Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

10th Mountain Division

2011-09-22T01:28:45Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--The '''10th Mountain Division''' is a light infantry division of the [[United States Army]] currently serving under the XVIII Airborne Corps. The unit's specialty involves fighting effectively in harsh conditions. Like the rest of the corps, it is designed for rapid deployment anywhere in the world. The division is currently based at Fort Drum, New York.

==Overview==
As a specially tailored infantry division, the 10th Mountain Division is rapidly deployable by strategic airlift to conduct a full spectrum of operations from humanitarian relief to combat. Over the last decade, the division has been involved in more deployments than any other division in the Army.

Rapid deployment is the foundation for a ready 10th Mountain Division. Ninety-six hours after notification, the division is expected to deploy by air, sea and land, worldwide. In order to ensure readiness for rapid deployment, the division designates subordinate units that will deploy first. At any given time, one of the division's two infantry brigades is designated as the First Infantry Brigade to Deploy (FIBTD), with one battalion task force within the brigade designated first to deploy. The deployment readiness of the brigade centers on the philosophy that it will deploy with the personnel and equipment on-hand at the time of notification.

The 10th Mountain Division is designated a Force Package 3 unit and is considered a reinforcing combat unit or "follow-on force". The Army distributes its limited resources utilizing a "tiered resource" policy. Tiered resource means providing the highest level of warfighting resources to the "first to fight, first to deploy, and first to be required" units. Per war plans and current strategic lift schedules, the 10th Mountain Division can expect to remain a Force Package 3 unit with its authorized personnel strength between 90 and 95 percent. Units selected for peace operations normally are those not deemed immediately crucial in the event of a major theater war. As such, their resourcing generally is below that of the Army's "first to deploy/fight" units.

The division commander's goal is to keep deployment tempo for units below 120 days per year. The FY98 projected deployment tempo for 1-32 and 1-87 Infantry Battalion's was 116 days. The projected deployment tempo for 2-22 Infantry is estimated at 158 days due to Alpha Company's deployment to Bosnia in support of Operation Joint Guard. Moral and discipline within the division are outstanding. The 10th Mountain Division was one of only a few divisions in the Army to reach its Department of the Army reenlistment objectives for FY97.

In November 1939, the Soviet Union invaded Finland. Finnish soldiers on skis annihilated two tank divisions, humiliating the Russians. Charles Minot (Minnie) Dole, the president of the National Ski Patrol, saw this as a perfect example of why the U.S. Army needed mountain troops. Dole spent months lobbying the War Department to train troops in mountain and winter warfare. In September 1940, Dole was able to present his case to General George C. Marshall, the Army Chief of Staff, who caused the Army take action on Dole’s proposals to create ski units.

On December 8, 1941, the Army activated its first mountain unit, the 87th Mountain Infantry Battalion (Later became an entire Regiment) at Fort Lewis, Washington. The unit was dubbed "Minnie's Ski Troops" in honor of Dole. The 87th trained on Mount Rainier's 14,408 foot peak. The National Ski Patrol took on the unique role of recruiting for the 87th Infantry Regiment and later the Division. After returning from the Kiska Campaign in the Aleutian Islands near Alaska the 87th formed the core of the new Division.

==World War II==
This unique organization came into being on July 13, 1943, at Camp Hale, Colorado as the 10th Light Division (Alpine). The combat power of the Division was contained in the 85th, 86th, and 87th Infantry Regiments. The Division's year training at the 9,200 foot high Camp Hale honed the skills of its soldiers to fight and survive under the most brutal mountain conditions.

On June 22, 1944, the Division was shipped to Camp Swift, Texas to prepare for the Louisiana maneuvers of 1944, which were later canceled. A period of acclimation to a low altitude and hot climate was necessary to prepare for this training.

On November 6, 1944, the 10th Division was redesignated the 10th Mountain Division. That same month the blue and white "Mountain" tab was authorized.

The division entered combat on January 28, 1945 in the North Apennine Mountains of Italy. The division faced German positions arrayed along the 5 mile long Monte Belvedere-Monte della Torraccia ridge. Other divisions had attempted to assault Mount Belvedere three times, even holding it temporarily, but none had succeeded. To get to Mount Belvedere the division first had to take a ridge line to the west known to the Americans as the Riva Ridge. The Germans on Riva Ridge protected the approaches to Mount Belvedere. The assault on Riva Ridge was the task of the 1st Battalion and F Company, 2d Battalion, 86th Mountain Infantry. After much scouting, it was decided the assault would be at night, a 1,500-vertical-assent. The Germans considered the ridge to be impossible to scale and manned it with only one battalion of mountain troops. The attack by the 86th on February 18, 1945, was a complete success and an unwelcome surprise to the Germans.

Mount Belvedere was assaulted next. Belvedere was heavily manned and protected with minefields. Shortly after the 86th assault on the Riva Ridge, the 85th and 87th Regiments made a bayonet attack without covering artillery fire on Belvedere beginning on February 19th. Again the surprise of the assault was successful and after a hard fight, the peak was captured. Realizing the importance of the peak, the Germans made seven counterattacks over two days. After the first three days of intense combat, the division lost 850 casualties to include 195 dead. The 10th had captured over 1,000 prisoners. The 10th was now in a position to breach the German's Apennine Mountain line, take Highway 65 and open the way to the Po Valley.

On April 14, 1945, the final phase of the war in Italy began. With the 85th and 87th leading, the 10th Mountain Division attacked toward the Po Valley spearheading the Fifth Army drive. The fighting was fierce with the loss of 553 mountain infantryman killed, wounded, or missing in the first day.

On April 14th, Private First Class John D. Magrath, from East Norwalk, Connecticut, assigned to Company G, 2d Battalion 85th Infantry, became the division's only Medal of Honor recipient. His company was pinned down by heavy artillery, mortar and small-arms fire near Castel d’ Aiano, Italy. Shortly after the company had crossed the line of departure, it came under intense enemy fire and the company commander, Captain Halvorson was killed. Volunteering to accompany the acting commander with a small reconnaissance party moving on Hill 909, radioman Magrath set out with the group. After going only a few yards, the party was pinned down. But instead of flopping to the ground as the others had done, Magrath, armed only with his M-1 Garand, charged ahead and disappeared around the corner of a house. Coming face to face with two Germans manning a machine gun, Magrath killed one and forced the other to surrender. Five more of the enemy emerged from their foxholes, firing at Magrath and retreating toward their own lines. Discarding his rifle in favor of the deadlier German MG-34 machine gun, Magrath mowed down the fleeing enemy, killing one and wounding three. He then saw another German position, moved forward, and exchanged fire until he had killed two and wounded three and captured their weapon. The rest of Company G followed his lead with amazed admiration. Later that day, Magrath volunteered to run through heavy shelling to gather a casualty report. As he was crossing an open field, two mortar rounds landed at his feet, killing him instantly. John Magrath, age nineteen, was awarded the Medal of Honor, posthumously. In June 1995, Fort Drum, New York renamed its Soldiers Sports Complex as the John D. Magrath Gymnasium. A plaque and portrait at Magrath Gym honor his memory.

Early on April 20th, the seventh day of the attack, the first units of the 85th Infantry Regiment broke out into Po Valley. Five days of attack had cost 1,283 casualties. With the German's mountain line broken, the next objective was to cross the Po River.

On the morning of April 23rd, the 10th was the first division to reach the Po River. The first battalion of the 87th Mountain Infantry, the original mountain infantry unit, made the crossing under fire in 50 light canvas assault boats.

The final combat for the 10th Division took place in the vicinity of Lake Garda, a canyon lake at the foothills of the Alps. On April 27, 1945, the first troops reached the south end of the lake, cutting off the German Army's main escape route to the Brenner Pass. The drive was delayed by destroyed tunnels and road blocks. Using amphibious DUKWs, these obstacles were bypassed and the towns of Riva and Tarbole at the head of the lake were captured. Organized resistance in Italy ended on May 2, 1945.

The 10th completely destroyed five elite German divisions. In 114 days of combat, the 10th Division suffered casualties of 992 killed in action and 4,154 wounded.

Since the 10th Mountain Division was one of the last to enter combat, it was to be used in the projected invasion of Japan. These plans ended with the surrender of Japan in August 1945. After a brief tour of duty in the Army of Occupation in Italy, the 10th was sent to Camp Carson, Colorado. There on 30 November 1945, the 10th Mountain Division was disbanded.

==Postwar years==
Veterans of the 10th Mountain Division were in a large part responsible for the development of skiing into a big name sport and popular vacation industry after World War II. Ex-soldiers from the 10th laid out ski hills, built ski lodges, designed ski lifts and improved ski equipment. They started ski magazines and opened ski schools. Vail, Aspen, Sugarbush, Crystal Mountain, and Whiteface Mountain are but a few of the ski resorts built by 10th Mountain veterans.

To meet the Army's requirements to train large numbers of replacements the 10th was reactivated as a training division on July 1, 1948, at Fort Riley, Kansas. It didn’t retain its wartime designation as a Mountain Division and as result lost its "Mountain" tab. The Division had the mission of processing and training new soldiers for service with other Army units. The outbreak of the Korean Conflict in June 1950, enlarged this mission. A total of 123,000 men completed basic training with the 10th during the period 1948-1953.

