Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

American History Homework Three Answers - Student Sixteen

2010-03-02T22:19:45Z

Jehosephat25: Typo

Lana Mattero homework three answers

A1. A) Financial problems: the government had the power to be a country but they did not have any way to fund it because they could not raise taxes and their attempts to gain money were unsound.
B) Foreign policy problems: there was no way to negotiate with other countries under the Articles of Confederation. England was taxing them unfairly and the government did not have a way to negotiate.

: Excellent, except England was not taxing Americans at this time.

A2. Article 1: congress is established as the Legislative branch, this branch makes the laws.
Article 2: the president’s powers are established as the executive branch, this branch carries out the laws.
Article 3: the Supreme Court is established as the judicial branch, this branch interprets the laws.

: Correct.

A3. George Washington took the power given to him and used it to the greatest benefit for the people of America. Having power was not everything to him; he was more concentrated on what was best for the people rather than how much he was controlling them.

: Superb.

A4. The cotton gin, it strengthened the southern states because it allowed them to become economically sound; it also strengthened slavery.

: Good, a bit more detail would be welcome here. (Minus 1).

A5. The cartoon is a picture of Massachusetts being steadied by the hand of God so the Federal superstructure (or government) was preserved. The cartoonist was a Federalist because he was supporting stronger federal government.

: Good, but it is about ratification of the Constitution rather than preservation. (Minus 1).

A6. A) The Northwest Ordinance protected territories against the government coming and taking property without paying a fair amount.
B) It enabled anyone put in prison to demand a hearing to challenge his imprisonment.

: Good.

A7. The most significant thing that happened in John Adams’ presidency was that the Alien and Sedition acts were nullified by Kentucky and Virginia. The states’ laws stated that the Alien and Sedition acts were unconstitutional and that the states did not have to obey the laws. This provided a basis for other states to try and nullify other federal laws, leading to the Civil war.

: Well done, using this for the model answers.

: Excellent work. Score: 68/70.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 22:04, 3 October 2008 (EDT)
[[Category:American History Homework Three Answers]]

Sarah Palin

2010-03-02T22:17:31Z

Jehosephat25: /* Resignation */

{{Officeholder
|name=Sarah Palin
|image=Sarah Palin.jpg
|party=[[Republican]]
|spouse=[[Todd Palin]]
|religion=Christian
|offices=

{{Officeholder/governor
|state=Alaska
|terms=December 4, 2006 - July 26, 2009
|preceded=[[Frank Murkowski]]
|former=n
|succeeded=[[Sean Parnell]]
}}
}}

'''Sarah Louise Heath Palin''' (pronounced pay'-lynn) (born February 11, 1964) is a [[conservative]] [[Republican Party|Republican]] who served as the 11th [[Governor]] of [[Alaska]] from 2006 through 2009. She is the youngest person to hold this office as well as the first woman to do so in the state's history. On July 3, 2009 Palin announced that she would resign as Governor of Alaska. <ref>http://www.newsmax.com/insidecover/palin_not_running/2009/07/03/231789.html</ref> Executive power was transferred to [[Lieutenant Governor]] [[Sean Parnell]].
Palin was Senator [[John McCain]]'s Vice Presidential running mate in the [[2008 Presidential Election]]<ref>[http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/08/palins_vp_selection_speech.html Acceptance Speech by Palin]</ref>, and the first woman to appear on a Republican Presidential ticket.

She brought a [[populism|populist]] image and a record of cutting wasteful spending and reforming government to McCain's ticket. In the summer of 2007, she was the most popular governor in America, after cutting 13% of [[Alaska]]'s budget.<ref>http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/013/851orcjq.asp</ref> She is strongly [[pro-life]] and a prominent spokesperson for [[special needs]] children. She favors more competition in health care, and pushed for abolishing the [[certificate of need]] regulations that interfere with opening new medical clinics.<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/04/AR2008090403253.html?referrer=emailarticle</ref>

Married for 20 years, Sarah Palin's husband was a member of the United Steelworkers Union and her eldest son (of five children) is in the [[United States Army]], having served in Iraq. In an appearance on August 30, 2008 in Washington, Pennsylvania, she was greeted by a surprisingly large crowd as she promoted the new McCain-Palin ticket.

Her memoir ''[[Going Rogue]]'' was published in November 2009, with Palin drawing unusually large crowds to book signing occasions around the country. She comments regularly on public affairs through her Facebook page, criticizing the "death panels" of the health care reform program, and praising President Obama's pro-war speech upon receiving the Nobel Peace prize in Dec. 2009. She will appear on the [[Fox News Channel]] programming on a regular basis as part of a multi-year deal. <ref>http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/01/11/sarah-palin-to-contribute-to-fox-news/?scp=2&sq=Palin&st=cse</ref>

==Personal Background==
[[Image:Sarah Palin Todd Trig.jpg|thumb|right|250px|In this April 23, 2008 file photo, Alaska Gov. Sarah Palin, left, and her husband, Todd Palin, hold their baby boy Trig in Anchorage, Alaska. 
''Photo courtesy of Newsmax.com'']]

Palin arrived in Alaska with her family in 1964, when her parents came to teach school in Skagway. Palin attended Wasilla High School where her extracurricular activities included captaining the basketball team which went on to win the state championship <ref>[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122108935141721343.html?mod=googlenews_wsj Obama Can't Win Against Palin] Wall Street Journal, September 11, 2008</ref> after graduating in 1982. She went on to college, after attending several institutions she received a bachelor of science degree in communications-journalism from the University of Idaho in 1987.

She worked in the media and the utility industry before beginning her public service 14 years ago.

Over the course of her 44 years in Alaska she has lived in Skagway, Eagle River and Wasilla. To earn money for college, Palin entered beauty pageants.

She is married to [[Todd Palin]], part Yupik [[Eskimo]], who is a lifelong Alaskan, formerly worked at a non-management union job in the oil industry, and also as a commercial salmon fisherman. He is a four-time champion of the Iron Dog, the world's longest snowmobile race.

Sarah Palin is a [[Labor union | union]] member, a [[moose]] hunter and holds a membership in the [[NRA]].<ref>[http://elections.foxnews.com/2008/08/29/mccain-to-name-running-mate-on-friday/ McCain Names Alaska Gov. Palin as Running Mate] Fox News, August 29, 2008</ref> Todd and Sarah have five children together: Track, Bristol, Willow, Piper, and Trig.

Palin has been widely praised among conservatives for acting on her [[pro-life]] beliefs in the case of her youngest son, Trig, who was diagnosed with [[Down syndrome]] in the fourth month of her pregnancy. After researching the condition, she and her husband agreed to continue to pregnancy:
: "[My husband Todd said,] we shouldn't be asking 'Why us?' We should be saying 'Well, why not us?' We've both been very vocal about being pro life. We understand that every innocent life has wonderful potential. I'm looking at him right now, and I see perfection. Yeah, he has an extra chromosome. I keep thinking, in our world, what is normal and what is perfect?" <ref>http://www.celebrity-babies.com/2008/05/gov-sarah-palin.html</ref> <ref>[http://www.catholic.org/international/international_story.php?id=29242 Canadian Doctors 'Fear' Sarah Palin's Choice May Start a Trend] Catholic Online, September 11, 2008</ref>

Trig was born on April 18, 2008, four months before his mother was announced as the vice-presidential candidate. Palin wrote:
:"This new person in your life can help everyone put things in perspective and bind us together, and get everyone focused on what really matters ... Those who love him will think less about self and focus less on what the world tells [us] is 'normal' or 'perfect.'"<ref name="people">[[People magazine]]</ref>

:"It's a sign of the times to be able to do this," she said. "I can think of so many male candidates who watched a families grow while they were in office. There is no reason to believe a woman can't do it with a growing family. My baby will not be at all or in any sense neglected."<ref>Alaska governor balances newborn's needs, official duties [http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-05-10-4082128881_x.htm]</ref>

Palin's older son, Track, serves in the U.S. Army, and was deployed to [[Iraq War|Iraq]] in September 2008. Palin says, "I'm proud of him but I worry."

In September of 2008, Palin announced that her daughter Bristol was five months pregnant. After having been given the choice, Bristol bravely chose to keep the child. Palin stated "We're proud of Bristol's decision to have her baby and even prouder to become grandparents."<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080901/ap_on_el_pr/cvn_palin_daughter Palin says 17-year-old daughter is pregnant]</ref> Bristol has since gone on to promote abstinence as a realistic choice for teenagers, stating, "[A]bstinence is the only way you can effectively, 100% foolproof way you can prevent pregnancy."<ref>http://www.lifenews.com/nat5025.html</ref>

[[Image:Palin Family..jpg|thumb|left|Palin family members at the announcement of Palin's vice presidential selection, August 29, 2008. From left: Todd, Piper, Willow, Bristol, and Trig.]]

==Political Career==
Palin was elected to two terms on the Wasilla City Council, and then two terms as the Mayor / Manager of Alaska's fastest growing community (Population: 5400 in 2000)<ref>[http://wasilla.areaconnect.com/statistics.htm Wasilla Population and Demographics]</ref>. During her time as mayor, Palin hired a Washington lobbying firm to help secure $8 million in congressionally directed spending projects, otherwise known as earmarks.<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/election2008/2008-08-31-palin-bridge_N.htm Palin backed 'bridge to nowhere' in 2006]</ref> Ms. Palin's leadership qualities were recognized when she was elected as President of the Alaska Conference of Mayors. In 2002, she ran for Lieutenant Governor, but came in second in a four-way race. Later that year, when [[Frank Murkowski]] resigned his [[Senate]] seat to become [[governor]], she interviewed for the opening. Instead, Murkowski appointed his daughter to the seat. From there, she went on to run for governor and won, becoming the first female governor of Alaska and its youngest.

In 2003, then-Governor Mukowski appointed Palin to serve as Panel Ethics Commissioner of Alaska's Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, which regulates Alaska's [[non-renewable energy|non-renewable]] resources: [[oil]] and [[gasoline|gas]]. She resigned in 2004 as a protest over the "lack of ethics" of fellow panelists who had ignored her complaints of legal violations and conflicts of interest. In a similar vein, Palin took a great political risk by revealing that Randy Reudrich, chairman of the state Republican party, was doing political business on state time. She did this to fulfil a [[conflict of interest]] statement that required her to report such things; to omit the revelation would have been dishonest. But it turned out that this action endeared her to the people of Alaska.<ref>[http://churchformen.blogspot.com/2008/09/people-around-world-are-asking-who-is.html Sarah Palin, a friend of mine] </ref>

To help cultivate influence and political clout in the state, Palin served from 2003 - June, 2005 as one of three directors of the "Ted Stevens Excellence in Public Service, Inc.", a 527 group that raised funds from corporate donors.<ref>[http://voices.washingtonpost.com/the-trail/2008/09/01/palin_was_a_director_of_embatt.html#more Palin Was a Director of Embattled Sen. Ted Stevens's 527 Group]</ref> The stated purpose of the group is, "To increase the number of Republican women in elected offices and in appointed governmental and political positions, including advisory and regulatory commissions through training and education."<ref>[http://www.campaignmoney.com/political/527/ted_stevens_excellence_in_public_service_inc.asp Ted Stevens Excellence in Public Service, Inc.]</ref>

She ran for Governor in 2006 on a clean government platform, and accomplished a political rarity in defeating the incumbent Governor [[Frank Murkowski]] in his own Republican primary. Palin went on to defeat former Governor [[Tony Knowles]] in the general election.

She has also served on the Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission. She was named one of Alaska's "Top 40 Under 40", Alaska's Public Works "Person of the Year", and was recently inducted into the Sigma Beta Delta Honor Society at Alaska Pacific University.

Palin has served on numerous boards and commissions throughout the State, and stays active as a marathon runner, sports team mom, hockey manager and school volunteer. A lifetime member of the [[NRA]], she enjoys hunting, fishing, and Alaska history. <ref>http://gov.state.ak.us/bio.php Alaska Governor Sarah Palin</ref>
===Resignation===
In July of 2009, Governor Palin shocked Alaska and the nation with her announcement that she would resign her office effective July 26, 2009. She explained:
{{Cquote|My choice is to take a stand and effect change – not hit our heads against the wall and watch valuable state time and money, millions of your dollars, go down the drain in this new environment. Rather, we know we can effect positive change outside government at this moment in time, on another scale, and actually make a difference for our priorities – and so we will, for Alaskans and for Americans.<ref>[http://www.gov.state.ak.us/exec-column.php Executive Column: Palin's resignation announcement]</ref>}}

Many were upset at this choice, and attempted to make her stay in office; however, she declined.

==Record as Governor==
===Energy and Oil===

A strong supporter of harnessing [[oil]] and natural [[gas]] resources, Palin presented the Alaska Gasline Inducement Act (AGIA) in March 2007, which would be the new legal vehicle for building a natural gas pipeline from the state's North Slope.<ref>http://www.newsminer.com/news/2008/aug/29/palin-alaska-gasline-inducement-act-nears-completi/</ref> It received bipartisan support and was signed into law by Governor Palin in June. In August of 2008 she signed legislation giving state authority to award TransCanada Corp a license to build and operate a multibillion-dollar pipeline to ship natural gas from the North Slope.<ref>http://www.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/story.html?id=2e84b1e8-9a4a-4558-ad05-21b517c50fae</ref> As Governor, Palin created a new subcabinet that develops policies to reduce greenhouse gases and help the state adapt to [[climate change]]. She supports oil production in ANWR, connecting it with national security.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2GE11URmmnc</ref>

In 2007, over the objections of oil companies, Palin worked with the Alaska state legislature to approve a major increase in taxes on the oil industry. <ref>[http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2008103325_alaskatax07.html Windfall tax lets Alaska rake in billions from Big Oil]</ref> The state then gave Alaskans a $1200 check to pay for increased gas prices, using the increased revenues from the tax.<ref>[http://hotair.com/archives/2008/08/11/palin-backed-alaskan-windfall-profits-tax/ Palin backed Alaskan windfalls-profit tax]</ref>

Palin also announced on May 21, 2008 that the state would challenge a recent listing of [[polar bears]] as a threatened species as she and other Alaska elected officials feared such a listing would cripple oil and gas development in prime polar bear habitat off the state's northern and northwestern coasts. Palin's belief is that there is not enough evidence to support a listing, asserting that polar bears are well-managed and their population has dramatically increased over 30 years as a result of conservation.

As governor of Alaska in Jan. 2009, Palin announced support for [[Alternative energy]] programs as she proposed a statewide energy plan that called for 50% of Alaska's power to be generated by renewable resources by 2025.<ref> Dan Joling, "Palin unveils state energy goals," [http://www.adn.com/news/alaska/story/657216.html ''Anchorage Daily News'' Jan. 16, 2009]</ref>

===State Economy===
[[Image:Govp_2008stos_large.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Gov. Sarah Palin delivering her 2008 State of the State address]] At first, Palin supported the Gravina Island Bridge Project, otherwise known as the "Bridge to Nowhere". In September 2006, during a stop in [[Ketchikan]] as part of her gubernatorial campaign, Palin stated, "OK, you've got Valley trash standing here in the middle of nowhere," Palin said, according to an account in the Ketchikan Daily News. "I think we're going to make a good team as we progress that bridge project."<ref>[http://www.adn.com/sarahpalin/story/511471.html Palin touts stance on 'Bridge to Nowhere']</ref> The $398 million bridge would have connected Ketchikan, on Revillagigedo Island in southern southeast Alaska, to its airport on nearby Gravina island. The Anchorage Daily News also quoted her in an October, 2006 article as saying yes, she would continue state funding for the bridge because she wanted swift action on infrastructure projects. "The window is now while our congressional delegation is in a strong position to assist," she said.<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080831/ap_on_el_pr/cvn_bridge_to_nowhere;_ylt=Am.NkRx1mLWk9A34FLhn8IADW7oF Critics: Palin used 'Bridge to Nowhere' for gain]</ref> Palin announced her opposition to the project in a 2007 press release.

She has stated her opposition arose because of the excessive amount of pork-barrel spending in the project, and that she would not fund the $329 million that was short for the budget.<ref>http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/09/22/alaska.bridge.ap/</ref> This reversal cost her the support of prominent Alaskan Republicans like Former state House Speaker Gail Phillips, who said, "You don't tell a group of Alaskans you support something and then go to someplace else and say you oppose it". Palin instead said that the best option would be to upgrade the ferry system. However, the money that was retained from the earmark was not used for the ferry system, but was spent building a road on Gravina Island that links to the site of the canceled bridge.<ref name="bridge">http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSN3125537020080901 Palin "bridge to nowhere" line angers many Alaskans</ref>

Prominent Alaskan politicians criticized Palin for not "giving back" money earmarked for the project. These critics included her Republican campaign coordinator in Ketchikan, who stated that "She said 'thanks but no thanks,' but they kept the money".<ref name="bridge" /> However, state governments do not "give back" money in the manner proposed.

Three times during Palin's time as mayor, earmark funding for projects in Wasilla were noted in [[John McCain]]'s list of "objectionable" spending in 2001 and 2002. McCain's list of spending approved without normal budget scrutiny identified a $500,000 earmark for a public transportation project in the city and a $1 million earmark for an emergency communications center while $450,000 was set aside for an agricultural processing facility.<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/la-na-earmarks3-2008sep03,0,6145252.story McCain had criticized earmarks from Palin]</ref> Palin, of course, as mayor of a small town had no ability to put these items in a Congressional bill, but her town did benefit from earmarked spending given to Alaska.

=== Foreign Policy ===
[[Image:Ftwainwright_govp_05s.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Governor Sarah Palin visits Strykers at Fort Wainwright, where she is briefed on how the troops are trained and what the training grounds provide.]]
Palin served as Commander in Chief of the Alaska Army [[National Guard]]. In 2007 she visited troops in [[Germany]] and [[Kuwait]]. According to Major General Craig E. Campbell, the adjutant general of the Alaska National Guard who commands the roughly 3,800 state militia members, the Alaskan governor is not in the site's chain of command and has no authority over its operations. He told the Associated Press on August 31st that he and Palin play no role in national defense activities, even when they involve the Alaska National Guard. He went on to state that the entire operation is under federal control.<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/08/31/ap/politics/main4401854.shtml GOP Cites Palin's Skill, But How Relevant Is It?]</ref>

During her first major interview, with ABC's [[Charlie Gibson]], Gibson asked Palin if she agreed with the "[[Bush Doctrine]]". Palin responded, "In what respect, Charlie?" Gibson followed, "What do you interpret it to be?" Palin answered with another question, "His world view?" Gibson still refused to answer directly but instead stated it was the doctrine Bush had proposed in September of 2002, before the Iraq war. Palin gave a response concerning Bush's attempt to eradicate Islamic extremism. Gibson then explained that the Bush doctrine refers to the right of anticipatory defense, a right to a [[Preemptive war|preemptive]] strike against any country that we think is going to attack us. <ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YpJsQch9uZo Asked about the Bush Doctrine...Palin is Clueless]</ref> What Gibson did not point out is that he himself once gave a definition of the "Bush doctrine" (a concept made up by the press that has no clear definition) that was similar to Palin's answer. Indeed it has been pointed out since that there are actually four different versions of what the Bush doctrine is and the term and meaning changes over time and place.<ref>http://elections.foxnews.com/2008/09/12/palins-definition-of-bush-doctrine-hits-the-gibson-mark/</ref>

===Legislature Investigation===
In August of 2008, the [[Alaska]] state legislature began an investigation of Palin and her staff for potential abuse of power in regards to a firing of Commissioner of Public Safety Walter Monegan. Legally, Palin could dismiss Monegan at any time as he serves at the pleasure of the governor. Monegan was dismissed from his position in July of 2008, which Palin's political opponents claim was due to Monegan's refusal to fire trooper Mike Wooten, Palin's former brother-in-law who had a history of complaints including tasering his 10 year old stepson.<ref name="pc">http://www.postchronicle.com/news/original/article_212168861.shtml</ref> Palin says she released Monegan due to differences on budgeting. In an interview Monegan said that he was never told specifically by Sarah Palin to fire the state trooper Mike Wooten. <ref name="pc" />

Palin has denied the charges and, as is customary, the State of Alaska has hired a lawyer to represent her office in the investigation. August 25th, the Legislative Council voted 12-0 to hire Hollis French as the investigator. <ref>[http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=59d_1220063478 Investigation into Governor Sarah Palin's abuse of powers] CBS 11, August 30, 2008</ref> The Senate Judiciary Committee voted 3-2 and the House Judiciary Committee voted 7-0. The State's attorney released this statement:<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/cvn_palin_troopergate Palin hires attorney for Troopergate investigation]</ref>

:The governor of every state gets legal counsel and this attorney is part of a weeks-old effort to provide this governor defense in a series of outlandish politically motivated charges. This legal defense is neither new nor uncommon nor at all political. It is a matter of her job and is not recent and it is not related to her selection on the McCain-Palin ticket.

The McCain campaign came out with a picture that includes three lead state Democratic legislators investigating the Branchflower probe, known as ‘Troopergate'. The photo shows the three of them at [[Obama]] headquarters in Anchorage, Alaska in July. The McCain campaign said the whole investigation is politically tainted and compromised. Republican Rep. John Coghill of North Pole called on managing investigator, legislator French to step down from the probe, saying he no longer had confidence in his objectivity. "These statements cause me to think that the report is already written even though the investigation is only just begun and the most important witnesses have not even been interviewed,” Coghill wrote in a letter calling for French’s replacement. “The investigation appears to be lacking in fairness, neutrality and due process.” <ref>[http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/2078644/posts McCain Camp has pictures of "troopergate" investigators at Obama Headquarters] FreeRepublic.com, September 9, 2008</ref> Democratic State Senator Kim Elton, head of the legislative council overseeing the investigation, said the decisions made by Sen. Hollis French "have been appropriate, bipartisan ... and unchallenged" and that French has called the comments he made last week "regrettable".<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/09/08/palin.investigation/ Head of Palin trooper probe will stay, lawmaker says]</ref> Lawyer Thomas Van Flein called the investigation "unlawful and unconstitutional" and said the man hired to run it, former prosecutor Stephen Branchflower, has a conflict of interest because he is a friend of the fired commissioner. <ref>[http://www.adn.com/troopergate/story/522488.html Palin's attorney calls investigator biased] Ap, September 11, 2008</ref>

The investigation issued its report for the Alaska State Legislative Council on October 10, 2008, concluding that Monegan's refusal to fire the trooper was not the sole reason he was dismissed, but was likely a contributing factor. The author of the report, Stephen Branchflower, focused on two questions of the inquiry: did Palin fire Walt Monegan improperly, and was the firing solely because of his refusal to fire her ex brother-in-law. "Governor Palin knowingly permitted a situation to continue where impermissible pressure was placed on several subordinates in order to advance a personal agenda, to wit: to get Trooper Michael Wooten fired," Branchflower wrote.<ref>http://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSTRE4998X420081011</ref> Based on this, Branchflower claims that "I find that Governor Sarah Palin abused her power by violating Alaska Statute 39.52.110(a) of the Alaska Executive Branch Ethics Act."<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/projects/pdf/DOWNLOAD.pdf Page 8</ref>

In accordance with the second question the report focused on, Branchflower wrote, "I find that, although Walt Monegan's refusal to fire Trooper Michael Wooten was not the sole reason he was fired by Governor Sarah Palin, it was likely a contributing factor to his termination as Commissioner of Public Safety," Branchflower wrote. The second finding of the report reads: "In spite of that, Governor Palin's firing of Commissioner Monegan was a proper and lawful exercise of her constitutional and statutory authority to hire and fire executive branch department heads." Branchflower also dismissed the Palins' assertions that they were afraid of Wooten because of threats they said he made. "Such claims of fear were not bona fide and were offered to provide cover for the Palins' real motivation: to get Trooper Wooten fired for personal family related reasons," he wrote. <ref>http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_10692757?source=most_viewed</ref> A preemptive response to this report was issued by the McCain/Palin campaign on October 9th, in which the campaign's own investigation concluded that Palin "acted within her proper and lawful authority in the reassignment of Walt Monegan".<ref>http://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSTRE4998X420081011</ref>

In the end the "October Surprise" predicted by the head of the commission came to pass. Although the commission was asked not to release its findings until after the election to avoid political posturing, they refused to do so. Apart from tarring and feathering Palin, the report made no recommendations for any further inquiries or punishment, as it was understood that there was no case to do so. No direct reports of Sarah Palin abusing her power were ever produced or asking for the official to be fired were ever produced, but that didn't stop the report from drawing its conclusions based upon conjecture without evidence. Indeed, after the hoopla over the report subsided, the state personnel board released its finding that exonnerated her of any wrongdoing.<ref>http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20081104/ap_on_el_pr/palin_troopergate</ref>

==Vice Presidential Candidate==

[[Image:Mccainpalin.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Sarah Palin vice presidential announcement, 08/29/08.]] On August 29, 2008, Palin was announced to be the Vice Presidential nominee for Republican Senator John McCain <ref>http://www.newsmax.com/headlines/sarah_palin_vp/2008/08/29/126138.html</ref>. The selection was a surprise, as those in the media were expecting [[Minnesota]] Governor [[Tim Pawlenty]] or former [[Massachusetts]]'s Governor [[Mitt Romney]]. Palin adds youth and executive experience to the ticket. She is the second female Vice Presidential candidate of a major party in U.S. history and the first one on a Republican ticket. The first was [[Geraldine Ferraro]], who the Democratic Party put on the ticket under [[Walter Mondale]] in 1984.

Palin's speech before the Republican convention on Wednesday, September 3rd was watched by over 40 million people. She had as many people turn in to see her as watched Obama's acceptance speech on the final day of the Democratic convention. Palin has also been attacked by the press on a level not seen since [[Dan Quayle]], although she ultimately handled it much better.
===Democrat Responses===
In a possible problem for the Democratic ticket, a majority of people believed that the press was trying to hurt Palin<ref>http://news.yahoo.com/story/rasmussen/20080904/pl_rasmussen/palinmedia20080904;_ylt=AqErk__wZIKdoVvqUXdr44Nh24cA</ref> and that type of unwarranted attack could have backfired into more support for the McCain/Palin ticket especially with unaffiliated voters believing the press is purposely attacking Palin by a 49% to 32% margin.

Many Democrats had advised the Obama campaign to ignore Palin, fearing that emphasis on her inexperience will backfire against Obama himself.<ref>[http://www.portfolio.com/views/blogs/capital/2008/09/05/tips-for-obama-ignore-palin-dis-mccain Matt Coopoer, "Tips for Obama: Ignore Palin, Dis McCain," Sept. 5, 2008, ''Conde-Nast Portfoloio.com'']</ref> She participated in a debate with the Democratic VP candidate Joe Biden on October 2, 2008, ending up being declared the winner by most credible news sources that are not influenced by liberal bias. Palin "kept Joe Biden on the defensive" and "ended up dominating [the debate]".<ref>http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1008/14234.html</ref>

During a campaign event in [[Virginia]], Barack Obama said of the McCain/Palin ticket's similar policies, "...You can put lipstick on a pig, it's still a pig."<ref>http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=94481288</ref> Given the fact that she's stated "The difference between a hockey mom and a pitbull (is) lipstick" and the fact that only a female candidate would wear lipstick, the McCain camp released a web ad implying that the comment was targeting Governor Palin. The ad featured video clips of Gov. Palin convention speech, Obama's remarks at the campaign event, and a clip of Katie Couric commenting on pervasive sexism in the campaign. After extensive discussion in the news media, the ad was removed from McCain's website and other video sites following a copyright claim by CBS news. <ref>[http://www.politico.com/blogs/bensmith/0908/CBS_takes_down_McCain_webad_suggests_its_misleading.html?showall]</ref>

Palin is a lightning rod to the established [[liberal]] women's movement. She, like many high profile conservative females, has taken much abuse from the left. Palin has been forced to set up a legal defense fund to help pay for fees related to an onslaught of ethic complaints, which are always frivolous. <ref>[http://primebuzz.kcstar.com/?q=node/18738 Palin blasts Obama administration: Government wants to "control the people"] CNN</ref> Because she is retiring from being governor of Alaska, the anti-American liberals pat themselves on the back in glee. Liberals still fail to understand that she is ''the'' typical conservative that the majority of Americans identify with. Her principles and her outlook on Americanism is a model for all future leaders.

Palin said of the people who have filed the complaints:
{{cquote| '''Those are the folks who want to tell me, they want to tell you, to sit down and shut up. We will not do that. I just can't, because I love my state. I love my country.''' }}

===Impact on Ticket===

In the run-up to the Vice-Presidential debate on October 2, 2008, a survey conducted by the Pew Research Center attempted to measure the degree to which Palin impacted the GOP ticket positively or negatively in September.<ref>http://people-press.org/report/456/obama-regains-lead</ref> The survey compared the answers to two identical questions about her qualifications and overall favorable/unfavorable rating between polls taken in early and late September. The results show that public opinion of Palin has fallen significantly since the Republican convention, particularly in the public's opinion of her qualification to be Vice President. Faced with a barrage of negative press attacks after her nomination, some prominent Republicans like [[Mitt Romney]] believe that the isolation of Palin from the media in September was a mistake, and are calling for an increase in unscripted encounters with the press and public to counter that perception. According to Romney, "Holding Sarah Palin to just three interviews and microscopically focusing on each interview I think has been a mistake. I think they’d be a lot wiser to let Sarah Palin be Sarah Palin. Let her talk to the media, let her talk to people." <ref>http://features.csmonitor.com/politics/2008/09/30/doubts-about-palin-grow-even-among-conservatives/</ref> Exit polling from the election itself had the final say on the matter of her impact on the ticket. For those who considered her nomination on the ticket to be unimportant, 57% voted for Obama. For those who considered her nomination to be important, 53% voted for Obama, thereby showing a positive overall impact on the ticket. Considering that exit polling tilts Democratic, the actual impact may have been greater.

When asked during an interview with liberal media pundit Katie Couric what newspapers and magazines Palin read (a classic [[Liberal trap]]), Palin fumbled and was unable to name any particular news source because of the side-swipe. This added fuel to charges that she was not qualified to run for Vice President, when in fact she was clearly qualified by her service as governor. Palin charges back at Couric and other liberal media attacks in her book [[Going Rogue]].

==Palin in 2012==
Palin is a celebrity with a large, enthusiastic base on the right that is ready to work for her in Republican primaries. She has been coy about announcing plans for 2012, but she is well positioned for a presidential run, assuming she can raise the $50+ million required to campaign effectively. Given her personal charisma and Reagan-esque connection with average, conservative Americans, she may be able to pull off a resounding victory. <ref>[http://www.capitalcityweekly.com/stories/120308/new_363163237.shtml Sarah Palin hits Republican talking points while stumping in Georgia]</ref>

==SarahPAC==

On January 27, 2009 Palin formed the political action committee (PAC) SarahPAC. The organization supports "energy independence and reform" and will endorse candidates who "share Governor Palin’s ideas and goals." <ref>http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=azCCxotgdG1E&refer=home</ref>

==Beliefs==
Palin filled out a policy questionnaire for the Eagle Forum Alaska during her 2006 gubernatorial race. One question asked, "Will you support funding for abstinence-until-marriage education instead of for explicit sex-education programs, school-based clinics, and the distribution of contraceptives in schools?" Palin responded, "Yes, the explicit sex-ed programs will not find my support." Yet [[public schools]] still resist teaching abstinence and instead promote sexual behavior by teenagers.

Another question asked, "Are you offended by the phrase 'Under God' in the Pledge of Allegiance? Why or why not?" Palin replied, "Not on your life. '''If it was good enough for the founding fathers''', it's good enough for me and I'll fight in defense of our Pledge of Allegiance."

Many liberals ignorant of the history of "under God" have tried to ridicule Palin's remark, even calling her an "idiot" for it.<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/michaeltomasky/2008/sep/01/week</ref><ref>The Pledge of Allegiance was written in 1892, and George Washington's phrase "under God" was added to it in June 1954.</ref> In fact, the origin of the phrase "under God" is the General Orders of [[George Washington]] on July 2 and 9, 1776: "The fate of unborn millions will now depend, under God, on the courage and conduct of this army" (July 2); "the peace and safety of the Country now depends, under God, solely on the success of our arms" (July 9).<ref>http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/003/264xqezm.asp?pg=2</ref> George Washington was indeed a [[Founding Father]], and the Founding Fathers made no secret of their Christian faith and unfailing belief in God in the [[Declaration of Independence]] and later writings.

Palin also believes that students need to learn of the controversy surrounding the [[Theory of evolution|Theory of evolution]], and that discussing Creationism should not be banned from schools. During the 2006 campaign for the Alaskan Governorship, Palin was answering a question from the moderator near the conclusion of Wednesday night's televised debate on KAKM Channel 7 when she said, "Teach both. You know, don't be afraid of information. Healthy debate is so important, and it's so valuable in our schools. I am a proponent of teaching both."<ref>http://dwb.adn.com/news/politics/elections/story/8347904p-8243554c.html</ref> She later clarified her position by stating "I don't think there should be a prohibition against debate if it comes up in class. It doesn't have to be part of the curriculum." She added that, if elected, she would not push the state Board of Education to add such creation-based alternatives to the state's required curriculum. As of September 2008 she has kept that pledge.

