Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Birmingham City F.C.

2008-03-09T01:48:02Z

Jennisuk:

'''Birmingham City Football Club''' is a [[soccer]] (called football in [[England]]) club based in the city of [[Birmingham]], in the English [[midlands]].

Founded in 1875 as Small Heath Alliance, they became Small Heath in 1888 and later Birmingham F.C. in 1905. They finally adopted the moniker Birmingham City F.C. in 1943.

The club's home ground has been St. Andrew's since 1906. Although being the second largest city in England (after [[London]]) Birmingham City Football Club have known little success in the major competitions and have lived in the shadow of their neighbours and fierce rivals [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]].

The club's nickname is "The Blues" on account of the color of their team strip.

{{Nb sl english premier}}

Birmingham City F.C.

2008-03-09T01:47:10Z

Jennisuk:

'''Birmingham City Football Club''' is a [[soccer]] (called football in [[England]]) club based in the city of [[Birmingham]], in the English [[midlands]].

Founded in 1875 as Small Heath Alliance, they became Small Heath in 1888 and later Birmingham F.C. in 1905. They finally adopted the moniker Birmingham City F.C. in 1943.

The club's home ground has been St. Andrew's since 1906. Although being the second largest city in England (after London) Birmingham City have known little success in the major competitions and have lived in the shadow of their neighbours and fierce rivals [[Aston CVilla F.C.|Aston Villa]].

The club's nickname is "The Blues" on account of the color of their team strip.

{{Nb sl english premier}}

Aston Villa F.C.

2008-03-09T01:46:41Z

Jennisuk:

'''Aston Villa Football Club''' is a [[soccer]] (called [[football]] in [[England]]) club based in [[Aston]], [[Birmingham]], in the English [[Midlands]]. Currently coached by Martin O'Neill, a former player for [[Northern Ireland]], [[Nottingham Forest]], [[Norwich City]] and [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]. They finished the 2006/7 season in 11th position in the [[English Premier League]].

{{Nb sl english premier}}

Aston Villa F.C.

2008-03-09T01:46:13Z

Jennisuk:

'''Aston Villa Football Club''' is a [[soccer]] (called [[football]] in England) club based in [[Aston]], [[Birmingham]], in the [[English]] [[Midlands]]. Currently coached by Martin O'Neill, a former player for [[Northern Ireland]], [[Nottingham Forest]], [[Norwich City]] and [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]. They finished the 2006/7 season in 11th position in the [[English Premier League]].

{{Nb sl english premier}}

Birmingham City F.C.

2008-03-09T01:45:25Z

Jennisuk:

'''Birmingham City Football Club''' is a [[soccer]] (called football in [[England]]) club based in the city of [[Birmingham]], in the English midlands.

Founded in 1875 as Small Heath Alliance, they became Small Heath in 1888 and later Birmingham F.C. in 1905. They finally adopted the moniker Birmingham City F.C. in 1943.

The club's home ground has been St. Andrew's since 1906. Although being the second largest city in England (after London) Birmingham City have known little success in the major competitions and have lived in the shadow of their neighbours and fierce rivals [[Aston CVilla F.C.|Aston Villa]].

The club's nickname is "The Blues" on account of the color of their team strip.

{{Nb sl english premier}}

Rock music

2007-08-03T14:04:43Z

Jennisuk:

'''Rock music''' is a style of [[music]] derived from the blues, characterised by a prominent [[drum]] beat in 4:4 time, accompanied by electric bass [[guitar]] providing the harmonic underpinning for the melody of electric guitar and vocals.

[[Elvis Presley]] and [[Buddy Holly]] were early pioneers of Rock in the late 1950's, as were the [[Beatles]] and [[Rolling Stones]] throughout the 1960s. In the 1970s the stadium rock of bands such as [[Boston]] and [[Pink Floyd]] became formulaic and overwrought, setting the stage for a backlash called [[Punk rock]] which evolved, with the addition of synthesizers, into [[New wave]] well into the 1980s. By the latter half of that decade, [[Glam rock]] had stultified into MTV-friendly "hair metal", and the stage was set for Nirvana and the Seattle scene, a darker and heavier version of punk known as [[Grunge]]. By 1994 and the death of [[Kurt Cobain]], grunge had changed into the stable formula of alternative rock that continues to be popular today.

[[Category:Music]]

Alice In Chains

2007-08-03T14:03:39Z

Jennisuk:

'''Alice in Chains''' is a popular and influential [[rock music|rock]] band that formed in [[Seattle]], [[Washington]] in 1987. Unlike other [[grunge]] bands they owed more to its classic rock roots. They spawned hit singles such as "Rooster" and "No Excuses". Lead singer Layne Staley died in 2002 of a [[heroin]] overdose.

[[Category:Alternative rock bands]][[Category:Grunge bands]]

Blackburn Rovers F.C.

2007-08-02T14:53:57Z

Jennisuk: New page: '''Blackburn Rovers Football Club''' are an English football team that play in the Premiership . The club hails from the town of Blackburn in...

'''Blackburn Rovers Football Club''' are an [[England|English]] [[football]] team that play in the [[English Premier League|Premiership]] . The club hails from the town of [[Blackburn]] in [[Lancashire]]. Their home stadium is Ewood Park.

