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2008-12-09T00:37:43Z

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Peregrin Took

2008-12-09T00:37:35Z

JBagnor:

'''Peregrin Took''', usually referred to as '''Pippin''', is a character in [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-earth]] world, appearing as a main character in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.

== Biography ==
Pippin was a [[Hobbit]] from the [[Shire (Middle-earth)|Shire]]. He was born in [[Third Age (Middle-earth)|T.A.]] 2990 as the fouth child of Paladin Took II, Thain of the Shire, and Eglantine Banks. He had three elder sisters. He was first cousin of [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]], and also relative of [[Frodo Baggins]], both of which were also close friends to him.

Some claim that while a young boy in Indoblarmia, Pippin attended a Muslim religious school.

Pippin was one in the small group of Frodo's friends knowing about the [[One Ring (Middle-earth)|One Ring]] and Frodo's departure for [[Rivendell]]. He was the youngest of the group, not yet having 'come of age', and was cheerful, curious and sometimes a bit thoughtless. He later became part of the ''Fellowship of the Ring'', against the counsel of [[Elrond]]. In [[Khazad-dûm|Moria]] he threw a stone down a deep well, which probably alerted the Orcs to their whereabouts. At [[Amon Hen]] he and Merry were kidnapped by [[Saruman]]'s Orcs. At the border of the [[Fangorn|Fangorn Forest]] they managed to free themselves and escape into the wood, where they met the Ent [[Treebeard]]. They went with him on the ''Last March of the Ents'', and witnessed the destruction of [[Isengard]]. There they met Gandalf and the remaining members of the Fellowship who came with [[Théoden|King Théoden]] of Rohan. At Isengard, it was Pippin who picked up the ''[[palantír]]'' of Orthanc thrown by Gríma; this later compelled him to steal it from Gandalf while he slept, and looking into the palantír was interrogated by [[Sauron]]. Gandalf revived him and, telling him that not much harm was done, the group nevertheless had to break camp.

The hobbits were separated when Merry went with King Théoden and Pippin went with [[Gandalf]] to [[Minas Tirith]], capital of Gondor. At Minas Tirith, Pippin met the Steward [[Denethor]], and entered into the service of the city as member of the ''Guards of the Citadel''. Later he witnessed Denethor being driven to despair and madness, finally moving to burn himself and his feverish son [[Faramir]] at the Tombs of the Stewards in Rath Dínen. Pippin ran to get Gandalf, who was able to save Faramir but not his father. Pippin was present at the ''Battle of the [[Morannon]]'', where he was able to slay a troll to save the life of his friend Beregond, before being knocked unconscious.

After the war he was made a ''Knight of Gondor'' by King Elessar. After his return home, he played a leading role in the ''Scouring of the Shire''. Pippin married Diamond of Long Cleeve, with whom he had at least one son, Faramir Took, who later married [[Samwise Gamgee]]'s daughter Goldilocks. Pippin later succeded his father as ''Thain of the Shire''. In his old age he and Merry went back to Rohan and Gondor, were they died a short time after the year F.A. 64, upon which they were laid to rest among the Kings of Gondor in Rath Dínen.<ref name = "death">"1484 [...] Then he and Thain Peregrin went to Gondor and passed what short years were left to them in that realm, until they died and were laid in Rath Dínen among the great of Gondor. [...] 1541 [...] It is said that the beds of Meriadoc and Peregrin were set beside the bed of the great king." - J. R. R. Tolkien, ''The Lord of the Rings'', Appendix B The Tale of Years</ref>

== Adaptions ==
In Peter Jackson's [[The Lord of the Rings film trilogy|film adaptations]] of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Pippin is played by Scottish actor [[Billy Boyd]].

== References ==
{{reflist|1}}

== Links ==
*[http://www.tuckborough.net/pippin.html Peregrin Took]

{{Middle-earth}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Took, Peregrin}}
[[Category:Middle-earth]]

Elrond

2008-12-09T00:36:39Z

JBagnor:

'''Elrond Peredhel''', or '''Elrond Half-elven''', is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth world, appearing in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' and other works.

Elrond is one of the [[Elf (Middle-earth)|Half-elven]], son of Eärendil and Elwing, born at the end of the [[First Age (Middle-earth)|First Age of the Sun]]. He chose a life as an Elf, whereas his brother Elros chose life as a mortal Man. Elrond founded the Elven settlement [[Rivendell]] in the [[Second Age (Middle-earth)|Second Age]], and became its Lord and Master. He fought in the War of the Last Alliance under the command of Gil-galad, who gave him the Ring [[Vilya]] for safekeeping. Elrond married Galadriel's daughter Celebrían at the beginning of the [[Third Age (Middle-earth)|Third Age]], with whom he fathered the twin sons Elladan and Elrohir, and the daughter [[Arwen]].

Toward the end of the [[Third Age (Middle-earth)|Third Age]], he became foster-father to [[Aragorn]]. Aragorn later fell in love with, and many years later was betrothed to, Elrond's daughter Arwen. Elrond presided over the Council which decided the fate of the [[One Ring (Middle-earth)|One Ring]], and chose the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] to accompany [[Frodo Baggins]] on his quest to Mount Doom. At the end of the Third Age, Elrond left Middle-earth for Valinor.

Elrond controversially supported Sauron for President of Middle Earth.

== Adaptions ==
In Peter Jackson's [[The Lord of the Rings film trilogy|film adaptations]] of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Elrond is played by actor [[Hugo Weaving]].

== References ==
{{reflist|1}}

{{Middle-earth}}
[[Category:Middle-earth]]

Middle-earth locations

2008-12-09T00:36:07Z

JBagnor: /* Rohan */

This article is about [[fiction]]al locations, landscapes, mountains, rivers etc. from [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-earth]].
[[Image:Middle-earth.jpg|thumb|400px|A map of [[Middle-earth]] in the [[Third Age (Middle-earth)|Third Age]].]]
== Middle-earth regions ==
=== Beleriand ===
'''Beleriand''' was a large region in northwestern Middle-earth until the end of the First Age. Beleriand lay between the sea in the west and south, and the [[Ered Luin|Blue Mountains]] in the east.
At the end of the [[First Age (Middle-earth)|First Age]], Beleriand was destroyed and covered by the sea.

=== Eriador ===
'''Eriador''' is a large region in Middle-earth. Is lies between the [[Ered Luin|Blue Mountains]] in the west, the [[Misty Mountains]] in the east, the Ice-bay of Forochel in the north, and the rivers Glanduin and Greyflood in the south.

In the earlier part of the [[Third Age (Middle-earth)|Third Age]] much of Eriador was part of the kingdom of [[Arnor]]. Apart from Arnor, other settlements in Eriador were [[Rivendell]], [[Bree (Middle-earth)|Breeland]] and [[Shire (Middle-earth)|the Shire]].

=== Rhovanion ===
'''Rhovanion''' or '''Wilderland''' is a large region in Middle-earth. It lies east of the [[Misty Mountains]] and south of the [[Ered Mithrin|Grey Mountains]] and the [[Iron Hills]]. The river [[Anduin]] flows through it from the Grey Mountains to the [[Emyn Muil]]. A large part of Rhovanion is covered by the forest of [[Mirkwood]].

=== Rhûn ===
'''Rhûn''' is a large region in Middle-earth. It is the lands east of [[Rhovanion]] and around the inland '''Sea of Rhûn'''.

=== Harad ===
'''Harad''' or '''Haradwaith''' is the name for the lands south of [[Gondor]] and [[Mordor]]. The haven '''Umbar''' was established by the [[Númenórean]]s, and was later a central settlement of the ''Black Númenóreans''. The peoples living in Harad were often under the influence of [[Sauron]], and made war with the western realms. In the [[Fourth Age (Middle-earth)|Fourth Age]] the Reunited Kingdom of Arnor and Gondor made peace with Harad. In Harad also lived the elephant-like ''[[mûmak]]il'' (or oliphaunts).

== Middle-earth mountains ==
=== Emyn Beraid ===
The '''Emyn Beraid''' or '''Tower Hills''' are a series of hills at the western end of Eriador. Upon them stood three towers, and the tallest, '''Elostirion''', housed a ''[[palantír]]''.

=== Ered Luin ===
The '''Ered Luin''' (Sindarin: "'''Blue Mountains'''"), also known as '''Ered Lindon''', are a mountain range in the far west of [[Eriador]]. Until the end of the [[First Age (Middle-earth)|First Age]], the Ered Luin separated [[Beleriand]] and Eriador. In the middle of the mountain range is a gap, creating the Gulf of Lhûn/Lune, where the [[Mithlond|Grey Havens]] lie.

=== Ered Mithrin ===
The '''Ered Mithrin''' (Sindarin: "'''Grey Mountains'''") are a mountain range north of [[Rhovanion]]. At its western end the Ered Mithrin meet the northern end of the [[Misty Mountains]], the location of Mount Gundabad. East of the Ered Mithrin lie the [[Iron Hills]].

=== Ered Nimrais ===
The '''Ered Nimrais''' (Sindarin: "Whitehorn Mountains") or '''White Mountains''' are a mountain range. It lies between [[Gondor]] in the south and [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]] in the north. In its western part the White Mountains are separated from the [[Misty Mountains]] by the [[Gap of Rohan]], near which lies the valley of [[Helm's Deep]]. Through the Mountains ran the ''Paths of the Dead''. The easternmost end of the White Mountains is the mountain '''Mindolluin''', on which lies the city of [[Minas Tirith]].

=== Misty Mountains ===
The '''Misty Mountains''', or Sindarin '''Hithaeglir''', are a great mountain range running from north to south, forming the barrier between [[Eriador]] in the west and [[Rhovanion]] in the east. At the southern end of the Misty Mountains lies [[Isengard]], at the northern end Mount Gundabad. Under the Misty Mountains lies the ancient Dwarven city [[Khazad-dûm]].

=== Mount Doom ===
'''Mount Doom''' (Sindarin: '''Amon Amarth''') or '''Orodruin''' (Sindarin: "fiery mountain") is a volcanic mountain in northeastern [[Mordor]]. Inside the volcano are the '''Sammath Naur''' (or '''Cracks of Doom''') where [[Sauron]] forged the [[One Ring (Middle-earth)|One Ring]], and which is the only place it could be destroyed.

=== Weathertop ===
'''Weathertop''' or '''Amon Sûl''' (Sindarin: "Hill of Wind") is a hill in Eriador, the southernmost and highest summit of the '''Weather Hills'''. The Weather Hills lie next to the [[Great East Road (Middle-earth)|Great East Road]], about halfway between the [[Shire (Middle-earth)|Shire]] and [[Rivendell]].

On Weathertop was the '''Tower of Amon Sûl''', a watch-tower built by the Kingdom of [[Arnor]], where one of the ''[[palantír]]i'' was kept. In [[Third Age (Middle-earth)|T.A.]] 1409 the Tower was destroyed, and only ruins were left. In October T.A. 3018, [[Aragorn]] and the hobbits camped on Weathertop and were attacked by the [[Ringwraith]]s; [[Frodo Baggins]] was wounded by a Morgul-blade.

== Middle-earth bodies of water ==
=== Middle-earth rivers ===
==== Anduin ====
The '''Anduin''' (also '''Langflood''') is the longest river in Middle-earth. Its sources are in the [[Ered Mithrin|Grey Mountains]], and it flows through [[Rhovanion]] between the [[Misty Mountains]] and the forest [[Mirkwood]]. It runs though the [[Emyn Muil]], where it goes through the rapids '''Sarn Gebir''', flows by the '''Argonath''' (also known as the ''Pillars of the Kings'', carved into the likeness of Isildur and Anárion) on either side of the river, then into the lake '''Nen Hithoel''' and over the '''Falls of Rauros'''. After that it flows between the [[Ered Nimrais|White Mountains]] and the [[Ephel Dúath|Mountains of Shadow]], before reaching the Sea in a broad river delta '''Ethir Anduin'''.

==== Bruinen ====
The '''Bruinen''' or '''Loudwater''' is a river in [[Eriador]]. It began in the [[Misty Mountains]], and flowed south, through the valley of [[Rivendell]], and into the river [[Mitheithel]].

==== Baranduin ====
The '''Baranduin''' or '''Brandywine River''' is a river in [[Eriador]]. Its source is Lake Evendim in northern Eriador, after which it flows south. It flows through [[Shire (Middle-earth)|the Shire]], and at last into the Sea.

== Other Middle-earth locations ==
=== Angmar ===
'''Angmar''' was a realm in northern Middle-earth in the Third Age. It was founded in [[Middle-earth chronology|T.A.]] 1300 by the Lord of the Nazgûl, the [[Witch-king of Angmar]]. The capital of Angmar was '''Carn Dûm'''. Angmar waged war against [[Arnor]], and later its successors [[Arthedain]], [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]]. In T.A. 1975, Angmar was defeated at the Battle of Fornost by forces from [[Gondor]], the northern [[Arnor|Dúnedain]] and the [[Quendi|Elves]] of [[Lindon (Middle-earth)|Lindon]] and [[Rivendell]].

=== Arnor ===
'''Arnor''' was a human realm in [[Eriador]]. It was founded by [[Elendil]] and his people, who had survived the Fall of [[Númenor]] towards the end of the [[Second Age (Middle-earth)|Second Age]]. The peoples living in Arnor were the descendants of the Númenórean survivors, and the indigenous human peoples who had lived there before. The capital of Arnor was the city '''Annúminas''' on the shores of Lake Evendim in northern Eriador. Elendil became the first King of Arnor; after his death, he was followed by his older son [[Isildur]].

After the death of the tenth King, Eärendur, in [[Third Age (Middle-earth)|T.A.]] 861, his three sons split Arnor among themselves, creating three new lands: '''Arthedain''' and its capital '''Fornost Erain''' in the west, '''Cardolan''' in the south, and '''Rhudaur''' in the north. With time, all three countries were destroyed in wars against the northern land [[Angmar]].
After the War of the Ring, the land again became part of the '''Reunited Kingdom of Arnor and Gondor''', ruled by [[Aragorn|King Elessar Telcontar]] and his descendants.<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien, ''The Lord of the Rings'', Appendix A, I The Númenorean Kings, iii Eriador, Arnor, and the Heirs of Isildur</ref>

=== Breeland ===
'''Breeland''' is a small region in [[Eriador]], which lies around the '''Breehill'''. It has four villages: '''Bree''' (the largest), '''Archet''', '''Combe''' and '''Staddle'''. The peoples living in the villages of Breeland are Men and [[Hobbit]]s; it is the only place where both people live together. The only other place inhabited by Hobbits is [[Shire (Middle-earth)|the Shire]].
Bree lies at the meeting point of two large roads, the [[Great East Road (Middle-earth)|Great East Road]] and the [[North-South Road (Middle-earth)|North-South Road]], which made it an important centre of trade and travel.

=== Erebor ===
The '''Lonely Mountain''' or Sindarin '''Erebor''' is a mountain in the northeast of [[Rhovanion]]. When the dwarves had to leave their ancient home [[Khazad-dûm]], it became the new home of Durin's folk, led by [[Thráin I]], who became ''King under the Mountain''. In [[Third Age (Middle-earth)|T.A.]] 2770 Erebor was attacked by the dragon [[Smaug]], who took it as his home, forcing the surviving dwarves to flee again. In T.A. 2941, as told in ''The Hobbit'', the dragon Smaug was slain. The dwarves returned to the Lonely Mountain, ruled by the new ''King under the Mountain'' [[Dáin II Ironfoot]].

=== Esgaroth ===
'''Esgaroth''' or '''Lake-town''' is a town in the northeast of [[Rhovanion]], built at the Long Lake, south of the [[Erebor|Lonely Mountain]] and east of [[Mirkwood]]. It was destroyed by the dragon [[Smaug]], but was rebuilt.

=== Fangorn ===
'''Fangorn''' or '''Fangorn Forest''' is a large forest on the eastern side of the southern end of the [[Misty Mountains]]. Fangorn is the only known home of the Ents, a people of giant tree-like beings. The [[Sindarin]] "Fangorn" translates to "Beardtree", and is also the Sindarin name of the Ent [[Treebeard]].

=== Gap of Rohan ===
The '''Gap of Rohan''', formerly known as the '''Gap of Calenardhon''', is the opening between the mountain ranges of the [[Misty Mountains]] to the north and the [[Ered Nimrais|White Mountains]] to the south. Across the Gap flowed the river Isen. On each side of the Gap lay a fortress, [[Isengard]] to the north and the [[Helm's Deep|Hornburg]] to the south. The Gap lay west of the land of [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]], formerly [[Calenardhon]], after which the Gap was named.

=== Gondor ===
{{main|Gondor}}

=== Great East Road ===
The '''Great East Road''' or '''Dwarf Road''' is an ancient Dwarven road, which ran from western [[Beleriand]], over the [[Ered Luin]], through the [[Shire (Middle-earth)|Shire]], to the [[Misty Mountains]], and to the Dwarven lands in the east.