In January 1954, the Department of Army announced that the 10th Division would become a combat infantry division, and be sent to Europe under a new rotation policy. The 10th Training Division was reduced to zero strength in May 1954. The personnel and equipment of the 37th Infantry Division were brought to Fort Riley, and on June 15, 1954, became the new 10th Infantry Division. In what became known as Operation Gyroscope, the 10th replaced the 1st Infantry Division in Germany. The headquarters of the 10th Division was located in Wurzburg, with all units stationed within a 75 miles radius. Stretched in an arc, from Frankfurt to Nurenburg, the 10th occupied a strategic center position in the NATO defense forces. With 9 Infantry Battalions, 4 Artillery Battalions, and one Tank Battalion, the 10th Infantry Division was a powerful military force. The 10th Division was in turn replaced in Germany by the 3rd Infantry Division in 1958. The 10th was then sent to Fort Benning, Georgia and inactivated on June 14, 1958.

==Reactivation==
The Division was officially reactivated on February 13, 1985, at Fort Drum, New York as the 10th Mountain Division (Light Infantry). The division commander after reactivation was Brigadier General William S. Carpenter. The 10th was the first division of any kind formed by the Army since 1975 and the first based in the Northeast US since World War II. The 10th Mountain Division (LI) was designed to meet a wide range of worldwide infantry-intensive contingency missions. Equipment design was oriented toward reduced size and weight for reasons of both strategic and tactical mobility.

==Desert Shield/Desert Storm==
Although the 10th didn't deploy to Southwest Asia as a unit, about 1,200 10th Mountain Division soldiers did go. The largest unit to deploy was the 548th Supply and Services Battalion with almost 1,000 soldiers, which supported the 24th Mechanized Infantry Division in Iraq. Following a cease-fire in March, the first Division soldiers began redeploying to Fort Drum. The last soldiers were welcomed home in June 1991.

==Hurricane Andrew relief==
Hurricane Andrew struck South Florida on August 24, 1992, killing 13 people, rendering an estimated 250,000 people homeless and causing damages in excess of 20 billion dollars. On September 27, 1992, the 10th Mountain Division assumed responsibility for Hurricane Andrew disaster relief as Task Force Mountain. Division soldiers set up relief camps, distributed food, clothing, medical necessities and building supplies as well as helping to rebuild homes and clear debris. The last of the 6,000 Division soldiers to deployed to Florida returned home in October 1992.

==Somalia==
Operation Restore Hope - December 1992 to May 1993. On December 3, 1993, the Division headquarters was designated as the headquarters for all Army Forces (ARFOR) of the Unified Task Force (UNITAF) for Operation Restore Hope. Major General Steven L. Arnold, the Division Commander, was named Army Forces commander. The Division's mission was to secure major cities and roads to provide safe passage of relief supplies to the starving Somali population. Due to 10th Mountain Division efforts, humanitarian agencies declared an end to the food emergency and factional fighting decreased. A Company, 41st Engineer Battalion built a 160 foot Bailey bridge north of Kismayo. It was the largest Bailey bridge built outside the U.S. since the Vietnam War. Beginning in mid February 1993, the Division began the gradual reduction of forces in Somalia.

==Operation Continue Hope==
On 4 May, the UN assumed the task of securing the flow of relief supplies in Somalia. All remaining Division units in Somalia came under the control of a new headquarters, United Nations Operations in Somalia (UNOSOM II).

On 3 October, Special Operations Task Force Ranger (TFR) conducted a daylight raid on an enemy stronghold, deep in militia-held Mogadishu. The Rangers had successfully captured some of warlord Mohammed Farah Aidid's key aides but went to the aid of an aircraft shot down by enemy fire. They were quickly surrounded by Somali gunmen. The 2-14th Infantry Battalion quick reaction force (QRF) was dispatched to secure the ground evacuation route. As darkness fell, the 2-14th Infantry was reinforced with coalition armor and for three hours they fought a moving gun battle from the gates of the Port to the Olympic Hotel and the Ranger perimeter. The 2-14th was successful in linking up with the Rangers and began withdrawal under fire along a route secured by Pakistani forces. As dawn broke over the city the exhausted soldiers marched, rode, and stumbled into the protective Pakistani enclave at city stadium. For 2-14th soldiers, the ordeal had lasted over twelve hours. The 2-14th had a total of twenty-nine soldiers wounded and one killed. Task Force Ranger suffered nineteen killed, fifty-seven wounded, and one missing (captured, later returned alive). Estimates of Somali militia losses were three hundred killed and over seven hundred wounded. With six and a half hours of continuous fighting, this was the longest sustained firefight by regular US forces since the Vietnam War.

The last divisional combat unit stationed in Somalia, 2d Battalion, 22d Infantry returned home March 12, 1994. In all, some 7,300 soldiers from the 10th served in Somalia.

==Haiti==
The Division formed the nucleus of the Multinational Force Haiti (MNF Haiti) and Joint Task Force 190 (JTF 190) in Haiti during Operation Uphold Democracy. The MNF-Haiti was the US led coalition force in Haiti which included soldiers from 20 nations. More than 8,600 of the almost 21,000 troops in Haiti wore the 10th Mountain Division patch.

At 0930 hours, on 19 September 1994, the Division's 1st Brigade conducted the Army’s first air assault from an aircraft carrier. This force consisted of 54 helicopters and almost 2,000 soldiers. They occupied the Port-au-Prince International Airport. This was the largest Army air operation conducted from a carrier since the Doolittle Raid in World War II, where Army Air Force bombers were launched off of a carrier to attack Tokyo.

The Division's mission was to create a secure and stable environment under which the legitimate government of Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide could be reestablished and democratic elections held. The final step in preparing for Aristide’s return from exile occurred early on October 13th, when General Cedras, his family and members his de-facto government left the country for Panama. When President Aristide returned to the Port-au-Prince International Airport on October 15, 1994, his security was provide courtesy of the 10th Mountain Division.

The 10th Mountain Division handed over control of the MNF-Haiti to the 25th Infantry Division on January 15, 1995. The Division redeployed the last of more than 8,600 Division soldiers who served in Haiti by January 31, 1995.

==Bosnia==
The 642d Engineer Company deployed for Bosnia on March 18, 1997 for a 6 month tour constructing and maintaining roads and base camps. Two companies of the 2d Battalion, 14th Infantry deployed for Bosnia a day later. B Company's mission is to defend a critical bridge site, C Company's mission is to act as the theater reserve.

In the fall of 1998, the division received notice that it would be serving as senior headquarters of Task Force Eagle, providing a peacekeeping force to support the ongoing operation within the Multi-National Division-North area of responsibility in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Preparations began immediately for Stabilization Force 6. While division staff began planning, soldiers began training. The division split into two operations: Task Force Drum-for those remaining in the North Country-and Task Force Eagle, set to deploy to Bosnia. Warfighting skills remained the focus of the division's training.

In preparation for the Bosnia assignment, four major events were staged in 1999, including an SFOR6 conference in Tuzla, Bosnia; a deployment exercise at Fort Drum as a rehearsal; a conference at Fort Drum and Fort Hood, and an inter-theater rehearsal by some staff members, with other units in Bosnia.

Selected division units began deploying in late summer, to link up with their commander, Maj. Gen. James L. Campbell, who had preceded his soldiers to Bosnia. Approximately 3,000 division soldiers deployed. Meanwhile at Fort Drum, every effort was made to ensure the safety and care of soldiers and families remaining at home.

After successfully performing their mission in Bosnia, the division units conducted a Transfer of Authority, relinquishing their assignments to soldiers of the 49th Armored Division, Texas National Guard. By early summer 2000, all 10th Mountain Division soldiers had returned safely to Fort Drum.

After adding humanitarian, training and operational deployments together, the 10th Mountain Division had earned the distinction of being the most deployed Army division during the 1990s, a period which had seen the greatest number of missions for United States military forces-reserve and active-since the end of World War II.

==Operation Enduring Freedom==
Soldiers from the division secured key forward operating bases in both nations, screened over 3,500 detainees at Sherberghan Prison in Northern Afghanistan, and engaged in combat during operations Anaconda and Mountain Lion. During Operation Anaconda, Coalition Joint Task Force Mountain, commanded by Maj. Gen. F. L. Hagenbeck, killed several hundred Al-Qaeda terrorists and destroyed an important enemy base of operations in the Shah-I-Khat Valley 100 miles southeast of Kabul. Subsequent operations destroyed 4.5 million pounds of ammunition and killed or captured several hundred more terrorists.

Elements from across the 10th Mountain Division were scheduled to return duties to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in May 2003. The rotation of soldiers has began in June and was to continue throughout the summer months.

Elements of division headquarters replaced selected staff members and assume command-and-control duties with coalition forces of Coalition Joint Task Force 180.

The 1st Brigade Combat Team joined other coalition forces conducting combat operations to eliminate remaining terrorists elements in the region. The soldiers also provided security and assist with humanitarian relief effort to the people of Afghanistan. The 2nd BCT provided forces to train the Afghan National Army. Other units from the division provided administrative and logistical support to deployed forces.