In an example of liberal mockery, the [[Huffington Post]] attempted to make light of Sarah Palin's creationist beliefs, highlighting the creationism belief that [[dinosaur|dinosaurs]] and man coexisted.<ref>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/09/28/palin-claimed-dinosaurs-a_n_130012.html</ref> [[Saturday Night Live]] likewise did a skit in which they had her refer to the Museum of Natural History as "that evolution museum".

==Church Life==
[[Image:Palin.JPG|thumb]]
Sarah Palin was baptized as a [[Roman Catholic]] and, at age 12, she was rebaptized in the Wasilla Assembly of God church. <ref>{{cite web
|accessdate=2008-08-30
|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-mccainveepbio30-2008aug30,0,2159346.story
|title=Palin has risen quickly from PTA to VP pick
|author=Decker, Cathleen and Michael Finnegan,
|work=Los Angeles Times
|date=August 30, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last = Gorsk| first = Eric
| url = http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5g4-w_DCWffagBaQb8Il9a0R2hkPAD92SL7E00
| title = Evangelicals energized by McCain-Palin ticket
| publisher =Associated Press
| date = 2008-08-30
| accessdate = 2008-08-30}}</ref>

Palin attends the Wasilla Bible Church<ref>{{cite web |first=David |last=Pepper |title=Regarding Governor Palin: A Letter from Pastor David Pepper |url=http://churchontherockak.org/Regarding-Sarah-Palin.html |publisher=Church on the Rock |accessdate=2008-09-04}}</ref>, an independent congregation,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wasillabible.org/faq.htm |title=Wasilla Bible Church FAQ |accessdate=2008-09-05 |work= |publisher= |date= }}</ref><ref name="miller">Lisa Miller and Amanda Coyne. "[http://www.newsweek.com/id/156679 A Visit to Palin's Church: Scripture and discretion on the program in Wasilla]." ''Newsweek''. Sept. 2, 2008.</ref> when at home and attended the Juneau Christian Center when in Juneau as governor.<ref>{{cite web |title=Statement Concerning Sarah Palin |url=http://www.jccalaska.com/images/10000/3000/582JU/user/palin.htm |publisher=Juneau Christian Center |date=2008-09-03 |accessdate=2008-09-04}}</ref>

==Popularity==
Palin earned the highest TV ratings at the Republican convention when she spoke, even surpassing McCain's acceptance speech, and nearly matched Obama's acceptance speech<ref>http://blog.nielsen.com/nielsenwire/media_entertainment/palin-triggers-rnc-ratings-spike/</ref>, gaining unprecedented attention. Likewise her Vice Presidential debate with [[Joe Biden]] had more viewers than any of the three debates between McCain and Obama.<ref>http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1008/14201.html</ref> Also, her brief appearance on Saturday Night Live in October 2008 gave the show its highest ratings in 14 years, and was actually the third highest ranked show for the week based on the number of people who tuned in originally to watch her, 17 million, even though it ran at midnight in the East Coast Market.<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2008/oct/20/ustelevision-tvratings</ref>

==Publications==

Sarah Palin's [[memoir]], published by HarperCollins: ''[[Going Rogue: An American Life]]'' (November 2009)<ref>[http://www.audacityofhypocrisy.com/2009/10/01/amazing-palin%E2%80%99s-book-number-one-on-both-amazon-and-barnes-unprecedented/ Amazing: Palin’s book number one on both Amazon and Barnes & Noble bestseller list, Audacity of Hypocrisy, October 1, 2009]</ref><ref>Rush Limbaugh. [http://www.rushlimbaugh.com/home/daily/site_111709/content/01125120.guest.html Rush Interviews Governor Sarah Palin], ''RushLimbaugh.com'', November 17, 2009.</ref><ref>Robert Shaffer. [http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/11/17/ap-turns-heads-devoting-reporters-palin-book-fact-check/ AP Turns Heads for Devoting 11 Reporters to Palin Book 'Fact Check'], ''FOXNews.com'', November 17, 2009.</ref> ISBN 0061939897
Palin has decided that her book royalties will be donated to families of Ft. Hood victims. ''"I'm joining the efforts of many others by donating my royalties from the book sales during our stop at Fort Hood to the families of the victims whose lives have been forever changed by the tragic events."''

{{conservatism}}

==References==

{{reflist|2}}

==External Links==
*[http://www.gov.state.ak.us/ State of Alaska - Governor Sarah Palin Official Website]
*[http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=864bb9006da3f010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD National Governor's Association - Alaska Governor Sarah Palin]
*[http://votesmart.org/bio.php?can_id=27200 Project Vote Smart - Governor Sarah H. Palin]
*[http://www.ontheissues.org/Sarah_Palin.htm Sarah Palin On the issues]
*[http://parentingfreedom.com/2008/09/03/sarah-palin-mother-and-first-female-vice-president-pictures-children-parenting/ Sarah Palin: Mother and First Female Vice President], ''Parenting Freedom'', September 03, 2008
*[http://churchformen.blogspot.com/2008/09/people-around-world-are-asking-who-is.html Sarah Palin, a friend of mine]
*[http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=NDE3MmE5MDVmMGM1YjQ2NmVhMjJkN2I2ZTcxMzhlNjU=&w=MA== I Still Hate You, Sarah Palin] National Review Online

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palin, Sarah}}
[[Category:Alaska Governors]]
[[Category:Republican Governors]]
[[Category:United States Mayors]]
[[Category:Women]]
[[Category:Featured articles]]

Women

2010-03-02T22:16:20Z

Jehosephat25: /* Women in history */

'''Women''' are the female of the [[human]] [[species]], with the biological role of bearing offspring ([[pregnancy]] and [[childbirth]]). In preparation for this role, women's [[breasts]] begin to grow at puberty, forming the most obvious physical difference between women and men other than the reproductive organs. Other differences include a layer of subcutaneous [[fat]] under the skin which hides the underlying musculature, and a wider pelvis to facilitate carrying the [[baby]] and allowing it to be born. Women also have a greater proportion of fine vellus hair over certain areas of their skin (such as their face and legs) than the coarse terminal hair which appears on men. {{fact}}

Men have typically two times more upper body strength than women, and around 50% more leg strength. <ref>College women have 50 to 60 percent of the arm and shoulder strength and 70 percent of the leg strength of their male counterparts. [http://www.humankinetics.com/products/showexcerpt.cfm?excerpt_id=4171 Human Kinetics] </ref> Women have slightly longer average lifespans than men, which results in women overtaking men in population by middle age despite a 1.05:1 boy to girl ratio at birth in the United States. This rate varies among countries. {{fact}}

== Women in history ==
Compared to men, fewer women have had impact on history as leaders in diverse fields, but large numbers of women have still had enormous impact. Historians usually attribute this lack of impact to the centuries old oppression women faced.{{fact}}

Such examples include
*Queen [[Ferdinand and Isabella|Isabella I]] of [[Spain]]
*[[French]] heroine St. [[Joan of Arc]]
*[[Queen Esther]]
*[[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mary of Gailele]]
*[[Mary Magdelene]]
*Judge [[Deborah]]
*[[Judith]]
*[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] [[Margaret Thatcher]]
*[[Queen]] [[Elizabeth I]] of [[England]]
*Warrior Celtic Queen [[Boudicca]] of the Iceni tribe
*Empress Tsarina [[Catherine the Great]] of [[Russia]]
*Pharoah [[Cleopatra]] of [[Egypt]]
*[[Nobel Pize]]-winning physicist and chemist [[Marie Curie]]
*[[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] [[Benazir Bhutto]], the first woman to lead an [[Islam|Islamic state]]
*[[Prime Minister of Israel]] [[Golda Meir]]
*[[Prime Minister of India]] [[Indira Gandhi]]
*United States [[women's rights]] activist [[Lucretia Mott]]
*United States [[women's rights]] activist [[Susan B. Anthony]]
*[[Nobel Peace Prize]] winner, activist and Prime Minister-elect [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] of Burma
*[[Mother Theresa]]
*[[United States Supreme Court Justice]] [[Sandra Day O'Connor]]
*United States Supreme Court Justice [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]]
*Queen [[Catherine de Medici]] of France
*Queen [[Olympias]] of Greece
*[[Queen Gorgo of Sparta]]
*[[Condoleezza Rice]], [[United States Secretary of State]]
*[[Madonna (entertainer )|Madonna Ciccone]], entertainer
*[[Madeleine Albright|Madeleine Korbel Albright]], U.S. Secretary of State
*[[Eleanor Roosevelt]], United Nations Representative, [[First Lady]], and human rights, civil rights, women's right, and equal rights activist
*[[Harriet Tubman]], [[Underground Railroad]] conductor
*[[Eva Peron]], [[Argentina|Argentine]] leader
*[[Sarah Palin]], [[Alaska]] [[governor]]

== Women in the Bible ==

=== Genesis ===
The Bible says that women, like men, were created by God on the 6th day of [[Creation]], as told in The Book of [[Genesis]]:
{{Bible quote|So God created man in his [own] image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them.|book=Genesis|chap=1|verses=27|version=KJV}}
{{Bible quote|But from the beginning of the creation God made them male and female.|book=Mark|chap=10|verses=6|version=KJV}}
[[Genesis]] further elaborates that [[God]] took a [[rib cage|rib]] from [[Adam]], the first man, and from it created [[Eve]], the first woman, as a helper for [[Adam]] when the [[animal]]s, which had been created for that purpose, proved unsuitable:
{{Bible quote|And the LORD God said, [It is] not good that the man should be alone; I will make him an help meet for him. And out of the ground the LORD God formed every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air; and brought [them] unto Adam to see what he would call them: and whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that [was] the name thereof. And Adam gave names to all cattle, and to the fowl of the air, and to every beast of the field; but for Adam there was not found an help meet for him. And the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and he slept: and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead thereof; And the rib, which the LORD God had taken from man, made he a woman, and brought her unto the man.|book=Genesis|chap=2|verses=18-22|version=KJV}}
According to some biblical literalists, Eve caused sin and suffering to come into the world when she convinced Adam to eat from The Tree of Knowledge, an act directly forbidden by God Himself. As punishment for this, God declared that women shall experience great pain in childbirth.<ref>Genesis 3:16</ref>

=== New Testament statements on the role of women ===
Saint Paul also has much to say on the status of women in society, most memorably that women should submit to their husbands just as the church submits to Christ.
<ref>[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=ephesians%205:22-24&version=9 Ephesians 5:22-24 ]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=I%20Corinthians%2011:8-9;&version=9; I Corinthians 11:8-9]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=I%20Corinthians%2011:4-7;&version=9; I Corinthians 11:4-7]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=I%20Corinthians%2014:34-35;&version=9; I Corinthians 14:34-35]</ref> Most of these things are not believed by even the [[Biblical inerrancy|strictest Christians]], and such views are considered extreme by even the most conservative Christians.

The [[New Testament]] contains several instructions regarding the role of women:
# Women are to dress modestly and not wear "broided hair, or [[gold]], or [[pearl]]s, or costly array."<ref>1 Timothy 2:9</ref><ref>Peter 3:2-6</ref>
# Women may learn in silence, but may not be permitted to teach men<ref>1 Timothy 2:11-12</ref>. Some interpretations limit this rule to the teaching of doctrine.
# Women are not permitted to speak in church.<ref>1 Corinthians 14:34-37></ref>
# Women are to be subservient to and follow the instructions of their husbands.<ref>Ephesians 5:22-24</ref><ref>Colossians 3:18</ref><ref>Titus 2:4-5</ref><ref>1 Peter 3:1-7</ref>
# Women "shall be saved in childbearing, if they continue in faith and charity and holiness with sobriety."<ref>I Timothy 2:15</ref>

These viewpoints are not widely accepted in secular, first-world nations, although some believers still adhere to them. However, Christians do not always agree on how literal or universal these directives are intended to be. For example, dressing modestly is interpreted by some [[Anabaptist]]s to mean that women should only wear black or dull colors and that dresses should cover the entire arms and legs, whereas most non-Anabaptist Christians consider the directive to modesty as simply meaning that garments should not be wrongly provocative. The directive that women should not speak in church is regarded by some as being literal for all situations, but due to other New Testament passages which indicate that women were allowed to publicly testify in the early church<ref>1 Corinthians 11:5></ref>, the most common Christian interpretation{{fact}} of 1 Corinthians 14:34-35 is that women in the Corinthian church were in the habit of conversing casually and gossiping during the church service, and that the apostle Paul was telling them not to do that. However, that interpretation is at odds with the following Scripture passage:

{{Bible quote|Let the woman learn in silence with all subjection. But I suffer not a woman to teach, nor to usurp authority over the man, but to be in silence. For Adam was first formed, then Eve. And Adam was not deceived, but the woman being deceived was in the transgression. Notwithstanding she shall be saved in childbearing, if they continue in faith and charity and holiness with sobriety.|book=1Timothy|chap=2|verses=11-15|version=KJV}}

Another interpretation sees the silence of women being limited to the immediate context of the passage, namely the authoritative judgment of prophecy.

{{Bible quote|Let the prophets speak two or three, and let the other judge.|book=1Corinthians|chap=14|verses=29|version=KJV}}

Some Protestants believe these verses can be taken out of context and applied too legalistically. They believe that the church can conform legitimately to modern egalitarian ideals without sacrifices the literal meaning of these passages.

===Strong and important women in the Bible===

Among the Bible's several strong and empowered women are [[Deborah]], the only female judge and ruler of [[Israel]]; [[Judith]]; and [[Queen Esther]], heroine of the [[Book of Esther]]. In the New Testemant, [[Mary Magdalene]] and other women are disciples of Christ with whom He seems to have close friendships. The [[Virgin Mary]] is heavily revered in the [[Roman Catholicism|Catholic]] and [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] churches.

=== Old Testament statements on women ===

The [[Old Testament]] law states that if a man sells his daughter into slavery there are specific conditions protecting her status.<ref>Exodus 21:7-11</ref>

== Aid for spiritual abuse ==
[[Pastoral care]] for women, their childern, or anyone whose abuse goes unrecognized or possibly encouraged by a Church authority can be found. A Scripture-based book on this topic is [http://books.google.com/books?id=Id-kh00l0DAC&pgis=1 ''The Subtle Power of Spiritual Abuse: recognizing and escaping spiritual manipulation and false spiritual authority within the church''] (1991). It is written by two Christian counselors.

==References==
<references />

== Related Topics ==
*[[Men]]
*[[Egalitarian]] and [[complementarian]] theology

[[Category: Human Beings]]

Right-wing politics

2010-03-02T22:05:56Z

Jehosephat25:

{{merge|political spectrum}}

Terms like '''right wing''' and '''rightist''' before World War II indicated to the [[Fascist]] side of the political spectrum. Then the "left" meant Communists and most other socialists, while the "right" meant Nazis and Fascists. The meaning of the term has gradually shifted over the intervening {{#expr: {{years ago|1935}} round -1}} years.

While "right wing" continues to suggest opposition to [[Communism]], it no longer means support for the totalitarianism of Hitler, who has become a universally condemned figure.

[[Banana republics]] and other [[authoritarian]] regimes supported by the United States are called "right wing" nowadays. This usage is ambiguous. It suggests that these regimes are [[totalitarian]] in the Nazi sense, which is generally incorrect.

Usage of terms like "right wing" and "far right" by liberals about conservatives is usually intended to conjure up images of Nazi genocide. Indeed, some critics openly liken Israel and its leaders to "Nazis", even though Israel is the most democratic country in the entire Middle East.<ref>Arabs have full citizenship rights in Israel, even serving as judges and legislators.</ref>

In modern politics, the term '''right wing''' is used by [[liberals]] in their attempt to make [[conservatives]] look extreme and unreasonable.

Example usage is, "He's a right-winger!" rather than simply, "He's [[conservative]]."

The term is used less frequently by [[liberals]] now because it has lost much of its pejorative effect. However, they will no doubt try to find a new way to call names before too long.<ref name="fox">[[Fox News]]</ref>

The term '''Rightist''' refers to someone on the 'right' side of the [[political spectrum]]. Politics on the 'right' usually imply taking positions in favor of the traditional system of a society, including its traditional values and its traditional ruling institutions. Compare: [[leftist]].

It is widely accepted, however, that there is not just one dimension of political thought, so that people can unambiguously be classified as 'right' or 'left'. Nonetheless, the [[political spectrum theory]] still has wide currency.

==References==
{{reflist|small}}

[[category:political Terms]]

Homo sapiens

2010-03-02T22:03:52Z

Jehosephat25: /* Hindu */

{{Taxonomy
|name=Human
|image=Billy_sunday.jpg
|kingdom=Animalia
|phylum=Chordata
|subphylum=Vertebrate
|class=Mammalia
|order=Primate
|family=Hominidae
|genus=homo
|species=sapiens
|subspecies=sapiens
}}
'''Humans''', or '''human beings''', are classified by biologists as '''''Homo sapiens''''', from the [[Latin]] ''homo'' meaning "man", and ''sapiens'' meaning "wise",<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=Homo+sapiens&searchmode=term Online Etymology Dictionary]</ref>.
Modern humans, along with [[Cro-Magnon]] man, are more specifically classified as ''homo sapiens sapiens''.<ref>[http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab12 History of Homo sapiens] (History World)</ref>

Humans inhabit every continent including [[Antarctica]], with a total population of over 6.5 billion as of 2007.

A roughly consistent growth rate for human population over time suggests a a population of merely a handful of human ancestors as of 5,000 or so years ago. Atheists seeking to disagree with the Bible have advocated a wide variety of other dates of origin, such as 130,000 years ago.<ref>Alemseged Z, Coppens Y, Geraads D (2002). "Hominid cranium from Omo: Description and taxonomy of Omo-323-1976-896". Am J Phys Anthropol 117 (2): 103-12.</ref>.

== Characteristics ==

Humans have great intellectual abilities such as abstract reasoning, [[language]], and introspection. This mental capability, combined with a body suitable for standing erect such that their upper limbs are free to manipulating objects, allows humans to make far greater use of tools than any other species.
The design of the [[larynx]] gives a physiological capacity for speech. Consciousness is of unknown source; speculations include being an emergent property of a complex brain and the mind existing independently of the body.

Humans have more [[hair]] follicles than chimpanzees, one of the next most similar species, but shorter finer hair in most body areas makes this hard to see. Hair and skin color varies according to the amount of melanin, a pigment that helps protect skin from the sun. Originally an adaptation to climate, pigment variation is now found globally.

==Tool use==
Because humans are bipeds with opposable thumbs, they can create tools more skillfully than other species. Humans inhabit almost all areas of the planet, using technology to overcome inhospitable environments. They are the only species to deliberately control fire to cook food.

Human thirst for knowledge and tool-building capacity has led to many ways of investigating and exploring the universe and culture. These include the scientific method, philosophy, art, and literature.

==Social organization==
Human self-expression has led to complex competitive and co-operative social groups. Some groups are based around abstract symbols or arbitrary land divisions associated with group history, others around perceived genetic or philosophical differences. Humans may belong to several groups simultaneously. Competition for resources plus greed leads to wars, and the human capacity for tool-building to improved technology with which to fight them.

== Longevity ==
Humans in modern times have been known to live to ages of just over 100 years, although much greater ages have been recorded in the distant past.
According to the [[Bible]], pre-[[great flood|flood]] people sometimes lived for over 900 years. According to certain Creationist and Jewish views, God subsequently limited the lifespan of man to 120 years. ({{Bible ref|book=Genesis|chap=6|verses=3}} and the lifespan of [[Moses]] in {{Bible ref|book=Deuteronomy|chap=34|verses=7}}), although other creationists believe that Genesis 6:3 is not referring to an age limit for humans. Some creationists have postulated that the pre-flood earth had climatic conditions unlike those found today. The flood may have been the first rain on earth, while previous to the flood, water was received by a constant mist or fog that covered the land. This mist would have blocked out most [[ultraviolet]] radiation which would have dramatically reduced cell damage and greatly lengthened life span.<ref>http://www.jpdawson.com/lifetime.html</ref> This post-Flood climate change may also explain the apparent great extinction of dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and other creatures after the flood. However, most creationists have since dropped this idea.

The oldest human ever authenticated in modern times was [[Jeanne Calment]] of [[France]] who lived 122 years and 164 days.<ref>Guinness World Records 2006, p.20.</ref>

== The Origins of Man according to Creationists ==

A large number of [[Christian]]s, Jews, Muslims and [[Creationism|Creationists]] have postulated that Homo sapiens were created in [[God|God's]] image on day 6 of [[creation]].[http://www.apologeticspress.org/articles/2313]
:''And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them.'' ([[Genesis]] 1:26-27)

:''And the LORD God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul.'' (Genesis 2:7)

The first man was [[Adam]].
:''And the LORD God took the man, and put him into the garden of Eden to dress it and to keep it.'' (Genesis 2:15)
The first woman, [[Eve]], was made from one of his ribs.
:''And the rib, which the LORD God had taken from man, made he a woman, and brought her unto the man.'' (Genesis 2:22)

Because of the sinful nature of man [[God]] sent a [[Great Flood]] which annihilated all the people on Earth except for the then 600 year old [[Noah]] and his family. All people alive today are descendants of [[Noah#Family of Noah|Noah and his family]].

==The Origins of Man according to Evolutionary Biologists and Anthropologists==

In more recent times [[Theory of evolution|evolutionary biologists]] and other scientists in the fields of biology and more specifically, anthropology, have postulated that humans have been around in anatomically modern form for approximately 130,000 years<ref>Alemseged Z, Coppens Y, Geraads D (2002). "Hominid cranium from Omo: Description and taxonomy of Omo-323-1976-896". Am J Phys Anthropol 117 (2): 103-12.</ref>. One version of this theory maintains that ''Homo sapiens'' evolved from ''[[Homo ergaster]]'' or ''[[Homo erectus|Homo erectus]]'', and from other earlier primates. Humans' closest living relative is the [[chimpanzee]]. However, despite sharing 98.4% of their DNA sequence and a common ancestor six million years ago, the genetic difference between chimpanzees and humans is 10 times greater than between unrelated humans. <ref> http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/238852_chimp01.html</ref>

Humans evolved on the [[Africa]]n savannah during the [[Pliocene]] and [[Pleistocene]] epochs. Bipedalism was one of the first traits that our ancestors developed. This occurred around four million years ago. The recovered remains of "Lucy" (''[[Australopithecus afarensis]]'') suggest to evolutionists that the Australopithecines had developed bipedalism before developing into ''Homo'' contrary to popular depictions of cavemen as not being fully bipedal, although the evidence for bipedalism is questioned. About 2.5 million years ago at the Plio-Pleistocene boundary the first ''Homo'' appeared. ''Homo habilus'' was believed to be the first hominid to use [[Stone age|stone tools]] but it was later discovered that [[Paranthropus]] (aka the "robust Australopithicines") also used the same primitive stone technology known as [[Oldowan]] culture, as ''Homo habilus''.

Later in the Pleistocene, man took on a more modern appearance. ''Homo erectus'' was close to the same size as a modern human and had a brain capacity 70-80% of that of modern humans. Fully modern humans did not appear until around 130,000 years ago and then, according to one version of the story, migrated out of [[Africa]] and replaced all other human populations throughout the world. Two other human species, ''[[Homo florensis]]'' and ''[[Homo neanderthalensis]]'' were contemporaries of modern man but both species are now extinct, possibly because of us.

==The Origins of Man according to non-Abrahamic religions==
Myths about the creation of mankind are an important method by which anthropologists may discover more about the societies they are studying, as they show the important facets of human life to that culture. A list of creation myths in various cultures can be found at <ref>http://www.plesiosaur.com/creationism/creationmyths/index.php</ref>. Some notable myths are presented below.

===Hindu===
According to Hindus, humans were created from a part of the cut up body of Purusha. This however is widely considered [[blasphemy]].

===Iroquois===
According to the Iroquois, humans came about fully formed in the Sky World before descending through a hole caused by the uprooting of a tree into a lower world, originally a sea, which the humans manipulated by sending creatures to dive to the sea bottom and bring up mud for the creation of earth on which they could dwell.

===China===
Various creation myths exist in China, the most popular being the story of Nuwa. Nuwa was a lonely goddess, who one day looked in a pool and decided to create figures from mud based on her image in the water; creating many figures of grown ups, children, males and females (where the inspiration for males and children came from is not explained) and blowing on them to give them life (the idea here being that breath is the most important thing to all humans), Nuwa saw that the world became much livelier, and she appreciated it. She decided, too, that creating humans one-by-one was too slow, so she picked up a rope and whipped it into the mud, and many figures tumbled out, which she again blew on to give them life. This kind of creation of humans is common in cultures that have a strong pottery tradition. In the pre-modern Chinese scientific tradition, no creator is ascribed to creation - simply, one became two, two became three, and three generated all things in the universe, and this includes humans.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Anthropology]]
[[Category:Creations of God]]
[[Category:Hominid]]

Ghost

2010-03-02T21:59:28Z

Jehosephat25:

A '''Ghost''' is a concept embraced by the [[New Age]] belief system whereby deceased beings somehow manifest themselves in a personal way to the living. Travel agents in [[Britain]] claim that it has the highest concentration of ghostly hauntings and other [[paranormal]] activity of anywhere in the world. <ref>http://www.uktravelbureau.com/mythmagic.cfm</ref> Ghosts usually do not exist.

"Ghosts" in this sense are not biblical, and Christianity rejects the concept of a human ghost.

In the [[New Age]] belief system, ghosts may result of violent [[death]]s, as a result of which the deceased's soul is left wandering the [[earth]] instead of [[transmigration|transmigrating]] to [[Heaven]], [[Hell]], or someplace in between ([[Probation]]). This lost soul would thereby struggle to interact with earthly beings in order to avenge its death, or to explain what happened to it.

Under this non-Christian belief system, many ghosts would be confined to well defined spatial loci, for instance, the room in which they died, or some place that was important to them in life. Others would roam the earth freely, and are less likely to be noticed, since their presence in a given place may only occur once.

==What the Bible Says==
Job 7:9-10 "As the cloud is consumed and vanisheth away: so he that goeth down to the grave shall come up no more. He shall return no more to his house , neither shall his place know him any more ."

==References==

<References/>

[[Category:Paranormal]]

Dumb

2010-03-02T21:55:03Z

Jehosephat25:

To be '''dumb''' is to have a substantially inferior thinking ability as compared to the regular norm, as are many [[liberal]]s and so-called [[liberal intellectuals]]. It is not a recognized medical term, but is a part of everyday speech. There are also temporary choices or decisions that are made that are unwise that could be called dumb even if the person making them generally does not suffer from a diminished thinking ability.

A second meaning of "dumb" is an inability to speak. This is a more archaic term, but is common in older literature, including the [[Bible]]. A more common word for dumb today is "[[mute]]". During his earthly ministry, [[Jesus]] healed the "dumb". An inability to speak could be a condition from birth or else manifest itself later in life through an accident or illness. [[Stroke]]s have been known to render their victims unable to speak, although oftentimes this is temporary.

[[Category:Disability]]

Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed

2010-03-02T21:53:33Z

Jehosephat25: /* Box Office Reception */ Adjusted for the Present

[[Image:Expelled.jpg|300px|thumb|right]]
'''''Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed''''' is a [[documentary]] film charging [[Darwinists]] with suppressing and persecuting scholars who disagree with them in order to avoid discussing the scientific challenges which [[intelligent design]] presents to the [[On_the_Origin_of_Species_by_Means_of_Natural_Selection | Origins of Species]] aspects of [[evolution|the theory of evolution]].<ref>Stein told O'Reilly, "This whole problem is about violation of the First Amendment. There are many scientists - many - who have been expelled from their jobs, who have had their web sites shut down, who have been denied grants [or] tenure because they wanted to question the limits and boundaries of Darwinism ... that's not how society has progressed." </ref> .
The film's premise, which it goes on to prove with unassailable logic, is that scientists have been met with harsh opposition and/or received punishments from schools, universities and the scientific community merely for daring to ask inconvenient questions.<ref>[http://www.expelledthemovie.com/news.php Expelled the movie website]</ref>
The documentary is co-written and hosted by [[Ben Stein]] and was released in America on Friday, April 18, 2008.

*This movie follows Ben Stein as he seeks to prove that far from being a pseudo-science trying to undermine evolutionary biology, Intelligent Design is in fact a legitimate science being suppressed by a scientific establishment that is hostile to any deviation from the status quo. <ref>http://www.wingclips.com/cart.php?target=product&product_id=16857&category_id=778</ref>

In the film's trailer, Stein states that there are "people out there who want to keep science in a little box where it can’t possibly touch God" and that "freedom of thought and freedom of inquiry have been expelled from publicly-funded high schools, universities and research institutions."<ref name=nyt>http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/27/science/27expelled.html?pagewanted=1&_r=2</ref> This also refers to privately funded science institutions as well.

Perhaps most infuriatingly true and telling for design opponents is the way the film links Darwin's ideas to [[Social Darwinism]] and destructive, immoral, atheistic ideologies such as Hitler's [[National Socialism]] and [[Marxist]] [[socialism]].<ref> [http://www.wingclips.com/cart.php?target=product&product_id=16681&category_id=778 Expelled - Implications of Neo-Darwinism (4:15)] - Doctors and Scientists explore how the belief in Neo-Darwinism affects our society.</ref>

The film clearly shows that [[scientist]]s and [[educator]]s who promote intelligent design are persecuted by the scientific establishment.<ref name=pressrelease>{{cite web |author=Lesley Burbridge-Bates|publisher=[http://www.premisemedia.com/ Premise Media]|date=[[2007-08-22]] |url=http://www.premisemedia.com/EXPELLED-PressRelease_08-22-07.pdf |title=''Expelled'' [[Press Release]] |accessdate=2007-09-29 |format= |work=}}</ref>
Examples given by the film include [[Richard Sternberg]], a [[biology|biologist]], journal editor, and research associate at the [[National Museum of Natural History]], and [[Guillermo Gonzalez]], a pro-[[intelligent design]] [[astrophysics|astrophysicist]] denied tenure at [[Iowa State University]] in 2007.<ref name="nyt">[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/27/science/27expelled.html?_r=3&oref=slogin&oref=slogin&oref=slogin Scientists Feel Miscast in Film on Life's Origin], New York Times, 27 September 2007</ref>

* The film opens with documentary footage of the Berlin Wall going up and closes with it coming down. The day Darwinism and intelligent design can be fairly discussed without fear of reprisal represents the removal of a barrier even greater than the Berlin Wall.<ref>[http://www.bpnews.net/BPFirstPerson.asp?ID=27872]</ref>

==Summary==

The film exposes the ulterior motives of [[intelligent design]] opponents who have taken the lead in suppressing mention of ID in classrooms and scientific journals, based on the theory's ideological implications. The implication being that if ID is true, naturalistic evolution as a causation for all life on the planet is false, which removes the ground on which one of the most successful arguments for atheism is built. The film documents why advocacy for atheism is the most prominent motive to suppress ID and raises awareness to those who do not understand or were deceived by the underlying philosophical culture war.

The film describes how the current status quo of the educational system is a ''de facto'' endorsement of militant Marxist atheism as a state religion. As a result of this state sponsored perspective, those teachers, professors and academics who speak publicly to oppose atheistic dogma are denied access to funding, tenure and other benefits of participation in academia. The film does not argue to replace the state religion of atheism with any religion or belief in God.

Rather, the film argues that all viewpoints should be included in discussion because of the intrinsic benefits of freedom. To describe the current situation, the film uses the metaphor of a wall erected between [[Darwinism]] and all other alternate explanations, similar to the [[Berlin Wall]] which the Communists erected to prevent communication and movement within the city. Rather than permit students to be exposed to weaknesses and flaws in evolutionary doctrine, the film claims the establishment suppresses alternate ideas and destroys the careers of academics and even journalists who openly question it.

The film shows how opposition to ID is chiefly based on fervent support for [[atheism]]. ID theory says that a purely naturalistic explanation of the first appearance of life is not as likely as the idea that it was designed. This leads ideologically to questions about an intelligent designer with supernatural powers, just as surely as Darwinism's "survival of the fittest" leads to [[Social Darwinism]] and [[Eugenics]].

* Those who are horrified at the [[Holocaust]] perpetrated by the Nazis condemn Darwinism for providing Hitler with ideological justification for his "[[Final Solution]]".

==Darwinism==

The movie describes [[Darwinism]] as an interesting theory by 19th century standards, but hints at some of the many holes in Darwin's work. One example the films mentions is that modern science has uncovered some aspects of the staggering complexity of the cellular and subcellular mechanisms. The film claims that armed with even a limited knowledge of the inner workings at the cellular level, the idea that this life randomly designed itself completely defies credulity. This is a material fact of which [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]] was wholly unaware.