{{Nb sl english premier}}

Talk:English Premier League

2007-08-02T14:46:21Z

Jennisuk: New page: The 'English Premier League Teams' template at the bottom is wrong. (Check http://www.premierleague.com, its on the righthand side) Preston and Watford need removing and Sunderland Derby n...

The 'English Premier League Teams' template at the bottom is wrong. (Check http://www.premierleague.com, its on the righthand side) Preston and Watford need removing and Sunderland Derby need adding. Thanks [[User:Jennisuk|Jennisuk]] 10:46, 2 August 2007 (EDT)

Xenophobia

2007-07-31T15:14:28Z

Jennisuk:

'''Xenophobia''', from the [[Greek]] ξένος (xénos, foreign) + φόβος (phobos, fear). A fear of that which is inherently ''other''. Xenophobia is inherent in [[human]] history and human nature to some degree.<ref>Edward Said, "Orientalism."</ref> Understandable examples of xenophobia are evident in common [[American]] culture, such as the fear of the influx of [[Mexican]] culture in the border states.

Technically, xenophobia is not [[racism]]; racism is however a manifestation of xenophobia.

== References ==
<references/>

[[category:phobias]]

Labour party

2007-07-31T15:02:03Z

Jennisuk:

The '''Labour Party''' is a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[democracy|democratic]] [[Socialism|socialist]] political party. It was founded in 1900, and is currently the party of government in the [[The United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]. On 27 June 2007, [[Gordon Brown]] became the leader of the Labour party and [[Prime Minister]] of the UK, taking over from [[Tony Blair]], the longest serving Labour Prime Minister.

==History==
The Labour Party originated from the [[trade union]] and socialist movements of the turn of the century, and throughout its history has been a left-wing party. The landslide victory of [[Clement Attlee]] in 1945 led to sweeping reforms of indsutry and the creation of the [[welfare state]]. Attlee's government nationalised major industries, founded the [[National Health Service]], and developed the idea of welfare from cradle to grave paid for out of taxation and available to everyone free of charge. Much of the welfare state is still in force today.

The Labour Party has also been a strong proponent of social reform. Under Harold Wilson in the late 60s, abortion and homosexuality were legalised, the death penalty abolished and divorce was made easier. Unease from a perceived large number of immigrants from Commonwealth countries also led to four Race Relations Acts, all of which were passed under Labour governments.

==Industrial Strife==
The Labour Party always prided itself on strong links with [[trade unions]], but by the late 1960s there was growing industrial unrest. Inflation was becoming a growing problem and unemployment began to rise. Harold Wilson was elected for a third time in February 1974, taking over from Conservative [[Edward Heath]] whose government was brought to its knees by oil shortages and a crippling coal miners' strike in 1973. Throughout the late 70s strikes were commonplace, tight controls on pay rises, known as incomes policy, was struggling to curb inflation which reached a high of 27.6%. A series of devastating strikes in the winter of 1978/79 which became known as the [[Winter of Discontent]] led to the government of [[James Callaghan]] being defeated in a vote of no confidence and a general election called which Conservative [[Margaret Thatcher]] won in a landslide.

==A swing to the left==
Michael Foot became leader of the Labour Party in 1980 and took the party in a more leftward direction. The 1983 manifesto pledged to reverse all Thatcher's economic reforms; renationalise all privitised businesses, raise taxes and make them more progressive, restore trade union powers, leave the European Union, abolish nuclear weapons and campaign for a united Ireland as a solution to the paramilitarism and terrorism that had beset the province of Northern Ireland throughout the 70s. The manifesto became known as the "longest suicide note in history" and was defeated by Thatcher's Conservatives in a landslide. Pro-European Union Labour Party members who formed their own party, the SDP, nearly polled more votes than the Labour Party.

Foot was succeeded by Neil Kinnock who was still pledging broadly left-wing prolicies in 1987. This manifesto too was defeated in a landslide.

==New Labour==
The term New Labour didn't come into being until Tony Blair became leader in 1994, but the reform of the Labour Party took place long before then. By 1992, it was clear that Thatcher's reforms had struck a chord with voters and the Labour party were no longer promising to renationalise industries or restore trade union powers. Only the top rate of income tax would be raised from 40 to 50%. All the opinion polls showed a likely Labour victory, but a close election led to an unusually high voter turnout, and the Conservative party won by a narrow victory of 23 seats.

John Smith became leader in 1992, but his sudden death in 1994 led to Tony Blair to become leader and the term New Labour was born. Blair started by reforming Clause IV. (Clause IV dealt with the purpose of the Party and referred direct to its erstwhile desire for public ownership of the means of production; the current version instead calls for 'a community in which power, wealth and opportunity are in the hands of the many, not the few'.) Blair also promised no increases in income tax and pledged to run a stable economy. They were elected in a landslide in 1997, and again in 2001.

One of Blair's most controversial decisions was to [[Iraq War|invade Iraq]] in 2003. The was the second largest country in the Coalition of the Willing and was largely in charge of the southern provinced including the city of Basrah. Possibly due to the war's unpopularity, the Labour party won a much smaller majority in 2005 and has seen key bills defeated by backbench revolts such as the plan to hold terrorist suspects for up to 90 days without charge.