==Operation Iraqi Freedom==
During 2003, 10th Mountain Division Soldiers continued to add to the division's history by selflessly going where the nation called on them to serve. As the year closed, more than 6,000 division Soldiers had deployed around the world to fight the war on terrorism.

Members of 2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry Regiment had several combat engagements in Northern Iraq during formal combat operations while providing convoy security operations. Soldiers of 2nd Battalion, 15th Field Artillery Regiment, members of the 20th Air Support Operations Squadron and the 10th Target Acquisition Detachment also served in Iraq during formal combat operations.

In March 2003, the 642nd Engineer Company and 725th Ordnance Company deployed to the U.S. Central Command region. Elements of 4th Battalion, 31st Infantry Regiment, 2-15th FAR, 548th Corps Support Battalion and 110th Military Intelligence Battalion, as well as 57th Transportation Company, 514th Maintenance Company and 725th Explosive Ordnance Company also received orders to deploy to the CENTCOM region.

Already deployed were elements of 2-14 Infantry, 511th Military Police Company, 59th Chemical Company, Long Range Surveillance Detachment, 95th Firefighting Detachment and 520th Engineer Detachment. Soldiers of 4-31 Infantry also began deploying elements to Djibouti in April to continue fighting the global war on terrorism.

==Modular division==
The 10th Mountain Division officially transformed into the modular format the Army is evolving into during a ceremony at Sexton Field on 13 September 2004. As part of the ceremony, seven units were inactivated and 13 units were activated.

The seven units inactivated were as follows: Division Support Command; 3rd Battalion, 62nd Air Defense Artillery Regiment; 110th Military Intelligence Battalion; 10th Signal Battalion; 41st Engineer Battalion; 10th Forward Support Battalion and 710th Main Support Battalion.

The 13 units activated are as follows: 3rd Brigade Combat Team (Unit of Action); 10th Mountain Division Support Brigade; Unit of Employment, Special Troops Battalion; 1st Squadron, 71st Cavalry Regiment; 10th Brigade Support Battalion; 1st Brigade Special Troops Battalion; 2nd Squadron, 71st Cavalry Regiment; 2nd Brigade Special Troops Battalion; 3rd Squadron, 71st Cavalry Regiment; 4th Battalion, 25th Field Artillery; 710th Brigade Support Battalion; 3rd Brigade Special Troops Battalion and the Support Brigade Special Troops Battalion.

As the division transformed at Sexton Field, Soldiers of the 2nd Brigade Combat Team (Unit of Action) and 3rd Squadron, 17th Calvary Regiment were involved in combat operations in Iraq.

==External links==
* [http://www.drum.army.mil Fort Drum and the 10th Mountain Division Home Page] - official site.

[[Category:United States Army]]

110th Congress

2011-09-22T01:28:44Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--#REDIRECT [[110th United States Congress]]

11th Amendment

2011-09-22T01:28:44Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--#REDIRECT [[Eleventh Amendment]]

10th and Wolf

2011-09-22T01:28:43Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--'''10th & Wolf''' (2006) is a film about the son of a made member of the [[Mafia]] who tries to escape the world of [[organized crime]] by joining the [[Marines]]. He feels let down when the government 'cuts a deal' to leave Saddam in power and gets himself thrown out of the Marines, only to be offered an FBI deal if he'll rat out the mob in his old neighborhood.

When Tommy comes back to the neighborhood, he's welcomed by his aunt, his brother Vincent, and his cousin Joey, who owns a strip club with a tall one-legged murderer named Junior. Joey knows that Junior murdered Willy, but refuses to tell his widow Brandy anything; instead, he offers her a bartending job at the club, which is managed by Vincent.

[[category:movies]]

10mm Auto

2011-09-22T01:28:40Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--The '''10mm Auto''' (10x25mm) is a cartridge for semi-automatic pistols, developed by firearms visionary Jeff Cooper and originally produced by ammunition manufacturer FFV Norma AB of Åmotfors, Sweden.

It was originally introduced in 1983 for the Bren Ten pistol, of ''Magnum PI'' fame. That pistol was later followed by the Colt Dela Elite.

==Adoption and Rejection by the FBI==

In the late 1980s, the FBI adopted the 10mm round in the S&W 1076 pistol. This chambering was selected due to the Bureau's dissatisfaction with the performance of the .38 Special cartridge in the S&W revolver during the infamous 1986 Miami FBI shootout, in which special agents [[Gerald Dove]] and [[Benjamin Grogan]] were martyred by two criminals.

The FBI chose the 10mm round based on its superior ballistic performance, producing up to 744 ft·lbf (nearly equaling the .41 Magnum). Shortly thereafter, the Bureau was forced to relinquish their 10mm pistols, switching instead to the .40 S&W cartridge, a round of very similar design, but less stopping power.

The decision to change to the .40 S&W was caused by the inability of many FBI agents to cope with the recoil produced by a full-power combat cartridge. At this point in the FBI's history, [[affirmative action]] programs had led to the hiring of a substantially different demographic than had been hired in the past. Further, many new recruits in the 1980s had generally been too young to have served in the [[Vietnam War]], which combined with a general urbanization of the United States as well as politico-cultural pressures against legal firearms ownership, left the FBI with a pool of candidates unfamiliar with and uncomfortable with firearms. Accordingly, a change was made to a less-powerful cartridge that could be easily handled by the average recruit.

FBI statistics do not indicate how many shootings have failed to stop a suspect due to the usage of a reduced power cartridge.

==Non-LEO usage==

The 10mm cartridge continues to enjoy a fringe popularity among certain firearms enthusiasts:
*Those who hunt medium mammals such as wild hog or deer utilize 10mm autopistols such as the [[Glock]] 20 or Colt Delta Elite.
*Those with the training to handle a full-power cartridge offer prefer the 10mm for self-defense.
*Those competing in tactical shooting competitions (IDPA, IPSC) sometimes use the S&W 610 10mm revolver, since the 10mm cartridges can be united by a single "moon-clip", giving the shooter a reloading speed advantage over the traditional revolver.

As of 2008, several companies have reintroduced 10mm products that had languished in past years, leading to hopes for the long-term viability of the cartridge, albeit more for the specialist than the average shooter.

[[Category: Guns]]

10th Amendment

2011-09-22T01:28:40Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--#REDIRECT [[Tenth Amendment]]

100 AD

2011-09-22T01:28:39Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--[[Barracks Emperors]]

[[Constantine]]

[[Diocletian]]

[[Han Empire]]

[[Manichaeism]]

[[Category:Years]]

10 Years

2011-09-22T01:28:38Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--'''10 Years''' is a hard [[rock music|rock]] band. They're known for singles such as "Wasteland" and "Prey" and the album ''The Autumn Effect''. Their song "Wasteland" was their first song to chart a #1 single on the Billboard Modern Rock Charts. "Wasteland" also made #2 on the Mainstream Rock Charts and #94 on the Billboard Hot 100.

[[Category:Alternative Rock Bands]]

104th United States Congress

2011-09-22T01:28:36Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--The '''104th United States Congress''' was the sessions of Congress that occurred from January 3, 1995 to January 3, 1997. Due to the [[Contract with America]] and dissatisfaction with Democratic policies, the elections of 1994 finally saw an increase in the [[Republican]] majority of [[Congress]]. House speaker [[Newt Gingrich]] declared Congress "under new management" during this Congress. This Congress was able to pass much excellent conservative pro-American legislation despite [[liberal]] and impeached president [[Bill Clinton]] being in office. Coincidentally, the ushering in of a Republican dominated Congress exactly coincided with the success of the US economy, a strong economy that lasted until the [[Democrats]] surprisingly won power back in 2006. Not surprisingly, the economy then dropped sharply, as did Congressional opinion polls.

The 104th Congress was the most productive in nearly 50 years. President [[Bill Clinton]], fearing defeat in 1996, signed many good bills into law. The accomplishments of the 104th Congress included:

*[[DOMA]]
*Welfare reform
*Prisoner litigation reform
*the [[Solomon Amendment]]

(add to list)

[[Category:United States Congress]]

104th Congress

2011-09-22T01:28:36Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--#REDIRECT [[104th United States Congress]]

10 Commandments

2011-09-22T01:28:35Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--#Redirect[[Ten Commandments]]

1066 and All That

2011-09-22T01:28:34Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--'''''1066 and All That,''''' by W. C. Sellar and E. J. Yeatman, is a classic work of humor that pretends to be a history of [[England]]. It was first published in 1930 and has been so popular that it has stayed in print ever since. Its full title is:
:''1066 and All That: A Memorable History of England, comprising all the parts you can remember, including 103 Good Things, 5 Bad Kings and 2 Genuine Dates.''
People who are studying [[English]] history appreciate its muddled, tongue-in-cheek humor. According to Sellar and Yeatman, for example, what they call the "[[Magna Carta|Magna Charter]]" said

*That no one was to be put to death, save for some reason—(except the Common People);
*That everyone should be free—(except the Common People);
*That everything should be of the same weight and measure throughout the Realm—(except the Common People)

and concludes that "[[Magna Carta|Magna Charter]] was therefore the chief cause of Democracy in England, and thus a ''Good Thing'' for everyone (except the Common People)."<ref>'''Sellar, W.C. and Yeatman, R.J.''', ''1066 and All That: A Memorable History of England'' London: Methuen (1930) 1998 reprint ISBN 0-4137-7270-5</ref>

1066 is a reference to the year the [[Battle of Hastings]] was fought, a date that all English schoolchildren memorize, like 1776 in the United States; it is one of Sellar and Yeatman's "2 Genuine Dates,"
the other being 55 B.C. when [[Julius Caesar]] led the first Roman invasion of Britain.

