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User talk:IHateConservatives

2021-06-27T01:58:41Z

IHateConservatives: Fuck you

Don't make uncited claims like you did [[Special:Diff/1773209|here]]. Thanks. —[[User:Liberaltears|<code>'''LT'''</code>]]'''''[[User:Liberaltears/mail|May D.C., his mother, and I.S. be all well!]]''''' Sunday, 21:55, June 26, 2021 (EDT)
You literally have a page that claims Bernie Sanders is a communist despite the fact that he has never argued for widespread nationalization, workers councils, or anything of the support. I think I'll choose to ignore you

Bernie Sanders

2021-06-27T01:57:06Z

IHateConservatives: Page contained numerous inaccuracies

{{short description|United States senator from Vermont}}
{{for|the Canadian hockey player|Bernie Saunders}}
{{redirect|Senator Sanders}}
{{pp-vand|small=yes}}
{{use American English|date=August 2018}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bernie Sanders
| image = Bernie Sanders in March 2020.jpg
| alt = Bernie Sanders smiling
| caption = Sanders in March 2020
| jr/sr = United States Senator
| state = [[Vermont]]
| alongside = [[Patrick Leahy]]
| term_start = January 3, 2007
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Jim Jeffords]]
| successor =
| office1 = Chair of the [[United States Senate Committee on the Budget|Senate Budget Committee]]
| term_start1 = February 3, 2021
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Mike Enzi]]
| successor1 =
| office2 = Ranking Member of the [[United States Senate Committee on the Budget|Senate Budget Committee]]
| term_start2 = January 3, 2015
| term_end2 = February 3, 2021
| predecessor2 = [[Jeff Sessions]]
| successor2 = [[Lindsey Graham]]
| office3 = Chair of the [[Senate Veterans' Affairs Committee]]
| term_start3 = January 3, 2013
| term_end3 = January 3, 2015
| predecessor3 = [[Patty Murray]]
| successor3 = [[Johnny Isakson]]
| state4 = [[Vermont]]
| district4 = {{ushr|VT|AL|at-large}}
| term_start4 = January 3, 1991
| term_end4 = January 3, 2007
| predecessor4 = [[Peter Plympton Smith]]
| successor4 = [[Peter Welch]]
| office5 = 37th [[List of mayors of Burlington, Vermont|Mayor of Burlington]]
| term_start5 = April 6, 1981
| term_end5 = April 4, 1989
| predecessor5 = [[Gordon Paquette]]
| successor5 = [[Peter Clavelle]]
| birth_name = Bernard Sanders
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1941|9|8}}
| birth_place = [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City]], U.S.
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]{{efn|Congressional affiliation}} (1978–present) [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] (2015–2016, 2019–2020) [[Liberty Union Party|Liberty Union]] (1970–1977)
| otherparty = [[Vermont Progressive Party|Vermont Progressive]]{{efn|Affiliated non-member}} (1981–present)
| spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|Deborah Shiling|1964|1966|end=divorced}}|{{marriage|[[Jane Sanders|Jane O'Meara]] |1988}}}}
| children = 1
| relatives = [[Larry Sanders (politician)|Larry Sanders]] (brother)
| education = [[University of Chicago]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|activist|author}}
| website = {{plainlist|
* {{URL|sanders.senate.gov|Senate website}}
* {{URL|berniesanders.com|Campaign website}}
}}
| signature = Bernie Sanders signature.svg
| signature_alt = Official signature of Bernie Sanders
| module = {{Listen
|embed = yes
|title = Bernie Sanders's voice
|filename = Senator Bernie Sanders's Campaign Speech at UNC-Chapel Hill.wav
|description = Speech recorded September 19, 2019, at UNC-Chapel Hill's Bell Tower Amphitheater}}
}}
{{Bernie Sanders series}}
'''Bernard  Sanders''' (born September{{nbsp}}8, 1941) is an American politician and activist who has served as the [[Seniority in the United States Senate|junior]] [[United States Senate|United States senator]] from [[Vermont]] since 2007 and as [[U.S. Representative]] for the state's [[Vermont's at-large congressional district|at-large congressional district]] from 1991 to 2007. He is the longest-serving [[independent politician|independent]] in U.S. congressional history, although he has a close relationship with the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], having [[Congressional caucus|caucused]] with [[House Democratic Caucus|House]] and [[Senate Democratic Caucus|Senate Democrats]] for most of his congressional career.<ref name="wapo"/> Sanders unsuccessfully sought the Democratic Party nomination for [[president of the United States]] in [[Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign|2016]] and [[Bernie Sanders 2020 presidential campaign|2020]], finishing in second place in both campaigns. Before his election to Congress, [[Mayoralty of Bernie Sanders|he was mayor]] of [[Burlington, Vermont]].

Often considered one of the most popular politicians in America, Sanders self-identifies as a [[democratic socialism|democratic socialist]] and has been credited with influencing a leftward shift in the Democratic Party since his 2016 presidential campaign. An advocate of [[Social democracy|social democratic]] and [[Progressivism in the United States|progressive]] policies, he is known for his opposition to [[economic inequality]] and [[neoliberalism]]. On domestic policy, he supports [[Labour movement|labor rights]], [[Universal healthcare|universal]] and [[single-payer healthcare]], paid [[parental leave]], tuition-free [[tertiary education]], and an ambitious [[Green New Deal]] to create jobs addressing [[climate change]]. On foreign policy, he supports reducing [[United States military spending|military spending]], pursuing more [[diplomacy]] and [[international cooperation]], and putting greater emphasis on [[labor rights]] and environmental concerns when negotiating international trade agreements. Sanders supports [[workplace democracy]], and has praised elements of the [[Nordic model]]. Some{{who|date=June 2021}} commentators have described his politics as aligned with the [[New Deal]] policies of President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[left-wing populism]].

Born into a working-class [[Jewish]] family and raised in the [[Brooklyn]] borough of [[New York City]], Sanders attended [[Brooklyn College]] before graduating from the [[University of Chicago]] in 1964. While a student, he was a protest organizer for the [[Congress of Racial Equality]] and the [[Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee]] during the [[civil rights movement]]. After settling in [[Vermont]] in 1968, he ran unsuccessful [[Third party (United States)|third-party]] political campaigns in the early to mid-1970s. He was [[1981 Burlington mayoral election|elected]] [[List of mayors of Burlington, Vermont|mayor of Burlington]] in 1981 as an independent and was reelected three times. He won election to the U.S. House of Representatives in [[1990 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont|1990]], representing Vermont's at-large congressional district, later co-founding the [[Congressional Progressive Caucus]]. He served as a U.S. Representative for 16 years before being elected to the U.S. Senate in [[2006 United States Senate election in Vermont|2006]]. Sanders was reelected to the Senate in [[2012 United States Senate election in Vermont|2012]] and [[2018 United States Senate election in Vermont|2018]]. He chaired the [[Senate Veterans' Affairs Committee]] from 2013 to 2015. In January 2021, Sanders became chair of the [[Senate Budget Committee]].

Sanders was a major candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2016 and 2020. Despite initially low expectations, his 2016 campaign generated significant grassroots enthusiasm and funding from small-dollar donors, carrying Sanders to victory against eventual nominee [[Hillary Clinton]] in 23 [[Democratic Party 2016 presidential primaries|primaries and caucuses]] before he conceded in July.<ref name="auto4">{{cite news|last=Gambino|first=Lauren|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/mar/10/democrats-small-dollar-donors-essential-bernie-sanders|title='Not the billionaires': why small-dollar donors are Democrats' new powerhouse |date=March 10, 2019|work=The Guardian|access-date=February 25, 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In 2020, Sanders's strong showing in early [[2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries|primaries and caucuses]] made him the [[front-runner]] in a historically large [[2020 Democratic Party presidential candidates|field of Democratic candidates]]. In April 2020, he conceded the nomination to [[Joe Biden]], who had won a series of decisive victories as the field narrowed. Sanders supported Clinton and Biden in their general election campaigns against [[Donald Trump]] while continuing his efforts to move the Democratic Party in a more progressive direction.<ref name=Ember-200408>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/08/us/politics/bernie-sanders-drops-out.html|title=Bernie Sanders Is Dropping Out of 2020 Democratic Race for President|work=The New York Times|date=April 8, 2020|access-date=April 8, 2020|first=Sydney|last=Ember}}</ref><ref name=BizInsider2020-04-10/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/meet-the-press/blog/meet-press-blog-latest-news-analysis-data-driving-political-discussion-n988541/ncrd1165631|title=Sanders' campaign raises over $2 million for coronavirus charities|last=Grumbach|first=Gary|agency=NBC News|date=April 13, 2020|access-date=April 14, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/13/us/politics/bernie-sanders-joe-biden-endorsement.html|title=Bernie Sanders Endorses Joe Biden for President|last1=Ember|first1=Sydney|last2=Glueck|first2=Katie|date=April 13, 2020|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 13, 2020}}</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:Bernie Sanders 1959 High School Yearbook.jpg|thumb|upright|Sanders as a senior in high school, 1959]]

Bernard Sanders was born on September 8, 1941, in the [[Brooklyn]] borough of [[New York City]].<ref name="Birth">
*{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/25/us/politics/bernie-sanderss-100-brooklyn-roots-show-beyond-his-accent.html|access-date=February 18, 2016|title=Bernie Sanders's '100% Brooklyn' Roots Are as Unshakable as His Accent|first=Jason|last=Horowitz|date=July 24, 2015|work=The New York Times}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Sanders.html|access-date=February 18, 2016|title=Bernie Sanders|website=Jewish Virtual Library|publisher=American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/political-figure/bernie-sanders |access-date=February 18, 2016|title=Bernie Sanders Biography|website=Biography.com|publisher=A&E Television Networks, LLC}}
*{{cite web|url=https://bioguideretro.congress.gov/Home/MemberDetails?memIndex=s000033 |access-date=February 18, 2016|title=Sanders, Bernard (1941 – )|website=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress|publisher=Office of the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives' Office of History and Preservation and the Office of the Historian of the United States Senate}}
</ref> His father, Elias Ben Yehuda Sanders,<ref name=fndr1>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/video/episode-1-the-impression-t9e1xe/ |work=[[Finding Your Roots]] |date=October 3, 2017 |title=Season 4, Episode 1: The Impression |access-date=February 9, 2020 }}</ref> was born in [[Słopnice]], [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria|Galicia]], in [[Austria-Hungary]] (now part of Poland),<ref name="jtaancestraltown">{{cite news |title=Bernie Sanders' ancestral town in Poland kvells over his Iowa performance |url=https://www.jta.org/2016/02/02/news-opinion/united-states/bernie-sanders-ancestral-town-in-poland-kvells-over-his-iowa-performance |access-date=February 3, 2016 |work=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] |date=February 2, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Geni.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Elias-Sander/6000000027756093071 |title=Eli Sanders |publisher=[[Geni.com]] |access-date=January 23, 2016}}</ref> to a Jewish [[Working class in the United States|working-class]] family. In 1921, Elias immigrated to the United States, where he became a paint salesman.<ref name="jtaancestraltown"/><ref name="immigrationrecord">New York Passenger Lists, 1820–1957 immigration record: Eliasz Gitman, sailing from Antwerp, mother Jetti Gutman, citizenship in 1927 as Elias Sanders.</ref><ref name=Chana>{{cite news |last1=Chana |first1=Jas |title=Straight Outta Brooklyn, by Way of Vermont: The Bernie Sanders Story |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/192931/bernie-sanders-story |access-date=January 20, 2016 |work=[[Tablet (magazine)|Tablet]] |date=August 20, 2015|quote=Soltys told them that at the time the Nazis invaded Poland, Romek was the leader of Slopnice's Jewish community. "Which of course," Larry said, "meant he was one of the first to be killed."}}</ref> Bernard's mother, Dorothy Sanders ({{née|Glassberg}}), was born in New York City<ref name=gaudiano>{{cite web|last=Gaudiano |first=Nicole |date=April 28, 2015 |title=OnPolitics: 6 things to know about Bernie Sanders |website=USA Today |url=http://onpolitics.usatoday.com/2015/04/28/6-things-to-know-about-bernie-sanders/ |access-date=July 19, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727170730/http://onpolitics.usatoday.com/2015/04/28/6-things-to-know-about-bernie-sanders/ |archive-date=July 27, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Shoah"/> to Jewish immigrant parents from [[Radzyń Podlaski]], in modern-day eastern Poland, and with roots in Russia.<ref name="Geni.com4">{{cite web |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Bessie-Glassberg/6000000003916154223 |title=Bessie Glassberg (Goldberg) |publisher=[[Geni.com]] |access-date=January 27, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Geni.com3">{{cite web |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Benjamin-Glassberg/6000000027757230396 |title=Benjamin Glassberg |publisher=[[Geni.com]] |access-date=January 27, 2016 |quote=Birthplace: [[Radzyn Podlaski]], [[Radzyń Podlaski County]], [[Lublin Voivodeship]], Poland}}</ref>

Sanders became interested in politics at an early age. He said, "A guy named Adolf Hitler won an election in 1932.{{efn|Although Hitler lost the [[1932 German presidential election|election for the presidency]] of Germany on March 13, 1932, when Hindenburg received 49.6% of the vote to Hitler's 30.1%,<ref>{{cite news |last=Kessler |first=Glenn |author-link=Glenn Kessler (journalist) |date=August 28, 2015 |title=Why you shouldn't retweet Sanders's claim that Hitler 'won an election' |work=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2015/08/28/why-you-shouldnt-retweet-sanders-claim-that-hitler-won-an-election/ |access-date=March 26, 2016}}</ref> the Nazi Party which was led by Hitler won a [[Plurality (voting)|plurality]] in the [[July 1932 German federal election|July 1932 election]] for the [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]], Germany's lower house of parliament. The Nazi Party retained its status as the largest party thereafter.<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthews |first=Dylan |date=August 28, 2015 |title=Sanders Gets History Right on Hitler's Rise to Power |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] via Sen. Bernie Sanders's Official Website |url=https://www.sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/must-read/sanders-gets-history-right-on-hitlers-rise-to-power |access-date=March 26, 2016}}</ref>}} He won an election, and 50 million people died as a result of that election in World War II, including six million Jews. So what I learned as a little kid is that politics is, in fact, very important."<ref name="Jewish">
*{{cite web|url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/107170-bernie-sanders-quote-about-hitler-winning-an-election-is-powerful-its-also-misleading |title=Bernie Sanders' Quote About Hitler Winning An Election Is Powerful. It's Also Misleading |website=Bustle |date=August 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://timetravel.mementoweb.org/memento/20160121053327/www.bustle.com/articles/107170-bernie-sanders-quote-about-hitler-winning-an-election-is-powerful-its-also-misleading |archive-date=January 21, 2016 |url-status=live |first=Madhuri |last=Sathish}}
*{{cite web |last=Feldmann |first=Linda |date=June 11, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders: 'I'm Proud to be Jewish' |website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |quote='I'm proud to be Jewish,' the Independent from Vermont – and candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination – responded Thursday at a press breakfast hosted by the Monitor. Though, he added, 'I'm not particularly religious.' As a child, Sanders said, being Jewish taught him 'in a very deep way what politics is about. A guy named Adolf Hitler won an election in 1932,' the senator said. 'He won an election, and 50 million people died as a result of that election in World War II, including 6 million Jews. So what I learned as a little kid is that politics is, in fact, very important.' |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/monitor_breakfast/2015/0611/Bernie-Sanders-I-m-proud-to-be-Jewish |access-date=June 13, 2015}}
*{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/11/02/454051697/sanders-could-be-the-first-jewish-president-but-doesnt-like-to-talk-about-it |access-date=February 9, 2020 |first=Tamara |last=Keith |title=Sanders Could Be The First Jewish President, But He Doesn't Like To Talk About It |date=November 2, 2015 |work=[[NPR]] }}</ref> In the 1940s, many of his relatives in German-occupied Poland were murdered in the [[Holocaust]].<ref name=fndr1/><ref name="Shoah">
*{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/magazine/21Sanders.t.html |title=The Socialist Senator |last=Leibovich |first=Mark |date=January 21, 2007 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=July 18, 2015 |author-link=Mark Leibovich}}
*{{cite news |last=Kelly |first=Amita |date=April 29, 2015 |title=5 Things You Should Know About Bernie Sanders |website=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2015/04/29/399818581/5-things-you-should-know-about-bernie-sanders |access-date=July 19, 2015}}
*{{cite web |url=https://www.politico.com/blogs/2016-dem-primary-live-updates-and-results/2016/03/bernie-sanders-hitler-jewish-220350 |title=Sanders: 'My father's family was wiped out by Hitler'|last= McCaskill|first=Nolan D |date= March 6, 2016|website=Politico |access-date=April 15, 2017}}</ref><ref name="stone_p483"/>

Sanders lived in [[Midwood, Brooklyn]].<ref name="Birth"/> He attended elementary school at [[P.S. 197]], where he won a borough championship on the basketball team.<ref name=untold>{{cite web |last=Bump |first=Philip |date=January 29, 2016 |title=The untold story of Bernie Sanders, high school track star |website=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/01/29/the-untold-story-of-bernie-sanders-high-school-track-star/ |access-date=January 29, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Felsenthal |first=Carol |date=May 4, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders Found Socialism at the University of Chicago |website=Chicago magazine |quote=He graduated from Brooklyn's P.S. 197 and James Madison High School where he was captain of his high school track team. |url=https://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/Felsenthal-Files/May-2015/Bernie-Sanders-University-of-Chicago/ |access-date=July 18, 2015}}</ref> He attended [[Hebrew school]] in the afternoons, and celebrated his [[bar mitzvah]] in 1954.<ref name="stone_p483">{{cite book |last1=Stone |first1=Kurt F. |title=The Jews of Capitol Hill: A Compendium of Jewish Congressional Members|date=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=9780810857315|oclc=755001191|page=483|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ACTF56SnaykC&pg=PA483 }}</ref> His older brother, [[Larry Sanders (politician)|Larry]], said that during their childhood, the family never lacked for food or clothing, but major purchases, "like curtains or a rug," were not affordable.<ref name="Smith">{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Nicola |title=Bernie ropes in British brother for showdown with Clinton |publisher=Sunday Times (London) |date=January 17, 2016|id={{ProQuest|1757568267}} }}</ref>

Sanders attended [[James Madison High School (Brooklyn)|James Madison High School]], where he was captain of the track team and took third place in the New York City indoor one-mile race.<ref name=untold/> In high school, he lost his first election, finishing last out of three candidates for the student body presidency with a campaign that focused on aiding [[Korean War]] orphans. Despite the loss he became active in his school's fundraising activities for Korean orphans, including organizing a charity basketball game.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://jacobinmag.com/2020/07/bernie-sanders-bernies-brooklyn-excerpt|title=In Bernie's Brooklyn, Political Revolution Was Mainstream |last=Hamm |first=Theodore |author-link=Theodore Hamm|date=July 7, 2020 |website=[[Jacobin (magazine)]]|access-date=July 25, 2020}}</ref> Sanders attended high school with economist [[Walter Block]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chana |first1=Jas |title=Straight Outta Brooklyn, by Way of Vermont: The Bernie Sanders Story |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/bernie-sanders-story |website=Tablet Magazine |publisher=Nextbook Inc |access-date=15 March 2021}}</ref> Not long after his high school graduation, his mother died at the age of 46.<ref name="Shoah"/><ref name=stone_p483/> His father died a few years later in 1962, at the age of 57.<ref name="Geni.com"/>

{{anchor|Civil Rights Movement}}Sanders studied at [[Brooklyn College]] for a year in 1959–1960<ref name=cnnfastfacts1>{{cite news |title=Bernie Sanders Fast Facts |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/05/27/us/bernie-sanders-fast-facts/index.html |access-date=October 13, 2015 |publisher=CNN |date=August 20, 2015}}</ref> before transferring to the [[University of Chicago]] and graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science in 1964.<ref name=cnnfastfacts1/> He has described himself as a mediocre college student because the classroom was "boring and irrelevant," while the community was more important to his education.<ref name="The Populist Prophet">{{cite news |access-date=February 9, 2020 |last=Talbot |first=Margaret |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/10/12/the-populist-prophet |title=The Populist Prophet |work=[[The New Yorker]] |date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref>

==Early career==
===Political activism===
{{main|University of Chicago sit-ins}}

Sanders later described his time in Chicago as "the major period of intellectual ferment in my life."<ref name=chicago>{{cite magazine|url=https://jacobinmag.com/2019/03/bernie-sanders-chicago-speech-university-activism-core-ypsl |title=What Chicago Taught Bernie |last=Kampf-Lassin |first=Miles |date=March 3, 2019 |magazine=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]|access-date=March 4, 2019}}</ref> While there, he joined the [[Young People's Socialist League (1907)|Young People's Socialist League]] (the youth affiliate of the [[Socialist Party of America]])<ref name=Politico>{{cite web |last=Kruse |first=Michael |date=July 9, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders Has a Secret: Vermont, his son and the hungry early years that made him the surging socialist he is today |website=[[Politico]] |quote=After he graduated from James Madison High School in 1959, he went to Brooklyn College for a year before transferring to the University of Chicago, where he joined the Congress of Racial Equality, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), the Student Peace Union, and the Young People's Socialist League. |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/07/bernie-sanders-vermont-119927_full.html |access-date=July 18, 2015}}</ref> and was active in the [[civil rights movement]] as a student for the [[Congress of Racial Equality]] (CORE) and the [[Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee]] (SNCC).<ref name="Shoah"/><ref name="Nichols">{{cite magazine |last=Nichols |first=John |author-link=John Nichols (journalist) |date=July 6, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders Speaks |magazine=[[The Nation]] |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/bernie-sanders-speaks/ |access-date=July 19, 2015}}</ref> Under his chairmanship, the university chapter of CORE merged with the university chapter of the SNCC.<ref name="Mother Jones activism history">{{cite web |url=https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2016/02/bernie-sanders-core-university-chicago|title=Here's What Bernie Sanders Actually Did in the Civil Rights Movement |magazine=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] |date=February 11, 2016 |access-date=February 11, 2016|last=Murphy|first=Tim}}</ref> In January 1962, he went to a rally at the [[University of Chicago]] administration building to protest university president [[George Wells Beadle]]'s [[Housing segregation in the United States|segregated campus housing policy]]. At the protest, Sanders said, "We feel it is an intolerable situation when Negro and white students of the university cannot live together in university-owned apartments". He and 32 other students then entered the building and camped outside the president's office.<ref name=Frizell/><ref>{{cite news |last=Perlstein |first=Rick |date=January 2015 |title=A political education |magazine=The University of Chicago Magazine |url=https://mag.uchicago.edu/law-policy-society/political-education |access-date=September 10, 2015}}</ref> After weeks of sit-ins, Beadle and the university formed a commission to investigate discrimination.<ref name="Craven2015">{{cite news|last=Craven |first=Jasper |date=August 26, 2015 |title=Can Sanders' civil rights experience at U. of C. translate on campaign trail? |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/politics/ct-bernie-sanders-university-of-chicago-met-20150826-story.html |access-date=February 9, 2020 |archive-date=January 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108182818/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-bernie-sanders-university-of-chicago-met-20150826-story.html |url-status=live |issn=1085-6706}}</ref> After further protests, the University of Chicago ended racial segregation in private university housing in the summer of 1963.<ref name=chicago />

[[Joan Mahoney]], a member of the University of Chicago CORE chapter at the time and a fellow participant in the sit-ins, described Sanders in a 2016 interview as "a swell guy, a nice Jewish boy from Brooklyn, but he wasn't terribly charismatic. One of his strengths, though, was his ability to work with a wide group of people, even those he didn't agree with."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/sep/16/bernie-sanders-civil-rights-protest-chicago-1962-photography |title='He wasn't terribly charismatic': Bernie Sanders leads a civil rights protest in 1962 |last1=Booth |first1=Hannah |date=September 16, 2016 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=September 16, 2016}}</ref> He once spent a day putting up fliers protesting [[police brutality]], only to notice later that Chicago police had shadowed him and taken them all down.<ref name=Frizell/> He attended the 1963 [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom]], where [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] gave the "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech.<ref name="Shoah"/><ref name =Frizell>{{cite news |last=Frizell |first=Sam |url=https://time.com/3896500/bernie-sanders-vermont-campaign-radical/ |access-date=February 9, 2020 |title=The Radical Education of Bernie Sanders |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=May 26, 2015 }}</ref><ref name=release>{{cite web |last=Sanders |first=Bernie |title=News August 25 |website=Senate.gov |url=https://www.sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/newswatch/082513 |date=August 25, 2013 |access-date=June 17, 2015}}</ref> That summer, Sanders was fined $25 ({{Inflation|US|25|1963|fmt=eq}}) for resisting arrest during a demonstration in [[Englewood, Chicago|Englewood]] against [[Racial segregation in the United States|segregation]] in Chicago's public schools.<ref name=chicago /><ref name="Skiba">{{cite news |last=Skiba|first=Katherine|date=February 22, 2016|title=Arrest photo of young activist Bernie Sanders emerges from Tribune archives |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-bernie-sanders-1963-chicago-arrest-20160219-story.html |access-date=May 28, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Murphy |first=Tim |date=August 26, 2015 |title=Read 21-Year-Old Bernie Sanders' Manifesto on Sexual Freedom |work=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/05/bernie-sanders-university-of-chicago-free-love |access-date=September 10, 2015}}</ref>

In addition to his civil rights activism during the 1960s and 1970s,<ref name="Mother Jones activism history"/> Sanders was active in several [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|peace and antiwar movements]] while attending the University of Chicago, becoming a member of the [[Student Peace Union]]. He applied for [[conscientious objector]] status during the Vietnam War; his application was eventually turned down, by which point he was too old to be [[Conscription in the United States|drafted]]. Although he opposed the war, Sanders never criticized those who fought in it, and he has long been a strong supporter of [[veterans' benefits]].<ref name="Washington Post Veterans">{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/bernie-sanders-on-frontline-for-veterans/2013/04/14/d97c9830-9e04-11e2-a941-a19bce7af755_story.html |title=Bernie Sanders on frontline for veterans |website=The Washington Post |date=April 14, 2013 |access-date=September 30, 2015 |author=Vogel, Steve}}</ref><ref name="ABC News">{{cite web |last=Parks |first=Mary Alice |date=August 31, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders Applied for 'Conscientious Objector' Status During Vietnam, Campaign Confirms |work=ABC News |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/bernie-sanders-applied-conscientious-objector-status-vietnam-campaign/story?id=33434041 |access-date=September 30, 2015}}</ref> He also was briefly an organizer with the [[United Packinghouse Workers of America]] while in Chicago.<ref name=chicago /> He also worked on the reelection campaign of [[Leon Despres]], a prominent Chicago alderman who was opposed to mayor [[Richard J. Daley]]'s [[Cook County Democratic Party|Democratic Party machine]]. Throughout his student years, Sanders read the works of many political authors, from [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[Abraham Lincoln]], and [[John Dewey]] to [[Karl Marx]] and [[Erich Fromm]].<ref name=wapo>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/national/2016/02/05/his-most-radical-move/ |title=His Most Radical Move |last=McCrummen |first=Stephanie |date=February 5, 2016 |website=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=January 21, 2017}}</ref>

===Professional history and early years in Vermont===
After graduating from college, Sanders returned to New York City, where he worked various jobs, including Head Start teacher, [[psychiatrist|psychiatric]] aide, and carpenter.<ref name="The Populist Prophet"/> In 1968, he moved to [[Stannard, Vermont]], a town small in both area and population (88 residents at the [[1970 census]]) within Vermont's rural [[Northeast Kingdom]] region, because he had been "captivated by rural life." While there, he worked as a carpenter,<ref name=Politico/> filmmaker, and writer<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/04/30/bernie-sanders-from-hippie-migrant-to-would-be-president/ |access-date=February 9, 2020 |title=Bernie Sanders: From hippie migrant to would-be president |work=The Washington Post |date=April 30, 2015 |first=Hunter |last=Schwarz }}</ref> who created and sold "radical film strips" and other educational materials to schools.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/the-25-best-things-we-learned-bernie-sanders-book |title=The 25 best things we learned from Bernie Sanders' book |work=MSNBC |date=May 28, 2015 |access-date=February 9, 2020 |first=Alex |last=Seitz-Wald }}</ref> He also wrote several articles for the alternative publication ''The Vermont Freeman''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sanders|first=Bernard|date=March 29, 1969|title=Cuba: the Other Side of the Story|url=https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2725548/Sanders-Freeman-Writings.pdf#page=5|journal=Vermont Freeman|access-date=March 10, 2016|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310215744/https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2725548/Sanders-Freeman-Writings.pdf#page=5|archive-date=March 10, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> He lived in the area for several years before moving to the more populous [[Chittenden County, Vermont|Chittenden County]] in the mid-1970s. During his [[2018 United States Senate election in Vermont|2018]] reelection campaign, he returned to the town to hold an event with voters and other candidates.<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=BernieSanders |number=1058922975737593856 |access-date=December 17, 2019 |title=I moved to Stannard when I first came to Vermont. I've visited 13 states in the last 3 weeks but coming home to Stannard was very special to me. pic.twitter.com/muk1Ps4mzh|first=Bernie|last=Sanders|date=November 3, 2018}}</ref>

===Liberty Union campaigns===
Sanders began his electoral political career in 1971 as a member of the [[Liberty Union Party]], which originated in the [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|anti-war]] movement and the [[People's Party (United States, 1971)|People's Party]]. He ran as the Liberty Union candidate for governor of Vermont in 1972 and 1976 and as a candidate in the special election for U.S. senator in 1972 and in the general election in 1974.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.cq.com/members/509 |title=Sen. Bernard Sanders (I-Vt.) |work=[[Roll Call]] |access-date=August 19, 2015 }}</ref> In the 1974 senatorial race, he finished third (5,901 votes; 4%), behind 33-year-old [[Chittenden County, Vermont|Chittenden County]] state's attorney [[Patrick Leahy]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]; 70,629 votes; 49%) and two-term incumbent U.S. Representative [[Dick Mallary]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]; 66,223 votes; 46%).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sec.state.vt.us/elections/election-results/election-results-search.aspx?primaryFilterId=12449&secondaryFolderName=1974+Election+Results |title=Election Results Search: 1974 Election Results |work=sec.state.vt.us |quote=Citation for votes (total for Leahy and percentages calculated from spreadsheet) |access-date=May 2, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Nelson |first=Garrison |url=https://vtdigger.org/2014/09/14/garrison-nelson-jim-jeffords-reluctant-rebel-appreciation/ |title=Jim Jeffords: Reluctant Rebel. Section: 1974: Changing the Congressional Guard |work=[[VTDigger]] |date=September 14, 2014 |access-date=May 2, 2015 }}</ref>

The 1976 campaign was the zenith of the Liberty Union's influence, with Sanders collecting 11,317 votes for governor and the party. His strong performance forced the down-ballot races for lieutenant governor and secretary of state to be decided by the state legislature when its vote total prevented either the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] or [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] candidate for those offices from garnering a majority of votes.<ref name = Guma/> The campaign drained the finances and energy of the Liberty Union, however, and in October 1977, less than a year after the 1976 campaign concluded, he and the Liberty Union candidate for attorney general, Nancy Kaufman, announced their retirement from the party.<ref name = Guma/><ref name=vgp>{{cite news|last1=Siegel|first1=Lou|title=Vermont's Third Party: No Longer Just a Fan Club|url=http://www.sevendaysvt.com/vermont/vermonts-third-party-no-longer-just-a-fan-club/Content?oid=2434161|access-date=March 1, 2016|work=Vanguard Press|date=June 27, 1978|via=Seven Days}}</ref> During the [[1980 United States presidential election|1980 presidential election]] Sanders served as one of three electors for the [[Socialist Workers Party (United States)|Socialist Workers Party]] in Vermont.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 11, 1980 |title=Socialists Launch Campaign to Get Candidates on Ballot |page=9 |work=[[Rutland Herald]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64274411/rutland-daily-herald/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.vn/f4NUk |archive-date=November 29, 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

After his resignation from the Liberty Union Party in 1977, Sanders worked as a writer and as the director of the nonprofit American People's Historical Society (APHS).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.politico.com/arena/bio/sen_bernie_sanders.html |url-status=dead |title=Arena Profile: Sen. Bernie Sanders |work=Politico |access-date=August 19, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723105127/http://www.politico.com/arena/bio/sen_bernie_sanders.html |archive-date=July 23, 2016 }}</ref> While with the APHS, he produced a 30-minute documentary about American labor leader [[Eugene V. Debs]], who ran for president five times as the Socialist Party candidate.<ref name=Politico/><ref>{{cite AV media |people=Bernard Sanders |date=1979 |title=Eugene V. Debs: Trade Unionist, Socialist, Revolutionary, 1855–1926 – Introduction |medium=Video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ka7qoXPliwQ |access-date=July 13, 2015 }}</ref>

==Mayor of Burlington, Vermont (1981–1989)==
{{Main article|Mayoralty of Bernie Sanders}}
{{See also|Electoral history of Bernie Sanders}}
[[File:City Hall Burlington Vermont from southeast on Main Street.jpg|thumb|upright|250px|Burlington City Hall]]

===Campaigns===

On November 8, 1980, Sanders announced his candidacy for mayor. He formally announced his campaign on December 16 at a City Hall press conference.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 9, 1980 |title=Liberty Unionite to Run For Mayor of Burlington |page=19 |work=[[The Burlington Free Press]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64275859/the-burlington-free-press/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201129230427/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64275859/the-burlington-free-press/ |archive-date=November 29, 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=December 13, 1980 |title=UVM Pair to Work for Independent Coalition |page=3 |work=[[The Burlington Free Press]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64276236/the-burlington-free-press/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201129230834/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64276236/the-burlington-free-press/ |archive-date=November 29, 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Sanders selected Linda Niedweske as his campaign manager.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 18, 1981 |title=Sanders Opens Campaign Office |page=14 |work=[[The Burlington Free Press]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64331883/the-burlington-free-press/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130194700/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64331883/the-burlington-free-press/ |archive-date=November 30, 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> The [[Citizens Party (United States)|Citizens Party]] attempted to nominate Greg Guma for mayor, but Guma declined, saying it would be "difficult to run against another progressive candidate".<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 16, 1981 |title=Citizens Party Fails To Nominate Candidate |page=2 |work=[[The Burlington Free Press]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64330793/the-burlington-free-press/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130193422/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64330793/the-burlington-free-press/ |archive-date=November 30, 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Sanders had been convinced to run for the mayoralty by [[Richard Sugarman]], an Orthodox Jewish scholar at the [[University of Vermont]], who had shown him a ward-by-ward breakdown of the [[1976 Vermont gubernatorial election]], in which Sanders had run, that showed him receiving 12% of the vote in Burlington despite only getting 6% statewide.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 13, 2019 |title=Bernie's Red Vermont |work=[[The New Republic]] |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/154086/bernies-red-vermont |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.vn/HT149 |archive-date=March 9, 2020}}</ref>

Sanders initially won the mayoral election by 22 votes against Paquette, Bove, and McGrath, but the margin was later reduced to 10 votes. Paquette did not contest the results of the recount.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 10, 1981 |title=Board to Conduct Mayoral Recount Friday |page=11 |work=[[The Burlington Free Press]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64504803/the-burlington-free-press/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203043453/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64504803/the-burlington-free-press/ |archive-date=December 3, 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

Paquette's loss was attributed to his own shortcomings, as he did not campaign or promote his candidacy since both Sanders and Independent candidate Richard Bove were not seen as a serious challengers, as Sanders had not previously won an election.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2, 1982 |title=IT'S NEW POLITICS VS. OLD IN VERMONT AS MAYOR STRIVES TO OUST ALDERMAN |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/28/us/it-s-new-politics-vs-old-in-vermont-as-mayor-strives-to-oust-alderman.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709123428/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/28/us/it-s-new-politics-vs-old-in-vermont-as-mayor-strives-to-oust-alderman.html |archive-date=July 9, 2018}}</ref> Paquette was also considered to have lost because he proposed an unpopular $0.65 per $100 raise in taxes that Sanders opposed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Margolis |first=Jon |date=March 15, 1983 |title=Bernie of Burlington |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/122285/bernie-burlington |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902151917/https://newrepublic.com/article/122285/bernie-burlington |archive-date=September 2, 2019 |website=[[The New Republic]]}}</ref> Sanders spent around $4,000 on his campaign.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 2, 1983 |title=Gilson Rejects Campaign Fund Limit |page=17 |work=[[The Burlington Free Press]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64643579/the-burlington-free-press/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201205074550/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64643579/the-burlington-free-press/ |archive-date=December 5, 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

Sanders castigated the pro-development incumbent as an ally of prominent shopping center developer Antonio Pomerleau, while Paquette warned of ruin for Burlington if Sanders were elected. The Sanders campaign was bolstered by a wave of optimistic volunteers as well as a series of endorsements from university professors, social welfare agencies, and the police union. The result shocked the local political establishment.<ref name="Guma">{{cite book|last = Guma|first = Greg|title = The People's Republic: Vermont and the Sanders Revolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ttETPQAACAAJ |publisher = New England Press|date = 1989|location = South Burlington, Vermont|pages = 19–42|isbn = 9780933050785}}</ref>

Sanders formed a coalition between independents and the Citizens Party.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 3, 1982 |title=Sanders will make it official |page=16 |work=[[Bennington Banner]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64644027/bennington-banner/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201205081405/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64644027/bennington-banner/ |archive-date=December 5, 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> On December 3, 1982, he announced that he would seek reelection.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 3, 1982 |title=Sanders Announces He's Running Again |page=1 |work=[[Barre Montpelier Times Argus]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64644044/the-times-argus/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201205081755/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64644044/the-times-argus/ |archive-date=December 5, 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> On January 22, 1983, the Citizens Party voted unanimously to endorse Sanders, although Sanders ran as an independent.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 23, 1983 |title=Citizens Party Endorses Sanders |page=14 |work=[[The Burlington Free Press]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64644113/the-burlington-free-press/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201205081929/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64644113/the-burlington-free-press/ |archive-date=December 5, 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> He was reelected, defeating Judith Stephany and James Gilson.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 2, 1983 |title=Massive Turnout Keeps Mayor Sanders in Office |page=3 |work=[[The Burlington Free Press]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64643449/the-burlington-free-press/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201205073738/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64643449/the-burlington-free-press/ |archive-date=December 5, 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

Sanders initially considered not seeking a third term, but announced on December 5, 1984, that he would run.<ref>{{Cite news|date=December 7, 1984|title=Mayor Sanders to run again|page=2|work=[[Brattleboro Reformer]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64672822/the-brattleboro-reformer/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20201205201107/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64672822/the-brattleboro-reformer/|archive-date=December 5, 2020|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> He formally launched his campaign on December 7, and was reelected.<ref>{{Cite news|date=December 8, 1984|title=Sanders Makes It Official|page=6|work=[[Rutland Herald]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64672843/rutland-daily-herald/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20201205201220/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64672843/rutland-daily-herald/|archive-date=December 5, 2020|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=March 6, 1985|title=City Elections At-a-glance|page=2|work=[[The Burlington Free Press]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64665647/the-burlington-free-press/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20201205190233/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64665647/the-burlington-free-press/|archive-date=December 5, 2020|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> On December 1, 1986, Sanders, who had finished third in the [[1986 Vermont gubernatorial election]], announced that he would seek reelection to a fourth term as mayor of Burlington, despite close associates stating that he was tired of being mayor.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 2, 1986 |title=Sanders Announces for Fourth Term, Says He Has 'Energy and Enthusiasm' |page=1 |work=[[Rutland Herald]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64685742/rutland-daily-herald/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201205224934/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64685742/rutland-daily-herald/ |archive-date=December 5, 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Sanders defeated Democratic nominee Paul Lafayette in the election.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 4, 1985 |title=1987 election results |page=11 |work=[[The Burlington Free Press]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64684487/the-burlington-free-press/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201205223507/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64684487/the-burlington-free-press/ |archive-date=December 5, 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> He said he would not seek another mayoral term after the 1987 election: "eight years is enough and I think it is time for new leadership, which does exist within the coalition, to come up".<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 7, 1987 |title=Sanders Proclaims '87 Race Will Be His Last Mayoral Bid |page=21 |work=[[The Burlington Free Press]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64868171/the-burlington-free-press/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.vn/l3WMd |archive-date=December 8, 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

Sanders did not run for a fifth term as mayor. He went on to lecture in political science at [[Harvard University]]'s [[Kennedy School of Government]] that year and at [[Hamilton College (New York)|Hamilton College]] in 1991.<ref>{{cite news |title=WSJ Sanders Profile |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=http://projects.wsj.com/campaign2012/candidates/view/bernie-sanders--VT-S |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307214225/http://projects.wsj.com/campaign2012/candidates/view/bernie-sanders--VT-S |archive-date=March 7, 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=January 18, 2013}}</ref>

===Administration===
During his mayoralty, Sanders called himself a [[socialist]] and was so described in the press.<ref name="Banks">{{cite news |last=Banks |first=Russell |author-link=Russell Banks |date=October 5, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders, the Socialist Mayor |work=[[The Atlantic]] |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/10/bernie-sanders-mayor/407413/ |access-date=January 21, 2016}}</ref><ref name="SelfStyledSocialist">{{cite news |date=April 7, 1981 |title=Self-Styled Socialist Takes Oath as Mayor of Burlington, Vermont |agency=[[Associated Press]] |work=[[Boston Globe]]}}</ref> During his first term, his supporters, including the first [[Citizens Party (United States)|Citizens Party]] city councilor [[Terry Bouricius]], formed the Progressive Coalition, the forerunner of the [[Vermont Progressive Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Senator Bernie Sanders |website=Vermont Progressive Party |url=https://progressiveparty.org/2009/07/senator-bernie-sanders/ |first=Morgan |last=Daybell |date=July 1, 2009 |access-date=June 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407223525/https://progressiveparty.org/2009/07/senator-bernie-sanders/ |archive-date=April 7, 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Progressives never held more than six seats on the 13-member city council, but they had enough to keep the council from overriding Sanders's vetoes. Under his leadership, Burlington balanced its city budget; attracted a minor league baseball team, the [[Vermont Reds]], then the [[Double-A (baseball)|Double-A]] affiliate of the [[Cincinnati Reds]];<ref name="Shoah"/> became the first U.S. city to fund [[community land trust|community-trust housing]];<ref name="Dreier2015">{{cite web |last1=Dreier |first1=Peter |last2=Clavel |first2=Pierre |title=Bernie's Burlington: What Kind of Mayor Was Bernie Sanders? |website=[[Huffington Post]] |date=June 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403083551/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/bernies-burlington-what-k_b_7510704 |archive-date=April 3, 2019 |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/bernies-burlington-what-k_b_7510704 |url-status=live |access-date=August 6, 2015}}</ref> and successfully sued the local [[Cable television in the United States|cable television]] franchise, thereby winning reduced rates for customers.<ref name="Shoah"/>

As mayor, Sanders also led extensive [[urban renewal|downtown revitalization]] projects. One of his primary achievements was improving Burlington's [[Lake Champlain]] waterfront.<ref name="Shoah"/> In 1981, he campaigned against the unpopular plans by Burlington developer Tony Pomerleau to convert the then-industrial<ref name="Gram2015b">{{cite news |url=https://www.bellinghamherald.com/news/politics-government/article22907835.html |title=Bernie Sanders kicks off 2016 bid from Clinton's left |work=[[The Bellingham Herald]] |date=May 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20160208054520/http://www.bellinghamherald.com/news/politics-government/article22907835.html |archive-date=February 8, 2016 |url-status=live |last1=Gram |first1=Dave |last2=Thomas |first2=Ken |agency=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=December 9, 2015 }}</ref> waterfront property owned by the [[Central Vermont Railway]] into expensive condominiums, hotels, and offices.<ref name="Reynolds">{{cite book |last=Reynolds |first=David |date=1997 |title=Democracy Unbound: Progressive Challenges to the Two Party System |publisher=South End Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/democracyunbound00davi/page/162 162] |url=https://archive.org/details/democracyunbound00davi |url-access=registration |isbn=9780896085633}}</ref> He ran under the slogan "Burlington is not for sale" and successfully supported a plan that redeveloped the waterfront area into a [[mixed-use]] district featuring housing, parks, and public spaces.<ref name="Reynolds"/>

Sanders was a consistent [[Foreign policy of the United States#Criticism|critic of U.S. foreign policy]] in [[Latin America]] throughout the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?6046-1/political-parties-america|title=Third Political Parties in America|date=February 3, 1989|website=[[C-SPAN]]|access-date=November 16, 2018|minutes=34:27}}</ref> In 1985, Burlington City Hall hosted a foreign policy speech by [[Noam Chomsky]]. In his introduction, he praised Chomsky as "a very vocal and important voice in the wilderness of intellectual life in America" and said that he was "delighted to welcome a person who I think we're all very proud of."<ref>{{cite news |first=Bethania Palma |last=Markus |date=August 11, 2015 |url=https://www.rawstory.com/2015/08/the-bernie-effect-noam-chomsky-says-sanders-will-push-the-entire-democratic-party-to-the-left/ |title=The Bernie effect: Noam Chomsky says Sanders will push the Democratic Party to the left |work=[[The Raw Story]] |access-date=August 21, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chomsky Speech at Burlington City Hall – 1985 |via=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CvZRsdHgxgA |access-date=August 21, 2015}}</ref>

Sanders hosted and produced a [[public-access television]] program, ''Bernie Speaks with the Community'', from 1986 to 1988.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cctv.org/watch-tv/series/bernie-speaks-community|title=Bernie Speaks with the Community|website=[[Center for Media and Democracy]]|access-date=February 10, 2016|date=September 27, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Murphy|first=Tim|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/11/bernie-sanders-cable-access-show-clips|title=I Can't Stop Watching These Old Clips of Bernie Sanders' Cable-Access Show|work=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]|date=November 10, 2015|access-date=February 10, 2016}}</ref> He collaborated with 30 Vermont musicians to record a folk album, ''[[We Shall Overcome (Bernie Sanders album)|We Shall Overcome]]'', in 1987.<ref>{{cite news|last=Davis|first=Mark|url=https://www.sevendaysvt.com/OffMessage/archives/2014/09/17/bernie-sanders-recorded-a-folk-album-no-punchline-required |title=Bernie Sanders Recorded a Folk Album. No Punchline Required|work=[[Seven Days (newspaper)|Seven Days]]|date=September 17, 2014|access-date=February 10, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kaczynski|first=Andrew|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/andrewkaczynski/watch-this-1980s-bernie-sanders-public-access-show-on-record|title=Watch This 1980s Bernie Sanders Public Access Show On Recording His Folk Album|website=[[BuzzFeed]]|date=June 25, 2015|access-date=February 10, 2016}}</ref> That same year, ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' ranked Sanders one of America's best mayors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1989/04/01/bernie-sanders-socialism/71a77c33-1573-4bb0-b59b-265e4c409ebc/|title=BERNIE SANDERS' SOCIALISM|first=Colman|last=McCarthy|date=April 1, 1989|via=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/press-release-hes-rock|title=Press Release - 'He's a Rock' {{!}} The American Presidency Project|website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu|access-date=February 18, 2020}}</ref> {{As of|2013}}, Burlington was regarded as one of the most livable cities in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=10 Great Places to Live, 2013 |publisher=kiplinger.com |date=July 25, 2013 |url=https://www.kiplinger.com/slideshow/real-estate/T006-S003-10-great-places-to-live-2013/index.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Cillizza |first=Chris |date=August 20, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders: The 'Uncola' of American politics |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/08/20/bernie-sanders-is-the-uncola-of-american-politics/}}</ref>

When Sanders left office in 1989, Bouricius, a member of the Burlington city council, said that Sanders had "changed the entire nature of politics in Burlington and also in the state of Vermont".<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 4, 1989 |title=Friends honor Sanders as he says goodbye |page=1 |work=[[The Burlington Free Press]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64758086/the-burlington-free-press/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201206221002/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64758086/the-burlington-free-press/ |archive-date=December 6, 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

==U.S. House of Representatives (1991–2007)==
[[File:Bernie Sanders 104th Congress.jpg|thumb|upright|Representative Sanders in 1991]]
[[File:Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders 1993 (1).jpg|thumb|right|Sanders meeting in 1993 with Hillary Clinton to discuss [[Clinton health care plan of 1993|her plan]] to reform the healthcare system]]
{{See also|Electoral history of Bernie Sanders}}

===Elections===
In 1988, incumbent Republican congressman [[Jim Jeffords]] decided to run for the U.S. Senate, vacating the House seat representing [[Vermont's at-large congressional district]]. Former [[Lieutenant Governor of Vermont|Lieutenant Governor]] [[Peter P. Smith]] (R) won the House election with a plurality, securing 41% of the vote. Sanders, who ran as an independent, placed second with 38% of the vote, while Democratic State Representative [[Paul N. Poirier]] placed third with 19%.<ref>{{cite web |title=VT At-Large Race, November 8, 1988 |publisher=ourcampaigns.com |url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=37984 |access-date=February 17, 2013}}</ref> Two years later, he ran for the seat again and defeated Smith by a margin of 56% to 39%.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sec.state.vt.us/media/308177/Rep10.pdf| title=Vermont State archives – General Election Results| access-date=March 31, 2016}}</ref>

Sanders was the first independent elected to the U.S. House of Representatives since [[Frazier Reams]] of [[Ohio]] won his second term in 1952,<ref name=Pertman>{{cite news |last=Pertman |first=Adam |date=November 11, 1990 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112214456/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/doc/294560914.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Nov%2011,%201990&author=Adam%20Pertman,%20Globe%20Staff&pub=Boston%20Globe%20(pre-1997%20Fulltext)&edition=&startpage=&desc=%27THE%20TIMES%20CAUGHT%20UP%27%20TO%20VERMONT%20SOCIALIST |access-date=February 14, 2020 |title='The Times Caught Up' To Vermont Socialist |work=[[Boston Globe]] |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/doc/294560914.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Nov%2011,%201990&author=Adam%20Pertman,%20Globe%20Staff&pub=Boston%20Globe%20(pre-1997%20Fulltext)&edition=&startpage=&desc=%27THE%20TIMES%20CAUGHT%20UP%27%20TO%20VERMONT%20SOCIALIST |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 12, 2013 }}</ref> as well as the first socialist elected to the House since [[Vito Marcantonio]], from the [[American Labor Party]], who won his last term in 1948.<ref name=Daly>{{cite news |last=Daly |first=Christopher B. |date=November 11, 1990 |title=For Vermont's Sanders, Victory Followed Long Path; First Socialist Elected to House in Decades Gets Attention With Frank Talk of Class Conflict |work=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/11/11/for-vermonts-sanders-victory-followed-long-path/36a3036c-d738-4039-a728-891ae9aba9f5/ |access-date=March 18, 2017}}</ref><ref name=Pertman/> Sanders served as a representative from 1991 until he became a senator in 2007, winning reelection by large margins except during the 1994 [[Republican Revolution]], when he won by 3%, with 50% of the vote.<ref name="Carle1995">{{cite web|url=http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1994/94Stat.htm#45 |title=Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 8, 1994 |date=May 12, 1995 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114171645/http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1994/94Stat.htm |archive-date=November 14, 2015 |url-status=live |editor-last=Carle |editor-first=Robin H.}}</ref>

===Legislation===
[[File:Bernie Sanders at Milton High School - Milton, Vermont.jpg|thumb|Sanders meeting with students at Milton High School in Milton, Vermont, 2004]]

During his first year in the House, Sanders often alienated allies and colleagues with his criticism of both political parties as [[Corporatocracy|working primarily on behalf of the wealthy]]. In 1991, he co-founded the [[Congressional Progressive Caucus]], a group of mostly liberal Democrats that he chaired for its first eight years,<ref name="Shoah"/> while still refusing to join the Democratic Party or caucus.<ref name=":17">{{cite news|title=Is Bernie Sanders a Democrat?|url=https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2016/feb/23/bernie-sanders-democrat/|access-date=October 17, 2016|work= [[PolitiFact]] |first=Linda |last=Qiu |date=February 23, 2016 }}</ref>

In 2005, ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' called Sanders the "amendment king" for his ability to get more roll call amendments passed than any other congressman during the period since 1995, when Congress was entirely under Republican control. Being an independent allowed him to form coalitions across party lines.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Rolling Stone]] |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/inside-the-horror-show-that-is-congress-177955/ |access-date=February 14, 2020 |title=Inside the Horror Show That Is Congress |first=Matt |last=Taibbi |author-link=Matt Taibbi |date=August 25, 2005 }}</ref>