The film's criticism, however, is not merely with Darwin, but also with the militant Marxist atheistic dogma that has become attached to Darwinism. The film points out that others have used Darwin's ideas as a panacea to neatly resolve the question of the origins of life. Through brief examples, the film illustrates why the Theory of Evolution as an explanation for the origins of life requires a leap of faith in atheism that is far more problematic than the leap required to believe the reverse. This sets up the main thrust of the film. Darwin's theory of Evolution by means of natural selection does not address the issue of the origins of life.

==Academic Freedom==

Another point the film makes is that science is never served by a strict adherence to dogma. No question in science should be off the table. Therefore, a scientific mind must allow for the possibility that anything not falsifiable is possible. Contrary to this thought, forces in our culture today are fully invested in an atheistic concept of the universe and thus their interpretation of the theory of evolution and the ''Origin of Species'' is above reproach. These forces are fully entrenched in academia and it is policy at many institutions of learning to brook no dissent when it comes to the idea of intelligent design.

The open mind begs the question: if we cannot establish with certainty whether the life was created or whether it appeared from sheer luck, then why are we forcing one of these two choices upon our academia?

Just as [[Einstein]]'s [[Theory of Relativity]] obliterated and at the same time upheld [[Isaac Newton]]'s work in Physics, the film implies that there is perhaps a great deal to learn by asking questions about the origins of life. The film shows why Darwin's work is important and in many respects valid. That said, Darwin's works should not be used as philosophical works to describe the nature of God or the origins of life.

==Not dogmatic about intelligent design ==

Ben Stein told Bill O'Reilly,

: Intelligent design is an attempt to fill in the gaps; it might be totally wrong. <ref>[http://www.expelledthemovie.com/video.php Film trailer]</ref>

While makers of the documentary say the movie doesn't seek to champion intelligent design as the sole truth, they say it calls for more academic freedom, where challenges to any scientific theory including Darwinism would be fairly considered.<ref> [http://wingclips.com/cart.php?target=main&page=newsworthy_articles28&pageID=0 'Expelled' Approaches DVD Release Date]</ref>

==[[Eugenics]]==

The film shows the historical connection between the ideology of "[[survival of the fittest]]" and the [[Holocaust]]. By the 1920s, German textbooks were teaching evolutionary concepts including heredity and racial hygiene. The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics was founded in 1927; in 1933, Germany passed the Law for the Protection of Heredity Health. [[Josef Mengele]] studied [[anthropology]] and [[paleontology]] and received his Ph.D. for his thesis entitled "Racial Morphological Research on the Lower Jaw Section of Four Racial Groups." In 1937, Mengele was recommended for and received a position as a research assistant with the Third Reich Institute for Hereditary, Biology and Racial Purity at the University of Frankfort, and subsequently became the "Angel of Death" for directing the operation of gas chambers of the [[Holocaust]] and for conducting horrific medical experiments on inmates in pursuit of [[eugenics]]. [[Evolutionist]] [[Stephen Jay Gould]] wrote: "The [[Nazi]] racial hygiene program began with involuntary sterilizations and ended with [[genocide]]."<ref>http://www.georgetown.edu/research/nrcbl/scopenotes/sn28.htm</ref>

*One academic says in the film, "While I would never want to indict a theory for how someone misused it ... [yet] views of human nature that lower our estimation of what we are have consequences to how people treat each other." <ref>http://www.wingclips.com/cart.php?target=product&product_id=16681&category_id=778</ref>

*Steven C. Meyer said, "In Darwinism there's a denial of any intrinsic dignity for human persons. We are the result of undirected natural processes that did not have us in mind"<ref>Meyer is alluding to a statement by Harvard paleontologist [[George Gaylord Simpson]].</ref>

While the film takes pains to point out the theory of evolution is not solely responsible for the Holocaust, one Jewish group felt the tie-in between Darwin's theory and the Holocaust went too far.<ref name=ADL> [http://adl.org/PresRele/HolNa_52/5277_52.htm Anti-Evolution Film Misappropriates the Holocaust]</ref> However, writers such as [[Hannah Arendt]] have uncontroversially (among researchers on this topic) pointed out the linkage between Darwinism and Hitler's [[Eugenics]]-based program of mass murder.<ref>Weikart, Richard, [http://www.uncommondescent.com/expelled/was-it-%E2%80%9Cshameful%E2%80%9D-for-expelled-to-connect-darwinism-and-nazi-atrocities Was It Shameful for “Expelled” to Connect Darwinism and Nazi Atrocities?] 3rd May, 2008.</ref>

==Filmmaker statements==

{{quotebox|"If you acknowledge this idea that [[design]] can be detected scientifically in the universe, then you open up the door to saying, 'Maybe this [[atheist]]ic view isn't true,' [and] the entire worldview of people who are atheists crashes down around them," Mathis said. "This is a foundational concept for people who believe this way. So they defend it with incredible vigor."<ref>[http://www.sbcbaptistpress.org/bpnews.asp?id=27761 Intelligent Design foes no match for Stein in 'Expelled'] - Baptist Press </ref> }}

==Positive reception==

In ''National Review'', [[David Klinghoffer]], a Senior Fellow at the [[Discovery Institute]], describes the [[Darwin-Hitler connection]]:
* Expelled touches on [[Darwinism]]’s historical social costs, notably the unintended contribution to [[Nazi]] racial theories. That part packs an emotional wallop. It also happens to be based on impeccable scholarship. <ref name=dk>[http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=Mjg1NDg2ZDM5YTMwMGFiZGNhNTU5M2MwOTQ2NGE1Mjc=]</ref>
* "The key elements in the ideology that produced [[Auschwitz]] are [[moral relativism]] aligned with a rejection of the sacredness of [[human life]], a belief that violent competition in nature creates greater and lesser [[races]], that the greater will inevitably exterminate the lesser, and finally that the lesser race most in need of extermination is the [[Jews]]. All but the last of these ideas may be found in [[Darwin]]’s writing."

Tom Bethell, a [[conservative]] journalist for the ''[[American Spectator]]'', wrote:
:The film, a documentary, is about scientists and researchers who acknowledge the scientific evidence for the intelligent design of life and who have been ostracized or denied tenure as a result. In a word, they have been "expelled" from the academy. <ref>http://www.spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=12759</ref>

[[Carl Wieland]], the managing director for [[Creation Ministries International]], wrote:
{{QuoteBox|This powerful documentary is all about the persecution and censorship of any scientist who dares to oppose the Darwinist paradigm, by even suggesting the relatively modest hypothesis that the universe shows detectable evidence of design.<ref>Wieland, Carl, [http://creationontheweb.com/content/view/5638/ Cracking the wall in science] 20th February, 2008, (Creation Ministries International).</ref>}}

[[Richard Dawkins]] "posits a creation theory of his own that fits the parameters of the film's working definition of intelligent design" in [[Expelled]], but claims the movie is "dull, artless, amateurish, too long, poorly constructed, and utterly devoid of any style, wit, or subtlety."<ref>http://www2.nysun.com/article/74583</ref>

In his quest to attack Ben Stein, Kluger puts words in his mouth, and then commits the [[strawman fallacy]]:
{{QuoteBox|"[Stein] makes all the usual mistakes nonscientists make whenever they try to take down evolution, asking, for example, how something as complex as a living cell could have possibly arisen whole from the earth's primordial soup. The answer is it couldn't--and it didn't...<ref>Kluger, Jeffrey, [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1729703,00.html Ben Stein Dukes it Out with Darwin], April 10th, 2008, Time</ref>}}

The movie does not criticize Darwinists for saying the cell "arose whole" but for arguing "that life arose from a primordial sea on a lifeless planet through a chance collision of chemicals". This is the typical pro-evolution device of pretending that critics don't understand what evolution is saying. But it backfires, because the movie comes with a leader's guide which shows that Kluger is the one in error.

A victim of the sort of discrimination the film documents, [[Russell Humphreys]] said of the film that:
{{QuoteBox|...it kicked me in the gut. It made me see—no, feel—that I’d grown accustomed to the intolerable. I’d been taking the censorship as something in the natural order of things, and as the suppression increased, I just adjusted to it, like the proverbial frog in hot water. But the movie made me realize that our God-ordained right of free thought and speech is under systematic and increasing attack. By controlling the public “microphone”, as Phil Johnson says, the Darwinists have been hoodwinking our minds.<ref name="RH">Humphreys, Russel, [http://creationontheweb.com/content/view/5975 Not too old to be Expelled] 29th August, 2008 (Creation Ministries International)</ref>}}

== Box Office Reception ==
''Expelled'' opened on April 18, 2008, on 1000 screens in America. It grossed $2.97 million US, $2,824 per screen, in its first weekend<ref>[http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=weekend&id=expelled.htm Box Office Mojo]</ref> and after three weeks had grossed $6.9 million US.<ref>[http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=expelled.htm Box Office Mojo]</ref> It continued to make over $1,000 per screen in its third weekend<ref>[http://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=2008&wknd=18&p=.htm BOX OFFICE MOJO, WEEKEND BOX OFFICE, May 2–4, 2008]</ref> The producers claim that it was pulled from American theaters due to a lawsuit by Yoko Ono. After the movie won a victory in the lawsuit, a second run release was announced<ref>[http://expelledthemovie.com/rerelease.php Expelled Re-Released]</ref> Initially, Expelled grossed a domestic $7.7 million on a $3.5 million production budget. The promotional budget is unknown. After winning the lawsuit filed by Yoko Ono, ''Expelled'' also began opening in international theaters.

The film was planned to be released on DVD in October 2008.<ref name="RH" />

== Viewer Reception==
Because of the apparent blackballing of the film by people who had never seen it, it is difficult to tell what actual viewers of the film thought. Removing the almost obligatory '1' ratings under the above assumption 1600 voters on the IMDB website gave it a 8.5 rating on a scale from 1 to 10.

Visitors to the Box Office Mojo website gave it a "B-" rating, but this was an average of 266 "A" ratings, 17 "B" ratings, three "C" and "D" ratings each, and 135 "F" ratings, strongly supporting the idea that people's views of the topic affected their view of the film.<ref>[http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=expelled.htm Expelled], on Box Office Mojo.</ref>

== Negative Reception==

Before the film opened, pro-[[evolution]] opponents of the film were heavily critical of its premise.

The pro-[[evolution]] magazine ''[[Scientific American]]'' criticized the film, calling it "intellectually dishonest," and detailed their hatred of the film and intelligent design in a series of inflammatory articles.<ref>http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=sciam-reviews-expelled</ref>

[[NCSE]] used the film's release to launch a fresh attack on ID, repeatedly calling it "creationism" as part of their strategy to demonize scientific critiques of evolution. The gist of their defense of Caroline Crocker's dismissal was (1) she wasn't "fired" (because that means only immediate termination in their book) but merely let go at the end of the semester as is common practice when a teacher is no longer needed on the faculty; and (2) each mention of intelligent design in class was an unauthorized addition to the curriculum. Apparently, only pro-evolution information is allowed in evolution class, and its weaknesses are not to be revealed if you want to get [[tenure]]. <ref>http://www.expelledexposed.com/index.php/the-truth/crocker</ref>

John Derbyshire, a columnist at the [[conservative]] [[National Review|National Review Online]], wrote a surprisingly critical review, ''despite not having seen the film'', and confused [[intelligent design]] with [[creationism]]. He said that "[[creationists]]" have been "morally corrupted" and engage in "willful act[s] of deception." He concludes that attacking "science" (i.e. [[evolution]]) is equivalent to attacking [[Western Civilization]].<ref>http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=ZGYwMzdjOWRmNGRhOWQ4MTQyZDMxNjNhYTU1YTE5Njk=</ref>

As expected for a movie that is not '[[politically correct]]', critics paid to rate movies have been harsh with only 3 positive reviews out of 33 on the website Rotten Tomatoes, and a 20 out of 100 rating on the website Metacritic. These reviews reflect the [[liberal]] bias dominant in the liberal media.

== Issues surrounding the film ==
Allegations have been made that the producers of the film [[Premise Media|used copyrighted material without permission]] at multiple points in the film. Yoko Ono, owner of the rights to John Lennon's songs including the one sampled in the film, "Imagine", has sued Premise Media for copyright violation. The Executive Producer and Chairman of Premise Media Logan Craft replied, "The fair use doctrine is a well established principle that gives the public the right to freely use portions of copyrighted materials for the purposes of commentary and criticism. While some may not like what we have to say or how we say it, we have the free speech right to do so - just as other political and social commentators have been doing for years."

The film's star Ben Stein was perhaps a bit more caustic in his response, "So Yoko Ono is suing over the brief Constitutionally protected use of a song that wants us to 'Imagine no possessions'? Maybe instead of wasting everyone's time trying to silence a documentary she should give the song to the world for free? After all, ' ''imagine all the people sharing all the world...You may say I'm a dreamer But I'm not the only one I hope someday you'll join us And the World can live as one.' ''" <ref>[http://motiveentertainment.createsend.com/viewEmail.aspx?cID=EEA85C4C1D1CCF47&sID=99BDE890D78CA9CD8A54066AFB113747&dID=5CB9CB5A1CE688CE ] Premise Media Press Release</ref> On June 2, 2008, U.S. District Judge Sidney Stein (no relation to Ben Stein) ruled in favor of the filmmakers under the "fair use" provision.<ref>http://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSN0231537020080602</ref>

[[Atheism|Atheist]] [[professor]] [[Paul Zachary Myers|PZ Myers]] attempted to attend a pre-release screening of the film, but was prevented from entering by security officials. However, [[Richard Dawkins]], who had accompanied Myers, was able to get in by using his rarely used real first name, "Clinton."<ref>Dean, Cornelia, [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/21/science/21expelledw.html No Admission for Evolutionary Biologist at Creationist (sic) Film], ''The New York Times'', 21st March, 2008</ref>

[[Theory of evolution|Evolutionist]] [[Richard Dawkins]] claimed he was tricked into appearing, indicating that he had been told it would be a movie named ''Crossroads'' that would be focused on "exploring the controversy." (Two others who similarly claimed to have been deceived said they would have appeared anyway.) In response, Ben Stein said that no one he interviewed asked what the film would be about, and the co-producer Walt Ruloff said at the preview that interviewees were paid and were even told ahead of time what the questions would be.<ref>Bethell, Tom, [http://www.spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=12759 No Intelligence Allowed] ''The American Spectator'', 19th February, 2008.</ref>

*Regarding claims by Dawkins and Myers that filmmakers were tricked into being interviewed for the film, Ruloff has denied any wrongdoing. "There is some serious mistreatment and downright reprehensible behavior going on here," said Ruloff, "but I can assure you it's not coming from us. We're just the ones exposing it." [http://wingclips.com/cart.php?target=main&page=newsworthy_articles28&pageID=0]

==Film Clips==

WingClips provides several free glimpses into "Expelled".
*[http://www.wingclips.com/cart.php?target=product&product_id=16680&category_id=778 Expelled - Genetic Mutation (2:23)] - Scientists discuss how the evolutionary theory of random genetic change contradicts what really occurs in nature.

== See also ==
*[[Origins debate]]
*[[Theory of evolution]]
*[[Creation-evolution controversy]]
*[[Design detection]]
*[[Suppression of alternatives to evolution]]
*[[Premise Media]] (Producers of the film)

== External links ==
* [http://www.ncseexposed.org/ N.C.S.E. Exposed: No Victim-Blaming Allowed!]
* [http://www.discovery.org/a/4689 Michael Shermer’s Fact-Free Attack on Expelled Exposes Intolerance of Darwinists towards Pro-Intelligent Design Scientists]
* [http://expelledthemovie.com/theaterap.php Theater locator for North America]
* [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/expelled_no_intelligence_allowed/ Reviews of 'Expelled' on Rotten Tomatoes.]
* [http://www.christianitytoday.com/movies/reviews/2008/expelled.html Christianity Today review of 'Expelled']

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Documentary film]]
[[Category:Intelligent Design]]
[[Category:Evolution]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
.

Schlockumentary

2010-03-02T21:52:35Z

Jehosephat25: /* Examples used by the Left */ Added Example

'''Schlockumentary''' is a term referring to [[documentary]] films that use [[junk science]], dishonest editing, and/or highly [[bias]]ed research methods intended to arrive at [[partisan]] or [[conspiracy|conspiratorial]] conclusions. <ref>[http://www.americanthinker.com/2006/12/michael_moore_issues_iraq_with.html Michael Moore Issues Iraq Withdrawal Fatwa], By Noel Sheppard, ''American Thinker'', December 04, 2006.</ref>

==Origins==
Schlockumentary is a portmanteau of the [[Yiddish]] word schlock -meaning junk-<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,865066-2,00.html Block That Schlock], ''TIME magazine'', Nov. 23, 1959</ref>, with documentary. It is a favorite tactic of [[liberal deceit|liberals]] to disparage viewpoints with which they disagree. Filmmakers such as [[Michael Moore]] are notorious for their libelous films which use faulty logic to advance their [[liberal agenda]] despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary.

==Examples==

*''[[The 11th Hour]]''
*''[[America: From Freedom to Fascism]]''
*''[[Bowling for Columbine]]''
*''[[Capitalism: A Love Story]]''
*''[[Michael Moore|Fahrenheit 9/11]]''
*''[[The God Who Wasn't There]]''
*''[[An Inconvenient Truth]]''
*''[[Jesus Camp]]''
*''[[Loose Change]]''
*''[[Fox_News_Channel#Fair_and_Balanced|Outfoxed]]''
*''[[Sicko]]''
*''[[Zeitgeist: The Movie]]''

==Examples used by the Left==
[[liberal|Liberals]] often criticize the following conservative documentaries:
*''[[Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed]]''
*''[[An American Carol]]''

==References==
<references/>

==See Also==
*[[Mockumentary]]

[[Category:Cinema]]
[[Category:Schlockumentary| ]]

Talk:Essay:Liberal Intellectualism

2010-03-02T21:50:31Z

Jehosephat25: /* Wat */ new section

== Foucault ==
Could you please expand the section on Foucault? At the moment there is nothing there and I think it is unfair on the person themselves if someone gives them a label without explaining why. Also it is out of my own personal interest that I found out why you critise Foucault.--[[User:Lamb12|Lamb12]] 21:59, 19 June 2008 (EDT)

== Question ==

''Examples of not-quite-the-best intellectual promoters of liberal arguments''

Who would you say are the best intellectual promoters of liberal arguments? And who would you say are real, rather than pseudo, intellectuals?

[[User:Pachyderm|Pachyderm]] 06:32, 5 September 2007 (EDT)

: I'll clarify. What that means is "not-quite-intellectual". Godspeed.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 09:44, 5 September 2007 (EDT)

Henry Kissinger, Richard Nixon's right-hand man, is a liberal? By what standard? [[User:Jonquil|Jonquil]]

:Excerpt:
::"When Rockefeller lost the Republican nomination to Nixon, Kissinger told Dean Brown, an American diplomat, that he would have to abstain. "I could never vote for Nixon, of course, and that clown Humphrey would never make a President." Publicly he called Nixon "the most dangerous" of the candidates." [http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Kissinger/Advisor_Sideshow.html] [[User:RobSmith|Rob Smith]] 18:37, 21 November 2007 (EST)

:::Anyone that didn't want to vote for Nixon is a liberal? Really? Don't you want to spend a bit more time thinking about this one? --[[User:Favre4Pope|Favre4Pope]] 18:39, 21 November 2007 (EST)
::::You may be missing the point; [[Nelson Rockefeller]] is considered a liberal Republican; indeed "Rockefeller Republican" is still the common term used to refer to liberal Republicans. Henry Kissinger was a Rockefeller Republican, and was one of Nelson Rockefeller's closest advisers. When Nixon beat Rocky for the '68 GOP nomination, Kissinger was a survivor of Rocky's organization who made to the White House. Kissinger voted against Nixon in the primaries.

::::So the idea that Nixon & Kissinger are Siamese twins is just, once again, pure liberal crap. Nothing surprising in that, really. [[User:RobSmith|Rob Smith]] 20:20, 21 November 2007 (EST)

:::::You should quit playing dumb and deal with the conversation directly, rather than pussy-footing around irrelevant gibberish. --[[User:Favre4Pope|Favre4Pope]] 20:38, 21 November 2007 (EST)
::::::The question was answered point blank, duh.
::::::BTW, is there a hint of anti-[[Catholicism]] in your user name? [[User:RobSmith|Rob Smith]] 20:56, 21 November 2007 (EST)

:::: The more [[Richard Nixon]] relied on [[Henry Kissinger]], the less [[conservative]] Nixon became. [[Conservatives]] always knew that Kissinger was not conservative, and for that reason [[Ronald Reagan]] resisted the intense [[liberal]] pressure to include Kissinger as an adviser.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 00:09, 22 November 2007 (EST)

== Achievements ==
I know that this is an essay, and it reflects your personal opinion, which you are of course entitled to. I'm confused about why you say that the people on your list are "short on intellectual achievements." You list, in order,
*A U.S. Senator/Presidential candidate
*A U.S. Senator/Vice President/Presidential candidate/lecturer
*A Governor/President of the United States
*An Oxford faculty member/influential scientist
*A Harvard faculty member/influential scientist/author
*A Harvard Law faculty member/influential expert on constitutional law
*A U.S. Secretary of Defense/President of World Bank
*A Nobel laureate/U.S. Secretary of State/major player in US foreign policy for a decade
*A successful theoretical physicist who led the effort to develop the most important weapon in world history
*A popular comedian and talk show host (not sure who seriously considers Jon Stewart an intellectual per se, but he does provide social commentary, so I'll give you a point for this one)
*An M.I.T. faculty member/successful philosopher, author
*A successful economist who was given the title of Baron for his work
Most people would probably call that a pretty impressive list of achievements for "wannabes or pseudo-intellectuals."
While I understand that you don't agree with a lot of those men, it doesn't mean that they haven't accomplished anything. Arguments against their ideologies would be more effective if they were made without trying to blow off their achievements as insignificant.--[[User:Bayes|Bayes]] 23:26, 5 September 2007 (EDT)

::This essay tells us more about the author than it does about the subject. Is [[ad hominem]]ism not a Liberal [[Template:Attack page|activity]]?

:::''Thou hypocrite, first cast out the beam out of thine own eye; and then shalt thou see clearly to cast out the mote out of thy brother's eye.''

:::''And it came to pass, when Jesus had finished these words, the multitudes were astonished at his teaching:''
:::''for he taught them as one having authority, and not as their scribes.''
:::(Matthew 7)

::Godspeed [[User:JSmith|JSmith]] 08:27, 6 September 2007 (EDT)

: The above [[liberal]] protesteth too much to the insight of this essay.

: Bayes illustrates the [[liberal]] love of bureaucracy and meaningless "achievements". He does not list a true intellectual accomplishment. Nothing in his list advanced knowledge or provided any meaningful benefit to others. Instead, as in the [[Wizard of Oz]], Bayes attaches great significance to honors awarded by other [[liberals]]. Try to find a true intellectual achievement by any of the listed [[liberals]]. Can't be done, so they strive for acclaim by fellow [[liberals]] instead.

: JSmith, you win the prize for playing the hypocrite card, which is so overused by [[liberals]]. You even cite the [[Bible]]. Are you a real devotee to the [[Bible]]???

: Thanks, you gave me good fodder to add to the [[liberal style]] entry.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 09:21, 6 September 2007 (EDT)

Shakespearian references aside, let me try to understand your reasoning. You say that receiving Nobel Prizes, becoming widely recognized in an academic field, or becoming President of the United States does not represent an intellectual achievement. You then say that nothing on the list above advanced knowledge or provided meaningful benefit. That position is simply absurd. By your standards, Reagan, Teller, and the Founding Fathers aren't intellectuals either. Then, when I point out your untenable position, you attack me for my so-called "love of bureaucracy" and compare my opinions to the Wizard of Oz story.

Your response says more than you wanted it to. This essay really is a demonstration of the ''ad hominem'' fallacy; you selectively choose people you disagree with, then claim that they're not "real" intellectuals, and so, of course, they must be wrong. It's only a rephrasing of "These people are stupid, so they're wrong." You then choose to mock me and JSmith on this page, again showing your tendency to use personal attacks.

What is an example of what you would consider a "true" intellectual achievement? Do all "true" intellectuals also happen to be conservatives? Can any liberal hope to be a "true" intellectual?--[[User:Bayes|Bayes]] 11:22, 6 September 2007 (EDT)

: Bayes, you continue to protesteth too much. What constitutes a true intellectual achievement is obvious: an insight, a remarkable writing or speech, an idea, an invention, a proof, a concept, an advance in knowledge, etc. Reagan's [[Strategic Defense Initiative]], for example, or his "tear down this wall" speech. [[Teller]]'s H-Bomb. The Founding Father's [[U.S. Constitution]]. The [[liberal]] obsession with meaningless bureaucratic honors, often awarded by fellow [[liberals]], is baffling, a silly as the awards given in the [[Wizard of Oz]].--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 12:25, 6 September 2007 (EDT)

Ok, so those are examples of what you consider to be intellectual achievements. I agree. Now, why do you consider Teller's role in hydrogen bomb development an achievement, but Oppenheimer's role in fission bomb development is not? I see you've added to the essay, and you claim that Oppenheimer isn't an intellectual because he didn't win a Nobel Prize in physics. Tell me, how many Nobel Prizes did Teller, one of your examples of intellectuals, win? I'll also point out that Kissinger DID win a Nobel Prize, and yet he appears on this list. You seem to want it both ways--you are trying to claim Oppenheimer is not an intellectual because he doesn't have a Nobel Prize, but then you say that any prize that was actually awarded is meaningless because it was awarded by "liberals."

Your remarks about others on the list are just as dubious in their relevance. Reagan was an actor before he entered politics; does that diminish his later intellectual accomplishments? I don't think so. Similarly, the disparaging "you got bad grades in college, so you can't accomplish anything worthwhile" comments next to some of the names are not appropriate.

I'd still like to hear your answer to this question: Can anyone whom you label as "liberal" be a "true" intellectual?--[[User:Bayes|Bayes]] 14:25, 6 September 2007 (EDT)

:''Add-on:'' I also don't see how being a privileged youth disqualifies one from being an intellectual. The majority of the scientific establishment was at one time composed of the nobility, since they were the people with the time and money for such pursuits. The merit of any body of knowledge is not dependent on the personal circumstances of its discoverer.--[[User:Bayes|Bayes]] 14:55, 6 September 2007 (EDT)

:: If you think the [[liberal]]s on the list achieved something intellectually, then just tell us what that was. Winning a gold star from a fellow liberal doesn't cut it. Instead, this group is notable for being intellectual wannabees, such as claiming credit for the internet or plagiarizing or self-promotion.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 17:17, 6 September 2007 (EDT)

::: Have you read the account on Snopes about what was actually said with respect to Al Gore and the Internet?[http://www.snopes.com/quotes/internet.asp] --[[User:Rutm|Rutm]] 17:21, 6 September 2007 (EDT)

:::: I don't have to. I remember reading the transcript, and I think I even saw the interview at the time. Gore tried to take credit for the internet. I didn't say that Gore claimed to have invented the internet.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 18:19, 6 September 2007 (EDT)

So you reserve license to publicly degrade others, and then give me the task of doing your research for you? You are the author of this essay, in which you essentially call your political opponents stupid and overrated. The burden of proof is on YOU to defend your claims and refute the achievements of these respected people, since YOU are making those statements. So far, your justifications have been along the lines of "his parents had money" and "he got bad grades in college." Did you know Clinton was a Rhodes scholar?

In any case, I've already provided an example: Oppenheimer led the effort to develop the atomic bomb. You credit Teller for H-bomb work, but not Oppenheimer for A-bomb work. How do you justify that position?

I would still like to know: Can someone be both "liberal" and an "intellectual"?--[[User:Bayes|Bayes]] 17:39, 6 September 2007 (EDT)

: Bayes, you continue to cite [[liberal]] awards, like "Rhodes scholar." You don't seem to grasp the point here, or you don't want to. I'm talking about true intellectual achievement, not resume building stuff.

:: Someone should do an article on [[Heather Wilson]], which includes her past achievements. --[[User:Rutm|Rutm]] 18:41, 6 September 2007 (EDT)

: [[Teller]] did real [[physics]]. [[Oppenheimer]] was the manager at [[Los Alamos]] who made sure people got their mail and had a room to stay in. Please attempt to understand the difference.

: Your question about whether someone can be [[liberal]] and a true intellectual is beyond the scope of this essay. It's a rare combination at best.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 18:19, 6 September 2007 (EDT)

Thank you for your response to that question. I do think it's relevant to this essay, since the inclusion of conservatives on this "pseudo-intellectuals" list, as well as liberals on any "intellectuals" list, would provide evidence that this is not just an ''ad hominem'' attack.

I pointed out the Rhodes scholarship because you portray Clinton as a failure in his studies. Whatever political aspects of the Rhodes scholarship application you believe are present, I think you can agree that they are not awarded to people who are dolts. It seems that your definition of a "liberal award" is any award won by someone you disagree with.

With regard to Oppenheimer/Teller, I suggest you become better acquainted with physics and the history of the Manhattan Project before you trash Oppenheimer as merely a "manager". The [[Born-Oppenheimer approximation]], the [[Oppenheimer-Phillips process]], and the [[Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff limit]] are ideas within quantum physics and astrophysics that are named for him. For the Manhattan Project, he did important calculations relating to fast neutrons. So, despite your claims to the contrary, he was in fact very successful at "real" physics, in your terms. You would do well to refrain from denigrating Oppenheimer in terms of his science; it's just not going to work.

I reiterate my claim that you are inconsistent in lauding Teller while smearing Oppenheimer. It is becoming more apparent that you are putting folks on this list simply because you disagree with their politics and not because they actually have intellectual failures.--[[User:Bayes|Bayes]] 18:44, 6 September 2007 (EDT)

:Dear Mr. Schlafly. Thank you for the prize. I hope my [[Bible]] citation was correct. It would be a shame if I quoted something, for example [[Shakespeare]], and got it horribly wrong. I'm glad you found my contribution useful. It is a pleasure to have been of help. Oh by the way, would you be so kind as to list the intellectual achievements of your own which enable you to sit on such a high pedestal pontificating about the achievements or lack thereof by intellectual wannabees and pseudo-intellectuals. Godspeed [[User:JSmith|JSmith]] 09:44, 7 September 2007 (EDT)

:: Well done, JSmith, you exhibited two examples of [[liberal style]], now ranked #7 on Google searches, in just one sentence:

::* #7) over-reliance on accusations of hypocrisy
::* #25) using non sequiturs in argument

:: Surely you don't think that it's unfair to question whether someone promoted as an intellectual really is one. In Christ,--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 19:16, 7 September 2007 (EDT)

:::Mr Smith is unfortunately no longer able to continue this discussion. TK [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Special%3AIpblocklist&action=search&limit=&ip=JSmith blocked] him. Assumedly for holding this discussion. Would you like to comment sir? [[User:BLocke|BLocke]] 10:00, 9 September 2007 (EDT)

"Richard Dawkins lasted only 2 years teaching at University of California, Berkeley, a mere lecturer at Oxford until a wealthy ally donated a professorship for him"

Oh, a mere lecturer at Oxford? And Bush's resume is so much more impressive than that. - Barry Sherman

: Bush does not use his credentials to claim any intellectual superiority.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 13:05, 1 June 2008 (EDT)

And? That article is obviously an attempt to make liberals look intellectually inferior. - Barry Sherman

==Motivation==

An interesting essay Mr.Schlafly. I'm curious to know your postion on the corollary of your listed arguments, i.e., do you believe that:

*Cutting taxes increases Government revenue
*Increased gun ownership assures a safer society
*Women should give birth to every baby conceived
*Wars should be fought until a combatant is completely destroyed, without pause for negotiation
*The best thing for humanity would be to increase the worldwide supply of armaments ad infinitum
*Discrimination cannot be quantified
*Women are inferior to men
*Homosexuals deserve no freedoms
*The Government should make no attempt to reduce poverty

[[User:OldFaithful|OldFaithful]] 13:45, 6 September 2007 (EDT)

: After your first two, your "corollaries" are actually severe distortions of the points in the entry.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 13:51, 6 September 2007 (EDT)

Ok, let me try another 'corollarization', if you'll pardon the concoction! Please bear with me, I am not interested in twisting your words, merely clarifying your position.

*Cutting taxes increases Government revenue
*Increased gun ownership assures a safer society
*Abortion harms health
*Ceasefires are pointless
*Arms limitation treaties are pointless
*Discrimination cannot be quantified by viewing outcomes
*Genders are not equal
*African Americans are more deserving of civil rights than homosexuals
*The Government should make no further attempt to reduce poverty

Is this better? [[User:OldFaithful|OldFaithful]] 14:14, 6 September 2007 (EDT)

: Your "corollarization" is still twisted, of course, particularly on points 2 ("assures"), 4-5 ("are pointless"), 6 ("cannot be quantified"), and 9 ("no further attempt"). But you're right with point 1, 3 and 7-8, and increased gun ownership does decrease crime, including violent crime.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 14:21, 6 September 2007 (EDT)

OK, here's another try - and thanks for your pointers.