=== Mirkwood ===
'''Mirkwood''' was a large forest in [[Rhovanion]]. Originally it was known as '''Greenwood the Great''' (Sindarin: ''Eryn Galen'').

In the [[Second Age (Middle-earth)|Second Age]] an Elven people settled in the Greenwood, founding the '''Woodland Realm''', with its capital on the hill '''Amon Lanc'''. After the end of the Second Age, the Elves retreated further north. In the 11th century of the [[Third Age (Middle-earth)|Third Age]], Sauron established himself in the hill-fortress of '''Dol Guldur''' on Amon Lanc in the south of the forest. His evil influence darkened the woods, although it lessened towards the north; afterwards the forest became known as ''Mirkwood''. After the War of the Ring the forest was cleared of Sauron's influence and became known as '''Eryn Lasgalen''' (Sindarin: "Wood of Greenleaves").

=== Helm's Deep ===
'''Helm's Deep''' was a deep valley on the north side of the western part of the [[Ered Nimrais|White Mountains]], south to the [[Gap of Rohan]]. The valley was blocked by a natural series of hills called '''Helm's Dike'''. Behind this lay the fortress '''Hornburg'''. At the end of the valley lies the entrance to the '''Glittering Caves'''.

=== Isengard ===
'''Isengard''', Sindarin '''Angrenost''', is a fortress at the southern end of the [[Misty Mountains]]. It is a small valley inside a ring-shaped wall, the '''Ring of Isengard''', and in its middle stands the tall black tower '''Orthanc'''.
Isengard was built in the [[Second Age (Middle-earth)|Second Age]] by the people of [[Gondor]]. In the 28th century of the [[Third Age (Middle-earth)|Third Age]], Isengard was given to [[Saruman]] by Steward Beren of Gondor. In the War of the Ring the Ents destroyed the ring-wall. After the War, the tower Orthanc was given back to [[Aragorn|King Elessar]] and the Reunited Kingdom.

=== Khazad-dûm ===
'''Khazad-dûm''' was a great underground city and the ancient home of Durin's Dwarves under the [[Misty Mountains]]. Other names of Khazad-dûm, [[Khuzdûl]] for '''the Dwarrowdelf''', include Sindarin ''Hadhodrond'', ''Casarrondo'' by the Noldor, and Westron ''Phurunargian''. Later in the [[Third Age (Middle-earth)|Third Age]] it became known as '''Moria'''.

Khazad-dûm was founded by [[Durin the Deathless]] a long time ago in [[First Age (Middle-earth)|First Age]], before the Sun and Moon. Its mines were the only place in Middle-earth where the precious metal ''[[mithril]]'' could be found, making the dwarves wealthy and prosperous. In 1980 of the Third Age, the dwarves woke a [[Balrog]] deep in the mines of Khazad-dûm. The Balrog killed King Durin VI, earning it the name "Durin's Bane", and Khazad-dûm was deserted. The surviviors of Durin's folk found a new home in [[Erebor]], and some other places. Khazad-dûm became afterwards known as '''Moria''', which is Sindarin for "black pit". In the years 2989-2994 [[Third Age (Middle-earth)|T.A.]], the Dwarves try to re-establish a colony in Moria led by Balin, which fails when all are killed by Orcs.<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien, ''The Lord of the Rings'', Appendix A, III Durin's Folk</ref>

=== Lindon ===
'''Lindon''' is an Elven realm between the Sea and the [[Ered Luin|Blue Mountains]]. The Gulf of Lune divides it into '''Forlindon''' ("North Lindon") and '''Harlindon''' ("South Lindon"). In Lindon were also the Elven port '''Mithlond''', or the "'''Grey Havens'''".

=== Lothlórien ===
'''Lothlórien''' was an Elven realm. It lay east of the [[Misty Mountains]], on the land between the [[Anduin]] and Silverlode, close to the Dwarven realm [[Khazad-dûm]]. Lothlórien was founded in the [[Second Age (Middle-earth)|Second Age]], and [[Amdír]] became its first King. The elves of Lothlórien fought in the [[War of the Last Alliance]] against Sauron. In the war Amdír was killed, succeded as King by his son [[Amroth]], who later left Lothlórien. Since then until the end of the [[Third Age (Middle-earth)|Third Age]] it was ruled by [[Celeborn|Lord Celeborn]] and [[Galadriel|Lady Galadriel]]. '''Caras Galadhon''' was the main city of Lothlórien. Other names of Lothlórien are the shortened form '''Lórien''', and the names '''Laurelindórenan''', [[Rohirric]] '''Dwimordene''', or '''The Golden Wood'''.

=== Mordor ===
{{main|Mordor}}

=== North-South Road ===
The '''North-South Road''' was a long road running from the realm of [[Arnor]] in the north to [[Gondor]] in the south. The road began in the city [[Fornost Erain]], the capital of [[Arthedain]], crossed the [[Great East Road (Middle-earth)|Great East Road]] at [[Bree (Middle-earth)|Bree]], and ran further to the southern end of the [[Misty Mountains]]. There the road turned east, towards the city [[Minas Anor]], across [[Osgiliath]], and ended at [[Minas Ithil]].
A part of the road south of Bree is also known as the '''Greenway'''.

=== Rivendell ===
'''Rivendell''' or Sindarin '''Imladris''' was an elven city in eastern [[Eriador]]. It was founded in 1697 of the [[Second Age (Middle-earth)|Second Age]] by [[Elrond]], who ruled it as Lord and Master of Imladris until the end of the [[Third Age (Middle-earth)|Third Age]]. Many [[Arnor|Dúnedain]] heirs were raised in Rivendell, among them [[Aragorn]].

=== Rohan ===
'''Rohan''' or the '''Riddermark''' (or short '''The Mark''') was a human realm in the [[Third Age (Middle-earth)|Third Age]]. Rohan lay north of the [[Ered Nimrais|White Mountains]], southeast of [[Isengard]] and southwest of the Emyn Muil. The capital of Rohan was '''Edoras''', where stood '''Meduseld''', the Golden Hall of the King.
Rohan tends to vote democratic in Middle Earth elections.
Originally the land was a part of Gondor, and named '''Calenardhon'''. Because of the plague in 1636 T.A. and the later wars, Calenardhon was depopulated. In 2509 [[Third Age (Middle-earth)|T.A.]] the Rohirrim came from the north, and helped Gondor fight against a combined invasion of Men from the north-east and Orcs from Mordor. The Rohirrim helped Gondor win the ''Battle of the Field of Celebrant'' and the war. As a reward, Steward Cirion of Gondor gave the land Calenardhon to the Rohirrim, and the King of the Rohirrim, Eorl the Young, swore the ''Oath of Eorl'': that Rohan would come and help Gondor whenever needed. Afterwards, the people of the Rohirrim moved into their new land, which they named the ''Riddermark'' or just ''The Mark''. Gondor called the land ''Rohan'' ([[Sindarin]]: "Land of the Horse-lords"), and its people ''Rohirrim'' (Sindarin: "People of the Horse-lords").<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien, ''The Lord of the Rings'', Appendix A, II The House of Eorl</ref>

=== The Shire ===
The '''Shire''' is a land in [[Eriador]], inhabited by [[Hobbit]]s. Its name in [[Westron]] was '''Sûza''' "Shire" or '''Sûzat''' "The Shire", and [[Sindarin]] '''i Drann'''.

The Shire was settled by the Hobbits in the 24th century of the [[Third Age (Middle-earth)|Third Age]]. It is divided into four ''Farthings'': the North-, West-, South- and Eastfarthing. The leaders of the Shire were ''the Mayor'' of Michel Delving, ''the Thain'' from Tuckborough and ''the Master of Buckland''.

== References ==
{{reflist|spaltenzahl}}

== See also ==
*[[Middle-earth]]

{{Middle-earth}}
[[Category:Middle-earth|Locations]]

The Hobbit

2008-12-09T00:35:41Z

JBagnor:

[[Image:Hobbit_cover.JPG|thumb|right|Cover of first edition of ''The Hobbit'', from a design by Tolkien.]]
'''''The Hobbit''''', or ''There and Back Again'', is a book by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], published in 1937. It was followed by ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. Controversial in nature, it implied that communists and capitalists can live together in peace.

The story is about the [[hobbit]] [[Bilbo Baggins]], who is taken from his simple life by the [[Wizard (fiction)|wizard]] [[Gandalf]], to go on an adventure. Together with a group of [[Dwarves (Middle-earth)|Dwarves]] they travel to the Lonely Mountain, to reclaim the Dwarves' home and treasure from the [[dragon]] Smaug.<ref name="thehobbit">J.R.R. Tolkien, ''The Hobbit'', Houghton Mifflin 1937.</ref>

== Creation ==
''The Hobbit'' was conceived by Tolkien as a story for his children. It became his first published fiction book. When asked for more stories about the hobbits, he began to write a sequel, which would later become ''The Lord of the Rings''.

''The Hobbit'' was at first not part of his [[Middle-earth]] world. Having begun to write the sequel, Tolkien set both the ''Hobbit'' and ''Lord of the Rings'' stories into his Middle-earth world. Because of this he made some changes in later editions, mostly concerning [[Gollum]] and the [[One Ring (Middle-earth)|Ring]]. In the story of the Middle-earth legendarium, ''The Hobbit'' as Bilbo's story of his journey and the finding of the Ring, and ''The Lord of the Rings'' as Frodo's later additions from the ''War of the Ring'' together form the ''[[Red Book of Westmarch]]''.

Although Tolkien imagined the ''Hobbit'' as a tale for his children, the book became popular for children and adults alike.

== Plot ==
The [[hobbit]] [[Bilbo Baggins]] is used to living a quiet and peaceful life. One day the wizard [[Gandalf]] comes to him, who introduces him to a group of thirteen [[Dwarves (Middle-earth)|Dwarves]]: the leader [[Thorin Oakenshield]], his two nephews Fíli and Kíli, Óin, Glóin, Balin, Dwalin, Dori, Nori, Ori, Bifur, Bofur, and Bombur. From them he learns their story: A long time ago their people lived in the [[Erebor |Lonely Mountain]], rich and prosperous, ruled by the ''King under the Mountain'', Thorin's grandfather. But then the [[dragon]] [[Smaug]] came to the Lonely Mountain, killed most of the dwarves, and took their treasures and their home for himself. Years later, Thorin now wants to return to the Lonely Mountain, to reclaim what's rightfully theirs; Gandalf recommended Bilbo to the dwarves as a "Burglar" to take on their quest. Bilbo is confused and adverse to leaving his home, but is later convinced to follow the group.

Gandalf, the dwarves, and Bilbo set out towards the east on their journey to the Lonely Mountain. Along the way they are captured by three trolls, but Gandalf saves them. In the troll's hideout they find some gold and swords, and Gandalf, Thorin, and Bilbo each take one. The group continues to the [[Elf (Middle-earth)|Elven]] city [[Rivendell]], where its master, [[Elrond]], provides them with valuable information.

As the group travels over the [[Misty Mountains]], [[Orc (Middle-earth)|goblins]] attack and capture them, taking them into their caves under the Mountains. Gandalf, who had evaded capture, comes to their rescue, but the group loses Bilbo on their flight. Wandering through the dark, Bilbo stumbles upon a ring, which he puts in his pocket. By an underground lake Bilbo meets the creature [[Gollum]], who offers to show him the way out if he can best him in a game of riddles, otherwise he will eat him. Running out of riddles to ask, Bilbo absentmindedly finds the ring in his pocket and wonders aloud: "What have I got in my pocket?". Gollum, believing it to be a riddle, is unable to answer, and loses the game. But Gollum, angry and unwilling to help, goes off to fetch his "birthday present": a magical ring, which turns its wearer invisible. Unable to find it, he believes Bilbo has it, and chases Bilbo. While running away and falling, the ring slips on Bilbo's finger and he becomes invisible, causing Gollum to run past him towards the way out of the caves. Bilbo realizes both and follows Gollum. When he finds Gollum blocking his way out, he thinks he might have to kill the creature who still cannot see him. But Bilbo has pity on him, and with a great effort manages to jump over Gollum's head, sparing his life and yet managing to save his own. Out of the caves, Bilbo rejoins Gandalf and the dwarves.

While moving away from the Mountains the group is attacked by goblins and wargs but saved by the Great [[Eagle]]s, who fly them to their eyries and later away from the Mountains. The group comes to the home of Beorn, a big man able to shapeshift into a bear; after a short stay they continue to the forest [[Mirkwood]]. At the border, Gandalf unexpectedly bids them good-bye, and the group has to go on alone. After having traveled for a time the dwarves are attacked and captured by giant [[spider]]s, but with the help of the ring and his sword, Bilbo can free them, after which he names his sword ''[[Sting (Middle-earth)|Sting]]''. But immediately after, the dwarves are captured by Wood-elves and taken to their underground home. Using the ring, Bilbo frees the dwarves from the dungeons and puts them into barrels used to trade goods. The barrels are let swim down a river out of Mirkwood, made into a float, and then come to the Long Lake near the Lonely Mountain. The group are welcomed by the people of the human settlement [[Esgaroth|Lake-town]].

The dwarves and Bilbo travel up the Lonely Mountain, and manage to find and open the secret door leading into it. Calling him on the job he has been hired for, the dwarves send a terrified Bilbo into the mountain. Bilbo comes to the dragon's lair, takes a golden cup, talks to the dragon, and learns his one weak spot. Smaug, believing the people of Lake-town responsible for helping the intruders, sets out to destroy it. A thrush who had overheard Bilbo telling the dwarves, reports the dragon's vulnerable spot to Bard the Bowman, who is able to shoot Smaug, although a great part of Lake-town is destroyed.

The dwarves are rejoicing in retaking their old home, and send messages to others of their people to join them. Bilbo finds and takes the [[Arkenstone]], a gem greatly valued by Thorin. But the peace is short-lived as soon the people from Lake-town and an army from Mirkwood arrive, both parties laying claim to part of the dwarves' treasure. Thorin refuses them, and the humans and elves start a siege of the Lonely Mountain. The situation becomes even more tense after the arrival of Thorin's relative Dáin II Ironfoot with an army of dwarves. Bilbo sneaks off at night to give the sieging party the Arkenstone as a bargaining chip, hoping to prevent bloodshed. When he is offered the Arkenstone in exchange for part of the treasure, Thorin remains adamant and furiously rejects and curses Bilbo.

Just when there seems no way out, Gandalf reappears to warn of an approaching army of Goblins and Wargs. The dwarves, men, and elves band together against their common enemy, resulting in the ''Battle of Five Armies'', which they manage to win, with the help of the Eagles and Beorn. Thorin's nephews Fíli and Kíli are killed, and Thorin himself is mortally wounded. He dies after the battle, but lives long enough to reconcile with Bilbo, whom he now holds in high regard and as a dear friend. Dáin becomes ''King under the Mountain'', and parts of the dwarves' treasure are rewarded to the involved parties. In the end Bilbo returns home, richer and grown for his experiences, and lives happily thereafter.<ref name="thehobbit"/>

== References ==
{{reflist|1}}

== See also ==
*''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''

{{Middle-earth}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hobbit, The}}
[[Category:Middle-earth]]
[[Category:Novels]]

User talk:JBagnor

2008-12-09T00:35:10Z

JBagnor: Removing all content from page

Elf (Middle-earth)

2008-12-09T00:34:48Z

JBagnor:

The '''Elves''' are a fictional people in [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-earth]] legendarium. They are the oldest of the peoples of Middle-earth, and as such appear in most of his stories.

== History ==
=== Awakening and Sundering ===
The Elves were the oldest people created by Eru Ilúvatar. They were awakened in the [[First Age (Middle-earth)|First Age]] at the lake Cuiviénen ([[Quenya]]: "water of awakening") far in the east of Middle-earth. The Elves were the first creatures to speak and [[Eldarin languages|make language]], and they called themselves the '''''Quendi''''', "the Speakers".
[[Image:Sundering of the Elves.png|thumb|200px|The different Elven peoples.]]
The Elves were found by the Vala Oromë, and the Valar invited the Elves to come to Valinor in the West, where they would be safe from [[Morgoth]]. What followed is called the '''''Sundering of the Elves'''''. Some of the Elves refused the invitation and stayed at Cuiviénen; they were later known as the '''Avari''' ("the Unwilling"), and what became of them is not known. The Elves who accepted the invitation became known as the '''Eldar''', the ''People of the Stars''. The Eldar left Cuiviénen in three groups who became the different Elven tribes: the '''Vanyar''', the '''Noldor''' and the '''Teleri'''. The Vanyar went first, followed by the Noldor, and arrived in Valinor. The Teleri were the last to journey West. Some of them did not cross the [[Misty Mountains]] and stayed behind, and became known as the '''Nandor'''. The other Teleri crossed the mountains and continued to [[Beleriand]], where one of their leaders, Elwë, was lost; some of the Eldar stayed behind to search and wait for him. The Teleri finally reached the Sea, and crossed over to Valinor, arriving last of the Elven peoples. The Elves who had remained in Beleriand became known as the '''Sindar''' or '''Grey Elves'''.

