R|R]]-[[Middle Ages Terms S|S]]-[[Middle Ages Terms T|T]]-[[Middle Ages Terms U|U]]-[[Middle Ages Terms V|V]]-[[Middle Ages Terms W|W]]-[[Middle Ages Terms X|X]]-[[Middle Ages Terms Y|Y]]-[[Middle Ages Terms Z|Z]]<BR><BR><BR>[[Caliph]]<BR><BR>[[Canterbury Tales]]<BR><BR>[[Caparison]]<BR><BR>[[caravanserais]]<BR><BR>[[Caroliginian renaissance]]<BR><BR>[[celadon pottery]]<BR><BR>[[Borgia, Cesare|Cesare Borgia]]<br><br>[[Charlemagne]]<BR><BR>[[Charles Martel]]<BR><BR>[[Chichen Itza]]<BR><BR>[[chinampa]]<BR><BR>[[Chivalry]]<BR><BR>[[Christendom]]<BR><BR>[[civil service system]]<BR><BR>[[Clotilda]]<BR><BR>[[Clovis]]<BR><BR>[[coat of arms]]<BR><BR>[[Copernicus]]<BR> [[Cortes, Hernando]] <BR>[[Council of Chalcedon]]<BR>[[Council of Trent]]<BR><BR>[[The Crusades]]<BR><BR>[[Cuzco]]<BR><BR>[[Cyrillic alphabet]]<br />
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[[Ancient History Terms]] [[Middle Ages Terms]] [[Renaissance Terms]] [[Reformation Terms]] [[Explorers]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Middle_Ages_Terms_C&diff=12615Middle Ages Terms C2007-02-01T02:11:18Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
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<div>[[Middle Ages Terms A|A]]-[[Middle Ages Terms B|B]]-[[Middle Ages Terms C|C]]-[[Middle Ages Terms D|D]]-[[Middle Ages Terms E|E]]-[[Middle Ages TermsF|F]]-[[Middle Ages Terms G|G]]-[[Middle Ages Terms H|H]]-[[Middle Ages Terms I|I]]-[[Middle Ages Terms J|J]]-[[Middle Ages Terms K|K]]-[[Middle Ages Terms L|L]]-[[Middle Ages Terms M|M]]-[[Middle Ages Terms N|N]]-[[Middle Ages Terms O|O]]-[[Middle Ages Terms P|P]]-[[Middle Ages Terms Q|Q]]-[[Middle Ages Terms R|R]]-[[Middle Ages Terms S|S]]-[[Middle Ages Terms T|T]]-[[Middle Ages Terms U|U]]-[[Middle Ages Terms V|V]]-[[Middle Ages Terms W|W]]-[[Middle Ages Terms X|X]]-[[Middle Ages Terms Y|Y]]-[[Middle Ages Terms Z|Z]]<BR><BR><BR>[[Caliph]]<BR><BR>[[Canterbury Tales]]<BR><BR>[[Caparison]]<BR><BR>[[caravanserais]]<BR><BR>[[Caroliginian renaissance]]<BR><BR>[[celadon pottery]]<BR><BR>[[Borgia, Cesare|Cesare Borgia]]<br><br>[[Charlemagne]]<BR><BR>[[Charles Martel]]<BR><BR>[[Chichen Itza]]<BR><BR>[[chinampa]]<BR><BR>[[Chivalry]]<BR><BR>[[Christendom]]<BR><BR>[[civil service system]]<BR><BR>[[Clotilda]]<BR><BR>[[Clovis]]<BR><BR>[[coat of arms]]<BR><BR>[[Copernicus]]<BR> [[Cortes, Hernando]] <BR>[[Council of Chalcedon]]<BRBR>[[Council of Trent]]<BR><BR>[[The Crusades]]<BR><BR>[[Cuzco]]<BR><BR>[[Cyrillic alphabet]]<br />
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[[Ancient History Terms]] [[Middle Ages Terms]] [[Renaissance Terms]] [[Reformation Terms]] [[Explorers]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Middle_Ages_Terms_C&diff=12614Middle Ages Terms C2007-02-01T02:09:24Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
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<div>[[Middle Ages Terms A|A]]-[[Middle Ages Terms B|B]]-[[Middle Ages Terms C|C]]-[[Middle Ages Terms D|D]]-[[Middle Ages Terms E|E]]-[[Middle Ages TermsF|F]]-[[Middle Ages Terms G|G]]-[[Middle Ages Terms H|H]]-[[Middle Ages Terms I|I]]-[[Middle Ages Terms J|J]]-[[Middle Ages Terms K|K]]-[[Middle Ages Terms L|L]]-[[Middle Ages Terms M|M]]-[[Middle Ages Terms N|N]]-[[Middle Ages Terms O|O]]-[[Middle Ages Terms P|P]]-[[Middle Ages Terms Q|Q]]-[[Middle Ages Terms R|R]]-[[Middle Ages Terms S|S]]-[[Middle Ages Terms T|T]]-[[Middle Ages Terms U|U]]-[[Middle Ages Terms V|V]]-[[Middle Ages Terms W|W]]-[[Middle Ages Terms X|X]]-[[Middle Ages Terms Y|Y]]-[[Middle Ages Terms Z|Z]]<BR><BR><BR>[[Caliph]]<BR><BR>[[Canterbury Tales]]<BR><BR>[[Caparison]]<BR><BR>[[caravanserais]]<BR><BR>[[Caroliginian renaissance]]<BR><BR>[[celadon pottery]]<BR><BR>[[Borgia, Cesare|Cesare Borgia]]<br><br>[[Charlemagne]]<BR><BR>[[Charles Martel]]<BR><BR>[[Chichen Itza]]<BR><BR>[[chinampa]]<BR><BR>[[Chivalry]]<BR><BR>[[Christendom]]<BR><BR>[[civil service system]]<BR><BR>[[Clotilda]]<BR><BR>[[Clovis]]<BR><BR>[[coat of arms]]<BR><BR>[[Copernicus]]<BR><BR>[[Council of Chalcedon]]<BR>[[Cortes, Hernando]]<BR>[[Council of Trent]]<BR><BR>[[The Crusades]]<BR><BR>[[Cuzco]]<BR><BR>[[Cyrillic alphabet]]<br />
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[[Ancient History Terms]] [[Middle Ages Terms]] [[Renaissance Terms]] [[Reformation Terms]] [[Explorers]]</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Manfred_von_Richthofen&diff=11624Manfred von Richthofen2007-01-23T21:51:14Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
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<div>The "Red Baron" was a German fighter pilot during World War I. His actual name was Baron Manfred von Richthofen. He flew a bright red Fokker Albtross airplane, and is credited with over 80 "kills", the number of enemy aircraft shot down, and 127 personnel killed. Almost instantly, his fame spread as the French talked about a "Red Devil", and others called the fearsome pilot the "Red Knight or Red Baron".</div>Jimmy Ohttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Manfred_von_Richthofen&diff=11622Manfred von Richthofen2007-01-23T21:32:11Z<p>Jimmy O: </p>
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<div>The "Red Baron" was a German fighter pilot during World War I. His actual name was Baron Manfred von Richthofen. During the war, Richtofen shot down at least 80 enemy aircraft.</div>Jimmy O