*Cutting taxes increases Government revenue
*Increased gun ownership helps towards a safer society
*Abortion harms health
*In war, ceasefires have no useful effect
*Arms limitation treaties have no useful effect
*Discrimination cannot be fully quantified by viewing outcomes only
*Genders are not equal
*African Americans are more deserving of civil rights than homosexuals
*The Government is not fully capable of reducing poverty

I'm having a hard time writing corollaries of the ceasefire, arms treaty, and poverty topics, so please forgive me as I clumsily try and get closer to your position. [[User:OldFaithful|OldFaithful]] 14:31, 6 September 2007 (EDT)

Mr.Schalfly, a user by the name of 'TK' has alerted me to your 90/10 rule. However, I pointed out that I obviously cannot contribute to your essay, since it is completely yours. Should I stop discussing your essay? I should point out that what I was hoping to do was clarify the corollaries to your points so that I could write an essay entitled Conservative Intellectualism, which would then state clearly defined positions held by conservative intellectuals. I can't write that article until we agree on the definitions, obviously. Should I listen to TK and stop, or do you wish me to continue on my path? It is your essay, and, I believe, your site, so I will abide by whatever you say. [[User:OldFaithful|OldFaithful]] 15:26, 6 September 2007 (EDT)

*Do not try to insert [[deceit]] here, OldFaithful. I alerted as well as welcomed you. Most of us manage to do both kinds of posts, and I am sure after a while, you will be better able to multi-task as well! Carry on. --[[User:TK|şŷ�?ô�?-₮K]][[User_Talk:TK|Ṣ�?ёаќǃ]] 15:41, 6 September 2007 (EDT)

Oh I'm not trying to use deceit, I can assure you. I'm only interested in clarifying - to the agreement of Mr.Schlafly - the position this essay takes. Defining the corollary of an argument is usually a very good way to define the argument itself, I find. Thanks for your understanding, TK. [[User:OldFaithful|OldFaithful]] 15:44, 6 September 2007 (EDT)

: OldFaithful, the point of the 90/10 [[rule]] is to ensure some productive activity in addition to discussion. As you can see, there are many other entries here (over 16,000) that we can all improve while we continue this discussion. Thanks much and we do welcome you.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 16:07, 6 September 2007 (EDT)

Mr.Schlafly, I have started a discussion on the page [[Talk:Essay:Conservative Intellectualism]] about replacing the liberally written content there with material that is more suitable to this forum. I have pasted in our corollaries from today - the ones you were happy with - and would love if you could particpate in the building of that article too. Yours, [[User:AncientSage|AncientSage]] 21:35, 6 September 2007 (EDT)

== Response ==

In reply to your list above:

* Cutting taxes increases Government revenue

Right, assuming current levels of taxation. See [[Laffer Curve]].

* Increased gun ownership helps towards a safer society

Right. No one seriously disputes this. See [[John Lott]].

* Abortion harms health

Right. No one seriously disputes this, just as no one credibly denies that childbirth is good for health.

* In war, ceasefires have no useful effect

True when faced with a determined enemy, like the [[communist]] North Vietnamese.

* Arms limitation treaties have no useful effect

True when faced with a [[deceit]]ful enemy, like the [[communist]] [[Soviet Union]].

* Discrimination cannot be fully quantified by viewing outcomes only

Obviously true.

* Genders are not equal

Obviously true.

: While it is obvious that the genders are not the same, what are the implications of this statement? Should the [[19th amendment]] be undone? Is unequal pay for the same work fair? What other implications that I'm not familiar with are there? --[[User:Rutm|Rutm]] 16:55, 6 September 2007 (EDT)

:*It was obvious to me that Andy was talking about the physiological differences, not social. --[[User:TK|şŷ�?ô�?-₮K]][[User_Talk:TK|Ṣ�?ёаќǃ]] 16:59, 6 September 2007 (EDT)

:: If that is the case, then that needs to be said. All of the other points in this list are about social issues, government policies and the like. To say that the genders are not equal in this context seems to be to be very much about the social differences of the genders. This is especially true when reading up on some of the conservative speakers and their positions on gender equality. Phyllis Schlafly statements about the equal rights ammendment[http://thinkexist.com/quotes/phyllis_schlafly/], and Ann Coulter has written on reconsidering the 19th ammendment[http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a38a7cb4c3104.htm]. What is meant by "Genders are not equal - obviously true" needs to be spelled out so there cannot be any misinterpretation of the message that is intended. --[[User:Rutm|Rutm]] 17:08, 6 September 2007 (EDT)

I do think that the physiological differences between men and women - which are clearly undeniable - do have an impact on issues of pay. I don't believe, for example, that it is fair to pay women soldiers the same as the men soldiers, as they cannot carry as much weight or make themselves as useful to the unit due to their reduced physicality. Mind you, I'm sure I'm not alone in thinking that women shouldn't be anywhere in the miltary other than desk jobs at home in the US - but that's another issue. [[User:OldFaithful|OldFaithful]] 17:14, 6 September 2007 (EDT)

* African Americans are more deserving of civil rights than homosexuals

Right, and many African Americans are rightly offended by [[liberal]] attempts to analogize the two.

* The Government is not fully capable of reducing poverty

Obviously true. Even [[Jesus]] observed that there will unfortunately always be poverty.

--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 16:35, 6 September 2007 (EDT)

A fantastic response Mr.Schlafly, I'm very grateful indeed. A few questions come to mind from your responses, and they're all about trying to write 'rules' or points of policy that do not require conditions. Conditionals ("when facing a determined enemy") cloud meaning, and if they're required, it shows lack of strength in the statement. I'm trying to find the simplest, generalised statements that work.

*Perhaps we should say "Every woman should give birth to children", since it's good for health?
*Since almost every enemy likely thinks of themselves as 'determined', what is a good general policy statement on ceasefires that does not include that conditional statement? If ceasefires are useless against determined enemy, do they have some use against less determined enemies? Maybe ceasefires shouldn't be a rule, if we cannot be clear about them without conditional statements?
*And since any combatant will be deceitful in war, how can we clarify the statement on arms treaties? "Arms treaties are never a good idea"?
*"Homosexuals do not deserve civil rights". Is that a reasonable extrapolation of your point?
*Is it a reasonable extrapolation of the last point to say that "Poverty is uneradicable". Even though that might be wrong, I'm trying to get these statements to be snappy soundbites like that. It really helps to convey the message to younger people.

Looking forward to your thoughts, I remain, [[User:OldFaithful|OldFaithful]] 17:05, 6 September 2007 (EDT)

: OldFaithful, your restatements of the points are distortions. We don't do that here. Not a single one of your restatements conveys the clear, straightforward, and undeniable truth in the original statements. Instead, your restatements either marginalize the point so that it loses meaning (e.g., by omitting [[abortion]]), or makes assumptions that are untrue (e.g., every enemy is "determined" and "deceitful", or that homosexuals "do not deserve civil rights" which of course they already enjoy like everyone else).

: The 90/10 [[rule]] against endless talk is enforced. Please abide by it.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 17:42, 6 September 2007 (EDT)

Oh I certainly intend to, I will revert to the last set of definitions you were happy with and will write the article. Please excuse my new name as I was blocked by TK by accident. [[User:NewFaithful|NewFaithful]] 20:18, 6 September 2007 (EDT)

I'm very confused. I keep getting banned fomr this site. All I have been doing is trying to write a good, conservative article as an essay on Conservative Intellectualism. But now I see that my comments are being removed - I don't know why - from this Talk page, and also now from the aricle I was attmpeting to argue FOR!. I think I am being confused for others perhaps? Contributing to this site is anything but easy. [[User:Worshipper|Worshipper]] 23:57, 6 September 2007 (EDT)

===real intellectuals===
i think it would be helpful for this discussion if we had another essay about real intellecuals. liberal, conservative, or moderate. there are a few examples given on this page, but i think more might answer questions about who is included and who isn't. the founding fathers are a good example. i would be against people being included just for being well known conservatives. i admire much about george w bush, for example, but i wouldn't call him an "intellectual". he didn't run as one, and we didn't elect him for that. [[User:AuH2O|AuH2O]]

*And yet his college record, and ''two degrees'', from one of the paramount educational institutions in the world, would indicate at least a higher level of intelligence. And a higher GPA than John Kerry. --[[User:TK|şŷŝôρ-₮K]][[User_Talk:TK|Ṣρёаќǃ]] 00:12, 7 September 2007 (EDT)

i'm not sure "smarter than kerry" makes him an intellectual. also, jon stewart should probably be removed. he's an entertainer. i don't think he or anyone else really makes much of a claim that he's an intellectual. [[User:AuH2O|AuH2O]]

== Clinton ==
''may have virtually flunked out of the pre-med program at Georgetown, never released his grades, no original work or ideas''

'May have'? Did he or didn't he? Just 'may have' is gossip. And where did Clinton ever claim (or have it claimed for him) to be an intellectual? Indeed, how many US presidents, Rep or Dem, fit into that category? [[User:Pachyderm|Pachyderm]] 07:27, 7 September 2007 (EDT)

==I couldn't resist==

I'm sorry, but why on earth is that considered to be a genuine work on this wiki? The whole thing is nuts. Loopdy loopder. Just because someone declares themselves a Liberal doesn't mean they claim to be an intellectual. Its flattering you would think so much of us, but thats just nuts. No, the problem here is that people assume so much. And Gandhi? Give me a break.

What about the great Liberal intellectuals - Galileo, Einstein, Mandela, Lincoln, The Dalai Lama? What are they, accidents? [[User:Graham|Graham]] 18:52, 22 September 2007 (EDT)

A work which cannot be defended on its merits is a work that shouldn't be defended at all. This should be deleted and the creator should apologise for marking the world with this insanity. [[User:Graham|Graham]] 06:57, 24 September 2007 (EDT)

*Perhaps some rest? --[[User:TK|şŷŝôρ-₮K]][[User_Talk:TK|Ṣρёаќǃ]] 07:06, 24 September 2007 (EDT)

== "intellectual wannabees or pseudo-intellectuals" ==

Okay, what on Earth are Noam Chomsky (guy who came up with the Chomsky Hierarchy, which is quite influential in theoretical Computer Sciences) and John Maynard Keynes (quoting CP: "His ideas were highly influential leading to him generally being credited as being one of the founding fathers of modern theoretical macroeconomics.") doing on a list of pseudo-intellectuals?

These are people who vastly influenced their field of study with their intellectual contributions. --[[User:Jenkins|Jenkins]] 08:19, 24 September 2007 (EDT)
:I don't think there's any question regarding Keynes liberal intellectual credentials; libs have even co-opted him posthumously in the gay rights movement. Chomsky is more less the undisputed chief grand pubba guru of modern liberal intellectualism. [[User:RobS|Rob Smith]] 14:16, 24 September 2007 (EDT)

::Your answer doesn't quite seem to fit to my question. How does their political view lessen their contributions? I'm not arguing that they're conservative, liberal or whatever, but why are they "pseudo-intellectual"? Here is something Andy said on this very page:
{{cquote|What constitutes a true intellectual achievement is obvious: an insight, a remarkable writing or speech, an idea, an invention, a proof, a concept, an advance in knowledge, etc.}}
::Being credited with the title "founding father of modern macroeconomics" and having had a remarkable impact on theoretical Computer Sciences count as such intellectual achievements in my eyes. Are you saying they're not? --[[User:Jenkins|Jenkins]] 14:23, 24 September 2007 (EDT)

This whole section is pretty dumb and should be deleted. I don't think whoever authored it understands what a psuedo-intellectual is. Harvard professors and world class mathematicians are not psuedo-intellectuals, they are the very definition of intellectuals. ----[[user:grah|grah]] 09:45 27 February 2008 (EST)

==Liberal intellectualism and the Cold War==
Here's a good description of liberal intellectualism that caused the [[Cold War]]:

:"There is a thing we might call the cult of intellectualism, which includes a good many people who are not intellectuals. It embraces a number of top-lofty souls who imagine they swim in some more luminous ether than the harsh air near the ground of reality. In many it is little more than a pose. There were others who saw in [[Russia]] a mixture of good and bad elements and who imagined that, by some alchemy, the bad might one day be eliminated and the good assume the mastery. At the bottom of this notion was the conviction that society had gotten out of hand, that the modern society contains so many hostile elements that there is no way to order and peace and finally to the good life for all, save under the assumption of control by the "experts" to produce a [[planned society]]. These people had managed to dress up and perfume this notion in such a way that they could support it without even being called [[socialist]]s. They saw in Russia a historic and dramatic experiment to produce the good life through a planned society. It was a first trial, full of missteps and pitfalls. They have been willing to excuse the mistakes and even the cruelties of the experimenters in Moscow, hoping that out of it might come something that the world could use.

:"They indignantly deny the imputation of [[communism]]. They do not even like to be called socialists. The term "planned society" appeals to them, expresses their philosophy without the ugly proletarian stain of the socialist or Communist labels. The remodeling of society is a job not for the ranting soapboxers of Union Square, but for the engineers, the scientists, the philosophers and the experts generally. It is in reality socialism in cap and gown or even in a high hat and frock coat. The truth is that in certain quarters it had simply become out of style to believe in the thing called capitalism. It is not the style to believe in communism. But it is a mark of the large mind not to be narrowly intolerant of communism, and among these gentry it had come to be a little vulgar to defend capitalism. When we add to this the fact that the organized Communists and near-Communists in America had something like a million votes to deliver in critical polling places in a few industrial states, we can begin to perceive how a mixture of lofty philosophy and low politics could produce their strange tolerance for [[Stalin]] and his gang.<ref>''While You Slept : Our Tragedy in Asia and Who Made It'', John T. Flynn, New York : The Devin - Adair Company, 1951, [http://www.mises.org/books/whileyouslept.pdf pg. 37 - 38] pdf.</ref> [[User:RobSmith|Rob Smith]] 22:28, 27 September 2007 (EDT)
<references/>

==Kerry==

Kerry was a priviledged youth? What's that got to do with anything? I guess you could say the same about George W. Bush. [[User:Maestro|Maestro]] 16:18, 16 October 2007 (EDT)
:oh no...a kid just got tasered over this very question....[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6bVa6jn4rpE] [[User:RobSmith|Rob Smith]] 16:29, 16 October 2007 (EDT)
::Both were ''privileged''. How one approaches life, and one's conclusions about most things, are shaped by that. --[[User:TK|şŷŝôρ-₮K]][[User_Talk:TK|/Ṣρёаќǃ]] 16:43, 16 October 2007 (EDT)
:::Then why even mention it? Do you mention Bill Clinton came from a poor background? [[User:Maestro|Maestro]] 16:45, 16 October 2007 (EDT)

== a few comments ==

Are there any references for your revelation that J Robert Oppenheimer "just sorted the mail" or however you put it? I have read a couple of his biographies and that detail, if present, was obscured with all of the details on his research and experiments in developing the atomic bomb. Carl Sagan, quoted from conservapedia's own article on him, was a professor of astronomy at Cornell. His theories, whether you agree with them or not, do have scientific and mathematical backing. Disagreeing with someone's theories does not make that person a "not quite intellectual" as you put it. And finally, Stephen Hawking is widely considered to be the smartest person, if not in the world, then definitely within the scientific community. And although his initial theory was incorrect, by his own admittance, he and others eventually corrected it into what I believe is currently the most accepted theory. Very rarely is a scientific theory correct on the first try, especially on something as difficult to study as a black hole. So I'm not quite sure how/why Hawking qualifies as a "not quite intellectual". --[[User:BillOhannity|BillOhannity]] 18:46, 14 November 2007 (EST)

== Stephen Hawking Not An Intellectual? ==

Stephen Hawking, despite his worldwide-recognized advancements in the fields of theoretical cosmology and quantum gravity, as well as his contributions to other subfields of physics...is NOT an intellectual? I'm baffled by that claim, as I never even contemplated that someone would argue against his being considered an intellectual, if not one of the most brilliant physicists of our time. --[[User:Jdellaro|Jdellaro]] 13:13, 25 January 2008 (EST)

:I also think this is incredibly bizzare. Hawking was wrong about black holes? So?
He was right about Hawking radiation (hence the name)and is considered one of the world leading astrophysicists by liberals and conservatives. And Carl Sagan made great strides in exobiology.
Really strange ideas here Aschlafly.
Darwin a poor student? So was Einstein.
How about -
George W Bush, privilaged youth, poor student, ran several companies into the ground, bailed out by his father, can barely speak coherent english, has some of the worst approval ratings of any president and is disliked the world over.
[[User:MetcalfeM|MetcalfeM]] 16:35, 20 February 2008 (EST)
::I have to agree that Stephen Hawking is a brilliant man, who's taken the human mind farther than many of his peers. I disagree with the parts of his work that assume a billion-billion whatever year old universe, but I pride myself on being able to look past that to the true genius, not to mention the heroism he demonstrates on a daily basis for overcoming his crippling condition. The man is an American treasure and a credit to his nation.-[[User:MexMax|MexMax]] 16:56, 20 February 2008 (EST)

Ahhhhh dude, Stephen Hawking was born in Oxford, England. I'm not sure you could call him an American tresure. Incidently, interesting side note - Hawking was born on the anniversary of Galileo's death 300 years earlier.
[[User:MetcalfeM|MetcalfeM]] 17:07, 20 February 2008 (EST)
:But he teaches at CalTech (our treasure, credit to Britain).-[[User:MexMax|MexMax]] 18:07, 20 February 2008 (EST)

Fair enough :-)
[[User:MetcalfeM|MetcalfeM]] 18:09, 20 February 2008 (EST)

::: I'm not sure who stuck that bit in about Hawking. I'd have to check the history. I certainly agree that he's an inspiration on a personal level, and thus would be reluctant to criticism him. But, rising above emotion, when someone claims to be an intellectual, as Hawking's supporters certainly claim about him, it's fair game to probe the accuracy of the claims.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 17:04, 20 February 2008 (EST)

checking the accuracy of his claims is difficult when you consider his trade is theoretical physics. You cant say he is not an intellectual when you consider his lifes work and the respect he has worldwide.
[[User:MetcalfeM|MetcalfeM]] 17:07, 20 February 2008 (EST)

: The point the entry is to show how liberal-promoted intellectuals are not what liberals claim they are. I'm fine with taking Hawking out unless and until someone does more research. He's not a leading [[liberal]] as far as I know, so he probably should not be on the list anyway.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 19:27, 21 February 2008 (EST)

Personally I have done a lot of reading by Hawking and about Hawking and never once is his political leanings been mentioned nor have I heard of him being espoused primarily by liberals or conservatives. I think both sides of the political spectrum would agree with his intellectual capability. I remove it now and if anyone could prove he should be on this list I would be interested to hear their argument for inclusion. Thanks.
[[User:MetcalfeM|MetcalfeM]] 20:46, 23 February 2008 (EST)

When Hawking met the Pope in Rome in the 1990s, he demanded to see where [[Galileo]]s trial took place. Although the Pope was an elderly and physically unwell man, Hawking had no problem putting him through distress to meet his ends. There is no doubt, from anyone who has studied Hawking and his political positions, that he is an avowed [[Liberal]], and as a Liberal 'academic', deserves to be mentioned in the list. There is no such thing as an intelligent Liberal. [[User:BenSchumin|BenSchumin]] 07:25, 3 March 2008 (EST)

== Huh? ==

Kerry: Fought for his country
Gore: Actually look at the link you provided on the 'net
Bill Clinton: "may have virtually". So he might have almost?
Dawkins: Lecturer at Oxford is still very prestigious
Stephen Jay Gould: Any evidence for that?
Tribe: A professor at Harvard
McNamara: successfully managed the world bank
Oppenheimer: was key in developing the bomb (so what about leaks?)
Jon Stewart: No evidence at all
Chomsky: Actually, he did make significant advances in linguistics, not just "guesses"
Keynes: Policies still used today, influenced Hayek and Friedman as well
Foucault: See Jon stewart
Rachel Carson: Found to have errata by whom?
Bertrand Russell: He won a nobel in literature
Ward Churchill: Managed to become professor nonetheless
Sulzerberger: That says nothing about academic credentials. The same argument could apply to President bush
Darwin: How? Give evidence
Sagan: Again, more evidence. How do we know he was wrong? Maybe his claim made sense.
Clinton: What does that say about the rest of her career?

Since I would like to be banned by this website, I would like to say CENSORED

It is interesting how the Liberal places so much weight on winning a [[Nobel Prize]]. The Liberal obviously doesn't understand that the [[Nobel Prize]] is merely an award given by [[Liberal]]s to other [[Liberal]]s. Notice how the [[Liberal]] engages in the act of [[Deceit]] and the use of [[Profanity]], a favoured [[Liberal Style]] in debates. [[User:BenSchumin|BenSchumin]] 07:23, 3 March 2008 (EST)

== Gore Link ==

A slight problem- the link posted for Al Gore actually argues that he ''didn't'' claim that he invented the internet. --Dollfuss

: You're right: the link was to liberal claptrap. I've replaced it with Gore's actual quote and a link to the transcript.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 14:17, 1 June 2008 (EDT)

== Democrat v. Democratic ==

Rather than actually explain this to JPatt, I thought I'd share the lesson with all. If you read Jpatt's recent addition, you may (or may not) have determined it was supposed to be an "example" of "liberal intellectualism" to clarify between Democrat and Democratic. But in trying to explain it, Jpatt gets it all wrong. Democrats (correctly used) prefer not to be referred to as Democrat Senators, Democrat Representative, or the Democrat Party. Democrat is a NOUN, Democratic is an ADJECTIVE. Now, Jpatt is not an American, so we'll allow that perhaps he's not aware of the difference in the American language. To use Democrat as an adjective is considered a pejorative, and quite clearly explained here: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrat_Party_%28phrase%29 Wikipedia: Democrat Party (phrase)]. Now that it's cleared up, I think we can all agree that the difference between a noun and an adjective isn't a "liberal intellectualism" trait, but rather "third-grade English" knowledge. --[[User:Jareddr|Jareddr]] 19:30, 24 July 2008 (EDT)

== Mainspace ==

I thing that this article belongs to mainspace. This is not a ideological stance, only for consistency with a series of other articles with a Liberal theme. I am sorry if I said something wrong. I am new here but already read many articles. [[User:LiaraTRP|LiaraTRP]] 15:32, 28 August 2008 (EDT)

==Smear?==
Why was my entry on MLK removed as a smear? Even PC-opedia (wikipedia) admits he plagarized parts of his dissertation. His sexual transgressions are no secret and covered in his biography Let the Trumpet Sound by Stephen Oates (p. 265, 283) and its no secret he took most of his ideas from Gandhi and Thoreau, among others. It's all true. -Mike LaTorres

==Grammar lesson==
'''<nowiki>== Superiority Complex ==</nowiki>''' 
'''The liberal believes they are superior to others.'''
:One should decide beforehand whether to render this in the singular or in the plural, either: "The liberal believes he is superior..." or "Liberals believe they are..."
:That done, the entirety of the next sentence could be incorporated into the preceeding:

'''The liberals believe that they are mentally superior to others, claiming the intellectual high ground and warding away challengers with ridicule and other rhetorical devices that serve nothing more than to mock and deride.'''

:The next part is just silly. Democrat is a '''[[noun]]''', democratic is an '''[[adjective]]'''. Once those facts are accepted then the etymological screed below is seen in a different light. 
'''A good example is the classic Democrats versus Democratics statement. Liberal Intellectualism will say that it is not proper to use the sentence with the word Democrats, it must be proper, so it must be Democratics. However, 'Democrats' will suffice rather well and the reader understands regardless. There are many instances where Democratic politicians use the word Democrats. Howard Dean says "Democrats have a lot of work to do among seniors." The nation's liberal newspapers use the word Democrats. Google's spellcheck prefers Democrats. The website for congress is addressed 'democrats.senate.gov' Excuses for insisting are endless and a part of Liberal Intellectualism thinking.'''

Please endeavor to learn and know the basics of the language you are trying to write in before attempting to incorporate your thoughts into cogent arguments. Thank you. [[User talk:MargeryCampbell|Marge]] 16:51, 28 August 2008 (EDT)

== Rhodes Scholarship ==

The Rhodes Scholarship is political, and not given primarily based on academic merit. Hence the reversion was made.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 17:27, 28 August 2008 (EDT)

::This is from the Rhodes website:
:::"Intellectual distinction is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for election to a Rhodes Scholarship. Selection committees are charged to seek excellence in qualities of mind and in qualities of person which, in combination, offer the promise of effective service to the world in the decades ahead. The Rhodes Scholarships, in short, are investments in individuals rather than in project proposals. Accordingly, applications are sought from talented students without restriction as to their field of academic specialization or career plans although the proposed course of study must be available at Oxford, and the applicant's undergraduate program must provide a sufficient basis for further study in the proposed field. Through the years, Rhodes Scholars have pursued studies in all of the varied fields available at the University of Oxford."
[[User:MichaelAnderson|MichaelAnderson]] 17:35, 28 August 2008 (EDT)

:::: What do you expect its website to say ... that it welcomes pre-med dropouts having political ambitions???--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 17:59, 28 August 2008 (EDT)

==Feynman==
I am shocked that Feynman is on this list. The criticism that his work was theoretical rather than practical is an irrelevance, and given the enormous yield of his work it isn't even entirely true. Feynman diagrams have revolutionized how we look at QFT, and his work on quantum computing, including establishing the concept, have to count. [[User:Trinity123|Trinity123]]

:I removed him from the list. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 15:51, 6 February 2009 (EST)

== Pauling ==

Why is Linus Pauling on this list? He revolutionized the field of chemistry, and a lot of what he discovered is still taught in chemistry classes over a half century later. His position on vitamin C might have been misguided, but it shouldn't overshadow his previous work, and the fact that he was awarded two Nobel Prizes (I know that the Nobel Prize is ofter dismissed as a liberal pat on the back, but since it's mentioned as a reason Oppenheimer is included on this list, I figured that it's relevant).
:I know nothing of the man, public school educated. There are a few individuals on the list with other unmentioned contributions but their influences on [[liberal deceit]] merit making this list. I did not create this list and maybe you should direct your request to the author.--[[User:Jpatt|Jpatt]] 20:58, 12 October 2009 (EDT)
::I apologize, I thought that this essay was trying to discredit liberal scientists as not having real achievements, not just pointing out geniuses that happen to be liberal. Btw, Pauling is the person who came up with the property of electronegativity, and hypothesized the hybridization of atomic orbitals, he is certainly a giant in the field of chemistry. --[[User:MattF5034|MattF5034]] 21:17, 12 October 2009 (EDT)

:::Thanks for your catch. I cleared apparent vandalism out, and feel free to edit it yourself.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 23:38, 12 October 2009 (EDT)

== Wat ==

It seems sort of biased to me [[User:Jehosephat25|Jehosephat25]] 16:50, 2 March 2010 (EST)

Face

2010-03-02T17:56:56Z

Jehosephat25: Added eyebrows on list of face parts

The '''face''' is the front half of the [[head]]. It usually consists of [[eye]]s, a [[nose]], a [[mouth]], [[eyebrow]]s, and [[ear]]s.

[[Category:Anatomy]]

Eyebrow

2010-03-02T17:56:09Z

Jehosephat25: Created page with 'The '''eyebrow''' is the hairy region above the eye on the faces of humans.'

The '''eyebrow''' is the hairy region above the eye on the [[face]]s of [[human]]s.

Conservapedia:Debate Topics

2010-03-02T17:43:00Z

Jehosephat25: /* Debates about Conservapedia */

'''Debate topic suggestions, organized so that it's not necessary to delete them.'''

(Note: If some topic is miscategorized, it can be cut and pasted without affecting the relevant links.)

==Philosophical Debates==
# [[Debate:Can Conservapedia become the next Wikipedia, is this good or bad]]
# [[Debate:If there is no objective truth, then is the claim "there is no objective truth" also not an objective truth?]]
# [[Conservapedia:Does History Matter?|Does History Matter?]]
# [[Debate:Is a first cause of a process necessary, always possible, or sometimes impossible?]]
# [[Debate:Can Objectivism develop beyond Ayn Rand's original formulation?]]
# [[Debate:Can any man live without some code of morality?]]
# [[Debate:Does the universe include everything, or does something outside the universe exist?]]
# [[Debate:Why is there something rather than nothing?]]
# [[Conservapedia:Stem Cells| Embryonic Stem Cells: Why or why not?]]
# [[Debate:Why Reason?]]
# [[Debate:Why does the conservative media often an ugly undertone?]]
# [[Debate:Should pharmacists be forced to fill legal prescriptions they personally object to on moral grounds?]]
# [[Debate:What is the real love?]]
# [[Debate:who created God?]]
# [[Debate: Why have conservatives let themselves get a bad name?]]
# [[Debate: Is it possible for God to be timeless?]]
# [[Debate: Is it possible for man to live a moral life without religion?]]
# [[Debate: How do conservatives view the Open Source movement and software?]]
# [[Debate: At what point does "Human" life begin?]]

==Religious debates==
# [[Debate:Does God punish sinners for eternity?]]
# [[Debate: Should certain books be banned from libraries?]]
# [[Debate: Is communism founded on Christian doctrine?]]
# [[Debate:Should the first story of creation be read allegorically or literally?]]
# [[Debate:Is Scientology a false religion?]]
# [[Debate:Why do Moses, Ezra, Jesus, and Paul all disagree on divorce?]]
# [[Debate:Did Jesus ever claim to be God?]]
# [[Debate:Grave errors/inconsistencies in the Bible make literal translation worthless.]]
# [[Debate:Was Jesus born in the right time and place?]]
# [[Debate:What does Christianity say about homosexuality?]]
# [[Debate:If God does not exist, can anything be morally wrong?]]
# [[Debate:Did God create evil?]]
# [[Debate:Which Christian denomination is the most true to the central teachings of Christianity?]]
# [[Debate:If Jesus were alive to day, where on the political spectrum would he fall?]]
# [[Debate:Should Religion Play a Large Role in Modern Societies?]]
# [[Debate:Does the Bible (Old and the New Testament) have the infallible words of God?]]
# [[Debate:AntiSemitism]]
# [[Debate:Does Intelligent Design deny the Existence of God?]]
# [[Debate:Could God create a rock so heavy that he himself could not lift it?]]
# [[Debate:What is the relationship between religion and the human tendency to kill each other?]]
# [[Debate:Natural Disaster versus Act of God]]
# [[Debate:What is the Sabbath day?]]
# [[Debate:Is it possible to be a conservative and not a religious person or even an atheist?]]
# [[Debate:Why do we still perform Baptisms?]]
# [[Debate:Does the Resurrection negate Gods Sacrifice of his only son?]]
# [[Debate:If most Muslims learned their religion from their parents, just like us Christians, they will probably be hard to convert. So what can we do to save their souls?]]
# [[Debate:If_most_Christians_learned_their_religion_from_their_parents%2C_just_like_us_Muslims%2C_they_will_probably_be_hard_to_convert._So_what_can_we_do_to_save_their_souls%3F|Debate:If most Christians learned their religion from their parents, just like us Muslims, they will probably be hard to convert. So what can we do to save their souls?]]
# [[Debate:Does mainstream Islam endorse violence?]]
# [[Debate:Is religion morally wrong?]]
# [[Debate:Does the Bible display poor ethics and morals?]]
# [[Debate:Why the Bible|Debate:What makes the Bible a reliable source of knowledge besides tradition?]]
# [[Debate:Why should we be afraid of God?]]
# [[Debate:Do conservative Christians have an unquestioning faith which is comparable to that of the Party in the book 1984?]]
# [[Debate:Antisemitism]]
# [[Debate:Are Christianity and the Bible superior to other religions and scriptures?]]
# [[Debate:Is "Coercive Interrogation" consistent with Christian Values?]]
# [[Debate:Should all access to Conservapedia be banned on Sundays?]]
# [[Debate:Mary Magdalene - First Witness to the Resurrection - Significance?]]
# [[Debate:Was Christ a fundamentalist?]]
# [[Debate:Atheism vs. Deism]]
# [[Debate:Atheism vs. Pastafarianism]]
# [[Debate:Why is homosexuality so bad?]]
# [[Debate:Are Young Earth Creationists detracting others from the Faith?]]
# [[Debate:Would the Flood and Noah's Ark cause inbreeding?]]
# [[Debate:Is there 1 God or are there many gods?]]
# [[Debate: Can you be a true Christian and believe in evolution?]]
# [[Debate:Should gay marriage be allowed?]]
# [[Debate:Is atheism a religion?]]
# [[Debate: If not naturalism, how do we decide which supernatural explanation is correct?]]
# [[Debate: Are Catholics Christians?]]
# [[Debate: Do Atheist believe they have a soul?]]
# [[Debate:Were Judas' actions necessary and foreordained?]]
# [[Debate: Is it possible to voluntarily convert one's religion?]]
# [[Debate: Can Christianity exist without Apostles and Prophets?]]
# [[Debate: What do you think about the violence in the Bible?]]
# [[Debate: Could Christian denominations exist without the Catholic Church?]]
# [[Debate: Which version of the Bible should be used as the authoritative reference on Conservapedia?]]
# [[Debate: Should Christians celebrate Christmas?]]
#[[Debate:Either God is indecisive or the world's major religions have ALL got it wrong]]
#[[Debate:Creationist]]
#[[Debate:Did Joan of Arc truly hear voices?]]
#[[Debate:Do ALL suicides go to hell?]]
#[[Debate:Epicurus' Trilemma]]
#[[Debate: Why does God care if we worship Him or not? Is it His ego?]]
#[[Debate: Can God explain all of the conspiracy theories and all other phenonmena?]]