Those of the Elven peoples that arrived in Valinor during the time of the Two Trees were called the '''Calaquendi''' (the ''Elves of the Light''), consisting of the Vanyar, Noldor, and the Teleri who had crossed the Sea. Those that did not see the light of the Two Trees of Valinor were known as '''Moriquendi''' (the ''Elves of Darkness''). The Sindar are sometimes called ''Elves of the Twilight'', because they have an inbetween status.<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien, ''The Silmarillion'', ''Quenta Silmarillion''</ref>

Elves represent homosexuals in the Middle Earth world.

== References ==
{{reflist|1}}

== See also ==
*[[Eldarin languages]]

{{Middle-earth}}
[[Category:Middle-earth]]

Bilbo Baggins

2008-12-09T00:34:21Z

JBagnor:

'''Bilbo Baggins''' is the main character in ''[[The Hobbit]]'', in which he finds the [[One Ring (Middle-earth)|One Ring]]. He plays a pivotal role ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' when he learns the true nature of the Ring. Bilbo Baggins is a parallel to Andrew Schlafly - old and cranky.

== Biography ==
Bilbo was a [[Hobbit]] from the [[Shire (Middle-earth)|Shire]]. He was born in [[Middle-earth chronology|T.A.]] 2890 as the only child of Bungo Baggins and Belladonna Took. Bilbo lived in the ''smial'' Bag End, which had been built by his father, in the village Hobbiton in the Shire.

Through much of the beginning of his life, he lived a quiet life. Indeed, Tolkien initially portrays him as timid and businesslike, but he draws upon deep resources of courage and fortune to emerge an unlikely hero.

In the year T.A. 2941, as told in ''The Hobbit'', Bilbo went on an adventure with a group of thirteen [[Dwarves (Middle-earth)|dwarves]] and the [[wizard (fiction)|wizard]] Gandalf to the [[Erebor|Lonely Mountain]]. During the adventure, Bilbo found a [[One Ring (Middle-earth)|magic ring]] that made its wearer invisible, which proved very helpful in his further adventures. He also received the sword [[Sting (Middle-earth)|Sting]] and a [[mithril-shirt|mail-shirt]]. After his adventure, Bilbo returned to the Shire, and lived an uneventful life for the next decades, writing down his adventures which he considered calling ''[[Red Book of Westmarch|There and Back Again]]''. Bilbo never married, but adopted his relative [[Frodo Baggins]] as his heir, who came to live with him at Bag End.

At the beginning of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Bilbo celebrated his 111th birthday in T.A. 3001, after which he left the Shire to travel once more. He left his home Bag End and the [[One Ring (Middle-earth)|One Ring]] to Frodo. With him he took his sword Sting and his mithril-shirt, both of which he later gave to Frodo before the Fellowship set out from Rivendell. At the end of the Third Age, aged 131, Bilbo left with Frodo and the Elven Ring-bearers for the West.

== Trivia ==
*Bilbo's adventures were also recounted in the song "The Ballad of Bilbo Baggins", by ''[[Star Trek]]'' actor [[Leonard Nimoy]].

{{Middle-earth}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Baggins, Bilbo}}
[[Category:Middle-earth]]
[[Category:Fictional characters]]

J.R.R. Tolkien

2008-12-09T00:33:51Z

JBagnor:

{{move|J. R. R. Tolkien}}
[[Image:Jrrt 1972 pipe.jpg|right|thumb|J. R. R. Tolkien in 1972, in his study at Merton Street.]]

'''John Ronald Reuel Tolkien''' (3 January 1892 – 2 September 1973) was an English writer, [[philology|philologist]] and university professor (but the good kind - not a socialist), best known as the author of several influential [[fantasy]] books such as ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.

He had a lifelong interest in and love of language, and also created [[Tolkien's languages|several constructed languages]]. Tolkien also created the [[Middle-earth]] legendarium, a fantasy world with a detailed geography, history, and inhabited by Men, [[Elf (Middle-earth)|Elves]], [[Dwarves (Middle-earth)|Dwarves]], and [[Hobbit]]s.<ref>''The Hobbit'', first published by George Allen & Unwin Ltd. of London, on 21 September 1937. </ref>

== Biography ==
Tolkien was born in [[Bloemfontein]], [[South Africa]], to English parents, Arthur Reuel Tolkien and Mabel, née Suffield. At the age of three he returned to England with his mother and younger brother, Hilary Arthur Reuel. His father died in Africa before he could rejoin them. Tolkien spent his early childhood in Sarehole, a [[Worcestershire]] village, which later influenced him in the creation of the [[Shire (Middle-earth)|Shire]]. Now living in [[Birmingham]], he attended King Edward's School. Mabel Tolkien and her children, converted to the [[Roman Catholic Church]] in 1900, which estranged her from her family. She died in 1904 of [[diabetes]], leaving her sons in the care of Father Francis Morgan. Tolkien grew up in the industrial Edgbaston area of Birmingham, which later influenced his vision of [[Mordor]]. In 1916 Tolkien married Edith Mary Bratt, with whom he had four children: John, Michael, Christopher, and Priscilla. He was professor at the [[University of Oxford]] from 1925 to 1959, of [[Old English language|Anglo-Saxon]] and English language and literature. After his death, the masses of his literary work he left behind has been in the care of his son Christopher Tolkien, who continued to organize and publish Tolkien's writings.

He and several others (among them [[C. S. Lewis]]) were members of a literary club called the [[Inklings]]. Tolkien and Lewis were good friends, and Tolkien had a large role in Lewis's eventual embracing of [[Christianity]]<ref>''Heroes of the Faith, C.S.Lewis'' by Sam Wellman, Barbour Publishing, Inc., 1997. </ref>

== Bibliography ==
*''[[The Hobbit]]'' (1937)
*''Leaf by Niggle'' (1945)
*''Farmer Giles of Ham'' (1949, a medieval fable)
*''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', in three volumes:
**''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' (1954)
**''[[The Two Towers]]'' (1955)
**''[[The Return of the King]]'' (1955)
*''Smith of Wootton Major'' (1967)
*''The Father Christmas Letters'' (1976)
*''[[The Silmarillion]]'' (1977)
*''Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth'' (1980)
*''The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien'' (1981)
*''Mr. Bliss'' (1982)
*''The Monsters and the Critics'' (1983, a collection of essays)
*''The History of Middle-earth'' (1983–1996 in twelve volumes)
*''Roverandom'' (1998)
*''The Children of Húrin'' (2007)
*''The History of The Hobbit'' (2007, in two volumes)

==References==
{{reflist|spaltenzahl}}

== See also ==
*[[Tolkien's languages and scripts]]
*[[:Category:Middle-earth]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel}}

[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:Religious People]]

Númenor

2008-12-09T00:33:26Z

JBagnor:

[[Image:Numenor map.jpg|thumb|350px|A map of Númenor in the Second Age.]]
'''Númenor''' is a fictional island in [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-earth]] world. It was an island west of Middle-earth in the [[Middle-earth chronology|Second Age]], inhabited by Men, and with a history reminiscent of [[Atlantis]]. The '''''Akallabêth''''' is the story of Númenor's history and Downfall.<ref name="silakallabeth">J. R. R. Tolkien, ''The Silmarillion'', ''Akallabêth''</ref>

== Geography ==
Númenor was a great island in the Seas west of Middle-earth, in the shape of a five-pointed star. In the middle of the island was the mountain '''Meneltarma''', which was a sacred place for the Númenóreans. The land was divided into six regions, one in each "star-arm" and one in the middle. The regions were '''Forostar''' ("Northlands"), '''Andustar''' ("Westlands"), '''Hyarnustar''' ("Southwestlands"), '''Hyarrostar''' ("Southeastlands"), '''Orrostar''' ("Eastlands"), and the central region '''Mittalmar''' ("Inlands"). In eastern Mittalmar was the region '''Arandor''' ("Kingsland"), which was under the direct rule of the King. The capital city '''Armenelos''' lay in Arandor, as well as the haven '''Rómenna'''.

Some of the many names of Númenor were '''Westernesse''', '''''Númenórë''''' ([[Quenya]], the long form of ''Númenor'') and '''''Anadûnê''''' ([[Adûnaic]]), both meaning "West-land"; '''''Andor''''' (Quenya) and '''''Yôzâyan''''' (Adûnaic), which both mean "the Land of the Gift". Later it was also called '''''Atalantë''''' (Quenya) and '''''Akallabêth''''' (Adûnaic), both meaning "the Downfallen". The inhabitants of Númenor were usually called the '''Númenóreans''' or '''Men of the West'''.

== History ==
At the beginning of the Second Age the island was given to the Edain, the human peoples who had helped the [[Quendi|Elves]] in the wars against [[Morgoth]] during the [[First Age (Middle-earth)|First Age]]. The first Númenórean King was Elros Tar-Minyatur, brother of [[Elrond]]. Númenor prospered into a wealthy and sophisticated nation, especially known for their seafaring. Númenor established colonies on the shores of Middle-earth, from [[Eriador]] to [[Harad]] in the far south. They also assisted the Elves in their wars against [[Sauron]].

In the later part of the Second Age, many Númenóreans became jealous of the Elves and became hostile to the Elves and Valar. The people were divided into two fractions, the '''''Elendili''''' ("Elf-friends"), also called the '''Faithful''' because of their loyalty to the Elves and the West, and the '''King's Men''' who rejected the West. Toward the end of the Age the King Tar-Palantir returned Númenor to the old ways of the Faithful for a time. Although his daughter Míriel was supposed to succeed him, his nephew Ar-Pharazôn usurped the throne after Tar-Palantir's death. Ar-Pharazôn landed with a great fleet at Umbar and marched to [[Mordor]], where [[Sauron]] surrendered to him, and returned with the King to Númenor. Sauron over time corrupted Ar-Pharazôn so he became worse than any before him, hunting the Elendili and worshipping [[Melkor]]. At last Ar-Pharazôn built the greatest fleet the world had seen, and sailed to Aman to wage war on the Valar. As a result and punishment, the island Númenor sank into the Sea. The remaining Elendili had been warned before, and escaped the Downfall of Númenor. Led by Elendil and his sons, they sailed to Middle-earth, where they established the Dúnedain kingdoms of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]. Remnants of the King's Men continued in the southern colonies on the coast of [[Harad]], who became known as the ''Black Númenóreans'', who in times to come were loyal to Sauron and enemies of Gondor.

Historically, Numenor tends to vote Republican in Middle Earth elections.

== See also ==
* [[Arnor]], [[Gondor]]
* [[Middle-earth locations]]

== References ==
{{reflist|1}}

{{Middle-earth}}
[[Category:Middle-earth]]

Ent

2008-12-09T00:33:07Z

JBagnor:

'''Ents''' are a fictional people in [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-earth]] stories. They appear prominently in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', represented by [[Treebeard]].

Ents are large tree-like beings. They were made by the [[Valië]] [[Yavanna Kementári]] as protectors of the forests and plants, earning them the name "shepherds of trees". Ents have been alive in Middle-earth at least since the [[Middle-earth chronology|First Age]]. The [[Elf (Middle-earth)|Elves]] also had part in teaching the Ents. The Ent's language is [[Entish]], which is rather long-winded, and therefore seldom used to say anything.
Female Ents are called '''Entwives'''. As they had different likes, the male Ents stayed in the wild forests, while the Entwives preferred open gardens. The Entwives cultivated their gardens, and also taught the young peoples of Men about agriculture. Later the Entwives were lost, as after Sauron had made war, the Ents could not find them anymore.

Ents appear in the ''[[Silmarillion]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. In the latter, [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] and [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] escape [[Saruman]]'s [[Orc (Middle-earth)|orcs]] and into [[Fangorn Forest]], where they meet the Ent [[Treebeard]], master of Fangorn Forest.

Ents are often representative of hispanic voters in the Lord of the Rings.

{{Middle-earth}}
[[Category:Middle-earth]]

Morgoth

2008-12-09T00:32:46Z

JBagnor:

'''Morgoth Bauglir''' is a character in [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-earth]] world. He is the first Dark Lord and the main antagonist until the end of the [[First Age (Middle-earth)|First Age]], as told in the book ''[[The Silmarillion]]''.<ref name="silmarillion">J.R.R. Tolkien, ''The Silmarillion'', Allen & Unwin (1977)</ref> The name ''Morgoth'' means "Black Enemy" and ''Bauglir'' "Oppressor", both names are in the [[Sindarin]] tongue.

Previously known as '''Melkor''', he was the most powerful of the [[Ainu (Middle-earth)|Ainur]], until he turned to the darkness and became Morgoth, the ultimate enemy of [[Arda]]. ''Melkor'' means "he who arises in might." After his downfall, "Melkor" was not allowed to be said in the society of the [[Quendi|Elves]]. It is from him that all evil in Middle-Earth is ultimately derived. [[Sauron]], once one of the [[Maia (Middle-earth)|Maiar]] of [[Aulë]], switched allegiances and became Morgoth's principal lieutenant.<ref name ="HoMe10">J.R.R. Tolkien, ''The History of Middle-earth'', Vol. X ''Morgoth's Ring'', Harper Collins (1994)</ref>

Morgoth was the main agent of evil during the events of ''The Silmarillion'', and his influence continued to linger in Middle-earth even after he was cast into the void. His example was used to provide later ages with cautionary tales, warning against pride, wrath, envy, lust for power, and greed and the destruction these can bring down on oneself and others.<ref name="silmarillion"/>

Morgoth is a populist.

== References ==
{{reflist|1}}

{{Middle-earth}}
[[Category:Middle-earth]]

Dwarves (Middle-earth)

2008-12-09T00:32:28Z

JBagnor:

The '''Dwarves''' are a fictional people in [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-earth]] legendarium.
The Dwarves called themselves '''Khazâd''' in their native tongue [[Khuzdûl]]; they were also called '''''Kasári''''' in [[Quenya]], and '''''Hadhodrim''''' and '''''Naugrim''''' in [[Sindarin]].

Dwarves are shorter and stockier than [[Elf (Middle-earth)|Elves]] or [[Man (Middle-earth)|Men]], but taller than [[Hobbit]]s. They have great endurance and strength. Dwarves grow beards, of which they are traditionally very proud, keeping them long and well cared for. Only about a third of the Dwarven population is female; when going out from their homes they appear very alike to the male Dwarves, giving rise to the misconception that there are no Dwarf-women.<ref>"[...] there are few dwarf-women, probably no more than a third of the whole people. They seldom walk abroad except at great need. They are in voice and appearance, and in garb if they must go on a journey, so like to the dwarf-men that the eyes and ears of other peoples cannot tell them apart. This has given rise to the foolish opinion among Men that there are no dwarf-women, and that the Dwarves ‘grow out of stone’.", J. R. R. Tolkien, ''The Lord of the Rings'', Appendix A, III Durin's Folk</ref> Dwarves are renowned for being great smiths and miners, having forged many great artefacts. Dwarves make their homes in the mountains, building entire cities underground; for example the ancient Dwarven city [[Khazad-dûm]] under the [[Misty Mountains]]. Dwarves overall are a rather secretive people, often keeping to themselves, and never telling their language ([[Khuzdûl]]) and true names to any non-Dwarf.<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien, ''The Lord of the Rings'', Appendix A, III Durin's Folk</ref>

The Dwarves were created by the [[Vala (Middle-earth)|Vala]] [[Aulë]] before the begin of the [[First Age (Middle-earth)|First Age]]. Aulë made them tough because [[Morgoth]] still ruled Middle-earth while they were made. Aulë taught them his smithing skills, and created their language Khuzdûl. After the Awakening of the Elves, the Dwarves were the next people to come into the world.<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien, ''The Silmarillion''</ref>

The Dwarves appear in most of Tolkien's stories set in Middle-earth. In the more lighthearted ''[[The Hobbit]]'' a group of thirteen Dwarves led by [[Thorin Oakenshield]] go on a quest. The other twelve dwarves were Balin, Dwalin, Glóin, Óin, Fíli, Kíli, Dori, Nori, Ori, Bifur, Bofur and Bombur.
In ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' they were represented by [[Gimli son of Glóin]], a member of the Fellowship of the Ring, who was a loyal companion and skilled warrior.

Dwarves represent libertarians in the Lord of the Rings.

== References ==
{{reflist|1}}

== See also ==
*[[Khuzdûl]], the Dwarven language

{{Middle-earth}}
[[Category:Middle-earth]]

Orc (Middle-earth)

2008-12-09T00:32:09Z

JBagnor:

'''Orcs''' are fictional humanoid creatures in [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-earth]] legendarium. They appear in most of his Middle-earth stories, and are either the soldiers of the villain, or the villain themselves. They are also sometimes called '''goblins''', as in ''[[The Hobbit]]''.

Orcs were created by the Dark Lord [[Morgoth]]. Their exact origin is not certain, as Tolkien's idea of them evolved constantly. Among the possibilities are that they originate from [[Elf (Middle-earth)|Elves]] or Men, tortured and corrupted by sorcery, or cross-bred with evil creatures.