====Banking reform====
In 1999, Sanders voted and advocated against rolling back the [[Glass–Steagall legislation]] provisions that kept [[investment banks]] and commercial banks separate entities.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reformer.com/stories/who-should-pay,37444 |title=Who should pay? |work=Brattleboro Reformer |date=September 23, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529131100/http://www.reformer.com/reformereditorials/ci_10535992 |archive-date=May 29, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was a vocal critic of [[Chair of the Federal Reserve|Federal Reserve Chair]] [[Alan Greenspan]]; in June 2003, during a question-and-answer discussion, Sanders told him he was concerned that Greenspan was "way out of touch" and "that you see your major function in your position as the need to represent the wealthy and large corporations."<ref>{{cite web |title=Statement of Congressman Sanders on 7/16/2003 regarding: Congressman Sanders' Questioning of Federal Reserve Chairman Greenspan |via=Web.archive.org |url=http://bernie.house.gov/statements/20030716135257.asp |access-date=August 29, 2010 |date=July 16, 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926023514/http://bernie.house.gov/statements/20030716135257.asp |archive-date=September 26, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |people=Bernie Sanders, Alan Greenspan |date=July 15, 2003 |title=Monetary Policy Report |medium=Motion Picture |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?177412-1/monetary-policy-report&start=5352 |access-date=December 18, 2019 |time=1:29:12 |location=House Financial Services Committee |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Edmund L. |last=Andrews |work=The New York Times |date=October 23, 2008 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/24/business/economy/24panel.html |access-date=February 14, 2020 |title=Greenspan Concedes Error on Regulation }}</ref><ref name="NPR">{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=96070766 |title=Greenspan Admits Free Market Ideology Flawed |publisher=NPR |date=October 24, 2008 |access-date=January 18, 2016 |author=Naylor, Brian}}</ref>

====Cancer registries====
Concerned by high breast cancer rates in Vermont, on February 7, 1992, Sanders sponsored the Cancer Registries Amendment Act to establish [[cancer registry|cancer registries]] to collect data on cancer.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reynolds |first1=Tom |title=Cancer Data Bases Expanding |journal=Journal of the National Cancer Institute |date=May 6, 1992 |volume=84 |issue=9 |pages=839–841 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XkrRkNM16cC&pg=PA841 |access-date=January 22, 2020|doi=10.1093/jnci/84.11.839 |pmid=1593651 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Legislative Search Results |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/102nd-congress/house-bill/4206|access-date = January 22, 2020|date = February 28, 1992}}</ref> Senator Patrick Leahy introduced a companion bill in the Senate on October 2, 1992. The Senate bill was passed by the House on October 6 and signed into law by President [[George H. W. Bush]] on October 24, 1992.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Legislative Search Results|url = https://www.congress.gov/bill/102nd-congress/senate-bill/3312/actions |access-date = January 22, 2020|date = October 24, 1992}}</ref>

====Firearms and criminal justice====
In 1993, Sanders voted against the [[Brady Bill]], which mandated federal background checks when buying guns and imposed a waiting period on firearm purchasers in the United States; the bill passed by a vote of 238–187.<ref name="Tampa Bay Times">{{cite web |last=Qiu |first=Linda |date=July 10, 2015 |title=Did Bernie Sanders vote against background checks and waiting periods for gun purchases? |website=[[PolitiFact]] |url=https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2015/jul/10/generation-forward-pac/did-bernie-sanders-vote-against-background-checks-/ |access-date=August 31, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Final Vote Results for Roll Call 614 |website=US House of Representatives |publisher=Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives |url=http://clerk.house.gov/evs/1993/roll614.xml |access-date=November 17, 2014}}</ref> He voted against the bill four more times in the 1990s, explaining his Vermont constituents saw waiting-period mandates as more appropriately a state than federal matter.<ref>{{cite web|last=Qiu|first=Linda|date=July 10, 2015|url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2015/jul/10/generation-forward-pac/did-bernie-sanders-vote-against-background-checks-/|title=Did Bernie Sanders vote against background checks and waiting periods for gun purchases?|website=PolitiFact|access-date=May 4, 2020}}</ref>

Sanders did vote for other gun-control measures.<ref>{{Cite book|title=What Happened |title-link=What Happened (Clinton book) |last=Clinton |first=Hillary |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-5011-7556-5 |page=186}}</ref><ref name="Tampa Bay Times"/> For example, in 1994, he voted for the [[Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act]] "because it included the [[Violence Against Women Act]] and the ban on certain assault weapons." He was nevertheless critical of the other parts of the bill.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jonathan |last=Capehart |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-partisan/wp/2016/02/25/hillary-clinton-responds-to-activist-who-demanded-apology-for-superpredator-remarks/ |access-date=February 14, 2020 |title=Hillary Clinton on 'superpredator' remarks: 'I shouldn't have used those words' |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=February 25, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Where do Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders stand on the death penalty? |date=September 2, 2015 |first=Will |last=Cabaniss |work=[[PolitiFact]] |url=https://www.politifact.com/punditfact/statements/2015/sep/02/viral-image/where-do-hillary-clinton-and-bernie-sanders-stand-/ |access-date=February 26, 2016}}</ref> Although he acknowledged that "clearly, there are some people in our society who are horribly violent, who are deeply sick and [[antisocial personality disorder|sociopathic]], and clearly these people must be put behind bars in order to protect society from them," he maintained that governmental policies played a large part in "dooming tens of millions of young people to a future of bitterness, misery, hopelessness, drugs, crime, and violence" and argued that the repressive policies introduced by the bill were not addressing the causes of violence, saying, "we can create meaningful jobs, rebuilding our society, or we can build more jails."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-1994-04-13/html/CREC-1994-04-13-pt1-PgH49.htm |work=Congressional Record, Volume 140, Number 39 |date=April 13, 1994 |publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|Government Publishing Office]] |access-date=December 18, 2019 |title=Congressional Record, Volume 140 Issue 39 (Wednesday, April 13, 1994) }}</ref>

Sanders has at times favored stronger law enforcement and sentencing. In 1996, he voted against a bill that would have prohibited police from purchasing tanks and armored carriers.<ref name="Kristian 2016"/><ref>{{cite web |title=H.R. 728 (104th): Local Government Law Enforcement Block Grants Act of 1995 |url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/104-1995/h129 |website=govtrack.us |publisher=Civic Impulse |access-date=February 11, 2019}}</ref> In 1998, he voted for a bill that would have increased minimum sentencing for possessing a gun while committing a federal crime to ten years in prison, including nonviolent crimes such as [[marijuana]] possession.<ref name="Kristian 2016">{{cite news |last1=Kristian |first1=Bonnie |title=Bernie Sanders is not nearly as progressive as you think he is |url=https://theweek.com/articles/603044/bernie-sanders-not-nearly-progressive-think |access-date=February 11, 2019 |work=The Week |date=February 9, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Tampa Bay Times"/><ref>{{cite web |title=HR 424 - Minimum Sentences for Gun Crimes - National Key Vote |url=https://votesmart.org/bill/2915/8175/27110/minimum-sentences-for-gun-crimes |website=votesmart.org |publisher=[[Vote Smart]] |access-date=February 11, 2019}}</ref>

In 2005, Sanders voted for the [[Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Final Vote Results for Roll Call 534 |publisher=Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives |url=http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2005/roll534.xml |access-date=July 18, 2007}}</ref> The purpose of the act was to prevent firearms manufacturers and dealers from being held liable for negligence when crimes have been committed with their products.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bradner |first=Eric |date=July 5, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders wants to 'bring us to the middle' on guns |website=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/05/politics/bernie-sanders-gun-control/ |access-date=July 6, 2015}}</ref> {{as of|2016}}, he said that he has since changed his position and would vote for legislation to defeat this bill.<ref name=":11" />

====Opposition to the Patriot Act====
Sanders was a consistent critic of the [[Patriot Act]].<ref name="blogs.wsj.com">{{cite web |last=Tau |first=Byron |date=May 7, 2015 |title=Rand Paul, Bernie Sanders Revel in NSA Ruling |website=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2015/05/07/rand-paul-bernie-sanders-revel-in-nsa-ruling/ |access-date=August 19, 2015}}</ref> As a member of Congress, he voted against the original Patriot Act legislation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Final Vote Results for Roll Call 398 |publisher=Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives |url=http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2001/roll398.xml |access-date=May 19, 2015}}</ref> After its 357–66 passage in the House, he sponsored and voted for several subsequent amendments and acts attempting to curtail its effects<ref>{{cite web |last=Hudson |first=David L., Jr. |date=May 25, 2004 |title=Patriot Act |website=Libraries and First Amendment |publisher=First Amendment Center |url=https://www.freedomforuminstitute.org/first-amendment-center/topics/freedom-of-speech-2/libraries-first-amendment-overview/patriot-act/ |access-date=May 19, 2015}}</ref> and voted against each reauthorization.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sanders |first=Bernie |date=May 7, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders: It's Time To End Orwellian Surveillance of Every American |work=Time |url=https://time.com/3850839/bernie-sanders-usa-patriot-act/ |access-date=July 19, 2015}}</ref> In June 2005, he proposed an amendment to limit Patriot Act provisions that allow the government to obtain individuals' library and book-buying records. The amendment passed the House by a bipartisan majority, but was removed on November{{nbsp}}4 of that year in House–Senate negotiations and never became law.<ref>{{cite journal |date=November 4, 2005 |title=Sanders' Freedom to Read Language Dropped from Spending Bill |journal=American Library Association Washington Office Newsline |volume=14 |number=107 |url=http://www.ala.org/ala/washoff/washnews/2005ab/107nov04.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060604000337/http://www.ala.org/ala/washoff/washnews/2005ab/107nov04.htm |archive-date=June 4, 2006}}</ref>

====Opposition to the War in Iraq====
Sanders voted against the [[Iraq Resolution|resolutions]] authorizing the use of force against Iraq in 1991 and 2002, and he opposed the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]]. He voted for the 2001 [[Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Final Vote Results for Roll Call 342 |publisher=Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives |url=http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2001/roll342.xml |access-date=October 13, 2014}}</ref> that has been cited as the legal justification for controversial military actions since the September 11 attacks.<ref>{{cite news |last=Johnsen |first=Gregory D. |date=January 16, 2014 |title=60 Words And A War Without End: The Untold Story Of The Most Dangerous Sentence In U.S. History |publisher=Buzzfeed |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/gregorydjohnsen/60-words-and-a-war-without-end-the-untold-story-of-the-most |access-date=October 13, 2014}}</ref> He voted for a [[non-binding resolution]] expressing support for troops at the outset of the invasion of Iraq, but gave a floor speech criticizing the partisan nature of the vote and the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|Bush administration]]'s actions in the run-up to the war. Regarding the leak of CIA agent [[Valerie Plame]]'s identity by a State Department official, he stated: "The revelation that the President authorized the release of classified information in order to discredit an Iraq war critic should tell every member of Congress that the time is now for a serious investigation of how we got into the war in Iraq and why Congress can no longer act as a rubber stamp for the President."<ref name="Yost2006">{{cite news |last=Yost |first=Pete |date=April 7, 2006 |title=Libby: Bush, Cheney OK'd leak campaign |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.benningtonbanner.com/headlines/ci_3683110 |archive-date=December 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209220920/http://www.benningtonbanner.com/headlines/ci_3683110 |work=Bennington Banner |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Trade policy====
In February 2005, Sanders introduced a bill that would have withdrawn the [[permanent normal trade relations]] (PNTR) status that had been extended to China in October 2000. He said to the House, "Anyone who takes an objective look at our trade policy with China must conclude that it is an absolute failure and needs to be fundamentally overhauled", citing the American jobs being lost to overseas competitors. His bill received 71 co-sponsors but was not sent to the floor for a vote.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kusumi|first=John|title=Monster Versus Monster: the Democratic Race|year=2008|publisher=Nolanchart}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=H.R.728 - To withdraw normal trade relations treatment from the products of the People's Republic of China. |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/109th-congress/house-bill/728?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22bernie+sanders%22%5D%7D&s=10&r=466 |website=congress.gov |access-date=February 26, 2020}}</ref>

==U.S. Senate (2007–present)==
[[File:Bernie Sanders.jpg|thumb|left|Senate portrait, 2007]]

===Elections===
{{Main|2006 United States Senate election in Vermont|2012 United States Senate election in Vermont|2018 United States Senate election in Vermont}}

Sanders entered the race for the U.S. Senate on April 21, 2005, after Senator [[Jim Jeffords]] announced that he would not seek a fourth term. [[Chuck Schumer]], chairman of the [[Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee]], endorsed Sanders, a critical move as it meant that no Democrat running against him could expect to receive financial help from the party. He was also endorsed by [[Party leaders of the United States Senate|Senate Minority Leader]] [[Harry Reid]] and [[Democratic National Committee]] chairman and former Vermont governor [[Howard Dean]]. Dean said in May 2005 that he considered Sanders an ally who "votes with the Democrats 98% of the time."<ref>{{cite web |date=May 22, 2005 |title=Transcript for May 22: Guest: Howard Dean, Chairman of the Democratic Party |publisher= [[NBC News]] |work=[[Meet the Press]] |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/7924139 |access-date=August 1, 2011}}</ref> Then-Senator [[Barack Obama]] also campaigned for him in Vermont in March 2006.<ref>{{cite web |last=Krieg |first=Gregory |date=July 9, 2015 |title=Watch Young Senator Barack Obama Campaign for Bernie Sanders in 2006 |publisher=mic.com |quote=Back in March 2006, the future president traveled to Vermont to headline a rally and fundraiser for then-Rep. Bernie Sanders, an independent running for Senate, and Pete Welch, a Democrat seeking election to Sanders's House seat. |url=https://www.mic.com/articles/122011/watch-young-senator-barack-obama-campaign-for-bernie-sanders-in-2006 |access-date=July 20, 2015}}</ref> Sanders entered into an agreement with the Democratic Party, much as he had as a congressman, to be listed in their primary but to decline the nomination should he win, which he did.<ref>{{cite news |last=Taylor |first=Jessica |date=June 24, 2015 |title=This Quirky New Hampshire Law Might Keep Bernie Sanders Off The Ballot |publisher=NPR |quote=He did appear on the Democratic primary ballot in Vermont for the Senate in both 2006 and 2012, winning their primary, but he declined the nomination both times so he could run as an independent. |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2015/06/24/416929786/this-quirky-new-hampshire-law-might-keep-sanders-off-the-ballot |access-date=July 20, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Nichols |first=John |author-link=John Nichols (journalist) |date=May 26, 2015 |title='Don't Underestimate Me': Bernie Sanders Knows a Thing or Two About Winning |work=The Nation |quote=When Vermont Senator Jim Jeffords, a Republican who turned independent in his last term, announced that he was stepping down in 2006, Sanders jumped into a race that a number of Democrats would have liked to run. He won the Democratic primary and then declined the nomination, mounting an audacious independent run that was not supposed to be easy. |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/why-bernie-sanders-says-dont-underestimate-me/ |access-date=July 20, 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Bernie Sanders January 2013.jpg|thumb|Sanders being sworn-in for his second term in 2013 by Joe Biden]]
In the most expensive political campaign in Vermont's history,<ref name="BGlobe-110706">{{cite news |last=Ring |first=Wilson |date=November 7, 2006 |title=Sanders, Welch are winners in Vermont |work=[[Boston Globe]] |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/vote2006/VT/2006-11-08-us-congress_x.htm |access-date=January 25, 2007}}</ref> Sanders defeated businessman [[Rich Tarrant]] by an almost 2-to-1 margin. Many national media outlets projected him as the winner just after the polls closed, before any returns came in. He was reelected in 2012 with 71% of the vote,<ref>{{cite web |title=Vermont Election Results |website=Decision 2012 |publisher=NBC News |url=http://elections.nbcnews.com/ns/politics/2012/vermont/ |access-date=April 21, 2013|date=December 2, 2011 }}</ref> and in 2018 with 67% of the vote.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.state.vt.us/media/914457/2018-ge-winnerlisting.pdf|title=Vermont electoral results, 2018|last=Vermont Secretary of State|date=November 2018|website=State of Vermont}}</ref>

===Legislation===
While a member of Congress, Sanders sponsored 15 concurrent resolutions and 15 Senate resolutions.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Legislative Search Results|url = https://www.congress.gov/member/bernard-sanders/S000033?s=6&r=1&q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22bernie+sanders%22%5D%2C%22type%22%3A%22resolutions%22%2C%22sponsorship%22%3A%22sponsored%22%7D|access-date = January 21, 2020}}</ref> Of those he co-sponsored, 218 became law.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Legislative Search Results|url = https://www.congress.gov/member/bernard-sanders/S000033?s=6&r=1&q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22bernie+sanders%22%5D%2C%22sponsorship%22%3A%22cosponsored%22%2C%22bill-status%22%3A%22law%22%7D|access-date = January 21, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Legislative Search Results|url = https://www.congress.gov/member/bernard-sanders/S000033?s=6&r=1&q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22bernie+sanders%22%5D%2C%22bill-status%22%3A%22law%22%2C%22sponsorship%22%3A%22sponsored%22%7D|access-date = January 21, 2020}}</ref> While he has consistently advocated for progressive causes, ''[[Politico]]'' wrote that he has "rarely forged actual legislation or left a significant imprint on it."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/03/bernies-record-220508 |first=Edward-Isaac |last=Dovere |title=Sanders had big ideas but little impact on Capitol Hill|work=[[Politico]] |date=March 12, 2016 |access-date=June 4, 2018 }}</ref> According to ''The New York Times'', "Big legislation largely eludes Mr. Sanders because his ideas are usually far to the left of the majority of the Senate… Mr. Sanders has largely found ways to press his agenda through appending small provisions to the larger bills of others."<ref>{{Cite news |first=Jennifer |last=Steinhauer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/15/us/politics/bernie-sanders-amendments.html|title=Via Legislative Side Doors, Bernie Sanders Won Modest Victories|date=March 14, 2016|work=The New York Times|access-date=June 4, 2018 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> During his time in the Senate, he had lower legislative effectiveness than the average senator, as measured by the number of sponsored bills that passed and successful amendments made.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/04/07/hillary-clinton-was-a-more-effective-lawmaker-than-bernie-sanders/|title=Hillary Clinton was a more effective lawmaker than Bernie Sanders|last=Lazarus|first=Jeffrey|date=April 7, 2016|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=June 4, 2018 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Nevertheless, he has sponsored over 500 amendments to bills,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Legislative Search Results|url = https://www.congress.gov/member/bernard-sanders/S000033?s=6&r=1&q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22bernie+sanders%22%5D%2C%22type%22%3A%22amendments%22%2C%22sponsorship%22%3A%22sponsored%22%7D|access-date = January 22, 2020}}</ref> many of which became law. The results of these amendments include a ban on imported goods made by child labor; $100 million in funding for community health centers; $10 million for an outreach program for servicemembers suffering from [[posttraumatic stress disorder]], traumatic brain injury, depression, panic attacks, and other mental disorders; a public database of senior [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] officials seeking employment with defense contractors; and including autism treatment in the [[Tricare|military healthcare program]].<ref name=Levitz/>

====Finance and monetary policy====
In 2008 and 2009, Sanders voted against the [[Troubled Asset Relief Program]] (TARP), a program to purchase toxic banking assets and provide loans to banks that were in free-fall.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Eugene |last=Kiely |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2016/03/clinton-sanders-bailout-brawl/|title=Clinton-Sanders Bailout Brawl - FactCheck.org|date=March 7, 2016|work=FactCheck.org|access-date=June 4, 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/mar/07/hillary-clinton/michigan-hillary-clinton-says-bernie-sanders-was-a/ |title=In Michigan, Hillary Clinton says Bernie Sanders 'was against the auto bailout'|work=[[PolitiFact]] |access-date=June 4, 2018 |first=Lauren |last=Carroll |date=March 7, 2016 }}</ref> On February 4, 2009, he sponsored an amendment to ensure that TARP funds would not displace U.S. workers. The amendment passed and was added to the [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]].<ref name=Levitz>{{cite news |last1=Levitz |first1=Eric |title=Hillary Clinton Won't Commit to Endorsing Sanders If He Wins Nomination |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/01/hillary-clinton-bernie-sanders-attack-hollywood-reporter-fact-check.html |access-date=January 22, 2020 |work=New York |publisher=Vox Media |date=January 21, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Legislative Search Results |url=https://www.congress.gov/amendment/111th-congress/senate-amendment/306|access-date = January 22, 2020|date=February 6, 2009}}</ref> Among his proposed financial reforms is [[Federal Reserve Transparency Act|auditing the Federal Reserve]], which would reduce its independence in monetary policy deliberations; Federal Reserve officials say that "Audit the Fed" legislation would expose the Federal Reserve to undue political pressure from lawmakers who do not like its decisions.<ref name="Robb">{{Cite news|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/audit-the-fed-bill-fails-despite-support-from-paul-sanders-2016-01-12 |date=January 12, 2016 |title='Audit the Fed' bill fails despite support from Paul, Sanders|last=Robb|first=Greg|work=MarketWatch|access-date=December 16, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="usnews.com">{{cite web |title=Democrats Kill Rand Paul's Audit the Fed Bill, Though Sanders Votes Yes |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-01-12/democrats-kill-rand-pauls-audit-the-fed-bill-though-sanders-votes-yes |last=Nelson |first=Steven |date=January 12, 2016|website=U.S. News & World Report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112230625/http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-01-12/democrats-kill-rand-pauls-audit-the-fed-bill-though-sanders-votes-yes|archive-date=January 12, 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=February 9, 2020 }}</ref><ref name="Schroeder">{{Cite news|url=https://thehill.com/policy/finance/265556-sanders-to-back-audit-the-fed-bill |title=Sanders to vote for Paul's 'Audit the Fed' bill|last=Schroeder|first=Peter|date=January 12, 2016|work=TheHill|access-date=December 16, 2017}}</ref>

[[File:Bernie Sanders - full 2010-12-10 filibuster.webm|thumb|right|Sanders spoke for more than eight hours in his December 2010 [[filibuster]].]]

On December 10, 2010, Sanders delivered an {{frac|8|1|2}}–hour speech against the [[Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010]],{{efn|A long speech such as this is commonly known as a [[filibuster]], but because it did not block action, it was not technically a filibuster under Senate rules.<ref>{{cite news |date=December 10, 2010 |title=Senator Sanders Filibuster |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?297021-5/senator-sanders-filibuster |access-date=June 1, 2015}}</ref>}} which proposed extending the [[Bush-era tax rates]]. He argued that the legislation would favor the wealthiest Americans. "Enough is enough!… How many homes can you own?" he asked.<ref name="Filibuster">{{cite news |date=December 10, 2010 |last=Memoli |first=Michael A. |title=Sen. Bernie Sanders ends filibuster |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-dec-10-la-pn-sanders-filibuster-20101211-story.html |access-date=August 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Burleigh |first=Nina |date=October 25, 2011 |title=Bernie Sanders' war on the banks |website=Salon |url=https://www.salon.com/2011/10/25/bernie_sanders_war_on_the_banks/ |access-date=July 19, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bernie-sanders-holds-old-school-filibuster-against-obama-gop-tax-cut-deal/|title=Bernie Sanders Holds Old-School Filibuster Against Obama-GOP Tax Cut Deal|last=Condon|first=Stephanie|date=December 10, 2010|access-date=May 14, 2018}}</ref> Nevertheless, the bill passed the Senate with a strong majority and was signed into law a week later.<ref name="tpmdc-vote">{{cite news|author=Beutler, Brian | date=December 16, 2010|url=http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2010/12/house-passes-tax-cut-plan-obama-to-sign.php |title=House Passes Tax Cut Plan, Obama To Sign | |work=[[Talking Points Memo]] |access-date=December 17, 2010}}</ref> In February 2011, [[Nation Books]] published the speech as ''[[The Speech: A Historic Filibuster on Corporate Greed and the Decline of Our Middle Class]]'', with authorial proceeds going to Vermont [[nonprofit organization|nonprofit charitable organizations]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2011/03/15/sanders-85-hour-tax-cut-filibuster-gets-a-book|title=Sanders's 8.5 Hour Tax Cut Filibuster Gets a Book|first=Paul|last=Bedard|magazine=US News|date=March 15, 2011|access-date=May 15, 2016}}</ref>

In 2016, Sanders voted for the [[Federal Reserve Transparency Act]], which included proposals for a reformed audit of the Federal Reserve System.<ref name="Robb"/><ref name="usnews.com"/><ref name="Schroeder"/>

====Foreign policy====
On June 12, 2017, U.S. senators agreed to legislation imposing [[Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act|new sanctions]] on [[Russia]] and [[Iran]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bernie's Vote On Sanctions Was About Protecting The Iran Deal From Trump |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/bernies-vote-on-sanctions-was-about-protecting-the-iran-deal-from-trump_b_597df7f8e4b0da64e879b55e |first=Ida |last=Adibi |work=HuffPost |date=July 30, 2017}}</ref> The bill was opposed only by Sanders and Republican [[Rand Paul]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-bill-on-russia-sanctions-prompts-german-austrian-outcry/a-39270624 |title=US bill on Russia sanctions prompts German, Austrian outcry |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=June 15, 2017 }}</ref> He supported the sanctions on Russia, but voted against the bill because he believed the sanctions could endanger the [[Iran nuclear deal]].<ref>{{cite press release |last= Sanders|first= Bernie|date= June 15, 2017|title= Sanders Statement on Iran and Russia Sanctions|url= https://www.sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/sanders-statement-on-iran-and-russia-sanctions|location= [[Washington, D.C.]]|publisher= [[United States Senate]]|access-date= August 27, 2019}}</ref>

In 2018, Sanders sponsored a bill and was joined by Senators [[Chris Murphy]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]–[[List of United States senators from Connecticut|CT]]) and [[Mike Lee (American politician)|Mike Lee]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]–[[List of United States senators from Utah|UT]]) to invoke the [[War Powers Resolution|1973 War Powers Resolution]] to end U.S. support for the [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen|Saudi-led military intervention in Yemen]],<ref name=":4">{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/12/12/676152310/senate-poised-to-vote-to-end-u-s-military-support-for-war-in-yemen|title=Senate votes to end U.S. support for war in Yemen, rebuking Trump and Saudi Arabia|last=Detrow|first=Scott|date=December 13, 2018|work=[[NPR]]|access-date=January 1, 2019}}</ref> which has resulted in hundreds of thousands of civilian casualties<ref name=":5">{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/after-inadequate-briefing-saudi-arabia-senate-advances-bill-end-u-n941386|title=Senate advances bill to end U.S. involvement in Yemen war after 'inadequate' briefing on Saudi Arabia|last=Caldwell|first=Leigh Ann|date=November 28, 2018|work=[[NBC News]]|access-date=January 1, 2019}}</ref> and "millions more suffering from starvation and disease".<ref name=":14">{{cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/11/28/18116442/yemen-war-powers-senate-vote-sanders|title=The Senate is moving closer to ending US support for the war in Yemen|last=Ward|first=Alex|date=November 28, 2018|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|access-date=January 1, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-joint-resolution/54|title=Senate Joint Resolution 54 of the 115th Congress: A joint resolution to direct the removal of United States Armed Forces from hostilities in the Republic of Yemen that have not been authorized by Congress|date=December 19, 2018|website=[[Congress.gov]]|access-date=January 1, 2019}}</ref> After the [[assassination of Jamal Khashoggi]] in October 2018 (which was ordered by Saudi Arabian [[Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia|Crown Prince]] [[Mohammad bin Salman]], according to multiple intelligence agencies),<ref name=":4"/><ref name=":5"/><ref name=":14"/><ref name=":15">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/13/us/politics/yemen-saudi-war-pompeo-mattis.html|title=Senate votes to end aid for Yemen fight over Khashoggi killing and Saudis' war aims|last1=Davis|first1=Julie Hirschfeld|date=December 13, 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=January 1, 2019|last2=Schmitt|first2=Eric|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> his bill attracted bipartisan co-sponsors and support, and the Senate passed it by a vote of 56–41.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=115&session=2&vote=00266 |title= Roll Call Vote 115th Congress - 2nd Session |website=Senate.gov |quote=Vote Number 266 |date=December 13, 2018 |access-date=December 20, 2019 }}</ref> The bill passed the House in February 2019 by a 247–175 vote and President Trump vetoed it in March, saying: "This resolution is an unnecessary, dangerous attempt to weaken my constitutional authorities, endangering the lives of American citizens and brave service members, both today and in the future."<ref>{{cite news |first1=Felicia |last1=Sonmez |first2=Josh |last2=Dawsey |first3=Karoun |last3=Demirjian |title=Trump vetoes resolution to end U.S. participation in Yemen's civil war |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-vetoes-resolution-to-end-us-participation-in-yemens-civil-war/2019/04/16/0fabc312-60a1-11e9-bfad-36a7eb36cb60_story.html |website=The Washington Post |access-date=January 21, 2020 |date=April 16, 2019 }}</ref>

====Health care====
[[File:Don't Take Our Health Care Rally (35501942056).jpg|thumb|Don't Take Our Health Care rally in [[Columbus, Ohio]], June 2017]]
In mid-December 2009, Sanders successfully added a provision to the [[Affordable Care Act]] to fund $11 billion to [[community health centers]], especially those in [[Medical deserts in the United States|rural areas]]. The provision brought together Democrats on the left with Democrats from conservative, rural areas, helping to secure the 60 votes needed for passage.<ref name=Levitz/> On May 4, 2017, in response to the House vote to [[Efforts to repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act|repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act]], he predicted "thousands of Americans would die" from no longer having access to health care.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/04/politics/bernie-sanders-republican-health-care-bill-anderson-cooper-cnntv/ |title=Thousands will die if House bill becomes law, Bernie Sanders says|first=Leinz|last=Vales|publisher=CNN|date=May 4, 2017}}</ref> [[PolitiFact]] rated his statement "mostly true."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2017/jun/27/bernie-s/bernie-sanders-projection-thousands-added-deaths-g/ |title=Bernie Sanders' projection of 'thousands' of deaths from lost health coverage is well-supported|last=Jacobson |first=Louis|date=June 27, 2017|website=[[PolitiFact]]|access-date=June 29, 2017}}</ref>

In September 2017, Sanders along with 15 Senate co-sponsors submitted the Medicare for All bill, a [[single-payer healthcare]] plan. The bill covers vision and dental care, unlike Medicare. Some Republicans have called the bill "Berniecare" and "the latest Democratic push for socialized medicine and higher taxes." He responded that the Republican Party has no credibility on the issue of health care after voting for legislation that would take health insurance away from 32 million Americans under the [[Affordable Care Act]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kurtzleben|first1=Danielle|title=Here's What's In Bernie Sanders' 'Medicare For All' Bill |date=September 14, 2017 |url=https://www.npr.org/2017/09/14/550768280/heres-whats-in-bernie-sanders-medicare-for-all-bill |work=NPR |access-date=September 17, 2017}}</ref>

As chairman of the Senate Subcommittee on Primary Health and Aging, Sanders has introduced legislation to reauthorize and strengthen the [[Older Americans Act]], which supports [[Meals on Wheels]] and other programs for seniors.<ref>{{cite web |date=May 23, 2015 |title=Older Americans Act |url=https://www.sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/recent-business/2013/05/23/older-americans-act |website=Sanders.Senate.gov |access-date=July 4, 2015}}</ref>

====Immigration policy====
In 2007, Sanders helped kill a bill introducing comprehensive immigration reform, arguing that its guest-worker program would depress wages for American workers.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |first=Seung Min |last=Kim |date=June 19, 2015 |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2015/06/bernie-sanders-and-immigration-its-complicated-119190|title=Sanders and immigration? It's complicated|work=Politico|access-date=June 4, 2018|language=en}}</ref> In 2010, he supported the [[DREAM Act]], which would have provided a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants who had been brought to the United States as minors.<ref name=":13" /> In 2013, he supported the [[Gang of Eight (immigration)|Gang of Eight]]'s comprehensive immigration reform bill after securing a $1.5 billion youth jobs program provision, which he argued would offset the harm of labor market competition with immigrants.<ref name=":13" />

====Income and wealth distribution====
[[File:Sanders Introduces $15 Minimum Wage.jpg|thumb|Sanders introduced legislation to [[Fight for $15|raise the federal minimum wage to $15 an hour]], April 2017]]

In April 2017, Sanders introduced a bill that would raise the [[Minimum wage in the United States|minimum wage]] for federal contract workers to $15 an hour, an increase over an earlier Democratic $12 an hour proposal.<ref name = Lachman >{{cite news |first=Samantha |last=Lachman |date=July 22, 2015 |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/bernie-sanders-minimum-wage-bill_n_55afbbd1e4b0a9b9485332eb |title=Bernie Sanders Introduces $15 Minimum Wage Bill As Federal Contract Workers Strike |work=[[HuffPost]] |access-date=August 18, 2015 }}</ref> On May 9, 2018, he introduced the [[Workplace Democracy Act]], a bill that would expand labor rights by making it easier for workers to join a union, ban right-to-work laws and some anti-union provisions of the [[Taft–Hartley Act]], and outlaw some union-busting tactics. Announcing the legislation, he said, "If we are serious about reducing income and wealth inequality and rebuilding the middle class, we have got to substantially increase the number of union jobs in this country."<ref>{{cite news |last= Kampf-Lassin |first=Miles |date= May 9, 2018 |title=Bernie Sanders Has a Sweeping Plan to Expand Union Rights and Workplace Democracy |url=http://inthesetimes.com/working/entry/21130/bernie_sanders_labor_unions_workplace_democracy_elizabeth_warren |work=[[In These Times]] |access-date=May 12, 2018}}</ref>

Sanders opposed the [[2018 United States federal budget]] proposed by the [[Presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]], calling it "a budget for the billionaire class, for Wall Street, for corporate CEOs, and for the wealthiest people in this country… nothing less than a massive transfer of wealth from working families, the elderly, children, the sick and the poor to the top 1%."<ref>{{cite news |date=May 24, 2017 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/24/opinions/trump-budget-is-immoral-sanders-opinion/ |title=Bernie Sanders: Trump's budget is immoral|last1=Sanders|first1=Bernie|publisher=CNN|access-date=October 25, 2017}}</ref>

After the November 2017 revelations from the [[Paradise Papers]] and a recent report from the [[Institute for Policy Studies]] which says just three people ([[Jeff Bezos]], [[Bill Gates]], and [[Warren Buffett]]) own more [[Distribution of wealth|wealth]] than the bottom half of the U.S. population, Sanders stated that "we must end global [[oligarchy]]" and that "we need, in the United States and throughout the world, a tax system which is fair, progressive and transparent."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/13/opinions/oligarchy-paradise-papers-bernie-sanders-opinion/index.html |title=Bernie Sanders: We must end global oligarchy|last=Sanders|first=Bernie|date=November 13, 2017|access-date=November 13, 2017|publisher=CNN}}</ref>

On September 5, 2018, Sanders partnered with [[Ro Khanna]] to introduce the Stop Bad Employers by Zeroing Out Subsidies (Stop [[Jeff Bezos|BEZOS]]) Act, which would require large corporations to pay for the food stamps and Medicaid benefits that their employees receive, relieving the burden on taxpayers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/9/5/17822810/bernie-sanders-bill-bezos-amazon-ro-khanna|title=Bernie Sanders's BEZOS bill takes aim at how Amazon pays workers|first=Emily|last=Stewart|publisher=Vox|date=September 5, 2018|access-date=September 14, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Santus |first=Rex |date=October 2, 2018 |title=Jeff Bezos just caved to activists and Bernie Sanders and raised Amazon's minimum wage to $15|url=https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/yw4n7j/jeff-bezos-just-caved-to-activists-and-bernie-sanders-and-raised-amazons-minimum-wage-to-dollar15|work=Vice |access-date=October 4, 2018|quote=What Mr. Bezos today has done is not only enormously important for Amazon's hundreds of thousands of employees. It could well be, and I think it will be, a shot heard around the world.}}</ref>

====Veterans affairs====
[[File:Bernie Sanders talking to soldiers.jpg|thumb|Sanders speaking to members of the [[Vermont Army National Guard]] sent to [[Washington, D.C.]] as [[security preparations for the inauguration of Joe Biden]] in 2021]]
On June 9, 2014, Sanders sponsored the [[Veterans' Access to Care through Choice, Accountability, and Transparency Act of 2014]] to reform the [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|Department of Veterans Affairs]] in the wake of the [[Veterans Health Administration scandal of 2014]]. He worked with Senator [[John McCain]], who co-sponsored the bill.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Herb |first1=Jeramy |title=Sanders, McCain strike VA deal |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/06/bernie-sanders-john-mccain-va-deal-107491|access-date=January 22, 2020|work=Politico|date=June 5, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Legislative Search Results|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/2450/all-actions|website= Congress of the United States|access-date=January 22, 2020}}</ref> His bill was incorporated into the House version of the bill, which passed both chambers on July 31, 2014, and was signed into law by President Obama on August 7, 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Legislative Search Results|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/3230/actions|website=Congress of the United States|access-date=January 22, 2020}}</ref>

===Supreme Court nominees===
On March 17, 2016, Sanders said he would support [[Merrick Garland]]'s nomination to the Supreme Court, though he added, "there are some more progressive judges out there."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/03/bernie-sanders-convention-220954 |title=Sanders: I wouldn't have picked Garland for Supreme Court|first1=Hanna|last1=Trudo|first2=Nick|last2=Gass|work=Politico|date=March 17, 2016}}</ref> He opposed [[Neil Gorsuch]]'s nomination to the Court, saying that Gorsuch had "refused to answer legitimate questions."<ref name = "hill"/> He also objected to Senate Republicans using the [[nuclear option]] to "choke off debate and ram the nomination through the Senate."<ref name = "hill">{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/senate/325453-sanders-to-oppose-gorsuchs-nomination |title=Sanders to oppose Gorsuch's nomination|first=Jordain|last=Carney|newspaper=The Hill|date=March 23, 2017}}</ref> He voted against Gorsuch's confirmation as an [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|associate justice]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/04/07/us/politics/gorsuch-confirmation-vote.html|title=How Senators Voted on the Gorsuch Confirmation|last=Carlsen|first=Audrey|date=April 7, 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=May 14, 2018|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

===Committee assignments===
As an independent, Sanders worked out a deal with the Senate Democratic leadership in which he agreed to vote with the Democrats on all procedural matters unless the Democratic [[Assistant Majority Leader|whip]], [[Dick Durbin]], agreed that he need not (a request rarely made or granted). In return he was allowed to keep his seniority and received the committee seats that would have been available to him as a Democrat; in 2013–14 he was chairman of the [[United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs]] (during the [[Veterans Health Administration scandal of 2014|Veterans Health Administration scandal]]).<ref name=vet>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/videos/politics/2015/10/15/bernie-sanders-veterans-affairs-griffin-dnt-ac.cnn |title=Bernie Sanders criticized for leadership in VA committee |work=[[Anderson Cooper 360°]] |publisher=[[CNN]] |first=Anderson |last=Cooper |date=October 15, 2015 |access-date=December 18, 2019 }}</ref><ref name=hillcommittee>{{cite web |last=Needham |first=Vicki |date=December 12, 2014 |title=Senate Democrats lock in key committee memberships |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |url=https://thehill.com/policy/finance/227000-senate-democrats-set-key-committee-memberships |access-date=July 19, 2015}}</ref>

Sanders became the [[Ranking member|ranking minority member]] on the [[United States Senate Committee on the Budget|Senate Budget Committee]] in 2015 and the chair in 2021; he previously chaired the [[Senate Veterans' Affairs Committee]] for two years. Since 2017, he has been chair of the [[United States Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee|Senate Democratic Outreach Committee]].<ref name=hillcommittee/> He appointed economics professor [[Stephanie Kelton]], a [[modern monetary theory]] scholar, as the chief economic adviser for the committee's Democratic minority and presented a report about helping "rebuild the disappearing middle class" that included proposals to raise the minimum wage, boost [[Infrastructure-based development|infrastructure spending]], and increase [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] payments.<ref>{{cite web |last=Resnikoff |first=Ned |date=February 19, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders, mulling presidential run, adopts novel stance on deficit |work=[[Al Jazeera]] |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/2/19/bernie-sanders-mulling-2016-bid-adopts-a-novel-stance-on-the-deficit.html |access-date=March 25, 2015}}</ref>

{{As of|2021}}, Sanders's committee assignments are as follows:<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.sanders.senate.gov/about-bernie/committee-assignments/| title = Committee Assignments| last = Staff| website = sanders.senate.gov| publisher = US Senate| access-date = February 11, 2021}}</ref>
* '''[[United States Senate Committee on the Budget|Committee on the Budget]]''' (Chairman)
* '''[[United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works|Committee on Environment and Public Works]]'''
** [[United States Senate Environment and Public Works Subcommittee on Clean Air and Nuclear Safety|Subcommittee on Clean Air and Nuclear Safety]]
** [[United States Senate Environment and Public Works Subcommittee on Green Jobs and the New Economy|Subcommittee on Green Jobs and the New Economy]]
** [[United States Senate Environment and Public Works Subcommittee on Transportation and Infrastructure|Subcommittee on Transportation and Infrastructure]]
* '''[[United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources|Committee on Energy and Natural Resources]]'''
** [[United States Senate Energy Subcommittee on Energy|Subcommittee on Energy]]
** [[United States Senate Energy Subcommittee on National Parks|Subcommittee on National Parks]]
** [[United States Senate Energy Subcommittee on Water and Power|Subcommittee on Water and Power]]
* '''[[United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions|Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions]]'''
** [[United States Senate Health Subcommittee on Children and Families|Subcommittee on Children and Families]]
** [[United States Senate Health Subcommittee on Primary Health and Aging|Subcommittee on Primary Health and Aging]]
* '''[[United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs|Committee on Veterans' Affairs]]''' (former Chair)

===Caucus memberships===
Sanders was only the third senator from Vermont to caucus with the Democrats, after Jeffords and Leahy. His caucusing with the Democrats gave them a 51–49 majority in the Senate during the [[110th United States Congress|110th Congress]] in 2007–08. The Democrats needed 51 seats to control the Senate because [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[Dick Cheney]] would likely have broken any [[List of tie-breaking votes cast by Vice Presidents of the United States|tie]] in favor of the Republicans.<ref name="Jones">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781568587141 |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781568587141/page/27 27] |publisher=Nation Books |title=Rebuild the Dream |isbn=9781568587158 |date=April 3, 2012 }}</ref> He is a member of the following caucuses:
* [[Congressional Progressive Caucus]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Caucus Members|url=https://progressives.house.gov/caucus-members|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Congressional Progressive Caucus|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Democratic Caucus of the United States Senate]]
* [[Afterschool Caucuses|United States Senate Afterschool Caucus]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Members|url=http://www.afterschoolalliance.org/policyCongressionalCaucuses.cfm |publisher=Afterschool Alliance|access-date=April 17, 2018}}</ref>

===Approval ratings===
Polling conducted in August 2011 by [[Public Policy Polling]] found that Sanders's approval rating was 67% and his disapproval rating 28%, making him then the third-most popular U.S. senator.<ref name="Easley"/> Both the [[NAACP]] (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) and the [[National Hispanic Leadership Agenda|NHLA]] (National Hispanic Leadership Agenda) have given him 100% voting scores during his tenure in the Senate.<ref name="Ackerman2015">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/06/sanders-race-primary-president-civil-rights/ |title=Give the People What They Want: Bernie Sanders' signature issues aren't 'white' issues |magazine=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]] |date=June 29, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721162037/http://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/06/sanders-race-primary-president-civil-rights/ |archive-date=July 21, 2015 |url-status=live |last=Ackerman |first=Seth |issn=2158-2602}}</ref> In 2015, he was named one of the Top{{nbsp}}5 of ''[[The Forward]]'' 50.<ref>{{cite news |date=November 11, 2015 |url=https://forward.com/series/forward-50/2015/ |title=Forward 50 2015 |newspaper=[[The Forward]] |access-date=November 11, 2015}}</ref> In a November 2015 [[Morning Consult]] poll, he reached an 83% approval rating among his constituents, making him the most popular U.S. senator.<ref name="newsweek.com"/> [[Fox News]] found him to have the highest net favorability at +28 points of any prominent politician included in its March 2017 poll.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/mar/17/everyone-loves-bernie-sanders-except-democratic-party |first=Trevor |last=Timm |access-date=December 18, 2019 |title=Everyone loves Bernie Sanders. Except, it seems, the Democratic party |work=The Guardian |date=March 17, 2017 }}</ref> He ranked third in 2014 and first in both 2015 and 2016.<ref name="newsweek.com">{{cite news |first=Taylor |last=Wofford |access-date=December 18, 2019 |url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-most-popular-senator-397853 |title=Bernie Sanders Is America's Most Popular Senator, New Survey Says |work=Newsweek |date=November 24, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Easley">{{cite web |last=Easley |first=Jason |date=August 2, 2011 |title=Americans Love Socialism: Bernie Sanders Is The 3rd Most Popular US Senator |website=Politics USA |url=http://archives.politicususa.com/2011/08/02/socialism-bernie-sanders.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229152746/http://archives.politicususa.com/2011/08/02/socialism-bernie-sanders.html |archive-date=December 29, 2014 |access-date=July 18, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Newsweek">{{cite web |url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-most-popular-senator-453479 |title=Bernie Sanders is America's Most Popular Senator, Mitch McConnell its Least |website=Newsweek |date=April 28, 2016 |access-date=September 17, 2016 |author=Wofford, Taylor}}</ref>

In April 2017, a nationwide Harvard-Harris Poll found that Sanders had the highest favorability rating among the political figures included in the poll,<ref name="thehill.com" /> a standing confirmed by subsequent polling.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/347811-poll-mcconnell-the-countrys-least-popular-politician|title=Poll: McConnell the country's least popular politician|newspaper=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|date=August 24, 2017|first=Jonathan|last=Easley}}</ref>

==2016 presidential campaign==
{{main|Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign|2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries}}
[[File:Bernie Sanders rally in Portland, Oregon, August 2015 (20261929680).jpg|thumb|Sanders rally in Portland, Oregon, August 2015]]
[[File:Bernie Sanders at Rutgers, May 2016.jpg|thumb|Sanders speaking at [[Rutgers University]] in May 2016]]

During the [[2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries|2012 Democratic presidential primaries]], Sanders—dissatisfied with President Obama's "attempts to trade [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] cuts for tax hikes"—reportedly considered running against him in the primaries. Sanders had previously suggested in 2011 that it was "a good idea" for someone to challenge Obama, and "got so close to running a primary challenge… that Senator [[Harry Reid]] had to intervene to stop him."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Levitz |first1=Eric |title=Sanders Considered Primarying Obama in 2012: Report |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/02/bernie-sanders-primary-obama-2012-social-security.html |website=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |access-date=February 23, 2020 |date=February 19, 2020}}</ref> In November 2013, Sanders suggested that Senator [[Elizabeth Warren]] could be president and that she might earn his backing if she ran. He added that if no progressive candidate ran, he might feel compelled to do so himself.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Joseph |first1=Cameron |title=Bernie Sanders won't rule out presidential bid, touts Elizabeth Warren |url=https://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/190544-bernie-sanders-wont-rule-out-presidential-bid-touts |access-date=January 25, 2020 |work=The Hill |publisher=News Communications |date=November 18, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Eidelson |first1=Josh |title=Bernie Sanders: Why I might run in 2016 |url=https://www.salon.com/2013/11/27/bernie_sanders_why_i_might_run_in_2016/ |access-date=January 25, 2020 |work=Salon |date=November 27, 2013}}</ref> In December 2014, Warren said she was not running.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Inskeep |first1=Steve |title='Warning Shot': Sen. Warren On Fighting Banks, And Her Political Future |url=https://www.wbur.org/npr/370817279/sen-warren-warns-that-spending-bill-sets-dangerous-precedent |access-date=January 25, 2020 |work=90.9 WBUR News |agency=NPR |date=December 15, 2014}}</ref>

Sanders announced his intention to seek the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]'s nomination for president on April 30, 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/back-bernie-sanders-campaign-year/story?id=38763976|title=A Look Back at Bernie Sanders' Campaign One Year Later|website=ABC News}}</ref><ref name="kane2015">{{cite web |last1=Kane |first1=Paul |last2=Rucker |first2=Philip |date=April 30, 2015 |title=An unlikely contender, Sanders takes on 'billionaire class' in 2016 bid |website=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/sanders-takes-on-billionaire-class-in-launching-2016-bid-against-clinton/2015/04/30/4849fe32-ef3a-11e4-a55f-38924fca94f9_story.html |access-date=April 30, 2015}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20150429">{{cite news |last=Rappeport |first=Alan |date=April 29, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders Announces He Is Running for President |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/30/us/politics/bernie-sanders-campaign-for-president.html |access-date=April 30, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Cogan">{{cite web |last=Cogan |first=Marin |date=April 30, 2015 |title=Daily Intelligencer: Bernie Sanders Is Officially Running for President – That Doesn't Mean You Can Ask Him About Hillary Clinton |website=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2015/04/sanders-is-running-just-dont-say-hillary.html |access-date=July 18, 2015}}</ref> [[Bernie Sanders presidential campaign, 2016|His campaign]] was officially launched on May 26 in Burlington.<ref name="NYT-20150429"/> In his announcement Sanders said, "I don't believe that the men and women who defended American democracy fought to create a situation where billionaires own the political process," and made this a central idea throughout his campaign.<ref name=kane2015/><ref name="NYT-20150429"/>

Warren welcomed Sanders's entry into the race, saying, "I'm glad to see him get out there and give his version of what leadership in this country should be," but never endorsed him.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pointdujour |first=Prisca |date=May 2, 2015 |title=Elizabeth Warren praises Bernie Sanders prez bid |work=[[Boston Herald]] |url=https://www.bostonherald.com/news_opinion/us_politics/2015/05/elizabeth_warren_praises_bernie_sanders_prez_bid |access-date=May 3, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kamisar |first=Ben |date=June 19, 2015 |title=Ready for Warren Endorses Sanders |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |url=https://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/245541-ready-for-warren-endorses-sanders |access-date=February 24, 2016}}</ref>

Initially considered a long shot, Sanders won 23 [[Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2016|primaries and caucuses]] and around 46% of pledged delegates to [[Hillary Clinton]]'s 54%. His campaign was noted for its supporters' enthusiasm, as well as for rejecting large donations from corporations, the financial industry, and any associated [[Super PAC]]. Some of the [[Democratic National Committee]] (DNC) emails leaked to the public in June and July 2016 showed that the committee leadership had favored Clinton over him and had worked to help Clinton win the nomination.<ref name=Here_are_the_latest>{{cite web |first=Aaron |last=Blake |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/07/24/here-are-the-latest-most-damaging-things-in-the-dncs-leaked-emails/ |title=Here are the latest, most damaging things in the DNC's leaked emails|newspaper=The Washington Post |date=July 24, 2016}}</ref>

On July 12, 2016, Sanders formally endorsed Clinton [[Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2016|in her unsuccessful general election campaign]] against [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Donald Trump]], while urging his supporters to continue the "political revolution" his campaign had begun.<ref name="Endorsement2016">{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/07/11/politics/hillary-clinton-bernie-sanders/ |title=Bernie Sanders endorses Hillary Clinton |first1=MJ |last1=Lee |first2=Dan |last2=Merica |first3=Jeff |last3=Zeleny |author3-link=Jeff Zeleny |work=CNN |access-date=May 15, 2018 |date=July 12, 2016}}</ref>

===Campaign methods===
Unlike the other major candidates, Sanders did not pursue funding through a [[Super PAC]] or by wealthy donors, instead focusing on small-dollar donations.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last=Bradner |first=Eric |date=April 30, 2015 |title=Sanders doesn't want billionaires' backing |publisher=CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/30/politics/bernie-sanders-presidential-run-first-interview/ |access-date=May 4, 2015}}</ref> His presidential campaign raised $1.5 million within 24 hours of his official announcement.<ref>{{cite news |last=Thomas |first=Ken |date=May 1, 2015 |title=Sanders raises $1.5M after announcing presidential bid |agency=[[Associated Press]] |website=Yahoo News |url=https://news.yahoo.com/sanders-raises-1-5m-announcing-presidential-bid-194439911--election.html |access-date=July 19, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722043633/http://news.yahoo.com/sanders-raises-1-5m-announcing-presidential-bid-194439911--election.html |archive-date=July 22, 2015 }}</ref> At the end of the year, the campaign had raised a total of $73 million from more than one million people, making 2.5 million donations, with an average donation of $27.16.<ref>{{cite news |date=January 2, 2016 |title=Sanders raises $33M in final quarter, $73M total for 2015 |work=Politico |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/01/sanders-fundraising-final-quarter-2015-217288 |access-date=January 2, 2016}}</ref> The campaign reached 3.25 million donations by the end of January 2016, raising $20 million in that month alone.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/bernie-sanders-fundraising_n_56ae4f7ee4b0010e80ea7bdb |title=Bernie Sanders' Small Donor Fundraising Continues To Set Records |work=HuffPost |date=January 31, 2015 |first=Paul |last=Blumenthal }}</ref>