==Historical debates==
# [[Debate:Was Benjamin Franklin a deist?]]
# [[Debate:Was the European colonization of the Americas good for the native people?]]
# [[Debate:Was President George H. W. Bush wrong to leave Saddam in power in 1991?]]
# [[Debate:Which was worse? the Civil War and it's effects or slavery?]]
# [[Debate:Why are most actors turned politicians Republicans?]]
# [[Debate: Did the Founding Fathers intend to apply their personal faith to the nation "As an institution"?]]

==Political debates==
# [[Debate:Does Abstinence Only Education help or hurt us?]]
# [[Debate:Is homosexuality responsible for totalitarianism?]]
# [[Debate: Did the Founders have a religious motive?]]
# [[Debate: To what extent should we have obscenity laws]]
# [[Debate: Is communism founded on Christian doctrine?]]
# [[Debate:Why do we still have an embargo on Cuba?]]
# [[Debate:Has Britain Declined?]]
# [[Debate:Is illegal immigration control the answer to illegal immigration?]]
# [[Debate:Has Britain become the 51st State of the US?]]
# [[Debate:You think these Phd's are nuts?]]
# [[Debate:Does the European Union pose a threat to the United States?]]
# [[Debate:Which is true; progressive Liberal or regressive liberal]]
# [[Debate:Define torture]]
# [[Debate:Should the United States have entered World War I?]]
# [[Debate:Should the United States have entered World War II?]]
# [[Debate:Should the United States have eliminated communism in North Korea|Debate:Should the United States have eliminated communism in North Korea as General Douglas MacArthur wanted?]]
# [[Debate:Was the United States right to drop atomic bombs so quickly on Hiroshima and Nagasaki?]]
# [[Debate:Was it wrong for him to allow the attack in order to wake up the American public and motivate Americans to fight and win the war?|Debate:If President Roosevelt had known about the Pearl Harbor attack in advance, would it have been wrong for him to allow the attack in order to wake up the American public and motivate Americans to fight and win the war?]]
# [[Debate:Is gun-control the answer to crimes involving guns?]]
# [[Debate:Was world war inevitable?]]
# [[Debate:Does "free trade" increase wealth rather than simply redistribute it?]]
# [[Debate:Is it even possible to install democracy in a Muslim country?]]
# [[Debate:Is democracy even possible in Iraq?]]
# [[Debate:Should we have given the Panama Canal back to Panama?]]
# [[Debate:Should the United States leave the United Nations?]]
# [[Debate:Crusades... Good or Bad?]]
# [[Debate:Was American soldier Michael New right to refuse to fight wearing part of a United Nations uniform?]] See [[Michael New]]
# [[Debate:Which is a more powerful ideology, Islam or communism?]]
# [[Debate:Should the United States intervene in small countries to defeat communism there?]]
# [[Debate:Should public displays of the 10 Commandments be allowed under the constitution?]]
# [[Debate:Which has the best philosophy of education: the public school system, private schools, or the home school movement?]]
# [[Debate:Should We Support Democrats For Life.org?]]
# [[Debate:Women in the Military?]]
# [[Debate:Should students learn a foreign language?]]
# [[Debate:Why does the right side of the political spectrum tend to be more religous?|Debate:Why does the right side of the political spectrum tend to be more religious?]]
# [[Debate:Should there be a consistent standard on human rights applied to left and right?]]
# [[Debate:Should American companies be allowed to send their own troops into a war which America is participating in?]]
# [[Debate:Giuliani's lack of social conservative viewpoints should not stop you from voting for him.]]
# [[Debate:Is President Bush good for America?]]
# [[Debate:Is the Iraq War a success?]]
# [[Debate:Does single sex schooling promotes homesexuality?|Debate:Does Single sex schooling promote homosexuality?]]
# [[Debate:Is the murder of 3,000 people just a few or is it a lot? Does it make a difference if the murdered people are Americans?]]
# [[Debate:Does the media really have a liberal bias?]]
# [[Debate:What kind of leader will Democrats make if they run from debates on Fox?]]
# [[Debate:Are the Democrats capable of fighting terrorism?]]
# [[Debate:Can a rogue nation be thought of as a sovereign nation?]]
# [[Debate:Has Russia reinstalled stealth communism?]]
# [[Debate:Do we all know what Democrat Presidential candidates stand for yet?]]
# [[Debate:Define Civil War]]
# [[Debate:Should gun sales to terror suspects be allowed?]]
# [[Debate:Is Darwinism liberal or is it conservative?]]
# [[Debate:Why did God place most of the world's oil in politically unstable places?]]
# [[Debate:Restoring the USA image in the world, just a fancy phrase that means zilch?]]
# [[Debate:Placing the blame on how America got polarized]]
# [[Debate:Is most government criticism really patriotic?]]
# [[Debate:Is environmentalism mostly about preserving natural resources?]]
# [[Debate:Is the conservative stance on illegal immigration going to loose the Hispanic vote for the GOP in the 08' election?]]
# [[Debate:Third Party Debate]]
# [[Debate:Who kills more innocent people: religious believers or atheists?]]
# [[Debate:Preferred Democrat for the White House?]]
# [[Debate:Does Republican equal conservative? Does Democrat equal liberal?]]
# [[Debate:Obama's preacher.]]
# [[Debate:Should the United States begin Colonizing Space?]]
# [[Debate:Should the federal government have the power to define marriage?]]
# [[Debate:The Declaration of Independence or Interdependence?]]
# [[Debate:Should the U.S.A. abide by a withdrawal timetable if the Iraqi Parliament votes for one?]]
# [[Debate:Should U.S. troops be subject to Iraqi law if that allows our continued presence there?]]
# [[Debate:Should government restrictions on smoking be tightened or rolled back?]]
# [[Debate:Is Sarah Palin an asset or a liability to John McCain's candidacy?]]
# [[Debate:Is a candidate's military record relevant anymore?]]
# [[Debate:Should politicians be allowed to misspeak?]]
# [[Debate: What is sufficient proof that Obama is a Muslim?]]
# [[Debate:Is Obama a Muslim?]]
# [[Debate:Was McCain's threat to pull out of the debates a political stunt?]]
# [[Debate:If Obama Was Conservative]]
# [[Debate:What level of Gun Control is appropriate?]]
# [[Debate:Is the Bush administration's Conscience Rule a step forward or backward for U.S. Healthcare?]]
# [[Debate: Why do political views appear to be correlated with others?]]
#[[Debate:What should be America's policy toward Islam]]?
#[[Debate:Is the American Occupation of the Hawaiian Islands justified?]]
#[[Debate:Was the American involvement in the Vietnam War justified?]]
#[[Debate:Was the North right to prevent Southern secession in the US Civil War?]]
#[[Debate:Is the 2009 Stimulus Plan the right approach, and if not what would be?]]
# [[Debate:Is Obama being unfairly criticized, or is too much being expected of our new president?]]
# [[Is it possible to be conservative and know there is no possibility of there ever being a "God" and/or higher being?]]
# [[Debate:Is Obama an Atheist?]]
# [[Would anybody consider President Barry Soetoro a Muslim?]]

==Economic debates==
# [[Debate: Can there be price controls without shortages?]]
# [[Debate: Counterfeiting: A Moral Hazard]]
#[[Debate:Should Americans be required to buy health insurance?]]

==Scientific debates==
# [[Debate:Why haven't intelligent designists published a single scientific article?|Debate:If intelligent design is just as valid as evolution, where are all their scientific findings and publishings?]]
# [[Debate:Does Darwinian natural selection suggest that bigotry is a necessary self-defense mechanism?]]
# [[Debate:Is Darwinian natural selection compatible with Marxism?]]
# [[Debate:Is the theory of macroevolution true?]]
# [[Debate:Is Giving Birth the Bible Way Better?]]
# [[Debate:Should Creationism/Intelligent design be taught as a scientific alternative to evolution in public schools?]]
# [[Debate:Is global warming evident, and if so, is this the fault of man, and how must man stop it?]]
# [[Debate:If the universe is young and it takes light millions of years to reach us from far off stars, how can we see them?]]
# [[Debate:God, Earth and Global Warming]]
# [[Debate:Is the evidence in favor of evolution convincing?|Is the evidence in favor of evolution convincing?]]
# [[Debate:If the Bible didn't contain a creation story, would anyone even consider the idea of a young earth?|Debate:If the Bible didn't contain a creation story, would anyone even consider the idea of a young earth?]]
# [[Debate:Is Relativity in direct conflict with the Genesis account?]]
# [[Debate:Who feels that scientific related articles should only reference published research papers instead of websites when dealing with research instead of application?]]
# [[Debate:If it could be unambiguously demonstrated that man is NOT the most evolved animal, then would this support or refute ther idea of Creation by God?|Debate:If it could be unambiguously demonstrated that man is NOT the most evolved animal]]
# [[Debate:Why are God's works always questioned?]]
# [[Debate:Are there any elements of choice, when it comes to carrying out homosexual acts?|Debate:Are there any elements of choice]]
# [[Debate:Listing the Earth's most pressing needs in urgent order of fixing]]
# [[Debate:Is homosexuality a mental illness?]]
# [[Debate:Can the science of evolution be separated from the philosophy of it?]]

==Debates about Conservapedia==
# [[Debate:Is Conservapedia representing a conservative POV or a Young Earth Creationist POV?]]
# [[Debate:Is Conservapedia anti-British?]]
# [[Debate:The liberal quotient of Conservapedia; what is it? Does it matter?]]
# [[Debate:Does bias impair Wikipedia's reliability?]]
# [[Debate:Should the term list entries be included in Conservapedia's entry count?]]
# [[Debate:How should Conservapedia work to avoid having a conservative bias?]]
# [[Debate:Can Conservapedia Succeed?]]
# [[Debate:Is Conservapedia fair and balanced?]]
# [[Debate:How can we protect Conservapedia by distinguishing real conservative encyclopedia articles from satires written by liberals?]]
# [[Debate:What exactly is Conservapedia?]]
# [[Debate:Was the media attention needed?]]
# [[Debate:Conservapedia Debate Topics full of far left liberal netroots]]
# [[Debate:Which is true; progressive Liberal or regressive liberal]]
# [[Debate:Where do you personally look for facts and information on topics "When did Brahms live" or "Why did Monet paint grainstacks?"]]
# [[Debate:Is it okay for Conservapedia to have biased articles?]]
# [[Debate:Who deletes entire discussion items from here? And why?]]
# [[Debate:Why do users, who contribute substantially, choose to leave this community?]]
# [[Debate:Is the use of copyrighted photographs without permission stealing?]]
# [[Debate:Are there too many debates on Conservapedia?]]
# [[Debate:Is it tasteless for Conservapedia to critique the Virginia Tech poem on the Main Page?]]
# [[Debate:Has anyone ever been been banned for pointing out that many of the other entries on this site are in need of citation and evidence to back up statements?]]
# [[Debate:Does an encyclopedia define complex subjects, or insert more bias into them?]]
# [[Debate:Do sysops block editing on pages when it seems their opponents are making strong points?]]
# [[Debate:Is Conservapedia a 'Trustworthy Encyclopedia'?]]
# [[Debate:Does altering the record of debate in a wiki 'Encyclopedia' render the entire thing a farce?]]
# [[Debate:Democrats next move, link more stories of heartache like those from Kansas to Gulf Coast.]]
# [[Debate:Do quotes used to support a theory just make an article look stupid?]]
# [[Debate:Is Conservapedia blinkered?|Is Conservapedia blinkered?]]
# [[Debate:Does Conservapedia censor opponents the way Expelled says ID advocates are censored?]]
# [[Debate:Is the Conservapedia Logo in violation of US Flag Code?]]
# [[Debate:The 90/10 rule exists soley to squash debate, and should be eliminated]]
# [[Debate:What will Conservapedia be like if Barack Obama wins the election?]]
# [[Debate:Which is more important, economic or social conservatism?]]
# [[Debate:Should the Conservapedia logo be changed?]]
# [[Debate:Can/May/Should online wiki encyclopedias copy from each other?]]
# [[Debate:Is it time to propagate Conservapedia in other languages/countries?]]
# [[Debate:Should there be a Conservictionary?]]

==Funny, maybe?==

# [[Debate:Are cats just useless Dogs]]
# [[Debate:Is the Platypus evidence that God has a sense of humour?]]
# [[Debate:Was the shooting at Virginia Tech somehow President Bush's fault?]]
# [[Debate:Are video games getting better or worse as graphics, sound, and gameplay complexity improve?]]
# [[Debate:Favorite old time radio show]]

==Other==
# [[Debate:Are alcohol, marijuana, and nicotine gateway drugs?]]
# [[Debate:Is Rap music torture?]]
# [[Debate:Should marijuana be legalized?]]
# [[Debate:What are the lessons that we should take away from the Milgram Experiment]]
# [[Debate:Does the Theory of Evolution promote atheism?]]
# [[Debate:Mall Shootings]]
# [[Debate:Creationist]]
# [[Debate:Is the Theory of Evolution a conspiricy?]]
# [[Debate:How should we view the fact leading scientists do not believe in god?]]
# [[Debate:Does modern music negatively influence children]]
# [[Debate:Propaganda in childrens' television]]
# [[Debate:What Is Music?]]
#[[Debate:Why are there so few homosexual athletes]]
#[[Debate:Relationship between Socialism and athletic performance]]

[[Category:Conservapedia]]

Reason

2010-03-02T17:42:05Z

Jehosephat25: Other meanings of "reason"

'''Reason''' is the faculty by which one reaches judgment on matters of [[fact]], and is applied through the tools of [[reasoning]].{{who_says}} It can also mean the purpose toward which an action is performed.
[[category:philosophy]]
[[Category:Dictionary]]

PlayStation 3

2010-03-02T17:39:58Z

Jehosephat25: Created Page

{{cleanup|date=January 2010}}
{{Redirect|PS3}}
{{pp-semi-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Infobox CVG system
|title = PlayStation 3
|logo = [[Image:PLAYSTATION 3 logo.svg|200px|center|PlayStation 3 logo]] [[File:PlayStation 3 Logo neu.svg|170px]]
|caption = (Counter-clockwise from top) Original logo, new logo, original model, controller, newer slim model design.
|image= [[Image:PS3&PS3slim.png|250px]]
|manufacturer = [[:ja:ソニーイーエムシーエス|Sony EMCS]], [[Foxconn]], [[Lanix]], [[Asus|ASUSTeK]] for [[Sony Computer Entertainment|SCEI]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/multimedia/display/20060718235111.html |title=Asustek Computer Ships PlayStation 3 Consoles |accessdate=2007-05-05 |last=Shilov |first=Anton |date=2006-07-18 |publisher=X-bit labs}}</ref>
|family = [[PlayStation (series)|PlayStation]]
|type = [[Video game console]]
|generation = [[History of video game consoles (seventh generation)|Seventh generation era]]
|lifespan = November 11, 2006 <div class="noprint">([[PlayStation 3 launch|details]])</div>


|unitssold=33.5 million (as of December 31, 2009)<ref name=WorldSales>{{cite web|url=http://www.scei.co.jp/corporate/data/bizdataps3_sale_e.html|title=PlayStation®3 Worldwide Hardware Unit Sales |accessdate=2009-11-12 }}</ref>
|media = [[Blu-ray Disc]] (PlayStation 3 game disc), [[DVD]], [[Compact Disc]], [[PlayStation]] game disc, [[PlayStation 2]] game disc ([[#Model comparison|1st & 2nd generations only]]), [[Super Audio CD]] ([[#Model comparison|1st & 2nd generations only]]) and [[Digital distribution]]
|os= [[XrossMediaBar]] [[PlayStation 3 system software|system software version 3.15]]<ref name="Firmware">{{cite web| title = PlayStation 3.com - Support - System Updates| publisher = Sony| accessdate = 2009-06-23| url = http://www.us.playstation.com/Support/SystemUpdates/PS3}}</ref>
|CPU = 3.2 GHz [[Cell (microprocessor)|Cell Broadband Engine]] with 1 [[Cell (microprocessor)#Power Processor Element|PPE]] & 7 [[Cell (microprocessor)#Synergistic Processing Elements (SPE)|SPEs]]
|storage = 2.5" SATA [[hard disk|hard drive]] (20 GB, 40 GB, 60 GB, 80 GB, 120 GB, 160 GB, or 250 GB included) (upgradeable)
|GPU = 550 MHz [[NVIDIA]]/[[Sony Computer Entertainment|SCEI]] [[RSX 'Reality Synthesizer']]
|controllers= [[PlayStation 3 accessories#Sixaxis|Sixaxis]], [[DualShock#DualShock 3|DualShock 3]], [[Logitech Driving Force GT]], [[PlayStation_3_accessories#Logitech_Cordless_Precision.E2.84.A2_Controller|Logitech Cordless Precision™ controller]], standard [[PlayStation 3 accessories#USB Controller|USB controller]]s, [[GT Force]], [[Rhythm game]] controllers, [[PlayStation Motion Controller]], [[GunCon|GunCon 3]], Keyboard and Mouse
|connectivity= <div class="NavFrame" style="border-style:none; padding:0;">
<div class="NavHead" style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:left;">
([[PlayStation 3 accessories#AV Cables|details]])</div><div class="NavContent" style="display:none; line-height:1em; text-align:left;">'''Flash memory input'''
*[[MemoryStick|MemoryStick/PRO/Duo]]*
*[[Secure Digital card|SD]]/[[MultiMediaCard|MMC]]*
*[[CompactFlash]]/[[Microdrive]]*
'''Audio/video output'''
*[[High-Definition Multimedia Interface|HDMI 1.3a]] out
*[[S/PDIF]] out
*AV Multi out
**[[Composite video]]/[[stereophonic sound|stereo]] audio cable**
**[[S-Video]] cable
**[[SCART]] cable
**[[Component video]] cable
**[[D-Terminal]] cable
'''Other'''
*IEEE 802.11[[IEEE 802.11#802.11b|b]]/[[IEEE 802.11#802.11g|g]] [[Wi-Fi]]***
*[[Bluetooth|Bluetooth 2.0 (EDR)]]
*4 × [[Universal Serial Bus|USB 2.0]]
:(''2 × in 40 GB and all later models'')
*Wired gigabit [[Ethernet]]
----
<nowiki>*</nowiki>''60 GB and CECHExx 80 GB models'' **''Included in box'' ***''All except 20 GB model''</div></div>
|onlineservice = [[PlayStation Network]]
|compatibility = [[PlayStation]] (all models) [[PlayStation 2]] (20 GB, 60 GB, and some CECHExx 80 GB models)
|predecessor=[[PlayStation 2]]
}}

The '''PlayStation 3''' (officially abbreviated as '''''PS3'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.playstation.com/games-media/news/articles/detail/item229653/Entertainment-on-PS3-has-a-new-look/|title=Entertainment on PS3 has a new look|date=2009-08-18|publisher=[[Sony Computer Entertainment|Sony Computer Entertainment Europe]]|accessdate=2009-09-01}}</ref>) is the third home [[video game console]] produced by [[Sony Computer Entertainment]], and the successor to the [[PlayStation 2]] as part of the [[PlayStation (brand)|PlayStation series]]. The PlayStation 3 competes with [[Microsoft]]'s [[Xbox 360]] and [[Nintendo]]'s [[Wii]] as part of the [[History of video game consoles (seventh generation)|seventh generation]] of video game consoles.

A major feature that distinguishes the PlayStation 3 from its predecessors is its unified [[Multiplayer game|online gaming]] service, the [[PlayStation Network]],<ref name="US.PS.COM.PSN">{{cite web| url=http://www.us.playstation.com/PS3/Features/PSN| title=PlayStation.com - PLAYSTATION® 3 - Features - PSN| publisher=SCEA| accessdate=2010-02-04}}</ref> which contrasts with Sony's former policy of relying on [[video game developer]]s for [[online game|online play]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/08/15/sony_confirms_ps2_online_plans/| title=Sony confirms PS2 online plans| date=2002-08-15| publisher=The Register| accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> Other major features of the console include its robust multimedia capabilities,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.us.playstation.com/PS3/Features/Music| title=PlayStation.com - PLAYSTATION® 3 - Features - Music| publisher=Sony Computer Entertainment America| accessdate=2010-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.us.playstation.com/PS3/Features/Videos| title=PlayStation.com - PLAYSTATION® 3 - Features - Videos| publisher=Sony Computer Entertainment America| accessdate=2010-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.us.playstation.com/PS3/Features/Photos| title=PlayStation.com - PLAYSTATION® 3 - Features - Photos| publisher=Sony Computer Entertainment America| accessdate=2010-02-04}}</ref> connectivity with the [[PlayStation Portable]],<ref>{{cite web| url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2007/12/26/playstation-tips-3-remote-playps-store-download-head-start/| title=PlayStation Blog — PS3 Tips — Remote Play and PlayStation Store| date=2007-12-26| first=Al| last=De Leon| publisher=SCEA| accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> and its use of a [[High-definition video|high-definition]] [[optical disc]] format, [[Blu-ray Disc]], as its [[primary storage]] medium.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.us.playstation.com/PS3/Features/bluraymovies|title=PlayStation.com - PLAYSTATION® 3 - Features - bluraymovies| publisher=SCEA| accessdate=2010-02-04}}</ref> The PS3 was also the first [[Blu-ray Disc#Player profiles|Blu-ray 2.0]]-compliant Blu-ray player on the market.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2008/03/20/firmware-v220-bringing-bd-live-to-ps3/| title=Firmware version 2.20 bringing BD-Live to PS3| date=2008-03-20| first=Eric|last=Lempel| publisher=Sony Computer Entertainment America| accessdate=2008-04-02}}</ref>

The PlayStation 3 was first released on November 11, 2006 in Japan,<ref name="Japandate">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6135452.stm| title=PS3 sells out at launch| date=2006-11-11| publisher=BBC| accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> November 17, 2006 in [[North America]] and [[South America]],<ref name="NAdate">{{cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/tech/gaming/2006-11-17-ps3-debut_x.htm| title=Sony's PS3 makes U.S. debut| date=2006-11-17| publisher=USA Today| accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> and March 23, 2007 in [[Europe]] and [[Oceania]].<ref name="PALlaunchdate">{{cite web| url=http://www.scee.presscentre.com/Content/Detail.asp?ReleaseID=4317&NewsAreaID=2| title=SCEE official press release| date=2007-01-24| publisher=Sony Computer Entertainment Europe| accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web| url=http://www.next-gen.biz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4600&Itemid=2| title=Sony Confirms PS3 Euro Launch Details| date=2007-01-24| publisher=Next Gen| accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> Two [[Stock-keeping unit|SKUs]] were available at launch: a basic model with a 20 [[Gigabyte|GB]] [[hard disk drive|hard drive]] (HDD), and a premium model with a 60 GB hard drive and several additional features<ref name="IGNPS3E32006">{{cite web |url=http://ps3.ign.com/articles/709/709973p1.html| title=IGN: E3 2006: The final word on PlayStation| date=2006-05-24| publisher=IGN| accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> (the 20 GB model was not released in Europe or Oceania).<ref name="NoSKUsforEU">{{cite news |url=http://www.next-gen.biz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5930&Itemid=2 |title=Reeves: No PAL 20GB/80GB PS3 Plans |publisher=Interactive Entertainment Today |date=June 10, 2007 |accessdate=2007-08-31}}</ref> Since then, several revisions have been made to the console's available models, most notably with the release of a new slim model in September 2009 to coincide with rebranding of the console and its logo.<ref name="CNETReview">{{cite web| url=http://reviews.cnet.com/consoles/sony-playstation-3-80gb/4505-10109_7-32733576.html| title=Sony PlayStation 3 review| date=2007-11-16| publisher=CNET| accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref><ref name="PS3SlimPressRelease" />

==History==
{{See also|History of video game consoles (seventh generation)}}

[[Sony]] officially unveiled the PlayStation 3 (then marketed as '''''PLAYSTATION 3'''''<ref name="capitalization">{{cite web| url=http://kotaku.com/gaming/top/playstation-3-no-dummy-its-playstation-3-193273.php |title=PLAYSTATION is in capitals |accessdate=2008-01-18 |date=2006-08-10 |publisher=Kotaku}}</ref>) to the public along with its original [[boomerang|returning boomerang]] style controller <ref name="Boomerang">{{cite web| url=http://uk.ps3.ign.com/articles/614/614736p1.html |title=E3 2005: PlayStation 3 - The ("boomerang") Controller |accessdate=2010-02-07 |date=2005-05-16 |publisher=IGN Entertainment, Inc}}</ref> on May 16, 2005, during the [[History of E3#2005|E3 2005 conference]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://ps3.ign.com/articles/614/614619p1.html| title=IGN: E3 2005: PS3 Official| publisher=IGN| last=Sulic| first=Ivan| date=2005-05-16| accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> A functional version of the system was not present there,<ref name="NoPS3">{{cite web| url=http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=6554| title= TGS 2005 booth round-up| date=2005-09-15| publisher=Gamasutra| accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref>

nor at the [[Tokyo Game Show]] in September 2005,<ref name="E305pressconference">{{cite web|url=http://media.ps3.ign.com/articles/615/615091/vids_1.html| title=Sony E3 2005 press conference video| date=2005-05-17| publisher=IGN| accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> although demonstrations (such as ''[[Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots]]''<ref name="NoPS3"/>) were held at both events on [[software development kit|devkits]] and comparable [[Personal computer|PC]] hardware.<ref name="NoPS3" /><ref name="E305pressconference"/> Video footage based on the predicted PlayStation 3 specifications was also shown (notably a ''[[Final Fantasy VII]]'' [[tech demo]]).<ref name="gameprerender">{{cite web|last=Allen|first=Jason|url=http://ps3.ign.com/articles/614/614859p1.html|title=E3 2005: Eyes-on the Final Fantasy VII Tech Demo|publisher=IGN|date=2005-05-15|accessdate=2006-07-24}}</ref>

The initial prototype shown in May 2005 featured two [[HDMI]] ports, three [[Ethernet]] ports and six [[USB]] ports;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/news/2005/05/16/news_6124681.html| title=PlayStation 3 announced for 2006| publisher=GameSpot| date=2005-05-16| accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> however, when the system was shown again a year later at [[History of E3#2006|E3 2006]], these were reduced to one HDMI port, one Ethernet port and four USB ports, presumably to cut costs.<ref name="IGNPS3E32006" /><ref name="IGN FAQ 1">{{cite web |url=http://ps3.ign.com/articles/636/636848p1.html |title=IGN's Official PlayStation 3 FAQ |date=2007-03-26 |pages=1 of 4 |publisher=IGN PlayStation 3 |accessdate=2007-04-23}}</ref> Two hardware configurations were also announced for the console: a 20 [[Gigabyte|GB]] model and a 60 GB model, priced at $499 (€499) and $599 (€599), respectively.<ref name="IGNPS3E32006" /> The 60 GB model would be the only configuration to feature an HDMI port, [[Wi-Fi]] internet, flash card readers and a chrome trim with the logo in silver.<ref name="IGNPS3E32006"/> Both models were announced for a simultaneous worldwide release: November 11 for Japan, and November 17 for [[North America]] and [[Europe]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://arstechnica.com/old/content/2006/05/6781.ars| title=Sony PlayStation 3 launch details| date=2006-05-09| publisher=Arstechnica| accessdate=2008-01-18}}</ref>

On September 6, 2006, [[Sony]] announced that the [[PAL region]] (Europe and [[Oceania]]) PlayStation 3 launch would be delayed until March 2007, due to a shortage of materials used in the [[Blu-ray Disc]] drive.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/5319190.stm| title=PlayStation 3 Euro launch delayed| date=2006-09-06| publisher=BBC| accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref>

At the Tokyo Game Show on September 22, 2006, Sony announced that it would include an HDMI port on the 20 GB system, but a chrome trim, flash card readers, silver logo, and Wi-Fi would not be included.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.gamespot.com/downloads/6158499| title= TGS 2006 - TGS 06: No US PS3 price drop; HDMI in 20 GB model| date=2006-09-23| publisher=GameSpot| accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> Also, the launch price of the Japanese 20 GB model was reduced by over 20%,<ref name="20 GB HDMI">{{cite web |author=Anoop Gantayat |title=TGS 2006: Price Drop For Japanese PS3 |publisher=IGN PlayStation 3 |date=2006-09-22 |url=http://ps3.ign.com/articles/734/734349p1.html |accessdate=2007-01-15}}</ref> and the 60 GB model was announced for an open pricing scheme in Japan.<ref name="20 GB HDMI"/> During the event, Sony showed 27 playable [[List of PlayStation 3 games|PS3 games]] running on final hardware.<ref name="IGN">{{cite web|date=2006-08-16|url=http://uk.ps3.ign.com/articles/727/727456p1.html| title=Sony announces 27 playable titles for the September Tokyo Game Show.|publisher=IGN|accessdate=2006-08-16}}</ref>

===Launch===
[[Image:PS3s and controllers at E3 2006.jpg|thumb|right|Silver PlayStation 3 consoles on showcase in 2006.]]
{{Main|PlayStation 3 launch}}
The PlayStation 3 was first released in Japan on November 11, 2006 at 07:00.<ref name="Japandate"/> According to [[Media Create]], 81,639 PS3 systems were sold within 24 hours of its introduction in Japan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kotaku.com/gaming/sony/japanese-ps3-sales-data-also-depressing-214864.php |title=Japanese PS3 Sales Data Also Depressing |publisher=Media Create Co. ''via'' Kotaku| date=2006-11-14 |accessdate=2008-10-24}}</ref>

Soon after its release in Japan, the PS3 was released in North America on November 17, 2006.<ref name="NAdate"/> Reports of violence surrounding the release of the PS3 include a customer shot,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=2660886 |title=1 Shot in Conn. PlayStation Waiting Line |date=2006-11-17 |publisher=ABC News |accessdate=2006-11-17}}{{Dead link|date=November 2009}}</ref> campers robbed at gunpoint,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ocmodshop.com/news/displaygamingnews.asp?articleid=3275&zoneid=15|title=Camping PlayStation gamers robbed at gunpoint|publisher=KMTR|accessdate=2006-11-17}}</ref> customers shot in a [[drive-by shooting]] with [[BB gun]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wkyt.com/news/headlines/4661551.html|title=Four People Shot While Waiting for PlayStation Console, Including 27 NEWSFIRST Reporter|date=2006-11-16|publisher=WKYT News|accessdate=2006-11-17}}</ref> and 60 campers fighting over 10 systems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtopnews.com/?nid=600&sid=978347|title=PlayStation3 Crowd Gets More Than It Bargained for in Tysons |date=2006-11-17|publisher=WTOP News|accessdate=2006-11-17}}</ref>

The console was originally planned for a global release through November, but the European and rest-of-the-world's release was delayed "until March" at the start of September.<ref>[http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/news_060906_ps3delay PS3 delayed in Europe News | PS3 | Eurogamer]</ref> With it being a somewhat last-minute delay, some companies had taken deposit-based pre-orders, to which Sony informed customers that they were eligible for full refunds or could continue the pre-order.<ref>[http://ntsc-uk.domino.org/showthread.php?t=63719&page=61 Official PS3 News Thread - Page 61 - NTSC-uk.com Forums]</ref> On January 24, 2007, Sony announced that the PlayStation 3 would go on sale on March 23, 2007 in Europe, Australia, the [[Middle East]], Africa and [[New Zealand]].<ref name="PALlaunchdate"/><ref name=autogenerated2/> The system sold about 600,000 units in its first two days.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sony’s PS3 has record launch in Europe |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/4a4dc0ee-dd67-11db-8d42-000b5df10621.html |publisher=Financial Times |date=March 28, 2007 |accessdate=2007-09-01}}</ref> On March 7, 2007, the 60 GB PlayStation 3 launched in [[Singapore]] with a price of [[Singapore Dollar|S$]]799.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://asia.cnet.com/photogallery/0,3800005208,61994590-001p,00.htm| title=Singapore's PS3 launch party| date=2007-03-08| publisher=CNET| accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> The console was launched in South Korea on June 16, 2007 in a single version equipped with an 80 GB hard drive and [[IPTV]].<ref name="Korean Specs">{{cite web|url=http://www.playstation.co.kr/ps_community/com_news_view.sce?sid=8942|title=PlayStation 3 (80 GB) Korean| publisher=SCEI| accessdate=2008-01-18}}</ref>

===PS3 Slim and console rebranding===
Following speculation that a 'slim' model was in the pipeline Sony officially announced the PS3 CECH-2000 on August 18, 2009 at the Sony [[Gamescom]] press conference.<ref name="PS3SlimPressRelease">{{cite news |title=Entertainment on PS3 has a new look |publisher=PlayStation UK |url=http://uk.playstation.com/games-media/news/articles/detail/item229653/Entertainment-on-PS3-has-a-new-look/ |date=2009-08-18 |accessdate=2009-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sony Announces Slim PS3 - It Lives This September! |publisher=Kotaku |url=http://kotaku.com/5339968/ |date=2009-08-18 |accessdate=2009-08-18}}</ref> Among its features are a slimmer form factor and quieter noise when powered on. It was released in major territories by September 2009. As part of the release for the slim model, the logo was changed from the "Spider-Man font" and capitalised ''PLAYSTATION 3'' to a more traditional [[PlayStation]] and [[PlayStation 2]] like 'PlayStation 3' logo with "PS3" imprinted on the console.<ref>the console's finish</ref> Along with the console and logo redesign, the boot screen of all consoles changed from saying "Sony Computer Entertainment" to "PS3 PlayStation 3", with a new chime and the game start splashscreen being dropped.<ref>the console</ref> The packaging of games has also been changed to reflect the new consoles logos and image.