Its impact since 1930 has been enormous. It has been a successful stage show, and has also been serialised on radio; its title has passed into the language as a phrase in its own right. Sellar and Yeatman were aiming to produce a work far more complex than just a parody of history, however - they were mocking the simplistic and didactic manner in which English history was then taught to children. The title is drawn from the general observation that for all the emphasis on memorizing dates that made up so much of history teaching, few people remembered more than two: 1066 and 55 BC. (and the day and month of the [[Gunpowder Plot]], "''though not, of course, the year''").<ref>'''Sellar, Yeatman,''' op cit.</ref>

==References==

<references/>
[[Category:Books]]

1066

2011-09-22T01:28:33Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--'''1066''' is the year of the [[Norman Conquest]] of [[England]] (''see main article: [[Battle of Hastings]]'')

[[Category: English History]]

100 BC

2011-09-22T01:28:33Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--[[Augustus Caesar]]

[[Battle of Actium]]

[[Claudius]]

[[Cleopatra]]

[[Horace]]

[[Julius Caesar]]

[[Livy]]

[[Marc Antony]]

[[Octavian]]

[[Ovid]]

[[Pax Romana]]

[[Virgil]]

[[Category:Years]]

101st Airborne Division

2011-09-22T01:28:32Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--[[Image:101st airborne.jpg|thumb|right|Major General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] encouraging the men of the 101st Airborne Division]]
The '''101st Airborne Division''' is a division of the [[United States Army]] that provides forcible entry capability through heliborne 'air assault' operations. Capable of inserting a 4,000 soldier combined arms task force, 150-kilometers into enemy terrain in one lift, and possessing 281 helicopters, including three battalions of Apache attack helicopters, this division is the most versatile in the Army. For this reason, the 101st Airborne Division is the division most in demand by combatant commanders.

Based at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, the division is capable of inserting a 4,000 soldier combined arms task force, 150-kilometers into enemy terrain in one lift, and possessing 281 helicopters, including three battalions of Apache attack helicopters, this division is the most versatile in the Army. For this reason, the 101st Airborne Division is the division most in demand by combatant commanders.

The 101st stands as the Army's and world's only air assault division with unequaled strategic and tactical mobility. The 101st is unique in that it normally conducts operations 150 to 300 kilometers beyond the line of contact or forward-line-of-own-troops, requiring theater- and national-level intelligence support as a matter of course.

The 101st was formed on August 15th, 1942. The 101st played a key role in [[D-Day]] landings on June 6th, 1944. The night before the invasion they were dropped behind enemy lines. The planes carrying them were under heavy antiaircraft fire and took evasive action. Scattering much of the division all over [[Normandy]]. They caused havoc among the [[German]] ranks even though they were not formed up into their proper units and companies. After [[World War II]] the 101st Airborne Division was deactivated.

In 1956, the 101st was reactivated as a combat division. Lead elements of the division deployed to [[Vietnam]] in 1965, and were joined by the rest of the division in 1967. In 1968, the 101st was reorganized as an airmobile division. In 1973, after its return from Vietnam the 101st was designated an air assault division, and is the only air assault division in the U.S. Army.

In 1991, the 101st Airborne fought in the [[Desert Storm|Persian Gulf conflict]], conducting air assault operations deep into enemy territory. The 101st sustained no soldiers killed in action during the 100-hour war and captured thousands of enemy prisoners of war. Today, the 101st Airborne serves in [[Iraq]].

==External links==
*[http://www.lonesentry.com/gi_stories_booklets/101stairborne/index.html The Story of the 101st Airborne Division] (WWII book)

[[category:United States Army]]

1. FC Koln

2011-09-22T01:28:31Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--#REDIRECT [[1. FC Köln]]

103rd United States Congress

2011-09-22T01:28:30Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--The '''103rd United States Congress''' refers to the sessions of [[Congress]] from January 3, 1993 to January 3, 1995. [[Tom Foley]] retained the Speakership and many Democratic policies were put into force. Among these were the [[Family Medical Leave Act]], the [[Brady Bill]], and the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act. This was the last Congress for 12 years that Democrats would retain a majority in the House, as dissatisfied voters elected a Republican majority in the [[104th Congress]].

[[Category:United States Congress]]

.net runtime environment

2011-09-22T01:28:30Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--The '''.NET runtime environment''' is a virtual machine for executing Just In Time (JIT) compiled byte-code ([[MSIL]]) for software written in [[.Net framework|.NET]] [[Programming language|programming languages]] such as [[C#]] and [[Visual Basic.net]].

[[category:information technology]]

.NET framework

2011-09-22T01:28:30Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--#Redirect[[.Net framework]]

1000 BC

2011-09-22T01:28:30Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--[[Assyrian Empire]]

[[Iron Smelting]]

[[Solomon]]

[[Category:Years]]

1. FC Köln

2011-09-22T01:28:29Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--'''1. FC Koln''' is a [[German]] [[soccer]] team currently playing in the [[Bundesliga]]. The club plays in Cologne. The colors are red, black, and white, and the mascot is a goat. The current manager is Christoph Daum and the current sponsor is Gerling.

==Roster==
===Goalkeepers===
*1 Faryd Mondragon
*18 Thomas Kessler
*32 Dieter Paucken

===Defenders===
*2 Miso Brecko
*3 Youssef Mohamad
*4 Marvin Matip
*5 Ümit Özat
*6 Tobias Nickenig
*17 Kevin Pezzoni
*21 Pedro Geromel
*23 Kevin McKenna
*25 Kevin Schöneberg
*26 Aleksandar Mitreski
*27 Michael Parensen
*28 Carsten Cullmann

===Midfielders===
*10 Thomas Broich
*12 Petit
*13 Daniel Brosinski
*16 André
*20 Roda Antar
*22 Fabrice Ehret
*29 Taner Yalcin
*33 Michael Niedrig

===Strikers===
*7 Nemanja Vucicevic
*8 Matthias Scherz
*9 [[Manasseh Ishiaku]]
*11 Milivoje Novakovic
*14 Wilfried Sanou
*19 Adil Chihi
*30 Michael Gardawski

==Notable Former Players==
*ST [[Tony Woodcock]]

[[Category:German Soccer]]
[[Category:Bundesliga 1 teams]]

.pst

2011-09-22T01:28:29Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--#REDIRECT [[File format (.pst)]]

"lame duck" session

2011-09-22T01:28:28Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--#REDIRECT [["Lame duck" Session]]

0

2011-09-22T01:28:28Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--#REDIRECT [[Zero]]

.net framework

2011-09-22T01:28:28Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--The '''.NET Framework''' is a library of [[software]] modules for writing software that run on [[Microsoft]]'s [[.Net runtime environment|.NET runtime environment]].
[[category:information technology]]

.50 AE

2011-09-22T01:28:27Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--#Redirect[[.50 Action Express]]

"pump em up

2011-09-22T01:28:27Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--<!--#REDIRECT [[Pump 'Em Up]]

.NET runtime environment

2011-09-22T01:28:27Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--#Redirect[[.Net runtime environment]]

.NET

2011-09-22T01:28:26Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--{{Disambiguation}}

You could be looking for:
*[[.Net framework|.NET framework]] - a [[Microsoft]] library of software modules
*[[.Net runtime environment|.NET runtime environment]] - a [[Microsoft]] byte-code interpreter for languages that utilize the [[.Net framework|.NET framework]]

[[Category:Disambiguation Pages]]

+/-

2011-09-22T01:28:26Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--#redirect [[Plus/minus]]

.50 Action Express

2011-09-22T01:28:26Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--The '''.50 Action Express''' is a large-bore handgun cartridge designed in 1988 by Evan Whildin, primarily for use in [[Magnum Research]]'s [[Desert Eagle]] handgun. It was later used in Magnum Research's [[Big Frame Revolver]], as well as some other weapons by other companies.

Due to the heavy recoil of such a large caliber bullet, smaller cartridges that are still easily lethal are generally preferred for self defense. Use for such a high caliber usually involves metallic silhouette shooting or [[handgun]] [[hunting]]. It is also used for self defense against thick-skinned animals that would not normally be killed by smaller cartridges, like [[bear]]. Hunters or people living in areas with animals like bears would need such a gun.

[[Category:Guns]]

"christmas tree" bill

2011-09-22T01:28:26Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--#REDIRECT [["Christmas tree" bill]]

$

2011-09-22T01:28:25Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--#REDIRECT [[Dollar]]

"Sunday of Orthodoxy"

2011-09-22T01:28:25Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--<!--The '''Sunday of Orthodoxy''' is the first Sunday of [[Lent]] in the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]. This day commemorates the end of the [[Iconoclastic controversy]]. The day is commemorated with the Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil the Great, which is preceded by the Matins service. A Great Vespers is conducted on Saturday evening.