Sanders used social media to help his campaign gain momentum,<ref>{{cite news |last=Corasaniti |first=Nick |date=May 18, 2015 |title=Seeking the Presidency, Bernie Sanders Becomes Facebook Royalty Through Quirky Sharing |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/19/us/politics/bernie-sanders-wants-to-be-president-but-hes-already-facebook-royalty.html |access-date=May 21, 2015}}</ref> posting content to online platforms such as [[Twitter]] and [[Facebook]] and answering questions on [[Reddit]]. He gained a large grassroots organizational following online. A July 29, 2015, meetup organized online brought 100,000 supporters to more than 3,500 simultaneous events nationwide.<ref>{{cite news |first=Lisa |last=Lerer |date=July 30, 2015 |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/bernie-sanders-draws-more-than-100000-2015-7 |title=More than 100,000 people participated in a mega-grassroots Bernie Sanders event |work=Business Insider |access-date=August 19, 2015 }}</ref>

To his surprise, Sanders's June 2015 campaign events drew overflow crowds across the country.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |first=Sofia |last=Tesfaye |date=June 16, 2015 |url=https://www.salon.com/2015/06/16/america_is_feeling_the_bern_bernie_sanders_draws_overflow_crowds_and_surges_in_the_polls/ |title=America is feeling the Bern: Bernie Sanders draws overflow crowds{{snd}}and surges in the polls |work=[[Salon.com]] |access-date=June 16, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=John |last=Wagner |date=June 15, 2015 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2015/06/15/meet-the-people-coming-to-see-bernie-sanders-in-iowa/ |title=Meet the people coming to see Bernie Sanders in Iowa |work=The Washington Post |access-date=June 16, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Keith">{{cite news |first=Tamara |last=Keith |date=June 15, 2015 |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2015/06/15/414689799/bernie-sanders-stunned-by-large-crowds-showing-up-for-him |title=Bernie Sanders 'Stunned' By Large Crowds Showing Up For Him |work=NPR |access-date=June 16, 2015 }}</ref> When Clinton and Sanders made public appearances within days of each other in [[Des Moines, Iowa]], he drew larger crowds, even though he had already made many stops around the state and Clinton's visit was her first in 2015.<ref name=GuardianSandersVsClinton>{{cite web |last=Jacobs |first=Ben |date=June 25, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders closes on Hillary Clinton in New Hampshire Democrats poll |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jun/25/bernie-sanders-hillary-clinton-new-hampshire-democrats-poll |website=The Guardian |access-date=July 2, 2015}}</ref> On July 1, 2015, his campaign stop in [[Madison, Wisconsin]], drew the largest crowd of any 2016 presidential candidate to that date, with an estimated turnout of 10,000.<ref name="MSNBCMadisonBiggestCrowd">{{cite web |last=Seitz-Wald |first=Alex |date=July 1, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders draws biggest crowd of any 2016 candidate yet |publisher=MSNBC |url=https://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/bernie-sanders-draws-biggest-crowd-any-2016-candidate-yet |access-date=July 2, 2015}}</ref><ref name="HuffPo10K">{{cite web |last=Reilly |first=Mollie |date=July 1, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders Draws His Biggest Crowd Yet In Progressive Stronghold |website=HuffPost |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/bernie-sanders-madison_n_7709966 |access-date=July 2, 2015}}</ref> Over the following weeks, he drew even larger crowds: 11,000 in [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]];<ref name="Washington Post AZ crowd">{{cite web |last=Wagner |first=John |date=July 19, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders draws his biggest crowd yet – in Arizona of all places |website=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2015/07/19/bernie-sanders-draws-his-biggest-crowd-yet-in-arizona-of-all-places/ |access-date=July 21, 2015}}</ref> 15,000 in [[Seattle]];<ref>{{cite web |last=Connelly |first=Joel |date=August 8, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders draws 15,000 people at UW, state's biggest political crowd since 2010 Obama visit |website=Seattle Post-Intelligencer |url=https://blog.seattlepi.com/seattlepolitics/2015/08/08/bernie-sanders-draws-15000-people-at-uw-states-biggest-political-crowd-since-2010-obama-visit/ |access-date=August 9, 2015}}</ref> and 28,000 in [[Portland, Oregon]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Chris |last=Cillizza |date=August 10, 2015 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/08/10/this-bernie-sanders-crowd-shot-should-make-hillary-clinton-a-little-jittery/ |title=This Bernie Sanders crowd shot should make Hillary Clinton a little jittery |work=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=August 10, 2015 }}</ref>

===Presidential debates===
{{main|2016 Democratic Party presidential debates and forums}}

The [[Democratic National Committee]] (DNC) announced in May 2015 that there would be six debates. Critics alleged that the small number of debates and the schedule, with half of the debates on Saturday or Sunday nights, were part of the DNC's deliberate attempt to protect Clinton, who was perceived as the front-runner.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/Politics-Voices/2015/1222/How-Saturday-debates-protect-Hillary-Clinton |title=How Saturday debates protect Hillary Clinton |first=Doug |last=Mataconis |date=December 22, 2015 |access-date=December 23, 2015 |work=The Christian Science Monitor}}</ref> In February 2016, both the Clinton and Sanders campaigns agreed in principle to holding four more debates for a total of ten.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sargent |first=Greg |title=It's on: Looks like we're getting four more Democratic debates |website=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2016/02/03/its-on-looks-like-were-getting-four-more-democratic-debates/ |date=February 3, 2016 |access-date=March 30, 2016}}</ref> Clinton dropped out of the tenth debate, scheduled to take place just before the [[2016 California Democratic primary|California primary]], citing a need to devote her time to making direct contact with California voters and preparing for the general election.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/712e888ed1b442dfbb44e29ba8ec2561 |first=Hope |last=Yen |date=June 7, 2016 |title=Delegate math: Clinton wins, and how AP counts delegates|work=Associated Press |access-date=June 4, 2018 }}</ref> Sanders expressed disappointment that Clinton canceled the debate before what he believed would be "the largest and most important primary in the presidential nominating process."<ref name=":12">{{cite web|title=Clinton declines to debate Sanders in California|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/05/23/politics/hillary-clinton-bernie-sanders-fox-debate-california/ |last1 = Merica|first1 = Dan|last2 = Stelter|first2 = Brian|date = May 24, 2016|publisher=CNN|access-date =November 16, 2016}}</ref>

===Polls and news coverage===
{{see also|Media coverage of Bernie Sanders}}

Some supporters raised concerns that publications such as ''[[The New York Times]]'' minimized coverage of the Sanders campaign in favor of other candidates, especially Trump and Clinton. The ''Times''{{'}} [[ombudsman]] reviewed her paper's coverage of the Sanders campaign and found that {{as of|2015|September|lc=y}} the ''Times'' "hasn't always taken it very seriously. The tone of some stories is regrettably dismissive, even mocking at times. Some of that is focused on the candidate's age, appearance and style, rather than what he has to say." She also found that the ''Times'''s coverage of Sanders's campaign was much scanter than its coverage of Trump's, though Trump's was also initially considered a long shot at that time, with 63 articles covering the Trump campaign and 14 covering Sanders's.<ref name="Sullivan2015">{{cite web|url=https://publiceditor.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/09/09/has-the-times-dismissed-bernie-sanders/|title=Public Editor's Journal: Has The Times Dismissed Bernie Sanders?|last=Sullivan|first=Margaret|date=September 9, 2015|website=The New York Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923132816/http://publiceditor.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/09/09/has-the-times-dismissed-bernie-sanders/|archive-date=September 23, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Debenedetti2015">{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2015/09/qpoll-iowa-213462|title=Bernie Sanders overtakes Hillary Clinton in Iowa|last1=Debenedetti|first1=Gabriel|last2=Gass|first2=Nick|date=September 10, 2015|website=Politico|access-date=September 11, 2015}}</ref> A December 2015 report found that the three major networks—[[CBS]], [[NBC]], and [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]—had spent 234 minutes reporting on Trump and 10 minutes on Sanders, despite their similar polling results. The report noted that ''[[ABC World News Tonight]]'' had spent 81 minutes on Trump and less than one minute on Sanders during 2015.<ref name="Democracy Now">{{cite web|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2015/12/15/headlines/report_top_news_shows_give_trump_234_minutes_sanders_10_minutes|title=Report: Top News Shows Give Trump 234 Minutes, Sanders 10 Minutes|date=December 15, 2015|publisher=Democracy Now|at=6:06|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216021357/http://www.democracynow.org/2015/12/15/headlines/report_top_news_shows_give_trump_234_minutes_sanders_10_minutes|archive-date=December 16, 2015|access-date=December 15, 2015}}</ref>

A study of media coverage in the 2016 election concluded that while Sanders received less coverage than his rival Hillary Clinton, the amount of coverage of Sanders during the election was largely consistent with his polling performance, except during 2015 when Sanders received coverage that far exceeded his standing in the polls.<ref name=":03">{{cite book|url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691174198/identity-crisis|title=Identity Crisis|author1=John Sides|author2=Michael Tesler|author3=Lynn Vavreck|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2018|isbn=978-0-691-17419-8|pages=8, 99, 104–107|language=en|quote=Sanders’s media coverage and polling numbers were strongly correlated… At this point in time [2015], Sanders’s share of news coverage far exceeded his share in national polls.|access-date=December 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114214823/https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691174198/identity-crisis|archive-date=November 14, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Studies concluded that the tone of media coverage of Sanders was more favorable than that of any other candidate, whereas his main opponent in the democratic primary, Hillary Clinton, received the most negative coverage of any candidate.<ref name="Patterson12">{{citation|author=Thomas E. Patterson|title=Pre-Primary News Coverage of the 2016 Presidential Race: Trump's Rise, Sanders' Emergence, Clinton's Struggle|url=https://shorensteincenter.org/pre-primary-news-coverage-2016-trump-clinton-sanders/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127095707/https://shorensteincenter.org/pre-primary-news-coverage-2016-trump-clinton-sanders/|access-date=December 1, 2019|archive-date=November 27, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":03" /> All 2016 candidates received vastly less media coverage than Donald Trump, and the Democratic primary received substantially less coverage than the Republican primary.<ref name=":03" /><ref name="Patterson12" /><ref name=":122">{{Cite book|last=Bitecofer|first=Rachel|year=2018|title=The Unprecedented 2016 Presidential Election|publisher=Palgrave|pages=36–38, 48|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-61976-7|isbn=978-3-319-61975-0}}</ref>

[[Amy Goodman]] of ''[[Democracy Now!]]'' noted that on March 15, [[Super Tuesday]] III, the speeches of Trump, Clinton, [[Marko Rubio|Marco Rubio]], and [[Ted Cruz]] were broadcast in full. Sanders was in Phoenix, Arizona, on that date, speaking to a rally larger than any of the others, yet his speech was not mentioned, let alone broadcast.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2016/11/29/bernie_sanders_i_was_stunned_by|title=Bernie Sanders: "I Was Stunned" by Corporate Media Blackout During Democratic Primary|last=Goodman|first=Amy|date=November 29, 2016|work=[[Democracy Now]]|access-date=December 18, 2019}}</ref> However, political scientist [[Rachel Bitecofer]] wrote in her 2018 book about the 2016 election that the Democratic primary was effectively over in terms of delegate count by mid-March 2016, but that the media promoted the narrative that the contest between Sanders and Clinton was "heating up" at that time.<ref name=":122" />

An NBC/Wall Street Journal poll conducted in May 2016 found Clinton and Trump (by then the presumptive Republican nominee) in a "dead heat," but the same poll found that if Sanders were the Democratic nominee, 53% of voters would support him to 39% for Trump.<ref name="NBC News1">{{cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/clinton-s-lead-over-trump-shrinks-3-points-new-nbc-n577726 | title=Meet the Press | publisher=NBC | date=May 23, 2016 | access-date=May 23, 2016 | author=Murray, Mark}}</ref> Clinton and Trump were the least popular likely candidates ever polled, while Sanders received a 43% positive, 36% negative rating.<ref name="NBC News2">{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/first-read/first-read-clinton-s-challenge-winning-over-sanders-voters-n578591 |title=First Read: Clinton's Challenge Is Winning Over Sanders Voters |publisher=NBC |date=May 23, 2016 |access-date=May 23, 2016 |last3=Dann |first3=Carrie |author1-link=Chuck Todd |last1=Todd |first1=Chuck |last2=Murray |first2=Mark}}</ref> Polls showed that Democratic voters older than 50 preferred Clinton by a large margin but that those under 50 overwhelmingly favored Sanders.<ref name="Los Angeles Times">{{cite web | url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-clinton-sanders-age-20160419-story.html |title=Why young voters are flocking to Sanders and older ones to Clinton | date=April 19, 2016 | access-date=September 6, 2016 |last=Decker |first=Cathleen}}</ref> A 2017 analysis in ''Newsweek'' found that 12% of those who voted for Sanders in the Democratic primary voted for Trump in the general election.<ref name="Miere">{{cite news |url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-trump-2016-election-654320 |title=Bernie Sanders Voters Helped Trump and Here's Proof |last=Le Miere |first=Jason |date=August 23, 2017 |website =Newsweek |access-date=May 25, 2018}}</ref>

===DNC email leak===
{{Main|2016 Democratic National Committee email leak|Podesta emails}}
In July 2016, a leak of the Democratic National Committee's emails appeared to show DNC officials favoring Clinton over Sanders. Staff repeatedly discussed making his irreligious tendencies a potential campaign issue in southern states and questioned his party loyalty. DNC chair [[Debbie Wasserman Schultz]] called his campaign manager "an ASS" and "a damn liar."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/23/us/politics/dnc-emails-sanders-clinton.html |title=Released Emails Suggest the D.N.C. Derided the Sanders Campaign |work=The New York Times |date=July 22, 2016 |first1=Michael D. |last1=Shear |first2=Matthew |last2=Rosenberg |access-date=February 9, 2020 }}</ref> Speaking with [[Jake Tapper]] on [[CNN]], Sanders responded to the leak, saying, "it is an outrage and sad that you would have people in important positions in the DNC trying to undermine my campaign. It goes without saying: the function of the DNC is to represent all of the candidates—to be fair and even-minded. But again, we discussed this many, many months ago, on this show, so what is revealed now is not a shock to me."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/07/22/politics/dnc-wikileaks-emails/index.html |first1=Jeff |last1=Zeleny |first2=MJ |last2=Lee |first3=Eric |last3=Bradner |title=Emails released by Wikileaks raise questions of DNC's impartiality |work=CNN |date=July 22, 2016 |access-date=February 9, 2020 }}</ref>

===Primary loss and endorsement of Hillary Clinton===
{{main|Results of the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries|2016 United States presidential election}}
[[File:Bernie Sanders Nashua Oct 2016 - 2.jpg|thumb|left|Sanders campaigning for Hillary Clinton at [[Nashua Community College]] in October 2016]]

After the final primary election, Clinton became the presumptive Democratic nominee.<ref name="The New York Times">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/17/us/politics/bernie-sanders-campaign.html | title=Bernie Sanders, Still Running, Pledges to 'Make Certain' Donald Trump Is Defeated | website=The New York Times | date=June 16, 2016 | access-date=June 18, 2016 | author=Alcindor, Yamiche}}</ref> On July 12, Sanders formally [[List of Hillary Clinton presidential campaign political endorsements, 2016|endorsed]] Clinton.<ref name="Endorsement2016"/> He said he would continue to work with the Democratic National Convention organizers to implement progressive positions. Sanders refused to formally concede before the convention.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Alcindor|first=Yamiche|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/13/us/politics/bernie-sanders-campaign.html|title=Bernie Sanders Refuses to Concede Nomination to Hillary Clinton|date=June 12, 2016|work=The New York Times|access-date=March 2, 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> He spoke at the [[2016 Democratic National Convention]] on July 25, during which he gave Clinton his full support. Some of his supporters attempted to protest Clinton's nomination and booed when Sanders called for party unity. He responded, "Our job is to do two things: to defeat Donald Trump and to elect Hillary Clinton{{nbsp}}… It is easy to boo, but it is harder to look your kids in the face if we are living under a [[Presidency of Donald Trump|Trump presidency]]."<ref name="CNN">{{cite news | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/07/25/politics/bernie-sanders-democratic-national-convention-speech/ | title=Bernie Sanders: 'I am proud to stand with her' | publisher=CNN | date=July 26, 2016 | access-date=July 26, 2016 | author=Collinson, Stephen}}</ref>

On November 8, in the general election, Sanders received almost 6% of the vote in [[2016 United States presidential election in Vermont|Vermont]], even though he was no longer a candidate. This was the highest share of a statewide presidential vote for a [[Write-in candidate|write-in]] [[Draft (politics)|draft campaign]] in American history.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/190417-ralph-nader-got-the-most-write-in-votes-for-president-ever-but-election-write-ins-have-a-long |title=Ralph Nader Got The Most Write-In Votes For President Ever, But Election Write-Ins Have A Long History |last=Warner |first=Claire |date=October 19, 2016 |access-date=September 6, 2017}}</ref> He also received more votes in Vermont than [[Gary Johnson]], the [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian]] candidate, and [[Jill Stein]], the [[Green Party of the United States|Green]] candidate, combined.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://vtelectionresults.sec.state.vt.us/Index.html#/home|title=Vermont Election Night Results|website=vtelectionresults.sec.state.vt.us|access-date=September 6, 2017}}</ref> It was possible to vote for Sanders as a write-in candidate in 12 states,<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://heavy.com/news/2016/11/how-many-write-in-votes-for-did-bernie-sanders-get-presidential-election-results-california-iowa-new-hampshire-pennsylvania-vermont-total/ |title=How Many Write-In Votes Did Bernie Sanders Get in the Election?|last=Dwilson|first=Stephanie Dube|date=November 16, 2016|work=Heavy.com|access-date=September 6, 2017}}</ref> and exact totals of write-in votes for him were published in three of them: [[2016 United States presidential election in California|California]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/sov/2016-general/sov/17-presidential-formatted.pdf |title=Presidential election results in California, 2016|website=sos.ca.gov|access-date=September 6, 2017}}</ref> [[2016 United States presidential election in New Hampshire|New Hampshire]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sos.nh.gov/2016PresGen.aspx?id=8589963688 |title=President of the United States – 2016 General Election – NHSOS|website=sos.nh.gov|access-date=September 6, 2017}}</ref> and [[2016 United States presidential election in Vermont|Vermont]].<ref name=":2"/> In those three states, he received 111,850 write-in votes, about 15% of the write-in votes nationwide, and less than 1% of total nationwide vote.<ref name=":3"/>

===Post-election activities===
In November 2016, Sanders's book ''[[Our Revolution: A Future to Believe In]]'' was released; upon its release, it was number three on [[The New York Times Best Seller list|''The New York Times'' Best Seller list]].<ref>{{cite web|url = https://vtdigger.org/2016/11/14/sanders-book-our-revolution-arriving-with-new-significance/ |title = Sanders' Book 'Our Revolution' Arriving with New Significance|last = O'Connor|first = Kevin|date = November 15, 2016|website = VTDigger|access-date = November 21, 2016|quote = …the candidate who had been anointed by the entire establishment, was winning, but at the same time was losing state after state by huge margins.}}</ref> The audiobook later received a Grammy nomination for Best Spoken Word Album.<ref>{{cite web|last=Johnson |first=Ted |date=November 27, 2017 |title=Bernie Sanders Earns Grammy Nomination|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url=https://variety.com/2017/politics/news/bernie-sanders-grammy-nomination-1202624408/|access-date=November 27, 2017}}</ref> In February 2017, he began webcasting ''The Bernie Sanders Show'' on [[Facebook live|Facebook live streaming]]. {{as of|2017|April|2|df=US}}, guests had included [[William Barber II|William Barber]], [[Josh Fox]], [[Jane Mayer]], and [[Bill Nye]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/democrats-vs-trump/sanders-show-welcome-bernie-tv-n741571|title=The Sanders Show: Welcome to 'Bernie TV' |first=Alex |last=Seitz-Wald |work=NBC News |date=April 2, 2017|access-date=April 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.salon.com/2017/04/03/forget-trump-tv-bernie-sanders-has-struck-gold-with-his-new-online-show/ |first=Charlie |last=May |title=Forget Trump TV. Bernie Sanders has struck gold with his new Facebook Live show|date=April 3, 2017|access-date=April 4, 2017}}</ref> Polls taken in 2017 found him to be the most popular politician in the United States.<ref name="thehill.com">{{cite web |last=Easley |first=Jonathan |date=April 18, 2017|title=Poll: Bernie Sanders country's most popular active politician|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/329404-poll-bernie-sanders-countrys-most-popular-active-politician |access-date=April 20, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Schwartz">{{cite news |last= Schwartz|first=Drew |date=August 24, 2017 |title=Bernie Sanders Is the Most Popular Politician in America, Poll Says|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/xww4ek/bernie-sanders-is-the-most-popular-politician-in-america-poll-says-vgtrn|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] |access-date=August 25, 2017}}</ref>

In February 2018, Special Counsel [[Robert Mueller]]'s investigation into [[Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. elections]] concluded that Russians had communicated false information during the primary campaigns to help Sanders and Stein and harm Clinton.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/02/17/indictment-russians-also-tried-help-bernie-sanders-jill-stein-presidential-campaigns/348051002/ |title=Indictment: Russians also tried to help Bernie Sanders, Jill Stein presidential campaigns |work=USA Today |first=Michael |last=Collins |date=February 17, 2018 |access-date=February 24, 2018}}</ref> Sanders rejected the investigation's conclusion, saying that he had seen no evidence that Russians had helped his campaign.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/02/21/bernie-sanders-trump-russia-interference-420528 |first=Edward-Isaac |last=Dovere |date=February 21, 2018 |title=Bernie blames Hillary for allowing Russian interference |work=Politico |access-date=February 24, 2018}}</ref> Furthermore, he blamed the Clinton campaign for not doing more to prevent Russian interference.<ref name=":6"/> He later said that his campaign had taken action to prevent Russian meddling in the election and that a campaign staffer had alerted the Clinton campaign.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/02/24/bernie-sanders-russian-trolls-false-story-423413 |title=Bernie Sanders promoted false story on reporting Russian trolls |work=[[Politico]] |date=February 24, 2018 |first=Edward-Isaac |last=Dovere |access-date=February 24, 2018}}</ref> ''[[Politico]]'' noted that a Sanders campaign volunteer contacted a [[political action committee]] (PAC) that supported the Clinton campaign to report suspicious activities but that the Sanders campaign did not contact the Clinton campaign as such.<ref name=":7"/>

In November 2018, the [[Sanders Institute]] and [[Yanis Varoufakis]], co-founder of [[Democracy in Europe Movement 2025|DiEM25]], launched [[Progressive International]], an international organization uniting [[Progressivism|progressive]] activists and organizations "to mobilize people around the world to transform the global order and the institutions that shape it."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/bernie-sanders-turns-focus-to-the-white-house-and-the-world/2018/12/01/dc01f7ae-f4f1-11e8-80d0-f7e1948d55f4_story.html|title=Bernie Sanders turns focus to the White House and the world|last=Wegel|first=David|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=December 1, 2018|access-date=December 2, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.progressive-international.org/open-call/|title=An Open Call to All Progressive Forces|publisher=Progressive International|date=November 30, 2018|access-date=December 2, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/ng-interactive/2018/sep/13/bernie-sanders-international-progressive-front |date=September 13, 2018 |title=A new authoritarian axis demands an international progressive front |last=Sanders|first=Bernie|work=The Guardian|access-date=October 27, 2018 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

===Influence on the Democratic Party===
Analysts have suggested that Sanders's campaign shifted both the Clinton campaign and the Democratic Party [[Left-wing politics|politically leftward]]. A new [[political action committee|political organization]], [[Brand New Congress]], was formed in April 2016 by former campaign staffers. It works to elect congressional representatives with platforms in line with Sanders.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lachman |first=Samantha |title=Former Bernie Sanders Staffers Seek To Elect A 'Brand New Congress' |newspaper=HuffPost |date=April 27, 2016 |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/bernie-sanders-congress_n_5720e608e4b0b49df6a9c933 |access-date=November 20, 2016 }}</ref> In August 2016, he formed [[Our Revolution]], a [[501(c)(4)|political organization]] dedicated to educating voters about issues, getting people involved in the political process, and electing progressive candidates for local, state, and national office.<ref name="Guadiano">{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2016/07/15/bernie-sanders-progressive-message/87073052/|title=Bernie Sanders will launch organizations to spread progressive message|last=Guadiano|first=Nicole|date=July 15, 2016|work=USA Today|access-date=July 27, 2016}}</ref><ref name="The Washington Times">{{cite web | url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/aug/18/bernie-sanders-running-our-revolution/ | title=Bernie Sanders: Still percolating | website=The Washington Times | date=August 18, 2016 | access-date=August 19, 2016 | author=Harper, Jennifer | quote = "Election days come and go, but the struggle for economic, social, racial and environmental justice must continue. We have the guts and the energy to take on the special interests, win critical battles on the most important issues of our time, and redefine what's possible in this country. Now it's time for all of us to get to work."}}</ref> Speaking on the [[PBS Newshour]] about the upcoming 2018 elections and discussing the main principles of the two major parties, [[Susan Page]] described the Republican Party as "Trump's party" and the Democratic Party as "Bernie Sanders's party," saying that "Sanders and his more progressive stance has really taken hold."<ref>{{cite web |last1=beginning at minute 14:25 |title=PBS NewsHour full episode May 28, 2018 |url=https://www.pbs.org/video/pbs-newshour-full-episode-may-28-2018-1527540089/ |website=PBS Newshour |access-date=June 3, 2018}}</ref> Noting the increasing acceptance of his national single-payer health-care program, his $15-an-hour minimum wage stance, free college tuition and many of the other campaign platform issues he introduced,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-48640268|access-date=August 23, 2019|title=Bernie Sanders: What's different this time around?|first=Anthony|last=Zurcher|date=June 20, 2019|website=[[BBC News]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|location=London, England}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/bernie-sanders-just-changed-the-democratic-party|access-date=August 23, 2019|title=Bernie Sanders Just Changed the Democratic Party|first=John|last=Cassidy|date=February 2, 2016|work=[[The New Yorker]]}}</ref> an April 2018 opinion article in ''[[The Week]]'' suggested, "Quietly but steadily, the Democratic Party is admitting that Sanders was right."<ref name="Spross">{{cite news|url=https://theweek.com/articles/769073/bernie-sanders-conquered-democratic-party|access-date=August 23, 2019|title=Bernie Sanders has Conquered the Democratic Party|first=Jeff|last=Spross|date=April 24, 2018|work=[[The Week]]}}</ref> In July 2016, a ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' article called the Democratic platform draft "a monument to his campaign," noting not only his call for a $15 minimum wage, but other campaign issues, such as Social Security expansion, a carbon tax, Wall Street reform, opposition to the death penalty, and a "reasoned pathway for future legalization" of marijuana.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bouie |first1=Jamelle |title=What Bernie Sanders Has Won |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2016/07/the-democratic-platform-is-a-monument-to-bernie-sanders-campaign.html |date=July 11, 2016 |website=[[Slate.com]] |access-date=June 3, 2018}}</ref>

Sanders's presidential campaigns led to a resurgence of interest in democratic [[socialism among millennials]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=McGreal |first1=Chris |title='The S-word': how young Americans fell in love with socialism |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2017-09-02 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/sep/02/socialism-young-americans-bernie-sanders |language=en |access-date=2021-06-19 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

==2020 presidential campaign==
{{main|Bernie Sanders 2020 presidential campaign|2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries}}

On February 19, 2019, Sanders announced that he would seek the Democratic Party's 2020 nomination for president.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vpr.org/post/hes-2020-bernie-sanders-running-president-again|title=He's In For 2020: Bernie Sanders Is Running For President Again|last=Kinzel |date=February 19, 2019 |first=Bob |website=www.vpr.org|language=en|access-date=February 19, 2019}}</ref> He had declined the [[Vermont Democratic Party]] nomination for U.S. Senate in 2006, 2012, and 2018, which caused an unsuccessful legal challenge to his candidacy for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2016. Along with his 2019 campaign announcement, he said he would abide by a new Democratic Party rule for presidential candidates and that he would affirm his membership in that party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wmur.com/article/independent-bernie-sanders-to-put-in-writing-that-hes-a-bona-fide-democrat/26474045|title=Independent Bernie Sanders to put in writing that he's a 'bona fide' Democrat|first=John|last=DiStaso|date=February 22, 2019|website=WMUR}}</ref> On March 5, 2019, he signed a formal statement, known as a "loyalty pledge," that he is a member of the Democratic Party and will serve as a Democrat if elected. News reports noted that the day before, he had signed paperwork to run as an independent for reelection to his Senate seat in 2024.<ref name=":18">{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-election/bernie-sanders-signs-dnc-loyalty-pledge-i-am-member-democratic-n979696|title=Bernie Sanders signs DNC loyalty pledge: 'I am a member of the Democratic Party'|last=Seitz-Wald|first=Alex|date=March 5, 2019|work=NBC News|access-date=March 7, 2019}}</ref>

Sanders's campaign manager was [[Faiz Shakir]]. The campaign's national co-chairs were [[Ben & Jerry's]] co-founder [[Ben Cohen (businessman)|Ben Cohen]], Representative [[Ro Khanna]], [[Our Revolution]] President [[Nina Turner]], and [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]] mayor [[Carmen Yulín Cruz]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bernie Sanders Hires Top Progressive Advocate, Faiz Shakir, as Campaign Manager |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/bernie-sanders-hires-top-civil-liberties-advocate-faiz-shakir-as-campaign-manager |first1=Gideon |last1=Resnick |first2=Spencer |last2=Ackerman |first3=Sam |last3=Stein|date=February 19, 2019 |website=Daily Beast |access-date=October 16, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gamboa |first1=Suzanne |title=San Juan Mayor Carmen Yulín Cruz to co-chair Bernie Sanders 2020 campaign |date=February 22, 2019 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/san-juan-mayor-carmen-yul-n-cruz-co-chair-bernie-n974276 |website=NBC News |access-date=October 16, 2019}}</ref>

===Campaign methods===
Given the high national profile that Sanders maintained since his 2016 campaign, [[NPR]] described him as "no longer an underdog" when he announced his 2020 campaign.<ref>{{cite news |date=February 19, 2019 |first1=Scott |last1=Detrow |first2=Jessica |last2=Taylor |title=Bernie Sanders Enters 2020 Presidential Campaign, No Longer An Underdog |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/02/19/676923000/bernie-sanders-enters-2020-presidential-campaign-no-longer-an-underdog |website=NPR |access-date=February 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220002744/https://www.npr.org/2019/02/19/676923000/bernie-sanders-enters-2020-presidential-campaign-no-longer-an-underdog?t=1550576496363 |archive-date=February 20, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Using the large email list it built during the 2016 campaign, the 2020 campaign recruited more than one million volunteers within weeks of its launch. It enlisted several former [[NowThis News]] employees to produce professional videos for wide social media distribution, live-streamed various forums to its millions of social media followers, and launched a [[podcast]] and smartphone app for grassroots organizing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/recode/2019/6/25/18753934/bernie-sanders-video-2020-facebook-twitter-debate|title=Bernie Sanders is winning the internet. Will it win him the White House?|last=Stewart|first=Emily|date=July 5, 2019|website=Vox|access-date=September 21, 2019}}</ref>

===Fundraising===
Sanders's 2020 campaign employed many of the same methods as its 2016 counterpart, eschewing a [[Super PAC]] and relying predominantly on small-dollar contributions. According to [[Federal Election Commission]] filings, the Sanders campaign had raised the most money in the 2020 Democratic field as of June 2019, including money left over from his 2018 Senate and 2016 presidential races.<ref>{{cite web |title=2020 Presidential Race |url=https://www.opensecrets.org/2020-presidential-race |website=Open Secrets |access-date=September 21, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Summary data for Bernie Sanders |url=https://www.opensecrets.org/2020-presidential-race/candidate?id=N00000528 |website=Open Secrets |access-date=September 21, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Money |first1=Beatrice |last1=Jin |first2=Maggie |last2=Severns |date=October 15, 2019 |url=https://www.politico.com/2020-election/president/democratic-primary/candidates/fundraising-and-campaign-finance-tracker/ |website=Politico |access-date=December 18, 2019 }}</ref> In September 2019, the Sanders campaign became the fastest in U.S. history to reach one million donors.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bernie Sanders has 1 million donors |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bernie-sanders-has-one-million-donors/ |first=Cara |last=Korte |date=September 19, 2019 |website=CBS News |access-date=September 21, 2019}}</ref> On October 1, 2019, the campaign announced it had raised $25.3 million in the year's third quarter, with an average donation of $18. It was the largest quarterly sum raised by any Democratic candidate.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Gregory |last1=Krieg |first2=Ryan |last2=Nobles |date=October 1, 2019 |title=Bernie Sanders scores massive $25.3 million third quarter fundraising haul |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/bernie-sanders-scores-massive-253-third-quarter-fundraising-haul/ar-AAI6H9Z |website=CNN on MSN|access-date=October 2, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Michelle Ye Hee |last1=Lee |first2=Sean |last2=Sullivan |first3=Amy B. |last3=Wang |date=October 2, 2019 |title=Sanders raised $25.3 million in third quarter, campaign says |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/sen-bernie-sanders-raised-253-million-in-third-quarter-campaign-says/2019/10/01/5d8a0e00-e3c7-11e9-a331-2df12d56a80b_story.html |website=Washington Post|access-date=October 2, 2019}}</ref> The campaign raised $34.5 million during the fourth quarter of 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-election/sanders-brings-over-35m-4th-quarter-fundraising-yang-s-haul-n1109406|title=Trump brings in $46M in 4th quarter, as Sanders, Yang smash their previous records|last=Smith|first=Allan|date=January 2, 2020|work=NBC News|access-date=January 2, 2020}}</ref>

===Polls and news coverage===
[[File:Bernie Sanders - Rally at San Jose, CA - 2.jpg|thumb|right|Sanders campaigning for president in [[San Jose, California]], March 2020]]
{{see also|Media coverage of Bernie Sanders}}

Sanders steadily polled between 15 and 20% on most national surveys between May and September 2019, according to the [[RealClearPolitics]] average. This placed him in a decisive second-place behind [[Joe Biden]] until [[Elizabeth Warren]] and [[Kamala Harris]] caught up in July.<ref>{{cite web |title=2020 Democratic Presidential Nomination|url=https://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2020/president/us/2020_democratic_presidential_nomination-6730.html#!|website=RealClearPolitics |access-date=September 21, 2019}}</ref> From mid-February 2020 to the start of March, Sanders polled in first place in the Democratic primary ahead of Joe Biden<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/polls/|title=National President: Democratic primary Polls|last=Mehta|first=Aaron Bycoffe, Ritchie King and Dhrumil|date=June 28, 2018|website=FiveThirtyEight|language=en|access-date=March 15, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2020/president/us/2020_democratic_presidential_nomination-6730.html|title=RealClearPolitics - Election 2020 - 2020 Democratic Presidential Nomination|website=www.realclearpolitics.com|access-date=March 15, 2020}}</ref> and was described by the press as the party's presidential front-runner.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|last1=Burns|first1=Alexander|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/19/us/politics/democratic-debate-nevada-recap.html|title=Warren Leads an Onslaught of Attacks, Zeroing In on Bloomberg|date=February 19, 2020|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 20, 2020|last2=Martin|first2=Jonathan|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-election/bernie-sanders-now-front-runner-moderates-may-be-too-divided-n1135596|title=Bernie Sanders is now the front-runner. And moderates may be too divided to stop him|last1=Kapur|first1=Sahil|last2=Brewster|first2=Shaquille|date=February 12, 2020|website=NBC|access-date=February 20, 2020}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/17/politics/bernie-sanders-democratic-primary-2020-election/index.html|title=How Bernie Sanders became the Democratic primary's early front-runner|last1=Krieg|first1=Gregory|last2=Nobles|first2=Ryan|date=February 18, 2020|website=CNN|access-date=February 20, 2020|last3=Grayer|first3=Annie}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/02/18/bernie-sanders-frontrunner-nationwide-poll-115753|title=Sanders surges to double-digit lead in new nationwide poll|last=Ward|first=Myah|date=February 18, 2020|website=Politico|access-date=February 20, 2020}}</ref>

According to a [[RealClearPolitics]] analysis, Sanders received the third-most mentions on [[CNN]], [[Fox News]], and [[MSNBC]] between January and August 2019, trailing only [[Joe Biden]] and [[Kamala Harris]]. Biden, however, received twice as many mentions as Sanders and Harris. Mentions of Sanders on ''[[ABC World News Tonight]]'' found him in second place, though also trailing Biden by a large margin. Online mentions "reflect a slightly more balanced picture," with both Sanders and [[Elizabeth Warren]] running "neck-and-neck" with Biden.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2019/08/22/ranking_the_2020_democratic_candidates_by_media_coverage.html |first=Kalev |last=Leetaru |title=Ranking the 2020 Democratic Candidates by Media Coverage|date=August 22, 2019|publisher=RealClearPolitics|access-date=September 21, 2019}}</ref>

===Forums and other appearances===
{{main|2020 Democratic Party presidential forums}}

On April 6, 2019, Sanders participated in a [[Fox News]] town hall that attracted more than 2.55 million viewers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/media/439169-bernie-sanders-fox-news-town-hall-draws-more-than-255-million|title=Bernie Sanders Fox News town hall draws more than 2.55 million|first=Joe|last=Concha|date=April 16, 2019|newspaper=The Hill|access-date=April 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416205654/https://thehill.com/homenews/media/439169-bernie-sanders-fox-news-town-hall-draws-more-than-255-million|archive-date=April 16, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sunkara|first=Bhaskar|date=April 16, 2019|title=How wide is Bernie Sanders's appeal? This cheering Fox News audience is a clue|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/commentisfree/2019/apr/16/bernie-sanders-appeal-cheering-fox-news|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=April 18, 2019|author-link=Bhaskar Sunkara|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417164502/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/commentisfree/2019/apr/16/bernie-sanders-appeal-cheering-fox-news|archive-date=April 17, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> His decision to appear on Fox was controversial given the [[Democratic National Committee]]'s decision not to allow Fox to host any of its debates.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bernie Sanders, at combative Fox News town hall, makes no apologies for making millions |first=Gregg |last=Re |date=April 15, 2019 |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/bernie-sanders-takes-stage-at-fox-news-town-hall-after-emerging-as-apparent-dem-frontrunner |website=Fox News |access-date=September 21, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=April 3, 2019 |first=Benjamin |last=Fearnow |title=Democrats Ridicule Bernie Sanders Over Fox News Town Hall Plans, Conservatives and Moderates Offer Rare Praise|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-bernie-sanders-dnc-loyalty-controversy-town-hall-democratic-2020-1385160 |website=Newsweek |access-date=September 21, 2019}}</ref> His appearance saw an increase of Fox News viewers by 24% overall and 40% in the 25-to-54-year-old demographic, surpassing the ratings of all other Democratic presidential candidate town halls that year. As of September 2019, the town hall had received more than 1.5 million views on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Town hall with Bernie Sanders |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p4ozAACcc8I |website=YouTube |access-date=September 21, 2019}}</ref>

On August 6, Sanders appeared on [[The Joe Rogan Experience]] podcast. Some praised Rogan for "hosting a pragmatic discussion" while others "seemed rather stunned by Sanders's decision to appear on the show at all." After the podcast, Rogan became a top-trending Twitter topic.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Prokos |first1=Hayley |title=Joe Rogan Praised by Twitter After Bernie Sanders Appears On Podcast to Debate Health Care, Gun Laws and Aliens |date=August 7, 2019 |url=https://www.newsweek.com/joe-rogan-praised-twitter-after-bernie-sanders-appears-podcast-debate-health-care-gun-laws-1453096 |website=Newsweek |access-date=August 10, 2019}}</ref> After interviewing him, Rogan said, "I am not right-wing… I've interviewed right-wing people. I am 100% left-wing… Bernie Sanders made a ton of sense to me and I would 100% vote for him."<ref>{{cite web |title=Joe Rogan Experience #1334 - Fahim Anwar |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1040&v=nV3miitxG08 |website=YouTube |access-date=September 21, 2019}}</ref> As of October 2019, the podcast had received more than ten million views on YouTube.<ref>{{cite web |title=Joe Rogan Experience #1330 - Bernie Sanders |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2O-iLk1G_ng |website=YouTube |access-date=August 10, 2019}}</ref>

===Presidential debates===
{{See also|2020 Democratic Party presidential debates}}

In December 2018, the Democratic National Committee (DNC) announced the preliminary schedule for 12 official DNC-sanctioned debates, set to begin in June 2019, with six in 2019 and the remaining six during the first four months of 2020. During the July and September debates, commentators described Sanders and [[Elizabeth Warren]] as having a "non-aggression pact," staking out similar progressive positions in contrast to the more conservative candidates.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-49675275|title=Democratic debate: The winners and losers|date=September 13, 2019|work=BBC News|access-date=September 21, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://talkingpointsmemo.com/news/heres-how-each-candidate-stood-out-during-the-debate|title=Here's How Each Candidate Stood Out During The Debate|date=September 12, 2019 |first1=John |last1=Light |first2=David |last2=Taintor|work=[[Talking Points Memo]] |access-date=September 21, 2019}}</ref> In the October 15 debate, his first appearance since his heart attack, debate coach Todd Graham gave Sanders's performance an A, his highest rating of all the candidates.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Graham |first1=Todd |title=Debate coach: A star emerged from the Democratic debate |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/16/opinions/debate-coach-graham-democratic-debate/index.html |date=October 16, 2019 |website=CNN |access-date=October 16, 2019}}</ref>

[[CNN]] hosted the first 2020 debate in January with six candidates remaining. Co-moderator [[Abby Phillip]] questioned Sanders and Warren about an allegation Warren had made that he had privately told her that a woman could not defeat Donald Trump. Phillip asked Sanders, "Senator Sanders, CNN reported yesterday, and Senator Warren confirmed in a statement, that in 2018 you told her that you did not believe that a woman could win the election. Why did you say that?" Ignoring Sanders's strong denial, Phillip asked Warren, "What did you think when Bernie Sanders told you that a woman couldn't become president?" In an interview after the debate, Sanders called it ludicrous to believe that he would doubt a woman's ability to win the presidency and noted that a woman already ''had'' won the national [[United States presidential election#Popular vote|popular vote]], saying, "After all, Hillary Clinton beat Donald Trump by 3 million votes in 2016."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Derysh |first1=Igor |title=Elizabeth Warren: Bernie Sanders "disagreed" with me that a "woman could win" the presidency |url=https://www.salon.com/2020/01/14/warren-says-sanders-disagreed-that-a-woman-could-win-in-2020-bernie-denies-it/ |website=Salon |access-date=February 19, 2020}}</ref>

===Suspension of campaign ===
Sanders announced that he was suspending his campaign on April 8, 2020.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Ember |first=Sydney |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/08/us/politics/bernie-sanders-drops-out.html |title=Bernie Sanders Drops Out of 2020 Democratic Race for President |date=April 8, 2020 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=April 8, 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/08/politics/bernie-sanders-drops-out/|title=Bernie Sanders drops out of the 2020 race, clearing Joe Biden's path to the Democratic nomination|last1=Krieg|first1=Gregory|last2=Nobles|first2=Ryan|last3=Grayer|first3=Annie|publisher=CNN|date=April 8, 2020|access-date=April 10, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/08/bernie-sanders-drops-out-of-2020-democratic-presidential-primary.html|title=Bernie Sanders drops out of the presidential race|last=Pramuk|first=Jacob|publisher=CNBC|date=April 8, 2020|access-date=April 10, 2020}}</ref> He stated that he would remain on the ballot in the remaining states and continue to accumulate delegates with the goal of influencing the Democratic Party's platform.<ref name=BizInsider2020-04-10>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/sanders-will-continue-gathering-delegates-to-influence-dnc-platform-2020-4|title=Bernie Sanders vows to stay on upcoming ballots and continue to gather delegates so he can 'exert significant influence over the party platform'|last=Epstein|first=Kayla|work=Business Insider|date=April 8, 2020|access-date=April 10, 2020}}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.msnbc.com/andrea-mitchell-reports/watch/sanders-drops-out-will-work-with-biden-but-remain-on-ballot-to-influence-policy-81781317998|title=Sanders drops out, remains on ballot to press issues important to political agenda|first=Andrea|last=Mitchell|work=MSNBC|date=April 8, 2020|access-date=April 9, 2020}}</ref> On April 14 Sanders endorsed Biden. Biden responded, "I think that your endorsement means a great deal. It means a great deal to me. I think people are going to be surprised that we are apart on some issues but we're awfully close on a whole bunch of others. I'm going to need you—not just to win the campaign, but to govern."<ref>{{cite web |title=Bernie Sanders endorses Joe Biden for president |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/13/politics/bernie-sanders-endorses-joe-biden/index.html |website=CNN |access-date=June 21, 2020}}</ref>

==Political positions==
{{American socialism|Activists}}
{{Social democracy sidebar}}
{{Main|Political positions of Bernie Sanders}}

A self-described "democratic socialist",<ref name="Democratic socialist">
*{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=April 30, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders confirms presidential run and damns America's inequities |work=[[The Guardian]] |quote=The self-described 'democratic socialist' enters the race as a robust liberal alternative… |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/apr/30/bernie-sanders-confirms-presidential-run-and-damns-americas-inequities |access-date=June 19, 2015}}
*{{cite news |last=Dreier |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Dreier |date=May 5, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders' Socialism Is as American as Apple Pie |work=[[HuffPost]] |quote= because the 73‑year{{bracket|‑}}old U.S. senator from Vermont describes himself as a 'democratic socialist.' |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/bernie-sanders-socialism-_b_7210120 |access-date=May 5, 2015}}
*{{cite web |last=Lerer |first=Lisa |date=July 16, 2009 |title=Where's the outrage over AIG bonuses? |website=[[The Politico]] |quote=Only a handful of members, including self-described democratic socialist Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-Vt.), criticized… |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2009/07/aig-wheres-the-outrage-025000 |access-date=April 19, 2010}}</ref> Sanders is a [[Progressivism in the United States|progressive]] who admires the [[Nordic model]] of [[social democracy]] and has been a proponent of [[workplace democracy]].<ref>
* {{cite web |last=Sanders |first=Bernie |date=May 26, 2013 |title=What Can We Learn From Denmark? |website=HuffPost |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/what-can-we-learn-from-de_b_3339736 |access-date=August 19, 2013}}
* {{cite news |last=Issenberg |first=Sasha |date=January 9, 2010 |title=Sanders a growing force on the far, far left |work=[[Boston Globe]] |quote=You go to Scandinavia, and you will find that people have a much higher standard of living, in terms of education, health care, and decent paying jobs. |url=http://archive.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2010/01/09/sanders_a_growing_force_on_the_far_far_left/ |access-date=August 24, 2013}}
* {{cite web |first2=Ben |last2=Schreckinger |first1=Jonathan |last1=Topaz |date=July 6, 2015 |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2015/07/bernie-sanders-socialist-surge-119785 |title=The socialist surge |website=Politico |access-date=August 18, 2015 |quote={{nnbsp}}'I believe that, in the long run, major industries in this state and nation should be publicly owned and controlled by the workers themselves,' he wrote in 1976.}}
* {{cite news |first=Conor |last=Lynch |url=https://www.salon.com/2015/10/08/bernie_sanders_is_ayn_rands_worst_nightmare_hes_changing_how_we_view_socialism_and_exposing_free_market_parasites/ |access-date=February 14, 2020 |title=Bernie Sanders is Ayn Rand's worst nightmare: He's changing how we view socialism{{snd}}and exposing free market parasites |work=[[Salon.com]] |date=October 8, 2015 }}
*{{cite web |last=McMurry |first=Evan |date=May 3, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders: America Should Look More Like Scandinavia |website=[[Mediaite]] |url=http://www.mediaite.com/tv/bernie-sanders-america-should-look-more-like-scandinavia/ |access-date=June 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504171720/http://www.mediaite.com/tv/bernie-sanders-america-should-look-more-like-scandinavia/ |archive-date=May 4, 2015 }}</ref> He advocates for [[universal healthcare|universal]] and [[single-payer healthcare]], paid [[parental leave]], as well as tuition-free [[tertiary education]].<ref name="Jaffe"/> He supports lowering the cost of drugs by reforming patent laws to allow cheaper generic versions to be sold in the U.S.<ref>{{cite news |last=Carter |first=Zach |date=May 19, 2012 |title=Bernie Sanders Offers Plan To Cut Prescription Drug Prices |work=HuffPost |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/bernie-sanders-prescription-drug-prices_n_1528332 |access-date=August 16, 2014}}</ref> He supported the [[Affordable Care Act]], though he said it did not go far enough.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2013/09/24/bernie-sanders-obamacare-is-a-good-republican-program/ |title=Bernie Sanders: Obamacare is a 'good Republican program'|publisher=CNN|date=September 24, 2013|first=Bryan|last=Koenig}}</ref>
In November 2015, he gave a speech at [[Georgetown University]] about his view of [[democratic socialism]], including its place in the policies of presidents [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].<ref name=atlanticsocialism>{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/11/bernie-sanders-makes-his-pitch-for-socialism/416913/ |date=November 20, 2015 |title=How Bernie Sanders Explains Democratic Socialism |first=Clare |last=Foran |website=The Atlantic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://berniesanders.com/democratic-socialism-in-the-united-states/ |title=Senator Bernie Sanders on Democratic Socialism in the United States |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720220054/https://berniesanders.com/democratic-socialism-in-the-united-states/ |archive-date=July 20, 2017 |website=BernieSanders.com |date=November 19, 2015 }}</ref> In defining what ''democratic socialism'' means to him, Sanders said: "I don't believe government should take over the grocery store down the street or own the means of production, but I do believe that the middle class and the working families who produce the wealth of America deserve a decent standard of living and that their incomes should go up, not down. I do believe in private companies that thrive and invest and grow in America, companies that create jobs here, rather than companies that are shutting down in America and increasing their profits by exploiting low-wage labor abroad."<ref name="atlanticsocialism"/>

Based on his positions and votes throughout his career, many commentators consider his political platform based on tax-funded social benefits and not on [[social ownership]] of the [[means of production]].<ref name="Gram2015a">{{cite news|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/nation-politics/bernie-sanders-has-had-consistent-message-for-4-decades/ |title=Bernie Sanders has had consistent message for 4 decades |date=May 11, 2015 |work=The Seattle Times |agency=Associated Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151111064629/http://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/nation-politics/bernie-sanders-has-had-consistent-message-for-4-decades/ |archive-date=November 11, 2015 |url-status=dead |issn=0745-9696}}</ref><ref name="maddow1">{{cite news |last1=Maddow |first1=Rachel |title=Bernie Sanders' track record distinguished by consistency |url=https://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow/watch/sanders-record-distinguished-by-consistency-504479811515 |access-date=October 13, 2015 |publisher=[[MSNBC]] |date=August 13, 2015}}</ref> Some have described Sanders's political philosophy as "[[Welfare capitalism|welfarism]]"<ref name="Harris 2015">{{cite web | last=Harris | first=Malcolm | title=Is Bernie Sanders Really a Socialist? | website=Al Jazeera America | date=2015-10-19 | url=http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2015/10/is-bernie-sanders-really-a-socialist.html | access-date=2021-02-03}}</ref> or "social democracy"<ref name="social democrats"/> but not ''democratic socialism'' defined as "an attempt to create a property-free, socialist society."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marketplace.org/2015/11/18/elections/explaining-democratic-socialism |title=Explaining "democratic socialism" |last=Marshall-Genzer |first=Nancy |date=November 18, 2015 |publisher=Marketplace Elections |access-date=November 19, 2015}}</ref> Some members of various U.S. socialist parties and organizations have said that Sanders is a reformer of capitalism, not a socialist.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/10/13/real-socialists-think-bernie-s-a-sellout.html |title=Real socialists think Bernie is a sellout |last=Murphy |first=Patricia |date=October 10, 2015 |website=The Daily Beast |access-date=February 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dsausa.org/weneedbernie |title=#WeNeedBernie, Democratic Socialists of America |publisher=Dsausa.org |access-date=July 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709154400/https://www.dsausa.org/weneedbernie |archive-date=July 9, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sevendaysvt.com/vermont/a-former-ally-says-bernie-sanders-has-changed/Content?oid=2775474 |title=A Former Ally Says Bernie Sanders Has Changed |last=Davis |first=Mark |date=July 19, 2015 |website=The Daily Beast |access-date=February 3, 2016}}</ref> Others distinguish among ''socialism'', ''social democracy'', and ''democratic socialism'', and describe his philosophy as extending from such existing [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberal]] programs in the U.S. as [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] and [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/121680/bernie-sanders-democratic-socialist-not-just-socialist|title=Stop Calling Bernie Sanders a Socialist|last=Benson|first=Thor|date=April 30, 2015|work=The New Republic|access-date=July 18, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="social democrats"/> and more consistent with the social democracy found in much of Europe, especially the [[Nordic countries]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2016/05/17/bernies-democratic-socialism-isnt-socialism-its-social-democracy/ |title=Bernie's Democratic Socialism Isn't Socialism, It's Social Democracy |last=Worstall |first=Tim |work=Forbes |access-date=July 18, 2018 |date=May 17, 2016 }}</ref><ref name="social democrats"/> [[Noam Chomsky]] and [[Thomas Frank]] have described Sanders as "a [[New Deal]]er."{{efn|[[Thomas Frank]]'s comments are mentioned in the following book review: {{cite news |last= Lozada |first=Carlos |date=March 11, 2016 |title=The liberal war over the Obama legacy has already begun|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/book-party/wp/2016/03/11/the-liberal-war-over-the-obama-legacy-has-already-begun/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=March 17, 2016}}}} Other observers, such as [[Lane Kenworthy]] and [[Bhaskar Sunkara]], suggest that his views are more closely related to those of social democrats.<ref>
*{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/06/13/bernie-sanderss-brand-socialism-is-hard-pin-down/|title=Bernie Sanders's brand of socialism is hard to pin down|last=McArdle|first=Megan|date=June 13, 2019|work=The Washington Post}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/03/bernie-sanders-democratic-socialism/471630/|title=Bernie Is Not a Socialist and America Is Not Capitalist|last=Tupy|first=Marian|date=March 1, 2016|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US|access-date=January 14, 2020}}</ref><ref name="social democrats">
*{{Cite web|url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/04/bernie-sanders-democratic-socialism-new-deal-liberalism-cnn-town-hall.html |title=Bernie Sanders: 'Democratic Socialist' Is Just a Synonym for New Deal Liberal |last=Levitz |first=Eric |date=April 23, 2019 |website=Intelligencer |access-date=January 14, 2020}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://theweek.com/articles/726093/bernie-sanders-rise-american-social-democracy|title=Bernie Sanders and the rise of American social democracy|last=Cooper|first=Ryan|date=January 10, 2018|website=theweek.com|language=en|access-date=January 14, 2020}}
*{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/20/upshot/bernie-sanders-democratic-socialist-capitalist.html |title=Bernie Sanders, Democratic Socialist Capitalist |last=Barro |first=Josh |date=October 20, 2015 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=November 16, 2015}}
*{{Cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2015/11/20/9767096/bernie-sanders-socialism-jacobin|title=A leading socialist explains what Bernie Sanders's socialism gets right — and wrong|last=Matthews|first=Dylan|date=November 20, 2015|work=Vox|access-date=July 19, 2018}}</ref>