==Hardware==
===System unit===
{{Main|PlayStation 3 hardware}}
The PlayStation 3 is convex on its left side, with the PlayStation logo upright, when vertical (the top side is convex when horizontal), and has a glossy black finish.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.scee.presscentre.com/imagelibrary/default.asp?SubjectID=1530| title=Official PlayStation 3 press photos| date=2006-08-23| publisher=SCEE Press Office| accessdate=2008-01-15}}</ref> PlayStation designer Teiyu Goto stated that the [[Spider-Man (film)|Spider-Man]] font-inspired logo "was one of the first elements <nowiki></nowiki>[[SCEI]] president [[Ken Kutaragi]]<nowiki></nowiki> decided on and the logo may have been the motivating force behind the shape of PS3".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=161017| title=Kutaragi "insisted" on Spider-Man font for PS3| date=2007-03-29| publisher=computerandvideogames.com| accessdate=2008-01-18}}</ref>

The PlayStation 3 features a slot-loading 2x speed [[Blu-ray Disc]] drive for games, Blu-ray movies, DVDs, CDs, and other optical media.<ref name="SCEASpecs">{{cite web| url=http://www.us.playstation.com/ps3/about/specs| title=PlayStation 3 Technical Specifications| publisher=SCEA| accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> It was originally available with hard drives of 20 and 60 GB (only the 60 GB model was available in PAL regions).<ref name="NoSKUsforEU"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://reviews.cnet.com/consoles/sony-playstation-3-60gb/4505-10109_7-31355103.html?tag=pdtl-list| title=PS3 60 GB review| date=2006-11-13| publisher=CNET| accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> An 80 GB model has since been introduced in [[NTSC]] regions,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.us.playstation.com/News/PressReleases/402|date=2007-07-09|accessdate=2007-07-11|publisher=[[Sony Computer Entertainment]]|title=New 80GB PlayStation 3; New Price on Current 60GB Model}}</ref> and a 40 GB model has been introduced in all regions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scei.co.jp/corporate/release/071006e.html |title=New PLAYSTATION 3 Model to Take Holiday Season by Storm |accessdate=2007-10-05 |date=October 5, 2007 |publisher=[[Sony Computer Entertainment]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.us.playstation.com/News/PressReleases/429 |title=Sony Computer Entertainment America Announces New 40GB PLAYSTATION 3 (PS3) Configuration and Price Reduction of Current 80GB Model |accessdate=2007-10-18 |date=October 18, 2007 |publisher=[[Sony Computer Entertainment]]}}</ref> All PS3 models have user-upgradeable 2.5" SATA hard drives.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2007/12/28/playstation-tips-5-diy-hard-drive-upgrade/| title=PlayStation Blog — Upgrading the PS3's hard drive| date=2007-12-28| last=Rubenstein| first=Jeff| accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref>

The PlayStation 3 uses the [[Sony]], [[Toshiba]], [[IBM]]-designed [[Cell microprocessor]] as its [[CPU]], which is made up of one 3.2 GHz PowerPC-based "Power Processing Element" (PPE) and eight Synergistic Processing Elements (SPEs).<ref name="CELLSpecs">{{cite web |url=http://www-01.ibm.com/chips/techlib/techlib.nsf/techdocs/D21E662845B95D4F872570AB0055404D/$file/2053_IBM_CellIntro.pdf|format=PDF| title=Cell Introduction| publisher=IBM| accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> The eighth SPE is disabled to improve chip yields.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://moss.csc.ncsu.edu/~mueller/cluster/ps3/ |title=Sony PlayStation 3 Cell Processor| publisher=North Carolina State University| accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref><ref name="GameDevelMag">{{cite news |title=Optimizing Cell Code | author=Martin Linklater | work=Game Developer Magazine, April 2007 | pages=15–18 | quote=To increase fabrication yelds, Sony ships PlayStation 3 Cell processors with only seven working SPEs. And from those seven, one SPE will be used by the operating system for various tasks, This leaves six SPEs for game programmer to use.}}</ref> Only six of the seven SPEs are accessible to developers as the seventh SPE is reserved by the console's [[operating system]].<ref name="GameDevelMag"/> [[Computer graphics|Graphics processing]] is handled by the [[NVIDIA]] [[RSX 'Reality Synthesizer']], which can output resolutions from [[480i]]/[[576i]] [[Standard definition|SD]] up to [[1080p]] [[high definition television|HD]].<ref name="SCEASpecs"/> The PlayStation 3 has 256 MB of [[XDR DRAM]] main memory and 256 MB of [[GDDR3]] [[video memory]] for the RSX.<ref name="IGNSpecs">{{cite web| url=http://ps3.ign.com/articles/614/614682p1.html| title=PS3 Specs| date=2005-05-16| publisher=IGN| accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref>

The system has [[Bluetooth|Bluetooth 2.0]], [[gigabit Ethernet]], [[Universal Serial Bus|USB]] 2.0 and [[High-Definition Multimedia Interface|HDMI 1.3a]] built in on all currently shipping models.<ref name="SCEASpecs"/> [[Wi-Fi]] networking is also built-in on the 40, 60, 80 GB and slim models while a flash card reader (compatible with [[Memory Stick]], [[Secure Digital card|SD]]/[[MultiMediaCard|MMC]], and [[CompactFlash]]/[[Microdrive]] media) is built-in on 60 GB and CECHExx 80 GB models.<ref name="SCEASpecs"/><ref name="IGNSpecs"/> The system supports up to 7 controllers that are connected via Bluetooth 2.0 technology.<ref>[http://www.us.playstation.com/Support/Manuals/PS3 quick reference manual] for 20GB US PlayStation 3 page 14</ref>

The PS3's hardware has also been used to [[PlayStation 3 cluster|build supercomputers]] for [[high-performance computing]].<ref name="scientistpc">{{cite web|url=http://www.consolewatcher.com/building-supercomputer-using-playstation-3/|title=Building Supercomputer Using PlayStation 3|publisher=Console Watcher.com|date=2006-08-28|accessdate=2006-08-28}}</ref> [[Fixstars Solutions]] sell a version of [[Yellow Dog Linux]] for the PlayStation 3 (originally sold by Terra Soft Solutions).<ref>{{cite web | http://www.fixstars.com/en/products/ydl/buy.html | title= Fixstars: Products || Yellow Dog Linux Get YDL | publisher = Fixstars Solutions | accessdate =2010-02-04}}</ref> [[RapidMind]] produced a [[stream programming]] package for the PS3,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rapidmind.net/News-Jan11-Terrasoft.php | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070822174615/http://www.rapidmind.net/News-Jan11-Terrasoft.php | archivedate = 2007-08-22 | title= RapidMind and Terra Soft partner to unleash PlayStation 3 for Linux | publisher = RapidMind | accessdate =}}</ref> but were acquired by Intel in 2009. Also, on January 3, 2007, Dr. Frank Mueller, [[Professor|Associate Professor]] of [[Computer science]] at [[North Carolina State University|NCSU]], clustered 8 PS3s. Mueller commented that the 256 MB of system RAM is a limitation for this particular application, and is considering attempting to retrofit more RAM. Software includes: [[Fedora (operating system)|Fedora]] Core 5 Linux ppc64, MPICH2, [[OpenMP]] v 2.5, [[GNU Compiler Collection]] and CellSDK 1.1.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.physorg.com/news92674403.html | title= Engineer Creates First Academic PlayStation 3 Computing Cluster | publisher = PhysOrg.com | accessdate =}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://moss.csc.ncsu.edu/~mueller/cluster/ps3/coe.html | title= NC State Engineer Creates First Academic PlayStation 3 Computing Cluster | publisher = College of Engineering, North Carolina State University | accessdate =}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://moss.csc.ncsu.edu/~mueller/cluster/ps3/ | title= Sony PS3 Cluster (IBM Cell BE) | publisher = Frank Mueller, Associate Professor, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University | accessdate =}}</ref> As a more cost-effective alternative to conventional supercomputers, the U.S. military has purchased clusters of PS3 units for research purposes.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://arstechnica.com/security/news/2009/11/sony-still-subsidizing-us-supercomputer-efforts.ars | title= Sony still subsidizing US military supercomputer efforts | publisher = Ars Technica | accessdate =2009-12-18}}</ref> Retail PS3 Slim units cannot be used for supercomputing, because the PS3 Slim lacks the ability to boot into a third-party OS.

On March 22, 2007, SCE and [[Stanford University]] released the [[Folding@home]] project for the PlayStation 3.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scei.co.jp/folding/en/|title=Folding@home|publisher=Sony Computer Entertainment|accessdate=2007-03-18}}</ref> This program allows PS3 owners to lend the computing power of their consoles to help study the [[physical process]] of [[protein folding]].

In December 2008, a group of hackers used a cluster of 200 PlayStation 3's to hack the security protocol [[Transport Layer Security|SSL]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.engadget.com/2008/12/30/hackers-playstation-3-make-ssl-much-less-secure/ | title= PlayStation 3 used to hack SSL | publisher = Engadget | accessdate = 2009-10-31}}</ref>

===Original model===
There are five original PlayStation 3 hardware models, which are commonly referred to by the size of their included [[hard disk drive]]: "20", "40", "60", "80" and "160" GB.<ref name="IGNPS3E32006"/><ref name="SCEAPS3comparison">{{cite web| url=http://www.us.playstation.com/PS3/About/Comparison| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080213150843/http://www.us.playstation.com/PS3/About/Comparison| archivedate=2008-02-13| title=PlayStation 3 - Things to Know — PlayStation 3 model comparison| publisher=SCEA| accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> The only difference in the appearance of the first five models was the color of the trim, number of USB ports, the preasence or absence of a door (which covers the flash card readers on equipped models), and some minor changes to the air vents. All retail packages include one or two [[PlayStation 3 accessories#Sixaxis|Sixaxis controllers]] and/or a [[PlayStation 3 accessories#DualShock 3|DualShock 3 controller]] (beginning June 12, 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kotaku.com.au/2008/02/metal_gear_solid_4_ps3_bundle_announced-2/ |title=Metal Gear Solid 4 PS3 Bundle Announced | Kotaku Australia |publisher=Kotaku.com.au |date= |accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kotaku.com/361158/metal-gear-solid-4-the-ps3-bundle-the-cardboard-box |title=Metal Gear Solid 4: The PS3 Bundle: The Cardboard Box |publisher=Kotaku.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref>), one [[MiniUSB#Types of USB connector|miniUSB]] to [[USB]] cable (for connecting the controller to the system), one [[composite video]]/stereo audio output cable, one [[Category 5 cable|Ethernet cable]] (20, 60, and CECHExx 80 GB only) and one [[power cable]].<ref name="SCEAPS3comparison"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.us.playstation.com/PS3/Systems| title=PS3 80GB bundle contents| publisher=SCEA|accessdate=2008-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.us.playstation.com/PS3/Systems/Compare| title=Compare PLAYSTATION3 Systems| publisher=SCEA|accessdate=2009-08-14}}</ref> All models support software emulation of the original PlayStation,<ref name="40GB GameSpot" /><ref name="ps1_softwareBC" /> but support for PlayStation 2 backwards compatibility has continually diminished with later models.<ref name="PS3FAQs"/> Compatibility issues with games for both systems are detailed in a public database hosted by the manufacturer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamedaily.com/articles/news/ps3s-backwards-compatibility-detailed/16267/ |title=PS3's Backwards Compatibility Detailed - Video Game News, Video Game Coverage, Video Game Updates, PC Game News, PC Game Coverage |publisher=GameDaily |date=2006-11-21 |accessdate=2009-08-07}}</ref> All models, excluding the 20GB model, include [[IEEE 802.11|802.11 b/g]] [[Wi-Fi]].

In addition to all of the features of the 20 GB model, the 60 GB model has internal IEEE 802.11 b/g Wi-Fi, multiple [[Memory card|flash card]] readers ([[Secure Digital card|SD]]/[[MultiMedia Card]], [[CompactFlash|CompactFlash Type I]]/[[CompactFlash|Type II]], [[Microdrive]],<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.playstation.com/manual/pdf/PS3-01-1.6_1.pdf|format=PDF| title=PlayStation 3 Safety & Support manual| publisher=SCEI| accessdate=2008-01-15}}</ref> [[Memory Stick|Memory Stick/PRO/Duo]]), and a chrome colored trim.<ref name="specs">{{cite web |url=http://www.us.playstation.com/ps3/about/specs |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080213085022/http://www.us.playstation.com/ps3/about/specs |archivedate=2008-02-13 |title=About PlayStation3 - Technical Specifications |publisher=PlayStation.com |accessdate=2008-02-25}}</ref> In terms of hardware, the 80 GB model released in [[South Korea]] is identical to the 60 GB model released in the PAL regions, except for the difference in hard drive size.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/no-plans-to-bring-80gb-ps3-to-europe-says-sony| title=South Korean PS3| date=2007-05-21| publisher=gamesindustry.biz| accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref>

Like the South Korean and European models, the [[North America]]n 80 GB (2007) model also excludes the [[PlayStation 2]] "[[Emotion Engine]]" [[Microprocessor|CPU chip]].<ref name="PS3FAQs">{{cite web| url=http://playstation.custhelp.com/cgi-bin/playstation.cfg/php/enduser/std_adp.php?p_faqid=232| title=Can I play PlayStation game console and PlayStation2 computer entertainment system format software titles on the PLAYSTATION3 computer entertainment system?| publisher=Sony| accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> However, it still keeps the "Graphics Synthesizer" GPU.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.next-gen.biz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=7441&Itemid=2| title=PS2 Software Emulation Unlikely for 40GB PS3 |first=Kris| last=Graft| publisher=Nex Gen}}</ref> Due to [[PlayStation 3 games#Removal of hardware support|the elimination]] of the "[[Emotion Engine]]", the level of compatibility was reduced.<ref name="PS3FAQs"/> The 40 GB, 80 GB (2008), and 160 GB models have two USB ports instead of the four USB ports on other models, and do not include multiple flash card readers, [[Super Audio CD|SACD]] support,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ps3sacd.com/faq.html |title=PS3 SACD FAQ |publisher=ps3sacd.com |accessdate=2009-08-22}}</ref> or any backwards compatibility with PlayStation 2 games.<ref name="CNETReview"/><ref name="PS3FAQs"/> This was due to the removal of "Graphics Synthesizer" GPU, which stripped the units of all PlayStation 2 based hardware.<ref name="SCEE 40GB"/><ref name="E30880GB"/>

No official Wi-Fi or [[flash memory]] card readers were ever released by Sony for the 20 GB system, although Sony had plans to do so.<ref>{{cite news |author=Ellie Gibson |date=2006-05-16 |url=http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/20gb-playstation-3-will-be-upgradeable-says-sony |title=20 GB PlayStation 3 will be upgradeable, says Sony |work=gamesindustry.biz |accessdate=2006-05-16}}</ref> As of September 2009 Sony have placed no further emphasis on these proposed add-ons.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} Nevertheless, as the model features four USB 2.0 ports, [[wireless network]]ing and flash memory card support can already be obtained through the use of widely available external USB adapters and third-party PS3-specific media hubs.<ref name="PS3FAQs"/>

It was rumored that the Cell processors in the third-generation PS3s (40 GB, 2008 80 GB, and 160 GB) would move from a 90 nm process to the newer 65 nm process,<ref name="Cell65LowerPower">{{cite web |url=http://www.engadget.com/2007/10/30/40gb-ps3-features-65nm-chips-lower-power-consumption/ |title=40GB PS3 features 65nm chips, lower power consumption (30% less) |publisher=[[Engadget]] |author=Conrad Quilty Harper |date=2007-10-30 |accessdate=2007-10-31}}</ref> which SCEI CEO Kaz Hirai later confirmed,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ps3.ign.com/articles/833/833700p1.html |title=New PS3 Uses 65nm Process |publisher=ign |author=Anoop Gantayat |date=2007-11-08 |accessdate=2007-11-10}}</ref> and later to 45 nm. This change lowers the [[power consumption]] of the console and makes it less expensive to produce.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arstechnica.com/gaming/news/2008/02/ibm-shrinks-cell-to-45nm-cheaper-ps3s-will-follow.ars |title=IBM shrinks Cell to 45nm |publisher=Ars Technica |author=Jon Stokes |date=2008-02-07 |accessdate=2009-01-07}}</ref>

===Slim model===
{{Infobox VG system
|title=PlayStation 3 slimline
|logo=
|image=[[File:250GB Slim PS3.jpg|250px]]
|caption= The PlayStation 3 slimline.
|manufacturer=[[Sony Computer Entertainment]]
|family=[[PlayStation (series)|PlayStation]]
|CPU= 300 MHz
|Connectivity= 2x [[USB 2.0]], [[Bluetooth]], [[Wi-fi]], etc.
|type=[[Video game console]]
|generation=[[History of video game consoles (seventh generation)|Seventh generation era]]
|lifespan = August 2009 - Present
|controllers=[[Sixaxis]] and [[DualShock#DualShock 3|DualShock 3]]
}}
The PS3 slim (officially called the PS3 CECH-2000) is the redesigned model of the console, and currently the only model in production. It features an upgradeable 120GB or 250GB hard drive and is 33% smaller, 36% lighter, and consumes 34% less power than previous models.<ref name="PS3SlimPressRelease"/><ref name="PS3SlimSpecs">{{cite news |title=Sony unveils slimmer PS3: $300, lands in September (updated!) |publisher=Engadget |author=Paul Miller |url=http://www.engadget.com/2009/08/18/sony-debuts-slimmer-ps3/ |date=2009-08-18 |accessdate=2009-08-18}}</ref><ref>[http://www.engadget.com/2009/08/27/playstation-3-slim-review/ PlayStation 3 Slim review]</ref> The cooling system has been redesigned and [[Cell processor]] has moved to a [[45nm]] manufacturing process.<ref name="ArsTechnicaInterview">{{cite web |url=http://arstechnica.com/gaming/news/2009/08/sony-answers-our-questions-about-the-new-playstation-3.ars |title=Sony answers our questions about the new PlayStation 3 |date=August 18, 2009 |accessdate=August 19, 2009 |publisher=Ars Technica}}</ref> It sold in excess of a million units in its first 3 weeks on sale.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/new-ps3-has-sold-over-one-million|title=New PS3 has sold over one million|publisher=Eurogamer|accessdate=2009-11-07}}</ref>

The PS3 slim also includes support for [[High-Definition Multimedia Interface#CEC|CEC]] (more commonly referred to by its manufacturer brandings of BraviaSync, VIERA Link, EasyLink and others) which allows control of the console over HDMI by using the remote control to use as a controller. The PS3 slim also runs quieter and cooler than previous models due to its 45 nm Cell. The PS3 Slim no longer has the "main power" switch (similar to [[PlayStation 2#Slimline|PlayStation 2 slim]]), like the previous PS3 models, which was located at the back of the console.<ref name="PS3SlimPressRelease"/><ref name="PS3SlimSpecs"/> The PS3 slim was officially released on September 1, 2009 in North America and Europe and on September 3, 2009 in Japan, Australia and New Zealand.<ref name="PS3SlimPressRelease"/><ref name="PS3SlimSpecs"/><ref name="PS3SlimPressReleaseAU">{{cite news |title=Entertainment on PS3 has a new look |publisher=PlayStation AU |url=http://au.playstation.com/games-media/news/articles/detail/item229652/Entertainment-on-PS3-has-a-new-look/ |date=2009-08-18 |accessdate=2009-08-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sony officially announces $299 PS3 Slim |publisher=cnet |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-10312144-1.html |author=David Carnoy |date=2009-08-18 |accessdate=2009-08-18}}</ref> However, some retailers such as [[Amazon.com]], [[Best Buy]], and [[GameStop]] started to sell the PS3 slim on August 25, 2009.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sony, GameStop Indicate PS3 Slim Available In U.S. Before September |publisher=Kotaku |url=http://kotaku.com/5342450/sony-gamestop-indicate-ps3-slim-shipping-early |author=Stephen Totilo |date=2009-08-21 |accessdate=2009-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=PS3 Slim popping up all over the US (update: it's officially on sale) |publisher=Engadget |url=http://www.engadget.com/2009/08/25/ps3-slim-popping-up-all-over-the-us/ |author=Ross Miller |date=2009-08-25 |accessdate=2009-08-26}}</ref> A 250GB ''Final Fantasy XIII''-themed PS3 Slim which was white in color with pink designs, was officially announced on September 24, 2009 at the [[Tokyo Game Show]] as part of a bundle in Japan for ''[[Final Fantasy XIII]]'', it was initially revealed in [[FCC]] filings as the PS3 CECH-2000B.<ref>{{cite news |title=PS3 Slim CECH-2000B 250GB Model Uncovered at FCC Site |publisher=ps3news |url=http://www.ps3news.com/PlayStation-3/ps3-slim-cech-2000b-250gb-model-uncovered-at-fcc-site/ |author=CJPC |date=2009-08-18 |accessdate=2009-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=First Look At The Final Fantasy XIII PlayStation 3 |publisher=Kotaku |url=http://kotaku.com/5366512/first-look-at-the-final-fantasy-xiii-playstation-3?skyline=true&s=x |author= |date=2009-09-24 |accessdate=2009-09-24}}</ref> Sony Computer Entertainment [[Australia]] also announced later that day that it would be bringing the 250GB PS3 slim to Australia which would be bundled with other games and will not feature the ''Final Fantasy XIII'' theme. Although no American bundles have been announced for the 250GB PS3 slim, it will be sold as a stand-alone console (exclusively) in [[North America]].<ref name="Slim 250GB">{{cite news |title=250GB PS3 Slim bundles coming to Australia |publisher=qj.net |url=http://www.qj.net/250GB-PS3-Slim-bundles-coming-to-Australia/pg/49/aid/134775 |author= |date=2009-09-24 |accessdate=2009-09-25}}</ref>{{-}}

====Removal of "Other OS" support====

Among the changes made to the 'slim' model was the removal of the ability to install another operating system alongside the main system software. This was claimed to have been removed to focus on games and other content (new drivers etc would have had to be written for the new hardware for use in the alternative OS), although it is possible that Sony discovered a vulnerability in the feature that would enable hacking of the console. Such a vulnerability was later found on the original (non-slim) versions by [[George Hotz]], who created a hack that uses the Other OS feature to take control of the hypervisor. <ref>{{cite news |title=No otheros feature on new PS3 slim ? |url=http://lists.ozlabs.org/pipermail/cbe-oss-dev/2009-August/006965.html |date=2009-09-22 |accessdate=2009-09-22}}</ref>

===Accessories===
{{See also|PlayStation 3 accessories|DualShock}}

Numerous [[PlayStation 3 accessories|accessories for the console]] have been developed including the wireless [[PlayStation 3 accessories#Sixaxis|Sixaxis]] and [[PlayStation 3 accessories#DualShock 3|DualShock 3]] controllers, the [[Logitech Driving Force GT]], the [[PlayStation_3_accessories#Logitech_Cordless_Precision.E2.84.A2_Controller|Logitech Cordless Precision™ Controller]], the [[PlayStation 3 accessories#BD Remote|BD Remote]], the [[PlayStation Eye]] camera and the [[PlayTV]] [[DVB-T]] tuner/[[digital video recorder]] accessory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.us.playstation.com/PS3/Accessories |title=PlayStation 3 Accessories| publisher=SCEA| accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref><ref name="PlayTV press release">{{cite web |title=PlayTV on PlayStation 3 explained |publisher=Sony Computer Entertainment Europe ''via'' Kotaku |date=August 22, 2007 |url=http://kotaku.com/gaming/clips/play-tv-on-ps3-explained-292541.php| accessdate=2008-10-14}}</ref>

At its [[News conference|press conference]] at the 2007 [[Tokyo Game Show]], Sony announced the [[DualShock#DualShock 3|DualShock 3]] (trademarked DUALSHOCK 3), a PlayStation 3 controller with the same function and design as the Sixaxis, but with vibration capability included.<ref name="DualShock 3 PR">{{cite web|url=http://www.scei.co.jp/corporate/release/070920be.html|title=DualShock 3 Wireless Controller With Rumble Feature To Be Introduced For PlayStation 3|accessdate=2007-09-20|date=2007-09-20|publisher=Sony Computer Entertainment}}</ref> Hands-on accounts describe the controller as being noticeably heavier than the standard Sixaxis controller, and capable of vibration forces comparable to the DualShock 2.<ref name="TGS DualShock 3 hands-on">{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/news/6179170.html|title=TGS '07: Spot On — The Dual Shock 3|accessdate=2007-09-20|date=2007-09-19|publisher=GameSpot}}</ref> It was released in Japan on November 11, 2007,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://kotaku.com/gaming/vibe/dualshock-3-getting-all-ceramic-white-for-japan-308546.php| title=DualShock 3 will launch on November 11 in Japan| date=2007-10-08| publisher=Kotaku| accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> in North America on April 5, 2008,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytech.com/Sony+Announces+New+80GB+PS3+Bundle+DualShock+3+Red+PSP/article10868.htm| title=Sony Announces New 80GB PS3 Bundle, DualShock 3, Red PSP| date=2008-02-26| publisher=Daily Tech| accessdate=2008-03-17}}</ref> in Australia on April 24, 2008, in New Zealand on May 9, 2008, in Europe on July 2, 2008,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ps3.ign.com/articles/821/821289p1.html |title=TGS 07: DualShock 3 announced| date=2007-09-19| publisher=IGN| accessdate=2008-01-18}}</ref>, [[United Kingdom|the United Kingdom]] and Ireland on July 4, 2008 and [[Seychelles]] on [[March 2010]]. During [[History of E3#2009 (June 2–4)|E3 2009]], Sony unveiled plans to release a [[PlayStation Motion Controller|motion controller]] in 2010.

===Model comparison===
{{More|Timeline of PlayStation 3 SKUs}}


{| cellpadding="1" class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:14%;"|Generation
! style="width:14%;"|Model
! style="width:20%;"|Available colors
! style="width:18%;"|First available 
! style="width:10%;"|In production
! style="width:24%;"|Other features/information
|-
| rowspan="2"|'''1st''' 4 [[Universal serial bus|USB]] ports, '''[[Emotion Engine|Hardware]]-based [[PlayStation 2|PS2]] [[emulator|emulation]]''', [[Super Audio CD|SACD]] playback, Third-party [[Operating system|OS]] install
|'''20 GB''' CECHBxx [[NTSC]]<ref name="specs"/>
|
Piano Black with black trim
|rowspan="2"|2006-11-01November 2006
|{{no}} <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601101&sid=aBQ9AX2sguYs&refer=japan| title=Sony Scraps Sale of Priciest PlayStation 3s in Japan| date=2008-01-10| accessdate=2008-01-10}} </ref>
|
* '''''No 802.11b/g [[Wi-Fi]]'''''
|-
|'''60 GB''' CECHAxx NTSC<ref name="specs"/>
|rowspan="3"|Piano Black with chrome trim
|{{no}}
|
* [[memory card|Flash memory]] readers
* 802.11b/g Wi-Fi
|-
|rowspan="2"|'''2nd''' 802.11b/g Wi-Fi, Flash memory readers, 4 USB ports, '''Partially software-based PS2 emulation''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalartsonline.co.uk/news/index.cfm?NewsID=7335|title=Sony's Euro PS3 will play fewer older games|publisher=IDG Network|accessdate=2009-11-07}}</ref> [[Super Audio CD|SACD]] playback, Third-party OS install
|'''60 GB''' CECHCxx [[PAL]]<ref name="specs" />
|2007-03-01March 2007
|{{no}}
|
|-
|'''80 GB''' CECHExx NTSC<ref name="specs" />
|2007-08-01August 2007
|{{No}}
|
* Some models came bundled with [[Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots|MGS4]] or [[MotorStorm]]
* DualShock 3 controller ([[MGS4]] bundles only)
|-
|rowspan="3"|'''3rd''' 802.11b/g Wi-Fi, 2 USB ports, '''No PS2 emulation''', No SACD support, Third-party OS install
|'''40 GB''' CECHGxx, CECHHxx, CECHJxx PAL, NTSC<ref name="SCEE 40GB">{{cite web |url=http://www.scei.co.jp/corporate/release/071006e.html |title=New PLAYSTATION3 Model to Take Holiday Season by Storm |accessdate=2007-10-05 |date=October 5, 2007 |publisher=[[Sony Computer Entertainment]] |doi= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref>
|
* Piano Black
* Ceramic White {{Ref|HDMC_table_note_b|[b]}}
* Satin Silver {{Ref|HDMC_table_note_c|[c]}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uk.ps3.ign.com/articles/849/849588p1.html |title=New PS3 colour in Japan |accessdate=2008-02-05 |last=Tanaka |first=John |date=2008-02-04 |publisher=IGN}}</ref>
* Gun-Metal Gray {{Ref|HDMC_table_note_d|[d]}}<ref>[http://www.gamingbits.com/content/view/4094/2/ - Metal Gear Solid 4 Limited Edition PLAYSTATION3 Bundle]</ref>
(all have satin silver trim)
|2007-10-01October 2007 EU AU November 2007 NA JP
|{{no}} <ref name="80GBPAL"/>
|
* Gun-Metal Gray model bundled with MGS4.
|-
|'''80 GB''' CECHKxx, CECHLxx, CECHMxx PAL, NTSC<ref name="E30880GB">{{cite video| people=Tretton, Jack (speaker)| date=2008-07-15| url=http://ps3.ign.com/dor/articles/889996/e3-2008-sony-press-conference/videos/sonyconf_03_071508.html| title=E3 2008: Sony Press Conference (Part 3)| publisher=Sony Computer Entertainment America (via IGN)| time=17:38| accessdate=2008-07-16}}</ref><ref name="80GBPAL">{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/news/6194583.html?tag=latestnews;title;0|title=E3 08: 80GB PS3 coming to Europe, Australia on August 27|accessdate=2008-07-17|date=2008-07-16|author=Randolph Ramsay and Luke Anderson|publisher=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref>
|
* Piano Black
* Ceramic White
* Satin Silver {{Ref|HDMC_table_note_c|[c]}}
(all have satin silver trim)
|2008-08-01August 2008 NA EU AU October 2008 JP
| {{No}}
|
* Some models were bundled with Greatest Hits versions of MGS4 and [[Killzone 2]]
|-
|'''160 GB''' CECHPxx, CECHQxx PAL, NTSC<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scee.presscentre.com/Content/Detail.asp?ReleaseID=4678&NewsAreaID=2|title=company press release|accessdate=2008-08-20|date=2008-08-20|publisher=SCEE}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2008/08/20/live-from-leipzig-north-american-hardware-announcements/|title=Live from Leipzig: North American Hardware Announcements|accessdate=2008-08-20|date=2008-08-20|publisher=SCEA}}</ref>
|
Piano Black with satin silver trim
|2008-10-01October 2008 EU November 2008 NA
|{{no}}
|
* NTSC models bundled with ''[[Uncharted: Drake's Fortune|Uncharted]]''
|-
|rowspan="3"|'''4th''' 802.11b/g Wi-Fi, 2 USB ports, '''No PS2 emulation''', No SACD support, Bravia Sync XMB control, No third party OS install, Slim form factor
|-
|'''120 GB ''slim'' CECH-20xxA PAL, NTSC
|
Charcoal Black
|2008-08-011 September 2009 NA EU
3 September 2009 AU NZ JP <ref name="PS3SlimPressReleaseAU"/><ref>[http://www.scee.presscentre.com/Content/Detail.asp?ReleaseID=4842&NewsAreaID=2 Sony Computer Entertainment Europe - Virtual Press Office]</ref> 
|{{yes}}
|
* Some NTSC models bundled with ''[[LittleBigPlanet]]'' and ''[[Ratchet & Clank Future: A Crack in Time]]''
|-
|'''250 GB ''slim'' CECH-20xxB PAL,<ref name="TGS 2009">{{cite web|url= http://blog.eu.playstation.com/2009/09/24/tgs-09-motion-controller-details-other-new-info/|title= TGS 09: Motion Controller Details, Other New Info|date= September 24, 2009|publisher= PlayStation Blog Europe|accessdate= October 2, 2009}}</ref> NTSC
|
* Charcoal Black
* White and Pink{{Ref|HDMC_table_note_e|[e]}}
|
October 2009EU<ref name="TGS 2009"/> 
2009-10-1515 October 2009 AU NZ<ref name="Slim 250GB"/> 
2009-11-033 November 2009 NA<ref>[http://blog.us.playstation.com/2009/10/new-250gb-playstation-3-system-available-november-3/ NEW 250GB PlayStation 3 System Available November 3 – PlayStation.Blog]</ref> 
2009-12-1717 December 2009 JP
|{{yes}}
|
Bundled with: 
* ''[[Final Fantasy XIII]]'' (Japan)
* ''[[Uncharted 2: Among Thieves]]'', ''[[Ratchet & Clank Future: A Crack in Time]]'', ''[[SingStar]] Motown'', ''[[Eyepet]]'' <ref name="Slim 250GB"/>, or ''[[PlayTV]]'' (Australia)
* ''[[Tekken 6]]'' (North America)<ref>[http://www.neoseeker.com/news/11977-tekken-6-250gb-ps3-bundle-skips-over-uk/ Tekken 6 250GB PS3 bundle skips over UK]</ref><ref>[http://www.pushsquare.com/7238/rumour-tekken-6-getting-a-ps3-slim-bundle-too/ Rumour: Tekken 6 Getting A PS3 Slim Bundle Too - PushSquare.com]</ref><ref>[http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=224963 PS3 News: Tekken 250GB PS3 bundle not for UK - ComputerAndVideoGames.com]</ref><ref>[http://www.endsights.com/2009/10/06/tekken-250gb-ps3-bundle-coming-not-in-the-uk/ Tekken 250GB PS3 Bundle Coming, Not In The UK | Endsights: Shedding Light on Video Games]</ref>
|}