Orthodox faithful carry icons in a procession, while the clergy offer petitions for the people, civil authorities, and those who have reposed in the faith. It is the norm for persons to carry the Saint for whom they were named.

[[Category:Christianity|S]]

"information theory"

2011-09-22T01:28:25Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--#REDIRECT [[Information theory]]

"Tax revolt"

2011-09-22T01:28:24Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--<!--#redirect[[Tax revolt]]

"Same-sex marriage"

2011-09-22T01:28:24Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--<!--#REDIRECT [[Same-sex marriage]]

"Oceanic" Volcanoes

2011-09-22T01:28:24Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--<!--#REDIRECT [[Oceanic volcanoes]]

"Must pass" bill

2011-09-22T01:28:24Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--#REDIRECT [["Must pass" Bill]]

"Signing statement"

2011-09-22T01:28:23Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--<!--#REDIRECT [[Signing statement]]

"Must pass" Bill

2011-09-22T01:28:23Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--<!--A '''"must pass" bill''' is a vitally important measure that [[Congress]] must enact, such as annual money [[bill|bills]] to fund operations of the [[government]]. Because of their must-pass quality, these measures often attract "[[riders]]" (unrelated [[policy]] [[provisos]]).<ref>[http://www.senate.gov/reference/glossary_term/appropriation.htm] US Senate Reference</ref>

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:United States Government Word Definitions]]

.

"Lame duck" Session

2011-09-22T01:28:22Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--<!--A '''"lame duck" session"''' is when [[Congress]] (either chamber) reconvenes in an even-numbered year following the [[November]] general [[election|elections]] to consider various items of business. Some [[lawmakers]] who return for this session will not be in the next [[Congress]]. Hence, they are informally called "lame duck" members participating in a "lame duck" session.<ref>[http://www.senate.gov/reference/glossary_term/appropriation.htm] US Senate Reference</ref>

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:United States Senate Terms]]

"Merriam-Webster"

2011-09-22T01:28:22Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--<!--#REDIRECT [[Merriam-Webster]]

"Hallelujah"

2011-09-22T01:28:21Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--<!--"Hallelujah" is a song written and originally performed by the Canadian singer song writer Leonard Cohen. It has been covered by several other singers (e.g., Sheryl Crowe, [[Bob Dylan]]) and appeared on the sound tracks of popular movies like the cartoon Shrek (performed by John Cale in the movie and by Rufus Wainwright on the soundtrack album). The winner of the 2008 ''X factor'' (British version of ''American Idol'') Alexandra Burke performed "Hallelujah" in her finale.

The song's first set of lyrics is
{{cquote|Now I've heard there was a secret chord

That David played, and it pleased the Lord

But you don't really care for music, do you?

It goes like this

The fourth, the fifth

The minor fall, the major lift

The baffled king composing Hallelujah

[[Hallelujah]]

Hallelujah

Hallelujah

Hallelujah}}

==External links==
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rf36v0epfmI as performed by Leonard Cohen]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wAaw6VWpk4A&feature=related as performed by Alexandra Burke]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6Lz5gMU1Y8&feature=related as performed in the movie-length cartoon Shrek]

[[Category:Songs]]

Gaussian integral

2011-09-22T01:28:21Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--{{move|Gaussian integral}} (The current version uses quotation marks in the title!)
{{Template:Math-h}}
The '''Gaussian integral''' is the integral:

:<math> \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-x^2}dx. </math>

It has a value of <math>\sqrt\pi</math>. The value is needed to normalize the [[Normal distribution]].

==Derivation==

First look at the [[Double integral|double integral]]

<math>\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-x^2-y^2}dxdy.</math>

Separating it,

<math>\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-x^2}dx \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-y^2}dy = (\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-x^2}dx)^2 </math>

So, the double integral is merely the square of the Gaussian integral.

Now, do the double integral in polar co-ordinates. <math>-x^2-y^2= -(x^2+y^2) = -r^2</math> and <math>dxdy=rdrd\theta</math>, so:

<math>\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-x^2-y^2}dxdy = \int_{0}^{2\pi}\int_{0}^{\infty} e^{-r^2}rdrd\theta</math>

<math> = (\int_{0}^{2\pi}d\theta)(\int_{0}^{\infty} e^{-r^2}rdr)</math>

<math> = 2\pi \int_{0}^{\infty} e^{-r^2}rdr.</math>

Substituting <math>z=r^2</math> into the integral,

<math> = 2\pi \int_{0}^{\infty} e^{-z}(z^{1/2})(\frac{dz}{2z^{1/2}})</math>

<math> = \pi \int_{0}^{\infty} e^{-z}dz = \pi \left[-e^{-z} \right]_0^{\infty} = \pi.</math>

Therefore,

<math>(\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-x^2}dx)^2 = \pi </math>

<math>\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-x^2}dx = \sqrt\pi.</math>

[[category:mathematics]]

"Constitution Lecture One"

2011-09-22T01:28:20Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--CONSTITUTION LECTURE ONE.

GETTING STARTED ON A GREAT ADVENTURE!

1. Course Materials
2. How to Read: Objective meaning? Or, subjective interpretation?
3. First Homework Assignment
4. Thinking about Our Constitution

1. Course Materials: You need 4 items:

a) '''Pocket copy of [[Declaration of Independence]] and The [[U.S. Constitution]]'''. www.askheritage.org/ has them.

b) '''The Federalist Papers'''. This is a collection of 85 essays written during 1787-1788 by [[Alexander Hamilton]], [[James Madison]], and [[John Jay]], in order to explain the proposed Constitution to The People and to induce them to ratify it. For this reason, [[The Federalist Papers]] are THE authoritative commentary on the meaning of The Constitution.

The late 18th century style of writing might seem difficult at first; but if you stick with it, you will get used to it. The authors were geniuses in political philosophy, and they are delightful! James Madison, of course, is The Father of the U.S. Constitution.

There are web editions with searchable texts, and Amazon has hard copies.

c) '''Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language (1828)'''.[Go to www.lexrex.com/catalog/webster1828.htm ] I have the big beautiful green & gold hard copy which is a facsimile of the original. It costs almost $60.00; but is worth it. Amazon also has it in hard copy and in kindle for $10.00.

You need Webster's because words change meaning throughout time: 200 years ago, "nice" meant "precise". "Choice" now means "abortion". For the statist-in-chief, words have no objective meaning at all - they are merely devices to create emotional reactions in his mindless followers. The statists have been hard at work for many years destroying our Language. There IS a political motive for destroying a Language! [See George Orwell's Essay, "Politics and the English Language" at www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/orwell46.htm ] To restore Our Constitutional Republic, we must learn what the Words meant when The Constitution was written.

d) '''Colored pencils'''.

2. How should we read The Declaration of Independence, The Constitution, and The Federalist Papers? There are two schools of thought:

a) The Traditional View, which I urge you to embrace, is that texts have a fixed and objective meaning, and it is the reader's task to ascertain '''that''' meaning. In order to do this, you must, among other things, pay close attention to definitions of words - you must understand the meaning of words the same way the author understood them. This is why you need Webster's 1828 Dictionary.

You must also lay aside your own views and everything you think you already know about the subject so that you can read with an open mind, and so you don't read your own views into the text. Here is a common example of such error: Our allies are rightly angry at the "federal" government in Washington, D.C. But to some of these allies, "federal" has become a very bad word synonymous with statist government. So, they argue, since Hamilton, Madison, and Jay were "federalists", they were big-government statists, and the Anti-federalists were the ones with the right idea!

But this dreadful error can be avoided simply by opening your mind and by looking up ''federal'' in Webster's! There, we learn that ''federal'' meant:

<blockquote>
Consisting in a compact between parties, particularly and chiefly between states or nations; founded on alliance by contract or mutual agreement; as a ''federal'' government, such as that of the United States.
</blockquote>

It is the federal government created by The Constitution which is explained and endorsed in The Federalist Papers. The federal government created by Our Constitution bears no resemblance whatsoever to the illegitimate dictatorship now in Washington, D.C.

b) The modern view on how to understand a literary text is that a text means whatever the reader thinks it means. The concept of a text having a fixed and objective meaning has been thrown out altogether! [See article on "Deconstruction" at www.yale.edu/lawweb/jbalkin/articles/deconessay.pdf ]

The sorry result of this view is that American educrats no longer teach how to read for the objective meaning of a text. It has become the dogma of our time that texts have no “objective meaning” to be discovered! Instead, each person is to come up with his own “understanding” – and one person’s “understanding” is as good as another’s. A friend recalls the following incident which occurred in an high school English class during 1960: The class read a short story, and then the teacher asked each student to say what the story meant to him. Whatever a student said was praised by the teacher. But when it was my friend’s turn, he said: “It doesn’t matter what it means to me – what matters is what the author meant.” The teacher was not pleased with this ‘out of place’ comment. Is it any wonder that judges on the U.S. Supreme Court feel free to “understand” the Constitution any way they please? They were '''''conditioned''' in school'' to “think” that way; but '''they''' did not resist the conditioning.

But here, you will learn how to read our Founding Documents to look for and find the "original intent" - the "objective" meaning of the Documents.