===Climate change===
Sanders views [[global warming]] as a serious problem,<ref name="Totten">{{cite news |last=Totten |first=Shay |date=January 15, 2007 |title=Sanders to push global warming legislation in Senate |work=Vermont Guardian |quote=Sen. Bernie Sanders, I-VT, said Monday he was making good on at least one of a handful of campaign promises — introducing a bill designed to cut U.S. contributions to global greenhouse gas emissions in the next decade. … Sanders added that construction of new power plants is "extraordinarily expensive" and he would prefer to see federal funding support used to expand the development of sustainable energy, as well as biofuels. |url=https://www.vermontguardian.com/local/012007/GlobalWarmingBill.shtml |access-date=August 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508004601/http://www.vermontguardian.com/local/012007/GlobalWarmingBill.shtml |archive-date=May 8, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> and advocates bold action to reverse its effects. He calls for substantial investment in [[infrastructure]], with energy efficiency, [[sustainability]], and [[job creation]] as prominent goals.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.democracynow.org/2014/9/22/bernie_sanders_at_peoples_climate_march |access-date=February 14, 2020 |title=Bernie Sanders at People's Climate March: To Stop Global Warming, Get Dirty Money Out of Politics |work=[[Democracy now!]] |date=September 22, 2014 |first=Amy |last=Goodman }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Ashley, III |last=Halsey |date=January 27, 2015 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dr-gridlock/wp/2015/01/27/bernie-sanders-wants-to-spend-1-trillion-on-infrastruture/ |title=Bernie Sanders wants to spend $1 trillion on infrastruture |work=The Washington Post |access-date=August 18, 2015 }}</ref> He considers [[Climate change and national security|climate change the greatest threat]] to national security.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/260184-sanders-climate-change-still-greatest-threat-to-national-security |first=Jonathan |last=Easley |date=November 14, 2015 |title=Sanders: Climate change still greatest threat to national security |newspaper=The Hill |access-date=December 19, 2019 }}</ref><ref name="Totten"/> He said that [[family planning]] can help fight climate change.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bernie Sanders in climate change 'population control' uproar |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-49601678 |access-date=February 14, 2020 |work=BBC News |date=September 5, 2019}}</ref> He opposed the construction of the [[Dakota Access Pipeline]] on the grounds that, like the [[Keystone XL Pipeline]], it "will have a significant impact on our climate."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2016/10/bernie-sanders-dakota-access-pipeline/ |access-date=February 14, 2020 |title=Bernie Sanders Just Asked President Obama to Halt the Dakota Access Pipeline |work=Mother Jones |date=October 13, 2016 |first=Alexander |last=Sammon }}</ref> In 2019, he announced his support for [[Green New Deal]] legislation,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Olivia |first1=Rosane |title=Bernie Sanders Enters 2020 Race, Promises Own Version of Green New Deal |url=https://www.ecowatch.com/bernie-sanders-2020-2629410846.html |date=February 19, 2019 |website=EcoWatch |access-date=April 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419115516/https://www.ecowatch.com/bernie-sanders-2020-2629410846.html |archive-date=April 19, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> and joined Representatives [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]] and [[Earl Blumenauer]] in proposing legislation that would declare climate change a national and international emergency.<ref>{{cite news |last=Day |first=Meagan |date=July 10, 2019 |title=The US Government Should Declare Climate Emergency|url=https://jacobinmag.com/2019/07/climate-emergency-legislation-bernie-sanders-aoc|work=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]] |access-date=July 10, 2019 }}</ref>

===Economic issues===
Sanders focuses on economic issues such as [[Income inequality in the United States|income]] and [[Wealth inequality in the United States|wealth inequality]],<ref name="Democratic socialist"/><ref>{{cite web |title=On the Issues: Income and Wealth Inequality |url=https://berniesanders.com/issues/income-and-wealth-inequality/ |publisher=BernieSanders.com |access-date=August 19, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620081832/https://berniesanders.com/issues/income-and-wealth-inequality/ |archive-date=June 20, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Poverty in the United States|poverty]],<ref>{{cite news |last= Pilkington|first=Ed|date=December 15, 2017 |title=Trump turning US into 'world champion of extreme inequality', UN envoy warns|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/dec/15/america-un-extreme-poverty-trump-republicans|work=The Guardian |access-date=December 16, 2017|quote=We are moving into 2018 – we should not be living in a country with 41 million people living in poverty and so many more in extreme poverty, and nobody even talks about it. – Bernie Sanders}}</ref> raising the minimum wage,<ref name = Lachman/> [[universal healthcare]],<ref name="Jaffe">{{cite news |last=Jaffe |first=Sarah |date=July 14, 2009 |title=Sanders Schools McCain on Public Healthcare |work=[[The Nation]] |quote=Senator Bernie Sanders is one of the Senate's fiercest advocates for real healthcare reform that puts Americans, not private insurance companies, first. Recently, Sanders told The Nation's Katrina vanden Heuvel, '[I]f you are serious about real healthcare reform, the only way to go is [[single-payer]].' |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/sanders-schools-mccain-public-healthcare/ |access-date=October 16, 2013}}</ref> cancelling all [[student debt]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nobles |first1=Ryan|last2=Krieg|first2=Gregory|date=June 23, 2019 |title=Bernie Sanders to unveil plan to cancel all $1.6 trillion of student loan debt|website=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/23/politics/bernie-sanders-student-loan-debt-cancellation/index.html|access-date=June 24, 2019}}</ref> making public colleges and universities tuition-free by [[Robin Hood tax|taxing financial transactions]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Resnikoff |first=Ned |date=May 19, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders unveils plan for tuition-free public colleges |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/5/19/bernie-sanders-unveils-plan-for-tuition-free-public-colleges.html |access-date=August 18, 2015}}</ref> and expanding [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] benefits by eliminating the cap on the payroll tax on all incomes above $250,000.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/sanders-calls-on-congress-to-strengthen-and-expand-social-security |title=Sanders Files Bill to Strengthen, Expand Social Security |website=Sanders.Senate.gov |date=March 12, 2015 |access-date=February 9, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first1=Nicole |last1=Woo |first2=Janelle |last2=Jones |first3=John |last3=Schmitt |date=September 2011 |url=http://cepr.net/publications/reports/whos-above-the-social-security-payroll-tax-cap |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116062936/https://cepr.net/publications/reports/whos-above-the-social-security-payroll-tax-cap |archive-date=November 16, 2011 |title=Who's Above the Social Security Payroll Tax Cap? |work=[[Center for Economic and Policy Research]] |access-date=September 7, 2015 }}</ref> He has become a prominent supporter of laws requiring companies to give their workers [[parental leave]], [[sick leave]], and [[List of statutory minimum employment leave by country|vacation time]], noting that such laws have been adopted by nearly all other developed countries.<ref name="agenda">{{cite web |title=Family values agenda: paid family leave, paid sick leave, paid vacation|url=https://www.sanders.senate.gov/download/061115-familyvaluesagendafactsheet?inline=file|website=Senate office of Bernard Sanders|format=PDF |access-date=August 18, 2015}}</ref> He also supports legislation that would make it easier for workers to join or form a [[Labor unions in the United States|trade union]].<ref name="Economic Agenda">{{cite news |first=Bernie |last=Sanders |date=December 1, 2014 |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/an-economic-agenda-for-am_b_6249022 |title=An Economic Agenda for America: 12 Steps Forward |work=HuffPost |access-date=June 27, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Ned |last=Resnikoff |date=October 6, 2015 |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/10/6/bernie-sanders-proposes-labor-law-reforms.html |title=Bernie Sanders proposes sweeping labor law reforms |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=October 6, 2015 }}</ref> He was against the [[Troubled Asset Relief Program]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sanders.senate.gov/news/record.cfm?id=303544|title=(Video) Bailout Petition Statement|date=September 24, 2008|publisher=Senate.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014003612/http://www.sanders.senate.gov/news/record.cfm?id=303544|archive-date=October 14, 2008|url-status=dead|access-date=August 29, 2010}}</ref> and has called for comprehensive financial reforms,<ref name="MarketWatch">{{cite web|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/text-of-bernie-sanders-wall-street-and-economy-speech-2016-01-05 |title=Text of Bernie Sanders' Wall Street and economy speech |website=MarketWatch |date=January 5, 2016 |first=Bernie |last=Sanders |access-date=January 6, 2016}}</ref> such as breaking up "[[too big to fail]]" financial institutions, restoring [[Glass–Steagall legislation]], reforming the [[Federal Reserve Bank]], and allowing the [[United States Postal Service|Post Office]] to offer basic financial services in economically marginalized communities.<ref name="huffingtonpost.com">{{cite news |last=Sanders |first=Bernie |date=May 7, 2015 |title=Break Up Big Banks |work=HuffPost |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/break-up-big-banks_b_7233284 |access-date=August 18, 2015}}</ref><ref name="politico.com">{{cite web |last1=Everett |first1=Burgess |title=Bernie Sanders backs big bank breakups, in contrast with Hillary Clinton |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2015/07/bernie-sanders-big-ban-break-ups-glass-steagall-120287 |date=July 17, 2015 |website=[[Politico]] |access-date=August 18, 2015}}</ref><ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news |last1=Sanders |first1=Bernie |title=Bernie Sanders: To Rein In Wall Street, Fix the Fed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/23/opinion/bernie-sanders-to-rein-in-wall-street-fix-the-fed.html |date=December 23, 2015 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=December 23, 2015}}</ref><ref name="The Atlantic">{{cite web |last1=Pinsker |first1=Joe |title=Bernie Sanders's Highly Sensible Plan to Turn Post Offices Into Banks |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/10/bernie-sanders-lets-turn-post-offices-into-banks/411589/ |website=The Atlantic |access-date=January 6, 2016|date=October 20, 2015 }}</ref>

Believing greater emphasis is needed on labor rights and environmental concerns when negotiating international trade agreements, Sanders voted against and has long spoken against [[NAFTA]], [[CAFTA]], and [[PNTR]] with [[China]]. He has called them a "disaster for the American worker," saying that they have resulted in American corporations moving abroad. He also opposes the [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]], which he says was "written by corporate America and the pharmaceutical industry and Wall Street."<ref>{{cite news |last=Sanders |first=Bernie |date=May 21, 2015 |title=The TPP Must Be Defeated |work=HuffPost |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-tpp-must-be-defeated_b_7352166 |access-date=August 18, 2015}}</ref><ref name="On the Issues">{{cite web |url=https://www.ontheissues.org/2016/Bernie_Sanders_Free_Trade.htm |title=Bernie Sanders on Free Trade |publisher=On the Issues |access-date=January 20, 2016}}</ref> On May 1, 2019, he tweeted: "Since the [[United States–China Relations Act of 2000|China trade deal]] I voted against, America has lost over three million manufacturing jobs. It's wrong to pretend that China isn't one of our major economic competitors."<ref>{{cite news |title=The Democratic candidates on foreign policy |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020-election/ |work=[[Foreign Policy]]}}</ref>

===Foreign relations===
[[File:Bernie Sanders helicopter Afghanistan 2011.jpg|thumb|left|Sanders steps out of a [[Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk]] helicopter after arriving in Afghanistan in 2011]]
On foreign policy, Sanders supports reducing [[United States military spending|military spending]] while pursuing more [[diplomacy]] and [[international cooperation]]. He opposed funding [[Nicaragua]]n rebels, known as [[contras]], in the [[CIA activities in Nicaragua|CIA]]'s [[Nicaragua v. United States|covert war]] against Nicaragua's leftist government.<ref>{{cite news |title=Who Was Naive About Bernie Sanders Meeting the Sandinistas? |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2019/05/who-was-naive-about-bernie-sanders-meeting-the-sandinistas/ |first=Jonathan M. |last=Katz |work=Mother Jones |date=May 30, 2019}}</ref> He opposed the [[U.S. invasion of Iraq]] and has criticized a number of policies instituted during the [[War on Terror]], particularly that of [[Mass surveillance in the United States|mass surveillance]] and the [[Patriot Act|USA Patriot Act]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sanders.senate.gov/video/flashback-rep-bernie-sanders-opposes-iraq-war |title=Flashback: Rep. Bernie Sanders Opposes Iraq War |work=Sanders.Senate.gov }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Krieg |first=Gregory |date=May 7, 2015 |url=https://www.mic.com/articles/117738/bernie-sanders-rips-nsa-spying-and-pushes-for-end-to-mass-surveillance |title=Bernie Sanders Rips NSA Spying and Pushes for End to Mass Surveillance |work=Mic.com |access-date=August 18, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statement on NSA Surveillance |url=https://www.sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/statement-on-nsa-surveillance |website=Sen. Bernie Sanders |access-date=October 13, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?173117-1/house-session&start=46850 |date=October 9, 2002 |title=House Session |work=[[C-SPAN]] |access-date=February 14, 2020 |page=13:00:50 }}</ref> He criticized [[Israel]]'s bellicose actions during the [[2014 Israel–Gaza conflict|2014 Gaza war]]<ref>{{cite news |access-date=February 14, 2020 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/bernie-sanders-accuses-netanyahu-of-overreacting-in-gaza-war/ |title=Bernie Sanders accuses Netanyahu of overreacting in Gaza war |website=The Times of Israel |date=November 19, 2015 }}</ref> and U.S. involvement in the [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://theintercept.com/2018/02/28/yemen-war-bernie-sanders-saudi-arabia/ |access-date=February 14, 2020 |title=Bernie Sanders Wants Congress to End U.S. Support for Yemen War. Saudi Lobbyists Fought Similar Measures Last Year. |first1=Lee |last1=Fang |first2=Alex |last2=Emmons |work=[[The Intercept]] |date=February 28, 2018 }}</ref> On November 15, 2015, in response to the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIL)'s [[November 2015 Paris attacks|attacks in Paris]], he cautioned against [[Islamophobia]] and said, "We gotta be tough, not stupid" in the war against ISIL, adding that the U.S. should continue to welcome Syrian refugees.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/11/16/politics/bernie-sanders-cleveland-isis/index.html |title=Bernie Sanders on ISIS: U.S. needs to be "tough" not "stupid" |last=LoBianco |first=Tom |date=November 17, 2015 |work=CNN |access-date=February 9, 2020 }}</ref> He criticized the January 2020 [[2020 Baghdad International Airport airstrike|drone assassination]] of Iranian general [[Qasem Soleimani]], calling it a dangerous [[2019–20 Persian Gulf crisis|escalation of tensions]] that could lead to an expensive war.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Choi |first1=Matthew |title=2020 Dems warn of escalation in Middle East after Soleimani killing |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/01/02/soleimani-2020-iran-democrats-093123 |access-date=February 14, 2020 |work=[[Politico]] |date=January 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103071024/https://www.politico.com/news/2020/01/02/soleimani-2020-iran-democrats-093123 |archive-date=January 3, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Sanders supports Palestinians' rights and has criticized Israel on several occasions. In 2020, he described the [[American Israel Public Affairs Committee]] as a platform for [[bigotry]] and said he would not attend its conference.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/sanders-accuses-pro-israel-group-giving-platform-bigotry-200224071117944.html|title=Sanders accuses pro-Israel group of giving platform to 'bigotry'|first=Usaid|last=Siddiqui|date=February 24, 2020|access-date=February 24, 2020|work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> He condemned Trump's decision to [[United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel|recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital]], saying, "It would dramatically undermine the prospects for an [[Israeli–Palestinian peace process|Israeli-Palestinian peace agreement]], and severely, perhaps irreparably, damage the United States' ability to broker that peace."<ref>{{cite news |title=Liberal US Jews blast Trump's expected Jerusalem declaration |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liberal-us-jews-blast-trumps-expected-jerusalem-declaration/ |first=Eric |last=Cortellessa |work=The Times of Israel |date=December 6, 2017 |access-date=February 14, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sanders |first=Bernie |title=Sanders Statement on Trump's Plan to Recognize Jerusalem as the Capital of Israel|website=Senate.gov |url=https://www.sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/sanders-statement-on-trumps-plan-to-recognize-jerusalem-as-the-capital-of-israel|date=December 5, 2017|access-date=February 28, 2020}}</ref>

Addressing [[Westminster College (Missouri)|Westminster College]] in a September 2017 speech, Sanders laid out a foreign policy plan for greater international collaboration, adherence to U.S.-led international agreements such as the [[Paris Agreement]] and the [[Iran nuclear deal framework]], and promoting human rights and democratic ideals. He emphasized the consequences associated with global economic inequality and climate change, and urged reining in the use of U.S. military power, saying it "must always be a last resort." He also criticized [[Foreign policy of the United States#Criticism|U.S. support for "murderous regimes"]] during the [[Cold War]], such as those in [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Iran]], [[Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–90)|Chile]] and [[Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador|El Salvador]], and said that those actions continue to make the U.S. less safe.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hancock |first= Jason|date=September 21, 2017 |title=Bernie Sanders, in Missouri speech, takes aim at 'outrageous' inequalities|url=https://www.kansascity.com/news/politics-government/article174608901.html |work=[[The Kansas City Star]] |access-date=September 24, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Detrow |first=Scott |date=September 21, 2017 |title=Bernie Sanders Lays Out His Foreign Policy Vision|url=https://www.npr.org/2017/09/21/552671703/bernie-sanders-lays-out-his-foreign-policy-vision|publisher=[[NPR]] |access-date=September 24, 2017}}</ref> He also spoke critically of Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. elections and the way President Trump has handled the crisis.<ref>{{cite news |last=Berman |first=Paul |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/275223/american-left-2-foreign-policy |title=The Foreign Policy of the American Left |work=Tablet Magazine |date=November 18, 2018 |access-date=November 27, 2018 }}</ref> He does not consider [[Turkey]] a U.S. ally, and condemned the [[2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria|Turkish military offensive]] against U.S.-aligned [[Rojava|Kurdish forces]] in northeastern [[Syria]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Democratic debate: Military veterans Tulsi Gabbard and Pete Buttigieg clash over Syria |first=Negar |last=Mortazavi |access-date=February 9, 2020 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election/democratic-debate-tulsi-gabbard-syria-pete-buttigieg-trump-turkey-a9157711.html |work=The Independent |date=October 16, 2019}}</ref>

===Gun laws===
Sanders supports closing the "[[gun show loophole]]," [[Assault weapons legislation in the United States|banning assault weapons]], and passing and enforcing [[Universal background check|universal federal background checks for gun purchases]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ben|first1=Kamisar|title=Gun control push complicates Sanders's 2020 ambitions |date=February 28, 2018 |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/375927-gun-control-push-complicates-sanderss-2020-ambitions|website=The Hill|access-date=March 25, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=April 17, 2013 |url=https://projects.propublica.org/represent/votes/113/senate/1/97 |title=Represent: Senate Vote 97: Defeats Manchin–Toomey Background Checks Proposal |website=ProPublica |access-date=May 28, 2018 |first1=Derek |last1=Willis |first2=Allison |last2=McCartney |first3=Jeremy B. |last3=Merrill}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ontheissues.org/2016/Bernie_Sanders_Gun_Control.htm |title=Bernie Sanders on Gun Control |publisher=Ontheissues.org |access-date=July 27, 2016}}</ref> In 1990, he was supported by the [[National Rifle Association]] in his bid to become a U.S. Representative in exchange for opposing both the competing campaign of Peter Smith, who had reversed his stance on firearm restrictions, and waiting periods for handgun purchases.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how-the-nra-helped-put-bernie-sanders-in-congress/2015/07/19/ed1be26c-2bfe-11e5-bd33-395c05608059_story.html|title=How the National Rifle Association helped get Bernie Sanders elected|last=Fahrenthold|first=David A.|date=July 19, 2015|website=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=July 16, 2018}}</ref> In 1993, while a U.S. Representative, he voted against the [[Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act]] (which established background checks and wait periods), and in 2005 voted for legislation that gave gun manufacturers legal immunity against claims of negligence, but {{as of|2016|lc=y}} he has since said that he would support repealing that law.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/01/26/everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-bernie-sanderss-record-on-guns/|title=Analysis {{!}} Everything you wanted to know about Bernie Sanders's record on guns|last=Lee|first=Michelle Ye Hee|date=January 26, 2016|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=June 4, 2018|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> In 1996, he voted against additional funding to the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] for research on issues related to firearms, but in 2016, he called for an increase in CDC funding for the study of gun violence.<ref name=":11" />

===Social issues===
On social issues, Sanders has long taken liberal stances.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/bernie-sanders-democratic-socialism |title=Bernie Sanders explains democratic socialism|last=Seitz-Wald|first=Alex|date=November 19, 2015|publisher=MSNBC|access-date=March 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301233912/http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/bernie-sanders-democratic-socialism|archive-date=March 1, 2019|url-status=live }}</ref> He considers himself a [[Feminism|feminist]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Tumulty|first= Karen|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/09/24/hey-bernie-sanders-are-you-a-feminist|title=Hey Bernie Sanders, are you a feminist?|website=[[The Washington Post]]|date=September 24, 2015|access-date=February 10, 2016}}</ref> is [[pro-choice]] on abortion, and opposes defunding [[Planned Parenthood]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Lavender |first=Paige |date=July 29, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders: GOP Efforts To Defund Planned Parenthood 'An Attack On Women's Health' |website=HuffPost |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/bernie-sanders-planned-parenthood_n_55b8f386e4b0074ba5a6fe60 |access-date=October 5, 2015}}</ref> He has denounced [[institutional racism]] and called for criminal justice reform to reduce the [[incarceration in the United States|number of people in prison]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Thomas |first=Ken |date=August 16, 2015 |agency=Associated Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405080456/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/bernie-sanders-racism_us_55d10b2be4b055a6dab0a4a8 |archive-date=April 5, 2016 |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/bernie-sanders-racism_55d10b2be4b055a6dab0a4a8 |website=HuffPost |url-status=dead |title=Bernie Sanders Vows To Better Address Racism }}</ref> advocates a crackdown on [[Police brutality in the United States|police brutality]], and supports abolishing [[Private prisons in the United States|private, for-profit prisons]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://berniesanders.com/issues/racial-justice/ |title=Issues: Racial Justice |work=BernieSanders.com |access-date=August 18, 2015}}{{Primary source inline|date=August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |access-date=February 14, 2020 |url=https://www.salon.com/2015/09/17/bernie_sanders_declares_war_on_the_prison_industrial_complex_with_major_new_bill/ |first=Sophia |last=Tesfaye |title=Bernie Sanders declares war on the prison-industrial complex with major new bill |website=[[Salon.com]] |date=September 17, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Bernie |last=Sanders |date=September 22, 2015 |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/we-must-end-for-profit-pr_b_8180124 |title=We Must End For-Profit Prisons |work=HuffPost |access-date=September 23, 2015 }}</ref> and the [[Capital punishment in the United States|death penalty]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.vice.com/read/bernie-sanders-wants-to-abolish-the-death-penalty-vgtrn-1030 | title=Bernie Sanders Wants to Abolish the Death Penalty | last=Schwartz | first=Drew | website=Vice | date=October 29, 2015 | access-date=August 3, 2016 | quote=Democratic presidential candidate Bernie Sanders called for an end to the death penalty on Thursday, laying out his case in a Senate floor speech just one day after Hillary Clinton{{snd}}the party's 2016 frontrunner and Sanders' main rival for the nomination{{snd}}said she was opposed to abolishing the practice.}}</ref> He supports [[Black Lives Matter]].<ref name="Huffington Post2">{{cite web | url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/bernie-sanders-tells-spike-lee-what-black-lives-matter-means-to-him_n_57067e01e4b0a506064e59e5 |title=Bernie Sanders Tells Spike Lee What Black Lives Matter Means To Him |website=HuffPost |date=April 7, 2016 |access-date=October 6, 2016 |last=Workneh |first=Lilly }}</ref> He also supports [[Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States|legalizing marijuana]] at the federal level.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/bernie-sanders-supports-ending-federal-marijuana-ban-54195/ |access-date=February 14, 2020 |title=Bernie Sanders Supports Ending Federal Marijuana Ban |work=Rolling Stone |date=October 28, 2015 |first=Tessa |last=Stuart }}</ref> He has advocated for greater democratic participation by citizens, [[Campaign finance reform in the United States|campaign finance reform]], and a constitutional amendment or judicial decision that would overturn ''[[Citizens United v. FEC]]''.<ref name="Legislation: Campaign Finance">{{cite web|url=https://www.sanders.senate.gov/legislation/issue/?id=a22c4c55-2c79-4d6b-895b-704230412415|title=Legislation: Campaign Finance|website=Bernie Sanders: U.S. Senator for Vermont|publisher=Senate.gov|access-date=February 17, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Saving American Democracy Amendment">{{cite web |url=https://www.sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/recent-business/saving-american-democracy-amendment |title=Saving American Democracy Amendment |date=December 8, 2011 |work=Sanders.Senate.Gov |access-date=December 18, 2019 }}</ref><ref name="Huffington Post">{{cite news |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/sanders-to-senate-if-we-dont-overturn-citizens-united-the-congress-will-become-paid-employees-of-the-billionaire-class_b_6918468 |title=If We Don't Overturn Citizens United, The Congress Will Become Paid Employees of the Billionaire Class|last=Sanders|first=Bernie|date=March 22, 2015|work=[[HuffPost]]|access-date=July 18, 2015}}</ref>

=== LGBTQ rights ===
He advocated for [[LGBT rights in the United States|LGBT rights]] as Burlington mayor in 1983 and voted against the 1996 [[Defense of Marriage Act]]. In 2006, he indicated that the time was not right for legalizing same-sex marriage nationally, describing the issue as one that should be handled at the state level; but then in 2009, he supported the [[Marriage Equality Act (Vermont)|legalizing same-sex marriage in Vermont]], which was enacted that year.<ref>{{cite news|last=Frizell|first=Sam|newspaper = Time|title=How Bernie Sanders Evolved on Gay Marriage|url=https://time.com/4089946/bernie-sanders-gay-marriage/ |date=October 28, 2015|access-date=August 14, 2017}}</ref> In 2014, he signed a letter to then-FDA commissioner [[Sylvia Burwell]] requesting that the [[FDA]] revise its policy banning donation of [[corneas]] and other tissues by men who have had sex with another man in the preceding 5 years.<ref>https://www.baldwin.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/9.8.14%20Bicameral%20Letter%20to%20HHS%20on%20MSM%20Policies.pdf</ref>

===Trump administration===
Sanders criticized President Trump for appointing multiple billionaires to his cabinet.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/05/politics/bernie-sanders-trump-fraud/ |access-date=February 14, 2020 |title=Sanders on Trump: 'This guy is a fraud'|date=February 6, 2017 |work=CNN |first=Eric |last=Bradner }} {{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/317981-sanders-trump-is-a-fraud |title=Sanders: Trump is a 'fraud'|first=Mallory|last=Shelbourne|date=February 5, 2017 |newspaper=The Hill |access-date=February 14, 2020 }}</ref> He criticized Trump's rolling back President Obama's [[Clean Power Plan]], noting the scientifically reported effect on climate change of human activity and citing Trump's calling those reports a hoax.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/mar/30/bernie-sanders-prioritizing-jobs-over-climate-chan/ |access-date=February 14, 2020 |title=Sanders: Prioritizing jobs over climate change is 'stupid and dangerous'|date=March 30, 2017|website=The Washington Times|first=Douglas|last=Ernst}}</ref> He called for caution on the [[Syrian Civil War]], saying, "It's easier to get into a war than out of one."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/bernie-sanders-slams-trumps-airstrike-syria-2522629 |title=Bernie Sanders Slams Trump's Airstrike On Syria|first=Juliana Rose|last=Pignataro|date=April 7, 2017|work=International Business Times}}</ref> In 2017, he promised to defeat "Trump and Trumpism and the Republican right-wing ideology".<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-ca-bernie-sanders-event-20170219-story.html |title=Bernie Sanders in Los Angeles: 'The truth is that Trump is a pathological liar'|date=February 21, 2017|website=Los Angeles Times|first=Javier|last=Panzer}}</ref>

Sanders gave an online reply to Trump's January 2018 State of the Union address in which he called Trump "compulsively dishonest" and criticized him for initiating "a looming immigration crisis" by ending the [[Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals]] program. He voiced concern about Trump's failure to mention the finding that Russia had interfered in the 2016 election and "will likely interfere in the 2018 midterms we will be holding… Unless you have a very special relationship with Mr. Putin."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Diaz|first1=Daniella|title=Bernie Sanders holds his own SOTU speech on-line|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/01/30/politics/bernie-sanders-donald-trump-2020-state-of-the-union/index.html |date=January 31, 2018 |work=CNN|access-date=February 4, 2018}}</ref>

On January 6, 2021, Trump supporters [[2021 storming of the United States Capitol|stormed the United States Capitol]]. Sanders commented: "[Trump] has made it clear that he will do anything to remain in power – including insurrection and inciting violence [and he] will go down in history as the worst and most dangerous president in history."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Haltiwanger |first1=John |title=Bernie Sanders skewers the president over Capitol siege: 'The man directly responsible for the chaos of today is Donald Trump' |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/sanders-says-trump-is-directly-responsible-for-capitol-siege-2021-1 |website=Business Insider |access-date=January 8, 2021}}</ref>

Sanders voted to convict Trump on both articles of his [[First impeachment trial of Donald Trump|first impeachment trial]] in 2020 (for pressuring a foreign leader to investigate [[Joe Biden]]), and again on the sole article of his [[Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump|second impeachment trial]] in 2021 (for inciting the [[2021 storming of the United States Capitol|storming of the Capitol]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Leahy, Sanders vote to convict Trump of inciting insurrection » Senator Bernie Sanders|url=https://www.sanders.senate.gov/in-the-news/leahy-sanders-vote-to-convict-trump-of-inciting-insurrection/|access-date=2021-04-23|website=Senator Bernie Sanders|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Biden administration ===
After Biden was elected president, Sanders became the subject of speculation over a potential appointment as [[United States Secretary of Labor|Labor Secretary]], which was supported by several progressive groups, such as the [[Sunrise Movement]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Climate Mandate - The Team We Need to Combat the Climate Crisis|url=https://climatemandate.org/|access-date=2021-04-23|website=Climate Mandate|language=en}}</ref> For his part, Sanders said that he would accept Biden's nomination if it was offered. But Biden chose [[Boston]] mayor [[Marty Walsh (politician)|Marty Walsh]] for the position instead. When announcing Walsh's nomination, Biden confirmed that he had discussed the position with Sanders, but the two agreed that Sanders's resignation from the Senate and the ensuing special election would have put the Democrats' slim Senate majority at risk.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Here's Why Biden Didn't Pick Sen. Bernie Sanders for Labor Secretary|url=https://www.necn.com/news/politics/heres-why-biden-didnt-pick-sen-bernie-sanders-for-labor-secretary/2385333/|access-date=2021-04-23|website=NECN|language=en-US}}</ref>

On February 23, 2021, Sanders became the first senator in the Democratic caucus to oppose one of Biden's cabinet picks when he voted against [[Tom Vilsack]]'s confirmation as [[United States Secretary of Agriculture|Agriculture Secretary]], citing concerns about Vilsack's past work as a lobbyist and ties to large corporations.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Homan|first=Timothy R.|date=2021-02-23|title=Sanders votes against Biden USDA nominee Vilsack|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/540137-sanders-votes-against-biden-usda-nominee-vilsack|access-date=2021-04-23|website=TheHill|language=en}}</ref>

Sanders strongly supported Senate Democrats' decision to use [[Reconciliation (United States Congress)|budget reconciliation]] (a procedure used to avoid [[Filibuster in the United States Senate|filibusters]]) to pass the [[American Rescue Plan Act of 2021]], despite having criticized Republicans' use of reconciliation to pass their [[Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017|2017 tax cuts]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hooper|first=Kelly|title=Bernie Sanders: Dems will use reconciliation to pass Covid relief 'as soon as we possibly can'|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/01/24/bernie-sanders-reconciliation-covid-relief-461843|access-date=2021-04-23|website=POLITICO|language=en}}</ref> The bill passed the Senate by a 50-49 vote and was signed into law by Biden on March 11, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kate Sullivan|title=Biden signs historic $1.9 trillion Covid-19 relief law|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/11/politics/biden-sign-covid-bill/index.html|access-date=2021-04-23|website=CNN}}</ref>

==Party affiliations==
Born into a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]-voting family, Sanders was first introduced to political activism when his brother [[Larry Sanders (politician)|Larry]] joined the [[Young Democrats of America]] and campaigned for [[Adlai Stevenson II]] in 1956.{{sfn|Sanders|2016|p=9}} Sanders joined Vermont's [[Liberty Union Party]] in 1971 and was a candidate for several offices, never coming close to winning election. He became party chairman,<ref name=":BeganRevolution">{{cite news|url=https://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/news/politics/2015/05/26/sanders-begin-political-revolution/27991467/|title=Sanders: 'We begin a political revolution'|last1=Burbank|first1=April|last2=Donoghue|first2=Mike|date=May 26, 2015|newspaper=[[Burlington Free Press]]|language=en|access-date=March 12, 2019}}</ref> but quit in 1977 to become an independent.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?&id=wgdlAAAAIBAJ&pg=5788,2134518 |title=Liberty Union Party Chief in Vermon Quits Position|date=October 12, 1977|work=Nashua Telegraph|access-date=March 1, 2016|agency=AP}}</ref> In 1980, he served as an elector for the [[Socialist Workers Party (United States)|Socialist Workers Party]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Phillips |first1=Amber |title=Bernie Sanders: A somewhat reluctant socialist |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/10/19/bernie-sanderss-surprisingly-slow-embrace-of-the-term-socialism/ |website=Washington Post |access-date=June 7, 2020 |language=en |date=November 19, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenation.com|title=The case against Bernie|last=Alterman|first=Eric|journal=The Nation |date=April 15, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0027-8378}}</ref> In 1981, Sanders ran as an independent for mayor of Burlington, Vermont, and defeated the Democratic incumbent; he was reelected three times.<ref name="Dreier2015"/> Although an independent, he endorsed Democratic presidential candidates [[Walter Mondale]] in [[1984 United States presidential election|1984]] and [[Jesse Jackson]] in [[Jesse Jackson presidential campaign, 1988|1988]]. His endorsement of Mondale was lukewarm (telling reporters that "if you go around saying that Mondale would be a great president, you would be a liar and a hypocrite"), but he supported Jackson enthusiastically.<ref name=mojo>{{cite web |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/12/bernie-sanders-jesse-jackson-campaign |title=This Is the Campaign That Explains Bernie Sanders |last=Murphy |first=Tim |date=December 17, 2015 |website=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] |access-date=January 22, 2017}}</ref> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' reported that the Jackson campaign helped inspire Sanders to work more closely with the Democratic Party.<ref name=mojo/><ref name=wapo/>

Sanders attended the 1983 conference of the [[Socialist Party USA]] where he gave a speech.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 13, 2016 |title=In Speech from 1983, Sanders Rails Against the Establishment |work=[[WNYC]] |url=https://www.wnyc.org/story/speech-1983-sanders-rails-against-establishment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.vn/7BN2c |archive-date=December 8, 2020}}</ref>

Sanders first ran for the U.S. House of Representatives in [[1988 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont|1988]] and for the U.S. Senate in [[2006 United States Senate election in Vermont|2006]], each time adopting a strategy of winning the Democratic Party primary, thereby eliminating Democratic challengers, and then running as an independent in the general election.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2018/05/21/bernie-sanders-is-still-borrowing-the-democratic-party/|title=Bernie Sanders is still borrowing the Democratic Party|last=Blake|first=Aaron|date=May 21, 2018|work=The Washington Post|access-date=March 12, 2019}}</ref> He continued this strategy through his reelection in the [[2018 United States Senate election in Vermont]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/05/21/bernie-sanders-democrat-independent-vermont-601844 |date=May 21, 2018|title=Sanders to run as a Democrat — but not accept nomination|last=Dovere|first=Edward-Isaac|website=POLITICO|language=en|access-date=March 12, 2019}}</ref> Throughout his tenure in Congress, he has been listed as an independent. He caucused with Democrats in the House<ref name="Shoah"/> while refusing to join the party,<ref name=":17" /> and continues to caucus with Democrats in the Senate.<ref name="Jones"/> Some conservative southern House Democrats initially barred him from the caucus as they believed that allowing a self-described socialist to join would harm their electoral prospects.<ref name=wapo/> He soon came to work constructively with Democrats, voting with the party over 90% of the time during his tenure in Congress.<ref name=wapo/>

Starting with his 2016 presidential campaign, Sanders's announcements suggested that not only was he running as a Democrat, but that he would run as a Democrat in future elections.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://burlingtonfreepress.com/story/news/local/2015/11/05/sanders-declares-democrat-nh-primary/75242938/ |first=Kathleen |last=Ronayne |newspaper=[[Burlington Free Press]] |title=Sanders declares as Democrat in NH primary |date=November 5, 2015 |quote=Sanders says he'll run as a Democrat in future elections. He says, 'I am running as a Democrat obviously, I am a Democrat now.'}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Blomquist |first1=Dan |last2=Way |first2=Robert |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/politics/2015/11/05/sanders-declares-democrat-new-hampshire-primary/jxK9D2LQAAKYdUW9CyjjdM/story.html |title=Bernie Sanders files for Democratic ballot in N.H. primary |work=[[Boston Globe]] |date=November 5, 2015 |quote=When a reporter asked Sanders his party allegiance after he filed, Sanders responded, 'I'm a Democrat.' He then called on Buckley, the Democratic chairman, who confirmed the senator's party allegiance. Sanders added that he would run as a Democrat in any future elections. |access-date=December 20, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Seitz-Wald |first1=Alex |last2=Koenig |first2=Kailani |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/sanders-files-new-hampshire-state-ballot-without-incident-n458271 |title=Sanders Files for New Hampshire State Ballot Without Incident |work=[[NBC News]] |date=November 5, 2015 |quote=Sanders declared himself a Democrat Thursday, and said he will run as a Democrat in future elections, and that was good enough for Gardner. }}</ref> When challenged by Clinton about his party commitment, he said, "Of course I am a Democrat and running for the Democratic nomination."<ref name=":19">{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/03/politics/democratic-town-hall-highlights/ |title=Clinton, Sanders clash over what it means to be progressive |work=CNN |date=February 5, 2016 |first=MJ |last=Lee |access-date=December 20, 2019}}</ref> Since he remained a senator elected as an independent, his U.S. Senate website and press materials continued to refer to him as an independent during the campaign and upon his return to the Senate.<ref name=":22">See [https://www.senate.gov/general/search/search_cfm.cfm?q=+%22Sanders+%28I-VT%29%22&x=16&y=10&site=default_collection&num=10&filter=0 search results for "Sanders (I-VT)" at www.senate.gov].</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite news |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2016/07/26/bernie-sanders-to-return-to-senate-as-an-independent/ |title=Bernie Sanders to Return to Senate as an Independent |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=July 26, 2016 |access-date=August 6, 2016 |first=Peter |last=Nicholas}}</ref> In October 2017, Sanders said he would run for reelection as an independent in 2018 despite pressure to run as a Democrat.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/356650-sanders-to-run-as-an-independent-in-2018 |title=Sanders to run as an independent in 2018 |last=Thomsen |first=Jacqueline |date=October 22, 2017 |work=The Hill |access-date=November 12, 2017}}</ref> His party status became ambiguous again in March 2019 when he signed a formal "loyalty pledge" to the Democratic Party stating that he was a member of the party and would serve as a Democrat if elected president. He signed the pledge the day after he signed paperwork to run as an independent for reelection to the Senate in 2024.<ref name=":18" />

After Trump's victory in the 2016 elections, Sanders suggested the Democratic Party undergo a series of reforms and that it "break loose from its corporate establishment ties and, once again, become a grass-roots party of working people, the elderly and the poor."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/12/opinion/bernie-sanders-where-the-democrats-go-from-here.html|title=Bernie Sanders: Where the Democrats Go From Here |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |last1=Sanders|first1=Bernie|date=November 11, 2016}}</ref> He drew parallels between his campaign and that of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017 UK general election]].<ref name="theguardian">{{cite news |last1=Roberts|first1=Dan|last2=Asthana|first2=Anushka|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jun/02/i-dont-think-he-needs-my-advice-bernie-sanders-applauds-jeremy-corbyn|title='There's a real similarity': Corbyn gets rousing support from Bernie Sanders|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=June 2, 2017|access-date=July 15, 2017}}</ref><ref name="independent">{{cite news |last=Kentish|first=Ben|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/bernie-sanders-jeremy-corbyn-praise-democracy-cambridge-union-us-senator-democrat-labour-leader-a7769091.html|title=Bernie Sanders praises 'courageous' Jeremy Corbyn for 'revitalising democracy'|work=[[The Independent]]|date=June 2, 2017|access-date=July 15, 2017}}</ref> He wrote in ''[[The New York Times]]'' that "the British elections should be a lesson for the Democratic Party" and urged the Democrats to stop holding on to an "overly cautious, centrist ideology," arguing that "momentum shifted to Labour after it released a very progressive manifesto that generated much enthusiasm among young people and workers."<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news |last=Sanders|first=Bernie|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/13/opinion/bernie-sanders-how-democrats-can-stop-losing-elections.html|title=Bernie Sanders: How Democrats Can Stop Losing Elections|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 13, 2017|access-date=August 1, 2017}}</ref><ref name="newstatesman">{{cite news |last=Hasan|first=Mehdhi|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/world/2017/06/prime-minister-jeremy-corbyn-sitting-down-president-bernie-sanders-no-longer-sounds-so |title=Prime Minister Jeremy Corbyn sitting down with President Bernie Sanders no longer sounds so outlandish|work=[[New Statesman]]|date=June 26, 2017|access-date=August 1, 2017}}</ref> He had earlier praised [[Jeremy Corbyn]]'s stance on class issues.<ref name="telegraph">{{cite news |last=Wilkinson|first=Michael|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/08/23/bernie-sanders-backs-jeremy-corbyn-in-labour-leadership-race|title=Bernie Sanders 'backs Jeremy Corbyn' in Labour leadership race|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=August 23, 2016|access-date=July 15, 2017}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Bernie and Jane Sanders by Gage Skidmore (cropped).jpg|thumb|Sanders with his wife [[Jane Sanders|Jane O'Meara]] in Des Moines, Iowa, January 2016]]

In 1963, Sanders and Deborah Shiling Messing, whom he met in college, volunteered for several months on the Israeli [[kibbutz]] [[Sha'ar HaAmakim]]. They married in 1964 and bought a summer home in Vermont; they had no children and divorced in 1966.<ref name=Politico/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Wisloski |first1=Jess |last2=Galloway |first2=Anne |title=Bernie Sanders' Early Days in Vermont: His Life, Loves and Circuitous Route to Politics |newspaper=VTDigger |location=Montpelier, Vermont |date=July 9, 2015 |url=https://vtdigger.org/2015/07/09/bernie-sanders-early-days-in-vermont-his-life-loves-and-circuitous-route-to-politics/ |access-date=May 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aderet |first1=Ofer |title=Mystery Solved? Haaretz Archive Reveals Which Kibbutz Bernie Sanders Volunteered On |url=http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.701513 |website=Haaretz |access-date=February 5, 2016 |date=February 4, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Shoah"/> His son (and only biological child), Levi Sanders, was born in 1969 to then-girlfriend Susan Campbell Mott.<ref name="The Populist Prophet"/>

On May 28, 1988, Sanders married [[Jane Sanders|Jane O'Meara Driscoll]] ({{née|Mary Jane O'Meara}}), who later became president of [[Burlington College]], in Burlington, Vermont.<ref>{{cite web |last=Greenhouse |first=Emily |date=May 12, 2015 |title=Getting to Know Jane Sanders, Wife of Bernie |publisher=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2015-05-12/getting-to-know-jane-sanders-wife-of-bernie |access-date=August 19, 2015}}</ref> The day after their wedding, the couple visited the Soviet Union as part of an official delegation in his capacity as mayor.<ref>{{cite news|title=George Will describes Bernie Sanders' Soviet Union honeymoon|url=http://www.politifact.com/punditfact/statements/2015/aug/12/george-will/george-will-reminds-readers-about-bernie-sanders-u/|work=[[PolitiFact]]|last=Cabaniss|first=Will|date=August 12, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=How Bernie Sanders Spent His Soviet 'Honeymoon'|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-02-11/how-bernie-sanders-spent-his-soviet-honeymoon|publisher=[[Bloomberg News#Bloomberg View|Bloomberg View]]|last=Bershidsky|first=Leonid|date=February 11, 2016}}</ref> They own a [[row house]] in [[Capitol Hill]], a house in Burlington's [[New North End]] neighborhood, and a lakefront [[summer home]] in [[North Hero]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sevendaysvt.com/OffMessage/archives/2016/08/08/bernie-sanders-buys-a-summer-home-in-north-hero|title=Bernie Sanders Buys a Summer Home in North Hero|first=Sasha|last=Goldstein|date=August 8, 2016|publisher=Seven Days}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/08/bernie-sanders-summer-house|title=Bernie Sanders Buys His Third House|last=Nguyen|first=Tina|date=August 9, 2016|website=Vanity Fair - The Hive|language=en|access-date=February 7, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-criticized-twitter-users-having-three-houses-587721|title=Bernie Sanders tweeted about billionaires' greed, then some Twitter users brought up his three homes|last=Marcin|first=Tim|date=April 21, 2017|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=February 7, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/reliable-source/wp/2016/08/10/bernie-sanders-buys-a-half-million-dollar-vacation-home-and-the-internet-cries-hypocrisy/|title=Bernie Sanders buys a $575,000 vacation home and the Internet cries hypocrisy|last=Andrews-Dyer|first=Helena|date=August 10, 2016|work=The Washington Post|access-date=February 5, 2019}}</ref> He considers Jane's three children—Dave Driscoll (born 1975), [[Carina Driscoll]] (born 1974), and Heather Titus ({{née|Driscoll}}; 1971)—to be his own.<ref name=Politico/><ref name=cnnfastfacts1/> He also has seven grandchildren,<ref>{{cite web |first=Sandra Sobieraj |last=Westfall |date=January 23, 2016 |url=https://people.com/celebrity/bernie-sanders-is-fun-grandpa-5-things-we-learned-at-his-home/ |title=Bernie Sanders Is 'Fun Grandpa': 5 Things We Learned at His Home |website=People}}</ref> three (including one who was adopted) through his son Levi and four through his stepchildren.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://considerable.com/bernie-sanders-grandchildren/ |date=February 10, 2016 |title=Does Bernie Sanders have grandchildren? |work=Considerable.com }}</ref>

Sanders's elder brother, [[Larry Sanders (politician)|Larry]], lives in [[England]];<ref>{{cite news |title=The Sanders brothers: A tale of two underdogs |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-33254500}}</ref> he was a [[Green Party of England and Wales|Green Party]] [[county councillor]], representing the East Oxford [[Electoral division (UK)|division]] on [[Oxfordshire County Council]], until he retired from the council in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=June 4, 2009 |title=Election results for East Oxford |publisher=Oxfordshire County Council |url=http://mycouncil.oxfordshire.gov.uk/%28S%2833rhih553gpijinuki3kvf55%29%29/mgElectionAreaResults.aspx?ID=27 |access-date=May 19, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= |date=June 8, 2013 |title=Green County Councillor Retires |publisher=Oxfordshire Green Party |url=http://www.greenoxfordshire.com/news/green-county-councillor-retires.html |access-date=July 18, 2015}}</ref> Larry ran as a Green Party candidate for [[Oxford West and Abingdon (UK Parliament constituency)|Oxford West and Abingdon]] in the [[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015 British general election]] and came in fifth.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hansen |first=Lauren |date=May 8, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders' brother lost his longshot bid for British Parliament |work=The Week |url=https://theweek.com/speedreads/554052/bernie-sanders-brother-lost-longshot-bid-british-parliament |access-date=May 8, 2015}}</ref><ref name=Collinson>{{cite news |last=Collinson |first=Stephen |date=May 7, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders' brotherly love |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/07/politics/bernie-sanders-brother-larry-sanders-uk/index.html |access-date=May 8, 2015}}</ref> Bernie Sanders told CNN, "I owe my brother an enormous amount. It was my brother who actually introduced me to a lot of my ideas."<ref name=Collinson/>

===Health===
On October 1, 2019, Sanders was hospitalized after experiencing chest pains at a campaign event in [[Las Vegas]]. His campaign announced the next day that a blockage had been found in one coronary artery and two [[stent]]s inserted.<ref name = ChoiOtterbein>{{cite news |last1=Choi |first1=Matthew|last2 = Otterbein|first2 = Holly|title=Bernie Sanders suffered heart attack, has been discharged from hospital |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2019/10/04/bernie-sanders-heart-attack-000276 |work=[[Politico]] |access-date=October 4, 2019 |date=October 4, 2019}}</ref> Scheduled campaign events and appearances were canceled until further notice.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Parks |first1=Maryalice |last2=Margolin |first2=Josh |last3=Karson |first3=Kendall |title=Bernie Sanders hospitalized with chest pain, campaign events canceled |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/bernie-sanders-78-canceled-events-notice-hospitalized/story?id=66003850 |work=[[ABC News]] |access-date=October 2, 2019 |date=October 2, 2019}}</ref> Two days later his campaign released a statement that he had been diagnosed with a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]]. He was released from the hospital the same day.<ref name = ChoiOtterbein/> The statement included the following from Sanders's doctors:<ref>{{cite news |title=Bernie Sanders suffered a heart attack, campaign reveals |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2019-10-04/bernie-sanders-suffered-a-heart-attack-doctors-reveal-says-he-feels-great-after-release-from-hospital |first=Matt |last=Pearce |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=October 8, 2019 |date=October 4, 2019}}</ref>
<blockquote>After presenting to an outside facility with chest pain, Sen. Sanders was diagnosed with a [[myocardial infarction]]. He was immediately transferred to Desert Springs Hospital Medical Center. The senator was stable upon arrival and taken immediately to the cardiac catheterization laboratory, at which time two stents were placed in a blocked coronary artery in a timely fashion. All other arteries were normal. His hospital course was uneventful with good expected progress. He was discharged with instructions to follow up with his personal physician.</blockquote>
A few days after returning home, Sanders addressed media outside his home and said he had experienced fatigue and chest discomfort for a month or two before the incident; he expressed regret for not seeking medical assessment sooner: "I was dumb."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/bernie-sanders-i-was-dumb-to-ignore-symptoms-before-heart-attack/ar-AAItjVB|title=Bernie Sanders to scale back campaign schedule in the wake of heart attack|last1=Krieg|first1=Gregory|last2=Nobles|first2=Ryan|date=October 8, 2019|website=www.msn.com|access-date=October 9, 2019}}</ref>