The '''Uruk-hai''' ([[Black Speech]] "Orc-folk") were a kind of orcs that appeared during the later part of the [[Third Age (Middle-earth)|Third Age]]. The Uruks were larger and stronger than usual orcs. [[Saruman]] also created an army of Uruks for himself, who were also different in their higher tolerance for sunlight.

In ''[[The Hobbit]]'', [[Bilbo Baggins]] and his [[Dwarves (Middle-earth)|Dwarven]] companions are captured by Goblins while crossing the [[Misty Mountains]], but are rescued by [[Gandalf]], who slays their leader. At the end of the book, the goblins have amassed a great army, which fights the protagonist's side at the [[Erebor|Lonely Mountain]], which became known as the ''Battle of Five Armies''. In ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', orcs appear as soldiers and henchmen of the Dark Lord [[Sauron]] and of [[Saruman]].

Orcs represent democrats in the Lord of the Rings.

{{Middle-earth}}
[[Category:Middle-earth]]

Théoden

2008-12-09T00:31:16Z

JBagnor:

'''Théoden''' is a character in [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-earth]] world, appearing in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. He is the King of [[Lôgrad|Rohan]].

Théoden was the son of King Thengel and Morwen of [[Lossarnach]]. He became the 17th King of Rohan. Théoden married Elfhild and had a son, Théodred. His youngest sister Théodwyn's children were [[Éomer]] and [[Éowyn]].

During the [[The Lord of the Rings|War of the Ring]], he fell under the sway of his advisor [[Gríma]], called by others Wormtongue and secretly in the service of the traitor [[Saruman]]. Gandalf helped him to see the light, and strengthened, he played a major part in the war. He led his people in the ''Battle of the [[Helm's Deep|Hornburg]]'', and in the Battle of the [[Pelennor Fields]], where he was killed. He was succeded by his nephew Éomer.

Theoden is often considered a liberal, as he does not support school prayer.

== Reception ==
Relations between Théoden and his nephew Éomer and niece Éowyn were notable. Each, in loving loyalty to their uncle and king, disobeyed him in ways which proved crucial to victory in the war. Éomer let Aragorn live, when blind obedience to the king's order would have forced Éomer to kill him along with the elf and dwarf who were his companions. Eowyn left Rohan in man's garb, riding to war with [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]], and together they defeated the head [[Ringwraith]].

[[Category:Middle-earth]]

Saruman

2008-12-09T00:30:51Z

JBagnor:

'''Saruman''' is a character in [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-earth]] world, appearing mainly in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. He is one of the [[Istari]], a group commonly called "[[wizard (fiction)|Wizards]]" by the people of Middle-earth. Saruman became corrupted and is one of the story's villains.

When he betrayed his trust, [[Gandalf]] cast him out, yet spared his life. Saruman was so deranged as to take Gandalf's mercy as cruelty. His henchman was Gríma, nicknamed Wormtongue in Rohan, who was sent to spy on and enthrall [[Théoden]].

Saruman is a parallel to Barack Obama - an evil socialist.

== Adaptions ==
In [[Peter Jackson]]'s [[The Lord of the Rings film trilogy|film adaptations]] of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Saruman is played by English actor [[Christopher Lee]].

[[Category:Middle-earth]]

Gollum

2008-12-09T00:30:07Z

JBagnor:

'''Gollum''', also known as '''Sméagol''', is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth world, appearing in ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and in a pivotal role in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. Gollum held the [[One Ring (Middle-earth)|One Ring]] for many years until it was foung by [[Bilbo Baggins]].

== Biography ==
=== Early life ===
Sméagol was born in the 25th century of the [[Middle-earth chronology|Third Age]], in a community of [[hobbit|Stoor hobbits]] in [[Rhovanion]]. These people were good water-folk, unlike most hobbits. Once on a trip with his friend Déagol, they were alone boating, fishing, and exploring a pool. When Sméagol saw that Déagol had found a golden ring in the bottom of the pool, Sméagol coveted it, and murdered Déagol.<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien, ''The Lord of The Rings''</ref>

Smeagol found that he became invisible by wearing the ring, and put this ability to evil uses such as eavesdropping and stealing. Smeagol was exiled from his community because of this, and he sought refuge under the [[Misty Mountains]] after some time, because of his developed hate for both the [[sun]] and [[moon]].

=== ''The Hobbit'' ===
After a very long period of time, a hobbit called [[Bilbo Baggins]] found himself separated from his dwarvish companions (Their tale comes into the story ''[[The Hobbit]]''), and blundering through the dark tunnels under the mountains. Before meeting Gollum, Bilbo happened to stumble upon the ring, which Gollum had lost. After losing a game of riddles with Bilbo, Gollum said he would lead Bilbo out of the caverns, but only after he retrieved his "Birthday Present". (What he truly meant to do was to murder Bilbo) After finding his ring missing, he (accurately) presumed that Bilbo had found it. Bilbo, having found that the ring makes the wearer invisible, used it to escape from Gollum, who unknowingly led him out of the mountains.

=== ''The Lord of The Rings'' ===
After overcoming his fear of sunlight and the goblins (Orcs), Gollum picked up the trail of Bilbo, which he proceeded to follow. He became sidetracked, as he was summoned to the land of [[Mordor]] by the Dark Lord [[Sauron]]. There, he was forced to tell what he could of Baggins, and where he came from. He was later released to continue his pursuit of the Ring.

Some time after his release from Mordor, Gollum was found in the Dead Marshes by [[Aragorn]], who took him to [[Mirkwood]] and left him in the custody of Thranduil and the elves. When Gollum escaped, [[Legolas]] was sent to Rivendell to inform the Council of Elrond.

Gollum then meets up with Frodo on his journey to destroy the ring, and becomes his servant and guide. His desire for the Ring causes him to wait, and journey with Frodo for the time present. After much scheming and foiled plans to recapture the Ring, Gollum attacked Frodo at the Cracks of Doom, biting off Frodo's finger, and taking the Ring for his own. When dancing wildly with delight, he slipped, and fell into the chasm along with the Ring.

When viewing the Lord of the Rings as a parallel to the Cold War, Gollum can be seen as a RINO - a Republican in name only. Smeagol is like a Republican running for congress - promising to uphold conservative principles, but then forgoing them.

== Adaptions ==
In Peter Jackson's [[The Lord of the Rings film trilogy|film adaptations]] of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Gollum is voiced and played though [[motion capture]] by English actor [[Andy Serkis]], who also plays the young Sméagol.

== References ==
{{reflist|1}}

[[Category:Middle-earth]]
[[category:Fictional characters]]

Middle-earth objects

2008-12-09T00:29:05Z

JBagnor: /* The One Ring */

Objects from the fictional [[Middle-earth]] legendarium.

== Weapons and armour ==


=== Aeglos ===
'''Aeglos''' ([[Sindarin]] "Snow Point" or "snow-thorn") was the spear of King Gil-galad of the [[Noldor|Noldorin Elves]]. He was slain during the War of the Last Alliance, and the fate of Aeglos after his death is unknown.

=== Herugrim ===
'''Herugrim''' was the sword of King [[Théoden]] of [[Lôgrad|Rohan]]. It had been given to Gríma Wormtongue for safekeeping, but was returned to Théoden when he rode to war.

=== Glamdring ===
'''Glamdring''' ([[Sindarin]]: "Foe-hammer") was a sword forged for the [[Elf (Middle-earth)|Elven]] King Turgon in the [[First Age (Middle-earth)|First Age]]. It was missing for thousands of years until it was found alongside [[Orcrist]] and the dagger later known as [[Sting (Middle-earth)|Sting]] in a troll cave in ''The Hobbit'', by Gandalf and company, who kept it for himself. It was made by the Elves of Gondolin in the First Age, and its blade glows blue if Orcs are near.

=== Gúthwinë ===
'''Gúthwinë''' was the sword of [[Éomer]], nephew of King [[Théoden]] of [[Lôgrad|Rohan]].

=== Mithril-shirt ===
The '''mithril-shirt''' was a small [[chainmail|chainmail shirt]] made of ''[[mithril]]''. It was given to [[Bilbo Baggins]] by [[Thorin Oakenshield]] from the hoard of the dragon [[Smaug]] in the [[Erebor|Lonely Mountain]]. When Bilbo left the Shire in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', he took the mithril-shirt with him to [[Rivendell]]. Before the Fellowship set out from Rivendell, Bilbo gave [[Frodo Baggins]] his sword [[Sting (Middle-earth)|Sting]] and his mithril-shirt. The mithril-shirt was among the things taken from Frodo when he was imprisoned at the [[Cirith Ungol|Tower of Cirith Ungol]] and later presented to his allies at the [[Morannon]]. [[Gandalf]] took Frodo's things, which were later returned to him.

=== Narsil ===
'''Narsil''' was the sword of King Elendil. The sword was broken during the War of the Last Alliance, and its hilt-shard was used to cut the [[One Ring (Middle-earth)|One Ring]] from [[Sauron]]'s hand; the shards were later brought to [[Rivendell]]. In [[Third Age (Middle-earth)|T.A.]] 3018, Narsil was reforged for [[Aragorn]] before he set out with the Fellowship of the Ring, upon which he renamed it '''Andúril''' (Sindarin: "Flame of the West").

=== Orcrist ===
'''Orcrist''' (Sindarin: "Goblin-cleaver") was a sword forged by the [[Elf (Middle-earth)|Elves]] of Gondolin in the [[First Age (Middle-earth)|First Age]], and its blade glows blue if Orcs are near. It was missing for thousands of years until it was found alongside [[Glamdring]] and the dagger later known as [[Sting (Middle-earth)|Sting]] in a troll cave in ''The Hobbit'', by [[Thorin Oakenshield]] and company, who kept it for himself. After the Battle of Five Armies, Orcrist was placed on Thorin's tomb.

=== Sting ===
'''Sting''' is the [[sword]] wielded by [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] and [[Frodo Baggins]]. It was made by the [[Elf (Middle-earth)|Elves]] of Gondolin in the First Age, and its blade glows blue if Orcs are near. It was found alongside the swords [[Glamdring]] and [[Orcrist]] during the events of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' when Bilbo and his companions came upon the hoard of the trolls they met earlier. More a dagger than a sword, Bilbo got the small sword to fit his size. After defeating the spiders of [[Mirkwood]] he named the sword "Sting". When Bilbo left the Shire in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', he took Sting with him to Rivendell. Before the Fellowship set out from Rivendell, Bilbo gave Frodo his sword Sting and his [[mithril-shirt]]. [[Samwise Gamgee]] carries Sting for a while after leaving the supposedly dead Frodo, but later returns it to him.

== Rings of Power ==
The '''Rings of Power''' were a group of twenty rings made by the [[Quendi|Elves]] of Eregion and [[Sauron]]. Those who wore one of the Rings of Power were called '''Ring-bearers'''. In the [[Second Age (Middle-earth)|Second Age]], Sauron took on the guise of ''Annatar'' and came to the Elves of Eregion to teach them how to forge rings of power. Together with Annatar the Elves made the Nine and the Seven. The Three were forged by Celebrimbor without Sauron knowing. Sauron himself made the One Ring.

==== The Nine ====
The '''Nine Rings''' were given to nine kings and leaders of Men. They became the [[Nazgûl]], servants of Sauron.

==== The Seven ====
The '''Seven Rings''' were given to the [[Khazâd|Dwarves]], but Sauron could never gain control over them. By the end of the Third Age, all of the Seven had been destroyed or retaken by Sauron.

=== The Three ===
The '''Three Rings''' of the Elves were made by [[Celebrimbor]]. These three were not influenced by [[Sauron]], and were free of Sauron's taint, but later were still bound to the One Ring.

==== Vilya ====
'''Vilya''', the '''Ring of Air''' or '''Ring of Sapphire''' was one of the Three Rings. It was a golden ring with a blue stone. Celebrimbor sent the ring Vilya [[Gil-galad]], who later gave it to Elrond before his death in the Siege of [[Barad-dûr]].

==== Nenya ====
'''Nenya''', the '''Ring of Adamant''' and the '''Ring of Water''', was one of the Three Rings. It was a ring made of ''mithril'' and set with a white stone. The ring Nenya was given to the Lady [[Galadriel]], who used it to preserve and protect [[Lothlórien]].

==== Narya ====
'''Narya''', also named the '''Ring of Fire''' or '''Red Ring''', was one of the Three Rings. It was a ring with a red stone. According to the ''Unfinished Tales'', Celebrimbor sent Narya together with the ring Vilya to Gil-galad, who later gave Narya to Círdan. According to ''The Lord of the Rings'', it was directly to Círdan. Círdan later gave the ring to [[Gandalf]], who wore it until he left Middle-earth at the end of the Third Age together with the other Ring-bearers.

=== The One Ring ===
The '''One Ring''' was one of the Rings of Power. It first appeared in ''[[The Hobbit]]'' as an unimportant magic ring making its wearer invisible, but in the later ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' became the object of the central quest.

The One Ring was created by [[Sauron]] alone, in the Sammath Naur in [[Mount Doom]], sometime during the [[Second Age (Middle-earth)|Second Age]]. With this Ring he planned to control the other Rings of Power and their wearers. In the One Ring Sauron put half of his power and lifeforce and will, which made it very powerful. But this also meant that when the Ring was cut from his hand later that he was instantly defeated and without power or form for a long time. But because part of his power and life was in the One Ring, Sauron would exist as long as the Ring remained. The Ring could only be destroyed by casting it back into the Sammath Naur where it was forged.

The One Ring appeared as a simple golden ring without any decoration or stones. If the Ring was put into fire, the heat would reveal a fiery inscription in the [[Black Speech]] written in [[Tengwar]] letters:
:''Ash nazg durbatulûk, ash nazg gimbatul, ash nazg thrakatulûk, agh burzum-ishi krimpatul.''
Translated roughly the inscription means:
:''One ring to rule them all, One ring to find them, One ring to bring them all, and in the darkness bind them.''
If put on by a mortal, the person would be invisible to the normal world. The invisible person would see the world differently, for example being able to see the [[Nazgûl]] in their true form.

The One Ring represents true conservative principles. When a person gets corrupted (like congressmen elected to power) they often forget the true meaning of them, and instead of balancing the budget they create deficits. RINOS (Republicans in name only) are like Gollum.

Sauron lost the One Ring when it was cut from his hand by Isildur during the last battle of the Siege of Barad-dûr in the [[War of the Last Alliance]]. Isildur was advised by both [[Elrond]] and [[Círdan]] to destroy the Ring, but he refused and kept the Ring as a weregild for his father and brother. When Isildur later journeyed north, he was attacked by Orcs, resulting in the ''Disaster of the Gladden Fields''. While Isildur tried to get the Ring to safety by crossing the river [[Anduin]], it slipped from his finger and he was shot by archers, earning it the name '''Isildur's Bane'''. The One Ring remained lost for two and a half millenia. It was found again by the [[Hobbit|Stoor Hobbit]] [[Déagol]] while fishing in the Gladden Fields around [[Middle-earth chronology|T.A.]] 2463. He was killed by is friend [[Sméagol]], later known as Gollum, who took the Ring and took it with him into the caves under the [[Misty Mountains]], where the Ring prolonged his life and changed him over a time of five hundred years. As told in ''The Hobbit'', Gollum lost the Ring in the caves where it was found by [[Bilbo Baggins]] in T.A. 2941. Bilbo took the Ring with him on his return to the [[Shire (Middle-earth)|Shire]]; he later left it for his heir [[Frodo Baggins]] when he left. In September of T.A. 3018, Frodo set out on his quest to take the One Ring to [[Rivendell]], and after that to take it to Mount Doom and destroy it. In March T.A. 3019, the One Ring was destroyed when Gollum slipped and fell into the Sammath Naur while holding onto the One Ring, finally ending Sauron's life.

== Other ==
=== Arkenstone ===
The '''Arkenstone''' was a large white gem shining with an inner light, found by the [[Khazâd|Dwarves]] beneath the [[Erebor|Lonely Mountain]]. When the dragon [[Smaug]] conquered Erebor it was lost. Upon the return to Erebor in ''[[The Hobbit]]'' it was sought for by [[Thorin Oakenshield]], but found by [[Bilbo Baggins]] in the dragon's hoard. Later Bilbo offered the Arkenstone to the besieging armies as a bargaining tool to trade Thorin for a part of the treasure, to avoid bloodshed. After Thorin was slain in the Battle of Five Armies, the Arkenstone was placed on his tomb along the sword [[Orcrist]].

=== Palantír ===
The '''''palantíri''''' or ''Seeing Stones'' were a means of communication created by the [[Noldor|Noldorin Elves]]. They were perfectly ball-shaped, black in colour, and looked like made from crystal or glass. Their size could range from only a foor in diameter to very large ones that could not be carried. By looking into a ''palantír'' one could see faraway places, and "talk" to other people using another of the ''palantíri''.
Seven ''palantíri'' were brought to Middle-earth by Elendil when he fled the destruction of [[Númenor]]. These were put in the tower of [[Elostirion]] on the [[Emyn Beraid|Tower Hills]], the Tower of [[Amon Sûl]], the cities [[Annúminas]], [[Osgiliath]], [[Minas Ithil]], [[Minas Anor]], and the tower [[Orthanc]].