3. First homework assignment:

a) Take your pocket copy of The Declaration of Independence and The Constitution. Go through both documents carefully and underline all references to God. Be sure you don't miss the express recognition of the Lordship of Jesus Christ which is contained within The Constitution!

b) For now, read through only the first Seven Articles of The Constitution. We will address the Amendments later.

With another color, go through The Constitution (through Art. VII) and underline each of the law-making powers delegated by The Constitution to Congress. Most of the powers delegated to Congress are listed ("enumerated") at Art. I, Sec. 8; however, other enumerated powers granted to Congress are set forth elsewhere in The Constitution.

Use another color for the powers delegated to The Executive Branch; and a 4th color for the judicial power of the federal courts.

c) Use a 5th color to underline all powers which are specifically forbidden to the federal government.

Use a 6th color to underline all powers which are specifically forbidden to The States.

4. Thinking about Our Constitution: Re-read The Preamble. With respect to The Constitution: Who established it and put it into effect? Who is the "creator" and who is the "creature"? Who is the "master" and who is the "servant"?
[[Category:Homeschool Curriculum]]

"Christmas Tree" Bill

2011-09-22T01:28:20Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--#REDIRECT [["Christmas tree" bill]]

!

2011-09-22T01:28:20Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--<!--#REDIRECT [[Exclamation mark]]

"Big Bill" Haywood

2011-09-22T01:28:20Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--<!--'''William Dudley "Big Bill" Haywood''' (1869-1928) was the founder in 1905 of the [[Industrial Workers of the World]] (IWW), nicknamed the "Wobblies".<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/d_h/haywood.htm William "Big Bill" Haywood] (1869-1928), ''The West'' (PBS)</ref>

Before founding the IWW, Haywood, an avowed atheist<ref>J. Anthony Lukas, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=d07IME-ezzQC Big Trouble: A Murder in a Small Western Town Sets Off a Struggle for the Soul of America]'' (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998) ISBN 0684846179, p. 236</ref> and Communist,<ref>Jamie H. Cockfield, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=LkiUgn3MTmEC Black Lebeda: The Russian Famine Diary of ARA Kazan District Supervisor J. Rives Childs, 1921-1923]'' (Mercer University Press, 2006), ISBN 088146015X, p. 91, fn. 50</ref> was secretary-treasurer of the Western Federation of Miners (WFM), to whom he suggested in 1899 that they had a right to steal gold because the nation's wealth belonged to those who produced it.<ref>Douglas Linder, [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/haywood/HAY_WFM.HTM Western Federation of Miners, Bill Haywood Trial, Famous Trials</ref>

That year, while the Idaho state militia was in the Philippines, the WFM struck, seizing a Northern Pacific train and 400 pounds of dynamite. The mob, estimated at 1,000 men, many armed and masked, shot and killed two men, and blew up two mines,<ref>James H. Peabody, "Gov. Peabody to the Voters," in ''[http://ia311535.us.archive.org/3/items/criminalrecordof00mineiala/criminalrecordof00mineiala.pdf Criminal Record of the Western Federation of Miners]'' (Colorado Springs: Colorado Mine Operators' Association, 1904), p. 3 (PDF p. 9)</ref> causing $250,000 in damages,<ref>Various authors, ''[http://ia311311.us.archive.org/3/items/illustratedhisto00lewi/illustratedhisto00lewi_bw.pdf Illustrated History The State Of Idaho]'' (Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company, 1899), pp. 438-439</ref> equivalent to more than $5 million today.<ref>[http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl Inflation Calculator], Bureau of Labor Statistics</ref> In the absence of the militia, Governor Frank Steunenberg appealed to President William McKinley for Federal assistance. The U.S. Army sent 400 troops of the 24th Infantry and Fourth Cavalry (mostly African-Americans),<ref>Haywood complained of alleged "outrages that were perpetrated there by the Negro soldiers." J. Anthony Lukas, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=d07IME-ezzQC Big Trouble: A Murder in a Small Western Town Sets Off a Struggle for the Soul of America]'' (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998) ISBN 0684846179, p. 699</ref> under Brigadier General H.C. Mirriam,<ref>"[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9E04EFDF1430E132A25757C0A9639C94689ED7CF Wardner Rioters Arrested]," ''The New York Times'', May 4, 1899</ref> who placed Shoshone County under martial law, served warrants on hundreds of rioters, and quelled the violence.<ref>"[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D0DE7DE1430E132A25756C0A9639C94689ED7CF Search for Wardner Rioters]," ''The New York Times'', May 5, 1899</ref>

Steunenberg retired at the end of his term in 1901, but was assassinated in 1905 by a bomb planted at his home. Within hours and confronted with overwhelming evidence, former miner Albert E. Horsley (alias Thomas Hogan and Harry Orchard) confessed to the murder,<ref>Jan Boles, [http://www.collegeofidaho.edu/aboutaci/archives/GLC/default.asp?ID=about Selections from the George L. Crookham, Jr., Papers], The Robert E. Smylie Archives, The College of Idaho</ref> implicating Haywood as a co-conspirator.<ref>"[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9F04E0D91E30E233A25754C0A9609C946697D6CF Orchard Tells Story of Bomb]", ''The New York Times'', June 7, 1907</ref> Horsley's partner Steve Adams also confessed<ref>"Idaho's Great Trial About to Begin," ''The New York Times'', April 21, 1907</ref> but later recanted and disappeared.<ref>Hon. Ronald J. Wilper, "Trial Judge Fremont Wood: He Declared the Law as He Found It," [http://isb.idaho.gov/pdf/advocate/adv06dec.pdf ''The Advocate'', December 2006], p. 18</ref> Haywood was indicted and tried in 1907 for conspiracy to commit murder.<ref>"[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9B07E4D9133EE033A25750C2A9609C946697D6CF The State's Case Against Haywood]," ''The New York Times'', June 23, 1907</ref> He was represented by perhaps the greatest murder defense lawyer of his time,<ref>"[http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0418.html Clarence Darrow Is Dead in Chicago]," ''The New York Times'', March 14, 1938</ref> Clarence Darrow.<ref>Douglas Linder, [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/haywood/HAY_SUMD.HTM Excerpts from Darrow's Summation in the Haywood Trial], Bill Haywood Trial, Famous Trials</ref> Haywood was acquitted, after the judge instructed the jury, "under the statutes of this state, a person cannot be convicted of a crime upon testimony of an accomplice, unless such accomplice is corroborated by other evidence."<ref>[http://law.jrank.org/pages/2759/William-Big-Bill-Haywood-Trial-1907-Haywood-Goes-Free.html Haywood Goes Free], William "Big Bill" Haywood Trial: 1907, Notable Trials and Court Cases - 1883 to 1917, Law Library - American Law and Legal Information, jrank.org</ref>

Haywood meanwhile had left the WMF to found the IWW.<ref>Harry Orchard, ''[http://ia311533.us.archive.org/2/items/confessionsautob00horsuoft/confessionsautob00horsuoft.pdf The Confessions and Autobiography of Harry Orchard]'' (New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1907), p. 192 (PDF p. 224)</ref> [[Image:American-cities-125.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Bombing of the Federal building, Chicago, moments after [[#refNARAcities|95 Wobblies]] were convicted there, 1918. ''Source: National Archives and Records Administration'']]During World War I, the IWW tried to sabotage the U.S. war effort. All leading Wobblies were arrested by the [[Woodrow Wilson|Wilson Administration]] under the [[Sedition Act of 1918]] and went to prison. Moments after the sentencing of [[#refNARAcities|95 Wobbies]] (including Haywood) at the Chicago Federal Building in 1918, a bomb ripped through the building, killing four.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9502E2DB1439E13ABC4D53DFBF668383609EDE IWW Bomb Kills Four in Chicago]," ''The New York Times'', September 5, 1918; Charles Howard McCormick, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Vcvhrdr6drgC Hopeless Cases: The Hunt for the Red Scare Terrorist Bombers]'' (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 2005) ISBN 0761831320, pp. 31-31</ref> Out on appeal in 1921, Haywood fled to [[Moscow]], where he became a trusted adviser to the [[Bolshevik]] government.<ref>Douglas Linder (2003), [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/haywood/HAY_BHAY.HTM William D. Haywood], Famous Trials (University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law)</ref>

In 1921, after the [[Bolsheviks]] [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mhuey/TOC/KRN.frame.html brutally] [http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9B05EED8133CE533A25752C1A9659C946095D6CF crushed] a [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=23572 wave of strikes], Haywood betrayed the workers, saying, "every genuine labor union in the United States ought to affiliate with the International Council of Trade and Industrial Unions with its central bureau [http://www.marxists.org/archive/eastman/1921/bill-haywood.htm at Moscow]." Later renamed the World Federation of Labor Unions, this was the phony "union" created and controlled by the [[Kremlin]] to [http://www.cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/093/699.htm suppress workers' rights] in the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>Israel Getzler, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qK3m05CQhT4C Kronstadt 1917-1921: The Fate of a Soviet Democracy]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2002) ISBN 0521894425, p. 233</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Labor Union Leaders]]
[[Category:Communism]]

"City"-class gunboat

2011-09-22T01:28:19Z

JamesMcnab: typo fix

<!--{| border="1" align="right" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="300" style="margin-left:5px"
|align="center" colspan="2"|[[Image:H56663a.jpg|300px]]
|-
!colspan="2" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: navy no-repeat scroll top left;"|"City" class ironclad gunboat
|-
!align ="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: navy no-repeat scroll top left;"|Career
!align ="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: navy no-repeat scroll top left;"|[[Image:34 star jack.png|48px|United States Navy Jack]]
|-
|-
| Class:
| "City" (also referred to as ''Cairo''-class)
|-
| Ordered:
| 1861
|-
| Completed and commissioned:
| ''Carondelet'', ''St. Louis'', ''Cairo'', ''Pittsburgh'', ''Mound City'', ''Cincinnati'', ''Louisville''
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: navy;"| General characteristics
|-
| Displacement:
| 512 tons
|-
| Length:
| 175 feet
|-
| Beam:
| 51 feet 2 inches
|-
| Draft:
| 6 ft
|-
| Speed:
| 8 knots
|-
| Crew compliment:
| 251 officers and men
|-
| Armament:
| Four 42-pound rifles; three 8" smoothbores; six 32-pound smoothbores
|}
The so-called '''"City"-class gunboat''' was several ironclad warships constructed between August 1861 and January 1862 by private contractor James B. Eads for use on the Mississippi River and its tributaries. The first armored warships to see action during the [[American Civil War]], they would play an integral role in the Western Theater of operations.