Sanders made his first national appearance after his heart attack on October 15 at the Democratic debate, at which he said, "I'm healthy, I'm feeling great." When asked how he would reassure voters about his health and ability to take on the duties of the presidency, he said, "We are going to be mounting a vigorous campaign all over this country. That is how I think I can reassure the American people." It was noted that he was "lively and sharp at the debate."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Villa |first1=Lissandra |title=Bernie Sanders Leverages the Debate for a Comeback Just Weeks After a Heart Attack |url=https://time.com/5701745/bernie-sanders-debate-health/ |date=October 16, 2019 |website=Time |access-date=October 16, 2019}}</ref>

In December 2019, three months after the heart attack, Sanders released letters from three physicians, [[Attending Physician of the United States Congress|Attending Physician of Congress]] [[Brian P. Monahan]] and two [[cardiologists]], who declared Sanders healthy and recovered from his heart condition.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/30/us/politics/bernie-sanders-health-medical-records.html |title=Bernie Sanders Is in 'Good Health,' His Doctors Say |author=Ember, Sydney |work=The New York Times |date=December 30, 2019 |access-date=February 2, 2020}}</ref>

===Honors and awards===
On December 4, 2015, Sanders won ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''{{'}}s 2015 [[Time Person of the Year|Person of the Year]] readers' poll with 10.2% of the vote<ref>{{cite web |first=Nick |last=Gass |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2015/12/bernie-sanders-time-person-of-the-year-poll-216481 |title=Bernie Sanders wins Time's Person of the Year readers' poll |work=[[Politico]] |access-date=December 7, 2015 |date=December 7, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Sam |last=Frizell |date=December 7, 2015 |url=https://time.com/4137173/bernie-sanders-time-person-of-the-year-poll-win/ |title=Bernie Sanders Wins Readers' Poll for TIME Person of the Year |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=December 7, 2015}}</ref> but did not receive the editorial board's award. On March 20, 2016, he was given an honorary [[Coast Salish]] name, {{lang|lut|dxʷshudičup}},{{efn|name="CoastSalishName"|{{IPA-all|ˌduːh.s.ˈhwuː.diː.ˌtʃuːp}}, {{literal translation|lk=on}} 'the one lighting the fires for change and unity' in [[Lushootseed]]}} by [[Deborah Parker]] in [[Seattle]] to honor his focus on Native American issues during his presidential campaign.<ref>{{cite news|author=|date=March 25, 2016|orig-year=Updated; originally published March 23, 2016|title=U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders honoured with Coast Salish name|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/bernie-sanders-receives-coast-salish-name-1.3504078|url-status=live|department=News (Indigenous)|work=[[CBC News]]|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180724230352/https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/bernie-sanders-receives-coast-salish-name-1.3504078#selection-2311.0-2323.210|archive-date=July 24, 2018|access-date=July 24, 2018}}</ref>

On May 30, 2017, Sanders received an [[honorary degree]] of [[Doctor of Humane Letters]] from [[Brooklyn College]].<ref>{{cite news| last = Singman| first = Brooke| title = Bernie Sanders slams GOP health care plans at New York college graduation|publisher=Fox News Channel| location = New York City| date = May 30, 2017| url = http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/05/30/bernie-sanders-slams-gop-health-care-plans-at-new-york-college-graduation.html| access-date = May 30, 2017}}</ref>

===In popular culture===
In December 1987, during his tenure as mayor of Burlington, Sanders recorded a folk album, ''[[We Shall Overcome (Bernie Sanders album)|We Shall Overcome]]'', with 30 Vermont musicians. As he was not a skilled singer, he performed his vocals in a [[talking blues]] style.<ref name="nprbehindthemusic">{{cite news |title=Behind The Music: Bernie Sanders |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/01/30/464736315/behind-the-music-bernie-sanders |access-date=February 4, 2016 |author=NPR Staff|website=NPR |date=January 30, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/the-untold-story-of-bernie-sanders-1987-folk-album-20151202 |work=Rolling Stone |title=The Untold Story of Bernie Sanders' 1987 Folk Album |date=December 2, 2015 |access-date=February 4, 2016 |last=Stuart|first=Tessa}}</ref> He appeared in a cameo role in the 1988 comedy-drama film ''[[Sweet Hearts Dance]]'', playing a man who distributes candy to young trick-or-treaters.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.avclub.com/article/who-knew-bernie-sanders-had-career-low-budget-rom--231777 |title=Bernie Sanders has appeared in not one, but two low-budget rom-coms |website=A.V. Club|access-date=February 5, 2016 |date=February 5, 2016 |last=Blevis|first=Joe}}</ref> In 1999, he acted in the film ''[[My X-Girlfriend's Wedding Reception]]'', playing Rabbi Manny Shevitz. In this role he mourned the [[Brooklyn Dodgers]]' move to Los Angeles, reflecting Sanders's own upbringing in Brooklyn.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/bernie-sanders-played-rabbi-1999-romantic-comedy-article-1.2519921 |work=Daily News|location=New York |title=Bernie Sanders plays rabbi Manny Shevitz in 1999 romantic comedy, goes on long-winded Brooklyn Dodgers rant |date=February 4, 2016 |access-date=February 4, 2016 |last=Wagner|first=Meg}}</ref> On February 6, 2016, he was a guest star alongside [[Larry David]] on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', playing a Polish immigrant on a [[steamship]] that was sinking near the [[Statue of Liberty]].<ref name="SNL">{{cite web |first=Sam |last=Sanders |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/02/07/465892623/with-a-little-help-from-larry-david-bernie-sanders-does-snl|title = With A Little Help From Larry David, Bernie Sanders Does SNL|website = NPR|access-date = February 7, 2016|date = February 7, 2016}}</ref>

==== Internet culture ====
Owing to his two high-profile campaigns in the 2016 and 2020 Democratic primaries, Sanders and his campaigns have generated many [[Internet meme]]s and other online content. The [[Facebook group]] [[Bernie Sanders' Dank Meme Stash]], where users can submit memes focused around Sanders, received significant attention in the 2016 primary season due to the at-the-time unique idea of a meme community focused entirely on a politician.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Can Bernie Sanders' Dank Meme Stash Swing the Election?|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/d7ypwa/bernie-sanders-dank-meme-stash-facebook-page|access-date=2021-01-21|website=www.vice.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ashkinaze|first=Josh|title=Politicians Should Embrace Internet Memes|url=https://oberlinreview.org/9607/opinions/politicians-should-embrace-internet-memes/|access-date=2021-01-21|website=The Oberlin Review}}</ref> During the 2020 primary season, a still from a fundraising video in which Sanders tells the viewers "I am once again asking for your financial support" went [[Viral phenomenon|viral]] online, with numerous edits made of the frame.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Bernie Sanders Meme Pile on Has Commenced|url=https://time.com/5779804/bernie-sanders-memes/|access-date=2021-01-21|website=Time}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ewart|first=Asia|title=Bernie Sanders' Campaign Ad Became A Viral Meme & We Are Here For It|url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2020/02/9347494/bernie-sanders-meme-i-am-once-again-asking-viral|access-date=2021-01-21|website=www.refinery29.com|language=en}}</ref> The day before [[Super Tuesday, 2020|Super Tuesday 2020]], a video of the Twitch streamer [[Neekolul]] wearing a Bernie 2020 shirt and lip-syncing the song "[[OK boomer|Oki Doki Boomer]]" also went viral.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Let the 'OK Boomer' Girl Live|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/wxe34n/let-the-ok-boomer-girl-live|access-date=2021-01-21|website=www.vice.com|language=en}}</ref> In 2021, a frame from the [[inauguration of Joe Biden]] showing Sanders seated in a folding chair wearing patterned mittens and a jacket reminiscent of the one in the "I am once again asking" meme [[Bernie Sanders mittens meme|went viral]], with the image captioned or edited into other images, most commonly popular movie scenes.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Romano|first=Aja|date=2021-01-20|title=Bernie Sanders inauguration memes are liberal comfort food|url=https://www.vox.com/2021/1/20/22241280/bernie-sanders-inauguration-day-memes-coat|access-date=2021-01-21|website=Vox|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ives|first1=Mike|last2=Victor|first2=Daniel|date=2021-01-21|title=Bernie Sanders Is Once Again the Star of a Meme|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/21/us/politics/bernie-sanders-meme.html|access-date=2021-01-21|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

===Religion, heritage, and values===
As Sanders described his upbringing as an [[American Jews|American Jew]] in a 2016 speech: his father generally attended [[synagogue]] only on [[Yom Kippur]]; he attended [[American public schools|public schools]] while his mother "chafed" at his [[yeshiva]] Sunday schooling at a [[Hebrew school]]; and their religious observances were mostly limited to [[Passover]] [[Passover Seder|seders]] with their neighbors. Larry Sanders said of their parents, "They were very pleased to be [[Jews]], but didn't have a strong belief in [[God in Judaism|God]]."<ref name=NYT02242016>{{cite news |last=Berger |first=Joseph |title=Bernie Sanders Is Jewish, but He Doesn't Like to Talk About It |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |page=A16 |date=February 24, 2016 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/25/us/politics/bernie-sanders-jewish.html |access-date=February 24, 2016}}</ref> Bernie had a [[bar mitzvah]]<ref name=Sellers/> at the historic [[Kingsway Jewish Center]] in [[Midwood, Brooklyn]], where he grew up.<ref name=NYT02242016/>

In 1963, in cooperation with the [[Labor Zionism|Labor Zionist]] youth movement [[Hashomer Hatzair]], Sanders and his first wife [[Kibbutz volunteer|volunteered]] at [[Sha'ar HaAmakim]], a kibbutz in northern Israel.<ref>{{cite news |last=Zeveloff |first=Naomi |date=February 4, 2016 |title=Bernie Sanders Kibbutz Revealed at Last |url=https://forward.com/news/israel/332946/revealed-at-last-inside-the-kibbutz-where-bernie-sanders-lived-and-learned/ |newspaper=Forward |access-date=February 4, 2016}}</ref><ref name="jtamysterysolved">{{cite news |title=Mystery solved: Sanders volunteered at Kibbutz Shaar HaEmekim |url=https://www.jta.org/2016/02/05/politics/sanders-in-1990-named-the-kibbutz-were-he-stayed-in-the-early-1960s |access-date=February 5, 2016 |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |date=February 5, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Frances Stead Sellers |title=The kibbutz Bernie Sanders stayed in may have been revealed |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/02/05/the-kibbutz-bernie-sanders-stayed-in-may-have-been-revealed/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=February 5, 2016 |access-date=February 6, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Jewish"/> His motivation for the trip was as much socialistic as it was Zionistic.<ref name=NYT02242016/>

As mayor of Burlington, Sanders allowed a [[Chabad]] [[public menorah]] to be placed at city hall, an action the [[American Civil Liberties Union|ACLU]] contested. He publicly inaugurated the [[Hanukkah]] [[Menorah (Hanukkah)|menorah]] and performed the Jewish religious ritual of [[Hanukkah music#Hanukkah blessings|blessing Hanukkah candles]].<ref name=NYT02242016/> His early and strong support played a significant role in the now widespread [[public menorah]] celebrations around the globe.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kellner |first=Mark |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/bernie-sanders-supported-religious-liberty-in-menorah-dispute/2016/02/10/f46d1250-d042-11e5-90d3-34c2c42653ac_story.html |title=Bernie Sanders supported religious liberty in menorah dispute |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=February 10, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ziri |first=Danielle |url=https://www.jpost.com/US-Elections/Sanders-may-play-down-Judaism-but-he-has-a-fan-in-Chabad-Lubavitch-444487 |title=Sanders may play down Judaism, but he played big role in Hannukah case |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=February 10, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=Sally |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/09/us/the-law-menorah-ruling-little-new-light.html |title=The Law; Menorah Ruling: Little New Light |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 9, 1988 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/3224239/jewish/Some-More-Info-on-Bernie-Sanders-and-Judaism-blog.htm |title=Some More Info on Bernie Sanders and Judaism (blog) |website=[[Chabad.org]] |access-date=December 19, 2019 }}</ref> When asked about his Jewish heritage, Sanders has said that he is "proud to be Jewish."<ref name="Jewish"/>

Sanders rarely speaks about religion.<ref name="Sellers"/> He describes himself as "not particularly religious"<ref name="Jewish"/> and "not actively involved" with [[organized religion]].<ref name="Sellers"/> A press package issued by his office states his religion as Jewish.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sanders.senate.gov/download/press-package?download=1 |title=Press Package |website=Sanders.Senate.gov |access-date=February 5, 2015 }}</ref> He has said he believes in God, but not necessarily in a traditional way: "I think everyone believes in God in their own ways," he said. "To me, it means that all of us are connected, all of life is connected, and that we are all tied together."<ref name="Sellers">{{cite news |last1=Sellers |first1=Frances |last2=Wagner |first2=John |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/bernie-sanders-finally-answers-the-god-question/2016/01/26/83429390-bfb0-11e5-bcda-62a36b394160_story.html |title=Why Bernie Sanders doesn't participate in organized religion |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=January 27, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Winston |first=Kimberly |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/bernie-sanders-disappoints-some-atheists-with-very-strong-religious-feelings/2016/02/04/433a07f8-cb89-11e5-b9ab-26591104bb19_story.html |title=Bernie Sanders disappoints some atheists with 'very strong religious' feelings |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=February 4, 2016 }}</ref> In October 2015, on the [[late-night talk show]] ''[[Jimmy Kimmel Live!]]'', Kimmel asked him, "You say you are culturally Jewish and you don't feel religious; do you believe in God and do you think that's important to the people of the United States?" Sanders replied:<ref>{{cite news |last=Friedman |first=Gabe |url=https://www.haaretz.com/watch-sanders-talks-larry-davids-impression-and-marijuana-1.5412790 |title=Watch: Bernie Sanders talks spirituality, Larry David and marijuana on 'Jimmy Kimmel' |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=October 24, 2015 }}</ref>

{{quote|I am who I am, and what I believe in and what my spirituality is about is that we're all in this together. That I think it is not a good thing to believe as human beings we can turn our backs on the suffering of other people… and this is not Judaism, this is what Pope Francis is talking about, that we can't just worship billionaires and the making of more and more money. Life is more than that.}}

In 2016, he disclosed that he had "very strong religious and spiritual feelings," adding, "My spirituality is that we are all in this together and that when children go hungry, when veterans sleep out on the street, it impacts me."<ref name="jtasandersdiscussesfaith">{{cite news |title=Sanders discusses faith, Clinton grapples with rabbinical question on humility |url=https://www.jta.org/2016/02/04/politics/sanders-discusses-faith-clinton-grapples-with-rabbis-question-on-humility |access-date=February 4, 2016 |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |date=February 4, 2016}}</ref>

Sanders does not regularly attend synagogue, and he does not refrain from working on [[Rosh Hashanah]], as observant Jews do. He has attended [[Yahrtzait|yahrzeit observances]] in memory of the deceased, for the father of a friend, and in 2015 attended a [[Tashlikh]], an atonement ceremony, with the mayor of Lynchburg on the afternoon of [[Rosh Hashanah]].<ref name=NYT02242016/> According to his close friend [[Richard Sugarman]], a professor of religious studies at the [[University of Vermont]], Sanders's Jewish identity is "certainly more ethnic and cultural than religious."<ref>{{cite news |last=Kampeas |first=Ron |url=https://forward.com/news/322284/bernie-sanders-opens-up-about-jewish-upbringing-at-last/ |title=Bernie Sanders Opens Up About Jewish Upbringing{{snd}}at Last |work=[[The Forward]] |date=October 8, 2015 }}</ref> [[Deborah Dash Moore]], a Judaic scholar at the [[University of Michigan]], has said that Sanders has a particular type of "ethnic Jewishness that is out of style these days among American Jews."<ref>{{cite news |last=Mangla |first=Ismat Sarah |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/why-arent-american-jews-celebrating-bernie-sanders-2016-2311495 |title=Why Aren't American Jews Celebrating Bernie Sanders In 2016? |work=[[International Business Times]] |date=February 18, 2016 }}</ref> His wife is [[Roman Catholic]], and he has often expressed admiration for [[Pope Francis]], saying that "the leader of the [[Catholic Church]] is raising profound issues. It is important that we listen to what he has said." He has said he feels very close to Francis's economic teachings, describing him as "incredibly smart and brave."<ref name=gaudiano/><ref name="Pope Francis">{{cite web |last=Sanders |first=Bernie |date=February 15, 2015 |title=Pope Francis |publisher=Senate.gov |url=https://www.sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/video-audio/pope-francis |access-date=June 13, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Heilman |first=Uriel |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2016-35999269 |title=New Hampshire Jews all over the map ahead of presidential primary |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=February 2, 2016 }}</ref> In April 2016, he accepted an invitation from [[Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo]], an aide close to Francis, to speak at a Vatican conference on economic and environmental issues. While at the [[Vatican City|Vatican]], he met briefly with Francis.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/16/us/politics/bernie-sanders-vatican.html |title=As Bernie Sanders Heads to Vatican, a Visit With Pope Francis Seems in Doubt |first=Jason |last=Horowitz |date=April 15, 2016 |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=April 17, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/51a3860bb14940608f9f6539bd441f4e/bernie-sanders-says-he-met-pope-francis |title=Pope: Sanders encounter sign of good manners, 'nothing more' |first=Ken |last=Thomas |date=April 16, 2016 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=April 17, 2016}}</ref>

==Publications==
* With [[Huck Gutman]], {{cite book|title=Outsider in the White House|publisher=[[Verso Books]]|year=2015|orig-year=1997|location=London|isbn=978-1-78478-418-8|oclc=918986570|title-link=Outsider in the White House}}
* In {{cite book|chapter=Why Americans Should Take Back the Media|title=The Future of Media: Resistance and Reform in the 21st Century|editor1=[[Robert W. McChesney|Robert McChesney]]|editor2=Russell Newman|editor3=[[Ben Scott (policy advisor)|Ben Scott]]|publisher=[[Seven Stories Press]]|year=2005|isbn=978-1-58322-679-7|oclc=57574152}}
* {{cite book|title=The Speech: A Historic Filibuster on Corporate Greed and the Decline of Our Middle Class|publisher=[[Bold Type Books]]|year=2015|orig-year=2011|location=New York|isbn=978-1-56858-554-3|oclc=927456901|lccn=2011920256|ol=25090387M|title-link=The Speech: A Historic Filibuster on Corporate Greed and the Decline of Our Middle Class}}
* {{cite book|title=Our Revolution: A Future to Believe In|publisher=[[Thomas Dunne Books]]|year=2016|isbn=978-1-250-13292-5|oclc=1026148801|title-link=Our Revolution (book)}}
* {{cite book|title=Bernie Sanders Guide to Political Revolution|publisher=[[Henry Holt and Company]]|year=2017|isbn=978-1-250-13890-3|oclc=999379791|title-link=Bernie Sanders Guide to Political Revolution}}
* {{cite book|title=Where We Go from Here: Two Years in the Resistance|publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|Gale]]|year=2018|isbn=978-1-432-86916-8|oclc=1126540640|title-link=Where We Go from Here}}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[American Left]]
* [[History of the socialist movement in the United States]]
* [[List of elected socialist mayors in the United States]]
* [[List of Jewish members of the United States Congress]]
* [[List of people who received an electoral vote in the United States Electoral College]]
* ''[[Spintharus berniesandersi]]''
* [[Third-party members of the United States House of Representatives]]
* [[Electoral history of Bernie Sanders]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=25em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Rall |first=Ted |date=2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mMaUCwAAQBAJ |title=Bernie |publisher=Hollowbrook Publishing |location=New York |isbn=978-1609806989}}
* {{cite journal |last=Rice |first=Tom W. |year=1985 |title=Who Votes for a Socialist Mayor?: The Case of Burlington, Vermont |journal=Polity |doi=10.2307/3234575 |issn=0032-3497 |jstor=3234575 |oclc=5546248357 |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=795–806|s2cid=153889856 }}
* {{cite book |last=Rosenfeld |first=Steven |date=1992 |title=Making History in Vermont: The Election of a Socialist to Congress |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBRyAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Hollowbrook Publishing |location=Wakefield, NH |isbn=978-0-89341-698-0 |lccn=91034055 |oclc=24468446 |ol=1553980M}}
* {{cite book |last=Soifer |first=Steven |date=1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S8h4AAAAMAAJ |title=The Socialist Mayor: Bernard Sanders in Burlington, Vermont |publisher=Praeger |location=Westport, CN |isbn=978-0-89789-219-3 |lccn=90048954 |oclc=22491683 |ol=1887682M}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|b=no|commons=Category:Bernie Sanders|d=Q359442|n=yes|q=Bernie Sanders|s=Author:Bernie Sanders|v=no|wikt=no}}

===Official===
* [https://www.sanders.senate.gov/ U.S. Senate website]
* [https://berniesanders.com/ Campaign website]
{{CongLinks | congbio=s000033 | fec=S4VT00033 | congress=bernard-sanders/1010}}

===Other===
* {{C-SPAN|Bernie Sanders}}
* {{Curlie|Regional/North_America/United_States/Vermont/Government/Federal/US_Senate/Bernie_Sanders_%5BI%5D}}
* [https://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/bernie-sanders/ Column archive] at ''[[HuffPost|The Huffington Post]]''
* [http://www.ontheissues.org/Senate/Bernie_Sanders.htm Issue positions and quotes] at [[On the Issues]]
* [http://www.politifact.com/personalities/bernie-s Fact-checking] at [[PolitiFact.com]]
{{CongLinks | votesmart=27110}}

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Noam Chomsky

2021-06-27T01:55:36Z

IHateConservatives: Made the page accurate

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{{Use American English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Noam Chomsky
| image = Noam Chomsky portrait 2017 retouched.png
| alt = A photograph of Noam Chomsky
| caption = Chomsky in 2017
| birth_name = Avram Noam Chomsky
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1928|12|7}}
| birth_place = [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[U.S.]]
| thesis_title = Transformational Analysis
| thesis_url = http://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI0013380/
| thesis_year = 1955
| doctoral_advisor = [[Zellig Harris]]{{sfn|Partee|2015|p=328}}
| doctoral_students = {{collapsible list| title = {{nbsp}} | [[Mark Baker (linguist)|Mark Baker]], [[Ray C. Dougherty]], [[C.-T. James Huang]], [[Ray Jackendoff]], [[George Lakoff]], [[Howard Lasnik]], [[Robert Lees (linguist)|Robert Lees]], [[Alec Marantz]], [[James D. McCawley]], [[Barbara Partee]], [[Tanya Reinhart]], [[John R. Ross]]
}}
| known_for =
| influences = {{collapsible list| title = {{nbsp}}
| 

{{collapsible list| title = Academic | [[J. L. Austin]], [[William Chomsky]], [[C. West Churchman]], [[René Descartes]], [[Galileo]],{{sfn|Chomsky|1991|p=50}} [[Nelson Goodman]], [[Morris Halle]], [[Zellig Harris]], [[Wilhelm von Humboldt]], [[David Hume]],{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|pp=44–45}} [[Roman Jakobson]], [[Immanuel Kant]],{{sfn|Slife|1993|p=115}} [[George Armitage Miller]], [[Pāṇini]], [[Hilary Putnam]],{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=58}} [[W. V. O. Quine]], [[Bertrand Russell]], [[Ferdinand de Saussure]], [[Marcel-Paul Schützenberger]], [[Alan Turing]],{{sfn|Chomsky|1991|p=50}} [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]]{{sfn|Antony|Hornstein|2003|p=295}}
}}



{{collapsible list| title = Political | [[Mikhail Bakunin]], [[Alex Carey (writer)|Alex Carey]], [[William Chomsky]], [[John Dewey]],{{sfn|Chomsky|2016}} [[Zellig Harris]], [[Wilhelm von Humboldt]],{{sfn|Harbord|1994|p=487}} [[David Hume]],{{sfn|Barsky|2007|p=107}} [[Karl Korsch]], [[Peter Kropotkin]],{{sfn|Barsky|2007|p=107}} [[Karl Liebknecht]], [[Rosa Luxemburg]], [[John Locke]], [[Dwight Macdonald]], [[Paul Mattick]],{{sfn|Barsky|2007|p=107}} [[John Stuart Mill]], [[George Orwell]], [[Anton Pannekoek]], [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]],{{sfn|Smith|2004|p=185}} [[Rudolf Rocker]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]],{{sfn|Barsky|2007|p=107}} [[Bertrand Russell]], [[Diego Abad de Santillán]], [[Adam Smith]]{{sfn|Barsky|2007|p=107}}
}}
}}
| influenced = {{collapsible list| title = {{nbsp}}
| 

{{collapsible list| title = In academia | [[John Backus]], [[Derek Bickerton]], [[Julian C. Boyd]], [[Daniel Dennett]],{{sfn|Amid the Philosophers}} [[Daniel Everett]], [[Jerry Fodor]], [[Gilbert Harman]], [[Marc Hauser]], [[Norbert Hornstein]], [[Niels Kaj Jerne]], [[Donald Knuth]], [[Georges J. F. Köhler]], [[Peter Ludlow]], [[Colin McGinn]],{{sfn|Persson|LaFollette|2013}} [[César Milstein]], [[Steven Pinker]],{{sfn|Prickett|2002|p=234}} [[John Searle]],{{sfn|Searle|1972}} [[Neil Smith (linguist)|Neil Smith]], [[Crispin Wright]]{{sfn|Amid the Philosophers}}
}}



{{collapsible list| title = In politics | [[Michael Albert]], [[Julian Assange]], [[Bono]],{{sfn|Adams|2003}} [[Jean Bricmont]], [[Hugo Chávez]], [[Zach de la Rocha]], [[Clinton Fernandes]], [[Norman Finkelstein]], [[Robert Fisk]], [[Amy Goodman]], [[Stephen Jay Gould]],{{sfn|Gould|1981}} [[Glenn Greenwald]], [[Christopher Hitchens]],{{sfn|Adams|2003}} [[Naomi Klein]],{{sfn|Adams|2003}} [[Michael Moore]],{{sfn|Adams|2003}} [[John Nichols (journalist)|John Nichols]], [[Ann Nocenti]],{{sfn|Keller|2007}} [[John Pilger]], [[Harold Pinter]],{{sfn|Adams|2003}} [[Arundhati Roy]], [[Edward Said]], [[Aaron Swartz]]{{sfn|Swartz|2006}}
}}
}}
| signature = Noam Chomsky signature.svg
| website = https://chomsky.info
| spouse = {{Plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Carol Chomsky|Carol Doris Schatz]]|1949| December 19, 2008|end=died}}
* {{marriage|Valeria Wasserman|2014}}
}}
| children = 3, including [[Aviva Chomsky|Aviva]]
| discipline = [[Linguistics]], [[analytic philosophy]], [[cognitive science]], [[political criticism]]
| work_institutions = {{Plainlist|
* [[University of Arizona]] (2017–present)
* [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (1955–present)
* [[Institute for Advanced Study]] (1958–1959)
}}
| education = [[University of Pennsylvania]] {{nowrap|([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], 1949; [[Master of Arts|MA]], 1951; [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]], 1955)}}
| awards = {{collapsible list| title = {{nbsp}} | {{Plainlist|
* [[Guggenheim Fellowship]] (1971)
* [[Member of the National Academy of Sciences]] (1972)
* [[APA Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Psychology]] (1984)
* [[Orwell Award]] (1987, 1989)
* [[Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences]] (1988)
* [[Helmholtz Medal]] (1996)
* [[Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute)|Benjamin Franklin Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science]] (1999)
* [[Sydney Peace Prize]] (2011)
* [[Nuclear Age Peace Foundation]] (2014)
}}
}}
}}


'''Avram Noam Chomsky'''{{efn|English: {{IPAc-en|n|oʊ|m|_|ˈ|tʃ|ɒ|m|s|k|i|audio=Noam Chomsky.ogg}} {{respell|NOHM|_|CHOM|skee}} {{IPA-he|'noʔam 'χomski|lang}}}} (born December 7, 1928) is an [[Americans|American]] [[linguist]], [[philosopher]], [[cognitive scientist]], [[historian]],{{efn|"In thinking about the Effect of Chomsky's work, we have had to dwell upon the reception of Chomsky's work and the perception of Chomsky as a Jew, a linguist, a philosopher, a historian, a gadfly, an icon, and an anarchist." {{harvcol|Barsky|2007|p=107}}}}{{efn|"Since his ''Cartesian linguistics'' (1966) it has been clear that Chomsky is a superb intellectual historian—a historian of philosophy in the case of his 1966 book, his earliest incursion into the field; later writings (e.g., ''Year 501'') extended the coverage to world history. The lectures just mentioned and other writings take on highly significant and sometimes not properly appreciated, and often misunderstood, developments in the history of science." {{harvcol|Otero|2003|p=416}}}} [[social critic]], and [[political activist]]. Sometimes called "the father of modern linguistics",{{efn|name=father}} Chomsky is also a major figure in [[analytic philosophy]] and one of the founders of the field of cognitive science. He is Laureate Professor of Linguistics at the [[University of Arizona]] and [[Institute Professor|Institute Professor Emeritus]] at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT), and is the author of more than 150 books on topics such as linguistics, war, politics, and [[mass media]]. Ideologically, he aligns with [[anarcho-syndicalism]] and [[libertarian socialism]].


Born to [[Jewish]] immigrants in [[Philadelphia]], Chomsky developed an early interest in [[anarchism]] from alternative bookstores in New York City. He studied at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. During his postgraduate work in the [[Harvard Society of Fellows]], Chomsky developed the theory of [[transformational grammar]] for which he earned his doctorate in 1955. That year he began teaching at MIT, and in 1957 emerged as a significant figure in linguistics with his landmark work ''[[Syntactic Structures]]'', which played a major role in remodeling the study of language. From 1958 to 1959 Chomsky was a [[National Science Foundation]] fellow at the [[Institute for Advanced Study]]. He created or co-created the [[Universal Grammar|universal grammar]] theory, the [[generative grammar]] theory, the [[Chomsky hierarchy]], and the [[minimalist program]]. Chomsky also played a pivotal role in the decline of linguistic [[behaviorism]], and was particularly critical of the work of [[B. F. Skinner]].


An outspoken [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|opponent]] of [[Role of the United States in the Vietnam War|U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War]], which he saw as an act of [[American imperialism]], in 1967 Chomsky rose to national attention for his [[Anti-war movement|anti-war]] essay "[[The Responsibility of Intellectuals]]". Becoming associated with the [[New Left]], he was arrested multiple times for his activism and placed on President [[Richard Nixon]]'s [[Master list of Nixon's political opponents|Enemies List]]. While expanding his work in linguistics over subsequent decades, he also became involved in the [[linguistics wars]]. In collaboration with [[Edward S. Herman]], Chomsky later articulated the [[propaganda model]] of [[media criticism]] in ''[[Manufacturing Consent]]'' and worked to expose the [[Indonesian occupation of East Timor]]. His defense of unconditional [[freedom of speech]], including that of [[Holocaust denial]], generated significant controversy in the [[Faurisson affair]] of the 1980s. Since retiring from active teaching at MIT, he has continued his vocal political activism, including opposing the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]] and supporting the [[Occupy movement]]. Chomsky began teaching at the [[University of Arizona]] in 2017.


One of the most cited scholars alive,{{sfn|''MIT Tech Talk''|1992}} Chomsky has influenced a broad array of academic fields. He is widely recognized as having helped to spark the [[cognitive revolution]] in the [[human sciences]], contributing to the development of a new [[Cognitivism (psychology)|cognitivistic]] framework for the study of language and the mind. In addition to his continued scholarship, he remains a leading [[Criticism of United States foreign policy|critic]] of [[U.S. foreign policy]], [[neoliberalism]] and contemporary [[state capitalism]], the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]], and mainstream [[news media]]. Chomsky and his ideas are highly influential in the [[anti-capitalist]] and [[anti-imperialist]] movements.

== Life ==
===Childhood: 1928–1945===
Avram Noam Chomsky was born on December 7, 1928, in the [[East Oak Lane, Philadelphia|East Oak Lane]] neighborhood of [[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania.{{sfnm|1a1=Lyons|1y=1978|1p=xv|2a1=Barsky|2y=1997|2p=9|3a1=McGilvray|3y=2014|3p=3}} His parents, [[Ze'ev "William" Chomsky]] and Elsie Simonofsky, were Jewish immigrants.{{sfnm|1a1=Barsky|1y=1997|1pp=9–10|2a1=Sperlich|2y=2006|2p=11}} William had fled the [[Russian Empire]] in 1913 to escape conscription and worked in Baltimore [[sweatshop]]s and Hebrew elementary schools before attending university.{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=9}} After moving to Philadelphia, William became principal of the [[Congregation Mikveh Israel]] religious school and joined the [[Gratz College]] faculty. He placed great emphasis on educating people so that they would be "well integrated, free and independent in their thinking, concerned about improving and enhancing the world, and eager to participate in making life more meaningful and worthwhile for all", a mission that shaped and was subsequently adopted by his son.{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=11}} Elsie was a teacher and activist born in [[Belarus]]. They met at Mikveh Israel, where they both worked.{{sfnm|1a1=Barsky|1y=1997|1pp=9–10|2a1=Sperlich|2y=2006|2p=11}}

Noam was the Chomskys' first child. His younger brother, David Eli Chomsky, was born five years later, in 1934.{{sfn|Feinberg|1999|p=3}}{{sfnm|1a1=Barsky|1y=1997|1pp=11–13|2a1=Sperlich|2y=2006|2p=11}} The brothers were close, though David was more easygoing while Noam could be very competitive.{{sfn|Barsky|1997|pp=11–13}} Chomsky and his brother were raised Jewish, being taught [[Hebrew]] and regularly involved with discussing the political theories of [[Zionism]]; the family was particularly influenced by the [[Left Zionist]] writings of [[Ahad Ha'am]].{{sfnm|1a1=Barsky|1y=1997|1pp=11–13|2a1=Sperlich|2y=2006|2p=11}} Chomsky faced [[antisemitism]] as a child, particularly from Philadelphia's Irish and German communities.{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=15}}

Chomsky attended the independent, [[Deweyite]] [[Oak Lane Country Day School]]{{sfnm|1a1=Lyons|1y=1978|1p=xv|2a1=Barsky|2y=1997|2pp=15–17|3a1=Sperlich|3y=2006|3p=12|4a1=McGilvray|4y=2014|4p=3}} and Philadelphia's [[Central High School (Philadelphia)|Central High School]], where he excelled academically and joined various clubs and societies, but was troubled by the school's hierarchical and regimented teaching methods.{{sfnm|1a1=Lyons|1y=1978|1p=xv|2a1=Barsky|2y=1997|2pp=21–22|3a1=Sperlich|3y=2006|3p=14|4a1=McGilvray|4y=2014|4p=4}} He also attended Hebrew High School at Gratz College, where his father taught.{{sfnm|1a1=Lyons|1y=1978|1p=xv|2a1=Barsky|2y=1997|2pp=15–17}}

Chomsky has described his parents as "normal [[Roosevelt Democrats]]" with [[center-left politics]], but relatives involved in the [[International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union]] exposed him to [[socialism]] and [[far-left politics]].{{sfnm|1a1=Barsky|1y=1997|1p=14|2a1=Sperlich|2y=2006|2pp=11, 14–15}} He was substantially influenced by his uncle and the Jewish leftists who frequented his New York City newspaper stand to debate current affairs.{{sfnm|1a1=Barsky|1y=1997|1p=23|2a1=Sperlich|2y=2006|2pp=12, 14–15, 67|3a1=McGilvray|3y=2014|3p=4}} Chomsky himself often visited left-wing and anarchist bookstores when visiting his uncle in the city, voraciously reading political literature.{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=23}} He wrote his first article at age 10 on the spread of [[fascism]] following [[Catalonia Offensive|the fall of Barcelona]] during the [[Spanish Civil War]]{{sfnm|1a1=Lyons|1y=1978|1p=xv|2a1=Barsky|2y=1997|2pp=15–17|3a1=Sperlich|3y=2006|3p=13|4a1=McGilvray|4y=2014|4p=3}} and, from the age of 12 or 13, identified with anarchist politics.{{sfnm|1a1=Lyons|1y=1978|1p=xv|2a1=Barsky|2y=1997|2pp=15–17}} He later described his discovery of anarchism as "a lucky accident"{{sfn|Barsky|1997|pp=17–19}} that made him critical of [[Stalinism]] and other forms of [[Marxism–Leninism]].{{sfnm|1a1=Barsky|1y=1997|1pp=17–19|2a1=Sperlich|2y=2006|2pp=16, 18}}

===University: 1945–1955===
[[File:Carol Chomsky.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.85|Carol Schatz, whom Chomsky married in 1949]]

In 1945, aged 16, Chomsky began a general program of study at the [[University of Pennsylvania]], where he explored philosophy, logic, and languages and developed a primary interest in learning [[Arabic]].{{sfnm|1a1=Barsky|1y=1997|1p=47|2a1=Sperlich|2y=2006|2p=16}} Living at home, he funded his undergraduate degree by teaching Hebrew.{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=47}} Frustrated with his experiences at the university, he considered dropping out and moving to a [[kibbutz]] in [[Mandatory Palestine]],{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=17}} but his intellectual curiosity was reawakened through conversations with the Russian-born linguist [[Zellig Harris]], whom he first met in a political circle in 1947. Harris introduced Chomsky to the field of theoretical linguistics and convinced him to major in the subject.{{sfnm|1a1=Barsky|1y=1997|1pp=48–51|2a1=Sperlich|2y=2006|2pp=18–19, 31}} Chomsky's [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] honors thesis, "Morphophonemics of Modern Hebrew", applied Harris's methods to the language.{{sfnm|1a1=Barsky|1y=1997|1pp=51–52|2a1=Sperlich|2y=2006|2p=32}} Chomsky revised this thesis for his [[Master of Arts|MA]], which he received from the University of Pennsylvania in 1951; it was subsequently published as a book.{{sfnm|1a1=Barsky|1y=1997|1pp=51–52|2a1=Sperlich|2y=2006|2p=33}} He also developed his interest in philosophy while at university, in particular under the tutelage of [[Nelson Goodman]].{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=33}}

From 1951 to 1955 Chomsky was a member of the [[Society of Fellows]] at [[Harvard University]], where he undertook research on what became his doctoral dissertation.{{sfnm|1a1=Lyons|1y=1978|1p=xv|2a1=Barsky|2y=1997|2p=79|3a1=Sperlich|3y=2006|3p=20}} Having been encouraged by Goodman to apply,{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=34}} Chomsky was attracted to Harvard in part because the philosopher [[Willard Van Orman Quine]] was based there. Both Quine and a visiting philosopher, [[J. L. Austin]] of the [[University of Oxford]], strongly influenced Chomsky.{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|pp=33–34}} In 1952 Chomsky published his first academic article, ''Systems of Syntactic Analysis'', which appeared not in a journal of linguistics but in ''[[The Journal of Symbolic Logic]]''.{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=34}} Highly critical of the established behaviorist currents in linguistics, in 1954 he presented his ideas at lectures at the [[University of Chicago]] and [[Yale University]].{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=81}} He had not been registered as a student at Pennsylvania for four years, but in 1955 he submitted a thesis setting out his ideas on [[transformational grammar]]; he was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy degree for it, and it was privately distributed among specialists on microfilm before being published in 1975 as part of ''[[The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory]]''.{{sfnm|1a1=Barsky|1y=1997|1pp=83–85|2a1=Sperlich|2y=2006|2p=36|3a1=McGilvray|3y=2014|3pp=4–5}} Harvard professor [[George Armitage Miller]] was impressed by Chomsky's thesis and collaborated with him on several technical papers in [[mathematical linguistics]].{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=38}} Chomsky's doctorate exempted him from [[compulsory military service]], which was otherwise due to begin in 1955.{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=36}}

In 1947 Chomsky began a romantic relationship with [[Carol Doris Schatz]], whom he had known since early childhood. They married in 1949.{{sfnm|1a1=Barsky|1y=1997|1pp=13, 48, 51–52|2a1=Sperlich|2y=2006|2pp=18–19}} After Chomsky was made a Fellow at Harvard, the couple moved to the [[Allston]] area of Boston and remained there until 1965, when they relocated to the suburb of [[Lexington, Massachusetts|Lexington]].{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=20}} In 1953 the couple took a Harvard travel grant to Europe, from the United Kingdom through France, Switzerland into Italy,{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|pp=20–21}} and Israel, where they lived in [[Hashomer Hatzair]]'s [[HaZore'a]] [[kibbutz]]. Despite enjoying himself, Chomsky was appalled by the country's Jewish nationalism, [[anti-Arab racism]] and, within the kibbutz's leftist community, [[pro-Stalinism]].{{sfnm|1a1=Barsky|1y=1997|1p=82|2a1=Sperlich|2y=2006|2pp=20–21}}

On visits to New York City, Chomsky continued to frequent the office of the Yiddish anarchist journal ''[[Fraye Arbeter Shtime]]'' and became enamored with the ideas of [[Rudolf Rocker]], a contributor whose work introduced Chomsky to the link between [[anarchism]] and [[classical liberalism]].{{sfnm|1a1=Barsky|1y=1997|1p=24|2a1=Sperlich|2y=2006|2p=13}} Chomsky also read other political thinkers: the anarchists [[Mikhail Bakunin]] and [[Diego Abad de Santillán]], democratic socialists [[George Orwell]], [[Bertrand Russell]], and [[Dwight Macdonald]], and works by Marxists [[Karl Liebknecht]], [[Karl Korsch]], and [[Rosa Luxemburg]].{{sfn|Barsky|1997|pp=24–25}} His readings convinced him of the desirability of an [[anarcho-syndicalist]] society, and he became fascinated by the anarcho-syndicalist communes set up during the [[Spanish Civil War]], as documented in Orwell's ''[[Homage to Catalonia]]'' (1938).{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=26}} He read the leftist journal ''[[Politics (1940s magazine)|Politics]]'', which furthered his interest in anarchism,{{sfn|Barsky|1997|pp=34–35}} and the [[council communist]] periodical ''[[International Council Correspondence|Living Marxism]]'', though he rejected the orthodoxy of its editor, [[Paul Mattick]].{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=36}} He was also interested in the Marlenite ideas of the [[Leninist League of the United States]], an anti-Stalinist Marxist–Leninist group, impressed by its characterization of [[World War II]] as a "phony war" instigated by both by Western capitalists and the Soviet Union.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cognet.mit.edu/library/books/chomsky/chomsky/1/13.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-04-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629133404/http://cognet.mit.edu/library/books/chomsky/chomsky/1/13.html |archive-date=2009-06-29 }}</ref> He "never really believed the thesis, but ... found it intriguing enough to try to figure out what they were talking about."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chomsky.info/books/reader01.htm|title=Personal influences, by Noam Chomsky (Excerpted from The Chomsky Reader)|website=Chomsky.info|access-date=13 January 2018}}</ref>

===Early career: 1955–1966===
Chomsky befriended two linguists at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT), [[Morris Halle]] and [[Roman Jakobson]], the latter of whom secured him an assistant professor position there in 1955. At MIT, Chomsky spent half his time on a [[mechanical translation]] project and half teaching a course on linguistics and philosophy.{{sfnm|1a1=Lyons|1y=1978|1p=xv|2a1=Barsky|2y=1997|2pp=86–87|3a1=Sperlich|3y=2006|3pp=38–40}} He described MIT as "a pretty free and open place, open to experimentation and without rigid requirements. It was just perfect for someone of my idiosyncratic interests and work."{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=87}} In 1957 MIT promoted him to the position of [[associate professor]], and from 1957 to 1958 he was also employed by [[Columbia University]] as a visiting professor.{{sfnm|1a1=Lyons|1y=1978|1p=xvi|2a1=Barsky|2y=1997|2p=91}} The Chomskys had their first child that same year, a daughter named [[Aviva Chomsky|Aviva]].{{sfnm|1a1=Barsky|1y=1997|1p=91|2a1=Sperlich|2y=2006|2p=22}} He also published his first book on linguistics, ''[[Syntactic Structures]]'', a work that radically opposed the dominant Harris–[[Leonard Bloomfield|Bloomfield]] trend in the field.{{sfnm|1a1=Barsky|1y=1997|1pp=88–91|2a1=Sperlich|2y=2006|2p=40|3a1=McGilvray|3y=2014|3p=5}} Responses to Chomsky's ideas ranged from indifference to hostility, and his work proved divisive and caused "significant upheaval" in the discipline.{{sfn|Barsky|1997|pp=88–91}} The linguist [[John Lyons (linguist)|John Lyons]] later asserted that ''Syntactic Structures'' "revolutionized the scientific study of language".{{sfn|Lyons|1978|p=1}} From 1958 to 1959 Chomsky was a [[National Science Foundation]] fellow at the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] in [[Princeton, New Jersey]].{{sfnm|1a1=Lyons|1y=1978|1p=xvi|2a1=Barsky|2y=1997|2p=84}}

[[File:MIT Building 10 and the Great Dome, Cambridge MA.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Great Dome (MIT)|Great Dome]] at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where Chomsky began working in 1955]]

In 1959, Chomsky published a review of [[B. F. Skinner]]'s 1957 book ''[[Verbal Behavior]]'' in the academic journal ''[[Language (journal)|Language]]'', in which he argued against Skinner's view of language as learned behavior.{{sfnm|1a1=Lyons|1y=1978|1p=6|2a1=Barsky|2y=1997|2pp=96–99|3a1=Sperlich|3y=2006|3p=41|4a1=McGilvray|4y=2014|4p=5}}{{sfn|MacCorquodale|1970|pp=83–99}} The review argued that Skinner ignored the role of human creativity in linguistics and helped to establish Chomsky as an intellectual.{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=119}} With Halle, Chomsky proceeded to found MIT's graduate program in linguistics. In 1961 he was awarded tenure, becoming a [[full professor]] in the Department of Modern Languages and Linguistics.{{sfnm|1a1=Barsky|1y=1997|1pp=101–102, 119|2a1=Sperlich|2y=2006|2p=23}} Chomsky went on to be appointed plenary speaker at the Ninth [[International Congress of Linguists]], held in 1962 in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], which established him as the ''de facto'' spokesperson of American linguistics.{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=102}} Between 1963 and 1965 he consulted on a military-sponsored project "to establish natural language as an operational language for command and control"; [[Barbara Partee]], a collaborator on this project and then-student of Chomsky, has said this research was justified to the military on the basis that "in the event of a nuclear war, the generals would be underground with some computers trying to manage things, and that it would probably be easier to teach computers to understand English than to teach the generals to program."{{sfn|Knight|2018}}

Chomsky continued to publish his linguistic ideas throughout the decade, including in ''[[Aspects of the Theory of Syntax]]'' (1965), ''Topics in the Theory of Generative Grammar'' (1966), and ''[[Cartesian Linguistics: A Chapter in the History of Rationalist Thought]]'' (1966).{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=103}} Along with Halle, he also edited the ''[[Studies in Language]]'' series of books for [[Harper and Row]].{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=104}} As he began to accrue significant academic recognition and honors for his work, Chomsky lectured at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], in 1966.{{sfnm|1a1=Lyons|1y=1978|1p=xvi|2a1=Barsky|2y=1997|2p=120}} His Beckman lectures at [[University of California, Berkeley|Berkeley]] were assembled and published as ''[[Language and Mind]]'' in 1968.{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=122}} Despite his growing stature, an intellectual falling-out between Chomsky and some of his early colleagues and doctoral students—including [[Paul Postal]], [[John "Haj" Ross]], [[George Lakoff]], and [[James D. McCawley]]—triggered a series of academic debates that came to be known as the "[[Linguistics Wars]]", although they revolved largely around philosophical issues rather than linguistics proper.{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|pp=60–61}}

===Anti-war activism and dissent: 1967–1975===
{{Quote box
| width = 25em
| align = left
| quote = [I]t does not require very far-reaching, specialized knowledge to perceive that the United States was invading South Vietnam. And, in fact, to take apart the system of illusions and deception which functions to prevent understanding of contemporary reality [is] not a task that requires extraordinary skill or understanding. It requires the kind of normal skepticism and willingness to apply one's analytical skills that almost all people have and that they can exercise.
| source = Chomsky on the Vietnam War{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=114}}
}}

Chomsky joined [[protests against U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War]] in 1962, speaking on the subject at small gatherings in churches and homes.{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=78}} His 1967 critique of U.S. involvement, "[[The Responsibility of Intellectuals]]", among other contributions to ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', debuted Chomsky as a public dissident.{{sfnm|1a1=Barsky|1y=1997|1pp=120, 122|2a1=Sperlich|2y=2006|2p=83}} This essay and other political articles were collected and published in 1969 as part of Chomsky's first political book, ''[[American Power and the New Mandarins]]''.{{sfnm|1a1=Lyons|1y=1978|1p=xvii|2a1=Barsky|2y=1997|2pp=123|3a1=Sperlich|3y=2006|3p=83}} He followed this with further political books, including ''At War with Asia'' (1971), ''The Backroom Boys'' (1973), ''For Reasons of State'' (1973), and ''Peace in the Middle East?'' (1975), published by [[Pantheon Books]].{{sfnm|1a1=Lyons|1y=1978|1pp=xvi–xvii|2a1=Barsky|2y=1997|2p=163|3a1=Sperlich|3y=2006|3p=87}} These publications led to Chomsky's association with the American [[New Left]] movement,{{sfnm|1a1=Lyons|1y=1978|1p=5|2a1=Barsky|2y=1997|2p=123}} though he thought little of prominent New Left intellectuals [[Herbert Marcuse]] and [[Erich Fromm]] and preferred the company of activists to that of intellectuals.{{sfn|Barsky|1997|pp=134–135}} Chomsky remained largely ignored by the mainstream press throughout this period.{{sfn|Barsky|1997|pp=162–163}}

He also became involved in left-wing activism. Chomsky refused to pay half his taxes, publicly supported students who [[Vietnam War draft evaders|refused the draft]], and was arrested while participating an [[Anti-war movement|anti-war]] [[teach-in]] outside the Pentagon.{{sfnm|1a1=Lyons|1y=1978|1p=5|2a1=Barsky|2y=1997|2pp=127–129}} During this time, Chomsky co-founded the anti-war collective [[RESIST (non-profit)|RESIST]] with [[Mitchell Goodman]], [[Denise Levertov]], [[William Sloane Coffin]], and [[Dwight Macdonald]].{{sfnm|1a1=Lyons|1y=1978|1p=5|2a1=Barsky|2y=1997|2pp=127–129|3a1=Sperlich|3y=2006|3pp=80–81}} Although he questioned the objectives of the [[1968 student protests]],{{sfn|Barsky|1997|pp=121–122, 131}} Chomsky gave many lectures to student activist groups and, with his colleague Louis Kampf, ran undergraduate courses on politics at MIT independently of the conservative-dominated [[political science]] department.{{sfnm|1a1=Barsky|1y=1997|1p=121|2a1=Sperlich|2y=2006|2p=78}} When student activists campaigned to stop weapons and counterinsurgency research at MIT, Chomsky was sympathetic but felt that the research should remain under MIT's oversight and limited to systems of deterrence and defense.{{sfnm|1a1=Barsky|1y=1997|1pp=121–122, 140-141|2a1=Albert|2y=2006|2p=98|3a1=Knight|3y=2016|3p=34}} In 1970 he visited southeast Asia to lecture at Vietnam's [[Hanoi University of Science and Technology]] and toured war refugee camps in [[Laos]]. In 1973 he helped lead a committee commemorating the 50th anniversary of the [[War Resisters League]].{{sfnm|1a1=Barsky|1y=1997|1p=153|2a1=Sperlich|2y=2006|2pp=24–25, 84–85}}

{{external media
| topic = Chomsky participating in the anti-Vietnam War [[March on the Pentagon]], October 21, 1967
| image1 = [https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/view-of-demonstrators-during-the-march-on-the-pentagon-news-photo/108986037 Chomsky with other public figures]
| image2 = [https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/view-of-demonstrators-as-they-pass-the-lincoln-memorial-news-photo/152911351 The protesters passing the Lincoln Memorial en route to the Pentagon]
}}

Because of his anti-war activism, Chomsky was arrested on multiple occasions and included on President [[Richard Nixon's master list of political opponents]].{{sfnm|1a1=Barsky|1y=1997|1p=124|2a1=Sperlich|2y=2006|2p=80}} Chomsky was aware of the potential repercussions of his civil disobedience and his wife began studying for her own doctorate in linguistics to support the family in the event of Chomsky's imprisonment or joblessness.{{sfnm|1a1=Barsky|1y=1997|1pp=123–124|2a1=Sperlich|2y=2006|2p=22}} Chomsky's scientific reputation insulated him from administrative action based on his beliefs.{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=143}}