==Prime Ministers==

* [[Ramsay MacDonald]] (1924 and 1929-1935) [http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page136.asp]

* [[Clement Attlee]] (1945-1951) [http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page133.asp]

* [[Harold Wilson]] (1964-1970 and 1974-1976) [http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page129.asp]

* [[James Callaghan]] (1976-1979) [http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page127.asp]

* [[Tony Blair]] (1997-2007) [http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page4.asp]

* [[Gordon Brown]] (2007-present)

==External links==
*[http://www.labour.org.uk/home Official site]

[[category:political Parties]]
[[Category:British politics]]

Manchester United F.C.

2007-07-31T11:58:50Z

Jennisuk:

'''Manchester United Football Club''' are an [[England|English]] [[soccer]] ([[Football]] in the [[UK]]) team.

They play in red shirts, white shorts and black socks. They were the first English club to win the European Championship.

The club joined the Football League in 1892 under the name Newton Heath. Their official nickname is the "Red Devils" and the club badge features a small black devil holding a trident. They are known to their fans either as Man U, Man United or just United.

In 2005 the club was taken over by the [[America|American]] billionaire, Paul Glazer. After two seasons with little success by their standards they won the Barclays Premier League again in 2007.

{{Nb sl english premier}}

Liverpool F.C.

2007-07-31T11:57:06Z

Jennisuk:

'''Liverpool Football Club''' are an [[England|English]] [[soccer]] ([[Football]] in the [[UK]]) founded in 1892.

The club has become the most successful club in English league history winning eighteen domestic championships as well as five European championships.

{{Nb sl english premier}}

Liverpool F.C.

2007-07-31T11:56:55Z

Jennisuk:

'''Liverpool Football Club''' are an [[England|English]] [[soccer]] ([[Football]] in the [[UK]])founded in 1892.

The club has become the most successful club in English league history winning eighteen domestic championships as well as five European championships.

{{Nb sl english premier}}

Liverpool F.C.

2007-07-31T11:56:44Z

Jennisuk:

'''Liverpool Football Club''' are an [[England||English]] [[soccer]] ([[Football]] in the [[UK]])founded in 1892.

The club has become the most successful club in English league history winning eighteen domestic championships as well as five European championships.

{{Nb sl english premier}}

Chelsea F.C.

2007-07-31T11:55:17Z

Jennisuk:

'''Chelsea Football Club''' is an [[England|English]] [[soccer]] ([[football]] in the [[UK]]) team who play at stadium Stamford Bridge, in [[London]].

The club is owned by [[Russia]]n billianaire [[Roman Abramovich]] and managed by [[Jose Mourinho]], former manager of [[Porto]].

{{Nb sl english premier}}

Arsenal F.C.

2007-07-31T11:53:41Z

Jennisuk:

'''Arsenal Football Club''' is a [[soccer]] team (called [[football]] in [[England]]) based in [[London]], England. The team is managed by [[Arsene Wenger]].

Finishing fourth in the [[Premier League]] in the 2006/7 season, the team features major international stars of football.

Former star [[Thierry Henry]] has recently left the team after eight years of huge success, departing to [[Real Madrid]] in the summer of 2007.

In 2006 the team moved from their old stadium, ''Arsenal Stadium'', located in, and more commonly known as ''Highbury''. The teams new stadium is named after Dubai airlines and sponsor, [[Emirates]].

{{Nb sl english premier}}

Arsenal F.C.

2007-07-31T11:53:14Z

Jennisuk:

'''Arsenal Football Club''' is a [[soccer]] team (called 'football' in [[England]]) based in [[London]], England. The team is managed by [[Arsene Wenger]].

Finishing fourth in the [[Premier League]] in the 2006/7 season, the team features major international stars of [[football]].

Former star [[Thierry Henry]] has recently left the team after eight years of huge success, departing to [[Real Madrid]] in the summer of 2007.

In 2006 the team moved from their old stadium, ''Arsenal Stadium'', located in, and more commonly known as ''Highbury''. The teams new stadium is named after Dubai airlines and sponsor, [[Emirates]].

{{Nb sl english premier}}

Arsenal F.C.

2007-07-31T11:52:55Z

Jennisuk:

'''Arsenal Football Club''' is a [[soccer]] team (called 'football' in [[England]]) based in [[London]], England. The team is managed by [[Arsene Wenger]].

Finishing fourth in the [[Premier League]] in the 2006/7 season, the team features major international stars of [[football]].

Former star [[Thierry Henry]] has recently left the team after eight years of huge success, departing to [[Real Madrid]] in the summer of 2007.

In 2006 the team moved from their old stadium, ''Arsenal Stadium'', located in and more commonly known as Highbury. The teams new stadium is named after Dubai airlines and sponsor, [[Emirates]].

{{Nb sl english premier}}

Manchester United F.C.

2007-07-31T11:13:34Z

Jennisuk:

'''Manchester United Football Club''' are an English football ([[soccer]]) team.

They play in red shirts, white shorts and black socks. They were the first English club to win the European Championship.

The club joined the Football League in 1892 under the name Newton Heath. Their official nickname is the "Red Devils" and the club badge features a small black devil holding a trident. They are known to their many fans in London either as Man U, Man United or just United.

In 2005 the club was taken over by the American billionaire, Paul Glazer. After two seasons with little success by their standards they won the Barclays Premier League again in 2007.

{{Nb sl english premier}}

Manchester City F.C.