==Description==
As the Civil War began it was realized early-on that control of the Mississippi was vital to winning the war. The chief vessel on the river was the paddle-wheel steamer, which was a large passenger-and freight carrying craft designed with a low-water displacement, ideal for the shallow depths of the river. Eads, a retired engineer who made his fortune salvaging sunken ships, took on the task of building a fleet of seven ships based on a design by Samuel M. Pook. The low, wide casemated design of the vessels led to the derisive name of "Pook's Turtles." All were completed within a span of six months at an average cost of $101,800 each.

Originally intended to be named for Union military leaders, Eads was overruled in that respect by the commander of the Western Flotilla, Rear Admiral Andrew H. Foote, who named them after cities and towns along the banks of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. Thus, although each vessel was unique in its own regard, they became collectively known as the "City"-class.

All ships of the "City"-class were paddle-wheel steamers (the exception was ''Mound City'', which had a screw propeller); their construction on the ways began as typical riverboats. From the waterline up they were covered with a box-shaped casemate enclosing up to twelve Dahlgren smoothbore guns arranged in broadside fashion, with three poking out of the bow. Above the casemate stood the conning tower in front, a smaller, rounded casemate at the rear to protect the paddle wheels, and in the center were twin stacks, which had painted bands near the top in a color particular to the vessel, so as to be readily identifiable in battle.

==Gunboats==
====USS ''Carondelet''====
[[Image:H49991.jpg|right|200px|thumb|USS ''Carondelet'']]
''Carondelet'', an ironclad river gunboat, was built in 1861 by James B. Eads and Company, St. Louis, Mo., under contract to the War Department; commissioned 15 January at Cairo, Illinois, naval Captain H. Walke in command, and reported to Western Gunboat Flotilla (Army), commanded by naval Flag Officer Andrew H. Foote.

Between January and October 1862 ''Carondelet'' operated almost constantly on river patrol and in the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson in February; the passing of Island No. 10 and the attack on and spiking of the shore batteries below New Madrid, Missouri in April; the lengthy series of operations against Plum Point Bend, Fort Pillow, and Memphis from April through June, and the engagement with CSS ''Arkansas'' on 15 July, during which ''Carondelet'' was heavily damaged and suffered 35 casualties.

Transferred to Navy Department control with the other ships of her flotilla on 1 October 1862, ''Carondelet'' continued the rapid pace of her operations, taking part in the unsuccessful Steele's Bayou Expedition in March 1863. One of those to pass the Vicksburg and Warrenton batteries in April 1863, ''Carondelet'' took part on 29 Aprilin the five and one-half hour engagement with the batteries at Grand Gulf. She remained on duty off Vicksburg, hurling fire at the city in its long siege from May to July. Without her and her sisters and other naval forces, the great operations on the rivers would not have been possible and northern victory might not have been won. From 7 March to 15 May 1864, she sailed with the Red River Expedition, and during operations in support of Army movements ashore, took part in the Bell's Mill engagement of December 1864. For the remainder of the war, ''Carondelet'' patrolled in the Cumberland River. She was decommissioned at Mound City, Illinois, 20 June 1865, and sold there 29 November 1865.

====USS ''St. Louis'' / ''Baron De Kalb''====
''St. Louis'', a stern wheel casemate gunboat was built by Eads in Carondelet, Missouri for the War Department, and launched on 12 October 1861 and joined the Western Gunboat Fleet.

During 1862 ''St. Louis'', under the command of Lieutenant L. Paulding, was attached to Rear Admiral Foote's squadron and participated in the capture of Fort Henry on the Tennessee River (6 February 1862). She served as flagship for the squadron when it assisted the Union Army at the capture of Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River (14-16 February 1862). Between April and June 1862, she operated against Fort Pillow, Tennessee. ''St. Louis'' was renamed ''Baron De Kalb'' 8 September 1862, and in October 1862 she was transferred to the Navy Department. During 21-28 December she took part in the Yazoo Expediton and participated in the action at Drumgould's Bluff (28 December).

During 1863 ''Baron De Kalb'' took part in the capture of Arkansas Post (10-11 January); expedition up the White River (12-14 January); Yazoo Pass Expedition (20 February-5 April); action at Fort Pemberton (11-13 March); action at Haines' Bluff (29 April-2 May, 18 May); action at Yazoo City, Mississippi. (20-23 May); and the Yazoo River Expedition (24-31 May). On 13 July 1963 ''Baron De Kalb'' was sunk by a torpedo in the Yazoo River, one mile below Yazoo City.

====USS ''Cairo''====
''Cairo'', an ironclad river gunboat, was built in 1861 by Eads and Company, Mound City, Illinois, under an Army contract; and commissioned as an Army ship 25 January 1862, naval Lieutenant James M. Prichett in command.

''Cairo'' served with the Army's Western Gunboat Fleet, commanded by Flag Officer Foote on the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers and their tributaries until transferred to the Navy 1 October 1862 with the other river gunboats. Active in the occupation of Clarksville, Tennessee, 17 February 1862, and of Nashville, 25 February, ''Cairo'' stood down the river 12 April escorting mortar boats to begin the lengthy operations against Fort Pillow. An engagement with Confederate gunboats at Plum Point Bend on 11 May marked a series of blockading and bombardment activities which culminated in the abandonment of the Fort by its defenders on 4 June.

Two days later, 6 June 1862, ''Cairo'' joined in the triumph of seven Union ships and a tug over eight Confederate gunboats off Memphis, an action in which five of the opposing gunboats were sunk or run ashore, two seriously damaged, and only one managed to escape. That night Union forces occupied the city. ''Cairo'' returned to patrol on the Mississippi until 21 November when she joined the Yazoo Expedition. On 12 December 1862, while clearing mines from the river preparatory to the attack on Haines Bluff, Mississippi, ''Cairo'' struck an electrically-operated torpedo and sank, the first vessel in history to be sunk by that method. Her wreck was recovered in 1965, but was badly damaged during the salvage efforts. It has subsequently been partially restored and is on exhibit at Vicksburg, Mississippi.

====USS ''Pittsburgh''====
The first ''Pittsburgh'' (often spelled ''Pittsburg''), a sidewheel, ironclad gunboat, was built under War Department contract by James B. Eads, St. Louis, Mo. in 1861; and commissioned in January 1862, Lt. Egbert Thompson in command.

Joining Flag Officer Andrew H. Foote’s Western Gunboat Flotilla in river patrol duty, ''Pittsburgh'' attacked Fort Donelson 14 February 1862, and was damaged by counter-fire. The support from the gunboats contributed greatly to the capture of the strategic fort two days later.

Repaired, she attacked Island No. 10 on 3 April, then ran its batteries by dark 7 April being lashed by a heavy thunderstorm as well as the island’s 73 guns. This daring feat made it possible for her and ''Carondelet'' to demolish batteries below New Madrid that same day, clearing the way for the Army to cross the Mississippi.

''Pittsburgh'' gave continued service in the lengthy series of operations which wrested control of the lower Mississippi from the Confederacy. Her flotilla, previously under Army control, came under naval command 1 October 1862. Highlights of her service were the operations against Plum Point Bend, Fort Pillow and Memphis in April, May and June 1862; the Steele’s Bayou Expedition of March 1863; and the passing of the Vicksburg batteries 16 April 1863. She led the attack on the batteries at Grand Gulf 29 April, and was heavily damaged during the five-and-a-half hour engagement which secured Union control of an important stretch of the river, making it possible for Grant to cross the river and attack Vicksburg from the rear. The strong Confederate river fortress surrendered 4 July allowing President Abraham Lincoln at last to report, “The Father of Waters flows unvexed to the sea.”

Patrol and bombardment missions on the Mississippi were interrupted the following year when ''Pittsburgh'' joined in the Red River Expedition from March to May 1864. At the close of the war, she decommissioned at Mound City, and was sold there 29 November 1865.