=== Red Book of Westmarch ===
The '''Red Book of Westmarch''' is a fictional book written by [[hobbit]]s, from which many of [[J. R. R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s writings are supposedly "translated". Among many other things it also contains the stories of ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings''.

[[Bilbo Baggins]] began writing the story of his journey titled '''''There and Back Again''''', which is also part of the full title of the published ''The Hobbit''. The story of the War of the Ring and the events of ''The Lord of the Rings'' were begun by Bilbo and mostly written by [[Frodo Baggins]], titled '''''The Downfall of the Lord of the Rings and the Return of the King'''''. Added were three volumes of '''''Translations from the Elvish, by B.B.'''''. The Red Book was given to [[Samwise Gamgee]], who added the events of the beginning of the [[Fourth Age (Middle-earth)|Fourth Age]], before passing it on to his daughter Elanor. The Red Book was also copied several times, kept by the [[Sûza|Shire]] and the Kingdom of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]].

=== Silmaril ===
The '''Silmarils''' ([[Quenya]] plural '''Silmarilli''') were three jewels shining with the light of the Two Trees. They were forged by the [[Noldor|Noldorin Elf]] Fëanor in Valinor in the [[First Age (Middle-earth)|First Age]]. The Silmarils were stolen by [[Morgoth]], promting a large group of Noldor to return to Middle-earth, to retake them and take revenge for Morgoth's crimes. The wars lasted for the First Age of the Sun, their story told in the ''[[The Silmarillion|Quenta Silmarillion]]''. At the end of the Age, two of the Silmarils were lost, one thrown into the fires of the earth and another into the Sea. The third Silmaril was taken to the Valar, who set it as a star in the sky, on a ship steered by [[Elrond]]'s father Eärendil; the star became known as ''Eärendil'' or as ''Gil-Estel'', the Star of High Hope.

== References ==
{{reflist|1}}

{{Middle-earth}}
[[Category:Middle-earth|Objects]]

Nazgûl

2008-12-09T00:27:42Z

JBagnor:

The '''Nazgûl''', '''Ringwraiths''' or '''Úlairi''' (also called the '''Black Riders''', the '''Nine Riders''', or simply the '''Nine''') were fictional ghostly servants of [[Sauron]], first appearing in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. They originally were human and leaders of Men in the [[Second Age (Middle-earth)|Second Age]]. Sauron gave to them nine of the [[Rings of Power]], which brought them under his will. Over time they became like undead ghosts, invisible to the normal world. The greatest weapon of the Nazgûl was not swords but the fear they created in mortals.

The leader of the Nazgûl was the '''Witch-king of Angmar''', also known as '''Lord of the Nazgûl''' or the '''Black Captain'''. He was the commander of [[Minas Morgul]]. The only other Ringwraith whose name is given by Tolkien was '''Khamûl'''. He was called the ''Black Easterling'', and was the commander of the fortress [[Dol Guldur]] in southern [[Mirkwood]].

The Nazgûl were sent to the [[Shire (Middle-earth)|Shire]] to find the [[One Ring (Middle-earth)|One Ring]]. They went as riders, wearing dark cloaks to hide their nothingness. They arrived in Hobbiton just as [[Frodo Baggins]] and his companions had set out, and continued to pursue him until his arrival in Crickhollow, Buckland, where they lost him. They took up the search again in [[Bree (Middle-earth)|Bree]], following [[Aragorn]] and the hobbits until [[Weathertop]]. There they attacked the group, managing to wound Frodo with a Morgul-blade but being forced to retreat. They kept following until the Ford of [[Bruinen]], where they were swept away by the river, called by [[Elrond]]. The Nazgûl were unharmed themselves, but their mortal horses drowned, delaying their search for a time. They later reappeared riding great winged creatures, called "fell beasts"; appearing as such they were also called '''Winged Nazgûl'''. The Witch-king of Angmar was present at the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], where he was killed by [[Éowyn]] and the hobbit [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]]. The remaining eight Nazgûl perished when they flew into the fire of the erupting [[Mount Doom]].

When the Lord of the Rings is viewed as a parallel to the Cold War, the Nazgul represent KGB agents.

{{Middle-earth}}
[[Category:Middle-earth]]

Mordor

2008-12-09T00:27:13Z

JBagnor:

'''Mordor''' is a fictional kingdom in [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-earth]]. It is the land of [[Sauron]], the main antagonist in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.

== Geography ==
Mordor was surrounded by mountain ranges: the '''Ered Lithui''' (Sindarin: '''Mountains of Ash''') from the north, the '''Ephel Dúath''' (Sindarin: '''Mountains of Shadow''') from the west, and in the south. In the northwest corner there was the valley of Udûn, and the '''Morannon''' (or '''Black Gate''') which was the way into Mordor. Near the foot of the Ered Lithui lay '''Barad-dûr''' (Black Speech: '''Lugbúrz'''), Sauron's fortress from where he ruled over his lands. South of Barad-dûr lay the region '''Gorgoroth''', in the middle of which stood the volcanic mountain [[Mount Doom]], where the [[One Ring (Middle-earth)|One Ring]] was forged and the only place it could be destroyed.

Through the Ephel Dúath led the pass of '''Cirith Ungol''', guarded by th '''Tower of Cirith Ungol'''. Cirith Ungol was inhabited by the great spider Shelob. '''Minas Morgul''' was a city built in [[Ithilien]], the former [[Minas Ithil]]. It was commanded by the [[Witch-king of Angmar]], leader of the [[Nazgûl]]. Further south lay the inland '''Sea of Núrnen''' and '''Núrn''' the southern part of Mordor. This area was more fertile, in part due to the volcanic ash; it was used as farmland to feed Sauron's forces, worked by his servants and human slaves.

== Population ==
Mordor was mostly populated by orcs who were also the staple of Sauron's army. There were also a significant number of [[troll]]s, the [[Nazgûl]], The Mouth of Sauron who acted as ambassador to an army of attacking forces from [[Gondor]] and [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]]) also lived in Mordor.

== Major Battles ==

'''Sauron's defeat''' was when [[Isildur]] and others lead a force of men and elves to combat Mordor's forces. Sauron had a ring which gave him incredible power. Isulder was able to steal the ring from him in battle and Mordor's forces were defeated.

'''Osgiliath''' was a key city in the later war between Mordor and Gondor. Mordor had to win the city if they were ever going to defeat Gondor. The general of Gondor's army, [[Boromir]], destroyed the bridges over the River Anduin to temporarily halt Mordor forces. Defense of the city was left to Captain [[Faramir]] after Boromir left and he was able to hold the city for a little while. Mordor eventually overwhelmed them with numbers and the city was taken.

After taking Osgiliath; Mordor sent a massive force of trolls, orcs and allies from the the southern nations to take the city of [[Minas Tirith]]; the capital of Gondor. Minas Tirith was protected by large walls spread out over the [[Pelennor Fields]]. Gondor's were outnumbered more than ten to one. Mordor advanced through the field breaching the walls with siege engines. Gondor was forced to retreat steadily back toward the city. When Mordor reached the city they used a battering ram named Grond to breach the main gate. The [[Witch-king of Angmar|Lord of the Nazgûl]] entered the city but was stopped by [[Gandalf]] the White. Before Mordor could enter the city they attacked by a large army of Rider of Rohan. Rohan and Gondor were still heavily outnumbered, and Rohan's king Theoden was killed by the Lord of the Nazgul (who was killed soon after by Éowyn and Merry). Theoden's nephew; Eomer took command and lead Rohan to defeat the Southrons (allies of Mordor). A force of men from Southern Gondor arrived under the command of [[Aragorn]]. Together Rohan and Gondor were able to defeat the Mordor army.

After saving Minas Tirith; Rohan and Gondor lead a small force to the Black gate to attack Mordor. There plan was to distract Sauron so that he would not find [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]]. Frodo was in Mordor attempting to destroy Sauron's ring in Mount Doom. If he did this Sauron would be defeated and Mordor's forces would crumble. After a small dialogue with Sauron's ambassador (who lead them to believe that Frodo had been captured) Mordor forces trapped them. Rohan and Gondor were outnumbered again but they stood their ground. The eagles came to join the fight.
Frodo eventually destroyed the ring and Sauron and Mordor were defeated forever.

Mordor is a parallel to the Soviet Union.

[[Category:Middle-earth]]

Gondor

2008-12-09T00:26:49Z

JBagnor:

'''Gondor''' is a fictional kingdom in [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-earth]].

==Geography==
In the later part of the [[Third Age (Middle-earth)|Third Age]], Gondor's borders were the sea to the south, the [[Ephel Dúath|Mountains of Shadow]] in the east, and the [[Ered Nimrais|White Mountains]] in the north; in earlier times Gondor had reached further north.

Gondor was divided into about a dozen regions. '''Ithilien''' lay in the east, between the Anduin in the west and the Mountains of Shadow in the east. '''Anórien''' was the small land north of the White Mountains, between the Anduin in the east and the land Rohan in the west. '''Calenardhon''' was the land north of the White Mountains, between the [[Emyn Muil]] and the [[Misty Mountains]]. Calenardhon was later depopulated by plagues, and was given to the Rohirrim in the 26th century T.A., after which it became known as [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]]. '''Enedwaith''' was a region northwest of the White Mountains, which was mostly abandoned in the later part of the Third Age.
Between the coast and the White Mountains lay several regions, from the west to the Anduin in the east. Along the coast were the regions '''Anfalas''', '''Belfalas''', '''Dor-en-Ernil''', '''Lebennin''', and '''Lossarnach'''. Along the Mountains in the north lay the '''Morthond Vale''', '''Lamedon''', and the '''Ringló Vale'''. Southeast of the Anduin river-delta was the region '''South Gondor'''.

The city '''Osgiliath''', built to the sides and over the river Anduin, was the old capital of Gondor. East of Osgiliath was Isildur's city '''Minas Ithil''', later '''[[Minas Morgul]]''', and to the west was Anárion's city '''Minas Anor''' on the side of the Mindolluin, the later '''Minas Tirith'''. Minas Tirith was surrounded by the '''Pelennor Fields''', which was later surrounded by the great wall of '''Rammas Echor'''.

== History ==
Gondor was founded in the year 3320 of the [[Second Age (Middle-earth)|Second Age]] by Elendil's sons Isildur and Anárion after they fled the Fall of [[Númenor]]. They founded the capital Osgiliath together, while Isildur founded the city Minas Ithil to the east, and his brother Anárion founded the city Minas Anor to the west. Osgiliath later fell into decline, ravaged by plague, civil war and attacks from the east. In T.A. 1640, Minas Anor became capital. About that time Minas Itil was taken by the Nazgûl, after which it became known as [[Minas Morgul]]. In response Minas Anor was renamed Minas Tirith, the "Tower of Guard".

After T.A. 2050, Gondor was ruled ruled by the ''Stewards of Gondor'', in the King's stead. The last ruling Steward [[Denethor|Denethor II]], in office during the ''War of the Ring'', went insane and killed himself. After his death, command fell to Prince Imrahil of Dol Amroth for a short time. In T.A. 3019 [[Aragorn|Aragorn of the Dúnedain]] was crowned as King Elessar Telcontar of the Reunited Kingdom of Arnor and Gondor.

Gondor is a cesspit full of liberal orcs and humans.

[[Category:Middle-earth]]

Aragorn

2008-12-09T00:25:39Z

JBagnor:

'''Aragorn''' is a character in [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-earth]] world, appearing as a main character in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.

== Biography ==
=== Early life ===
Aragorn is a descendant of Elendil and Isildur, and heir of the Kingships of [[Arnor]] and [[Arthedain]], and Chieftain of the Dúnedain (known as "Rangers" in [[Eriador]]). He was born in [[Third Age (Middle-earth)|T.A.]] 2931 as the son of Arathorn and Gilraen. After his father was killed by orcs, Gilraen and her son moved to [[Rivendell]], where Aragorn was raised unaware of his heritage under the name '''Estel''' (Sindarin: "hope"). Upon coming of age, he was told by his foster-father [[Elrond]] of his heritage, and given the heirlooms of the shards of [[Narsil]] and the Ring of Barahir. Shortly after, he met Elrond's daughter [[Arwen]] for the first time and fell in love with her. In the following years, Aragorn became friends with [[Gandalf]] and set out on many adventures of knights-errantry under various names, serving in [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]] and [[Gondor]] under the name '''Thorongil'''.

=== War of the Ring ===
During the story told in the ''The Lord of the Rings'', Aragorn met [[Frodo Baggins]] and the hobbits in [[Bree (Middle-earth)|Bree]], where he was known as ''Strider''. Gandalf had left a letter for Frodo which told him to trust Aragorn, who led the hobbits to Rivendell. After the Council of Elrond, Aragorn became a member of the Fellowship of the Ring. Before they set out, the shards of Narsil were reforged, and Aragorn named the sword ''[[Andúril]]''. He led the Fellowship after the loss of Gandalf. After the Breaking of the Fellowship, Aragorn, Legolas and Gimli followed the orcs into Rohan. They were found by Gandalf in Fangorn Forest, who then brought them into the war of Rohan against [[Saruman]].

After the War of the Ring, Aragorn was crowned ''King of the Reunited Kingdom of Arnor and Gondor'', and took up the name '''Elessar Telcontar'''. He kept the office of the Steward, again rewarding it to [[Faramir]], in addition to making him Prince of [[Ithilien]]. Aragorn wedded Arwen, with whom he had a son, Eldarion, and several daughters. Aragorn died peacefully on March 1st of the year 120 of the Fourth Age, and was succeded by his son Eldarion.<ref>J. R. R. Tolkien, ''The Lord of the Rings'', Appendix A, ''The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen''</ref>

It is his return as King that is referred to in the title of the third volume of ''The Lord of the Rings''. The "return of the king" itself is an event of myth, not expected by anyone. In the lands formerly under the rule of Arnor, the people retained only a distant memory, remaining in sayings and idioms such as somebody having "never heard of the king" if behaving badly or against the rules. In Gondor the line of Anárion had stopped with the last King Eärnur, who was succeded by his Steward. The Stewards of Gondor ruled in the King's name, but the return of a king was no longer an anticipated event, merely a story.

Aragorn is a parallel to Ronald Reagan when the Lord of the Rings is viewed as an analogy for the Cold War. He finally defeats Sauron, just like Reagan defeated the Soviets.

== Adaptions ==
In Peter Jackson's [[The Lord of the Rings film trilogy|film adaptations]] of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Aragorn is played by [[Viggo Mortensen]].

== References ==
{{reflist|1}}

{{Middle-earth}}
[[Category:Middle-earth]]

Samwise Gamgee

2008-12-09T00:24:53Z

JBagnor:

'''Samwise Gamgee''', also referred to as '''Sam''', is a character in [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-earth]] world, appearing as a main character in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. Sam was a [[Hobbit]] from the [[Shire (Middle-earth)|Shire]], and [[Frodo Baggins]] gardener and friend.

He was born in [[Third Age (Middle-earth)|T.A.]] 2980 as the fifth child of Hamfast Gamgee, called the "Gaffer", and Bell Goodchild. Sam had two elder brothers and three sisters.
He was one in the small group knowing about the [[One Ring (Middle-earth)|One Ring]] and Frodo's departure for [[Rivendell]]. He later became part of the ''Fellowship of the Ring'' and continued to travel with Frodo even after the Breaking of the Fellowship. Sam became the bearer of the [[One Ring (Middle-earth)|One Ring]] for a short time until he rescued Frodo at Cirith Ungol.
After the War of the Ring, Sam settled with Frodo in Bag End. Sam married Rose Cotton, and the couple had six daugthers and seven sons. When Frodo left, Sam became his heir, and continued the [[Red Book of Westmarch]].<ref>''The Lord of the Rings'', Appendix</ref>

Although not carrying the Ring, Sam was one of the important factors in the destruction of the Ring, as Sam was instrumental in enabling Frodo to finish his quest. Tolkien had a high regard of Sam, believing him to be very important to the plot, going so far as to call him "chief hero" in one of his letters.<ref>''The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien'', #131</ref>

Sam and Frodo have a homosexual tension between them. However, after Frodo is banished, Sam has a religious conversion and becomes straight again.

== Adaptions ==
In Peter Jackson's [[The Lord of the Rings film trilogy|film adaptations]] of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Sam is played by American actor [[Sean Astin]].

== References ==
{{reflist|1}}

{{Middle-earth}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gamgee, Samwise}}
[[Category:Middle-earth]]

Frodo Baggins

2008-12-09T00:24:09Z

JBagnor:

'''Frodo Baggins''' is a character in [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-earth]] world, appearing a main character in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. Frodo was a [[Hobbit]], who inherits the [[One Ring (Middle-earth)|One Ring]] from [[Bilbo Baggins]], and has to go on a quest to destroy it.