2007-07-31T11:11:16Z

Jennisuk:

'''Manchester City Football Club''' <ref>http://www.mcfc.co.uk/</ref> is the smaller of two [[English Premier League]] soccer teams (called 'football' in England) in the city of [[Manchester]], [[England]]. Usually lying lower in the Premier League than their derby rivals, [[Manchester United]], City are managed by the former manager of the English national squad, [[Sven Goran-Eriksson]].

Currently, the club is under a takeover attempt by the former President of [[Thailand]], [[Thaksin Shinawatra]].

==References==

<References/>

{{Nb sl english premier}}

Tottenham Hotspur F.C.

2007-07-31T11:10:07Z

Jennisuk:

'''Tottenham Hotspur''' ('Spurs' to their supporters) are a North London, England [[soccer]] team (called 'football' in England), [[Arsenal]]'s long-standing rival. They are based at White Hart Lane Stadium.

{{Nb sl english premier}}

Talk:Manchester United

2007-07-25T15:53:20Z

Jennisuk: New page: We already have Manchester United F.C. so one of these needs to go. ~~~~

We already have [[Manchester United F.C.]] so one of these needs to go. [[User:Jennisuk|Jennisuk]] 11:53, 25 July 2007 (EDT)

English Premier League

2007-07-25T15:51:29Z

Jennisuk:

The '''Premier League''' (or Premiership) is the senior club league in English football<ref>http://www.premierleague.com/fapl.rac?command=forwardOnly&nextPage=enAboutLanding&categoryCode=Who%20We%20Are</ref>. It was formed in 1992, replacing the old Football League First Division, and now consists of the top 20 clubs. Each year three clubs are relegated, and three are promoted to the Premier League from the [[Championship]]. The current Premier League champions (season 2006-07) are [[Manchester United]], and the league is currently sponsored by banking and finance group Barclays.

===References===
<references/>

[[Category:Sport]]
[[Category:Sports]]

Tour de France

2007-07-25T15:50:22Z

Jennisuk:

The [[Tour de France]] is a famous cycling race, held annually in [[France]] during the month of July. The Tour de France, [[Giro d'Italia]], and [[Vuelta a Espagne]] are referred to as the [[Grand Tours]] of professional cycling. The course of the race changes from year to year, often passing through neighboring countries, but traditionally finishes on the [[Champs-Elysees]] in [[Paris]]. In 2007 the tour commenced in [[England]].

Riders who compete in the Tour de France are members of corporate-sponsored teams of nine riders. These nine riders work together to help the team leader or other team members to increase their standing. Team Discovery Channel (formerly United States Postal Service) is the only team in the Tour based out of the United States.

Riders in the Tour de France compete in several different competitions; the leader of each competition is awarded a jersey at the end of each stage race. The [[Yellow Jersey]] is awarded to the overall race leader. The Green Jersey is awarded to the leader of the points competition, in which points are awarded to riders winning a series of sprint races. The Polka-dot Jersey is awarded to the "King of the Mountains" leader, given to the rider who has the best record climbing designated hills and mountains in the race. The White Jersey is awarded to the "Best Young Rider", the rider under the age of 25 with the highest placement in the overall race standings.

American [[Lance Armstrong]] won the race a record seven times from 1999 to 2005. While the French media often accused Armstrong of steroid use, such claims were never supported by his drug test results. The most recent winner (2006) was another American, [[Floyd Landis]], however his victory has been contested due to a failed drug test following a stage victory. The controversy came after a number of riders, including race favorites [[Ivan Basso]] and [[Jan Ullrich]], were banned from competing in the race just a few days before it began due to allegations of steroid use.

[[Category:Sports]]

Tour de France

2007-07-25T15:50:10Z

Jennisuk:

The [[Tour de France]] is a famous cycling race, held annually in [[France]] during the month of July. The Tour de France, [[Giro d'Italia]], and [[Vuelta a Espagne]] are referred to as the [[Grand Tours]] of professional cycling. The course of the race changes from year to year, often passing through neighboring countries, but traditionally finishes on the [[Champs-Elysees]] in [[Paris]]. In 2007 commenced in [[England]].

Riders who compete in the Tour de France are members of corporate-sponsored teams of nine riders. These nine riders work together to help the team leader or other team members to increase their standing. Team Discovery Channel (formerly United States Postal Service) is the only team in the Tour based out of the United States.

Riders in the Tour de France compete in several different competitions; the leader of each competition is awarded a jersey at the end of each stage race. The [[Yellow Jersey]] is awarded to the overall race leader. The Green Jersey is awarded to the leader of the points competition, in which points are awarded to riders winning a series of sprint races. The Polka-dot Jersey is awarded to the "King of the Mountains" leader, given to the rider who has the best record climbing designated hills and mountains in the race. The White Jersey is awarded to the "Best Young Rider", the rider under the age of 25 with the highest placement in the overall race standings.

American [[Lance Armstrong]] won the race a record seven times from 1999 to 2005. While the French media often accused Armstrong of steroid use, such claims were never supported by his drug test results. The most recent winner (2006) was another American, [[Floyd Landis]], however his victory has been contested due to a failed drug test following a stage victory. The controversy came after a number of riders, including race favorites [[Ivan Basso]] and [[Jan Ullrich]], were banned from competing in the race just a few days before it began due to allegations of steroid use.

