Gin

2007-11-30T00:31:42Z

Jenna:

:<small>''The word "gin" can also mean a machine, particularly a snare or trap. It is closely related to the word "engine." Whitney's [[Cotton gin]] is one example of this use. The lines "Oh, thou who didst with pitfall and with gin/Beset the road I was to wander in," from the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, are another.''</small>
'''Gin''' is an [[alcoholic beverage]] made by distilling the mash of fermented [[grain]]. The resulting spirit is then flavored by the addition of herbal extracts, primarily [[juniper]] berries. The main producers of gin are [[England]], [[Ireland]] and the [[Netherlands]].

==England and Ireland==
In England there are two distinct types, [[London]] gin and [[Plymouth]] gin. Ireland produces [[Cork]] gin (named after the city not the bark of the cork oak tree). Gin used to a popular intoxicant of the working classes and the [[artist]] [[Hogarth]] produced a series of prints on the theme of gin. A popular euphemism for gin in England is ''Mother's Ruin''. Although gin was originally consumed neat, it is now mainly consumed in mixed drinks, the most famous of which is '''gin and tonic'''.

===Gin & Tonic===
It is allegded that the origin of gin and tonic is from the British Army in colonial [[India]]. It had been discovered that [[quinine]] had anti-malarial properties and it was prescribed to the soldiers. However, the taste was very bitter and the British [[Tommie]]s found that it was much more palatable when mixed with gin. Having built up a popular following for the [[cocktail]], quinine water was later commercialised as effervescent Indian [[Tonic Water]]. It should be noted that the present levels of quinine in tonic water are low and it requires the consumption of copious amounts to have any [[prohylactic]] effect.

==Netherlands==
In the Netherlands gin is known as jenever with two distinct varieters, jonge and oude (young and old). The flavor of [[Dutch]] jenever is much more pungent than the English and Irish varieties. Dutch gin is normally drunk neat and chilled.
Our president driks a lot of it
==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Food and drink]]
[[Category:Drugs]]

Irve Lewis Libby Jr.

2007-11-30T00:29:05Z

Jenna:

[[Image:Hdy567.jpg|right|thumb]]
'''Irve Lewis "Scooter" Libby Jr.''' is a former deputy Secretary of Defense, Chief of Staff, National Security Advisor and private Attorney to Vice President [[Dick Cheney]].

Libby was born in New Haven, [[Connecticut]]; his father was an investment banker.<ref>[http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/051031/31libby.htm "A Rough Road For 'Scooter'?"], Kenneth T. Walsh</ref> Various sources report that he has been rather secretive about his actual first name, and that the initial "I." stands for Irving.<ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4965501 "Guarding the 'I' in I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby"], Mike Pesca, National Public Radio, October 19, 2005.</ref><ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/22/AR2005102201439.html "In the Spotlight And on the Spot: Scooter Libby, Backstage No More"], Mark Leibovich, [[Washington Post]], 23 October, 2005.</ref> According to interviews, he first acquired his nickname "Scooter" as an infant, when his father, after seeing him move quickly across his crib, described him as "a scooter".<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/10/27/politics/main989970.shtml "Libby: Lawyer, Adviser, Author:] Cheney's Chief Of Staff Both Political Insider And Acclaimed Novelist", Stephen Smith, [[CBS News]], October 28, 2005</ref>

He previously served as the attorney of Marc David Reich, whom was convicted of tax evasion and illegal trading with Iran,<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2001/ALLPOLITICS/03/02/clinton.library/ CNN - GOP lawyer: Facts 'misconstrued' in Rich case]</ref> and was then given a full pardon by [[Bill Clinton]] in January, 2001. 

He was convicted on 3 of 5 charges in the Plame Affair, including perjury and obstruction of justice, for which he received a 30 month prison sentence, a $250,000 fine, and probation. On July 2nd, he received a presidential commutation of his 30 month sentence.

==Valerie Plame case==
Libby was convicted on four counts and his sentence was later commuted. The convictions were on:

*Obstruction of Justice (intentionally deceiving the grand jury about how he learned, and “disclosed to the media,” information about Valerie Plame Wilson’s employment by the CIA);
*Making a False Statement (intentionally giving the FBI false information about a conversation he had with [[Tim Russert]]);
*Perjury (knowingly providing false testimony about a conversation he had with Russert and knowingly providing false testimony about his conversation with reporters regarding Valerie Plame Wilson’s CIA employment).
He was found guilty on an additional charge, that he gave false statements to the FBI about his conversation with ''Time'' magazine reporter Matt Cooper.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17479718/ MSNBC]</ref>

Libby testified that he learned about Plame from the White House about a month before Russert told him in a phone conversation, and that he told Russert he didn't know about Plame. Russert testified that Plame was not mentioned in the phone call, and documents showed that it was unlikely that Libby had forgotten about Plame. Libby did not testify at his trial, and it is not known how he would have resolved the apparent contradictions.