<div style="border:1px solid #aaa; padding:2px; background:#f9f9f9; font-size:smaller;">'''All Piano Black and Ceramic White models have a glossy finish<ref>{{cite web| url=http://asia.playstation.com/eng_hk/index.php?q=playstation_3/spec| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080123204933/http://asia.playstation.com/eng_hk/index.php?q=playstation_3/spec| archivedate=2008-01-23| title=PlayStation 3 40GB model official specifications| publisher=SCEI| accessdate=2008-01-15}}</ref> All models include: [[Blu-ray Disc|Blu-ray]]/[[DVD]]/[[CD]] drive, [[High-Definition Multimedia Interface|HDMI 1.3a]],<ref name="pr 20 GB HDMI">{{cite press release |title=PLAYSTATION3 HDD 20 GB EQUIPPED WITH HDMI AS STANDARD |publisher=[[Sony Computer Entertainment]] |date=2006-09-22 |url=http://www.scei.co.jp/corporate/release/pdf/060922e.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-05-24}}</ref> [[Bluetooth 2.0]], Gigabit Ethernet ([[10BASE-T]], [[100BASE-TX]], [[1000BASE-T]]) and [[PlayStation|PlayStation One]] backward compatibility through software emulation.<ref name="40GB GameSpot">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/news/6180463.html |title=UK PS3 drops price, 40GB finally official |accessdate=2007-10-06 |last=Boyes |first=Emma |date=2007-10-05|work=[[GameSpot]] |publisher=[[CNET]]}}</ref><ref name="ps1_softwareBC">{{cite web | last = Plunkett | first = Luke | title = Customer Service: Sony Could Run BC on 40GB PS3s. They Just Don't Want To. | url=http://kotaku.com/gaming/customer-service/sony-could-run-bc-on-40gb-ps3s-they-just-dont-want-to-308467.php | accessdate = 2007-10-09}}</ref>

{{note|HDMC_table_note_a}}'''a''' Model numbers differ by region. See ''[[#Model numbers|PlayStation 3 hardware – model numbers]]'' for details. 
{{note|HDMC_table_note_b}}'''b''' Ceramic white model available in Asia and Japan only. 
{{note|HDMC_table_note_c}}'''c''' Satin silver model available in Asia and Japan only. 
{{note|HDMC_table_note_d}}'''d''' Gun-Metal Gray model is only available as part of the [[Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots|''MGS4'']] bundle. 
{{note|HDMC_table_note_e}}'''e''' White and Pink model is only available as part of the ''[[Final Fantasy XIII]]'' bundle in Japan and come with a pink design of Final Fantasy XIII character, "[[Lightning (Final Fantasy)|Lightning]]", on its cover in Japan
</div>

===Normal reliability===

[[Image:Yellow Light of Death- PlayStation 3.png|thumb|right|125px|The PlayStation 3 illuminating the yellow light, indicating a non-specific failure.]]

According to [[Ars Technica]], the number of PlayStation 3 consoles that have experienced failure is well within the normal failure rates in the consumer electronics industry.<ref>[http://arstechnica.com/gaming/news/2008/02/xbox-360-failure-rates-worse-than-most-consumer-electornics.ars Xbox 360 failure rates worse than most consumer electronics]</ref>

However, the [[BBC]] television programme ''[[Watchdog (TV series)|Watchdog]]'' aired a report investigating the purported "yellow light of death" issue, which affects about 0.5%<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/watchdog/2009/09/playstation3_and_the_yellow_li.html#more BBC "Watchdog" report on "Yellow Light of Death"]</ref> of PlayStation 3s. The yellow light indicates a non-specific hardware failure.

The program also noted that the PlayStation 3 has a one-year warranty (typical of most consumer electronics products). Out-of-warranty PlayStation 3 owners can pay Sony a set fee for a refurbished console.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/watchdog/2009/09/playstation3_and_the_yellow_li.html Sony PlayStation 3 and the "yellow light of death"] [[Watchdog (TV series)|Watchdog]], September 17, 2009</ref>

In response to the tone of the program, senior vice president and managing director, Ray Maguire issued a document criticizing the program and citing potential attempt to harm Sony and PlayStation brand, and stating that the numbers of faulty PlayStation 3 systems the program mentioned are not evidence of a manufacturing defect.<ref>[http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/sony-tackles-bbc-over-ps3-failure-report Sony tackles BBC over 'PS3 failure' report] Gameindustry.biz, September 17, 2009</ref>

===Leap year bug===

On February 28 2010, many of the original (non-Slim) Playstation 3 models were experiencing errors related to their internal system clock. The error had a multitude of symptoms. Initially, the main problem seemed to be the inability to connect to the [[Playstation Network]]. However, the root cause of the problem was unrelated to the Playstation Network, since even users who had never been online also had problems playing installed offline games (who queried the system timer as part of startup) and using system themes. At the same time many users noted that the console's clock had gone back to December 31, 1999. The event was nicknamed the "[[Apocalypse|ApocalyPS3]]".<ref>http://www.wired.com/gamelife/2010/03/apocalyps3/</ref>

The [[error code]] displayed was typically 8001050F, and affected users were unable to sign in, play games, use dynamic themes and view/sync trophies.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/sony/7344758/Sony-PS3-network-glitch-affects-thousands.html Sony PS3 network glitch affects thousands] The Daily Telegraph, March 1, 2010</ref>. The problem only resided within the 1st through to the 3rd generation original PS3 units while the newer "Slim" models appeared to be completely unaffected.

Sony confirmed there was an issue, and stated “We are narrowing down the issue and continue to work to restore service to all.”<ref>http://blog.eu.playstation.com/2010/03/01/playstation-network-status-update/</ref>. By March 1, owners of the original PS3 could connect to PSN successfully and the clock no longer showed December 31, 1999<ref>http://www.engadget.com/2010/03/01/ps3-issues-apparently-resolved-game-on/</ref>. Sony stated that the affected models incorrectly identified 2010 as a [[leap year]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-10461881-1.html|title=PS3 console errors fixed, leap year bug to blame|author=Jeff Bakalar|publisher=[[CNET.com]]|date=2010-03-01|accessdate=2010-03-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/02/technology/02sony.html|title=Error Blocked PlayStation 3 From Using Its Network|author=Hiroko Tabuchi|publisher=[[New York Times]]|date=2010-03-01|accessdate=2010-03-02}}</ref>

===PlayStation Portable connectivity===
[[Image:Mainichi issho psp.jpg|thumb|left|Playing [[Remote Play|a PlayStation 3 game]] through the PSP]]
{{Main|Remote Play|PlayStation Store (PC) for PSP}}
The [[PlayStation Portable]] can connect with the PlayStation 3 in many ways, including in-game connectivity. For example, ''[[Formula One Championship Edition]]'', a [[racing game]], was shown at E3 2006 using a PSP as a real-time [[rear-view mirror]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ps3.ign.com/articles/705/705926p1.html |title=E3 2006: Formula One 06 Resurfaces |accessdate=2007-01-21 |last=Haynes |first=Jeff |date=2006-05-08 |publisher=IGN PlayStation 3}}</ref> In addition, users are able to download original PlayStation format games from the PlayStation Store, transfer and play them on the PSP as well as the PS3 itself.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gizmodo.com/gadgets/home-entertainment/downloadable-ps1-games-hit-the-psp-provided-you-have-a-ps3-220164.php |title=Downloadable PS1 Games Hit The PSP (Provided You Have a PS3) |accessdate=2007-01-21 |last=Deleon |first=Nicholas |date=2006-12-07 |publisher=Gizmodo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.1up.com/do/newsStory?cId=3154561 |title=Phil Harrison Talks Downloadable PS1 Games on PS3 |accessdate=2007-04-03 |last=Kennedy |first=Sam |date=2006-10-20 |publisher=1up.com }}</ref> It is also possible to use the [[Remote Play]] feature to play these, and some PlayStation Network games, remotely on the PSP over a network or internet connection.

Sony has also demonstrated the PSP playing back video content from the PlayStation 3 [[hard disk]] across an [[Mobile ad-hoc network|ad-hoc]] wireless network. This feature is referred to as Remote Play located under the browser icon on both the PlayStation 3 and the PlayStation Portable. Remote play has since expanded to allow [[remote access]] to the PS3 via PSP from any [[wireless access point]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://psp.ign.com/articles/740/740689p1.html |title=PSP and PS3 Play Together |accessdate=2007-01-21 |last=Nix |first=Marc |date=2006-10-20 |publisher=IGN PSP }}</ref>

==Operating system==
{{See also|Linux on the PlayStation 3|PlayStation 3 system software#Compatible media formats|l2=PlayStation 3 system software — Compatible media formats}}

===System Software===
{{Main|PlayStation 3 system software}}

Sony has included the ability for the operating system, referred to as ''System Software'', to be updated.<ref name="SystemUpdate">{{cite web|url=http://www.us.playstation.com/PS3/Features/SystemUpdate| title=PlayStation.com - PLAYSTATION®3 - Features - SystemUpdate| publisher=SCEA| accessdate=2010-02-04}}</ref> The updates can be acquired in several ways:
*If the PlayStation 3 has an active [[Internetworking|Internet connection]], updates may be downloaded directly from the PlayStation Network to the PS3 and subsequently installed. Systems with active Internet will automatically check online for software updates each time the console is started.
*Using an external PC, a user may download the update from the official PlayStation website, transfer it to portable [[Computer storage|storage media]], and install it on the System.
*Some game discs come with [[system software]] updates on the disc. This may be due to the game requiring the update in order to run. If so, the software may be installed from the disc.<ref name="SystemUpdate"/>

The PlayStation 3 also includes the ability to install other operating systems,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://manuals.playstation.net/document/en/ps3/current/settings/osinstall.html |title=Install Other OS |accessdate=2007-04-25 |year=2007 |work=PlayStation 3 User's Guide |publisher=Sony Computer Entertainment}}</ref> such as [[Linux on the PlayStation 3|Linux]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/news/6162316.html?sid=6162316|title=Yellow Dog Linux launches for PS3|date=2006-11-27|first=Emma|last=Boyes|publisher=GameSpot|accessdate=2006-11-30}}</ref> This ability has been removed with the introduction of the new slim model and will not be available in any future hardware revisions.

====Graphical user interface====
{{Main|XrossMediaBar#PlayStation 3 XMB|l1=XrossMediaBar — PlayStation 3 XMB}}

The standard PlayStation 3 version of the XrossMediaBar (pronounced [[Cross Media Bar]], or abbreviated XMB) includes nine categories of options. These are: ''Users'', ''Settings'', ''Photo'', ''Music'', ''Video'', ''Game'', ''Network'', ''PlayStation Network'', and ''Friends'' (similar to the [[PlayStation Portable]] media bar). A tenth ''TV'' category is displayed between ''Music'' and ''Video'' if [[PlayTV]] or trone is installed or if the console meets certain criteria to access select [[Internet television|catch-up television]] services. By default, the ''[[#What's New|What's New]]'' section of ''PlayStation Network'' is displayed when the system starts up. The PS3 includes the ability to store various master and secondary user profiles, manage and explore photos with or without a musical [[Slideshow|slide show]], play [[music]] and copy [[Red Book (audio CD standard)|audio CD]] tracks to an attached [[data storage device]], play movies and video files from the hard disk drive, an optional USB [[mass storage]] or Flash card, or an optical disc (Blu-ray Disc or DVD-Video), compatibility for a USB keyboard and mouse, and the [[web browser]] supporting in/compatible file download function.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.us.playstation.com/PS3/Features/InternetBrowsing| title=PlayStation 3 Internet Browser| publisher=Sony| accessdate=2008-01-13}}</ref> Additionally, [[Universal Plug and Play|UPnP]] media will appear in the respective audio/video/photo categories if a [[UPnP AV MediaServers|compatible media server]] or [[Digital Living Network Alliance|DLNA]] server is detected on the local network. The Friends menu allows mail with emoticon and attached picture features and [[Videoconferencing|video chat]] which requires an optional [[PlayStation Eye]] or [[EyeToy]] webcam.<ref name="about PSN">{{cite web| url=http://www.us.playstation.com/PS3/About/PSN| title=About the PlayStation Network| publisher=Sony| accessdate=2008-01-13}}</ref> The Network menu allows [[online shop]]ping through the [[PlayStation Store]] and connectivity to the PlayStation Portable via Remote Play.<ref name="about PSN" />

===Photo Gallery===
[[Image:PhotoGalleryPS3.png|thumb|Photo Gallery main menu]]
Photo Gallery is an optional application to view, create and group photos from the PS3, which is installed separately from the system software at 105MB. It was introduced in system software version 2.60 and provides a range of tools for sorting through and displaying the system's pictures. The key feature of this application is that it can organize photos into groups according to various criteria. Notable categorizations are colors, ages, or [[facial expression]]s of the people in the photos. Slideshows can be viewed with the application, along with music and playlists.

===VidZone===
{{Main|VidZone}}

VidZone is an online [[music video]] download service, accessible from the Music category on the XMB, which allows for free streaming of music videos. The VidZone catalogue encompasses over 1.5 million tracks, 25,000 music videos and 15,000 realtones,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ewstest.ericsson.com/solutions/ipx/press/ipx_press_vidzone.shtml/ | title=Ericsson delivers complete and secure music billing for VidZone Digital Media| publisher=Ericsson | date=2007-06-27 | accessdate=2009-08-14}}</ref> including full access to catalogues from [[Sony BMG]]<ref name="Sony BMG">{{cite web|url=http://www.brandrepublic.com/MediaWeekDailyNewsAlert/News/662707/VidZone-Digital-Media-inks-deal-Sony-BMG/ | title=VidZone Digital Media inks deal with Sony BMG | publisher=Brand Republic | date=2007-06-06 | accessdate=2008-08-22}}</ref> and [[EMI]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emigroup.com/Press/2007/press45.htm | title=VidZone Digital Media and EMI Music ink major deal | publisher=EMI Group | date=2008-06-27 | accessdate=2008-08-22}}</ref>

On June 11, 2009, VidZone’s service was extended to the PlayStation 3 video game system in Europe and [[Australia]], allowing users to watch music videos for on their PS3 or streamed to their [[PlayStation Portable|PSP]] via [[Remote Play]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Kietzmann|first=Ludwig|title=GC 2008: PS3 getting free 'VidZone' music service in Europe|publisher=Joystiq|date=2008-08-20|accessdate=2008-08-21|url=http://www.joystiq.com/2008/08/20/gc-2008-ps3-getting-free-vidzone-music-service-in-europe/}}</ref>

==PlayStation Network==
{{Main|PlayStation Network|PlayStation Store}}
PlayStation Network is the unified online [[multiplayer gaming]] and digital media delivery service provided by [[Sony Computer Entertainment]] for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable, announced during the 2006 PlayStation Business Briefing meeting in Tokyo. The service is always connected,<ref name="PNP always on">{{cite web|title=PlayStation 3 announced for 2006|publisher=GameSpot|url=http://www.gamespot.com/news/2005/05/16/news_6124681.html|date=2005-05-16|accessdate=2007-04-04}}</ref> free,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.us.playstation.com/PSN| title=Official PlayStation Website — PlayStation Network| publisher=SCEA| accessdate=2008-01-15}}</ref> and includes multiplayer support.<ref name="US.PS.COM.PSN"/> The network enables online gaming, the PlayStation Store, PlayStation Home and other services. PlayStation Network uses real currency and [[PlayStation Network Card]]s as seen with the PlayStation Store and PlayStation Home.

===What's New===
[[File:Whats-new.png|thumb|150px|right|The ''What's New'' screen.]]

What's New was announced at Gamescom 2009 and was released on September 1, 2009, with PlayStation 3 system software 3.0. The feature was to replace the existing [Information Board], which displayed news from the PlayStation website associated with the user's region. The concept was developed further into a major PlayStation Network feature, which interacts with the [Status Indicator] to display a ticker of all content, excluding recently played content (currently in North America and Japan only).

The system displays the What's New screen by default instead of the [Games] menu (or [Video] menu, if a movie was inserted) when starting up. What's New has four sections: "Our Pick", "Recently Played", latest information, and new content available in PlayStation Store. There are four kinds of content the What's New screen displays and links to, on the sections. "Recently Played" displays the user's recently played games and online services only, whereas, the other sections can contain website links, links to play videos, and access to selected sections of the PlayStation Store.

The PlayStation Store icons in the [Game] and [Video] section act similarly to the What's New screen, except that they only display and link to games and videos in the PlayStation Store, respectively.

===PlayStation Home===
{{Main|PlayStation Home}}

PlayStation Home is a virtual community-based service for the PlayStation Network, announced during the 2007 [[Game Developers Conference]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/gdc-phil-harrisons-keynote-speech|title=GDC: Phil Harrison's Keynote Speech|publisher=Games Industry|date= May 16, 2007}}</ref> Home allows users to create a custom [[avatar (computing)|avatar]], which can be made to suit the user's liking.<ref name="goinhome">{{cite web| url=http://www.engadget.com/2007/03/07/playstation-home-revealed/| title=PlayStation Home unveiled| date=2007-03-07| publisher=Engadget| accessdate=2008-01-15}}</ref><ref name="SonyHome">{{cite web|url=http://www.engadget.com/2007/03/07/joystiq-and-engadget-live-at-sonys-2007-gdc-keynote/| title=GDC 2007 Sony keynote speech| date=2007-03-08| publisher=Engadget| accessdate=2008-01-15}}</ref> Users can decorate their avatar's personal apartment ("HomeSpace") with default, bought, or won items.<ref name="goinhome" /> Users can shop for new items to express themselves more through their avatars or HomeSpace.<ref name="SonyHome" /> Users interact and connect with friends and customise content in a [[virtual world]].<ref name="JoyStiqHome">{{cite web| url=http://www.joystiq.com/2007/03/07/playstation-home-the-free-virtual-world-of-playstation-3/| title=PlayStation Home, the free virtual world of PlayStation 3| date=2007-03-07| publisher=JoyStiq| accessdate=2008-01-15}}</ref> Home also acts as a meeting place for users that want to play [[multiplayer game]]s with others.<ref name="JoyStiqHome" />

A closed beta began in Europe from May 2007 and expanded to other territories soon after.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ps3.ign.com/articles/784/784759p1.html |title=IGN: Europeans Go Home |date=2007-05-01 |publisher=IGN PlayStation 3 |accessdate=2007-05-02}}</ref> Home was delayed and expanded<ref name="psblogclosedexpansion">{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2008/09/19/playstation-home-beta-extended-today/ | title=PlayStation Home Beta Extended Today}}</ref> several times before initially releasing.<ref name="Spring 2008 delay">{{cite web|url=http://www.virtualworldsnews.com/2007/09/sony-home-delay.html|title=Virtual Worlds News: Sony Home Delayed to Spring 2008|publisher=Virtual Worlds News|date=September 20, 2007|accessdate=2009-07-01}}</ref><ref name="Fall 2008 delay">{{cite web|url=http://www.platformnation.com/2008/04/21/playstation-home-not-open-till-fall-of-08/|title=PlayStation Home not open till fall of 08|publisher=Platform Nation|date= 22 April 2007}}</ref> The Open [[Development stage|Beta test]] was started on December 11, 2008. Home is available directly from the PlayStation 3 [[XrossMediaBar#PlayStation 3 XMB|XrossMediaBar]]. Membership is free, and only requires a PSN account.<ref name="SonyHome" /><ref name="JoyStiqHome" />

Home is the host to avatars, a [[virtual economy]], personal spaces and clubs. It features places to meet and interact, dedicated game spaces, developer spaces, company spaces, and events. The service undergoes a weekly maintenance and frequent updates. '''''[[Xi (alternate reality game)|Xi]]''''', a once notable feature in Home, is the world's first console-based [[Alternate Reality Game]]. Adventures, puzzles and spaces were set up to continuously puzzle those who participated in finding clues. The meaning of ''[[Xi (letter)|Xi]]'' and the mysterious character "Jess" were the objects of study in this game. At [[Tokyo Game Show|TGS 2009]], Kazuo Hirai announced that Home has been downloaded by 8 million users.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1up.com/do/newsStory?cId=3176155|title=TGS 09: Sony Keynote Liveblog - (the third 7:01)|publisher=[[1up.com]]}}</ref>

===Life with PlayStation===
[[Image:LifeWithPlayStation Weather.jpg|right|thumb|220px|The ''Life with PlayStation'' application showing weather forecasts and news headlines for [[New York]]. Screenshot taken at approximately 8pm [[pacific standard time|PST]].]]
On 18 September 2008<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.playstation.com/life/en/index.html|title= Life with PlayStation|date= September 18, 2009|publisher= PlayStation.com|accessdate= October 7, 2009}}</ref> the PlayStation 3's [[Folding@home#PlayStation 3|Folding@home application]] became ''Life with PlayStation''. ''Life with PlayStation'' shows [[Earth]]'s light at night in locations where it is night time and shows cloud patterns to reflect recent weather patterns (if zoomed out far enough). Along with the existing Folding@home functionality, the application also provides the user with access to three other information "channels", the first of which being the ''Live Channel'' which offers news headlines and weather through a [[3D computer graphics|3D]] globe. The user can rotate and zoom in to any part of the world to access information provided by [[Google News]], [[The Weather Channel]], and the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] Space Science and Engineering Center, among other sources.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kotaku.com/5051551/life-with-playstation-out-now|title=Life With PlayStation out now|publisher=Kotaku|accessdate=2009-11-07}}</ref> The second channel is the [[World Heritage]] channel which offers historical information about historical sites. The third channel is the United Village channel. United Village is a project designed to share information about communities and cultures worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.united-village.net/en/about.html|title= United Village|date= |publisher= United Village|accessdate= October 1, 2009}}</ref>

==Games==
{{Main|PlayStation 3 games}}
The PlayStation 3 launched in North America with 14 titles, with another three being released before the end of [[2006 in video gaming|2006]].<ref name="IGN FAQ 3">{{cite web |url=http://ps3.ign.com/articles/636/636848p3.html |title=IGN's Official PlayStation 3 FAQ |date=2007-03-26 |pages=3 of 4 |publisher=IGN PlayStation 3 |accessdate=2007-05-02}}</ref> After the first week of sales it was confirmed that ''[[Resistance: Fall of Man]]'' from [[Insomniac Games]] was the top-selling [[launch title|launch game]] in North America.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alacrastore.com/storecontent/ccbn/B1408595| title=Gamestop Corp. Q3 2006 Earnings Conference Call Summary | date=2006-11-21| publisher=Gamestop Corporation ''via'' alacrastore.com| accessdate=2009-01-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/column_index.php?story=8497| title=Saling The World: In Search of Zelda - week of November 24, 2006| publisher=Gamasutra| date=2006-11-24| accessdate=2009-01-08}}</ref> The game was heavily praised by numerous [[Computer and video games|video game]] websites, including [[GameSpot]] and [[IGN]], both of whom awarded it their PlayStation 3 [[Game of the Year]] award for 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/special_features/bestof2006/platform/index.html?page=9 |title=Best Games and Worst Games of 2006 at GameSpot — Best PlayStation 3 Game |accessdate=2007-04-30 |author=GameSpot Staff |date=2006-12-21 |publisher=GameSpot}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bestof.ign.com/2006/ps3/39.html |title=IGN.com presents The Best of 2006 - PlayStation 3: Game of the Year |accessdate=2007-04-30 |author=IGN Staff |date=2006-12-21 |publisher=IGN.com}}</ref> Some titles missed the [[launch window]] and were delayed until early [[2007 in video gaming|2007]], such as ''[[The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion]]'', ''[[F.E.A.R.]]'' and ''[[Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 game)|Sonic the Hedgehog]]''. During the Japanese launch, ''[[Ridge Racer 7]]'' was the top-selling game, while ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam: Crossfire]]'' also fared well in sales,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ps3.ign.com/articles/745/745507p1.html| title=Sony Number Two in Japan| date=2006-11-13| publisher=IGN| first=Anoop| last=Gantayat| accessdate=2009-01-08}}</ref> both of which were offerings from [[Namco Bandai Holdings|Namco Bandai]]. The PlayStation 3 launched in Europe with 24 titles, including ones that were not offered in the North American and Japanese launches, such as ''[[Formula One Championship Edition]]'', ''[[MotorStorm]]'' and ''[[Virtua Fighter 5]]''. ''[[Resistance: Fall of Man]]'' and ''[[MotorStorm]]'' were the most successful titles of 2007,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/manchester/6736809.stm| title=Cathedral row over video game| date=2007-06-09| publisher=BBC| accessdate=2008-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/motorstorm-completes-hat-trick| title=Motorstorm completes hat-trick| date=2007-04-05| publisher=Eurogamer| accessdate=2008-01-18}}</ref> and both games subsequently received sequels in the form of ''[[Resistance 2]]'' and ''[[MotorStorm: Pacific Rift]]''.<ref>{{cite web | author=Evolution Studios | year=2007 |title=''MotorStorm 2 sequel confirmed for PS3, in development at Evolution Studios''| url= http://www.videogamesblogger.com/2007/05/15/motorstorm-2-sequel-confirmed-for-ps3-in-development-at-evolution-studios.htm | work=[http://www.videogamesblogger.com/2007/05/15/motorstorm-2-sequel-confirmed-for-ps3-in-development-at-evolution-studios.htm] | accessdate=2007-09-06}}</ref><ref name="Sequel1">{{cite web | author=Insomniac Games | year=2007 | title=''Full Moon Show Podcast'' | url=http://www.insomniacgames.com/podcast/podcast.php | work=[http://www.insomniacgames.com/podcast/podcast.php] | accessdate=2007-11-12}}</ref>

At [[History of E3#2007|E3 2007]], Sony was able to show a number of their upcoming video games for the PlayStation 3, including ''[[Heavenly Sword]]'', ''[[Lair (video game)|Lair]]'', ''[[Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction]]'', ''[[Warhawk (PlayStation 3 game)|Warhawk]]'' and ''[[Uncharted: Drake's Fortune]]''; all of which were released in the third and fourth quarters of 2007. They also showed off a number of titles that were set for release in [[2008 in video gaming|2008]] and [[2009 in video gaming|2009]]; most notably ''[[Killzone 2]]'', ''[[Infamous (video game)|Infamous]]'', ''[[Gran Turismo 5 Prologue]]'', ''[[LittleBigPlanet]]'' and ''[[SOCOM: U.S. Navy SEALs Confrontation]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kotaku.com/gaming/game-critics-awards/best-of-e3-2007-winners-284570.php |title=Best of E3 2007 Winners |publisher=Kotaku |accessdate=2007-08-12 |date=July 31, 2007}}</ref> A number of third-party exclusives were also shown, including the highly-anticipated ''[[Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uk.gamespot.com/news/6177964.html?action=convert&om_clk=latestnews&tag=latestnews;title;1 |title=Haze now Fully PS3 Exclusive, 360 & PC Dropped |accessdate=2007-08-11 |last=Hatfield |first=Daemon |date=2007-07-11 |publisher=Gamespot}}</ref> alongside other high-profile third-party titles such as ''[[Grand Theft Auto 4]]'', ''[[Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare]]'', ''[[Assassin's Creed]]'', ''[[Devil May Cry 4]]'' and ''[[Resident Evil 5]]''. Two other important titles for the PlayStation 3, ''[[Final Fantasy XIII]]'' and ''[[Final Fantasy Versus XIII]]'', were shown at [[Tokyo Game Show|TGS 2007]] in order to appease the Japanese market.<ref name=FFVersusExcl>{{cite web |url=http://kotaku.com/5025156/no-changes-on-final-fantasy-versus-xiii-being-ps3-exclusive |title=E308:No Changes on Final Fantasy Versus XIII Being PS3 Exclusive |accessdate=2008-11-29 |date=2008-07-14 |publisher=Kotaku}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/e3-square-enixs-john-yamamoto |title=E3: Square Enix's John Yamamoto |accessdate=2007-08-11 |last=Gibson |first=Ellie |date=2007-07-11 |publisher=GamesIndustry.biz}}</ref>

Sony have since launched their [[budget range]] of PlayStation 3 titles, known as the [[List of Sony Greatest Hits games|Greatest Hits range]] in North America,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2008/07/28/ps3-greatest-hits-launch-today/ |title=PS3 Greatest Hits Launch Today |publisher=Blog.us.playstation.com |date=2008-07-28 |accessdate=2009-08-15}}</ref> the [[Platinum range]] in Europe<ref>{{cite web|url=http://computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=193450 |title=PS3 Platinum range in UK from August |publisher=Computerandvideogames.com |date=2008-07-17 |accessdate=2009-08-15}}</ref> and [[The Best range]] in Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jp.playstation.com/ps3/ps3thebest/ |title=PlayStation 3 the best |publisher=Jp.playstation.com |date= |accessdate=2009-08-15}}</ref> Among the titles available in the budget range include ''[[Resistance: Fall of Man]]'', ''[[MotorStorm]]'', ''[[Uncharted: Drakes Fortune]]'', ''[[Rainbow Six: Vegas]]'', ''[[Call Of Duty 3]]'', ''[[Assassin's Creed]]'' and ''[[Ninja Gaiden Sigma]]''. As of October 2009 [[Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots]], [[Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction]], [[Devil May Cry 4]], [[Army of Two]], [[Battlefield: Bad Company]], and [[Midnight Club: Los Angeles]] have also joined the list. When they are put on the "[[Greatest Hits]]" list the new unused copies retail for $30 USD and are re-shipped in a new red case.