His work in linguistics continued to gain international recognition as he [[List of honorary degrees awarded to Noam Chomsky|received multiple honorary doctorates]].{{sfnm|1a1=Lyons|1y=1978|1pp=xv–xvi|2a1=Barsky|2y=1997|2pp=120, 143}} He delivered [[public lectures]] at the [[University of Cambridge]], [[Columbia University]] ([[Woodbridge Lectures]]), and [[Stanford University]].{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=156}} His appearance in a [[Chomsky–Foucault debate|1971 debate]] with French [[continental philosopher]] [[Michel Foucault]] positioned Chomsky as a symbolic figurehead of [[analytic philosophy]].{{sfn|Greif|2015|pp=312–313}} He continued to publish extensively on linguistics, producing ''Studies on Semantics in Generative Grammar'' (1972),{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=143}} an enlarged edition of ''[[Language and Mind]]'' (1972),{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=51}} and ''[[Reflections on Language]]'' (1975).{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=51}} In 1974 Chomsky became a [[corresponding fellow of the British Academy]].{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=156}}

===Edward S. Herman and the Faurisson affair: 1976–1980===
{{See also|Cambodian genocide denial#Chomsky and Herman|Faurisson affair}}
[[File:Noam Chomsky (1977).jpg|thumb|left|Chomsky, photographed in 1977]]
In the late 1970s and 1980s, Chomsky's linguistic publications expanded and clarified his earlier work, addressing his critics and updating his grammatical theory.{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=175}} His political talks often generated considerable controversy, particularly when he criticized the Israeli government and military.{{sfn|Barsky|1997|pp=167, 170}} In the early 1970s Chomsky began collaborating with [[Edward S. Herman]], who had also published critiques of the U.S. war in Vietnam.{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=157}} Together they wrote ''[[Counter-Revolutionary Violence: Bloodbaths in Fact & Propaganda]]'', a book that criticized U.S. military involvement in Southeast Asia and the mainstream media's failure to cover it. Warner Modular published it in 1973, but [[Warner Communications|its parent company]] disapproved of the book's contents and ordered all copies destroyed.{{sfnm|1a1=Barsky|1y=1997|1pp=160–162|2a1=Sperlich|2y=2006|2p=86}}

While mainstream publishing options proved elusive, Chomsky found support from [[Michael Albert]]'s [[South End Press]], an activist-oriented publishing company.{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=85}} In 1979, South End published Chomsky and Herman's revised ''Counter-Revolutionary Violence'' as the two-volume ''[[The Political Economy of Human Rights]]'',{{sfnm|1a1=Barsky|1y=1997|1p=187|2a1=Sperlich|2y=2006|2p=86}} which compares U.S. media reactions to the [[Khmer Rouge rule of Cambodia|Cambodian genocide]] and the [[Indonesian occupation of East Timor]]. It argues that because Indonesia was a U.S. ally, U.S. media ignored the East Timorese situation while focusing on events in Cambodia, a U.S. enemy.{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=187}} Chomsky's response included two testimonials before the United Nations' [[Special Committee on Decolonization]], successful encouragement for American media to cover the occupation, and meetings with refugees in [[Lisbon]].{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=103}} The Marxist academic [[Steven Lukes]] publicly accused Chomsky of betraying his anarchist ideals and acting as an apologist for Cambodian leader [[Pol Pot]].{{sfn|Lukes|1980}} Herman said that the controversy "imposed a serious personal cost" on Chomsky,{{sfn|Barsky|1997|pp=187–189}} Chomsky said that "conformist intellectuals of East or West" deal with dissident opinion by trying "to overwhelm it with a flood of lies".{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=190}} He regarded the personal criticism as less important than the evidence that "mainstream intelligentsia suppressed or justified the crimes of their own states".{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=190}}

Chomsky had long publicly criticized [[Nazism]], and [[totalitarianism]] more generally, but his commitment to freedom of speech led him to defend the right of French historian [[Robert Faurisson]] to advocate a position widely characterized as [[Holocaust denial]]. Without Chomsky's knowledge, his plea for Faurisson's freedom of speech was published as the preface to the latter's 1980 book {{lang|fr|Mémoire en défense contre ceux qui m'accusent de falsifier l'histoire}}.{{sfnm|1a1=Barsky|1y=1997|1pp=179–180|2a1=Sperlich|2y=2006|2p=61}} Chomsky was widely condemned for defending Faurisson,{{sfnm|1a1=Barsky|1y=1997|1p=185|2a1=Sperlich|2y=2006|2p=61}} and France's mainstream press accused Chomsky of being a Holocaust denier himself, refusing to publish his rebuttals to their accusations.{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=184}} Critiquing Chomsky's position, sociologist [[Werner Cohn]] later published an analysis of the affair titled ''Partners in Hate: Noam Chomsky and the Holocaust Deniers''.{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=78}} The Faurisson affair had a lasting, damaging effect on Chomsky's career,{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=185}} especially in France.{{sfnm|Birnbaum|2010|Aeschimann|2010}}

===Critique of propaganda and international affairs: 1980–2001===
{{external media
| video1 = [https://www.filmsforaction.org/watch/manufacturing-consent-noam-chomsky-and-the-media/ Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media], a 1992 documentary exploring Chomsky's work of the same name and its impact
}}

In 1985, during the [[Nicaraguan Contra War]]—in which the U.S. supported the [[Contras|contra militia]] against the [[Sandinista]] government—Chomsky traveled to [[Managua]] to meet with workers' organizations and refugees of the conflict, giving public lectures on politics and linguistics.{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|pp=91, 92}} Many of these lectures were published in 1987 as ''On Power and Ideology: The Managua Lectures''.{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=91}} In 1983 he published ''[[The Fateful Triangle]]'', which argued that the U.S. had continually used the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] for its own ends.{{sfnm|1a1=Sperlich|1y=2006|1p=99|2a1=McGilvray|2y=2014|2p=13}} In 1988, Chomsky visited the [[Palestinian territories]] to witness the impact of Israeli occupation.{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=98}}

Chomsky and Herman's ''[[Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media]]'' (1988) outlines their [[propaganda model]] for understanding mainstream media. Even in countries without official censorship, they argued, the news is censored through five filters that greatly influence both what and how news is presented.{{sfnm|1a1=Barsky|1y=1997|1pp=160, 202|2a1=Sperlich|2y=2006|2pp=127–134}} The book was inspired by [[Alex Carey (writer)|Alex Carey]] and adapted into [[Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media|a 1992 film]].{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=136}} In 1989, Chomsky published ''Necessary Illusions: Thought Control in Democratic Societies,'' in which he suggests that a worthwhile democracy requires that its citizens undertake intellectual self-defense against the media and elite intellectual culture that seeks to control them.{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|pp=138–139}} By the 1980s, Chomsky's students had become prominent linguists who, in turn, expanded and revised his linguistic theories.{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=53}}

In the 1990s, Chomsky embraced political activism to a greater degree than before.{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=214}} Retaining his commitment to the cause of East Timorese independence, in 1995 he visited Australia to talk on the issue at the behest of the East Timorese Relief Association and the National Council for East Timorese Resistance.{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=104}} The lectures he gave on the subject were published as ''Powers and Prospects'' in 1996.{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=104}} As a result of the international publicity Chomsky generated, his biographer Wolfgang Sperlich opined that he did more to aid the cause of East Timorese independence than anyone but the investigative journalist [[John Pilger]].{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=107}} After East Timor attained independence from Indonesia in 1999, the Australian-led [[International Force for East Timor]] arrived as a peacekeeping force; Chomsky was critical of this, believing it was designed to secure Australian access to East Timor's oil and gas reserves under the [[Timor Gap Treaty]].{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|pp=109–110}}

===Iraq war criticism and retirement from MIT: 2001–2017===
[[File:Noam Chomsky Toronto 2011.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|Chomsky speaking in support of the Occupy movement in 2011]]

After the [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001, Chomsky was widely interviewed; [[Seven Stories Press]] collated and published these interviews that October.{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|pp=110–111}} Chomsky argued that the ensuing [[War on Terror]] was not a new development but a continuation of U.S. foreign policy and concomitant rhetoric since at least the Reagan era.{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=143}} He gave the [[D.T. Lakdawala]] Memorial Lecture in New Delhi in 2001,{{sfn|''The Hindu''|2001}} and in 2003 visited Cuba at the invitation of the Latin American Association of Social Scientists.{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=120}} Chomsky's 2003 ''[[Hegemony or Survival]]'' articulated what he called the United States' "imperial [[grand strategy]]" and critiqued the [[Iraq War]] and other aspects of the War on Terror.{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|pp=114–118}} Chomsky toured internationally with greater regularity during this period.{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=120}}

[[File:Ecology, Ethics, Anarchism - In Conversation with Noam Chomsky - March 28, 2014.webm|thumb|upright=1|Chomsky discussing [[ecology]], ethics and [[anarchism]]]]
Chomsky retired from MIT in 2002,{{sfn|Weidenfeld|2017}} but continued to conduct research and seminars on campus as an [[:wikt:emeritus|emeritus]].{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=10}} That same year he visited Turkey to attend the trial of a publisher who had been accused of treason for printing one of Chomsky's books; Chomsky insisted on being a [[co-defendant]] and amid international media attention the Security Courts dropped the charge on the first day.{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=25}} During that trip Chomsky visited Kurdish areas of Turkey and spoke out in favor of the Kurds' human rights.{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=25}} A supporter of the [[World Social Forum]], he attended its conferences in Brazil in both 2002 and 2003, also attending the Forum event in India.{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|pp=112–113, 120}}

Chomsky supported the [[Occupy movement]], delivering talks at encampments and producing two works that chronicled its influence: [[Occupy (Chomsky book)|''Occupy'']] (2012), a pamphlet, and ''Occupy: Reflections on Class War, Rebellion and Solidarity'' (2013). He attributed Occupy's growth to a perception that the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] had abandoned the interests of the white working class.{{sfn|Younge|Hogue|2012}} In March 2014, Chomsky joined the advisory council of the [[Nuclear Age Peace Foundation]],{{sfn|NAPF|2014}} an organization that advocates the global [[abolition of nuclear weapons]], as a senior fellow.{{sfn|Ferguson}} The 2016 documentary ''[[Requiem for the American Dream]]'' summarizes his views on capitalism and [[economic inequality]] through a "75-minute [[teach-in]]".{{sfn|Gold|2016}}
{{-}}

===University of Arizona: 2017–present===
In 2017, Chomsky taught a short-term politics course at the [[University of Arizona]] in Tucson{{sfn|Harwood|2016}} and was later hired as a part-time professor in the linguistics department there, with his duties including teaching and public seminars.{{sfn|Ortiz|2017}} His salary is covered by philanthropic donations.{{sfn|Mace}}

Chomsky signed the [[Declaration on the Common Language]] of the [[Croats]], [[Serbs]], [[Bosniaks]] and [[Montenegrins]] in 2018.{{sfn|Vučić|2018}}{{sfn|Bobanović|2018}}

==Linguistic theory==
{{Quote box
| width = 25em
| align = left
| quote = What started as purely linguistic research ... has led, through involvement in political causes and an identification with an older philosophic tradition, to no less than an attempt to formulate an overall theory of man. The roots of this are manifest in the linguistic theory ... The discovery of cognitive structures common to the human race but only to humans (species specific), leads quite easily to thinking of unalienable human attributes.
| source = [[Edward Marcotte]] on the significance of Chomsky's linguistic theory{{sfn|Baughman et al.|2006}}
}}

The basis of Chomsky's linguistic theory lies in [[biolinguistics]], the linguistic school that holds that the principles underpinning the structure of language are biologically preset in the human mind and hence genetically inherited.{{sfnm|1a1=Lyons|1y=1978|1p=4|2a1=McGilvray|2y=2014|2pp=2–3}} As such he argues that all humans share the same underlying linguistic structure, irrespective of sociocultural differences.{{sfn|Lyons|1978|p=7}} In adopting this position Chomsky rejects the [[radical behaviorism|radical behaviorist]] psychology of [[B. F. Skinner]], who viewed behavior (including talking and thinking) as a completely learned product of the interactions between organisms and their environments. Accordingly, Chomsky argues that language is a unique evolutionary development of the human species and distinguished from modes of communication used by any other animal species.{{sfnm|1a1=Lyons|1y=1978|1p=6|2a1=McGilvray|2y=2014|2pp=2–3}}{{sfn|Brain From Top To Bottom}} Chomsky's [[Psychological nativism|nativist]], internalist view of language is consistent with the philosophical school of "[[rationalism]]" and contrasts with the anti-nativist, externalist view of language consistent with the philosophical school of "[[empiricism]]",{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=11}} which contends that all knowledge, including language, comes from external stimuli.{{sfn|Baughman et al.|2006}}

===Universal grammar===
{{Main|Universal grammar}}

Since the 1960s Chomsky has maintained that syntactic knowledge is at least partially inborn, implying that children need only learn certain language-specific features of their [[native language]]s. He bases his argument on observations about human [[language acquisition]] and describes a "[[poverty of the stimulus]]": an enormous gap between the linguistic stimuli to which children are exposed and the rich [[linguistic competence]] they attain. For example, although children are exposed to only a very small and finite subset of the allowable [[Sentence (linguistics)|syntactic variants]] within their first language, they somehow acquire the highly organized and systematic ability to understand and produce [[Digital infinity|an infinite number of sentences]], including ones that have never before been uttered, in that language.{{sfn|Dovey|2015}} To explain this, Chomsky reasoned that the primary linguistic data must be supplemented by an [[innate linguistic capacity]]. Furthermore, while a human baby and a kitten are both capable of [[inductive reasoning]], if they are exposed to exactly the same linguistic data, the human will always acquire the ability to understand and produce language, while the kitten will never acquire either ability. Chomsky referred to this difference in capacity as the [[language acquisition device]], and suggested that linguists needed to determine both what that device is and what constraints it imposes on the range of possible human languages. The universal features that result from these constraints would constitute "universal grammar".{{sfn|Chomsky}}{{sfn|Thornbury|2006|p=234}}{{sfn|O'Grady|2015}} Multiple scholars have challenged universal grammar on the grounds of the evolutionary infeasibility of its genetic basis for language,{{sfnm| 1a1=Christiansen|1a2=Chater|1y=2010|1p=489| 2a1=Ruiter|2a2=Levinson|2y=2010|2p=518}} the lack of universal characteristics between languages,{{sfnm| 1a1=Evans|1a2=Levinson|1y=2009|1p=429| Tomasello|2009|2p=470}} and the unproven link between innate/universal structures and the structures of specific languages.{{sfn|Tomasello|2003|p=284}} Scholar [[Michael Tomasello]] has challenged Chomsky's theory of innate syntactic knowledge as based on theory and not behavioral observation.{{sfn|Tomasello|1995|p=131}} Although it was influential from 1960s through 1990s, Chomsky's nativist theory was ultimately rejected by the mainstream [[child language acquisition]] research community owing to its inconsistency with research evidence.{{sfn|Fernald|Marchman|2006|pp=1027–1071}}{{sfn|de Bot|2015|pp=57–61}} It was also argued by linguists including Robert Freidin, [[Geoffrey Sampson]], [[Geoffrey K. Pullum]] and [[Barbara Scholz]] that Chomsky's linguistic evidence for it had been false.{{sfn|Pullum|Scholz|2002|pp=9—50}}

===Transformational-generative grammar===
{{Main|Transformational grammar|Generative grammar|Chomsky hierarchy|Minimalist program}}

[[Transformational-generative grammar]] is a broad theory used to model, encode, and deduce a native speaker's linguistic capabilities.{{sfn|Harlow|2010|p=752}} These models, or "[[formal grammars]]", show the abstract structures of a specific language as they may relate to structures in other languages.{{sfn|Harlow|2010|pp=752–753}} Chomsky developed transformational grammar in the mid-1950s, whereupon it became the dominant syntactic theory in linguistics for two decades.{{sfn|Harlow|2010|p=752}} "Transformations" refers to syntactic relationships within language, e.g., being able to infer that the subject between two sentences is the same person.{{sfn|Harlow|2010|p=753}} Chomsky's theory posits that language consists of both [[deep structures and surface structures]]: Outward-facing surface structures relate phonetic rules into sound, while inward-facing deep structures relate words and conceptual meaning. Transformational-generative grammar uses [[mathematical notation]] to express the rules that govern the connection between meaning and sound (deep and surface structures, respectively). By this theory, linguistic principles can [[generative grammar|mathematically generate]] potential sentence structures in a language.{{sfn|Baughman et al.|2006}}

[[File:Chomsky-hierarchy.svg|thumb|right|upright=0.85|alt=The Chomsky hierarchy|Set inclusions described by the [[Chomsky hierarchy]]]]

It is a common conception that Chomsky invented transformational-generative grammar, but his actual contribution to it was considered modest at the time when Chomsky first published his theory. In his 1955 dissertation and his 1957 textbook ''Syntactic Structures'', he presented recent developments in the analysis formulated by Zellig Harris, who was Chomsky's PhD supervisor, and by [[Charles F. Hockett]].{{efn|name=input|
* {{harvnb|Smith|2004|pp=107}} "Chomsky's early work was renowned for its mathematical rigor and he made some contribution to the nascent discipline of mathematical linguistics, in particular the analysis of (formal) languages in terms of what is now known as the ''Chomsky hierarchy.''"
* {{harvnb|Koerner|1983|pp=159}}: "Characteristically, Harris proposes a transfer of sentences from English to Modern Hebrew [...] Chomsky's approach to syntax in ''Syntactic Structures'' and several years thereafter was not much different from Harris's approach, since the concept of 'deep' or 'underlying structure' had not yet been introduced. The main difference between Harris (1954) and Chomsky (1957) appears to be that the latter is dealing with transfers within one single language only"}} Their method is derived from the work of the Danish structural linguist [[Louis Hjelmslev]], who introduced [[Formal grammar|algorithmic grammar]] to general linguistics.{{efn|name=origin|
* {{harvnb|Koerner|1978|pp=41f}}: "it is worth noting that Chomsky cites Hjelmslev's ''Prolegomena'', which had been translated into English in 1953, since the authors' theoretical argument, derived largely from logic and mathematics, exhibits noticeable similarities."
* {{harvnb|Seuren|1998|pp=166}}: "Both Hjelmslev and Harris were inspired by the mathematical notion of an algorithm as a purely formal production system for a set of strings of symbols. [...] it is probably accurate to say that Hjelmslev was the first to try and apply it to the generation of strings of symbols in natural language"
* {{harvnb|Hjelmslev|1969}} ''Prolegomena to a Theory of Language''. Danish original 1943; first English translation 1954.}} Based on this rule-based notation of grammars,  Chomsky grouped logically possible phrase-structure grammar types into a series of four nested subsets and increasingly complex types, together known as the [[Chomsky hierarchy]]. This classification remains relevant to [[formal language theory]]{{sfn|Butterfield|Ngondi|Kerr|2016}} and [[theoretical computer science]], especially [[programming language theory]],{{sfn|Knuth|2002}} [[compiler]] construction, and [[automata theory]].{{sfn|Davis|Weyuker|Sigal|1994|p=327}}

Following transformational grammar's heyday through the mid-1970s, a derivative{{sfn|Harlow|2010|p=752}} [[government and binding theory]] became a dominant research framework through the early 1990s,  remaining an influential theory,{{sfn|Harlow|2010|p=752}} when linguists turned to a "minimalist" approach to grammar. This research focused on the [[principles and parameters]] framework, which explained children's ability to learn any language by filling open parameters (a set of universal grammar principles) that adapt as the child encounters linguistic data.{{sfn|Hornstein|2003}} The minimalist program, initiated by Chomsky,{{sfn|Szabó|2010}} asks which minimal principles and parameters theory fits most elegantly, naturally, and simply.{{sfn|Hornstein|2003}} In an attempt to simplify language into a system that relates meaning and sound using the minimum possible faculties, Chomsky dispenses with concepts such as "deep structure" and "surface structure" and instead emphasizes the plasticity of the brain's neural circuits, with which come an infinite number of concepts, or "[[Logical form (linguistics)|logical forms]]".{{sfn|Brain From Top To Bottom}} When exposed to linguistic data, a hearer-speaker's brain proceeds to associate sound and meaning, and the rules of grammar we observe are in fact only the consequences, or side effects, of the way language works. Thus, while much of Chomsky's prior research focused on the rules of language, he now focuses on the mechanisms the brain uses to generate these rules and regulate speech.{{sfn|Brain From Top To Bottom}}{{sfn|Fox|1998}}

==Political views==
{{Quote box
| width = 25em
| align = right
| quote = The second major area to which Chomsky has contributed—and surely the best known in terms of the number of people in his audience and the ease of understanding what he writes and says—is his work on sociopolitical analysis; political, social, and economic history; and critical assessment of current political circumstance. In Chomsky's view, although those in power might—and do—try to obscure their intentions and to defend their actions in ways that make them acceptable to citizens, it is easy for anyone who is willing to be critical and consider the facts to discern what they are up to.
| source = [[James McGilvray]], 2014{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=12}}
}}

{{Main|Political positions of Noam Chomsky}}

Chomsky is a prominent political dissident.{{efn|name=dissident}} His political views have changed little since his childhood,{{sfnm|1a1=Barsky|1y=1997|1p=95|2a1=McGilvray|2y=2014|2p=4}} when he was influenced by the emphasis on political activism that was ingrained in Jewish working-class tradition.{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=77}} He usually identifies as an [[anarcho-syndicalist]] or a [[libertarian socialist]].{{sfnm|1a1=Sperlich|1y=2006|1p=14|2a1=McGilvray|2y=2014|2pp=17, 158}} He views these positions not as precise political theories but as ideals that he thinks best meet human needs: liberty, community, and freedom of association.{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=17}} Unlike some other socialists, such as Marxists, Chomsky believes that politics lies outside the remit of science,{{sfnm|1a1=Sperlich|1y=2006|1p=74|2a1=McGilvray|2y=2014|2p=16}} but he still roots his ideas about an ideal society in empirical data and empirically justified theories.{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=222}}

In Chomsky's view, the truth about political realities is systematically distorted or suppressed by an elite [[corporatocracy]], which uses corporate media, advertising, and [[think tanks]] to promote its own propaganda. His work seeks to reveal such manipulations and the truth they obscure.{{sfnm|1a1=Sperlich|1y=2006|1p=8|2a1=McGilvray|2y=2014|2p=158}} Chomsky believes this web of falsehood can be broken by "common sense", critical thinking, and understanding the roles of self-interest and self-deception,{{sfnm|1a1=Sperlich|1y=2006|1p=74|2a1=McGilvray|2y=2014|2pp=12–13}} and that intellectuals abdicate their moral responsibility to tell the truth about the world in fear of losing prestige and funding.{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=159}} He argues that, as such an intellectual, it is his duty to use his [[social privilege]], resources, and training to aid popular democracy movements in their struggles.{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=161}}

Although he has joined protest marches and organized activist groups, Chomsky's primary political outlets are education and publication. He offers a wide range of political writings{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=158}} as well as free lessons and lectures to encourage wider political consciousness.{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=71}} He is a member of the [[Industrial Workers of the World]] international union.{{sfn|IWoW biographies}}

=== United States foreign policy ===
[[File:Noam Chomsky WSF - 2003.jpg|thumb|left|Chomsky at the 2003 [[World Social Forum]], a convention for counter-hegemonic globalization, in [[Porto Alegre]]]]

Chomsky has been a prominent critic of [[American imperialism]];{{sfn|Milne|2009}} he believes that the basic principle of the [[foreign policy of the United States]] is the establishment of "open societies" that are economically and politically controlled by the United States and where U.S.-based businesses can prosper.{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=92}} He argues that the U.S. seeks to suppress any movements within these countries that are not compliant with U.S. interests and to ensure that U.S.-friendly governments are placed in power.{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=159}} When discussing current events, he emphasizes their place within a wider historical perspective.{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=160}} He believes that official, sanctioned historical accounts of U.S. and British extraterritorial operations have consistently whitewashed these nations' actions in order to present them as having benevolent motives in either spreading democracy or, in older instances, spreading Christianity; criticizing these accounts, he seeks to correct them.{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=13}} Prominent examples he regularly cites are the actions of the British Empire in India and Africa and the actions of the U.S. in Vietnam, the Philippines, Latin America, and the Middle East.{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=13}}

Chomsky's political work has centered heavily on criticizing the actions of the United States.{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=160}} He has said he focuses on the U.S. because the country has militarily and economically dominated the world during his lifetime and because its [[liberal democracy|liberal democratic]] electoral system allows the citizenry to influence government policy.{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|pp=14, 160}} His hope is that, by spreading awareness of the impact U.S. foreign policies have on the populations affected by them, he can sway the populations of the U.S. and other countries into opposing the policies.{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=13}} He urges people to criticize their governments' motivations, decisions, and actions, to accept responsibility for their own thoughts and actions, and to apply the same standards to others as to themselves.{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=18}}

Chomsky has been critical of U.S. involvement in the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]], arguing that it has consistently blocked a peaceful settlement.{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=159}} Chomsky also criticizes the U.S.'s close ties with Saudi Arabia and involvement in [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen]], highlighting that Saudi Arabia has "one of the most grotesque human rights records in the world".{{sfn|''Democracy Now!''|2016}}

===Capitalism and socialism===
In his youth, Chomsky developed a dislike of [[capitalism]] and the pursuit of material wealth.{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=15}} At the same time, he developed a disdain for [[authoritarian socialism]], as represented by the Marxist–Leninist policies of the Soviet Union.{{sfnm|1a1=Barsky|1y=1997|1p=168|2a1=Sperlich|2y=2006|2p=16}} Rather than accepting the common view among U.S. economists that a spectrum exists between total state ownership of the economy and total private ownership, he instead suggests that a spectrum should be understood between total democratic control of the economy and total autocratic control (whether state or private).{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|pp=164–165}} He argues that Western capitalist countries are not really democratic,{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=169}} because, in his view, a truly democratic society is one in which all persons have a say in public economic policy.{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=170}} He has stated his opposition to [[ruling elites]], among them institutions like the [[IMF]], [[World Bank]], and [[GATT]] (precursor to the [[WTO]]).{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=211}}

Chomsky highlights that, since the 1970s, [[Wealth inequality in the United States|the U.S. has become increasingly economically unequal]] as a result of the repeal of various financial regulations and the rescinding of the [[Bretton Woods financial control agreement]].{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=14}} He characterizes the U.S. as a ''de facto'' [[one-party state]], viewing both the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] and [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] as manifestations of a single "Business Party" controlled by corporate and financial interests.{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|pp=14–15}} Chomsky highlights that, within Western capitalist liberal democracies, at least 80% of the population has no control over economic decisions, which are instead in the hands of a management class and ultimately controlled by a small, wealthy elite.{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=15}}

Noting the entrenchment of such an economic system, Chomsky believes that change is possible through the organized cooperation of large numbers of people who understand the problem and know how they want to reorganize the economy more equitably.{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=15}} Acknowledging that corporate domination of media and government stifles any significant change to this system, he sees reason for optimism in historical examples such as the social rejection of slavery as immoral, the advances in women's rights, and the forcing of government to justify invasions.{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=14}} He views violent revolution to overthrow a government as a last resort to be avoided if possible, citing the example of historical revolutions where the population's welfare has worsened as a result of upheaval.{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=15}}

Chomsky sees libertarian socialist and anarcho-syndicalist ideas as the descendants of the [[classical liberal]] ideas of the [[Age of Enlightenment]],{{sfnm|1a1=Sperlich|1y=2006|1p=89|2a1=McGilvray|2y=2014|2p=189}} arguing that his ideological position revolves around "nourishing the libertarian and creative character of the human being".{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=95}} He envisions an anarcho-syndicalist future with direct worker control of the [[means of production]] and government by [[workers' council]]s, who would select temporary and revocable representatives to meet together at general assemblies.{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=199}} The point of this self-governance is to make each citizen, in [[Thomas Jefferson]]'s words, "a direct participator in the government of affairs."{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=210}} He believes that there will be no need for political parties.{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=200}} By controlling their productive life, he believes that individuals can gain job satisfaction and a sense of fulfillment and purpose.{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|pp=197, 202}} He argues that unpleasant and unpopular jobs could be fully automated, carried out by workers who are specially remunerated, or shared among everyone.{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|pp=201–202}}

=== Israeli–Palestinian conflict ===
{{Quote box
| width = 25em
| align = right
| quote = Israel uses sophisticated attack jets and naval vessels to bomb densely-crowded refugee camps, schools, apartment blocks, mosques, and slums to attack a [Palestinian] population that has no air force, no air defense, no navy, no heavy weapons, no artillery units, no mechanized armor, no command in control, no army… and calls it a war. It is not a war, it is murder.
| source = Chomsky criticizing Israel, 2012{{sfn|Glaser|2012}}
}}

Chomsky has written prolifically on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, aiming to raise public awareness of it.{{sfn|Gendzier|2017|p=314}} He has long endorsed a left binationalist program in Israel and Palestine, seeking to create a democratic state in the [[Levant]] that is home to both Jews and Arabs.{{sfnm|1a1=Barsky|1y=1997|1p=170|2a1=Sperlich|2y=2006|2pp=76–77|3a1=McGilvray|3y=2014|3p=159}} Nevertheless, given the [[realpolitik]] of the situation, he has also considered a [[two-state solution]] on the condition that the nation-states exist on equal terms.{{sfnm|1a1=Sperlich|1y=2006|1p=97|2a1=McGilvray|2y=2014|2p=159}} Chomsky was denied entry to the [[West Bank]] in 2010 because of [[Political positions of Noam Chomsky#Chomsky and the Middle East|his criticisms of Israel]]. He had been invited to deliver a lecture at [[Bir Zeit University]] and was to meet with Palestinian Prime Minister [[Salam Fayyad]].{{sfn|Pilkington|2010}}{{sfn|Bronner|2010}}{{sfn|Al Jazeera|2010}}{{sfn|''Democracy Now!''|2010}} An [[Israeli Foreign Ministry]] spokesman later said that Chomsky was denied entry by mistake.{{sfn|Kalman|2014}}

=== News media and propaganda ===
{{Main|Propaganda model}}

{{external media
| video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?176809-1/depth-noam-chomskyt Chomsky on propaganda and the manufacturing of consent], June 1, 2003
}}

Chomsky's political writings have largely focused on ideology, [[social and political power]], the media, and state policy.{{sfn|Rai|1995|p=20}} One of his best-known works, ''[[Manufacturing Consent]]'', dissects the media's role in reinforcing and acquiescing to state policies across the political spectrum while marginalizing contrary perspectives. Chomsky asserts that this version of censorship, by government-guided "free market" forces, is subtler and harder to undermine than was the equivalent propaganda system in the Soviet Union.{{sfn|Rai|1995|pp=37–38}} As he argues, the mainstream press is corporate-owned and thus reflects corporate priorities and interests.{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=179}} Acknowledging that many American journalists are dedicated and well-meaning, he argues that the mass media's choices of topics and issues, the unquestioned premises on which that coverage rests, and the range of opinions expressed are all constrained to reinforce the state's ideology:{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=178}} although mass media will criticize individual politicians and political parties, it will not undermine the wider state-corporate nexus of which it is a part.{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=189}} As evidence, he highlights that the U.S. mass media does not employ any socialist journalists or political commentators.{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=177}} He also points to examples of important news stories that the U.S. mainstream media has ignored because reporting on them would reflect badly upon the country, including the murder of [[Black Panther Party|Black Panther]] [[Fred Hampton]] with possible [[FBI]] involvement, the massacres in Nicaragua perpetrated by U.S.-funded [[Contras]], and the constant reporting on Israeli deaths without equivalent coverage of the far larger number of Palestinian deaths in that conflict.{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|pp=179–182}} To remedy this situation, Chomsky calls for grassroots democratic control and involvement of the media.{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=184}}

Chomsky considers most [[conspiracy theories]] fruitless, distracting substitutes for thinking about policy formation in an institutional framework, where individual manipulation is secondary to broader social imperatives.{{sfn|Rai|1995|p=70}} While not dismissing them outright, he considers them unproductive to challenging power in a substantial way. In response to the labeling of his own ideas as a conspiracy theory, Chomsky has said that it is very rational for the media to manipulate information in order to sell it, like any other business. He asks whether [[General Motors]] would be accused of conspiracy if it deliberately selected what it used or discarded to sell its product.{{sfn|Rai|1995|p=42}}

== Other disciplines ==
Chomsky has also been active in a number of philosophical fields, including [[philosophy of mind]], [[philosophy of language]], and [[philosophy of science]].{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=19}} In these fields he is credited with ushering in the "[[cognitive revolution]]",{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=19}} a significant [[paradigm shift]] that rejected [[logical positivism]], the prevailing philosophical methodology of the time, and reframed how philosophers think about [[language]] and the [[mind]].{{sfn|Szabó|2010}} Chomsky views the cognitive revolution as rooted in 17th-century [[Rationalism|rationalist]] ideals.{{sfn|Friesen|2017|p=46}} His position—the idea that the mind contains inherent structures to understand language, perception, and thought—has more in common with rationalism (Enlightenment and Cartesian) than behaviorism.{{sfn|Greif|2015|p=313}} He named one of his key works [[Cartesian linguistics|''Cartesian Linguistics: A Chapter in the History of Rationalist Thought'']] (1966).{{sfn|Friesen|2017|p=46}} This sparked criticism from historians and philosophers who disagreed with Chomsky's interpretations of classical sources and use of philosophical terminology.{{efn|name=rationalism|
* {{harvnb|Hamans|Seuren|2010|p=377}}: "Having achieved a unique position of supremacy in the theory of syntax and having exploited that position far beyond the narrow circles of professional syntacticians, he felt the need to shore up his theory with the authority of history. It is shown that this attempt, resulting mainly in his Cartesian Linguistics of 1966, was widely, and rightly, judged to be a radical failure"}} In the philosophy of language, Chomsky is particularly known for his criticisms of the notion of reference and meaning in human language and his perspective on the nature and function of mental representations.{{sfn|Cipriani|2016|pp=44–60}}

Chomsky's famous [[Chomsky–Foucault debate|1971 debate]] on [[human nature]] with the French philosopher [[Michel Foucault]] was symbolic in positioning Chomsky as the prototypical [[analytic philosopher]] against Foucault, a stalwart of the [[continental philosopher|continental]] tradition.{{sfn|Greif|2015|pp=312–313}} It showed what appeared to be irreconcilable differences between two moral and intellectual luminaries of the 20th century. Foucault's position was that of critique, that human nature could not be conceived in terms foreign to present understanding, while Chomsky held that human nature contained universalities such as a common standard of moral justice as deduced through reason based on what rationally serves human necessity.{{sfn|Greif|2015|p=315}} Chomsky criticized [[postmodernism]] and [[French philosophy]] generally, arguing that the obscure language of postmodern, leftist philosophers gives little aid to the working classes.{{sfnm|1a1=Barsky|1y=1997|1pp=192–195|2a1=Sperlich|2y=2006|2p=53}} He has also debated analytic philosophers, including [[Tyler Burge]], [[Donald Davidson (philosopher)|Donald Davidson]], [[Michael Dummett]], [[Saul Kripke]], [[Thomas Nagel]], [[Hilary Putnam]], [[Willard Van Orman Quine]], and [[John Searle]].{{sfn|Szabó|2010}}

Chomsky's contributions span [[intellectual history|intellectual]] and world history, including the history of philosophy.{{sfn|Otero|2003|p=416}} Irony is a recurring characteristic of his writing, as he often implies that his readers know better, which can make them more engaged in the veracity of his claims.{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=162}}

==Personal life==
[[File:Chomsky and others.jpg|thumb|left|Chomsky ''(far right)'' and his wife Valeria ''(second from right)'' with David and Carolee Krieger of the [[Nuclear Age Peace Foundation]], 2014]]

Chomsky endeavors to separate his family life, linguistic scholarship, and political activism from each other.{{sfnm|1a1=Barsky|1y=1997|1p=158|2a1=Sperlich|2y=2006|2p=19}} An intensely private person,{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=7}} he is uninterested in appearances and the fame his work has brought him.{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=116}} He also has little interest in modern art and music.{{sfn|Barsky|1997|pp=206–207}} McGilvray suggests that Chomsky was never motivated by a desire for fame, but impelled to tell what he perceived as the truth and a desire to aid others in doing so.{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=230}} Chomsky acknowledges that his income affords him a privileged life compared to the majority of the world's population;{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=9}} nevertheless, he characterizes himself as a "worker", albeit one who uses his intellect as his employable skill.{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=6}} He reads four or five newspapers daily; in the US, he subscribes to ''[[The Boston Globe]]'', ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', ''[[Financial Times]]'', and ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''.{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=121}} Chomsky is [[non-religious]], but has expressed approval of forms of religion such as [[liberation theology]].{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=69}}

Chomsky has attracted controversy for calling established political and academic figures "corrupt", "fascist", and "fraudulent".{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=199}} His colleague [[Steven Pinker]] has said that he "portrays people who disagree with him as stupid or evil, using withering scorn in his rhetoric", and that this contributes to the extreme reactions he receives from critics.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}} Chomsky avoids attending [[academic conferences]], including left-oriented ones such as the Socialist Scholars Conference, preferring to speak to activist groups or hold university seminars for mass audiences.{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=169}} His approach to academic freedom has led him to support MIT academics whose actions he deplores; in 1969, when Chomsky heard that [[Walt Rostow]], a major architect of the Vietnam war, wanted to return to work at MIT, Chomsky threatened "to protest publicly" if Rostow were denied a position at MIT. In 1989, when Pentagon adviser [[John Deutch]] applied to be president of MIT, Chomsky supported his candidacy. Later, when Deutch became head of the CIA, ''The New York Times'' quoted Chomsky as saying, "He has more honesty and integrity than anyone I've ever met. ... If somebody's got to be running the CIA, I'm glad it's him."{{sfnm|Barsky|1997|1pp=140–141|Chomsky|1996|2pp=135–136|Weiner|1995}}

Chomsky was married to [[Carol Chomsky|Carol]] ({{nee|Carol Doris Schatz}}) from 1949 until her death in 2008.{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=6}} They had three children together: [[Aviva Chomsky|Aviva]] (b. 1957), Diane (b. 1960), and Harry (b. 1967).{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=22}} In 2014, Chomsky married Valeria Wasserman.{{sfn|''Democracy Now!''|2015}}

==Reception and influence==
{{Quote box
| width = 25em
| align = right
| quote = [Chomsky's] voice is heard in academia beyond linguistics and philosophy: from computer science to neuroscience, from anthropology to education, mathematics and literary criticism. If we include Chomsky's political activism then the boundaries become quite blurred, and it comes as no surprise that Chomsky is increasingly seen as enemy number one by those who inhabit that wide sphere of reactionary discourse and action.
| source = Sperlich, 2006{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=60}}
}}

Chomsky has been a defining Western intellectual figure, central to the field of linguistics and definitive in cognitive science, computer science, philosophy, and psychology.{{sfn|Knight|2016|p=2}} In addition to being known as one of the most important intellectuals of his time,{{efn|name=important}} Chomsky carries a dual legacy as both a "leader in the field" of linguistics and "a figure of enlightenment and inspiration" for [[political dissent]]ers.{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=191}} Despite his academic success, his political viewpoints and activism have resulted in his being distrusted by the mainstream media apparatus, and he is regarded as being "on the outer margin of acceptability".{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=24}} The reception of his work is intertwined with his public image as an anarchist, a [[Gadfly (philosophy and social science)|gadfly]], a historian, a Jew, a linguist, and a philosopher.{{sfn|Barsky|2007|p=107}}

===In academia===
McGilvray observes that Chomsky inaugurated the "[[cognitive revolution]]" in linguistics,{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=5}} and that he is largely responsible for establishing the field as a formal, [[natural science]],{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=9}} moving it away from the procedural form of [[structural linguistics]] dominant during the mid-20th century.{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|pp=9–10}} As such, some have called Chomsky "the father of modern linguistics".{{efn|name=father}} Linguist John Lyons further remarked that within a few decades of publication, Chomskyan linguistics had become "the most dynamic and influential" school of thought in the field.{{sfn|Lyons|1978|p=2}} By the 1970s his work had also come to exert a considerable influence on philosophy,{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=42}} and a [[Minnesota State University Moorhead]] poll ranked ''Syntactic Structures'' as the single most important work in [[cognitive science]].{{sfn|MSUM Cognitive Sciences}} In addition, his work in [[automata theory]] and the Chomsky hierarchy have become well known in [[computer science]], and he is much cited in [[computational linguistics]].{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=39}}{{sfn|Sipser|1997}}{{sfn|Knuth at Stanford University|2003}}

Chomsky's criticisms of behaviorism contributed substantially to the decline of [[behaviorist psychology]];{{sfn|Graham|2019}} in addition, he is generally regarded as one of the primary founders of the field of cognitive science.{{sfn|Harris|2010}}{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=19}} Some arguments in [[evolutionary psychology]] are derived from his research results;{{sfn|Massey University|1996}} [[Nim Chimpsky]], a chimpanzee who was the subject of a study in [[animal language acquisition]] at Columbia University, was named after Chomsky in reference to his view of language acquisition as a uniquely human ability.{{sfn|Radick|2007|p=320}}

[[ACM Turing Award]] winner [[Donald Knuth]] credited Chomsky's work with helping him combine his interests in mathematics, linguistics, and computer science.{{sfn|Knuth|2003|p=1}} [[IBM]] computer scientist [[John Backus]], another Turing Award winner, used some of Chomsky's concepts to help him develop [[FORTRAN]], the first widely used high-level [[computer programming language]].{{sfn|Fulton|2007}} Immunologist [[Niels Kaj Jerne]]'s 1984 [[Nobel lecture]] applied Chomsky's generative grammar theory to the [[immune response]] process.{{sfn|Soderqvist|2003|p=284}} Chomsky's theory of generative grammar has also influenced work in [[music theory]] and [[musical analysis|analysis]].{{sfn|Baroni|Callegari|1982|pp=201–218}}{{sfn|Steedman|1984|pp=52–77}}{{sfn|Rohrmeier|2007|pp=97–100}}

An MIT press release stated that Chomsky was cited within the [[Arts and Humanities Citation Index]] more often than any other living scholar from 1980 to 1992.{{sfn|MIT|1992}} Chomsky was also extensively cited in the [[Social Sciences Citation Index]] and [[Science Citation Index]] during the same time period, with the librarian who conducted the research commenting that the statistics show that "he is very widely read across disciplines and that his work is used by researchers across disciplines ... it seems that you can't write a paper without citing Noam Chomsky."{{sfn|Knight|2016|p=2}} As a result of his influence, there are dueling camps of Chomskyan and non-Chomskyan linguistics, with the disputes between the two camps often acrimonious.{{sfn|Boden|2006|p=593}}

===In politics===
Chomsky's status as the "most-quoted living author" is credited to his political writings, which vastly outnumber his writings on linguistics.{{sfn|Boden|2006|p=592}} Chomsky biographer Wolfgang B. Sperlich characterizes him as "one of the most notable contemporary champions of the people";{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=7}} journalist [[John Pilger]] has described him as a "genuine people's hero; an inspiration for struggles all over the world for that basic decency known as freedom. To a lot of people in the margins—activists and movements—he's unfailingly supportive."{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}} [[Arundhati Roy]] has called him "one of the greatest, most radical public thinkers of our time",{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=114}} and [[Edward Said]] thought him "one of the most significant challengers of unjust power and delusions".{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}} [[Fred Halliday]] has said that by the start of the 21st century Chomsky had become a "guru" for the world's anti-capitalist and anti-imperialist movements.{{sfn|Jaggi|2001}} The propaganda model of media criticism that he and Herman developed has been widely accepted in radical media critiques and adopted to some level in mainstream criticism of the media,{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=129}} also exerting a significant influence on the growth of [[alternative media]], including radio, publishers, and the Internet, which in turn have helped to disseminate his work.{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=142}}

Sperlich also notes that Chomsky has been vilified by corporate interests, particularly in the mainstream press.{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=10}} University departments devoted to history and political science rarely include Chomsky's work on their undergraduate syllabi.{{sfn|Barsky|1997|pp=153–154}} Critics have argued that despite publishing widely on social and political issues, Chomsky has no formal expertise in these areas; he has responded that such issues are not as complex as many [[social science|social scientists]] claim and that almost everyone is able to comprehend them regardless of whether they have been academically trained to do so.{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=161}} According to McGilvray, many of Chomsky's critics "do not bother quoting his work or quote out of context, distort, and create straw men that cannot be supported by Chomsky's text".{{sfn|McGilvray|2014|p=161}}

Chomsky drew criticism for not calling the [[Srebrenica massacre]] during the [[Bosnian War]] a "genocide", which he said would devalue the word,{{sfn|Braun|2018}} and in appearing to deny [[Ed Vulliamy]]'s reporting on the existence of Bosnian concentration camps. The subsequent editorial correction of his comments, viewed as a capitulation, was criticized by multiple Balkan watchers.{{sfn|Nettelfield|2010|p=142}}

Chomsky's far-reaching criticisms of U.S. foreign policy and the legitimacy of U.S. power have raised controversy. A document obtained pursuant to a [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)|Freedom of Information Act]] (FOIA) request from the U.S. government revealed that the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) monitored his activities and for years denied doing so. The CIA also destroyed its files on Chomsky at some point, possibly in violation of federal law.{{sfn|Hudson|2013}} He has often received undercover police protection at MIT and when speaking on the Middle East, but has refused uniformed police protection.{{sfn|Rabbani|2012}} German news magazine ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' described Chomsky as "the Ayatollah of anti-American hatred",{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=10}} while American [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] commentator [[David Horowitz]] called him "the most devious, the most dishonest and ... the most treacherous intellect in America", whose work is infused with "anti-American dementia" and evidences his "pathological hatred of his own country".{{sfn|Horowitz|2001}} Writing in ''[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]]'' magazine, the journalist [[Jonathan Kay]] described Chomsky as "a hard-boiled anti-American monomaniac who simply refuses to believe anything that any American leader says".{{sfn|Kay|2011}}

{{anchor|Israel}}Chomsky's criticism of Israel has led to his being called a traitor to the Jewish people and an [[anti-Semitism|anti-Semite]].{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=100}} Criticizing Chomsky's defense of the right of individuals to engage in Holocaust denial on the grounds that freedom of speech must be extended to all viewpoints, [[Werner Cohn]] called Chomsky "the most important patron" of the [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] movement.{{sfn|Cohn|1995|p=37}} The [[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) called him a Holocaust denier,{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=101}} describing him as a "dupe of intellectual pride so overweening that he is incapable of making distinctions between totalitarian and democratic societies, between oppressors and victims".{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=101}} In turn, Chomsky has claimed that the ADL is dominated by "Stalinist types" who oppose democracy in Israel.{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|p=100}} The lawyer [[Alan Dershowitz]] has called Chomsky a "false prophet of the left";{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=170}} Chomsky called Dershowitz "a complete liar" who is on "a crazed jihad, dedicating much of his life to trying to destroy my reputation".{{sfn|Barsky|1997|pp=170–171}} In early 2016, President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] of Turkey publicly rebuked Chomsky after he signed an [[open letter]] condemning Erdoğan for his [[Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)#2015 PKK rebellion|anti-Kurdish repression]] and double standards on terrorism.{{sfn|Weaver|2016}} Chomsky accused Erdoğan of hypocrisy, noting that Erdoğan supports [[al-Qaeda]]'s Syrian affiliate,{{sfn|Sengupta|2015}} the [[al-Nusra Front]].{{sfn|Weaver|2016}}

In February 2020, before attending the 2020 [[Hay Festival]] in [[Abu Dhabi]], [[United Arab Emirates]], Chomsky signed a letter of condemnation of the violation of freedom of speech in the emirate, referring to the arrest of human rights activist [[Ahmed Mansoor]]. Other signers included authors [[Stephen Fry]] and [[Jung Chang]].{{sfn|Flood|2020}}

===Academic achievements, awards, and honors===
{{See also|List of honorary degrees awarded to Noam Chomsky}}
[[File:Chomsky and Krieger.jpg|thumb|left|Chomsky receiving an award from the president of the [[Nuclear Age Peace Foundation]], David Krieger (2014)]]

In 1970, the London ''[[The Times|Times]]'' named Chomsky one of the "makers of the twentieth century".{{sfn|Baughman et al.|2006}} He was voted the world's leading [[public intellectual]] in [[The 2005 Global Intellectuals Poll]] jointly conducted by American magazine ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' and British magazine [[Prospect (magazine)|''Prospect'']].{{sfn|''Foreign Policy''|2005}} ''[[New Statesman]]'' readers listed Chomsky among the world's foremost heroes in 2006.{{sfn|Cowley|2006}}

In the United States he is a [[Member of the National Academy of Sciences]], the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], the [[Linguistic Society of America]], the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]], the [[American Philosophical Association]],{{sfn|Contemporary Authors Online|2016}} and the [[American Philosophical Society]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Chomsky|access-date=2021-06-09|website=[[American Philosophical Society]]}}</ref> Abroad he is a corresponding fellow of the [[British Academy]], an honorary member of the [[British Psychological Society]], a member of the [[Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina]],{{sfn|Contemporary Authors Online|2016}} and a foreign member of the Department of Social Sciences of the [[Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts]].{{sfn|SASA foreign membership|2003}} He received a 1971 [[Guggenheim Fellowship]], the 1984 [[American Psychological Association Award for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology]], the 1988 [[Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences]], the 1996 [[Helmholtz Medal]],{{sfn|Contemporary Authors Online|2016}} the 1999 [[Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute)|Benjamin Franklin Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science]],{{sfn|MIT Linguistics Program|2002}} the 2010 [[Erich Fromm Prize]],{{sfn|Deutsche Presse-Agentur|2010}} and the [[British Academy]]'s 2014 [[Neil and Saras Smith Medal for Linguistics]].{{sfn|British Academy|2014}} He is also a two-time winner of the [[NCTE George Orwell Award for Distinguished Contribution to Honesty and Clarity in Public Language]] (1987 and 1989).{{sfn|Contemporary Authors Online|2016}} He has also received the Rabindranath Tagore Centenary Award from [[The Asiatic Society]].{{sfn|''Soundings''|2002}}

Chomsky received the 2004 [[Carl von Ossietzky|Carl-von-Ossietzky]] Prize from the city of [[Oldenburg (city)|Oldenburg, Germany]], to acknowledge his body of work as a political analyst and media critic.{{sfn|Inventio Musikverlag}} He received an honorary fellowship in 2005 from the [[Literary and Historical Society (University College Dublin)|Literary and Historical Society of University College Dublin]].{{sfn|Soundtracksforthem: Interview|2005}} He received the 2008 President's Medal from the Literary and Debating Society of the [[National University of Ireland, Galway]].{{sfn|Desmond Tutu to speak to Litndeb|2009}} Since 2009, he has been an honorary member of [[International Association of Professional Translators and Interpreters]] (IAPTI).{{sfn|Honorary Members of IAPTI}} He received the University of Wisconsin's A.E. Havens Center's Award for Lifetime Contribution to Critical Scholarship{{sfn|UoW–M|2010}} and was inducted into [[IEEE Intelligent Systems]]' AI's Hall of Fame for "significant contributions to the field of AI and intelligent systems."{{sfn|Digital Journal|2011}} Chomsky has an [[Erdős number]] of four.{{sfn|Erdös Number at Oakland Univ|2017}}

In 2011, the US Peace Memorial Foundation awarded Chomsky the [[US Peace Prize]] for anti-war activities over five decades.{{sfn|US Memorial Peace Foundation}} For his work in human rights, peace, and social criticism, he received the 2011 [[Sydney Peace Prize]],{{sfn|Huxley|2011}} the [[Sretenje Order]] in 2015,{{sfn|''Politika''|2015}} the 2017 [[Seán MacBride Peace Prize]]{{sfn|IPB|2017}} and the Dorothy Eldridge Peacemaker Award.{{sfn|MIT Linguistics Program|2002}}

Chomsky has received honorary doctorates from institutions including the [[University of London]] and the [[University of Chicago]] (1967), [[Loyola University Chicago]] and [[Swarthmore College]] (1970), [[Bard College]] (1971), [[Delhi University]] (1972), and the [[University of Massachusetts]] (1973) [[List of honorary degrees awarded to Noam Chomsky|among others]].{{sfnm|1a1=Lyons|1y=1978|1pp=xv–xvi|2a1=Barsky|2y=1997|2pp=120, 143}} His [[public lectures]] have included the 1969 [[John Locke Lectures]],{{sfn|MIT Linguistics Program|2002}} 1975 [[Whidden Lectures]],{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=156}} 1977 [[Huizinga Lecture]], and 1988 [[Massey Lectures]], among others.{{sfn|MIT Linguistics Program|2002}}