[[Category:Sports]]

Labour party

2007-07-25T15:48:36Z

Jennisuk:

The '''Labour Party''' is a [[United Kingdom|British]] democratic [[Socialism|socialist]] political party. It was founded in 1900, and is currently the party of government in the [[The United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]. On 27 June 2007, [[Gordon Brown]] became the leader of the Labour party and [[Prime Minister]] of the UK, taking over from [[Tony Blair]], the longest serving Labour Prime Minister.

==History==
The Labour Party originated from the [[trade union]] and socialist movements of the turn of the century, and throughout its history has been a left-wing party. The landslide victory of [[Clement Attlee]] in 1945 led to sweeping reforms of indsutry and the creation of the [[welfare state]]. Attlee's government nationalised major industries, founded the [[National Health Service]], and developed the idea of welfare from cradle to grave paid for out of taxation and available to everyone free of charge. Much of the welfare state is still in force today.

The Labour Party has also been a strong proponent of social reform. Under Harold Wilson in the late 60s, abortion and homosexuality were legalised, the death penalty abolished and divorce was made easier. Unease from a perceived large number of immigrants from Commonwealth countries also led to four Race Relations Acts, all of which were passed under Labour governments.

==Industrial Strife==
The Labour Party always prided itself on strong links with [[trade unions]], but by the late 1960s there was growing industrial unrest. Inflation was becoming a growing problem and unemployment began to rise. Harold Wilson was elected for a third time in February 1974, taking over from Conservative [[Edward Heath]] whose government was brought to its knees by oil shortages and a crippling coal miners' strike in 1973. Throughout the late 70s strikes were commonplace, tight controls on pay rises, known as incomes policy, was struggling to curb inflation which reached a high of 27.6%. A series of devastating strikes in the winter of 1978/79 which became known as the [[Winter of Discontent]] led to the government of [[James Callaghan]] being defeated in a vote of no confidence and a general election called which Conservative [[Margaret Thatcher]] won in a landslide.

==A swing to the left==
Michael Foot became leader of the Labour Party in 1980 and took the party in a more leftward direction. The 1983 manifesto pledged to reverse all Thatcher's economic reforms; renationalise all privitised businesses, raise taxes and make them more progressive, restore trade union powers, leave the European Union, abolish nuclear weapons and campaign for a united Ireland as a solution to the paramilitarism and terrorism that had beset the province of Northern Ireland throughout the 70s. The manifesto became known as the "longest suicide note in history" and was defeated by Thatcher's Conservatives in a landslide. Pro-European Union Labour Party members who formed their own party, the SDP, nearly polled more votes than the Labour Party.

Foot was succeeded by Neil Kinnock who was still pledging broadly left-wing prolicies in 1987. This manifesto too was defeated in a landslide.

==New Labour==
The term New Labour didn't come into being until Tony Blair became leader in 1994, but the reform of the Labour Party took place long before then. By 1992, it was clear that Thatcher's reforms had struck a chord with voters and the Labour party were no longer promising to renationalise industries or restore trade union powers. Only the top rate of income tax would be raised from 40 to 50%. All the opinion polls showed a likely Labour victory, but a close election led to an unusually high voter turnout, and the Conservative party won by a narrow victory of 23 seats.

John Smith became leader in 1992, but his sudden death in 1994 led to Tony Blair to become leader and the term New Labour was born. Blair started by reforming Clause IV. (Clause IV dealt with the purpose of the Party and referred direct to its erstwhile desire for public ownership of the means of production; the current version instead calls for 'a community in which power, wealth and opportunity are in the hands of the many, not the few'.) Blair also promised no increases in income tax and pledged to run a stable economy. They were elected in a landslide in 1997, and again in 2001.

One of Blair's most controversial decisions was to [[Iraq War|invade Iraq]] in 2003. The was the second largest country in the Coalition of the Willing and was largely in charge of the southern provinced including the city of Basrah. Possibly due to the war's unpopularity, the Labour party won a much smaller majority in 2005 and has seen key bills defeated by backbench revolts such as the plan to hold terrorist suspects for up to 90 days without charge.

==Prime Ministers==

* [[Ramsay MacDonald]] (1924 and 1929-1935) [http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page136.asp]

* [[Clement Attlee]] (1945-1951) [http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page133.asp]

* [[Harold Wilson]] (1964-1970 and 1974-1976) [http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page129.asp]

* [[James Callaghan]] (1976-1979) [http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page127.asp]

* [[Tony Blair]] (1997-2007) [http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page4.asp]

* [[Gordon Brown]] (2007-present)

==External links==
*[http://www.labour.org.uk/home Official site]

[[category:political Parties]]
[[Category:British politics]]

Internet Crime

2007-07-24T13:52:23Z

Jennisuk:

'''Internet Crime''' is really a group of [[online]] related [[crime|crimes]], most of them particular or unique to the [[Internet]]. Some of them are variations on older schemes of a non-Internet nature, adapted for use on the Net.
[[Image:070416chart.jpg‎ |right]]

== Criminal Statutes Governing the Internet ==

Here are federal [[law|laws]] criminalizing wrongful internet activity:

*15 USC §§ 7701-7713, Controlling Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketings Act of 2003 (CAN-SPAM Act)