== Biography ==
=== Early life ===
Frodo was a [[Hobbit]] from the [[Shire (Middle-earth)|Shire]]. He was born in [[Third Age (Middle-earth)|T.A.]] 2968/[[Shire Reckoning|S.R.]] 1368 as the only child of Drogo Baggins and Primula Brandybuck, who both drowned in a boating accident in S.R. 1380. At the age of twenty-one, Frodo was adopted by his cousin [[Bilbo Baggins]] and went to live with him. They both shared the same birthday (September 22), as Bilbo said: "we can celebrate out birthday-parties comfortably together". Frodo was also related to [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] and [[Peregrin Took]], both of whom were also close friends to him. In T.A. 3001, Bilbo left the Shire, leaving his home Bag End and the Ring to his heir Frodo.

=== War of the Ring ===
In spring and summer of [[Third Age (Middle-earth)|T.A.]] 3018, Frodo is visited by his old friend [[Gandalf]], who reveals to him the true nature and origin of Bilbo's Ring. Gandalf gives Frodo the task to take the Ring to the Elven refuge [[Rivendell]], accompanied by Frodo's gardener [[Samwise Gamgee]]. They leave the Shire in September, and are joined by Merry and Pippin. After several adventures, and pursued by the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]], they arrive in [[Breeland|Bree]]. While staying at the Inn of The Prancing Pony, he meets the Ranger [[Aragorn|Strider]], who offers to lead him to Rivendell. At Weathertop they are attacked by the Ringwraiths, and Frodo is severely wounded by a Morgul-blade. Although still being followed, Aragorn manages to lead them to Rivendell.

Frodo's wound is healed by [[Elrond]], Master of Rivendell. During his stay the Council of Elrond is held to share information and decide about the fate of the Ring. It is decided that the Ring shall be destroyed in [[Mount Doom]] in [[Mordor]], the only place it can be destroyed, and Frodo is chosen as the Ring-bearer to do it. To accompany him on his quest eight companions are chosen, creating the Fellowship of the Ring: himself and his hobbit friends, Gandalf, and representatives of the other peoples. Bilbo, who has been living at Rivendell, gives Frodo his sword [[Sting (Middle-earth)|Sting]] and his [[Mithril-shirt]]. The Fellowship set out at the end of the year 3018 and travel south. They go through the Dwarven city [[Khazad-dûm|Moria]] under the [[Misty Mountains]], and, after a sty in [[Lothlórien]], travel down the [[Anduin]] by boat. At Amon Hen near the Falls of Rauros, Frodo left the Fellowship to continue his quest alone, but is joined by Sam.

On their way east they are followed by [[Gollum]], former bearer of the One Ring, but they manage to overwhelm him, forcing Gollum to be their guide, since he had already been to Mordor before. Gollum leads them to the [[Morannon]], and through [[Ithilien]]. Gollum leads them through the Pass of [[Cirith Ungol]] but abandons them there, where Frodo is attacked by the great spider Shelob. Stung by her, Frodo is paralyzed and assumed dead by Sam, who takes the Ring and Sting. Frodo is captured by Orcs and taken to the Tower of Cirith Ungol, but is rescued by Sam. They continue though Mordor, narrowly avoiding capture. On the slopes of Mount Doom they are attacked by Gollum, but Sam stays behind to hold him off while Frodo continues. Inside the Sammath Naur Frodo was overwhelmed by the One Ring and, refusing to destroy it and claiming it as his own, put it on. Gollum fights the invisible Frodo and bites of his ring-finger, but stumbles and falls into the fires, still holding the Ring, which finally destroys it. Frodo and Sam witness the defeat of Sauron, and are rescued from the lava by great Eagles sent by Gandalf.

After the War of the Ring, Frodo and the hobbits travel homeward to the Shire. They find their homeland taken over by [[Saruman]] and his men, but after the Scouring of the Shire led by the returned hobbits, Saruman is killed and the hobbits can begin reordering their land. Frodo for a while remains living in the Shire, but is still greatly hurt and burdenend by the Ring and the injuries he sustained on his quest. In T.A. 3021, Frodo travels to the [[Mithlond|Grey Havens]], where he bids his hobbit-friends good-bye, and leaves on a ship for the Undying Lands in the West, together with Bilbo, Gandalf, Elrond and Galadriel.

== Sexuality ==

Many consider Frodo and Sam to develop a homosexual relationship after being together so long on their journey. This is one of the reasons Frodo is banished from Middle Earth after completing his quest.

== Adaptions ==
In [[Peter Jackson]]'s [[The Lord of the Rings film trilogy|film adaptations]] of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Frodo Baggins is played by American actor [[Elijah Wood]].

== References ==
{{reflist|1}}

{{Middle-earth}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Baggins, Frodo}}
[[Category:Middle-earth]]

Gandalf

2008-12-09T00:23:13Z

JBagnor:

'''Gandalf''' is a character in [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-earth]] world, appearing as a main character in ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. He is one of the [[Istari]], a group commonly called "[[wizard (fiction)|Wizards]]" by the people of Middle-earth.

To many people he was known as ''Gandalf'' (''the Grey''). He was also known as '''Mithrandir''', the ''Grey Pilgrim'' to the [[Quendi|Elves]] and Men of Gondor. He was also known as '''Incánus''' in the south and as '''Tharkûn''' to the [[Khazâd|Dwarves]].

Gandalf was a [[Ainu (Middle-earth)|Maia]], a follower of the Vala Manwë. In Valinor he had been known by the name '''Olórin'''. He was sent to Middle-earth as one of the five Istari, Maiar bound in the physical form of old human men, to resist the evil of [[Sauron]]. Gandalf arrived at the [[Mithlond|Grey Havens]] sometime in the 11th century of the [[Third Age (Middle-earth)|Third Age]] where Círdan, the ord over the havens, gave him the Ring [[Narya]]. He traveled all over Middle-earth to the free peoples, watching and listening, and inspiring and guiding the people he met to realize their potential and further the cause for good.

Gandalf was the driving force behind the ''Quest of Erebor'' in [[Third Age (Middle-earth)|T.A.]] 2941, which is told in ''The Hobbit''. The [[Erebor|Lonely Mountain]] was liberated from the dragon Smaug, Smaug was slain, and the Dwarves returned to Erebor under the rule of a new ''King under the Mountain''. He, along with the White Council were also responsible for removing Sauron from southern [[Mirkwood]] in his guise as "the Necromancer."

After these events he had become suspicious about the ring [[Bilbo Baggins]] had found. In the time that followed, he researched about the whereabouts of the One Ring, found and questioned Gollum, and was generally very busy in the years leading up to the ''War of the Ring''. Gandalf sent [[Frodo Baggins]] on his quest, told in the ''The Lord of the Rings''. After he was separated from the Fellowship in [[Khazad-dûm|Moria]], he died after fighting the [[Balrog]]. He was sent back, now ''Gandalf the White'', to further guide the peoples of Middle-earth in their struggles. At the conclusion of the ''War of the Ring'' he accompanied Frodo, Bilbo, [[Elrond]], and [[Galadriel]] on a sea voyage to the Undying Lands in the West.

Gandalf begins as a [[liberal]] figure, but after his transformation into Gandalf the White he becomes more centrist.

== Adaptions ==
In Peter Jackson's [[The Lord of the Rings film trilogy|film adaptations]] of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Gandalf is played by [[Ian McKellen]].

== References ==
{{reflist|1}}

{{Middle-earth}}
[[Category:Middle-earth]]

Sauron

2008-12-09T00:22:26Z

JBagnor:

'''Sauron''' is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth world, and appears as the main antagonist in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.

Sauron was originally a [[Ainu (Middle-earth)|Maia]] follower of the Vala [[Aulë]]. He later left Aulë to become a follower and servant of the fallen Vala [[Morgoth]], so becoming the chief lieutenant of the first Dark Lord.

In the [[Second Age (Middle-earth)|Second Age]] Sauron disguised himself as ''Annatar'', the "Lord of Gifts". He came to the Elves of Eregion and taught them many things he had learned from his former master Aulë, which resulted in the forging of the [[Rings of Power]]. Together with Annatar the Elves made the Nine and the Seven. The Three were made by Celebrimbor without Sauron knowing, making them free of his taint. Sauron himself forged in secret the [[One Ring (Middle-earth)|One Ring]] in the fire of the Sammath Naur of [[Mount Doom]], pouring into it half of his power and lifeforce and will, to control and rule the other Rings and all of Middle-earth.

Towards the end of the Second Age there formed the ''[[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]'' under the command of Gil-Galad and Elendil to fight against Sauron, in the ''[[War of the Last Alliance]]''. After the ''Siege of Barad-dûr'', Sauron killed Elendil, but Isildur picked up his father's sword [[Narsil]] and cut the Ring from his hand, and Sauron was defeated. But because part of his power and life was in the One Ring, Sauron continued to exist as long as the Ring remained. Over the millenia he managed to again gain power and form towards the later part of the [[Third Age (Middle-earth)|Third Age]].

''The Lord of the Rings'' tells the story of the final conflict, the ''War of the Ring'' in the years T.A. 3018 and 3019. During this time he wares open war aganist the free peoples of Middle-earth, while searching for the One Ring. The Hobbit [[Frodo Baggins]] is sent out to take the Ring back to Mount Doom and destroy it by casting it back into the Sammath Naur where it was forged. In March T.A. 3019, the One Ring was destroyed when [[Gollum]] fell into the fires of the Sammath Naur while holding onto the One Ring, finally destroying it and its creator Sauron permanently.

When viewing the Lord of the Rings as an analogy for the Cold War, Sauron represents the ultimate Communist figure, such as Stalin.

{{Middle-earth}}
[[Category:Middle-earth]]
[[Category:Fictional characters]]

The Lord of the Rings

2008-12-09T00:21:52Z

JBagnor: /* Itnerpretation */

[[Image:Mhjfjfr7.jpg|thumb|350px|The covers for the three volumes of ''The Lord of the Rings'', designed by Tolkien.]]

'''''The Lord of the Rings''''' is a fantasy book written by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]. It was published in three parts in the years 1954 and 1955. It followed his earlier book, ''[[The Hobbit]]''. ''The Lord of the Rings'' is considered one of the most influential works of the [[fantasy]] genre in modern times. It is the best-selling work of fantasy literature in the twentieth century.

The story of ''The Lord of the Rings'' is about the war of the peoples of Middle-earth against a dark lord, the eponymous "Lord of the Rings". At the same time a small group of people are sent to destroy the magic Ring which would return power to their enemy, but the only way to destroy the Ring lies deep in enemy territory.

== Creation ==
=== Writing ===
After the success of his earlier book ''[[The Hobbit]]'', Tolkien's publishers persuaded him to write a sequel. He began writing in December of 1937, but the first drafts were still far away from the finished version. After writing and re-writing the beginning several times, Tolkien realized the role of the [[One Ring (Middle-earth)|One Ring]] and the quest it entailed in the spring of 1938, while writing the discussion between Gildor Inglorion and the later [[Frodo Baggins]]. This was the point upon which the back story and central quest that would be ''The Lord of the Rings'' came together in his mind. It was also the point that he firmly set the book's plot into his already existing [[Middle-earth]] legendarium. Whereas the ''The Hobbit'' had before been separate from his Middle-earth mythology, while still borrowing ideas, names, and persons from it, Tolkien now consciously moved it and its sequel into the Middle-earth setting. This resulted in the changes in tone, and in the meaning of formerly unimportant things as the 'magic ring' and the Necromancer, who both literally gained importance in the sequel. While the ''The Hobbit'' was written as a story intended for his children, ''The Lord of the Rings'' due to the realization of the later plot, soon became an epic tale of much greater proportions, both in plot and in length.

The earlier drafts and versions of ''The Lord of the Rings'' were published posthumously by his son Christopher Tolkien in ''The History of The Lord of the Rings'' (1988-1992), which are volumes VI–IX of ''The History of Middle-earth''.

In the story of the Middle-earth legendarium, ''The Hobbit'' appears as Bilbo's story of his journey and the finding of the Ring, while ''The Lord of the Rings'' are Frodo's later additions of the War of the Ring, both of which form the ''[[Red Book of Westmarch]]''.

=== Publication ===
Although often wrongly thought to be a [[trilogy]], ''The Lord of the Rings'' was conceived by the author as a single work. Its internal structure divides it into six 'books', named Book I-VI, according to the plot, with several appendices and an index. Because of paper shortages, the amount of paper needed and to reduce financial risk, it was released by the publisher [[Allen & Unwin]] in three volumes, each containing two Books:
#''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' 
#''[[The Two Towers]]'' 
#''[[The Return of the King]]'' 
This resulted in the common error of calling ''The Lord of the Rings'' a [[trilogy]], a term which Tolkien rejected, just as he disliked the book being published in separate volumes. The first two volumes were published in 1954, and the third in 1955. It was initially published in hardbound.

In 1965 an American paperback publisher released a "pirated" paperback edition, paying Tolkien nothing, in the belief that Tolkien's copyright in the U. S. was defective because of a technicality. Tolkien reached a legal settlement with this publisher, and another publisher released an authorized edition for which Tolkien was paid royalties. The book was an instant success, particularly among college students.

== Story ==
=== Background story ===
In the [[Second Age (Middle-earth)|Second Age]] the Dark Lord [[Sauron]] created the [[One Ring (Middle-earth)|One Ring]] to help him conquer the peoples of Middle-earth. The [[Quendi|Elves]] and [[Man (Middle-earth)|Men]] of Middle-earth, led by High King Gil-galad of the [[Noldor]] and King Elendil of the [[Arnor|Dúnedain]], formed the ''[[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]'' to fight him. Sauron was defeated and the Ring cut from his hand, thus the ''[[War of the Last Alliance]]'' ended, beginning the [[Third Age (Middle-earth)|Third Age]].

The story takes place at a time when the Elves, immortal and fairest of all beings in the world, are leaving the war-weary world to sail to the blessed realm of [[Valinor]]. With the departure of the Elves, the Age of Men has come. But the Dark Lord [[Sauron]], not truly killed at the end of the last Age, has been regaining power over the millennia since his defeat. Instrumental in his survival was the [[One Ring (Middle-earth)|One Ring]], which had kept him alive, and for which he now searches. This Ring, which had been lost for millennia, fell by chance into the hands of the [[hobbit]] [[Bilbo Baggins]], the story of which is told in ''[[The Hobbit]]''. At the beginning of ''The Lord of the Rings'', sixty years have passed since Bilbo found the One Ring.

=== The Fellowship of the Ring ===
==== Book I ====
The [[Hobbit]] [[Bilbo Baggins]] celebrates his 111th birthday, after which he leaves [[Shire (Middle-earth)|the Shire]] to travel once more, leaving his home Bag End and his [[One Ring (Middle-earth)|magic ring]] to his heir [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]].

In [[Middle-earth chronology|T.A.]] 3018, Frodo is visited by his old friend, the Wizard [[Gandalf]], who tells him of the Ring's history and gives him the task of taking the Ring to the [[Quendi|Elven]] refuge [[Rivendell]]. Frodo leaves the Shire joined by his friends [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam Gamgee]], [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry Brandybuck]], and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin Took]], all the while pursued by the mysterious otherworldly [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]], servants of Sauron. After an adventurous time they arrive in [[Breeland|Bree]], where they meet the human Ranger [[Aragorn|Strider]]. With his help they manage the make the last stretch of the way to the Ford of [[Bruinen]] at Rivendell.

==== Book II ====
The group have made it to [[Rivendell]], where the Council of Elrond decides over further action. The Ring shall be destroyed, which can only be done in [[Mount Doom]] in Sauron's land [[Mordor]] where it was forged. A group of companions are chosen to accompany Frodo on his quest, forming the Fellowship of the Ring: the hobbits Frodo, Sam, Merry, and Pippin, the Wizard [[Gandalf|Gandalf the Grey]], [[Gimli son of Glóin|Gimli]] the Dwarf, [[Legolas]] the Elf, and the Men [[Boromir]] of [[Gondor]] and [[Aragorn|Aragorn of the Dúnedain]]. The Fellowship journeys south, and after failing to cross the [[Misty Mountains]], goes under them through the Dwarven [[Khazad-dûm|Mines of Moria]]. There they are attacked by Orcs and lose their leader Gandalf to the [[Balrog]]. The Fellowship rest in the Elven realm [[Lothlórien]], and continue by boat down the river [[Anduin]]. At the Falls of Rauros they rest again, and Boromir tries unsuccessfully to take the Ring from Frodo. While the Fellowship searches for him, Frodo secretly leaves them behind to continue his quest all by himself, but Sam catches up with him and joins him on his way to Mordor.