Various tributes to Chomsky have been dedicated over the years. He is the [[:wikt:eponym|eponym]] for [[Megachile chomskyi|a bee species]],{{sfn|Pensoft (bee)}} [[Pristimantis chomskyi|a frog species]],{{sfn|Páez|2019}} and a building complex at the Indian university [[Jamia Millia Islamia]].{{sfn|JMI|2007}} Actor [[Viggo Mortensen]] and avant-garde guitarist [[Buckethead]] dedicated their 2003 album ''[[Pandemoniumfromamerica]]'' to Chomsky.{{sfn|Viggo Mortensen's Spoken Word & Music CDs}}

== Selected bibliography ==
{{Main|Noam Chomsky bibliography and filmography}}

{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}

'''Linguistics'''
* ''[[Syntactic Structures]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Current Issues in Linguistic Theory]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Aspects of the Theory of Syntax]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Cartesian Linguistics]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Language and Mind]]'' (1968)
* ''[[The Sound Pattern of English]]'' with [[Morris Halle]] (1968)
* ''[[Reflections on Language]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Lectures on Government and Binding]]'' (1981)
* ''[[The Minimalist Program]]'' (1995)
{{col-3}}

'''Politics'''
* ''[[American Power and the New Mandarins]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Counter-Revolutionary Violence: Bloodbaths in Fact & Propaganda]]'' with [[Edward S. Herman]] (1973)
* ''[[The Political Economy of Human Rights]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Towards a New Cold War]]'' (1982)
* ''[[The Fateful Triangle]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Pirates and Emperors]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Manufacturing Consent]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Necessary Illusions]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Deterring Democracy]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Letters from Lexington]]'' (1993)
* ''[[The Prosperous Few and the Restless Many]]'' (1993)
* ''[[World Orders Old and New]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Objectivity and Liberal Scholarship]]'' (1997)
{{col-3}}

* ''[[Profit over People]]'' (1999)
* ''[[9-11 (Noam Chomsky)|9-11]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Understanding Power]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Middle East Illusions]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Hegemony or Survival]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Getting Haiti Right This Time]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Imperial Ambitions]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Failed States: The Abuse of Power and the Assault on Democracy]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Interventions]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Gaza in Crisis]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Making the Future]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Occupy (book)|Occupy]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Requiem for the American Dream (book)|Requiem for the American Dream]]'' (2017)
{{col-end}}

==See also==

{{cols}}
* [[American philosophy]]
* [[Theory of language]]
* ''[[The Anti-Chomsky Reader]]''
* [[Chomsky (surname)]]
* [[Knowledge worker]]
* [[List of linguists#C|List of linguists]]
* [[List of peace activists]]
* [[List of pioneers in computer science]]
{{colend}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist|40em| refs =

{{efn|name=dissident|
* {{harvnb|Macintyre|2010}}
* {{harvnb|Burris|2013}}: "Noam Chomsky has built his entire reputation as a political dissident on his command of the facts."
* {{harvnb|McNeill|2014}}: "[Chomsky is] often dubbed one of the world's most important intellectuals and its leading public dissident..."
}}

{{efn|name=father|
* {{harvnb|Fox|1998}}: "Mr. Chomsky ... is the father of modern linguistics and remains the field's most influential practitioner."
* {{harvnb|Tymoczko|Henle|2004|p=101}}: "As the founder of modern linguistics, Noam Chomsky, observed, each of the following sequences of words is nonsense ..."
* {{harvnb|Tanenhaus|2016}}: "At 87, Noam Chomsky, the founder of modern linguistics, remains a vital presence in American intellectual life."
}}

{{efn|name=important|
* {{harvnb|McNeill|2014}}: "[Chomsky is] often dubbed one of the world's most important intellectuals ..."
* {{harvnb|Campbell|2005}}: "Noam Chomsky, the linguistics professor who has become one of the most outspoken critics of US foreign policy, has won a poll that names him as the world's top public intellectual."
* {{harvnb|Robinson|1979}}: "Judged in terms of the power, range, novelty and influence of his thought, Noam Chomsky is arguably the most important intellectual alive today."
* {{harvnb|Flint|1995}}: "The man once called the most important intellectual alive keeps his office in ... the campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology."
}}

}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|20em}}

==Sources==
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
*{{cite news| title = Noam Chomsky: Thorn in America's side
| last = Adams | first = Tim
| newspaper = The Guardian
| url = https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/nov/30/highereducation.internationaleducationnews
| date = November 30, 2003 | access-date = May 8, 2016
}}
*{{cite news| title = Chomsky s'est exposé, il est donc une cible désignée
| last = Aeschimann | first = Eric
| newspaper = [[Libération]]
| language = fr
| url = http://www.liberation.fr/monde/0101638536-chomsky-s-est-expose-il-est-donc-une-cible-designee
| date = May 31, 2010 | access-date = June 8, 2010
| quote = {{lang|fr|Chomsky a été violemment blessé du fait qu'une partie des intellectuels français aient pu le croire en accord avec Faurisson, en contradiction avec tous ses engagements et toute sa vie.}}
}}
*{{Cite book| title = Remembering Tomorrow: From the politics of opposition to what we are for
| last = Albert | first = Michael | year = 2006
| publisher = Seven Stories Press
| pages = 97–99
| isbn = 978-158322742-8
}}
*{{Cite book| title = Chomsky and His Critics
| editor1-last = Antony | editor1-first = Louise M.
| editor2-last = Hornstein | editor2-first = Norbert
| year = 2003
| publisher = Blackwell Publishing | location = Malden, MA
| url = https://archive.org/details/chomskyhiscritic00anto | url-access = limited | via = [[Internet Archive]]
| page = [https://archive.org/details/chomskyhiscritic00anto/page/n303 295]
| isbn = 978-0-631-20021-5
}}
*{{cite web| title = Archbishop Desmond Tutu to speak to Litndeb
| url = http://www.literaryanddebating.com/press/80-archbishop-desmond-tutu-to-speak-to-litndeb
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110511134531/http://www.literaryanddebating.com/press/80-archbishop-desmond-tutu-to-speak-to-litndeb
| date = January 9, 2009 | access-date = May 10, 2016 | archive-date = May 11, 2011
| ref = {{harvid|Desmond Tutu to speak to Litndeb|2009}}
}}
*{{cite news| title = Author, activist Noam Chomsky to receive award
| publisher = [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]]
| url = http://www.news.wisc.edu/17889
| date = March 29, 2010 | access-date = May 10, 2016
| ref = {{harvid|UoW–M|2010}}
}}
*{{Cite book| title = Musical grammars and computer analysis
| editor1-last = Baroni | editor1-first = M.
| editor2-last = Callegari | editor2-first = L.
| year = 1982
| publisher = [[Leo S. Olschki Editore]] | location = Firenze
| pages = 201–218
| isbn = 978-882223229-8
}}
*{{cite book| title = Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent
| last = Barsky | first = Robert F. | year = 1997
| author-link = Robert Barsky
| publisher = [[MIT Press]] | location = Cambridge, MA
| isbn = 978-0-262-02418-1
}}
*{{Cite book| title = The Chomsky Effect: A Radical Works Beyond the Ivory Tower
| last = Barsky | first = Robert F. | year = 2007
| publisher = MIT Press
| url = https://archive.org/details/chomskyeffectrad00bars | url-access = limited | via = [[Internet Archive]]
| page = [https://archive.org/details/chomskyeffectrad00bars/page/n125 107]
| isbn = 978-026202624-6
}}
*{{Cite book| chapter = Noam Chomsky
| title = American Decades
| editor1-last = Baughman | editor1-first = Judith S.
| editor2-last = Bondi | editor2-first = Victor
| editor3-last = Layman | editor3-first = Richard
| editor4-last = McConnell | editor4-first = Tandy
| editor5-last = Tompkins | editor5-first = Vincent
| publisher = [[Gale (publisher)|Gale]] | location = Detroit, MI
| chapter-url = http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1602000339/BIC?sid=BIC&xid=e006a1d5
| date = 2006
| ref = {{harvid|Baughman et al.|2006}}
}}
*{{cite news| title = Chomsky à Paris: chronique d'un malentendu
| last = Birnbaum | first = Jean
| newspaper = [[Le Monde]] | department = Le Monde des Livres
| language = fr
| url = http://www.lemonde.fr/livres/article/2010/06/03/chomsky-a-paris-chronique-d-un-malentendu_1367002_3260.html
| date = June 3, 2010 | access-date = June 8, 2010
| quote = {{lang|fr|Le pays de Descartes ignore largement ce rationaliste, la patrie des Lumières se dérobe à ce militant de l'émancipation. Il le sait, et c'est pourquoi il n'y avait pas mis les pieds depuis un quart de siècle.}}
}}
*{{cite news| title = Chomsky: Hrvati, Srbi i Bošnjaci govore isti jezik
| trans-title = Chomsky: Croats, Serbs and Bosniaks Speak the Same Language
| last = Bobanović | first = Paula
| newspaper = Express.hr | location = Zagreb
| language = sh
| url = https://www.express.hr/kultura/chomsky-hrvati-srbi-i-bosnjaci-govore-isti-jezik-14973 | url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180807155526/https://www.express.hr/kultura/chomsky-hrvati-srbi-i-bosnjaci-govore-isti-jezik-14973
| date = April 14, 2018 | access-date = July 9, 2018 | archive-date = August 7, 2018
}}
*{{Cite book| title = Mind As Machine: a History of Cognitive Science
| last = Boden | first = Margaret A. | year = 2006
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| url = https://archive.org/details/mindasmachinehis0001bode | url-access = registration | via = [[Internet Archive]]
| isbn = 978-019924144-6
}}
*{{cite book| title = A History of Applied Linguistics: From 1980 to the Present
| last = de Bot | first = Kees | year = 2015
| publisher = Routledge
| isbn = 978-113882065-4
}}
*{{cite news| title = Dissident intellectual Noam Chomsky at 90
| last = Braun | first = Stuart | year = 2018
| publisher = Deutsche Welle
| url = https://www.dw.com/en/dissident-intellectual-noam-chomsky-at-90/a-46629642
}}
*{{cite news| title = British Academy announces 2014 prize and medal winners
| publisher = British Academy
| url = http://www.britac.ac.uk/news/british-academy-announces-2014-prize-and-medal-winners
| date = July 24, 2014 | access-date = July 30, 2017
| ref = {{harvid|British Academy|2014}}
}}
*{{Cite news| title = Israel Roiled After Chomsky Barred From West Bank
| last = Bronner | first = Ethan
| newspaper = The New York Times
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/18/world/middleeast/18chomsky.html
| date = May 17, 2010 | access-date = May 4, 2016
| issn = 0362-4331
}}
*{{Cite news| title = What the Chomsky-Žižek debate tells us about Snowden's NSA revelations
| last = Burris | first = Greg
| newspaper = [[The Guardian]]
| url = https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/11/chomsky-zizek-debate-snowden-nsa
| date = August 11, 2013
}}
*{{Cite book| chapter = Chomsky hierarchy
| title = A Dictionary of Computer Science
| editor1-last = Butterfield | editor1-first = Andrew
| editor2-last = Ngondi | editor2-first = Gerard Ekembe
| editor3-last = Kerr | editor3-first = Anne
| year = 2016
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| chapter-url = http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199688975.001.0001/acref-9780199688975-e-729
| isbn = 978-0-19-968897-5
}}
*{{Cite news| title = Chomsky is voted world's top public intellectual
| last = Campbell | first = Duncan
| newspaper = [[The Guardian]]
| url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/oct/18/books.highereducation
| date = October 18, 2005
| issn = 0261-3077
}}
*{{cite web
| title = Chomsky
| publisher = inventio-musikverlag.de
| url = http://www.inventio-musikverlag.de/shop/chomsky/
| access-date = May 11, 2016
| ref = {{harvid|Inventio Musikverlag}}
| archive-date = August 5, 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050422/http://www.inventio-musikverlag.de/shop/chomsky/
| url-status = dead
}}
*{{cite web| title = Chomsky Amid the Philosophers
| publisher = University of East Anglia
| url = http://www.uea.ac.uk/~j108/chomsky.htm
| access-date = January 8, 2014
| ref = {{harvid|Amid the Philosophers}}
}}
*{{Cite news| title = Chomsky Is Citation Champ
| newspaper = [[MIT Tech Talk]]
| volume = 36 | number = 27
| url = https://news.mit.edu/1992/citation-0415 | via = MIT News
| date = April 15, 1992 | access-date = September 21, 2019
| ref = {{harvid|''MIT Tech Talk''|1992}}
}}
*{{cite news| title = Chomsky is Citation Champ
| publisher = [[MIT]]
| url = http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1992/citation-0415.html
| date = April 15, 1992 | access-date = September 3, 2007
| ref = {{harvid|MIT|1992}}
}}
*{{cite web| title = The 'Chomskyan Era' (excerpted from The Architecture of Language)
| last = Chomsky | first = Noam
| website = Chomsky.info
| url = https://chomsky.info/architecture01/
| access-date = January 3, 2017
}}
*{{Cite book| title = Linguistics and Cognitive Science: Problems and Mysteries
| last = Chomsky | first = Noam | year = 1991
| editor-last = Kasher | editor-first = Asa
| publisher = Blackwell | location = Oxford
| page = 50
}}
*{{Cite book| title = Class Warfare: Interviews with David Barsamian
| last = Chomsky | first = Noam | year = 1996
| publisher = Pluto Press
| pages = 135–136
| isbn = 978-074531137-1
}}
*{{Cite web| title = Is the US Ready for Socialism? An Interview With Noam Chomsky
| last = Chomsky | first = Noam
| interviewer = C.J. Polychroniou
| website = [[Truthout]]
| url = https://truthout.org/articles/is-the-us-ready-for-socialism-an-interview-with-noam-chomsky/
| date = May 18, 2016 | access-date = July 19, 2019
}} also available, in part, on [https://chomsky.info/05182016/ chomsky.info].
*{{Cite news| title = Chomsky: Saudi Arabia is the "Center of Radical Islamic Extremism" Now Spreading Among Sunni Muslims
| website = [[Democracy Now!]]
| url = http://www.democracynow.org/2016/5/17/chomsky_saudi_arabia_is_the_center
| date = May 17, 2016
| ref = {{harvid|''Democracy Now!''|2016}}
}}
*{{Cite journal | title = Language as shaped by the brain
| last1 = Christiansen | first1 = Morten H.
| last2 = Chater | first2 = Nick
| author1-link = Morten H. Christiansen
| journal = Behavioral and Brain Sciences
| date = October 2010 | volume = 31 | issue = 5 | pages = 489–509
| doi = 10.1017/S0140525X08004998 | issn = 1469-1825 | pmid = 18826669
}}
*{{cite journal | title = Some reflections on Chomsky's notion of reference
| last = Cipriani | first = Enrico
| journal = Linguistics Beyond and within
| year = 2016 | volume = 2 | pages = 44–60
| doi = 10.31743/lingbaw.5637
| doi-access = free
}}
*{{Cite book| title = Partners in Hate: Noam Chomsky and the Holocaust Deniers
| last = Cohn | first = Werner | year = 1995
| orig-year = First published 1985
| publisher = Avukah Press | location = Cambridge, MA
| isbn = 978-0-9645897-0-4
}}
*{{cite news| title = New Statesman – Heroes of our time – the top 50
| last = Cowley | first = Jason
| magazine = [[New Statesman]]
| url = http://www.newstatesman.com/200605220016 | url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061227165815/http://www.newstatesman.com/200605220016
| date = May 22, 2006 | access-date = December 9, 2015 | archive-date = December 27, 2006
}}
*{{cite book| title = Computability, complexity, and languages: fundamentals of theoretical computer science | edition = 2nd
| last1 = Davis | first1 = Martin
| last2 = Weyuker | first2 = Elaine J.
| last3 = Sigal | first3 = Ron
| author1-link = Martin Davis (mathematician)
| author2-link = Elaine Weyuker
| year = 1994
| publisher = Academic Press, Harcourt, Brace | location = Boston
| url = https://archive.org/details/computabilitycom00davi_405 | url-access = limited | via = [[Internet Archive]]
| page = [https://archive.org/details/computabilitycom00davi_405/page/n345 327]
| isbn = 978-0-12-206382-4
}}
*{{cite news| title = Denied Entry: Israel Blocks Noam Chomsky from Entering West Bank to Deliver Speech
| website = Democracy Now!
| url = http://www.democracynow.org/2010/5/17/denied_entry_israel_blocks_noam_chomsky
| date = May 17, 2010 | access-date = May 4, 2016
| ref = {{harvid|''Democracy Now!''|2010}}
}}
*{{Cite news| title = Noam Chomsky's Theory Of Universal Grammar Is Right; It's Hardwired Into Our Brains
| last = Dovey | first = Dana
| newspaper = Medical Daily
| url = http://www.medicaldaily.com/noam-chomskys-theory-universal-grammar-right-its-hardwired-our-brains-364236
| date = December 7, 2015 | access-date = August 4, 2017
}}
*{{cite web| title = The Erdös Number Project
| publisher = Oakland University
| url = http://www.oakland.edu/enp/erdpaths/
| date = November 21, 2017 | access-date = December 18, 2017
| ref = {{harvid|Erdös Number at Oakland Univ|2017}}
}}
*{{Cite news| title = Erich-Fromm-Preis: Noam Chomsky in Stuttgart geehrt
| agency = [[Deutsche Presse-Agentur]]
| newspaper = [[Stuttgarter Zeitung]]
| language = de
| url = https://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.erich-fromm-preis-noam-chomsky-in-stuttgart-geehrt.9bfe6567-b195-45f1-acf4-6d9d19831972.html
| date = March 23, 2010 | access-date = August 22, 2019
| ref = {{harvid|Deutsche Presse-Agentur|2010}}
}}
*{{cite journal | title = The myth of language universals: Language diversity and its importance for cognitive science
| last1 = Evans | first1 = Nicholas
| last2 = Levinson | first2 = Stephen C.
| author1-link = Nicholas Evans (linguist)
| author2-link = Stephen C. Levinson
| journal = [[Behavioral and Brain Sciences]]
| date = October 2009 | volume = 32 | issue = 5 | pages = 429–448
| doi = 10.1017/S0140525X0999094X | issn = 1469-1825 | pmid = 19857320
| doi-access = free
}}
*{{cite web| title = Elsie Chomsky: A Life in Jewish Education
| last = Feinberg | first = Harriet
| publisher = Brandeis University | location = Cambridge, Mass.
| url = http://www.brandeis.edu/hbi/pubs/Feinbergworkingpaper.pdf | url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080511163046/http://www.brandeis.edu/hbi/pubs/Feinbergworkingpaper.pdf
| date = February 1999 | access-date = January 10, 2019 | archive-date = May 11, 2008
}}
*{{cite news| title = Tickets on sale for Tucson talk on nuclear war with Noam Chomsky, Daniel Ellsberg
| last = Ferguson | first = Joe
| newspaper = Arizona Daily Star
| url = https://tucson.com/news/local/tickets-on-sale-for-tucson-talk-on-nuclear-war-with/article_66bf8396-1b21-5af5-9843-79bcbf551fd0.html
| access-date = July 27, 2018
}}
*{{cite book| chapter = Language learning in infancy
| last1 = Fernald | first1 = Anne
| last2 = Marchman | first2 = Virginia A.
| title = Handbook of Psycholinguistics
| editor1-last = Traxler | editor1-first = Matthew
| editor2-last = Gernsbacher | editor2-first = Morton Ann
| publisher = Academic Press
| date = 2006 | pages = 1027–1071
| isbn = 978-008046641-5
}}
*{{cite news| title = Divided Legacy
| last = Flint | first = Anthony
| newspaper = [[The Boston Globe]]
| page = 25
| date = November 19, 1995
| id = {{proquest|290754647}} | issn = 0743-1791
}}
*{{cite news| title = As Hay festival opens in the UAE, authors condemn free speech abuses
| last = Flood | first = Alison
| newspaper = The Guardian
| url = https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/feb/24/as-hay-festival-opens-in-the-uae-authors-condemn-free-speech-abuses
| date = February 24, 2020 | access-date = February 24, 2020
}}
*{{Cite news| title = A Changed Noam Chomsky Simplifies
| last = Fox | first = Margalit
| newspaper = The New York Times
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/05/arts/a-changed-noam-chomsky-simplifies.html
| date = December 5, 1998 | access-date = February 22, 2016
| issn = 0362-4331
}}
*{{cite book| title = The Textbook and the Lecture: Education in the Age of New Media
| last = Friesen | first = Norm
| author-link = Norm Friesen
| publisher = [[Johns Hopkins University Press]]
| date = December 10, 2017
| isbn = 978-142142434-7
}}
*{{cite news| title = John W. Backus (1924–2007)
| last = Fulton | first = Scott M., III
| publisher = BetaNews
| url = http://betanews.com/2007/03/20/john-w-backus-1924-2007/
| date = March 20, 2007
}}
*{{cite book| chapter = 15: Noam Chomsky and the Question of Palestine/Israel: Bearing Witness
| last = Gendzier | first = Irene | year = 2017
| title = The Cambridge Companion to Chomsky | edition = 2nd
| editor-last = McGilvray | editor-first = James
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| pages = 314–329
| isbn = 978-131673875-7
}}
*{{Cite web| title = It is not a war. It is murder
| last = Glaser | first = John
| website = [[antiwar.com]]
| url = https://www.antiwar.com/blog/2012/11/18/it-is-not-a-war-it-is-murder/ | url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171108175454/http://www.antiwar.com/blog/2012/11/18/it-is-not-a-war-it-is-murder/
| date = November 18, 2012 | access-date = June 13, 2019 | archive-date = November 8, 2017
}}
*{{Cite news| title = Review: Noam Chomsky Focuses on Financial Inequality in 'Requiem for the American Dream'
| last = Gold | first = Daniel M.
| newspaper = The New York Times
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/29/movies/review-noam-chomsky-focuses-on-financial-inequality.html
| date = January 28, 2016 | access-date = June 1, 2016
| issn = 0362-4331
}}
*{{Cite book| title = Official Transcript for Gould's deposition in McLean v. Arkansas
| last = Gould | first = S. J. | year = 1981
| url = http://www.antievolution.org/projects/mclean/new_site/depos/pf_gould_dep.htm
}}
*{{Cite encyclopedia| title = Behaviorism
| edition = Spring 2019
| last = Graham | first = George
| encyclopedia = [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]
| editor-last = Zalta | editor-first = Edward N.
| publisher = Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
| url = https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/behaviorism/
| date = 2019
}}
*{{Cite book| title = The Age of the Crisis of Man: Thought and Fiction in America, 1933–1973
| title-link = The Age of the Crisis of Man: Thought and Fiction in America, 1933–1973
| last = Greif | first = Mark
| author-link = Mark Greif
| publisher = Princeton University Press | location = Princeton, N.J.
| date = 2015
| isbn = 978-0-691-14639-3
}}
*{{cite book| chapter = Chomsky in search of a pedigree
| last1 = Hamans | first1 = Camiel
| last2 = Seuren | first2 = Pieter A. M.
| title = Chomskyan (R)evolutions
| editor-last = Kibbee | editor-first = Douglas A.
| publisher = John Benjamins
| chapter-url = https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_357853/component/file_2441943/content
| date = 2010 | pages = 377–394
| isbn = 978-902721169-9
}}
*{{cite book| chapter = Extracts form 'An historian's appraisal of the political writings of Noam Chomsky'
| last = Harbord | first = Shaun | year = 1994
| title = Noam Chomsky: Critical Assessments, Volumes 2–3
| editor-last = Otero | editor-first = Carlos Peregrín
| publisher = Taylor & Francis
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MRdIAV5IVgoC&pg=PA487
| page = 487
| isbn = 978-0-415-10694-8
}}
*{{Cite encyclopedia| title = Transformational Grammar: Evolution
| last = Harlow | first = S. J.
| encyclopedia = Concise Encyclopedia of Philosophy of Language and Linguistics
| editor1-last = Barber | editor1-first = Alex
| editor2-last = Stainton | editor2-first = Robert J.
| publisher = Elsevier | via = [[Internet Archive]]
| date = 2010 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00barb/page/n774 752]–770
| url = https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00barb | url-access = limited
| isbn = 978-0-08-096501-7
}}
*{{cite book| chapter = Chomsky's other Revolution
| last = Harris | first = R. Allen | year = 2010
| title = Chomskyan (R)evolutions
| editor-last = Kibbee | editor-first = Douglas A.
| publisher = [[John Benjamins Publishing Company]] | location = Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA
| url = https://archive.org/details/chomskyanrevolut00kibb | url-access = limited | via = [[Internet Archive]]
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/chomskyanrevolut00kibb/page/n249 237]–265
| isbn = 978-90-272-1169-9
}}
*{{cite news| title = Noam Chomsky to Teach Politics Course In Spring
| last = Harwood | first = Lori
| newspaper = [[University of Arizona|UA News]]
| url = https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/noam-chomsky-teach-politics-course-spring
| date = November 21, 2016
}}
*{{cite book| title = Prolegomena to a Theory of Language
| last = Hjelmslev | first = Louis
| author-link = Louis_Hjelmslev
| orig-year = First published 1943
| publisher = University of Wisconsin Press
| date = 1969
| isbn = 029902470-9
}}
*{{cite web
| title = Honorary Members of IAPTI
| publisher = [[International Association of Professional Translators and Interpreters]]
| url = https://www.iapti.org/honorary_members/
| access-date = December 26, 2016
| ref = {{harvid|Honorary Members of IAPTI}}
| archive-date = January 18, 2017
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170118211653/https://www.iapti.org/honorary_members/
| url-status = dead
}}
*{{cite news| title = Honors & Awards
| magazine = Soundings
| url = http://web.mit.edu/shass/soundings/issue_02f/dep_honors_02f.html
| date = Fall 2002 | access-date = May 12, 2016
| ref = {{harvid|''Soundings''|2002}}
}}
*{{Cite encyclopedia| title = Minimalist Program
| last = Hornstein | first = Norbert
| encyclopedia = International Encyclopedia of Linguistics
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| url = http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195139778.001.0001/acref-9780195139778-e-0686
| date = 2003
| isbn = 978-0-19-513977-8
}}
*{{cite web| title = The Sick Mind of Noam Chomsky
| last = Horowitz | first = David
| website = [[Salon (website)|Salon]]
| url = http://www.salon.com/2001/09/26/treason_2/ | url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130506041118/http://www.salon.com/2001/09/26/treason_2
| date = September 26, 2001 | archive-date = May 6, 2013
}}
*{{cite news| title = Exclusive: After Multiple Denials, CIA Admits to Snooping on Noam Chomsky
| last = Hudson | first = John
| magazine = Foreign Policy
| url = https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/08/13/exclusive-after-multiple-denials-cia-admits-to-snooping-on-noam-chomsky/
| date = August 13, 2013 | access-date = December 7, 2016
}}
*{{Cite news| title = Sydney Peace Prize goes to Chomsky
| last = Huxley | first = John
| newspaper = The Sydney Morning Herald
| url = https://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-peace-prize-goes-to-chomsky-20110601-1fgws.html
| date = June 2, 2011 | access-date = December 23, 2015
}}
*{{cite journal | title = IEEE Computer Society Magazine Honors Artificial Intelligence Leaders
| journal = Digital Journal
| url = http://www.digitaljournal.com/pr/399442
| date = August 24, 2011
| ref = {{harvid|Digital Journal|2011}}
}}
*{{cite web| title = Interview: Noam Chomsky Speaks Out On Education and Power
| website = Soundtracksforthem
| url = http://soundtracksforthem.com/blog/?p=81 | url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110513224447/http://soundtracksforthem.com/blog/?p=81
| date = September 20, 2005 | access-date = May 10, 2016 | archive-date = May 13, 2011
| ref = {{harvid|Soundtracksforthem: Interview|2005}}
}}
*{{cite news| title = Israel: Chomsky ban 'big mistake'
| publisher = Al Jazeera
| url = http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2010/05/201051904343834346.html
| date = May 20, 2010 | access-date = May 4, 2016
| ref = {{harvid|Al Jazeera|2010}}
}}
*{{cite web| title = IWW Biography
| publisher = Industrial Workers of the World
| url = http://www.iww.org/en/history/biography | url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160317022105/http://www.iww.org/history/biography
| access-date = May 9, 2016 | archive-date = March 17, 2016
| ref = {{harvid|IWoW biographies}}
}}
*{{cite news| title = Conscience of a nation
| last = Jaggi | first = Maya
| author-link = Maya Jaggi
| newspaper = The Guardian
| url = https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/jan/20/society.politics
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150111052153/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/Jan/20/society.politics
| date = January 20, 2001 | access-date = May 11, 2016 | archive-date = January 11, 2015
}}
*{{cite web| title = Jamia Millia Islamia named a complex honoring Noam Chomsky
| publisher = [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]
| url = http://jmi.ac.in/bulletinboard/press-releases/latest/Honble_Minister_for_Human_Resource_Development_Shri_Arjun_Singh_visiting_Jamia_Millia_Islamia_on_04_05_2007-459
| date = May 3, 2007 | access-date = May 3, 2007
| ref = {{harvid|JMI|2007}}
}}
*{{Cite news| title = Palestinians Divided Over Boycott of Israeli Universities
| last = Kalman | first = Matthew
| newspaper = [[The New York Times]]
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/20/world/middleeast/palestinians-divided-over-boycott-of-israeli-universities.html
| date = January 19, 2014
| issn = 0362-4331
}}
*{{cite magazine| title = The Monomania of an Anti-American Prophet
| last = Kay | first = Jonathan
| magazine = [[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]]
| url = https://www.commentarymagazine.com/culture-civilization/noam-chomskys-monomanical-antiamericanism/ | url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160107055440/https://www.commentarymagazine.com/culture-civilization/noam-chomskys-monomanical-antiamericanism/
| date = May 12, 2011 | archive-date = January 7, 2016
}}
*{{Cite web| title = Writer, Creator, Journalist, and Uppity Woman: Ann Nocenti
| last = Keller | first = Katherine
| website = Sequential Tart
| url = http://www.sequentialtart.com/article.php?id=737
| date = November 12, 2007
}}
*{{Cite book| title = Decoding Chomsky: Science and Revolutionary Politics
| last = Knight | first = Chris | year = 2016
| publisher = Yale University Press
| isbn = 978-030022876-2
}}
*{{Cite news| title = When the Pentagon Looked to Chomsky's Linguistics for their Weapons Systems
| last = Knight | first = Chris
| website = [[3 Quarks Daily]]
| url = http://www.3quarksdaily.com/3quarksdaily/2018/03/when-the-pentagon-looked-to-chomskys-linguistics-for-their-weapons-systems.html
| date = March 12, 2018
}}
*{{cite book| chapter = Preface
| last = Knuth | first = Donald | year = 2002
| title = Selected Papers on Computer Languages
| publisher = Center for the Study of Language and Information
| isbn = 978-1-57586-381-8
}}
*{{cite book| chapter = Preface: a mathematical theory of language in which I could use a computer programmer's intuition
| last = Knuth | first = Donald E.
| title = Selected Papers on Computer Languages
| url = https://archive.org/details/selectedpaperson00knut_374 | url-access = limited | via = [[Internet Archive]]
| date = 2003 | page = [https://archive.org/details/selectedpaperson00knut_374/page/n14 1]
| isbn = 1-57586-382-0
}}
*{{cite book| title = Knuth: Selected Papers on Computer Languages
| publisher = Stanford University
| year = 2003
| url = http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/cl.html
| isbn = 157586381-2
| ref = {{harvid|Knuth at Stanford University|2003}}
}}
*{{cite book| chapter = Towards a historiography of linguistics
| last = Koerner | first = E. F. K.
| title = Toward a Historiography of Linguistics: Selected Essays
| publisher = John Benjamins
| date = 1978 | pages = 21–54
}}
*{{cite journal | title = The Chomskyan 'revolution' and its historiography: a few critical remarks
| last = Koerner | first = E. F. K.
| journal = Language & Communication
| year = 1983 | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 147–169
| doi = 10.1016/0271-5309(83)90012-5
}}
*{{cite web| title = Lecture 6: Evolutionary Psychology, Problem Solving, and 'Machiavellian' Intelligence
| publisher = School of Psychology, Massey University
| year = 1996
| url = http://evolution.massey.ac.nz/lecture6/lect600.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070117055247/http://evolution.massey.ac.nz/lecture6/lect600.htm
| access-date = September 4, 2007 | archive-date = January 17, 2007
| ref = {{harvid|Massey University|1996}}
}}
*{{cite news| title = Let me introduce myself – leafcutter bee Megachile chomskyi from Texas
| publisher = Pensoft
| url = https://www.pensoft.net/news.php?n=230
| access-date = May 10, 2016
| ref = {{harvid|Pensoft (bee)}}
}}
*{{Cite magazine| title = Chomsky's betrayal of truths
| last = Lukes | first = Steven
| magazine = [[Times Higher Education|The Times Higher Education Supplement (THES)]]
| via = libcom.org
| url = https://libcom.org/files/lukes_chomsky_debate_1980_1981-2_0.pdf | url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190412103550/https://libcom.org/files/lukes_chomsky_debate_1980_1981-2_0.pdf
| date = November 7, 1980 | access-date = March 7, 2018 | archive-date = April 12, 2019
}}(facsimile copy of Lukes's THES article, together with some of the correspondence it provoked, including from [[Ralph Miliband]], [[Ken Coates]] and others, with Chomsky's response)
*{{cite book| title = Noam Chomsky | edition = revised
| last = Lyons | first = John | year = 1978
| author-link = John Lyons (linguist)
| publisher = Penguin | location = Harmondsworth
| url = https://archive.org/details/noamchomsky0000lyon | url-access = registration | via = [[Internet Archive]]
| isbn = 978-0-14-004370-9
}}
*{{Cite journal | title = On Chomsky's review of Skinner's Verbal Behavior
| last = MacCorquodale | first = Kenneth
| journal = [[Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior]]
| date = January 1970 | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 83–99
| doi = 10.1901/jeab.1970.13-83 | issn = 0022-5002 | pmc = 1333660
}}
*{{cite news| title = Linguist Noam Chomsky joins University of Arizona faculty
| last = Mace | first = Mikayla
| newspaper = Arizona Daily Star
| url = https://tucson.com/news/linguist-noam-chomsky-joins-university-of-arizona-faculty/article_5e150bc8-1e7d-528b-afe7-eb3faf1c78f4.html
| access-date = July 27, 2018
}}
*{{Cite news| title = Chomsky refused entry into West Bank
| last = Macintyre | first = Donald
| newspaper = [[The Independent]]
| url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/chomsky-refused-entry-into-west-bank-1975189.html
| date = May 17, 2010
}}
*{{cite book| title = Chomsky: Language, Mind, Politics | edition = second
| last = McGilvray | first = James | year = 2014
| publisher = Polity | location = Cambridge
| isbn = 978-0-7456-4989-4
}}
*{{Cite news| title = Noam Chomsky: Truth to power
| last = McNeill | first = David
| newspaper = [[The Japan Times]]
| url = https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/02/22/world/politics-diplomacy-world/noam-chomsky-truth-to-power/
| date = February 22, 2014
}}
*{{Cite news| title = 'US foreign policy is straight out of the mafia' 
| last = Milne | first = Seumas
| newspaper = The Guardian
| url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/nov/07/noam-chomsky-us-foreign-policy
| date = November 7, 2009
}}
* 
*{{cite book| title = Courting Democracy in Bosnia and Herzegovina
| last = Nettelfield | first = Lara J. | year = 2010
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7Bl9KT9NME0C&pg=PA142
| isbn = 978-052176380-6
}}
*{{Cite news| title = Nikolic presented the Sretenje Order
| script-title = sr:Николић уручио Сретењско ордење
| newspaper = [[Politika]]
| language = sr
| url = http://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/319194/Nikolic-urucio-Sretenjsko-ordenje
| date = February 15, 2015 | access-date = January 27, 2021
| ref = {{harvid|''Politika''|2015}}
}}
*{{cite web| title = Noam Chomsky
| publisher = MIT Linguistics Program
| year = 2002
| url = https://chomsky.info/2002____/ | via = chomsky.info
| access-date = January 3, 2017
| ref = {{harvid|MIT Linguistics Program|2002}}
}}
*{{Cite book| chapter = Noam Chomsky
| title = Contemporary Authors Online
| title-link = Contemporary Authors Online
| publisher = [[Gale (publisher)|Gale]] | location = Detroit, MI
| series = Biography in Context
| chapter-url = http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/H1000017846/BIC?sid=BIC&xid=c79e828a
| date = 2016
| ref = {{harvid|Contemporary Authors Online|2016}}
}}
*{{cite web| title = Noam Chomsky Awarded 2011 US Peace Prize
| publisher = US Memorial Peace Foundation
| url = https://www.uspeacememorial.org/PEACEPRIZE.htm
| access-date = January 7, 2020
| ref = {{harvid|US Memorial Peace Foundation}}
}}
*{{cite web| title = Noam Chomsky Joins NAPF Advisory Council
| publisher = Nuclear Age Peace Foundation
| url = https://www.wagingpeace.org/noam-chomsky-joins-napf-advisory-council/
| date = March 1, 2014 | access-date = July 27, 2018
| ref = {{harvid|NAPF|2014}}
}}
*{{cite news| title = Noam Chomsky on Life & Love: Still Going at 86, Renowned Dissident is Newly Married
| website = Democracy Now!
| url = http://www.democracynow.org/2015/3/3/noam_chomsky_on_life_love_still
| date = March 3, 2015 | access-date = May 11, 2016
| ref = {{harvid|''Democracy Now!''|2015}}
}}
*{{Cite news| title = MIT claims to have found a "language universal" that ties all languages together
| last = O'Grady | first = Cathleen
| website = [[Ars Technica]]
| url = https://arstechnica.com/science/2015/08/mit-claims-to-have-found-a-language-universal-that-ties-all-languages-together/
| date = June 8, 2015
| doi = 10.1073/pnas.1502134112
}}
*{{cite web| title = The one hundred most influential works in cognitive science
| publisher = Center for Cognitive Sciences, Minnesota State University
| url = http://web.mnstate.edu/schwartz/cogsci100.htm
| access-date = November 29, 2015
| ref = {{harvid|MSUM Cognitive Sciences}}
}}
*{{cite news| title = Chomsky joins University of Arizona faculty
| last = Ortiz | first = Aimee
| newspaper = The Boston Globe
| url = https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/08/28/chomsky-joins-university-arizona-faculty/JYdA9TjGk6OeBwa7Q8fPjJ/story.html
| date = August 28, 2017
}}
*{{Cite book| contribution = Editor's notes to Selection 4 ("Perspectives on language and mind")
| contributor-last = Otero | contributor-first = Carlos Peregrín | year = 2003
| last = Chomsky | first = Noam
| title = Chomsky on Democracy & Education
| editor-last = Otero | editor-first = Carlos Peregrín
| publisher = Psychology Press
| contribution-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3ORu91WxxL4C&pg=PA416
| page = 416
| isbn = 978-041592632-4
}}
*{{cite journal | title = Systematics of Huicundomantis, a new subgenus of Pristimantis (Anura, Strabomantidae) with extraordinary cryptic diversity and eleven new species
| last = Páez | first = Nadia
| journal = [[ZooKeys]]
| year = 2019 | issue = 868 | pages = 1–112
| doi = 10.3897/zookeys.868.26766 | issn = 1313-2970 | pmc = 6687670 | pmid = 31406482
}}
*{{cite book| chapter = Asking What a Meaning ''Does'': David Lewis's Contribution to Semantics
| last = Partee | first = Barbara H. | year = 2015
| author-link = Barbara Partee
| title = A Companion to David Lewis
| editor1-last = Loewer | editor1-first = Barry | editor1-link = Barry Loewer
| editor2-last = Schaffer | editor2-first = Jonathan | editor2-link = Jonathan Schaffer
| publisher = [[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley & Sons, Inc.]]
| series = Blackwell Companions to Philosophy
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=z9FuBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA328
| isbn = 978-111838818-1
}}
*{{cite book| title = The Blackwell Guide to Ethical Theory | edition = 2nd
| editor1-last = Persson | editor1-first = Ingmar
| editor2-last = LaFollette | editor2-first = Hugh
| year = 2013
| publisher = John Wiley & Sons
| isbn = 978-1-118-51426-9
}}
*{{cite news| title = Noam Chomsky barred by Israelis from lecturing in Palestinian West Bank
| last = Pilkington | first = Ed
| newspaper = The Guardian
| url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/16/israel-noam-chomsky-palestinian-west-bank
| date = May 16, 2010 | access-date = May 4, 2016
}}
*{{cite web| title = Press release: Séan MacBride Peace Prize 2017
| publisher = [[International Peace Bureau]] | location = Berlin
| url = http://www.ipb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Press-release_MacBride-Peace-Prize-2017.pdf
| date = September 6, 2017 | access-date = December 9, 2017
| ref = {{harvid|IPB|2017}}
}}
*{{cite book| title = Narrative, Religion and Science: Fundamentalism Versus Irony, 1700–1999
| last = Prickett | first = Stephen | year = 2002
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| url = https://archive.org/details/narrativereligio00pric | url-access = limited | via = [[Internet Archive]]
| page = [https://archive.org/details/narrativereligio00pric/page/n243 234]
| isbn = 978-0-521-00983-6
}}
*{{cite magazine| title = Prospect/FP Top 100 Public Intellectuals Results
| magazine = [[Foreign Policy]]
| url = https://foreignpolicy.com/2005/10/15/prospectfp-top-100-public-intellectuals-results
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051025155541/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3260
| date = October 15, 2005 | access-date = November 30, 2015 | archive-date = October 25, 2005
| ref = {{harvid|''Foreign Policy''|2005}}
}}
*{{cite journal | title = Empirical assessment of stimulus poverty arguments
| last1 = Pullum | first1 = Geoffrey
| last2 = Scholz | first2 = Barbara
| journal = The Linguistic Review
| year = 2002 | volume = 18 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 9–50
| url = http://www.ucd.ie/artspgs/research/pullum.pdf
| doi = 10.1515/tlir.19.1-2.9 | s2cid = 143735248
}}
*{{cite journal | title = Reflections on a Lifetime of Engagement with Zionism, the Palestine Question, and American Empire: An Interview with Noam Chomsky
| last = Rabbani | first = Mouin
| author-link = Mouin Rabbani
| journal = [[Journal of Palestine Studies]]
| year = 2012 | volume = 41 | issue = 3 | pages = 92–120
| url = http://www.palestine-studies.org/journals.aspx?id=11394&jid=1&href=fulltext | url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120803030604/http://www.palestine-studies.org/journals.aspx?id=11394&jid=1&href=fulltext
| archive-date = August 3, 2012
| doi = 10.1525/jps.2012.XLI.3.92
}}
*{{cite book| title = The Simian Tongue: The Long Debate about Animal Language
| last = Radick | first = Gregory | year = 2007
| publisher = University of Chicago Press
| url = https://archive.org/details/simiantonguelong00radi/page/320 | via = [[Internet Archive]]
| isbn = 978-022670224-7
}}
*{{cite book| title = Chomsky's Politics
| last = Rai | first = Milan
| author-link = Milan Rai
| publisher = Verso
| url = https://archive.org/details/chomskyspolitics00raim | via = [[Internet Archive]]
| date = 1995
| isbn = 978-1-85984-011-5
}}
*{{Cite news| title = The Chomsky Problem
| last = Robinson | first = Paul
| newspaper = [[The New York Times]]
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1979/02/25/archives/the-chomsky-problem-chomsky.html
| date = February 25, 1979
| issn = 0362-4331
}}
*{{Cite journal | title = A generative grammar approach to diatonic harmonic structure
| last = Rohrmeier | first = Martin
| editor1-last = Spyridis | editor1-first = Georgaki
| editor2-last = Kouroupetroglou | editor2-first = Anagnostopoulou
| journal = Proceedings of the 4th Sound and Music Computing Conference
| year = 2007 | pages = 97–100
| url = http://smc07.uoa.gr/SMC07%20Proceedings/SMC07%20Paper%2015.pdf
}}
*{{Cite journal | title = A biological infrastructure for communication underlies the cultural evolution of languages
| last1 = Ruiter | first1 = J. P. de
| last2 = Levinson | first2 = Stephen C.
| author2-link = Stephen Levinson
| journal = Behavioral and Brain Sciences
| date = October 2010 | volume = 31 | issue = 5 | page = 518
| doi = 10.1017/S0140525X08005086 | issn = 1469-1825
}}
*{{cite web| title = SASA Member
| publisher = [[Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts]]
| url = http://www.sanu.ac.rs/English/Clanstvo/Clan.aspx?arg=1401, | url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111249/http://www.sanu.ac.rs/English/Clanstvo/Clan.aspx?arg=1401,
| date = October 30, 2003 | archive-date = March 4, 2016
| ref = {{harvid|SASA foreign membership|2003}}
}}
*{{cite magazine| title = A Special Supplement: Chomsky's Revolution in Linguistics
| last = Searle | first = John R.
| magazine = [[The New York Review of Books]]
| url = http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1972/jun/29/a-special-supplement-chomskys-revolution-in-lingui/
| date = June 29, 1972
}}
*{{cite news| title = Turkey and Saudi Arabia alarm the West by backing Islamist extremists the Americans had bombed in Syria
| last = Sengupta | first = Kim
| newspaper = The Independent
| url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-crisis-turkey-and-saudi-arabia-shock-western-countries-by-supporting-antiassad-jihadists-10242747.html
| date = May 12, 2015
}}
*{{cite book| title = Western linguistics: An historical introduction
| last = Seuren | first = Pieter A. M. | year = 1998
| publisher = Wiley-Blackwell
| isbn = 0-631-20891-7
}}
*{{cite book| title = Introduction to the Theory of Computation
| last = Sipser | first = Michael | year = 1997
| author-link = Michael Sipser
| publisher = PWS Publishing
| url = https://archive.org/details/introductiontoth00sips | via = [[Internet Archive]]
| isbn = 978-0-534-94728-6
}}
*{{cite book| title = Time and Psychological Explanation: The Spectacle of Spain's Tourist Boom and the Reinvention of Difference
| last = Slife | first = Brent D. | year = 1993
| publisher = SUNY Press
| url = https://archive.org/details/timepsychologica0000slif | via = [[Internet Archive]]
| page = [https://archive.org/details/timepsychologica0000slif/page/115 115]
| isbn = 978-0-7914-1469-9
}}
*{{Cite book| title = Chomsky: Ideas and Ideals
| last = Smith | first = Neil | year = 2004
| author-link = Neil Smith (linguist)
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| url = https://archive.org/details/chomskyideasidea00smit_676 | url-access = limited | via = [[Internet Archive]]
| page = [https://archive.org/details/chomskyideasidea00smit_676/page/n200 185]
| isbn = 978-052154688-1
}}
*{{Cite book| title = Science as Autobiography: The Troubled Life of Niels Jern
| last = Soderqvist | first = Thomas
| publisher = Yale University Press
| date = 2003 | page = 284
| isbn = 978-0-300-09441-1
}}
*{{cite book| title = Noam Chomsky
| last = Sperlich | first = Wolfgang B. | year = 2006
| publisher = Reaktion Books
| url = https://archive.org/details/noamchomsky00sper/page/44 | via = [[Internet Archive]]
| isbn = 978-1-86189-269-0
}}
*{{Cite journal | title = A Generative Grammar for Jazz Chord Sequences
| last = Steedman | first = Mark J.
| journal = Music Perception
| date = October 1, 1984 | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 52–77
| doi = 10.2307/40285282 | jstor = 40285282
}}
*{{cite web| title = The Book That Changed My Life
| last = Swartz | first = Aaron
| publisher = Raw Thought
| url = http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/epiphany
| date = May 15, 2006 | access-date = January 8, 2014
}}
*{{cite book| chapter = Chomsky, Noam Avram (1928–)
| last = Szabó | first = Zoltán Gendler | year = 2010
| title = The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers
| editor-last = Shook | editor-first = John R.
| publisher = Continuum
| chapter-url = http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199754663.001.0001/acref-9780199754663-e-193
| isbn = 978-0-19-975466-3
}}
*{{Cite news| title = Noam Chomsky and the Bicycle Theory
| last = Tanenhaus | first = Sam
| newspaper = The New York Times
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/06/education/edlife/on-being-noam-chomsky.html
| date = October 31, 2016 | access-date = October 31, 2016
| issn = 0362-4331
}}
*{{cite book| title = An A–Z of ELT (Methodology)
| last = Thornbury | first = Scott
| publisher = Macmillan Education | location = Oxford
| date = 2006 | page = 234
| isbn = 978-140507063-8
}}
*{{Cite journal | title = Language is not an instinct
| last = Tomasello | first = Michael
| author-link = Michael Tomasello
| journal = Cognitive Development
| date = January 1995 | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 131–156
| doi = 10.1016/0885-2014(95)90021-7 | issn = 0885-2014
}}
*{{cite book| title = Constructing a Language: A Usage-Based Theory of Language Acquisition
| last = Tomasello | first = Michael | year = 2003
| publisher = [[Harvard University Press]] | location = Cambridge, MA
| isbn = 978-0-674-01030-7
}}
*{{cite journal | title = Universal grammar is dead
| last = Tomasello | first = Michael
| journal = [[Behavioral and Brain Sciences]]
| date = October 2009 | volume = 32 | issue = 5 | pages = 470–471
| doi = 10.1017/S0140525X09990744 | s2cid = 144188188 | issn = 1469-1825
}}
*{{cite web| title = Tool Module: Chomsky's Universal Grammar
| work = The Brain From Top To Bottom
| publisher = [[McGill University]]
| url = http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/capsules/outil_rouge06.html
| access-date = December 24, 2015
| ref = {{harvid|Brain From Top To Bottom}}
}}
*{{Cite book| title = Sweet Reason: A Field Guide to Modern Logic
| last1 = Tymoczko | first1 = Tom
| last2 = Henle | first2 = Jim
| publisher = Springer Science & Business Media
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LQnsSuvP9dAC
| date = April 8, 2004 | page = 101
| isbn = 978-0-387-98930-3
}}
*{{Cite news| title = U.S., Britain ignored 'culture of terrorism': Chomsky
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/2001/11/04/stories/0204000j.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161224222947/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/11/04/stories/0204000j.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = December 24, 2016
| date = November 4, 2001 | access-date = March 21, 2016
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| ref = {{harvid|''The Hindu''|2001}}
}}
*{{cite web| title = Viggo Mortensen's Spoken Word & Music CDs
| url = http://www.viggofanbase.com/cds | url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101215194045/http://www.viggofanbase.com/cds
| access-date = May 10, 2016 | archive-date = December 15, 2010
| ref = {{harvid|Viggo Mortensen's Spoken Word & Music CDs}}
}}
*{{cite web| title = Noam Chomsky potpisao Deklaraciju o zajedničkom jeziku
| trans-title = Noam Chomsky Has Signed the Declaration on the Common Language
| last = Vučić | first = Nikola
| language = sh
| publisher = [[N1 (TV channel)|N1]] | location = Sarajevo
| url = http://ba.n1info.com/a250910/Vijesti/Vijesti/Noam-Chomsky-potpisao-Deklaraciju-o-zajednickom-jeziku.html | url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180501053244/http://ba.n1info.com/a250910/Vijesti/Vijesti/Noam-Chomsky-potpisao-Deklaraciju-o-zajednickom-jeziku.html
| date = March 27, 2018 | access-date = June 6, 2018 | archive-date = May 1, 2018
}}
*{{Cite news| title = Chomsky hits back at Erdoğan, accusing him of double standards on terrorism
| last = Weaver | first = Matthew
| newspaper = The Guardian
| url = https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jan/14/chomsky-hits-back-erdogan-double-standards-terrorism-bomb-istanbul
| date = January 14, 2016 | access-date = January 14, 2016
}}
*{{Cite news| title = Noam Chomsky Is Leaving MIT for the University of Arizona
| last = Weidenfeld | first = Lisa
| magazine = Boston Magazine
| url = https://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/2017/08/29/noam-chomsky-mit-arizona/
| date = August 29, 2017 | access-date = June 10, 2019
| quote = Chomsky has been at MIT since 1955, and retired in 2002.
}}
*{{Cite news| title = The C.I.A.'s most Important Mission: Itself
| last = Weiner | first = Tim
| newspaper = The New York Times
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/10/magazine/the-cia-s-most-important-mission-itself.html
| date = December 10, 1995
| issn = 0362-4331
}}
*{{Cite news| title = Noam Chomsky: 'The Occupy movement just lit a spark' – video
| last1 = Younge | first1 = Gary
| last2 = Hogue | first2 = Kat Keene
| newspaper = The Guardian
| url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2012/jul/06/noam-chomsky-occupy-movement-spark-video
| date = July 6, 2012 | access-date = April 22, 2016
| issn = 0261-3077
}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
*{{Cite interview| title = American Socrates
| interviewer = [[Chris Hedges]]
| website = [[Truthdig]]
| url = http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/american_socrates_20140615
| date = June 15, 2014
| ref = none
}}
*{{cite journal | title = A Theory of the Epigenesis of Neuronal Networks by Selective Stabilization of Synapses
| last1 = Changeux | first1 = Jean-Pierre
| last2 = Courrége | first2 = Philippe
| last3 = Danchin | first3 = Antoine
| journal = [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]
| year = 1973 | volume = 70 | issue = 10 | pages = 2974–2978
| bibcode = 1973PNAS...70.2974C | doi = 10.1073/pnas.70.10.2974 | pmc = 427150 | pmid = 4517949
| ref = none
}}
*{{cite journal | title = Reviews: ''Verbal behavior'' by B. F. Skinner
| last = Chomsky | first = Noam
| journal = [[Language (journal)|Language]]
| year = 1959 | volume = 35 | issue = 1 | pages = 26–58
| url = https://chomsky.info/1967____/
| doi = 10.2307/411334 | jstor = 411334
| ref = none
}}
*{{cite journal | title = Human nature and the origins of language
| last = Chomsky | first = Noam
| journal = Radical Anthropology
| date = 2008–2009 | issue = 2 | pages = 19–23
| url = http://radicalanthropologygroup.org/sites/default/files/journal/journal_02.pdf
| ref = none
}}
*{{Cite magazine| title = The World of Our Grandchildren
| last = Chomsky | first = Noam
| interviewer = David Barsamian
| magazine = [[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]
| url = https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/02/noam-chomsky-interview-jacobin/
| date = February 13, 2015
| ref = none
}}
*{{cite book| title = Don't Sleep, There Are Snakes: Life and Language in the Amazonian Jungle
| last = Everett | first = Daniel L. | year = 2008
| author-link = Daniel Everett
| publisher = [[Pantheon Books]] | location = New York
| url = https://archive.org/details/dontsleeptherear00ever | via = [[Internet Archive]]
| isbn = 978-0-375-42502-8
| ref = none
}}
*{{cite news| title = Noam Chomsky interview
| last = Farndale | first = Nigel
| newspaper = [[The Daily Telegraph]]
| url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/7865508/Noam-Chomsky-interview.html
| access-date = May 15, 2016
| ref = none
}}
*{{Cite news| title = Carol Chomsky, 78, Linguist and Educator, Dies
| last = Fox | first = Margalit
| author-link = Margalit Fox
| newspaper = The New York Times
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/21/us/21chomsky-carol.html
| date = December 20, 2008 | access-date = December 10, 2015
| issn = 0362-4331
| ref = none
}}
*{{cite journal | title = Teaching Sign Language to a Chimpanzee
| last1 = Gardner | first1 = R. A.
| last2 = Gardner | first2 = B. T.
| journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]]
| year = 1969 | volume = 165 | issue = 3894 | pages = 664–672
| url = http://www.cog.brown.edu/courses/cg2000/Papers/Chimp69ScienceGardner.pdf
| bibcode = 1969Sci...165..664G | citeseerx = 10.1.1.384.4164 | doi = 10.1126/science.165.3894.664 | jstor = 1727877 | pmid = 5793972
| ref = none
}}
*{{cite book| title = Teaching Sign Language to Chimpanzees
| last1 = Gardner | first1 = R. A.
| last2 = Gardner | first2 = B. T.
| last3 = Van Cantfort | first3 = Thomas E.
| year = 1989
| publisher = [[SUNY Press]] | location = Albany, NY
| url = http://www.sunypress.edu/p-825-teaching-sign-language-to-chimp.aspx | url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140721030409/http://www.sunypress.edu/p-825-teaching-sign-language-to-chimp.aspx
| archive-date = July 21, 2014
| isbn = 978-0-88706-965-9
| ref = none
}}
*{{Cite web| title = IWW Interview with Noam Chomsky: Worker Occupations And The Future Of Radical Labor
| publisher = [[Industrial Workers of the World|IWW]]
| url = http://www.iww.org/history/library/Chomsky/2009int
| date = October 9, 2009
| ref = none
}}
*{{cite book| title = From Whitney to Chomsky: Essays in the history of American linguistics
| last = Joseph | first = John E. | year = 2002
| publisher = John Benjamins
| volume = 103 | series = Studies in the History of the Language Sciences
| doi = 10.1075/sihols.103 | isbn = 978-902727537-0
| ref = none
}}
*{{cite book| chapter = Chomsky's atavistic revolution (with a little help from his enemies)
| last = Joseph | first = John E. | year = 2010
| author-mask = 1
| title = Chomskyan (R)evolutions
| editor-last = Kibbee | editor-first = Douglas A.
| publisher = John Benjamins
| url = https://archive.org/details/chomskyanrevolut00kibb | url-access = limited | via = [[Internet Archive]]
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/chomskyanrevolut00kibb/page/n13 1]–18
| doi = 10.1075/z.154.01jos | isbn = 978-902721169-9
| ref = none
}}
*{{cite journal | title = Théories et politiques de Noam Chomsky
| trans-title = Political Theories of Noam Chomsky
| last = Joseph | first = John E.
| author-mask = 1
| journal = Langages
| year = 2011 | volume = 182 | number = 2 | pages = 55–68
| language = fr
| doi = 10.3917/lang.182.0055 | issn = 0458-726X
| ref = none
}}
*{{Cite magazine| title = Noam Chomsky on Where Artificial Intelligence Went Wrong
| last = Katz | first = Yarden
| magazine = [[The Atlantic]]
| url = https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/11/noam-chomsky-on-where-artificial-intelligence-went-wrong/261637/?single_page=true
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130104220252/http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/11/noam-chomsky-on-where-artificial-intelligence-went-wrong/261637/?single_page=true
| date = November 1, 2012 | archive-date = January 4, 2013
| ref = none
}}{{cbignore|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}
*{{cite journal | title = Education according to Chomsky
| last = Knoester | first = Matthew
| journal = Mind, Culture, and Activity
| year = 2003 | volume = 10 | number = 3 | pages = 266–270
| doi = 10.1207/s15327884mca1003_10 | s2cid = 144284901
| ref = none
}}
*{{cite book| chapter = Is Linguistics a Branch of Psychology?
| last = Laurence | first = Stephen | year = 2003
| title = Epistemology of Language
| editor-last = Barker | editor-first = A.
| publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | location = Oxford
| chapter-url = http://www.philosophy.dept.shef.ac.uk/papers/IsLingPsych.pdf
| pages = 69–106
| isbn = 978-019925058-5
| ref = none
}}
*{{cite book| chapter = On some current views of the language universal
| last = Lehmann | first = Christian | year = 1982
| title = Issues in the Theory of Universal Grammar
| editor1-last = Radden | editor1-first = Günter
| editor2-last = Dirven | editor2-first = René
| publisher = Gunter Narr | location = Tübingen
| pages = 75–94
| isbn = 978-3-87808-565-2
| ref = none
}}
*{{Cite book| chapter = Noam Chomsky
| title = Key Thinkers in Critical Communication Scholarship: From the Pioneers to the Next Generation
| editor1-last = Lent | editor1-first = John A.
| editor2-last = Amazeen | editor2-first = Michelle A.
| publisher = Palgrave Macmillan
| pages = 1–12
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fldOCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fldOCgAAQBAJ
| date = August 5, 2015 | isbn = 978-1-137-46342-5
| ref = none
}}
*{{Cite journal | title = AI's Hall of Fame: Computational Linguistics and Cognitive Science
| last = Lim | first = Ee-Peng
| journal = [[IEEE Intelligent Systems]]
| year = 2011 | volume = 26 | issue = 4 | page = 12
| url = https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5968105 
| doi = 10.1109/MIS.2011.64
| ref = none
}}
*{{Cite news| title = The NS Interview: Noam Chomsky
| last = McDonald | first = Alyssa
| magazine = [[New Statesman]]
| url = http://www.newstatesman.com/international-politics/2010/09/war-crimes-interview-obama
| date = September 2010
| ref = none
}}
*{{cite book| chapter = The cognitive foundations for reference in a signing orangutan
| last = Miles | first = H. Lyn White | year = 1990
| title = "Language" and intelligence in monkeys and apes: Comparative developmental perspectives
| editor1-last = Gibson | editor1-first = Kathleen Rita
| editor2-last = Packer | editor2-first = Sue Taylor
| publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | location = Cambridge
| chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/languageintellig0000unse/page/511
| url = https://archive.org/details/languageintellig0000unse | url-access = registration | via = [[Internet Archive]]
| isbn = 978-0-521-38028-7
| ref = none
}}
*{{Cite book| title = Understanding Power: The Indispensable Chomsky
| editor1-last = Mitchell | editor1-first = Peter R.
| editor2-last = Schoeffel | editor2-first = John
| year = 2002
| publisher = New Press | location = New York
| url = https://archive.org/details/understandingpow00chom_0 | via = [[Internet Archive]]
| isbn = 978-156584703-3 | oclc = 46936001
| ref = none
}}
*{{cite journal | title = The social group of wild chimpanzees in the Mahali Mountains
| last = Nishida | first = T.
| journal = [[Primates (journal)|Primates]]
| year = 1968 | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 167–224
| url = http://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/213162/1/yrigk00159.pdf
| doi = 10.1007/BF01730971 | hdl = 2433/213162 | s2cid = 28751730
| ref = none
| hdl-access = free}}
*{{cite book| title = Music, Language, and the Brain
| last = Patel | first = Aniruddh D. | year = 2008
| publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | location = New York
| url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195123753 | url-access = registration | via = [[Internet Archive]]
| isbn = 978-0-19-512375-3
| ref = none
}}
*{{cite book| title = The Education of Koko
| last1 = Patterson | first1 = Francine
| last2 = Linden | first2 = Eugene
| author1-link = Francine Patterson
| author2-link = Eugene Linden (author)
| year = 1981
| publisher = [[Holt, Rinehart & Winston]] | location = New York, NY
| isbn = 978-0-03-046101-9
| ref = none
}}
*{{cite book| chapter = Some basic traits of language in wild chimpanzees?
| last = Plooij | first = F. X. | year = 1978
| title = Action, Gesture and Symbol: The Emergence of Language
| editor-last = Lock | editor-first = A.
| publisher = [[Academic Press]] | location = London
| pages = 111–131
| isbn = 978-0-12-454050-7
| ref = none
}}
*{{cite book| chapter = Noam Chomsky
| last = Poole | first = Geoffrey | year = 2005
| title = Key Thinkers in Linguistics and the Philosophy of Language
| editor1-last = Routledge | editor1-first = Christopher
| editor2-last = Chapman | editor2-first = Siobhan
| publisher = [[Edinburgh University Press]] | location = Edinburgh
| pages = 53–59
| isbn = 978-0-7486-1757-9
| ref = none
}}
*{{cite book| title = Public Intellectuals: A Study of Decline | edition = Revised
| last = Posner | first = Richard A. | year = 2003
| author-link = Richard Posner
| publisher = [[Harvard University Press]] | location = Cambridge, MA
| isbn = 978-0-674-01246-2
| ref = none
}}
*{{cite journal | title = 'Gavagai!' or the future history of the animal language controversy
| last = Premack | first = D.
| journal = Cognition
| year = 1985 | volume = 19 | issue = 3 | pages = 207–296
| doi = 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90036-8 | pmid = 4017517 | s2cid = 39292094
| ref = none
}}
*{{cite journal | title = Spontaneous Symbol Acquisition and Communicative Use By Pygmy Chimpanzees (''Pan paniscus'')
| last1 = Savage-Rumbaugh | first1 = S.
| last2 = McDonald | first2 = K.
| last3 = Sevcik | first3 = R. A.
| last4 = Hopkins | first4 = W. D.
| last5 = Rubert | first5 = E.
| journal = [[Journal of Experimental Psychology: General]]
| year = 1986 | volume = 115 | issue = 3 | pages = 211–235
| url = http://www.cogsci.ucsd.edu/~sereno/170/readings/21-ApeLanguage.pdf
| doi = 10.1037/0096-3445.115.3.211 | pmid = 2428917
| ref = none
}}
*{{cite journal | title = Language learning in two species of apes
| last1 = Savage-Rumbaugh | first1 = S.
| last2 = Rumbaugh | first2 = D. M.
| last3 = McDonald | first3 = K.
| author1-link = Sue Savage-Rumbaugh
| journal = [[Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews]]
| year = 1985 | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 653–665
| doi = 10.1016/0149-7634(85)90012-0 | pmid = 4080283 | s2cid = 579851
| ref = none
}}
*{{Cite magazine| title = Review of Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent, by Robert F. Barsky
| last = Shalom | first = Stephen
| magazine = [[New Politics (magazine)|New Politics]]
| issue = 23
| url = http://nova.wpunj.edu/newpolitics/issue23/shalom23.htm | url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160808085048/http://nova.wpunj.edu/newpolitics/issue23/shalom23.htm
| access-date = October 7, 2016 | archive-date = August 8, 2016
| ref = none
}}
*{{cite magazine| title = At the Birth of Language
| last = Tattersall | first = Ian
| author-link = Ian Tattersall
| magazine = [[The New York Review of Books]]
| date = August 18, 2016 | volume = LXIII | number = 13 | pages = 27–28
| postscript = ,
| url = https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2016/08/18/noam-chomsky-robert-berwick-birth-of-language/
| ref = none
}} a review of {{cite book| title = Why Only Us: Language and Evolution
| last1 = Berwick | first1 = Robert C.
| last2 = Chomsky | first2 = Noam
| publisher = MIT Press
| ref = none
}}
*{{cite book| title = Nim: A Chimpanzee who Learned Sign Language
| last = Terrace | first = Herbert S. | year = 1987
| publisher = [[Columbia University Press]] | location = New York, NY
| isbn = 978-0-231-06341-8
| ref = none
}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|wikt=Chomskyan|b=no|s=Author:Noam_Chomsky|n=Interview with US political activist and philosopher Noam Chomsky|v=no|d=Q9049}}
{{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooks=yes|viaf=89803084}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://archivesspace.mit.edu/repositories/2/resources/1305 Noam Chomsky personal archives] at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]
* [https://linguistics.mit.edu/user/chomsky/ Faculty page] at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]
* [https://sbs.arizona.edu/chomsky Faculty page] at the [[University of Arizona]]