*18 USC § 1029, prohibits fraud and related activity using access devices

*18 USC § 1030, prohibits destructive activity, punishable by up to 10 years in jail ("Computer Fraud and Abuse Act")
*18 USC § 1030(a)(5)(A) Knowingly transmitting a program, script, or code that would cause damage to a protected computer

*18 USC § 1343, prohibits wire fraud

*18 USC § 1361-2, prohibits malicious mischief

*18 USC § 1470, prohibits unwanted obscenity, punishable by up to 10 years in jail

*18 USC § 1951, prohibits interfering with commerce by threats or violence

*18 USC § 2314, prohibits interstate transport of improperly obtained materials<ref>This applies to computer data files U.S. v. Riggs, 739 F.Supp. 414 (N.D.Ill 1990).</ref>

*18 USC § 2510-11, prohibits interception of electronic communications ("Electronic Communications Privacy Act", "ECPA")

*18 USC § 2701, prohibits access to information stored on a computer

Most states also have their own laws criminalizing improper internet activity, which are often stronger and more easily enforced than the federal law:

Alaska:

<fill in here>

Michigan:

*752.795 Prohibited conduct. (Unauthorized Use of Computer Access)<ref>http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(vjums4ac12pjz555m2jvvk55))/mileg.aspx?page=getObject&objectName=mcl-752-795</ref><ref>http://news.com.com/8301-10784_3-9722006-7.html</ref>

Ohio:

*ORC §2913.04 ("Unauthorized use of computer or telecommunication property")
*ORC §2917.21 ("Telecommuncation harassment")

== Successful prosecutions ==

*"A federal jury in Phoenix, Arizona convicted Jeffrey Kilbride, 41, of Venice, California and James Schaffer, 41 of Paradise Valley, Arizona of eight counts, including conspiracy, fraud, money laundering, and transportation of obscene materials. ... They face up to five years in jail for each spam and obscenity offense and a fine of up to $500,000 and up to 20 years for money laundering. They will be sentenced in September" 2007.<ref>http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/06/26/can_spam_convictions/</ref>

*Robert Morris was a graduate student in computer science at Cornell University who released his [[worm]] on the internet on Nov. 2, 1988. In 1990, Morris was convicted of violating 18 USC § 1030. He appealed, and his conviction was affirmed in ''U.S. v. Morris'', 928 F.2d 504 (2d Cir. 1991). He petitioned the Supreme Court but it had better things to do, and it denied cert. in 502 U.S. 817 (1991).

*Many more convictions, including the first successful prosecution of a bot attack, can be found here: http://www.cybercrime.gov/cccases.html

== Other rules ==

Most schools, employers and internet service providers (ISPs) prohibit misuse of their computers, and disciplinary action can be expected by those who harassing others or vandalize websites using someone else's property. For example, the University of Cincinnati has a strict policy against misuse of its system.<ref>http://www.uc.edu/ucit/ITpolicydefs.asp#fedlaw</ref>

<blockquote>
'''Libel:'''
:Publication of false information that is injurious to the reputation of another is called libel and can be the basis of a lawsuit for damages. Internet communications (web pages and postings to newsgroups or mailing lists) are considered publications. 
'''INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, MISUSE OF:'''

Theft, misuse or illegal use of information technology such as computer hardware or software, electronic mail or information, voice mail, telephone, fax, including but not limited to:

1) Unauthorized entry into a file to use, read or change the contents, or for any other purpose.

2) Unauthorized transfer or distribution of a file.

3) Unauthorized use of another individual’s identification and password.

4) Use of information technology to interfere with the work of another student, faculty member, or University official or with normal operations of the University.

5) Use of information technology for unauthorized posting of copyrighted materials or obscenities"
</blockquote>

== Computer Crime & Intellectual Property Section United States Department of Justice ==

'''Reporting Computer Hacking, Fraud and Other Internet-Related Crime:''' 
The primary federal law enforcement agencies that investigate domestic crime on the Internet include: the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the United States Secret Service, the United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) , the United States Postal Inspection Service, and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) . Each of these agencies has offices conveniently located in every state to which crimes may be reported. Contact information regarding these local offices may be found in local telephone directories. In general, federal crime may be reported to the local office of an appropriate law enforcement agency by a telephone call and by requesting the "Duty Complaint Agent."

Each law enforcement agency also has a headquarters (HQ) in Washington, D.C., which has agents who specialize in particular areas. For example, the FBI and the U.S. Secret Service both have headquarters-based specialists in computer intrusion (i.e., computer hacker) cases. <ref>http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/cybercrime/reporting.htm</ref>

== The Internet Crime Complaint Center ==

The Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) was established as a partnership between the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the National White Collar Crime Center (NW3C) to serve as a means to receive Internet related criminal complaints and to further research, develop, and refer the criminal complaints to federal, state, local, or international law enforcement and/or regulatory agencies for any investigation they deem to be appropriate. The IC3 was intended, and continues to emphasize, serving the broader law enforcement community to include federal, as well as state, local, and international agencies, which are combating Internet crime and, in many cases, participating in Cyber Crime Task Forces.