=== The Two Towers ===
==== Book III ====
Boromir is mortally wounded defending Merry and Pippin from Orcs. Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli decide to follow the Orcs into [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]] to rescue the kidnapped hobbits. Merry and Pippin manage to escape [[Saruman]]'s Orcs at [[Fangorn|Fangorn Forest]], where they meet [[Treebeard]] the Ent. The tree-like Ents hold council, and decide to attack Saruman at [[Isengard]]. In Fangorn Forest Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli meet the returned Gandalf the White, who takes them to the capital [[Edoras]], where they join [[Théoden|King Théoden of Rohan]] in the fight against Saruman. The forces of Rohan prevail against Saruman's armies in the ''Battle of the [[Helm's Deep|Hornburg]]''. Afterwards they go to Isengard to confront Saruman, whom is cast out of the Order by Gandalf. Pippin picks up the ''[[palantír]]'', and alerts Sauron to their presence. Gandalf and Pippin set of for [[Gondor]].

==== Book IV ====
Back in the Emyn Muil, Frodo and Sam journey east towards Mordor, trailed by [[Gollum]]. They capture him and he promises to lead them on their way. They travel though the Dead Marshes to the [[Morannon|Black Gate]], where Gollum leads them south. In [[Ithilien]] they are captured by [[Faramir]] of Gondor, but he releases them after hearing about their quest. Gollum leads them to and abandons them at the Pass of [[Cirith Ungol]], where they are attacked by the giant spider Shelob. Assuming Frodo dead, Sam takes the Ring to finish the quest on his own. Frodo's body is taken by a patrol of Orcs, who reveal that Frodo is only paralyzed. Sam, who has secretly followed them, tries to rescue Frodo, but is late and locked out of the Tower of Cirith Ungol.

=== The Return of the King ===
==== Book V ====
Gandalf and Pippin arrive in the city of [[Minas Tirith]], where they meet [[Denethor|Steward Denethor II]] of Gondor, and Pippin enters his service. Aragorn and his companions are joined by a group of Rangers from Rivendell. They go through the [[Ered Nimrais|Paths of the Dead]] and Aragorn summons the Dead Men of Dunharrow to his aid, and then rides east. King Théoden is summoned to Gondor, and the Rohirrim and Merry ride to Minas Tirith. Minas Tirith is besieged by the Sauron's armies. The following ''Battle of the [[Pelennor Fields]]'' is won with the help of the Rohirrim and the arrival of Aragorn with reinforcements from the southern regions of Gondor. Théoden is killed, but Éowyn and Merry slay the [[Witch-king of Angmar]]. Aragorn leads the combined forces of the West against Sauron in a move to distract him from Frodo, resulting in the ''Battle of the [[Morannon|Black Gate]]''.

==== Book VI ====
Sam rescues Frodo and returns the Ring to him. They continue the trek across Mordor. At Mount Doom they are attacked by Gollum. Frodo succumbs to the power of the Ring, claims it as his own and puts it on. Gollum fights him, biting off his finger and taking the Ring, but slips and falls into the [[Sammath Naur|Cracks of Doom]], destroying the Ring. Sauron is defeated and his power crumbles. The ''Battle of the Black Gate'' is won, and Gandalf sends the Eagles to rescue Frodo and Sam. Aragorn becomes King of Arnor and Gondor. Everyone returns homeward, and the hobbits return to [[Shire (Middle-earth)|the Shire]]. The land has been taken over by Saruman and his men, but after the ''Scouring of the Shire'' led by the returned hobbits, Saruman is killed and the hobbits can begin reordering their land. After a few years Frodo, who has been greatly hurt and burdenend though his quest and the Ring, traveled to the [[Mithlond|Grey Havens]]. There he bids his hobbit-friends good-bye, and leaves together with Bilbo, Gandalf, Elrond and Galadriel for the Undying Lands in the West, ending the [[Third Age (Middle-earth)|Third Age]] of Middle-earth. Sam, Merry and Pippin return to the Shire and their homes.

=== Appendices ===
''The Lord of the Rings'' is followed by six appendices, which give more background and detail on the history, peoples, languages, and various other topics of Middle-earth.
* '''Appendix A Annals of the Kings and Rulers''': contains further information on the history of [[Númenor]], [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]], and of the [[Lôgrad|Rohirrim]] and [[Durin's Folk]].
* '''Appendix B The Tale of Years (Chronology of the Westlands)''': contains the timeline and chronicles of the [[Middle-earth chronology|Ages]].
* '''Appendix D Calendars''': the different [[Middle-earth chronology|calendar systems]].
* '''Appendix E Writing and Spelling''': on the pronounciation and the [[Tolkien's scripts|scripts]].
* '''Appendix F''': overview of the [[Tolkien's languages|languages]], and notes on the fictional "translation" of the book from the [[Westron]] language.

== Reception ==
From the beginning, ''The Lord of the Rings'' has received very mixed reviews, which range from high praise to condemnation. ''The Lord of the Rings'' has been considered one of the most influential works on the modern time [[fantasy]] genre.

In 1965, a US-American pirated paperback edition and the surrounding trouble spread awareness of ''The Lord of the Rings'' in the United States, where it soon gained a strong following.

J. R. R. Tolkien was a [[Roman Catholic]], and many readers see [[Christian]] undertones in ''The Lord of the Rings.'' <ref>"Much as it is possible to identify allegories of the Second World war into ''The Lord of the Rings'', it is possible to identify any number of Christian allegories as well" in Smith, J. and Matthews, J.C. ''The Lord of the Rings:the Films, the books, the radio series'' (Virgin Books 2004), p.116.</ref> Tolkien himself discounts the belief that he wrote the book as a direct Christian allegory--or any other sort of allegory, which he went on record as "cordially disliking", and preferring "applicability"--in contrast with the overt and acknowledged allegories in the works of Tolkien's friend, [[C. S. Lewis]].<ref>''The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien'', #129</ref>

== Adaptions ==
''The Lord of the Rings'' has been adapted full or in part in a variety of media. Among these are films, stage plays and a musical.

=== The Lord of the Rings film trilogy ===
'''''The Lord of the Rings'' film trilogy''' were three films based on the book, all directed by [[Peter Jackson]], produced by New Line Cinema and filmed in New Zealand. The film titles were derived from the three volumes: ''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (2001), ''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers'' (2002) and ''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (2003).

The films were released annually in cinemas from December 2001 to 2003. DVD releases of the cinema version and Special Extended Editions have also been released for each film. Each extended edition includes four discs, two of bonus material.

=== Interpretation ===

The book is often seen as an analogy to the epic struggle between Communism and Capitalism, especially since it was written during the Cold War period.

== References ==
{{reflist|1}}

== See also ==
*''[[The Hobbit]]''

{{Middle-earth}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lord of the Rings, The}}
[[Category:Middle-earth]]
[[Category:Lord of the Rings| ]]
[[Category:Novels]]

The Lord of the Rings

2008-12-09T00:21:43Z

JBagnor: /* Inerpretation */

[[Image:Mhjfjfr7.jpg|thumb|350px|The covers for the three volumes of ''The Lord of the Rings'', designed by Tolkien.]]

'''''The Lord of the Rings''''' is a fantasy book written by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]. It was published in three parts in the years 1954 and 1955. It followed his earlier book, ''[[The Hobbit]]''. ''The Lord of the Rings'' is considered one of the most influential works of the [[fantasy]] genre in modern times. It is the best-selling work of fantasy literature in the twentieth century.

The story of ''The Lord of the Rings'' is about the war of the peoples of Middle-earth against a dark lord, the eponymous "Lord of the Rings". At the same time a small group of people are sent to destroy the magic Ring which would return power to their enemy, but the only way to destroy the Ring lies deep in enemy territory.

== Creation ==
=== Writing ===
After the success of his earlier book ''[[The Hobbit]]'', Tolkien's publishers persuaded him to write a sequel. He began writing in December of 1937, but the first drafts were still far away from the finished version. After writing and re-writing the beginning several times, Tolkien realized the role of the [[One Ring (Middle-earth)|One Ring]] and the quest it entailed in the spring of 1938, while writing the discussion between Gildor Inglorion and the later [[Frodo Baggins]]. This was the point upon which the back story and central quest that would be ''The Lord of the Rings'' came together in his mind. It was also the point that he firmly set the book's plot into his already existing [[Middle-earth]] legendarium. Whereas the ''The Hobbit'' had before been separate from his Middle-earth mythology, while still borrowing ideas, names, and persons from it, Tolkien now consciously moved it and its sequel into the Middle-earth setting. This resulted in the changes in tone, and in the meaning of formerly unimportant things as the 'magic ring' and the Necromancer, who both literally gained importance in the sequel. While the ''The Hobbit'' was written as a story intended for his children, ''The Lord of the Rings'' due to the realization of the later plot, soon became an epic tale of much greater proportions, both in plot and in length.

The earlier drafts and versions of ''The Lord of the Rings'' were published posthumously by his son Christopher Tolkien in ''The History of The Lord of the Rings'' (1988-1992), which are volumes VI–IX of ''The History of Middle-earth''.

In the story of the Middle-earth legendarium, ''The Hobbit'' appears as Bilbo's story of his journey and the finding of the Ring, while ''The Lord of the Rings'' are Frodo's later additions of the War of the Ring, both of which form the ''[[Red Book of Westmarch]]''.

=== Publication ===
Although often wrongly thought to be a [[trilogy]], ''The Lord of the Rings'' was conceived by the author as a single work. Its internal structure divides it into six 'books', named Book I-VI, according to the plot, with several appendices and an index. Because of paper shortages, the amount of paper needed and to reduce financial risk, it was released by the publisher [[Allen & Unwin]] in three volumes, each containing two Books:
#''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' 
#''[[The Two Towers]]'' 
#''[[The Return of the King]]'' 
This resulted in the common error of calling ''The Lord of the Rings'' a [[trilogy]], a term which Tolkien rejected, just as he disliked the book being published in separate volumes. The first two volumes were published in 1954, and the third in 1955. It was initially published in hardbound.

In 1965 an American paperback publisher released a "pirated" paperback edition, paying Tolkien nothing, in the belief that Tolkien's copyright in the U. S. was defective because of a technicality. Tolkien reached a legal settlement with this publisher, and another publisher released an authorized edition for which Tolkien was paid royalties. The book was an instant success, particularly among college students.

== Story ==
=== Background story ===
In the [[Second Age (Middle-earth)|Second Age]] the Dark Lord [[Sauron]] created the [[One Ring (Middle-earth)|One Ring]] to help him conquer the peoples of Middle-earth. The [[Quendi|Elves]] and [[Man (Middle-earth)|Men]] of Middle-earth, led by High King Gil-galad of the [[Noldor]] and King Elendil of the [[Arnor|Dúnedain]], formed the ''[[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]'' to fight him. Sauron was defeated and the Ring cut from his hand, thus the ''[[War of the Last Alliance]]'' ended, beginning the [[Third Age (Middle-earth)|Third Age]].

The story takes place at a time when the Elves, immortal and fairest of all beings in the world, are leaving the war-weary world to sail to the blessed realm of [[Valinor]]. With the departure of the Elves, the Age of Men has come. But the Dark Lord [[Sauron]], not truly killed at the end of the last Age, has been regaining power over the millennia since his defeat. Instrumental in his survival was the [[One Ring (Middle-earth)|One Ring]], which had kept him alive, and for which he now searches. This Ring, which had been lost for millennia, fell by chance into the hands of the [[hobbit]] [[Bilbo Baggins]], the story of which is told in ''[[The Hobbit]]''. At the beginning of ''The Lord of the Rings'', sixty years have passed since Bilbo found the One Ring.

=== The Fellowship of the Ring ===
==== Book I ====
The [[Hobbit]] [[Bilbo Baggins]] celebrates his 111th birthday, after which he leaves [[Shire (Middle-earth)|the Shire]] to travel once more, leaving his home Bag End and his [[One Ring (Middle-earth)|magic ring]] to his heir [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]].

In [[Middle-earth chronology|T.A.]] 3018, Frodo is visited by his old friend, the Wizard [[Gandalf]], who tells him of the Ring's history and gives him the task of taking the Ring to the [[Quendi|Elven]] refuge [[Rivendell]]. Frodo leaves the Shire joined by his friends [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam Gamgee]], [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry Brandybuck]], and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin Took]], all the while pursued by the mysterious otherworldly [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]], servants of Sauron. After an adventurous time they arrive in [[Breeland|Bree]], where they meet the human Ranger [[Aragorn|Strider]]. With his help they manage the make the last stretch of the way to the Ford of [[Bruinen]] at Rivendell.

==== Book II ====
The group have made it to [[Rivendell]], where the Council of Elrond decides over further action. The Ring shall be destroyed, which can only be done in [[Mount Doom]] in Sauron's land [[Mordor]] where it was forged. A group of companions are chosen to accompany Frodo on his quest, forming the Fellowship of the Ring: the hobbits Frodo, Sam, Merry, and Pippin, the Wizard [[Gandalf|Gandalf the Grey]], [[Gimli son of Glóin|Gimli]] the Dwarf, [[Legolas]] the Elf, and the Men [[Boromir]] of [[Gondor]] and [[Aragorn|Aragorn of the Dúnedain]]. The Fellowship journeys south, and after failing to cross the [[Misty Mountains]], goes under them through the Dwarven [[Khazad-dûm|Mines of Moria]]. There they are attacked by Orcs and lose their leader Gandalf to the [[Balrog]]. The Fellowship rest in the Elven realm [[Lothlórien]], and continue by boat down the river [[Anduin]]. At the Falls of Rauros they rest again, and Boromir tries unsuccessfully to take the Ring from Frodo. While the Fellowship searches for him, Frodo secretly leaves them behind to continue his quest all by himself, but Sam catches up with him and joins him on his way to Mordor.

=== The Two Towers ===
==== Book III ====
Boromir is mortally wounded defending Merry and Pippin from Orcs. Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli decide to follow the Orcs into [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]] to rescue the kidnapped hobbits. Merry and Pippin manage to escape [[Saruman]]'s Orcs at [[Fangorn|Fangorn Forest]], where they meet [[Treebeard]] the Ent. The tree-like Ents hold council, and decide to attack Saruman at [[Isengard]]. In Fangorn Forest Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli meet the returned Gandalf the White, who takes them to the capital [[Edoras]], where they join [[Théoden|King Théoden of Rohan]] in the fight against Saruman. The forces of Rohan prevail against Saruman's armies in the ''Battle of the [[Helm's Deep|Hornburg]]''. Afterwards they go to Isengard to confront Saruman, whom is cast out of the Order by Gandalf. Pippin picks up the ''[[palantír]]'', and alerts Sauron to their presence. Gandalf and Pippin set of for [[Gondor]].

==== Book IV ====
Back in the Emyn Muil, Frodo and Sam journey east towards Mordor, trailed by [[Gollum]]. They capture him and he promises to lead them on their way. They travel though the Dead Marshes to the [[Morannon|Black Gate]], where Gollum leads them south. In [[Ithilien]] they are captured by [[Faramir]] of Gondor, but he releases them after hearing about their quest. Gollum leads them to and abandons them at the Pass of [[Cirith Ungol]], where they are attacked by the giant spider Shelob. Assuming Frodo dead, Sam takes the Ring to finish the quest on his own. Frodo's body is taken by a patrol of Orcs, who reveal that Frodo is only paralyzed. Sam, who has secretly followed them, tries to rescue Frodo, but is late and locked out of the Tower of Cirith Ungol.

=== The Return of the King ===
==== Book V ====
Gandalf and Pippin arrive in the city of [[Minas Tirith]], where they meet [[Denethor|Steward Denethor II]] of Gondor, and Pippin enters his service. Aragorn and his companions are joined by a group of Rangers from Rivendell. They go through the [[Ered Nimrais|Paths of the Dead]] and Aragorn summons the Dead Men of Dunharrow to his aid, and then rides east. King Théoden is summoned to Gondor, and the Rohirrim and Merry ride to Minas Tirith. Minas Tirith is besieged by the Sauron's armies. The following ''Battle of the [[Pelennor Fields]]'' is won with the help of the Rohirrim and the arrival of Aragorn with reinforcements from the southern regions of Gondor. Théoden is killed, but Éowyn and Merry slay the [[Witch-king of Angmar]]. Aragorn leads the combined forces of the West against Sauron in a move to distract him from Frodo, resulting in the ''Battle of the [[Morannon|Black Gate]]''.

==== Book VI ====
Sam rescues Frodo and returns the Ring to him. They continue the trek across Mordor. At Mount Doom they are attacked by Gollum. Frodo succumbs to the power of the Ring, claims it as his own and puts it on. Gollum fights him, biting off his finger and taking the Ring, but slips and falls into the [[Sammath Naur|Cracks of Doom]], destroying the Ring. Sauron is defeated and his power crumbles. The ''Battle of the Black Gate'' is won, and Gandalf sends the Eagles to rescue Frodo and Sam. Aragorn becomes King of Arnor and Gondor. Everyone returns homeward, and the hobbits return to [[Shire (Middle-earth)|the Shire]]. The land has been taken over by Saruman and his men, but after the ''Scouring of the Shire'' led by the returned hobbits, Saruman is killed and the hobbits can begin reordering their land. After a few years Frodo, who has been greatly hurt and burdenend though his quest and the Ring, traveled to the [[Mithlond|Grey Havens]]. There he bids his hobbit-friends good-bye, and leaves together with Bilbo, Gandalf, Elrond and Galadriel for the Undying Lands in the West, ending the [[Third Age (Middle-earth)|Third Age]] of Middle-earth. Sam, Merry and Pippin return to the Shire and their homes.