As of March 31, 2009, there have been 174.9 million games sold for the PlayStation 3.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scei.co.jp/corporate/data/bizdataps3soft_sale_e.html |title=PLAYSTATION3 Worldwide Software Unit Sales |accessdate=2009-05-14 |publisher=Sony Computer Entertainment Inc.}}</ref>

===Stereoscopic 3D===
In December 2008 the [[Chief Technology Officer|CTO]] of [[Blitz Games]] announced that they would bring [[stereoscopy|stereoscopic]] 3D gaming and movie viewing to the [[Xbox 360]] and PlayStation 3 with their own technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinemablend.com/games/Blitz-Games-Introduces-True-Stereoscopic-3D-For-Xbox-360-And-PS3-13735.htmlBlitz |title=Games Introduces True Stereoscopic 3D For Xbox 360 And PS3 |publisher=Cinemablend.com |date=2008-12-01 |accessdate=2009-08-15}}</ref> According to Blitz Games, SCE confirmed that they intend to support stereoscopic 3D games and Blu-ray movies and that the functionality will be introduced to the PlayStation 3 via a firmware update in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ps3.qj.net/PS3-getting-stereoscopic-3D-support-next-year-/pg/49/aid/127446|title=PS3 getting stereoscopic 3D support next year?|publisher=Qj.net|date=2008-12-18|accessdate=2008-12-30}}</ref> This technology was first demonstrated publicly on the PS3 in January 2009 at the [[Consumer Electronics Show]]. Journalists were shown ''[[Wipeout HD]]'' and ''[[Gran Turismo 5 Prologue]]'' in 3D as a demonstration of how the technology might work if it is implemented in the future.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arstechnica.com/gaming/news/2009/01/ces-2009-sony-teases-with-high-quality-ps3-3d.ars|title=Sony teases with high-quality PS3 HD|publisher=Ars Technica|date=2009-01-08}}</ref>

==Sales and production costs==
{{See also|PlayStation 3 launch#Release data and pricing|l1=PlayStation 3 launch — Release data and pricing}}




{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em;"
|-
! Region !! [[List of best-selling game consoles|Units sold]] !! First available
|-
| style="background:#f2f2f2; text-align:right;" | '''Canada'''
| 520,000 as of August 1, 2008<ref name="canadianpress">{{cite news |title=Nintendo Wii surpasses mark of one million consoles sold in Canada |author=Neil Davidson |date=2008-08-26 |work=[[The Canadian Press]] |publisher=[[Yahoo!]] |accessdate=2008-09-08}}</ref>
| November 17, 2006
|-
| style="background:#f2f2f2; text-align:right;" | '''Europe'''
| 10 million+ as of August 18, 2009<ref name=EuropeSales>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/scee-ps3-sales-more-than-10-million |title=SCEE PS3 sales more than 10 million |author=Tom Bramwell |date=2009-08-18 |publisher=[[Eurogamer]] |accessdate=2009-08-18}}</ref>
| March 23, 2007
|-
| style="background:#f2f2f2; text-align:right;" | '''Japan'''
| 4.39 million as of December 28, 2009<ref name=Japan2009>{{cite web |url=http://kotaku.com/5440361/japanese-hardware-sales-tally |title=Japanese Hardware Sales Tally |work=[[Famitsu]] |publisher=[[Kotaku]] |date=2010-01-05 |accessdate=2009-01-05}}</ref>
| November 11, 2006
|-
| style="background:#f2f2f2; text-align:right;" | '''United Kingdom'''
| 3 million as of January 26, 2010<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.joystiq.com/2010/01/25/uk-ps3-sales-surpass-3-million |title=UK PS3 sales surpass 3 million |author=Richard Mitchell |date=2010-01-25 |publisher=[[Joystiq]] |accessdate=2010-02-04}}</ref>
| March 23, 2007
|-
| style="background:#f2f2f2; text-align:right;" | '''United States'''
| 9 million+ as of August 18, 2009<ref name="USsales">{{cite web |url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/gamehunters/post/2009/08/sony-playstation-3-price-cut-/1 |title=Sony unveils $299 PlayStation 3 Slim |author=Mike Snider |work=[[USA Today]] |publisher=[[The Gannett Company]] |date=2009-08-18 |accessdate=2009-08-18}}</ref>
| November 17, 2006
|-
| style="background:#f2f2f2; text-align:right;" | '''Worldwide'''
|33.5 million as of December 31, 2009<ref name=WorldSales />
|November 11, 2006 <div class="noprint">([[PlayStation 3 launch#Release data and pricing|details]])</div>
|}




The PlayStation 3's initial production cost is estimated to have been [[United States dollar|US$]]805.85 for the 20 GB model and US$840.35 for the 60 GB model.<ref name="loss IGN">{{cite web |url=http://ps3.ign.com/articles/746/746482p1.html |title=Sony Losing Almost $250 per Console |accessdate=2006-11-17 |last=Goldstein |first=Hilary |date=2006-11-16 |publisher=IGN PlayStation 3}}</ref> However, they were priced at US$499 and US$599 respectively,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/ps3/action/insomniacshooter/news.html?sid=6149470 |title=E3 06: PS3 launches 11/17--$499 for 20 GB, $599 for 60 GB |author=Brendan Sinclair |publisher=[[Gamespot]] |date=2006-05-09 |accessdate=2007-07-06}}</ref> meaning that every unit was sold at an estimated loss of $250,<ref name="loss IGN" /> contributing to Sony's games division posting an operating loss of ¥232.3 billion (US$1.97 billion) in the [[fiscal year]] ending March 2007.<ref name="PS3 launch hits Sony profits">{{cite news |url=http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/ps3-launch-damages-sony-profits |title=PS3 launch hits Sony profits |publisher=GamesIndustry.biz |date=May 16, 2007 |accessdate=2007-08-31}}</ref> In April 2007, soon after these results were published, [[Ken Kutaragi]], President of Sony Computer Entertainment, announced plans to retire. Various [[news agency|news agencies]], including ''[[The Times]]''<ref>{{cite web | title=PlayStation boss pays the price of weak sales | publisher=''[[The Times|Times Online]]'' | date=2007-04-27 | url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/media/article1712432.ece | accessdate=2007-04-27}}</ref> and ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''<ref name="Kutaragi, Joystiq">{{cite web |url=http://psp.joystiq.com/2007/04/26/sonys-ken-kutaragi-announces-plans-to-retire/2 |title=Sony's Ken Kutaragi announces plans to retire |publisher=Joystiq |author=Christopher Grant |date=2007-04-26 |accessdate=2007-07-03}}</ref> reported that this was due to poor sales, whilst [[SCEI]] maintains that Kutaragi had been planning his retirement for six months prior to the announcement.<ref name="Kutaragi, Joystiq"/>

In January 2008, [[Kaz Hirai]], [[chief executive officer|CEO]] of Sony Computer Entertainment, suggested that the console may start making a profit by early 2009, stating that, "the next fiscal year starts in April and if we can try to achieve that in the next fiscal year that would be a great thing" and that "[profitability] is not a definite commitment, but that is what I would like to try to shoot for".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKN0737530820080107?feedType=RSS&feedName=technology-media-telco-SP|title=Sony's Hirai eyes PS3 profit as costs decline|accessdate=2008-04-22|date=2008-01-07|publisher=Reuters}}</ref> However, market analysts [[Nikko Citigroup]] have predicted that the PlayStation 3 could be profitable by August 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/ps3-profitable-by-august-say-nikko-citigroup-analysts|title=PS3 profitable by August, say Nikko Citigroup analysts|accessdate=2008-04-22|date=2008-04-21|publisher=[[GamesIndustry.biz]]}}</ref> In a July 2008 interview, Hirai stated that his objective is for the PlayStation 3 to sell 150 million units by its ninth year, surpassing the PlayStation 2's sales of 140 million in its nine years on the market.<ref name="financialtimes">{{cite web |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1c46ad2e-5678-11dd-8686-000077b07658.html |title=Sony sets 150m sales target for PS3 |author=Chris Nuttall |date=2008-07-20 |publisher=[[Financial Times]] |accessdate=2008-08-02}}</ref> In January 2009 Sony announced that their gaming division was profitable in Q3 2008.<ref>{{cite web|author=nofi |url=http://www.thesixthaxis.com/2009/01/29/sonys-game-division-in-profit/ |title=Sony’s Game Division In Profit |publisher=TheSixthAxis |date=2009-01-29 |accessdate=2009-03-03}}</ref>

Since the system's launch, production costs have been reduced significantly as a result of phasing out the [[Emotion Engine]] chip and falling hardware costs.<ref name="PSU hardware costs">{{cite web |url=http://www.psu.com/PS3-costs-cut-in-half-News--a2402-p0.php|title=Sony cuts PS3 production costs in half|accessdate=2008-01-22 |date=2008-01-11 |publisher=psu.com}}</ref><ref name="PS3fanboy hardware costs">{{cite web |url=http://playstation.joystiq.com/2007/02/08/playstation-3-manufacturing-costs-to-go-down-way-down/ |title=PlayStation 3 manufacturing costs to go down, way down |accessdate=2007-07-15 |date=2007-02-08 |publisher=ps3fanboy.com}}</ref> The cost of manufacturing [[Cell microprocessor]]s has fallen dramatically as a result of moving to the [[65 nanometer|65 nm]] production process,<ref name="PS3fanboy hardware costs"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailytech.com/IBM+Shrinks+Cell+Broadband+Engine+to+65nm+Process/article6454c.htm |title=IBM Shrinks Cell Broadband Engine to 65nm Process |accessdate=2007-07-15 |date=2007-03-13 |publisher=dailytech.com}}</ref> and [[Blu-ray Disc]] [[diode]]s have become cheaper to manufacture.<ref name="PSU hardware costs" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gameinformer.com/News/Story/200705/N07.0507.1105.54109.htm |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070509025332/http://www.gameinformer.com/News/Story/200705/N07.0507.1105.54109.htm |archivedate=2007-05-09 |title=PlayStation 3 Production Costs Drop |accessdate=2007-07-15 |date=2007-05-07 |publisher=gameinformer.com}}</ref> As of January 2008, each unit cost around $400 to manufacture;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/jan2008/gb2008018_681920.htm |title=Sony's Blu-Ray Breakthrough |accessdate=2008-01-14 |date=2008-01-08 |publisher=[[BusinessWeek]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/ps3-production-costs-halved-says-analyst|title=PS3 production costs halved, says analyst. |accessdate=2008-01-14 |date=2008-01-14 |publisher=www.gamesindustry.biz}}</ref> by August 2009, Sony had reduced costs by a total of 70%, meaning it only costs Sony around $240 per unit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gamersyndrome.com/ps3/ps3-cheaper-make/ |title=PS3 70 percent cheaper to make |accessdate=2009-08-09 |date=2009-08-01 |publisher=www.gamersyndrome.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1up.com/do/newsStory?cId=3175396 |title=PlayStation 3 Production Costs Slashed 70 Percent |author=Kat Bailey |accessdate=2009-07-31 |date=2009-08-22 |publisher=1up}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kotaku.com/5327066/sony-ps3-manufacturing-costs-down-70-percent |title=Sony: PS3 Manufacturing Costs Down 70 Percent |author=Brian Ashcraft |accessdate=2009-07-31 |date=2009-08-22 |publisher=Kotaku}}</ref>

==Reception==
Early PlayStation 3 reviews soon after launch were critical of its high price and lack of quality launch games, but commended the system's hardware capabilities and potential.<ref name="Review, Trusted Reviews">{{cite web |url=http://www.trustedreviews.com/video-games/review/2007/03/23/Sony-PlayStation-3/p15 |title=Sony PlayStation 3 |author=Riyad Emeran |publisher=Trustedreviews.com |date=2007-03-23 |accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/reviews/index.cfm?reviewid=698 |title=First review: PlayStation 3 |date=2007-03-01 |author=Danny Allen |publisher=PC Advisor |accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> However, after a series of price revisions, Blu-ray's victory over [[HD DVD]],<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/2008_02/pr1903.htm |title=Toshiba Announces Discontinuation of HD DVD Businesses |publisher=[[Toshiba]] |date=2008-02-19 |accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> and the release of several well received titles, the system received better reviews. [[IGN]] judged the PlayStation 3 to have the best game line-up of 2008, based on their review scores in comparison to those of the Wii and Xbox 360.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shea |first=Cam |url=http://ps3.ign.com/articles/939/939461p2.html |title=IGN: Aussie Console Showdown 08: PS3 vs. Wii vs. 360 |publisher=Ps3.ign.com |date= |accessdate=2009-08-07}}</ref>

The PS3 was given the number-eight spot on ''[[PC World (magazine)|PC World]]'' magazine’s list of "The Top 21 Tech Screwups of 2006," where it was criticized for being "Late, Expensive, and Incompatible".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/128265-4/the_top_21_tech_screwups_of_2006.html|title=The Top 21 Tech Screwups of 2006 |accessdate=2007-02-03 |last=Tynan |first=Dan |date=2006-12-20 |publisher=PC World}}</ref> [[GamesRadar]] ranked the PS3 as the top item in a feature on game-related [[Public relations|PR]] disasters, asking how Sony managed to "take one of the most anticipated game systems of all time and — within the space of a year — turn it into a hate object reviled by the entire internet", but added that despite its problems the system has "untapped potential".<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.gamesradar.com/ps3/f/the-top-7-pr-disasters/a-2007031912215876016/g-20060314115917309058/p-7
| title=The Top 7... PR disasters|accessdate=2007-03-21 |last=Reparaz |first=Mikel |date=2007-03-21 |publisher=GamesRadar}}</ref> ''[[Business Week]]'' summed up the general opinion by stating that it was "more impressed with what [the PlayStation 3] could do than with what it currently does".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/nov2006/tc20061116_664610.htm |title=PS3: Soon to Be a Great System |author=Cliff Edwards |publisher=[[Business Week]] |date=2006-11-16 |accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref>

Developers have also found the machine difficult to program for. In 2007, [[Gabe Newell]] of [[Valve Corporation|Valve]] said "The PS3 is a total disaster on so many levels, I think it's really clear that Sony lost track of what customers and what developers wanted". He continued "I'd say, even at this late date, they should just cancel it and do a do over. Just say, 'This was a horrible disaster and we're sorry and we're going to stop selling this and stop trying to convince people to develop for it'".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=155309| title=Valve: PS3 a "total disaster on so many levels"| date=2007-01-15| first=Stuart| last=Bishop| publisher=computerandvideogames.com| accessdate=2007-01-15}}</ref> Doug Lombardi VP of Marketing for Valve has since stated that they are interested in developing for the console and are looking to hire talented PS3 programmers for future projects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ps3.qj.net/Valve-open-to-work-with-PS3-development/pg/49/aid/132755|title=Valve open to work with PS3 development
| date="2009-07-05"|publisher=Qj.net}}</ref> However he stated, "Until we have the ability to get a PS3 team together, until we find the people who want to come to Valve or who are at Valve who want to work on that, I don't really see us moving to that platform".<ref>{{cite web|url = http://play.tm/news/25498/valve-dodge-ps3-development/| title = Valve dodge PS3 development| date = 2009-07-03| first = Luke|last = Guttridge| publisher = play.tm| accessdate = 2009-07-13}}</ref>

[[Activision Blizzard]] CEO [[Bobby Kotick]] has criticised the PS3’s high development costs and inferior attach rate and return to that of the [[Xbox 360]] and [[Wii]]. He believes these factors are pushing developers away from working on the console. In an interview with ''[[The Times]]'' Kotick stated "I'm getting concerned about Sony; the PlayStation 3 is losing a bit of momentum and they don't make it easy for me to support the platform."<ref>{{cite web|url = http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/media/article6531367.ece| title = Sony should beware — Activision chief is not simply playing games| date = 2009-06-19| first = Dan |last = Sabbagh | publisher = timesonline.co.uk| accessdate = 2009-07-13}}</ref> He continued, "It's expensive to develop for the console, and the Wii and the Xbox are just selling better. Games generate a better [[return on invested capital]] on the Xbox than on the PlayStation." Kotick also claimed that Activision Blizzard may stop supporting the system if the situation is not addressed. “[Sony has] to cut the [PS3’s retail] price, because if they don't, the attach rates are likely to slow. If we are being realistic, we might have to stop supporting Sony.”<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.develop-online.net/news/32222/Kotick-slams-PS3-for-high-dev-costs| title=Kotick slams PS3 for ‘high’ dev costs| date=2009-06-19| first=Rob| last=Crossley| publisher=develop-online.| accessdate=2009-07-13}}</ref> However, this has gotten Kotick some heavy criticism about the validity of the statement and whether such a statement, or such a move, would even be appropriate, with [[Bioware]] even calling the statement "silly."<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=219357 | title = BioWare: Activision PS3 comment "silly and biased towards what is popular."}}</ref>

However, even [[Kazuo Hirai]], [[Chairman]] of [[Sony Computer Entertainment]], said that the PS3 was intentionally difficult to develop for.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/hirai-were-the-official-industry-leader| title = Hirai: We're the "official" industry leader |publisher=[[Eurogamer]]|quote=''We don't provide the easy to program for console that [developers] want, because easy to program for means that anybody will be able to take advantage of pretty much what the hardware can do, so then the question is what do you do for the rest of the nine-and-a-half years?''| date=2009-01-20| accessdate=2009-10-31}}</ref>

Despite the initial negative press, several websites have given the system very good reviews. [[CNET]] United Kingdom praised the system saying, "the PS3 is a versatile and impressive piece of home-entertainment equipment that lives up to the hype [...] the PS3 is well worth its hefty price tag."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tech.uk.msn.com/features/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4370234 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070328170257/http://tech.uk.msn.com/features/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4370234 |archivedate=2007-03-28 |title=PS3 Reviewed |accessdate=2007-04-21 |last=Carnoy |first=Dave |year=2007 |month=March |publisher=CNet.co.uk}}</ref> CNET awarded it a score of 8.8 out of 10 and voted it as its number one "must-have" gadget,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://reviews.cnet.com/must-have-gadgets/ |title=Top 10 Must-haves |accessdate=2007-02-22 |author=CNET Staff |date=2006-11-21 |publisher=CNET}}</ref> praising its robust graphical capabilities and stylish exterior design while criticizing its limited selection of available games.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://reviews.cnet.com/consoles/sony-playstation-3-60gb/4505-10109_7-31355103.html |title=Sony PlayStation 3 (60 GB) Reviews |accessdate=2007-02-03 |last=Carnoy |first=David |date=2006-11-14 |publisher=CNET}}</ref>

In addition, both ''Home Theater Magazine'' and ''Ultimate AV'' have given the system's Blu-ray playback very favorable reviews, stating that the quality of playback exceeds that of many current standalone [[Blu-ray Disc]] players.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hometheatermag.com/discplayers/1206playstation3/ |title=Sony PlayStation 3 |accessdate=2007-02-22 |last=Chiarella |first=Chris |year=2006 |month=December |work=Home Theater Magazine |publisher=Primedia Magazines, Inc.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ultimateavmag.com/hddiscplayers/1206ps3blu/index3.html |title=PlayStation3 Blu-ray Disc Player |accessdate=2007-02-22 |last=Buettner |first=Shane C. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2006 |month=December |work= |publisher=Primedia Magazines, Inc. |pages=4 of 6}}</ref>

''Hexus Gaming'' reviewed the PAL version and summed the review up by saying, "as the PlayStation 3 matures and developers start really pushing it, we’ll see the PlayStation 3 emerge as the console of choice for gaming."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gaming.hexus.net/content/item.php?item=8185&page=6 |title=Review : Sony PlayStation 3 |accessdate=2007-04-25 |last=Haywood |first=Nick |date=2007-03-23 |publisher=HEXUS.gaming |pages=6 of 6}}</ref> At [[Game Developers Conference|GDC]] 2007, [[Shiny Entertainment]] founder [[David Perry (game developer)|Dave Perry]] stated, "I think that Sony has made the best machine. It's the best piece of hardware, without question".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/gdc-whats-next-for-ps3 |title=GDC: What's Next for PS3? |accessdate=2007-04-25 |last=Gibson |first=Ellie |date=2007-03-07 |publisher=GamesIndustry.biz}}</ref> A second review of the PS3 by [[Ars Technica]] in June 2008 gave the console an overall mark of 9/10, while the original launch review marked only 6/10.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arstechnica.com/hardware/reviews/2008/06/playstation-3-blu-ray.ars| title=They say it got smart: a 2008 review of the PS3| date=2008-06-04| first=Ben| last=Kuchera| publisher=Ars Technica| accessdate=2008-06-10}}</ref>

===Slim model and rebrand===
The PlayStation 3 Slim has received extremely positive reviews as well as a boost in sales; less than 24 hours after its announcement the PS3 Slim took the number-one bestseller spot on [[Amazon.com]] in the video games section for fifteen consecutive days. It regained the number-one position again one day later.<ref name="Slim Amazon Bestseller">{{cite web |title=PS3 Slim gets back Bestseller top spot on Amazon |url=http://www.qj.net/PS3-Slim-gets-back-Bestseller-top-spot-on-Amazon/pg/49/aid/134239 |date=September 1, 2009 |work= |publisher=qj.net |accessdate=3 September 2009}}</ref> The PS3 Slim also received praise from PC World giving it a 90 out of 100 praising its new repackaging and the new value it brings at a lower price as well as praising its quietness and the reduction in its power consumption. This is in stark contrast to the original PS3's launch in which it was given position number-eight on their "The Top 21 Tech Screwups of 2006" list.<ref name="PS3 Slim Review PCW">{{cite web |title=Priced right, Sony's slim-line PlayStation 3 (120GB) bundles the top-notch features of the earlier PlayStation 3 into a smarter, sleeker package. |url=http://www.pcworld.com/reviews/product/301007/review/playstation_3.html |date=September 2, 2009 |work= |publisher=[[PC World (magazine)|PC World]] |accessdate=3 September 2009}}</ref>

CNET awarded the PS3 Slim four out of five stars praising its Blu-ray capabilities, 120GB hard drive, free online gaming service and more affordable pricing point, but complained about the lack of backwards compatibility for PlayStation 2 games.<ref name="CNET PS3 Slim Review">{{cite web |title=Sony PlayStation 3 Slim - 120GB Review |url=http://reviews.cnet.com/consoles/sony-playstation-3-slim/4505-10109_7-33765068.html |date=August 19, 2009 |work= |publisher=[[CNET]] |accessdate=3 September 2009}}</ref> TechRadar gave the PS3 Slim four and a half stars out of five praising its new smaller size and summed up its review stating "Over all, the PS3 Slim is a phenomenal piece of kit. It's amazing that something so small can do so much". They did however criticize the exterior design of the PS3 Slim, calling it "ugly" and cheap-looking compared to the design of the original PS3.<ref name="TechRadar PS3 Slim Review">{{cite web |title=Sony PlayStation 3 Slim 120GB review |url=http://www.techradar.com/reviews/gaming/games-consoles/sony-playstation-3-slim-630534/review?artc_pg=5 |date=September 1, 2009 |work= |publisher=TechRadar |accessdate=3 September 2009}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=25em}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Portal|Sony PlayStation}}
{{Portal|Blu-ray}}








'''Official websites'''
*[http://asia.playstation.com/hk/en/ps3/ Asia]
*[http://au.playstation.com/ps3/ Australia]
*[http://www.playstation.ca/playstation3/main.aspx Canada]
*[http://nz.playstation.com/ps3/ New Zealand]
*[http://www.us.playstation.com/PS3/landing.aspx North America]
*[http://uk.playstation.com/ps3/ United Kingdom]

'''Auxiliary sites by Sony'''
*[http://www.scee.presscentre.com/imagelibrary/default.asp?SubjectID=1530 Hardware press images]
*[http://manuals.playstation.net/document/en/ps3/current/index.html User's guide]

'''Directories'''
*{{Dmoz|Games/Video_Games/Console_Platforms/Sony/PlayStation_3|PlayStation 3}}
{{PlayStation}}
{{Sony Corp}}
{{Seventh generation game consoles}}
{{Featured article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Playstation 3}}
[[Category:2006 introductions]]
[[Category:Backward compatible video game consoles]]
[[Category:Blu-ray Disc]]
[[Category:PlayStation]]
[[Category:PlayStation 3]]
[[Category:Power Architecture]]
[[Category:Regionless game consoles]]
[[Category:Sony Computer Entertainment]]

{{Link FA|ar}}
[[ar:بلاي ستيشن 3]]
[[az:PlayStation 3]]
[[bs:PlayStation 3]]
[[bg:PlayStation 3]]
[[ca:PlayStation 3]]
[[cs:PlayStation 3]]
[[da:PlayStation 3]]
[[de:PlayStation 3]]
[[et:PlayStation 3]]
[[el:PlayStation 3]]
[[es:PlayStation 3]]
[[eo:PlayStation 3]]
[[fa:پلی‌استیشن ۳]]
[[fr:PlayStation 3]]
[[gl:PlayStation 3]]
[[ko:플레이스테이션 3]]
[[hr:PlayStation 3]]
[[id:PlayStation 3]]
[[is:PlayStation 3]]
[[it:PlayStation 3]]
[[he:פלייסטיישן 3]]
[[ka:PlayStation 3]]
[[la:Playstation 3]]
[[lv:PlayStation 3]]
[[lt:PlayStation 3]]
[[hu:PlayStation 3]]
[[mk:PlayStation 3]]
[[ms:PlayStation 3]]
[[nl:PlayStation 3]]
[[ja:プレイステーション3]]
[[no:PlayStation 3]]
[[nn:PlayStation 3]]
[[pnb:پلے سٹیشن 3]]
[[pl:PlayStation 3]]
[[pt:PlayStation 3]]
[[ro:PlayStation 3]]
[[qu:PlayStation 3]]
[[ru:PlayStation 3]]
[[sq:PlayStation 3]]
[[scn:Playstation 3]]
[[simple:PlayStation 3]]
[[sk:PlayStation 3]]
[[sl:PlayStation 3]]
[[sr:Плејстејшн 3]]
[[fi:Playstation 3]]
[[sv:Playstation 3]]
[[ta:பிளேஸ்டேசன் 3]]
[[th:เพลย์สเตชัน 3]]
[[tr:PlayStation 3]]
[[uk:PlayStation 3]]
[[ur:پلے اسٹیشن 3]]
[[vi:PlayStation 3]]
[[zh-yue:PlayStation 3]]
[[zh:PlayStation 3]]

Church and state

2010-03-02T17:36:04Z

Jehosephat25: Redirected page to Separation of church and state

#REDIRECT [[Separation of church and state]]

Stall (aviation)

2010-03-02T17:35:26Z

Jehosephat25: Typo

A '''stall''', in aviation, is a reduction in lift created by an [[airfoil]] and is caused by excessive angle of attack. This is most often at low speeds. As [[speed]] decreases, the angle of attack required to generate the same amount of lift increases; however, at the critical angle of attack, any increase in angle of attack will actually cause a reduction in coefficient of lift. The best remedy for a stall is to point the nose of the airplane downward, which decreases the angle of attack.

Because of this relationship between speed, angle of attack, and lift, specific "stall speeds" for given aircraft configurations exist and are commonly used for reference. These stall speeds are further effected in maneuvering flight. As an aircraft turns, it must generate more lift at a given speed to maintain altitude, thus at a given speed, angle of attack increases. This increases the "stall speed."

The Continental Connections Flight 3407 crash of February 12, 2009, is thought to have been caused in part by the captain's incorrect response to stall indications in the Q400 Bombardier. "Pulling up is the wrong thing to do when the airplane is giving you a stall warning," said William Waldock of the crash, a professor of safety science at Embry Riddle Aeronautical University who has investigated accidents for more than 30 years. "You increase the airspeed by pushing the nose down. He's pulling up fairly abruptly. There's an old adage that airspeed is life." [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/03/25/buffalo-plane-had-stall-w_n_179071.html]

[[Category:Aviation]]

Stall (aviation)

2010-03-02T17:35:11Z

Jehosephat25: Extra space

A '''stall''', in aviation, is a reduction in lift created by an [[airfoil]] and is caused by excessive angle of attack. This is most often at low speeds. As [[speed]] decreases, the angle of attack required to generate the same amount of lift increases; however, at the critical angle of attack, any increase in angle of attack will actually cause a reduction in coefficient of lift. The best remedy for a stall is to point the nose of the airplane downward, which decreases the angle of attack.

Because of this relationship between speed, angle of attack, and lift, specific "stall speeds" for given aircraft configurations exist and are commonly used for reference. These stall speeds are further effected in manuevering flight. As an aircraft turns, it must generate more lift at a given speed to maintain altitude, thus at a given speed, angle of attack increases. This increases the "stall speed."

The Continental Connections Flight 3407 crash of February 12, 2009, is thought to have been caused in part by the captain's incorrect response to stall indications in the Q400 Bombardier. "Pulling up is the wrong thing to do when the airplane is giving you a stall warning," said William Waldock of the crash, a professor of safety science at Embry Riddle Aeronautical University who has investigated accidents for more than 30 years. "You increase the airspeed by pushing the nose down. He's pulling up fairly abruptly. There's an old adage that airspeed is life." [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/03/25/buffalo-plane-had-stall-w_n_179071.html]

[[Category:Aviation]]

Debate: At what point does "Human" life begin?

2010-03-02T17:34:34Z

Jehosephat25: /* Human Life begins with a fertilized egg */ The same as the conception idea below

{{Debate}}

==Background==

One of the fundamental issues in the pro-life/pro-choice controversy is determining when human life begins, particularly in terms of being regarded as fully "human" in the eyes of the law. The catalyst for this page was the legislative initiative in North Dakota to define human life from the earliest possible stage. The bill declares that "any organism with the genome of homo sapiens" is a person protected by rights granted by the North Dakota Constitution and state laws. This interpretation would not only define unborn, developing fetuses in the womb as fully human, but also carry the label and legal protections of being fully human to fertilized human eggs or frozen embryos that have yet to be implanted in a mother's womb.

Others feel that life as a human begins once a baby is independent of the womb and can survive in that mode, even if significant medical assistance is required. In this context, a developing fetus still in the womb in the 7th month is not a human being, but if prematurely born at that time it becomes one because it is now independent of the mother's body.

Neither definition is satisfactory to people who stand fully behind being either pro-life or pro-choice, and each side has compelling reasons to support those positions. The purpose of this debate page is to allow those ideas and expressions to be given a fair and open airings, which will hopefully provide guidance to people who are unsure if the truth is one side, the other, or somewhere in the middle.

Please note that the section labels below do not represent the only options - they are placeholders to organize responses, so new sections can be added as appropriate.

==Human Life begins with childbirth==
When it is born, a baby changes. Its white blood cells change, it uses its lungs for the first time and its blood takes a different route through its heart. It is at this point that human life begins. Before this, a foetus is just part of its mother's body, like an extra limb. When it is born, it becomes its own person and is no longer an extra bit of the mother.I personally believe that the baby's first breath is its soul being breathed into it, signifying the start of its life. Before the first breath, the baby is just a shell of a person or the potential to be a person, like a car without its engine. When the white blood cells change from those of a foetus to those of a baby, they change the blood from support blood into Life Blood, which no-one can live without. If a baby did not go through these changes, it would not survive. Pregnancy prepares a foetus for life, but does not create it. Childbirth creates life. [[User:Ululator|Ululator]] 12:54, 5 May 2009 (EDT)

==Human Life begins at a certain stage of neonatal development==

It is my belief that life begins at the point where the brain has developed sufficiently for the fetus to be "self aware". Essentially when the brain is formed to the point that non automatic (or regulatory) brain activity (such as non auto response to stimulus) can be registered. Prior to this I consider the fetus a cell cluster, in the same way that I consider my heart a muscle.

On a side note, I wish there was more activity in the debate boards, or am I just missing it? I do love debate, and I realize that talk pages are usually not appropriate for such things, which is why I wish there was more going on around these parts. I'm not sure if this particular subject is especially debatable, since much of it hinges on personal belief rather than empirical fact with verifiable veracity.

Also, a question. Should any syops happen to wander around this way, I was wondering. Where do debate posts fall within the 90/10 rule. As I said before I love debate, but I would not want to violate any rules. I hope that partaking in ongoing debate counts as worthwhile contribution.--[[User:NicholasT|NicholasT]] 09:58, 13 April 2009 (EDT)

==Human Life begins earlier than that==
Human life began 6000 or so years ago. The gametes in the sex organs are small parts of humans and are just as human as when they have fertilised an egg and grown into an adult, albeit less developed. In the same way that an unattached exhaust pipe is still part of a car, and a new car cn be built around it, all cells of a human are in themnselves human.

==Life Begins at Conception==
Two hundred years ago a one month premature fetus was not expected to live outside the womb. Today, with the advancement of medical knowledge and care, a one month premature human fetus is almost surely expected to be able to be brought to a fully independent and functional mature human being capable of sustaining life on it’s own. As medical abilities advance it seems entirely possible that a two month premature fetus could be expected to survive outside the womb and continue to maturity. It would seem that, one day future, medical advancements could also nurture a three month premature fetus with the same result. Logically, with great advancement in medicine, wouldn’t it seem possible that someday a fertilized egg could be nurtured to full maturity? An acorn planted in an appropriate environment and with adequate nurturing is expected to become a mighty oak. Just so, the fertilized human ovum, in the right environment, is expected become a fully functional baby. An acorn will never become a human nor a fertilized ovum an oak tree. In the bible, God speaks of the mystery of a man leaving his father and mother and being joined to his wife and the two becoming ‘one’ flesh. I think we can extrapolate this mystery to include a sperm being joined to an ovum and the two becoming ‘one’ flesh, as well. Life is in the acorn and life is also in the fertilized egg.
Life begins with conception. --[[User:WPA|WPA]] 14:52, 13 October 2009 (EDT)