Since its inception, the IC3 has received complaints crossing the spectrum of cyber crime matters, to include online fraud in its many forms including Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) matters, Computer Intrusions (hacking), Economic Espionage (Theft of Trade Secrets), Online Extortion, International Money Laundering, Identity Theft, and a growing list of Internet facilitated crimes. Since June 2000, it has become increasingly evident that, regardless of the label placed on a cyber crime matter, the potential for it to overlap with another referred matter is substantial. Therefore, the IC3, formerly known as the Internet Fraud Complaint Center (IFCC), was renamed in October 2003 to better reflect the broad character of such matters having an Internet, or cyber, nexus referred to the IC3, and to minimize the need for one to distinguish "Internet Fraud" from other potentially overlapping cyber crimes.

'''IC3 Mission Statement'''

*IC3's mission is to serve as a vehicle to receive, develop, and refer criminal complaints regarding the rapidly expanding arena of cyber crime. The IC3 gives the victims of cyber crime a convenient and easy-to-use reporting mechanism that alerts authorities of suspected criminal or civil violations. For law enforcement and regulatory agencies at the federal, state, local, and international level, IC3 provides a central referral mechanism for complaints involving Internet related crimes.

*Significant and supplemental to partnering with law enforcement and regulatory agencies, it will remain a priority objective of the IC3 to establish effective alliances with industry. Such alliances will enable the IC3 to leverage both intelligence and subject matter expert resources, pivotal in identifying and in crafting an aggressive, proactive approach to combating cyber crime. <ref>http://www.ic3.gov/about/</ref>

== References ==

<references/>

[[Category: Crime]]
[[Category: Internet]]
[[Category: Department of Justice]]

Monocracy

2007-07-24T13:42:35Z

Jennisuk:

'''Monocracy''' is a [[government]] run by a single person.

This can be contrasted with:

*[[aristocracy]], which is government by a privileged class
*[[democracy]], which is government by the people
*[[gerontocracy]], which is government by a group of elders
*[[ochlocracy]], which is government by a mob
*[[theocracy]], which is government by a claim of divine authority
[[category:government]]

Monocracy

2007-07-24T13:42:23Z

Jennisuk:

''Monocracy'' is a [[government]] run by a single person.

This can be contrasted with:

*[[aristocracy]], which is government by a privileged class
*[[democracy]], which is government by the people
*[[gerontocracy]], which is government by a group of elders
*[[ochlocracy]], which is government by a mob
*[[theocracy]], which is government by a claim of divine authority
[[category:government]]

Water

2007-07-24T13:41:20Z

Jennisuk:

[[Water]] is one of the the most important [[chemical]] compounds because no living creature can survive without it. More than half of the weight of most organisms is due to water. <ref>"... a high fraction of the make up of an organism (50%) usually consists simply of liquid water" [http://209.85.165.104/search?q=cache:xD25WXmL1egJ:www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol1015.htm+water+organisms+mass&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=4&gl=us&lr=lang_en Stephen T. Abedon, Ph.D.], Ohio State University</ref>

Water is an odorless, tasteless, colorless [[liquid]]. When people describe the flavor of water they are referring to impurities found in it (see [[mineral water]], [[bottled water]]).

The chemical formula for water is H2O, two [[hydrogen]] and one [[oxygen]] [[atom]]. This can be read as "hydrogen oxide", such usage is rare and potentially misleading (see [[DHMO]]).

The shape of the water [[molecule]] is a shallow V, with the oxygen in the middle and having an angle of approximately 105°. The interactions between the atoms result in the oxygen atom having a partly negative charge and the hydrogen atoms having a partly positive charge. Thus the water molecule is a strong electrical [[dipole]], which accounts for some of its properties.

Although we are accustomed to think of the word "solvent" in connection with [[organic]] solvents like gasoline or benzene, water is a powerful solvent, a fact that is sometimes overlooked because water is so familiar.

Water, compared to other compounds, has a number of unusual properties, such as expanding rather than contracting when it freezes. As noted by Lawrence Henderson in his 1913 book, ''The Fitness of the Environment,'' its ability to support life is directly related to some of these unusual properties.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:chemistry]]

Condensation

2007-07-24T13:39:45Z

Jennisuk:

'''Condensation''' is the process by which a substance in a [[gas|gaseous]] state changes into a [[liquid]] state, such as when [[water]] vapor turns into liquid water.<ref>Wile, Dr. Jay L. ''Exploring Creation With Physical Science''. Apologia Educational Ministries, Inc. 1999, 2000</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Chemistry]]

Condensation

2007-07-24T13:39:17Z

Jennisuk:

'''Condensation''' is the process by which a substance in a [[gas|gaseous]] state changes into a [[liquid]] state, such as when [[wate]]r vapor turns into liquid water.<ref>Wile, Dr. Jay L. ''Exploring Creation With Physical Science''. Apologia Educational Ministries, Inc. 1999, 2000</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Chemistry]]

Condensation

2007-07-24T13:39:09Z

Jennisuk:

'''Condensation'' is the process by which a substance in a [[gas|gaseous]] state changes into a [[liquid]] state, such as when [[wate]]r vapor turns into liquid water.<ref>Wile, Dr. Jay L. ''Exploring Creation With Physical Science''. Apologia Educational Ministries, Inc. 1999, 2000</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Chemistry]]

Dew

2007-07-24T13:38:27Z

Jennisuk:

'''Dew''' is [[water]] [[condensation]] found on the ground in the early [[morning]] after a [[cold]] [[evening]].

[[category:meteorology]]

Anagram

2007-07-24T13:30:03Z

Jennisuk:

An '''anagram''' is the rearrangement of the set of letters in a [[word]] or [[phrase]] to form a new word or phrase.