====USS ''Mound City''====
[[Image:H72806.jpg|right|200px|thumb|USS ''Mound City'']]
Ironclad screw steamer ''Mound City'', built at St. Louis, Mo., 7 August 1861 by James B. Eads, joined the War Department’s flotilla on the western rivers in 1862, Commander A. H. Kilty in command.

Departing Cairo in March, ''Mound City'' operated off Island No. 10, the key to the Mississippi, and New Madrid. Pope’s army took New Madrid on the 13th, thus removing the strong Confederate network of communications and eliminating a major obstacle to Union control of the upper Mississippi. After the surrender of Island No. 10 on 7 April, ''Mound City'' seized Confederate ship ''Red Rover'', damaged by mortar fire. Sent to Cairo, ''Red Rover'' was subsequently converted to the Navy’s first hospital ship.

Union capture of Fort Pillow 1 April did not entirely eliminate the Confederate resistance; eight Confederate gunboats made a spirited attack on Union gun‑boats and mortars at Plum Point Bend 10 May. Colonel Lovell rammed Mound City, forcing her ashore to avoid sinking. Meanwhile, Union ships bombarded Fort Pillow daily, reducing Confederate will to fight. Speeding to aid rammed and sinking ''Cincinnati'' off Ship Island, ''Mound City'' was rammed by ''General Van Dorn'', completely wrenching off ''Mound City’s'' bow. Her bow replaced at Mound City, the steamer ran up White River in June, engaging Confederate batteries at St. Charles, Arkansas; the complete Union victory at St. Charles gave the Union control of White River, but was costly to ''Mound City'' as one shot completely disabled her. In danger of sinking, she was towed from beneath the batteries by ''Conestoga''.

The Union forces met strong southern opposition throughout the summer and abandoned Vicksburg 6 August when ''Mound City'' formed part of the White River expedition, escorting transport ''White Cloud''. Union forces regrouped at Helena, from which ''Mound City'' departed 16 August with 6 other Union ships and two regiments 2d Brigade, 3d Division, Army of the Southwest on the Yazoo River expedition. The Army‑Navy expedition captured steamer ''Fairplay'' 20 miles above Vicksburg, where the ships were unable to proceed due to shallow water.

Meanwhile, McClernand was formulating his plans for the assault on Vicksburg. From October 1862 through March 1863, ''Mound City'' was with ''Pittsburgh'', ''Carondelet'', and ''Louisville'' as part of the Grand Gulf venture. Passing the upper batteries of Grand Gulf 12 October, the ships completely silenced the lower fort. ''Mound City'', ''Carondelet'', ''Signal'', and ''Marmora'' steamed to the mouth of Yazoo River 25 November to prevent southern blockade of it, remaining here on guard duty through March.

''Mound City'' formed part of the Yazoo Pass Expedition via Steele’s Bayou 14 March as Union ships attempted to strike the rear defenses of Vicksburg. Returning to more direct action against Vicksburg, ''Mound City’s'' bold passage of the batteries 14 April dampened the enthusiasm of Confederate sympathizers along the shore, contributing to early Union seizure of Grand Gulf and the eventual fall of Vicksburg. On the 27th, ''Mound City'' joined 7 other Union gunboats in attacks on Grand Gulf.

After attacking Warrenton, Mississippi, 10 May and destroying a battery, she guarded the river from Grand Gulf depot to Hard Times. She returned to Vicksburg 18 June for a 3‑day expedition to Cole’s Creek, destroying six or seven small boats. After shelling the batteries at Vicksburg 3 July, she steamed to Lake Providence, Ga., 7 August when she fired on and dispersed Confederate cavalry, thereafter guarding this part of the river.

Off Davis plantation in January 1864, she endeavored to raise ''Indianola'', sunk in Red River in 1862. Seizing tug ''Rawlins'' off Natchez 2 March, ''Mound City'' joined 17 other ships and Sherman’s troops in the Red River Expedition 16 March through 22 May in an effort to enter Texas via Alexandria, Louisiana, to counter the threat from Maximilian. Shallow water proved an obstacle as ''Mound City'' and ''Carondelet'' grounded near the wing dams across Red River 10 May. Hauled across the upper falls above the obstructions by throngs of straining soldiers, the ships were able to get free. ''Mound City'' spent the remainder of the year guarding ''Indianola''.

She joined the expedition to Black River in May 1865, turning back from Baldwin’s Perry on learning of an imminent attack. After the end of the conflict, she returned to Mound City for dismantling but was sold there at public auction to Frank Bennet 9 November 1865.

====USS ''Cincinnati''====
The first ''Cincinnati'', a stern-wheel casemate gunboat, was built in 1861 under a War Department contract by James Eads, St. Louis, Mo., and commissioned at Mound City, 16 January 1862, naval Lieutenant G. M. Bache in command.

Assigned to duty with the Army in the Western Gunboat Flotilla under naval Flag Officer Foote, ''Cincinnati'' participated in the attack and capture of Fort Henry (6 February 1862); the operations against Island No. 10 (12 March-7 April 1862); the engagement with the Confederate gunboat fleet at Plum Point Bend and the bombardment of Fort Pillow (10 May 1862). This important series of operations was aimed at splitting the Confederacy. During the last engagement ''Cincinnati'', the lead vessel, was repeatedly struck by enemy rams and sunk.

Raised and returned to service, ''Cincinnati'' was transferred to the Navy Department 1 October 1862 with other vessels of the Western Gunboat Flotilla. She participated in the Army-Navy operation against Port of Arkansas and installations on the White River in January 1863, then was ordered to the Yazoo River where she took part in Steele's Bayou Expedition (14-27 March 1863). Joining the attack on the Vicksburg batteries (27 May 1863), ''Cincinnati'' came under heavy fire and was sunk for the second time, suffering 40 casualties.

Raised again in August 1863 ''Cincinnati'' returned to patrol duty on the Mississippi River and its tributaries until February 1865 when she was transferred to the West Gulf Blockading Squadron. She patrolled off Mobile Bay and in the Mississippi Sounds until placed out of commission 4 August 1865 at Algiers, La. She was sold at New Orleans 28 March 1866.

====USS ''Louisville''====
''Louisville'' was built at St. Louis, Mo., by J. B. Eads in 1861, under contract with the War Department; was accepted 15 January 1862; and commissioned 16 January 1862, Comdr. Benjamin H. Dove in command.

Part of the War Department’s flotilla on the western rivers, ''Louisville'' assisted the Army in the capture of Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River 14 to 16 February 1862. From 1 to 5 March, she aided in the occupation of Columbus, Ky., the “Gibraltar of the West.” Departing Cairo, Ill., 14 March, she served in the capture of Island No. 10 and New Madrid, Mo., through 7 April, and helped to prevent southern ships from ascending the river.

In May, ''Louisville'' was ordered to Fort Pillow and participated in the Battle of Memphis on 6 June. Commanded by Rear Adm. Charles H. Davis, her squadron captured and sank the Confederate Mississippi flotilla. On 15 June, she attacked the upper batteries at Vicksburg, before shifting efforts to the White River, departing Helena, Ark., 5 August. Escorting Benton and Bragg to the mouth of the river, she met little resistance. On 1 October, she was transferred to the Navy.

After escorting transport ''Meteor'', disembarking troops at Bledsoe’s and Hamblen’s landings 21 October, ''Louisville'' returned to Helena to join the gunboat fleet, Mississippi Squadron.

She joined ''Baron De Kalb'', ''Cincinnati'', ''Lexington'', ''Signal'', ''New Era'', ''Romeo'', ''Rattler'', and ''Glide'' later in the month on an expedition up the White River in support of General Sherman’s army. ''Louisville'' captured the steamer ''Evansville'' near Island No. 36 on 1 November.

''Louisville'' aided in the capture of Fort Hindman, Arkansas Post, 4 to 11 January 1863, and formed part of the expedition through Steele’s Bayou, 14 to 28 January. She was ordered to the Yazoo River the 31st and moved to stop Confederates felling trees across the bayou on 21 March. She then turned her attention to the batteries on the river, running past those at Vicksburg on 16 April, and engaging the lower ones on the 29th. She joined ''Pittsburgh'', ''Mound City'', and ''Carondolet'' on that date, silencing the guns of the fort on Grand Gulf and helping to establish the siege which forced Vicksburg’s surrender 4 July 1863.

From 12 March to 22 May 1864, ''Louisville'' joined in the expedition up the Red River, La. On 2 June she engaged Confederate batteries 7 miles below Columbia, Ark., silencing the guns. She landed Union troops at Sunnyside 6 June and anchored off Shipwith’s Landing the 20th, to learn that Confederates were traveling upriver with a heavy force, and had crossed Cypress Creek and Bartholomew’s Bayou 20 June with cavalry, infantry, and artillery. On learning that Parson’s brigade was 10 miles back of Gaines’ Landing, providing reinforcements, ''Louisville'' departed immediately for that point, and helped break up the Confederate attack.

''Louisville'' continued service on the Mississippi until decommissioning 21 July 1865. She was sold at public auction at Mound City 29 November 1865.

''This article incorporates text from the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, a work in the public domain''

[[Category:United States Navy]][[Category:American Civil War]]