=== Appendices ===
''The Lord of the Rings'' is followed by six appendices, which give more background and detail on the history, peoples, languages, and various other topics of Middle-earth.
* '''Appendix A Annals of the Kings and Rulers''': contains further information on the history of [[Númenor]], [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]], and of the [[Lôgrad|Rohirrim]] and [[Durin's Folk]].
* '''Appendix B The Tale of Years (Chronology of the Westlands)''': contains the timeline and chronicles of the [[Middle-earth chronology|Ages]].
* '''Appendix D Calendars''': the different [[Middle-earth chronology|calendar systems]].
* '''Appendix E Writing and Spelling''': on the pronounciation and the [[Tolkien's scripts|scripts]].
* '''Appendix F''': overview of the [[Tolkien's languages|languages]], and notes on the fictional "translation" of the book from the [[Westron]] language.

== Reception ==
From the beginning, ''The Lord of the Rings'' has received very mixed reviews, which range from high praise to condemnation. ''The Lord of the Rings'' has been considered one of the most influential works on the modern time [[fantasy]] genre.

In 1965, a US-American pirated paperback edition and the surrounding trouble spread awareness of ''The Lord of the Rings'' in the United States, where it soon gained a strong following.

J. R. R. Tolkien was a [[Roman Catholic]], and many readers see [[Christian]] undertones in ''The Lord of the Rings.'' <ref>"Much as it is possible to identify allegories of the Second World war into ''The Lord of the Rings'', it is possible to identify any number of Christian allegories as well" in Smith, J. and Matthews, J.C. ''The Lord of the Rings:the Films, the books, the radio series'' (Virgin Books 2004), p.116.</ref> Tolkien himself discounts the belief that he wrote the book as a direct Christian allegory--or any other sort of allegory, which he went on record as "cordially disliking", and preferring "applicability"--in contrast with the overt and acknowledged allegories in the works of Tolkien's friend, [[C. S. Lewis]].<ref>''The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien'', #129</ref>

== Adaptions ==
''The Lord of the Rings'' has been adapted full or in part in a variety of media. Among these are films, stage plays and a musical.

=== The Lord of the Rings film trilogy ===
'''''The Lord of the Rings'' film trilogy''' were three films based on the book, all directed by [[Peter Jackson]], produced by New Line Cinema and filmed in New Zealand. The film titles were derived from the three volumes: ''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (2001), ''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers'' (2002) and ''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (2003).

The films were released annually in cinemas from December 2001 to 2003. DVD releases of the cinema version and Special Extended Editions have also been released for each film. Each extended edition includes four discs, two of bonus material.

=== Itnerpretation ===

The book is often seen as an analogy to the epic struggle between Communism and Capitalism, especially since it was written during the Cold War period.

== References ==
{{reflist|1}}

== See also ==
*''[[The Hobbit]]''

{{Middle-earth}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lord of the Rings, The}}
[[Category:Middle-earth]]
[[Category:Lord of the Rings| ]]
[[Category:Novels]]

The Lord of the Rings

2008-12-09T00:21:31Z

JBagnor:

[[Image:Mhjfjfr7.jpg|thumb|350px|The covers for the three volumes of ''The Lord of the Rings'', designed by Tolkien.]]

'''''The Lord of the Rings''''' is a fantasy book written by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]. It was published in three parts in the years 1954 and 1955. It followed his earlier book, ''[[The Hobbit]]''. ''The Lord of the Rings'' is considered one of the most influential works of the [[fantasy]] genre in modern times. It is the best-selling work of fantasy literature in the twentieth century.

The story of ''The Lord of the Rings'' is about the war of the peoples of Middle-earth against a dark lord, the eponymous "Lord of the Rings". At the same time a small group of people are sent to destroy the magic Ring which would return power to their enemy, but the only way to destroy the Ring lies deep in enemy territory.

== Creation ==
=== Writing ===
After the success of his earlier book ''[[The Hobbit]]'', Tolkien's publishers persuaded him to write a sequel. He began writing in December of 1937, but the first drafts were still far away from the finished version. After writing and re-writing the beginning several times, Tolkien realized the role of the [[One Ring (Middle-earth)|One Ring]] and the quest it entailed in the spring of 1938, while writing the discussion between Gildor Inglorion and the later [[Frodo Baggins]]. This was the point upon which the back story and central quest that would be ''The Lord of the Rings'' came together in his mind. It was also the point that he firmly set the book's plot into his already existing [[Middle-earth]] legendarium. Whereas the ''The Hobbit'' had before been separate from his Middle-earth mythology, while still borrowing ideas, names, and persons from it, Tolkien now consciously moved it and its sequel into the Middle-earth setting. This resulted in the changes in tone, and in the meaning of formerly unimportant things as the 'magic ring' and the Necromancer, who both literally gained importance in the sequel. While the ''The Hobbit'' was written as a story intended for his children, ''The Lord of the Rings'' due to the realization of the later plot, soon became an epic tale of much greater proportions, both in plot and in length.

The earlier drafts and versions of ''The Lord of the Rings'' were published posthumously by his son Christopher Tolkien in ''The History of The Lord of the Rings'' (1988-1992), which are volumes VI–IX of ''The History of Middle-earth''.

In the story of the Middle-earth legendarium, ''The Hobbit'' appears as Bilbo's story of his journey and the finding of the Ring, while ''The Lord of the Rings'' are Frodo's later additions of the War of the Ring, both of which form the ''[[Red Book of Westmarch]]''.

=== Publication ===
Although often wrongly thought to be a [[trilogy]], ''The Lord of the Rings'' was conceived by the author as a single work. Its internal structure divides it into six 'books', named Book I-VI, according to the plot, with several appendices and an index. Because of paper shortages, the amount of paper needed and to reduce financial risk, it was released by the publisher [[Allen & Unwin]] in three volumes, each containing two Books:
#''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' 
#''[[The Two Towers]]'' 
#''[[The Return of the King]]'' 
This resulted in the common error of calling ''The Lord of the Rings'' a [[trilogy]], a term which Tolkien rejected, just as he disliked the book being published in separate volumes. The first two volumes were published in 1954, and the third in 1955. It was initially published in hardbound.

In 1965 an American paperback publisher released a "pirated" paperback edition, paying Tolkien nothing, in the belief that Tolkien's copyright in the U. S. was defective because of a technicality. Tolkien reached a legal settlement with this publisher, and another publisher released an authorized edition for which Tolkien was paid royalties. The book was an instant success, particularly among college students.

== Story ==
=== Background story ===
In the [[Second Age (Middle-earth)|Second Age]] the Dark Lord [[Sauron]] created the [[One Ring (Middle-earth)|One Ring]] to help him conquer the peoples of Middle-earth. The [[Quendi|Elves]] and [[Man (Middle-earth)|Men]] of Middle-earth, led by High King Gil-galad of the [[Noldor]] and King Elendil of the [[Arnor|Dúnedain]], formed the ''[[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]'' to fight him. Sauron was defeated and the Ring cut from his hand, thus the ''[[War of the Last Alliance]]'' ended, beginning the [[Third Age (Middle-earth)|Third Age]].

The story takes place at a time when the Elves, immortal and fairest of all beings in the world, are leaving the war-weary world to sail to the blessed realm of [[Valinor]]. With the departure of the Elves, the Age of Men has come. But the Dark Lord [[Sauron]], not truly killed at the end of the last Age, has been regaining power over the millennia since his defeat. Instrumental in his survival was the [[One Ring (Middle-earth)|One Ring]], which had kept him alive, and for which he now searches. This Ring, which had been lost for millennia, fell by chance into the hands of the [[hobbit]] [[Bilbo Baggins]], the story of which is told in ''[[The Hobbit]]''. At the beginning of ''The Lord of the Rings'', sixty years have passed since Bilbo found the One Ring.

=== The Fellowship of the Ring ===
==== Book I ====
The [[Hobbit]] [[Bilbo Baggins]] celebrates his 111th birthday, after which he leaves [[Shire (Middle-earth)|the Shire]] to travel once more, leaving his home Bag End and his [[One Ring (Middle-earth)|magic ring]] to his heir [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]].

In [[Middle-earth chronology|T.A.]] 3018, Frodo is visited by his old friend, the Wizard [[Gandalf]], who tells him of the Ring's history and gives him the task of taking the Ring to the [[Quendi|Elven]] refuge [[Rivendell]]. Frodo leaves the Shire joined by his friends [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam Gamgee]], [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry Brandybuck]], and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin Took]], all the while pursued by the mysterious otherworldly [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]], servants of Sauron. After an adventurous time they arrive in [[Breeland|Bree]], where they meet the human Ranger [[Aragorn|Strider]]. With his help they manage the make the last stretch of the way to the Ford of [[Bruinen]] at Rivendell.

==== Book II ====
The group have made it to [[Rivendell]], where the Council of Elrond decides over further action. The Ring shall be destroyed, which can only be done in [[Mount Doom]] in Sauron's land [[Mordor]] where it was forged. A group of companions are chosen to accompany Frodo on his quest, forming the Fellowship of the Ring: the hobbits Frodo, Sam, Merry, and Pippin, the Wizard [[Gandalf|Gandalf the Grey]], [[Gimli son of Glóin|Gimli]] the Dwarf, [[Legolas]] the Elf, and the Men [[Boromir]] of [[Gondor]] and [[Aragorn|Aragorn of the Dúnedain]]. The Fellowship journeys south, and after failing to cross the [[Misty Mountains]], goes under them through the Dwarven [[Khazad-dûm|Mines of Moria]]. There they are attacked by Orcs and lose their leader Gandalf to the [[Balrog]]. The Fellowship rest in the Elven realm [[Lothlórien]], and continue by boat down the river [[Anduin]]. At the Falls of Rauros they rest again, and Boromir tries unsuccessfully to take the Ring from Frodo. While the Fellowship searches for him, Frodo secretly leaves them behind to continue his quest all by himself, but Sam catches up with him and joins him on his way to Mordor.

=== The Two Towers ===
==== Book III ====
Boromir is mortally wounded defending Merry and Pippin from Orcs. Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli decide to follow the Orcs into [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]] to rescue the kidnapped hobbits. Merry and Pippin manage to escape [[Saruman]]'s Orcs at [[Fangorn|Fangorn Forest]], where they meet [[Treebeard]] the Ent. The tree-like Ents hold council, and decide to attack Saruman at [[Isengard]]. In Fangorn Forest Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli meet the returned Gandalf the White, who takes them to the capital [[Edoras]], where they join [[Théoden|King Théoden of Rohan]] in the fight against Saruman. The forces of Rohan prevail against Saruman's armies in the ''Battle of the [[Helm's Deep|Hornburg]]''. Afterwards they go to Isengard to confront Saruman, whom is cast out of the Order by Gandalf. Pippin picks up the ''[[palantír]]'', and alerts Sauron to their presence. Gandalf and Pippin set of for [[Gondor]].

==== Book IV ====
Back in the Emyn Muil, Frodo and Sam journey east towards Mordor, trailed by [[Gollum]]. They capture him and he promises to lead them on their way. They travel though the Dead Marshes to the [[Morannon|Black Gate]], where Gollum leads them south. In [[Ithilien]] they are captured by [[Faramir]] of Gondor, but he releases them after hearing about their quest. Gollum leads them to and abandons them at the Pass of [[Cirith Ungol]], where they are attacked by the giant spider Shelob. Assuming Frodo dead, Sam takes the Ring to finish the quest on his own. Frodo's body is taken by a patrol of Orcs, who reveal that Frodo is only paralyzed. Sam, who has secretly followed them, tries to rescue Frodo, but is late and locked out of the Tower of Cirith Ungol.

=== The Return of the King ===
==== Book V ====
Gandalf and Pippin arrive in the city of [[Minas Tirith]], where they meet [[Denethor|Steward Denethor II]] of Gondor, and Pippin enters his service. Aragorn and his companions are joined by a group of Rangers from Rivendell. They go through the [[Ered Nimrais|Paths of the Dead]] and Aragorn summons the Dead Men of Dunharrow to his aid, and then rides east. King Théoden is summoned to Gondor, and the Rohirrim and Merry ride to Minas Tirith. Minas Tirith is besieged by the Sauron's armies. The following ''Battle of the [[Pelennor Fields]]'' is won with the help of the Rohirrim and the arrival of Aragorn with reinforcements from the southern regions of Gondor. Théoden is killed, but Éowyn and Merry slay the [[Witch-king of Angmar]]. Aragorn leads the combined forces of the West against Sauron in a move to distract him from Frodo, resulting in the ''Battle of the [[Morannon|Black Gate]]''.

==== Book VI ====
Sam rescues Frodo and returns the Ring to him. They continue the trek across Mordor. At Mount Doom they are attacked by Gollum. Frodo succumbs to the power of the Ring, claims it as his own and puts it on. Gollum fights him, biting off his finger and taking the Ring, but slips and falls into the [[Sammath Naur|Cracks of Doom]], destroying the Ring. Sauron is defeated and his power crumbles. The ''Battle of the Black Gate'' is won, and Gandalf sends the Eagles to rescue Frodo and Sam. Aragorn becomes King of Arnor and Gondor. Everyone returns homeward, and the hobbits return to [[Shire (Middle-earth)|the Shire]]. The land has been taken over by Saruman and his men, but after the ''Scouring of the Shire'' led by the returned hobbits, Saruman is killed and the hobbits can begin reordering their land. After a few years Frodo, who has been greatly hurt and burdenend though his quest and the Ring, traveled to the [[Mithlond|Grey Havens]]. There he bids his hobbit-friends good-bye, and leaves together with Bilbo, Gandalf, Elrond and Galadriel for the Undying Lands in the West, ending the [[Third Age (Middle-earth)|Third Age]] of Middle-earth. Sam, Merry and Pippin return to the Shire and their homes.

=== Appendices ===
''The Lord of the Rings'' is followed by six appendices, which give more background and detail on the history, peoples, languages, and various other topics of Middle-earth.
* '''Appendix A Annals of the Kings and Rulers''': contains further information on the history of [[Númenor]], [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]], and of the [[Lôgrad|Rohirrim]] and [[Durin's Folk]].
* '''Appendix B The Tale of Years (Chronology of the Westlands)''': contains the timeline and chronicles of the [[Middle-earth chronology|Ages]].
* '''Appendix D Calendars''': the different [[Middle-earth chronology|calendar systems]].
* '''Appendix E Writing and Spelling''': on the pronounciation and the [[Tolkien's scripts|scripts]].
* '''Appendix F''': overview of the [[Tolkien's languages|languages]], and notes on the fictional "translation" of the book from the [[Westron]] language.

== Reception ==
From the beginning, ''The Lord of the Rings'' has received very mixed reviews, which range from high praise to condemnation. ''The Lord of the Rings'' has been considered one of the most influential works on the modern time [[fantasy]] genre.

In 1965, a US-American pirated paperback edition and the surrounding trouble spread awareness of ''The Lord of the Rings'' in the United States, where it soon gained a strong following.

J. R. R. Tolkien was a [[Roman Catholic]], and many readers see [[Christian]] undertones in ''The Lord of the Rings.'' <ref>"Much as it is possible to identify allegories of the Second World war into ''The Lord of the Rings'', it is possible to identify any number of Christian allegories as well" in Smith, J. and Matthews, J.C. ''The Lord of the Rings:the Films, the books, the radio series'' (Virgin Books 2004), p.116.</ref> Tolkien himself discounts the belief that he wrote the book as a direct Christian allegory--or any other sort of allegory, which he went on record as "cordially disliking", and preferring "applicability"--in contrast with the overt and acknowledged allegories in the works of Tolkien's friend, [[C. S. Lewis]].<ref>''The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien'', #129</ref>

== Adaptions ==
''The Lord of the Rings'' has been adapted full or in part in a variety of media. Among these are films, stage plays and a musical.

=== The Lord of the Rings film trilogy ===
'''''The Lord of the Rings'' film trilogy''' were three films based on the book, all directed by [[Peter Jackson]], produced by New Line Cinema and filmed in New Zealand. The film titles were derived from the three volumes: ''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (2001), ''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers'' (2002) and ''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (2003).

The films were released annually in cinemas from December 2001 to 2003. DVD releases of the cinema version and Special Extended Editions have also been released for each film. Each extended edition includes four discs, two of bonus material.

=== Inerpretation ===

The book is often seen as an analogy to the epic struggle between Communism and Capitalism, especially since it was written during the Cold War period.

== References ==
{{reflist|1}}

== See also ==
*''[[The Hobbit]]''

{{Middle-earth}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lord of the Rings, The}}
[[Category:Middle-earth]]
[[Category:Lord of the Rings| ]]
[[Category:Novels]]