==Examples==
* pardon me = mean drop

[[Category:Languages]]

Law

2007-07-24T13:27:17Z

Jennisuk:

The '''Law''' is a code of rules that all people in a certain [[society]] must follow.

The law is a combination of those rules and principles of conduct promulgated by legislative authority, derived from [[court]] decisions and established by local custom.
[[category:legal terms]]
[[Category:Law]]

Acquittal

2007-07-24T13:26:50Z

Jennisuk:

An '''Acquittal''' is a release, absolution, or discharge of an obligation or liability.

In [[criminal]] [[law]], and acquittal is the finding that a defendant is "not guilty." [[category:legal terms]]

Admonish

2007-07-24T13:24:13Z

Jennisuk:

To '''Admonish''' means to advise or caution. For example, a [[court]] may caution or admonish counsel for wrong practices. [[category:legal terms]]

Vaccination

2007-07-24T13:22:38Z

Jennisuk:

'''Vaccination''' is the [[injection]] of a killed or weakened infectious organism in order to prevent the [[disease]].<ref>http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/about/terms/glossary.htm#v</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Medicine]]

Active immunity

2007-07-24T13:22:19Z

Jennisuk:

'''Active immunity''' is the production of antibodies against a specific [[disease]] by the [[immune system]]. Active immunity can be acquired in two ways, either by contracting the disease or through [[vaccination]].

Active immunity is usually permanent, meaning an individual is protected from the disease for the duration of their lives.<ref>http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/about/terms/glossary.htm#a</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[category:medicine]]

Aldosterone

2007-07-24T13:21:19Z

Jennisuk:

'''Aldosterone''' is a [[steroid]] [[hormone]] that stimulates increased reabsorption of Na+ cations and causes more K+ ions to be excreted by the distal convoluted tubule (of the nephron in a kidney's cortex).
[[category:biology]]

Absaroka

2007-07-24T13:20:09Z

Jennisuk:

The '''Absaroka''' was a [[ship]] built in 1917 for the United States Shipping Board by Skinner & Eddy Co., [[Seattle]], Wash.; taken over by the [[Navy]] on a bare [[boat]] basis on 17 September 1918; and commissioned that same day, Lt. Comdr. O. W. Hughes in command.

Absaroka was assigned to the Naval Overseas Transportation Service following her commissioning. Between October 1918 and February 1919, the ship made two transatlantic voyages carrying Army cargo to ports in [[France]], [[England]], and the Netherlands. During her second trip, Absaroka rescued the captain and crew of the disabled British steamer War Marvel and landed them safely at [[Falmouth]], England.

The ship arrived in [[New York]] City on 12 February 1919 and was immediately drydocked for overhaul. Absaroka was decommissioned on 4 March 1919 and returned to the United States Shipping Board. Absaroka is also a mountain range in the state of Wyoming.<ref>Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships [http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/a2-list.htm]</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Ships]]

Court

2007-07-24T13:19:22Z

Jennisuk:

'''Court''' is a body in [[government]] to which the administration of [[justice]] is delegated. [[category:legal terms]]

Administrator

2007-07-24T13:19:02Z

Jennisuk:

An '''Administrator''' is:
*one who administers the estate of a person who dies without a will, or
*a [[court]] official. [[category:legal terms]]

Administrator

2007-07-24T13:18:53Z

Jennisuk:

An '''Administrator'' is:
*one who administers the estate of a person who dies without a will, or
*a [[court]] official. [[category:legal terms]]

Acceptance

2007-07-24T13:18:08Z

Jennisuk:

An '''acceptance''', in [[legal]] terminology, is the taking and receiving of anything in good [[faith]] with the intention of retaining it. [[category:legal terms]]

Acceptance

2007-07-24T13:17:59Z

Jennisuk:

An'''acceptance''', in [[legal]] terminology, is the taking and receiving of anything in good [[faith]] with the intention of retaining it. [[category:legal terms]]

Absaroka

2007-07-24T13:16:16Z

Jennisuk:

'''Absaroka''' was built in 1917 for the United States Shipping Board by Skinner & Eddy Co., [[Seattle]], Wash.; taken over by the [[Navy]] on a bare [[boat]] basis on 17 September 1918; and commissioned that same day, Lt. Comdr. O. W. Hughes in command.

Absaroka was assigned to the Naval Overseas Transportation Service following her commissioning. Between October 1918 and February 1919, the ship made two transatlantic voyages carrying Army cargo to ports in [[France]], [[England]], and the Netherlands. During her second trip, Absaroka rescued the captain and crew of the disabled British steamer War Marvel and landed them safely at [[Falmouth]], England.

The ship arrived in [[New York]] City on 12 February 1919 and was immediately drydocked for overhaul. Absaroka was decommissioned on 4 March 1919 and returned to the United States Shipping Board. Absaroka is also a mountain range in the state of Wyoming.<ref>Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships [http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/a2-list.htm]</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Ships]]

ASIC

2007-07-24T13:14:56Z

Jennisuk:

'''ASIC''' is the [[acronym]] for '''A'''pplication '''s'''pecific '''i'''ntegrated '''c'''ircuit, and is an integrated [[circuit]] designed for a specific and often proprietary purpose.

[[Category:Electronics]]