Although the U.S. Probation Office recommended a sentence of 15-21 months, Judge Reggie B. Walton (appointed to the federal bench by George H.W. Bush) sentenced Libby to thirty months in jail and a fine of $250,000 on June 5th, 2007.<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070605/ap_on_go_pr_wh/cia_leak_trial Yahoo News]</ref>

==Response to Conviction and Sentence==

Libby's lawyers repeatedly emphasized that Valerie Plame's employment at the CIA was disclosed by columnist Robert Novak in July of 2003 and that Novak's "primary sources" were Richard Armitage (former deputy Secretary of State) and Karl Rove (a presidential advisor) ... not Scooter Libby. In addition, a CIA spokesperson, Bill Harlow, confirmed the information about Plame's CIA employment to Novak.

It was also noted that the overwhelming evidence from the FBI and grand jury investigations and the trial proceedings shows that neither Libby nor the numerous other government official who discussed Ms. Wilson's employment believed she was covert, or that her employment status was classified. As a result, none of the five witness who testified that Libby discussed Plame with them suggested that they felt that they were having a conversation about a covert or classified employee, a point affirmed in an August 2004 government affidavit and the government's Guidelines Memorandum ("the information to which defendant was given access did not expressly identify Ms. Wilson as a covert agent.")

With respect to the sentencing stage, Libby's lawyers complained about the behavior of prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald. In October 2005, Fitzgerald said (in a press conference) that he would not speak to "whether or not Valerie Wilson was covert." Early in discovery, Libby's lawyers sought documents which addressed the topic and the government refused to provide the information because it was "irrelevant." The government argued Wilson's status was "not an element of any of the three statutory violations charged." In June of 2006, the court issued a discovery order which, again, emphasized that Wilson's employment was "immaterial to the preparation of the defense." In preliminary instructions to the jury, the judge said her "actual status" was "totally irrelevant" to any "assessment" of the Libby's guilty or innocence. After the trial, however, in its sentencing memo, the government adopted a "new position" - that Wilson was a "covert agent" and that Libby should be sentenced as though that fact were established at trial.

==Libby and Presidential Clemency==

Almost from the beginning of his trial the President was encouraged to pardon Libby. Among those calling for pardon were [[William F. Buckley]], Jr, [[Fred Thompson]], Cal Thomas, [[Ann Coulter]], Jack Kemp, [[Tom DeLay]]<ref>http://libbypardon.net/procon.htm</ref> and Robert Bauer, general counsel to [[Barack Obama]]<ref>[http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/obama-aide-wants-libby-pardoned-2007-06-14.html Obama aide wants Libby pardoned], By Sam Youngman, ''The Hill'', June 14, 2007.</ref> But the trial continued and sentence was announced without presidential interference. As decisions were being made regarding the possibility of bail, many believed President Bush's hand would be forced, that he would have to grant a pardon in order to spare Libby from entering prison. <ref>[http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=ZWY2MzRiNTAwZmE3NjZhMzZmODNhMTcyYjUzYzc4MjQ= "Respite for Libby?"] ''National Review'', June 14, 2007</ref>
On July 2, 2007, after a ruling by a three-judge panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia ruled that Libby's prison sentence couldn't be suspended as the appeals process was pursued, President Bush's hand was forced and he commuted Libby's prison sentence. This means that while Libby will serve no jail time, he will still have to pay the fine, stay on probation, and the conviction will remain on his record. <ref>[http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/07/20070702-4.html] "Grant of Executive Clemency, July 2, 2007",</ref> This decision was decried by Democratic Party Presidential candidates [[Hillary Clinton]] and [[Barack Obama]] <ref>[http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aA.bUy89_1hk&refer=homeBush Commutes Libby's Prison Term in CIA Leak Case], By Edwin Chen, "Bloomberg.com", July 2, 2007.</ref> though supported by others. Joe Wilson, on the day of President Bush's commutation of Libby, spoke to CNN's Wolf Blitzer on [[the Situation Room]] in which he stated, "Scooter Libby is a traitor." This caught CNN off-guard, as they promptly disconnected Wilson's phoneline.

==See also==
*[[Intelligence Identities Protection Act]]

==References==
<references/>

== External Links ==
* [http://wid.ap.org/documents/libbytrial/index.html Libby Trial Documents]
* [http://www.scooterlibby.com/ Libby Legal Defense Fund]
* [http://libbypardon.net Pardon for Libby? Blog]
* [http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=15988 Robert Novak on the Libby Trial]
* [http://www.newmediajournal.us/staff/fsalvato/government/06082007.htm The Incredible Judicial Disparity: Berger v. Libby], Frank Salvato, June 8, 2007.
* [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/years/2007/0605071libby1.html Libby Letters] -- letters from [[Donald Rumsfeld]], [[Henry Kissinger]], [[Paul Wolfowitz]], [[John Bolton]], [[Mary Matalin]], [[James Carville]], [[Peter Pace]], [[Richard Perle]], [[James Woolsey]], [[Douglas Feith]], [[Christopher Cox]], [[Leon Wieseltier]], [[Leonard Garment]], [[Alan Simpson]], [[Natan Sharansky]], [[Richard Myers]], and [[Anthony Fauci]], petition the Judge for leniency. [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/graphics/pdf/libbyletterscomplete.pdf]
* [http://www.slate.com/id/2168642/ Free Scooter Libby] by [[Christopher Hitchens]], ''Slate'', June 18, 2007.

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[[Category:Political people]]
[[Category:Criminals]]
[[Category:Crime]]

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Gin

Irve Lewis Libby Jr.