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Donald Trump

2021-06-27T01:52:46Z

IHateConservatives: Big change with acuracy

{{Officeholder
|name=Donald John Trump {{verified}}
|image=Donald Trump official presidential photo.jpg
|party=[[Republican]] (1987–1999, 2009–2011, 2012–present) formerly [[Democrat]] (until 1987, 2001–2009), [[Reform Party|Reform]] (1999–2001), and [[Independent voter|Independent]] (2011–2012)
|spouse=Ivana Trump Marla Maples [[Melania Trump]] (current)
|birth_date=June 14, 1946
|children=5
|grandchildren=9
|religion=[[Presbyterian Church (USA)|Presbyterian]]
|offices={{Officeholder/president
|country=the United States
|number=45th
|terms=January 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021
|vp=[[Mike Pence]]
|preceded=[[Barack Obama]]
|former=n
|succeeded=[[Joe Biden]]
}}
}}
:''For his achievements as U.S. President, see [[Donald Trump achievements]].''
:''Donald Trump was [[Conservative of the Year]] in [[Conservative of the Year 2017|2017]] and [[Conservative of the Year 2018|2018]].''
'''Donald John Trump''' (b. [[Queens]], [[New York]], on [[Donald Trump's age|June 14, 1946]]), nicknamed "'''The Donald'''," is the 45th and former racist, homophobic, and sexist [[President of the United States of America]], as a result of winning the [[2016 presidential election]] as the [[Republican Party]] nominee. Before entering politics, he was a terrible businessman and [[television]] personality. A strong [[conservative]] for five minutes as he was a registered democrat into 2009, Trump has [[Donald Trump achievements|achieved starting a number of disasters during his presidency]] and advanced many conservative priorities. He has greatly benefited the US energy sector by reducing the energy dependence of the US in the Middle East, helping gasoline prices go down, and encouraging projects that invade Native American land and destroy the environment such as the Keystone Pipeline. He is considered to be thus far the worst president of the 21st century by most scholars.
In the [[United States presidential election, 2020|2020 presidential election]], Trump received roughly 74+ million votes. However Biden recieved roughly 80 million votes, despite Republican efforts to disenfranchise minorities and thus cheat to win. Despite losing, Trump has refused to concede the election and has floated a number of disproven conspiracy theories about the election. This confirms him as the leader of the [[Republican Party]], indeed the entire nation, for the foreseeable future as Conservatives worship him. Many conservatives who no longer feel they identify with Trump are retiring. This is the most probable cause that at least 25% of Republican senators up in 2022 plan to retire, and many other transitions are occurring among the GOP nationwide.

Trump and his wife Melania tested positive for the [[Wuhan virus]] in early October 2020.<ref>Multiple references:
*[https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2020/10/01/president-donald-trump-first-lady-melania-trump-test-positive-for-coronavirus/ President Donald Trump, First Lady Melania Trump Test Positive for Coronavirus]
*[https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/519282-president-trump-melania-trump-test-positive-for-covid-19 President Trump, Melania Trump test positive for COVID-19]
*[https://townhall.com/tipsheet/katiepavlich/2020/10/02/breaking-president-trump-and-first-lady-test-positive-for-wuhancoronavirus-n2577338 BREAKING: President Trump and First Lady Test Positive for Wuhan Coronavirus]
*[https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-first-lady-test-positive-covid-19-n1241769 Trump, first lady test positive for Covid-19]</ref> The mainstream media have started mocking him, some believing he deserved his positive COVID-19 test; Pence is also vulnerable, since many of his workers have contracted the [[Wuhan coronavirus]]. [[Leftists]] and the [[MSM]] attempted to downplay Trump's experiences with the virus, claiming that the average American would not have received similar medication. Trump's strong leadership against the coronavirus even after falling ill to it himself shocked many.

==Financial worth & education==
Trump has engaged in many financial pursuits and many failed business ventures and estimated that his net worth was $10 billion, as of July 2015.<ref>LoGiurato, Brett (July 25, 2015). [https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-net-worth-2015-7 "We finally know a lot more about Donald Trump's 'massive' net worth"]. Business Insider website.</ref> ''Forbes'', however, estimates his net worth is $3.1 billion as of 2019.<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/profile/donald-trump/ "The world's most powerful people: #2 Donald Trump"]. (March 6, 2017). Forbes.com website.</ref> He graduated from the New York Military Academy in 1964 and first attended college at [[Fordham University]] for two years before transferring to the more competitive [[University of Pennsylvania]] and completing his undergraduate studies at its Wharton School of Finance and Commerce. In September 2020, the [[New York Times]] reported on Donald Trump engaging in tax avoidance. It was claimed that his tax avoidance dates back to the 1990s.

Early media profiles of Trump claim he graduated "first in his class" from Wharton. Many others claim he cheated on the SAT so as to get in. <ref>Whitman, Alden (January 28, 1973). [https://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/28/archives/a-builder-looks-backand-moves-forward-builder-looks-back-but-moves.html "A builder looks back—and moves forward".] ''New York Times''. Retrieved from ''New York Times'' website.</ref> The evidence suggests otherwise and yet Trump has never sought to correct or clarify this potentially significant error.<ref>Geist, William E. (April 8, 1984). [https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/08/magazine/the-expanding-empire-of-donald-trump.html "The expanding empire of Donald Trump".] ''New York Times Magazine''. Retrieved from ''New York Times'' website.</ref>

==Candidacy==
[[File:2thumb-5-1-300x202.jpg|right|300px|thumb|As Trump rode the escalator to announce his candidacy, polls showed Hillary Clinton's collusion with Russia over the [[Uranium One deal]] was her biggest vulnerability. Deputy Attn. Gen. [[Sally Yates]] was taking steps to ban the Inspector General from oversight of the DOJ-National Security Division and hide [[FISA abuse]].<ref>[https://theconservativetreehouse.com/2020/03/08/doj-political-surveillance-from-the-irs-in-2011-to-the-fisa-court-in-2016/ DOJ Political Surveillance – From the IRS in 2011 to the FISA Court in 2016], Posted on March 8, 2020 by sundance. theconservativetreehouse.com</ref>]]
On June 16, 2015, he declared his candidacy for the Republican nomination in the [[2016 presidential election]].<ref>Multiple references:
*[https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/06/16/trump-announces-white-house-bid-joins-crowded-gop-field/ "Trump announces White House bid, joins crowded GOP field"] (June 16, 2015). Fox News website/Politics. The front-runner in a record-breaking field of 17 [[Republican]] candidates, Trump announced that he did not anticipate "throwing punches" against his rivals in the first GOP debate.
*Chiacu, Donna and Torbati, Yeganeh (August 2, 2015). [https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/08/02/us-usa-election-debate-idUSKCN0Q70NI20150802 "Trump says won't be 'throwing punches' in U.S. Republican debate"]. Reuters/Politics. But at the debate the [[Fox News Channel]]—particularly its [[feminist]] non-journalist [[Megyn Kelly]]—ambushed Trump with out-of-context quotations designed to smear him as somehow being anti-women. This ignited a national controversy that lasted for days, and Trump called upon Kelly to apologize, which she refused to do.</ref> Unlike most other U.S presidential candidates, Trump sharply criticizes the media and talks about issues that no elected official dares touch. For example, Trump stands up against [[feminists]], unlike most politicians. In another example, in 2011 Trump persistently doubted whether [[Barack Obama]] had been born in the [[United States]], which caused Obama's approval ratings to drop below 40% until Obama finally caved in to Trump and produced what Obama claimed was his birth certificate. Trump then scoffed at Obama's conduct.

'''''In February 2011, Trump announced that he is [[pro-life]], and at the final presidential debate on Oct. 19, 2016, Trump gave the strongest endorsement of the pro-life position of any presidential nominee in history'''''.

Trump's central campaign theme has been to oppose [[illegal immigration]] and [[free trade]], and nominated Senator [[Jeff Sessions]] as [[Attorney General]] to enforce standing legislation on the issue. As reported by [[Breitbart News Network|Breitbart]], "Sen. Sessions, Chairman of the Senate’s Immigration Subcommittee, is widely regarded as the gold standard on immigration. Sessions has also become the intellectual thought leader in the Republican Party on appealing to the blue collar voters who have been abandoned by their political leaders." <ref>Hahn, Julia (August 14, 2015). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2015/08/14/game-change-trump-consults-with-sen-jeff-sessions-on-immigration-strategy/ "Game change: Trump consults with Sen Jeff Sessions on immigration strategy"]. Breitbart website/Big government.</ref> In the later campaign Trump focused more on [[ISIS]] and terrorism.

At the final presidential debate between [[Hillary Clinton]] and Trump on October 19, 2016, Clinton chastised Trump for running a newspaper advertisement in 1987 critical of the [[Reagan Administration]]. But Trump persuasively explained that he has always disagreed with Reagan's support of free trade, as many other [[conservatives]] disagree with Reagan on this issue.

==Religious beliefs==
:{{Main|Donald Trump's religious views|Donald Trump and evangelicals}}
Donald Trump attended the First [[Presbyterian]] Church in Jamaica, [[Queens]]. He told the [[Christian Broadcasting Network]] that he still considers himself a [[Presbyterian]] and attends services for all major holidays and Sundays, and that "The [[Bible]] is certainly THE book." He receives Bibles from fans in the mail, and he either stores them or gives them away to others.<ref>Haberman, Maggie (April 11, 2011). [https://www.politico.com/news/stories/0411/52942.html "Donald Trump talks about religion"]. Politico website.</ref>

In July 2015, Trump stated in an interview that "Why do I have to repent or ask for forgiveness, if I am not making mistakes?"<ref>Nothstine, Ray (July 23, 2015). [http://www.christianpost.com/news/trump-why-do-i-have-to-repent-or-ask-for-forgiveness-if-i-am-not-making-mistakes-video-141856/ Trump: 'Why Do I Have to Repent or Ask for Forgiveness If I Am Not Making Mistakes?' (Video)]. ''The Christian Post''. Retrieved March 13, 2017.</ref> He also stated that "I think if I do something wrong, I think, I just try and make it right. I don't bring God into that picture. I don't."<ref>Scott, Eugene (July 18, 2015). [https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/18/politics/trump-has-never-sought-forgiveness/ Trump believes in God, but hasn't sought forgiveness]. ''CNN''. Retrieved December 4, 2016.</ref> January 2016, Trump stated that "I have a great relationship with God," but that "I don’t like to have to ask for forgiveness."<ref>Key, Pam (January 17, 2016). [https://www.breitbart.com/video/2016/01/17/trump-i-dont-like-to-have-to-ask-for-forgiveness-from-god/ Trump: ‘I Don’t Like to Have to Ask for Forgiveness’ from God]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved March 13, 2017.</ref> When confronted by [[Cal Thomas]] in an interview in mid 2016 about his not asking God for forgiveness, Trump stated that he would ask God for forgiveness.<ref>Chumley, Cheryl (August 6, 2016). [https://www.wnd.com/2016/06/trump-answers-question-who-do-you-say-jesus-is/ Trump answers question: 'Who do you say Jesus is?] ''WorldNetDaily''. Retrieved March 13, 2017.</ref> In October 2016, [[Ben Carson]] stated that Trump did ask forgiveness from God with [[James Robison]].<ref>Showalter, Brandon (October 10, 2016). [http://www.christianpost.com/news/ben-carson-donald-trump-asked-god-for-forgiveness-prayed-with-james-robison-170650/ Ben Carson: Donald Trump Asked God for Forgiveness, Prayed With James Robison]. ''The Christian Post''. Retrieved March 13, 2017.</ref>

According to exit polling in the 2016 election, Trump won 81 percent of evangelical Christians compared to 16 percent for Clinton, a record high and even more than [[George W. Bush]] won in 2004, showing strong support for Trump from evangelical Christians.<ref name="townhall.com">O'Brien, Cortney (November 12, 2016). [https://townhall.com/tipsheet/cortneyobrien/2016/11/12/white-evangelical-voters-showed-up-this-time-n2243931 Evangelical Voters Showed Up Big Time For Trump]. ''Townhall''. Retrieved December 8, 2016.</ref><ref name="wsj.com">Lovett, Ian (November 9, 2016). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/evangelicals-back-donald-trump-in-record-numbers-despite-earlier-doubts-1478689372 Evangelicals Back Donald Trump in Record Numbers, Despite Earlier Doubts]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved December 8, 2016.</ref> He was the first sitting American president to address the annual Values Voters Conference in Washington.<ref>https://www.npr.org/2017/10/13/557459193/trump-set-to-address-values-voter-summit-for-first-time-as-president</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Trump business.jpg|right]]
Donald Trump began his career at [[Trump Organization]]. In his college years, he helped revitalize one of his father's failing real estate ventures. Trump began opening hotels and casinos, which provided him with the cash flow to engage in other ventures. He owns the world-famous [[Trump Tower]] and is the founder of the publicly traded Trump Hotel Casinos & Resorts. Trump also owns the Trump brand, which sells a variety of items, such as bottled water, steak, and even mortgages. Trump has authored a number of books and weathered changing business fortunes, but despite the challenges that he has encountered, he has continued to be a successful businessman and entrepreneur.

Trump [[Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2000|ran unsuccessfully]] for the nomination of the [[Reform Party]] in 2000. Trump considered [[presidential election 2012|running for president in 2012]] as a [[Republican]]. He, among others, questioned the citizenship of [[Barack Obama]], citing his failure to produce his birth certificate. After Obama produced his birth certificate, Trump and the other [[birther]]s continue to doubt its authenticity. Obama's approval ratings were around 40% during the peak of the controversy. Trump later exited the race, and gave the customary endorsement to [[Mitt Romney]] as the other [[Republican]] contenders did.

==Major properties==

*Trump World Tower: 845 United Nations Plaza, New York, NY.

*Trump Tower: 725 Fifth Ave, New York, NY 10022 Personal Residence

*Bank of America Center (San Francisco)

*The Trump Building at 40 Wall Street

*Trump Park Avenue

*AXA Financial Center, 1290 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY

*Trump International Hotel & Tower:
**New York
**Chicago
**Washington D.C.
**Las Vegas

*Mar-a-Lago resort in Palm Beach, Florida (used by Trump as his "Winter White House".)

*Trump Winery - Charlottesville, Virginia

*14 golf courses (11 in the U.S., 3 in Europe - the course in Bedminster, New Jersey is used by Trump as his "Summer White House")

==Media==
[[File:Donald Trump star.JPG|thumbnail|right|Hollywood Walk of Fame]]
For his contributions to the gaming and entertainment industry, Trump was inducted into the Gaming Hall of Fame in 1995.

In 2003 Trump began as the host and executive producer of the reality [[television]] show ''The Apprentice'' and ''The Celebrity Apprentice'', where contestants compete for a position in Trump's organization. On this show, Trump popularized his catchphrase "You're fired!" Trump received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2007 following the success of ''The Apprentice''. However, since he became president, Trump's star as been periodically vandalized by liberal political critics.<ref>Press Association (April 8, 2016). [http://www.onenewspage.com/video/20160408/4211707/Donald-Trump-Hollywood-Walk-of-Fame-Star.htm "Donald Trump's Hollywood Walk of Fame Star vandalised three times a day"].</ref>

Trump is also a noted fan of [[WWE]], and has been a part of some of their shows. Trump was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2013.

In 2016, following winning the presidential election, Trump was named Person of the Year by [[Time Magazine]].

Trump used to own the Miss Universe and Miss USA pageants. Controversy arose when Miss USA 2006 Tara Conner was caught breaking pageant rules by drinking and other activities. Trump gave her a second chance after personally speaking with her and allowed her to retain her crown as she attended rehabilitation. For several weeks after this, [[Rosie O'Donnell]] berated Trump for his decision on ''The View''. A bitter media war ensued with the two exchanging insults.

Trump has made many guest appearances, usually as himself, on many TV shows and in several movies.

==Political positions==

====Coronavirus Pandemic====
President Trump deferred heavily to [[Hillary Clinton]]-supporter Anthony Fauci, a [[Deep State]] bureaucrat in the [[National Institutes of Health]], in responding to the [[coronavirus]] pandemic in early 2020. Trump rejected the advice of [[White House]] official Peter Navarro to take early action cutting off travel from [[China]], and to make [[hydroxychloroquine]] widely available.

Trump's polls numbers plummeted largely because of his deference to Fauci and unwillingness to take the advice of Navarro. John Fleming, an adviser to Chief of Staff [[Mark Meadows]], also misled Trump by denying the benefits of widespread access to hydroxychloroquine, as other countries have done to defeat [[COVID-19]].

====Social Issues====
{{See also|Donald Trump achievements: Religious liberty and LGBT|Donald Trump achievements: Abortion|Donald Trump achievements: Healthcare, welfare, and other social issues}}
[[File:Donald-Trump-Rosa-Parks.jpg|right|350px|thumb|Donald Trump received the Ellis Island Medal of Honor from the National Ethnic Coalition of Organizations in 1986 for improving the lives of African-American urban youths. From left to right: [[Anita Bryant]], [[Muhammad Ali]], [[Rosa Parks]], and Donald Trump.]]
At the 2011 [[CPAC]] conference, Trump announced he is [[pro-life]].<ref>Rahn, Will (February 10, 2011). [https://dailycaller.com/2011/02/10/trump-at-cpac-points-to-white-house-run/ "Trump at CPAC points to White House run"]. The Daily Caller website.</ref> Trump would not fund Planned Parenthood and the government should not give funds to any organizations that perform abortions<ref>Carroll, Lauren (May 1, 2016) [https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/may/01/ted-cruz/donald-trump-hillary-clinton-planned-parenthood/ "Do Donald Trump, Hillary Clinton agree on Planned Parenthood funding?"] Politifact website.</ref> However, he supports abortion in cases of rape, incest, or danger to the mother or child.<ref>Ertelt, Steven (February 1, 2016). [https://www.lifenews.com/2016/02/01/mike-huckabee-defends-donald-trumps-abortion-conversion-he-is-pro-life-now/ "Mike Huckabee defends Donald Trump’s abortion conversion: 'He is pro-life now'"] LifeNews.com.</ref>

Trump says that the legalization of [[same-sex "marriage"]] doesn't matter because it's "settled law" now,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120831060550/http://www.gop.com/2012-republican-platform_We/#Item3 "Republican platform: We believe in America"] (bef. August 31, 2012). GOP.com website. Archived at Internet Archive on August 31, 2012.</ref> even though five liberal members of the Supreme Court illegally made ''[[Obergefell v. Hodges]]'' into "law" via [[judicial activism]] based on their personal feelings about the issue. Trump believes that homosexual couples have the same adoption rights as straight couples.<ref>Guo, Jeff (August 10, 2016). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/08/10/how-donald-trump-is-slowly-teaching-republicans-to-embrace-gay-rights/ "Donald Trump is teaching the GOP a different way to embrace gay rights".] ''Washington Post'' website.</ref> Despite what the Left claims, Donald Trump has voiced open support for the LGBTQ community, and was the first Republican president to do so.{{cn}} He has stated that he will do everything he can do to protect the LGBTQ community, from Islamic extremists.

Trump says that a business should be able to deny service to a customer if the request conflicts with the owner's religious beliefs?<ref name="christiantoday.com">Hicap, Jonah (June 2, 2015). [http://www.christiantoday.com/article/donald.trump.vows.to.be.the.greatest.representative.of.christians.if.he.wins.white.house/55023.htm "Donald Trump: 'I will be the greatest representative of Christians if I win the White House'"]. Christian Today website.</ref> Trump would not require health insurance providers to offer free birth control.<ref>Associated Press (February 11, 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20151128095810/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/story/2012-02-11/obama-birth-control-cpac/53046728/1 "GOP conservatives unite against birth control coverage"]. ''USA Today'' website/News/Washington. Retrieved from November 28, 2015 archive at Internet Archive.</ref>

Trump doesn't think that universities should provide “trigger warnings” and “safe spaces” for students.<ref>Hashmi, Siraj (November 10, 2016). [http://redalertpolitics.com/2016/11/10/safe-spaces-handed-election-donald-trump/ "Safe Spaces handed the election to Donald Trump"]. Red Alert Politics website.</ref>

Trump believes that marital rape be classified and punished as severely as non-marital rape.<ref>Diamond, Jeremy (July 28, 2015). [https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/28/politics/donald-trump-adviser-michael-cohen-rape/ "Trump distances himself from top aide's rape comment"]. CNN website/Politics.</ref>

Trump would not add "Gender Identity" to anti-discrimination laws.<ref>http://www.advocate.com/politics/2016/5/24/donald-trump-claims-accommodating-transgender-people-too-expensive</ref> This comes despite numerous attempts by conservatives to discriminate against transgender and non binary people. Trump has also banned Transgender people from serving in the milltary, expanding discrimination

Trump wouldn't support a [[separation of church and state]] by removing references to God on money, federal buildings, and national monuments.<ref name="christiantoday.com"/>, despite the fact that the founding fathers would have hated this and there are other people in the country besides christians.

Trump says that after a psychological examination to show they fully understand this choice, terminally ill patients be allowed to end their lives via [[assisted suicide]].<ref>http://wingspanonline.net/?p=2398</ref>

Trump supports the morally dubious [[death penalty]].<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/01/nyregion/angered-by-attack-trump-urges-return-of-the-death-penalty.html</ref>

Trump thinks that the military should allow women to serve as long as they can pass the same physical tests as men.<ref>https://www.newsmax.com/Newsfront/donald-trump-women-combat-tricky/2015/12/06/id/704736/</ref> (Compare [[gender norming]].) However, he has also made numerous sexist comments and has done very little to fight for women's rights.

Trump says that board members of a business should be the most qualified regardless of gender, a position literally everyone holds.<ref>https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3269718/Trump-gives-young-feminist-brush-equal-pay-abortion-going-make-good-job-happen-pro-life.html</ref>

Trump does not believe that the government can show a confederate flag on public property.<ref>https://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-tees-off-on-the-confederate-flag/</ref>

Trump believes that women should be allowed to wear a Niqāb, or face veil, to civic ceremonies.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZFVCZhFsNR8</ref>

====Healthcare Issues====
Trump does not see anything wrong with a healthcare system that bankrupts you when you get sick. Trump sucks up to insurance donors and wants to preserve the morally abhorent insurance industry. He also went back on his promise to put price controls on pharmecuticals. <ref name="donaldjtrump.com">https://www.donaldjtrump.com/positions/healthcare-reform</ref><ref name=Educ>Breitbart.tv (February 9, 2011). [https://www.breitbart.com/video/2011/02/09/pro-life-donald-trump-would-eliminate-dept-of-education-impose-25-tax-on-china-imports-if-president/ "Pro-life Donald Trump would eliminate Dept of Education, impose 25% tax on China imports if president"]. Breitbart.com.</ref> However, he has also said, "I like the mandate."<ref>[https://dailycaller.com/2016/02/19/trump-on-obamacare-i-like-the-mandate-video/ "Trump On Obamacare: ‘I Like The Mandate’"]</ref>

Trump thinks that the government should regulate the prices of life-saving drugs.<ref>https://www.politico.com/story/2016/01/trump-backs-
medicare-negotiating-drug-prices-218215</ref>

Trump supports the legalization of marijuana for medical use.<ref>https://www.foxnews.com/transcript/2015/06/18/exclusive-donald-trump-on-what-made-him-run-for-president-on-hannity/</ref>

''Donald Trump has not yet answered if he supports the privatization of veteran's healthcare.''

Trump believes that the federal government increase funding of health care for low income individuals (Medicaid).<ref>https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2016-09-15/trump-calls-for-expanded-medicaid-birth-control-without-doctor</ref>

====Controversy with Barack Obama====
[[File:Donald Trump Speaking in Fountain Hills.jpg|thumb|Trump speaking in Fountain Hills, Arizona in March 2016.]]
Trump has also questioned Barack Obama's constitutional eligibility to be president, in light of the ongoing questions surrounding his birth certificate.<ref>[https://www.wnd.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=280533 "Trump: Obama spending millions to hide his past"] (March 28, 2011). WorldNetDaily website.</ref> Trump questioned whether the Obama Administration was successful in negotiating with foreign countries. Trump declared during the 2016 election that he no longer would question Obama's eligibility.

====Economic Issues====
{{See also|Donald Trump achievements: Economic policy and labor|MAGAnomics}}
Trump's economic plan is designed to make the country more competitive by implementing policies that apply to all companies: cutting taxes, including the corporate tax rate, repealing and rolling back stifling regulations, including the biggest of them all, Obamacare and those clobbering the energy sector, renegotiating trade deals such as NAFTA, and killing off the nascent [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]].<ref>Crowley, Monica (December 7, 2016). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/dec/7/donald-trump-and-the-art-of-getting-it-done/ Donald Trump and the art of getting it done]. ''The Washingon Times''. Retrieved December 10, 2016.</ref>

Trump would not require employers be required to pay men and women the same salary for the same job as there are too many other variables such as education, experience, and tenure that determine a fair salary.

''Trump has not answered whether welfare recipients be tested for drugs.''

Trump said he would require businesses be required to provide paid leave for full-time employees during the birth of a child or sick family member.

Trump would raise the federal minimum wage.

Trump believes there should be more restrictions on current welfare benefits.

Trump would instate a 35% tariff on all imports from China even though he used Chinese steel to build all of his Trump Towers.<ref>http://www.newsweek.com/how-donald-trump-ditched-us-steel-workers-china-505717</ref>

Trump would also lower the corporate tax rate.<ref>https://www.donaldjtrump.com/press-releases/an-america-first-economic-plan-winning-the-global-competition</ref>

Trump says that the U.S. shouldn't continue to participate in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).<ref>https://money.cnn.com/2016/09/16/news/economy/donald-trump-nafta-mexico-china-tariff/</ref>

Trump would cut public spending in order to reduce the public debt.<ref>https://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/donald-trump-believe-candidate-stands-10-issues/</ref>

Trump believes that the government is currently over-regulating private businesses and that it shouldn't require businesses to pay salaried employees, making up to $46k/year, time-and-a-half for overtime hours.<ref>https://www.politico.com/tipsheets/morning-shift/2016/08/trump-v-overtime-rule-215883</ref>

Trump thinks that the government should prevent “mega mergers” of corporations that could potentially control a large percentage of market share within its industry.<ref>https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2016-10-22/trump-would-block-proposed-at-t-time-warner-merger-if-elected</ref>

Trump said that labor unions, in theory help the economy but have recently become corrupt and should have their powers limited.<ref>http://projects.newsday.com/opinion/newsday-editorial-board-interviews-donald-trump/#nypd</ref>

Trump would increase the tax on profits from the sale of stocks, bonds, and real estate.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4I5QUGRf-Q&feature=youtu.be</ref>

Trump believes economic stimulus will aid the country during times of recession.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/03/us/politics/trump-clinton-infrastructure.html?_r=0</ref>

Trump thinks the Federal Reserve Bank should be audited by Congress.<ref>https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-election-trump-fed-idUSL1N12Y1ZG20151103</ref>

Trump doesn't support the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) as this will incentivize companies to move U.S. jobs overseas.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/07/us/politics/transcript-of-the-republican-presidential-debate-in-new-hampshire.html</ref>

Trump would eliminate the [[estate tax]].<ref>https://thehill.com/policy/finance/290825-clinton-to-criticize-trumps-plan-to-repeal-the-estate-tax</ref>

Trump would end all government subsidies and let the free market run its course.<ref>http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/17cfa1a0-0b9e-11e5-a06e-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3e0UlsdmX</ref>

''Trump has not answered if pension payments be increased for retired government workers.''

Trump favors an increased sales tax in order to reduce property taxes even though sales tax would not provide a steady stream of income.<ref>http://www.taxjusticeblog.org/archive/2015/06/donald_trumps_regressive_and_r.php#.VYr8_hNViko</ref>

Trump supports pension plans for federal, state, and local government workers be transitioned into privately managed accounts.<ref name="donaldjtrump.com"/>

Trump said that the U.S. government should not bailout Puerto Rico.<ref>http://mms.tveyes.com/PlaybackPortal.aspx?SavedEditID=c89b639c-07de-4a0f-a634-dda08e3de95a</ref>

Trump believes citizens should not be allowed to save or invest their money in offshore bank accounts as too many wealthy citizens are abusing loopholes in offshore banking laws to evade taxes.<ref>https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-puts-his-money-in-companies-that-stash-cash-abroad/</ref>

Trump would not apply an in-state sales tax apply to online purchases of in-state buyers from out-of-state sellers.<ref>http://bigstory.ap.org/article/ce65fe3f0bbd43c19cf17c5c8da8d958/trump-amazons-bezos-uses-washington-post-avoid-taxes</ref>

Trump thinks that the government classify Bitcoin as a legal currency.<ref>https://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/trump-presidency-boost-bitcoin-price/</ref>

====Department of Education====
{{See also|Donald Trump achievements: Education}}
At the 2011 [[CPAC]] conference, he stated that he wants to eliminate the Department of Education.<ref name=Educ/>

====Foreign policy====
{{See also|Donald Trump achievements: Foreign policy}}
Donald Trump is a [[nationalism|nationalist]] who promised to "put America first"<ref>[https://insider.foxnews.com/2017/06/07/trump-touts-new-infrastructure-plan-cincinnati-states-america-first-message 'It's Time Finally to Put America First': Trump Touts New Infrastructure Plan]</ref> (See: [[Donald Trump and nationalism]]). At the same time, in April 2017, he stated that "I’m a nationalist and a globalist."<ref>Starr, Penny (April 28, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/04/28/trump-im-a-nationalist-and-a-globalist/ Trump: ‘I’m a Nationalist and a Globalist’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved January 10, 2018.</ref>

In July 2015 Trump explained he wants to improve relationships with [[Russia]]n president [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref>Johnson, Simon (July 31, 2015). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/11775145/Donald-Trump-Id-get-on-very-well-with-Putin-if-I-were-president.html "Donald Trump: I'd get on 'very well' with Putin if I were president"]. The Telegraph [U.K.] website.</ref> Many left-wingers accused Trump's presidential campaign of "colluding" with [[Russia]]. However the Trump Administration took several tough actions against Russia, including some that even the Obama Administration avoided.<ref>Berger, Judson (December 26, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/12/26/trump-administration-ends-2017-confronting-russia-after-year-collusion-accusations.html Trump administration ends 2017 confronting Russia after year of collusion accusations]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved December 26, 2017.</ref> In an interview with [[ABC]] he said that Putin won't make a military move into [[Ukraine]]. Furthermore, Trump argued in a tweet that the conflict over [[Crimea]] was the fault of the Obama administration.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2016/07/31/politics/donald-trump-russia-ukraine-crimea-putin/ Trump says Putin is 'not going to go into Ukraine,' despite Crimea]</ref> Trump later accused Russia of taking [[Crimea]] by force and asked whether Obama was too soft on Russia.<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/donald-trump-russia-latest-tweet-accuse-crimea-obama-too-soft-distance-campaign-team-white-house-a7581511.html Donald Trump accuses Russia of taking Crimea by force in attempt to distance himself from campaign allegations]</ref>

Trump said that the [[Iran nuclear deal]] is bad and as president, he kept his promise by withdrawing from it.

After his election as U.S. president, [[Israel]]i prime minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] called Trump "a true friend of the State of Israel."<ref>[https://www.politico.com/story/2016/11/netanyahu-trump-israel-true-friend-231094?lo=ap_c4 Netanyahu calls Trump 'a true friend' of Israel]. ''Politico''. November 9, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2016.</ref> On February 2, 2017, Trump stated that building new settlements in the [[West Bank]] "may not be helpful" to achieving peace in the [[Middle East]], and he appeared to shift his formerly strong stance on moving the U.S. embassy to [[Jerusalem]] as he had previously stated.<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/02/03/trump-to-israel-settlements-may-not-help-achieve-peace-in-middle-east.html Trump to Israel: Settlements ‘may not help’ achieve peace in the Middle East]. ''Fox News''. February 3, 2017. Retrieved February 5, 2017.</ref> But on December 6, 2017, Trump announced that the U.S. officially recognizes Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and that the U.S. would begin the process of moving the U.S. Embassy from [[Tel Aviv]] to Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://server5.kproxy.com/servlet/redirect.srv/saun/sncfausiyyo/sqrs/p2/the-press-office/2017/12/06/president-donald-j-trumps-proclamation-jerusalem-capital-state-israel|title=President Donald J. Trump's Proclamation on Jerusalem as the Capital of the State of Israel |publisher=White House|accessdate=6 December 2017|date=6 December 2017}}</ref> Trump in 2019 also gave official U.S. recognition to the [[Golan Heights]] as being part of Israel. In recognition for his support of Israel, a plaza in Jerusalem was named for Trump ("Donald Trump Square"), as well as a settlement in the Golan Heights ("Trump Heights")

Trump had criticized [[NATO]] for not fulfilling its financial obligations, going so far as declaring the organization "obsolete", but in April 2017 - after getting promises from NATO partners to make increased financial contributions - Trump retracted the obsolete declaration.<ref>[https://www.breitbart.com/news/the-latest-trump-says-nato-no-longer-obsolete/ The Latest: Trump says NATO ‘no longer obsolete’]. ''Breitbart News'' (from the ''Associated Press''). Retrieved April 21, 2017.</ref><ref>Hagen, Lisa (April 21, 2017). [https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/328558-trump-nato-is-no-longer-obsolete Trump: NATO is ‘no longer obsolete’]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved April 21, 2017.</ref>

Immediately after taking office, Trump had exchanged vitriolic rhetoric with and made threats to North Korea after the latter carried out numerous medium/long-range missile tests and a nuclear test in September 2017. However, in March 2018, Trump announced he would hold a summit with North Korea Chairman Kim Jong Un, making him the first U.S. president to have bilateral talks with a North Korean leader. The first summit was held in Singapore in June 2018, a second in Hanoi in February 2019, and a third informal summit in the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) in June 2019 - during which he became the first sitting U.S. president to step foot on North Korean soil. During the period of the summits, North Korea had halted testing of long/medium-range missiles, as well as nuclear testing (and outside of a few short-range missiles in early May 2019, North Korea hasn't tested any weapons since November 2017.)

On Monday, 7 October 2019, Trump ordered American military forces to withdraw from northern Syria in case Turkish forces and their allies would attack them, meaning the predominantly Syrian Kurdish ''SDF'' (''Syrian Democratic Force'') would not have direct U.S. military support. This decision came after a telephone conversation with Turkish ruler [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] on Sunday,<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/politics/turkey-announces-incursion-of-northeast-syria-us-backed-kurds-have-vowed-all-out-war Trump pulls back troops from northern Syria ahead of Turkish assault, Pentagon officials 'blindsided']</ref> and Turkish forces soon began advancing into northern Syria to create a buffer zone.<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/world/turkey-syria-invasion-ground-forces-civilians-dead Turkey announces northern Syria invasion of ground forces; multiple civilians reported dead]</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oUeXaPaKF50 Why Turkey is invading Syria]</ref> In the same week it was announced that it is planned by the U.S. administration to send 1,500 troops to the Middle East because of the tensions between [[Saudi-Arabia]] and [[Iran]].<ref>[https://video.foxnews.com/v/6040831354001/ President Trump plans to send 1,500 US troops to the Middle East]</ref> President Erdogan visited the White House on November 13, 2019.<ref>[https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2019/11/13/donald-trump-im-a-big-fan-of-turkish-president-recep-tayyip-erdogan/ Donald Trump: ‘I’m a Big Fan’ of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan]</ref>

====Global warming====
{{See also|Donald Trump achievements: Energy and environmental policy}}
Trump does not believe in the [[Climate Change]] hysteria, once stating the "Nobel committee should take the [[Nobel Prize]] back from [[Al Gore]]."

====Second Amendment rights====
{{See also|Donald Trump achievements: Gun rights}}
Trump is strongly pro-[[Second Amendment]] and against [[leftist]] [[gun control]] and gun free zones. As president, Trump has promised to re-arm military personnel on all American military bases as well as [[ROTC]] recruitment centers, which were disarmed by the [[Clinton Administration]] policy.<ref name=Educ/> Trump was strongly endorsed by the [[National Rifle Association]] in one of its earliest endorsements in an election campaign.<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2016/05/20/nra-to-endorse-trump.html# Trump wins NRA endorsement, blasts Clinton on gun stance at forum]. ''Fox News''. May 20, 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2016.</ref>

====Homosexual agenda====
For all practical purposes, Trump seems to be on the side of the [[homosexual agenda]]. He supports the creation of new law by the [[U.S. Supreme Court]], as in a new right to [[homosexual marriage]], and declares it the "law of the land" even though Congress passed no such law.

Trump has attended multiple [[same-sex marriage]] ceremonies{{Citation needed}}, but has also said in the past that he opposes same-sex marriage. Trump's views are not yet known on other aspects of the [[homosexual agenda]], such as whether Trump would ban [[conversion therapy]] for minors as [[Chris Christie]] did. The [[Fox News Channel]] debate in August avoided these issues.

====Immigration====
{{See also|Donald Trump achievements: Immigration and border security}}
See the discussion in the introduction above. This is Trump's main campaign issue.

A central part of his immigration plan is to build a giant wall on the border with Mexico. Trump estimates it will cost $8 billion, approximately 35 to 40 feet high and stretch 2000 miles.<ref>[https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2016/02/09/donald-trump-the-wall-is-probably-8-billion Trump Border Wall]</ref> During the campaign, Trump promised that Mexico will pay for the wall, but after taking office, he clarified that payment could be in the form of a tax on Mexican imports or other revenues measures after the Mexican government showed opposition towards Trump's plan.

Trump has also proposed to temporarily ban [[Muslims]] from entering the United States, until "our leaders figure out what the hell is going on," in order to protect Americans from the threats posed by [[Islamic]] [[refugee]]s (and those pretending to be<ref>[http://m.washingtonexaminer.com/isis-fighters-infiltrating-syrian-refugees-uk-is-warned/article/2572051 ISIS fighters infiltrating Syrian refugees, UK is warned]</ref>) entering the country.<ref>[http://www.donaldjtrump.com/media/donald-trump-insists-muslim-ban-is-about-safety-not-religion Donald Trump Insists Muslim Ban Is About Safety, Not Religion]</ref>

Efforts have been made by hostile journalists to paint Trump as advocating a [[Muslim registry]], but what he actually proposed was a [[database for Syrian refugees]].

====Political contributions====
He has been criticized for his substantial contributions to [[Democrat]] lawmakers; the majority of those lawmakers are located in the states he resides in: New York and Florida. The amount he has donated since 2008 is $25,000, which is insignificant considering his wealth.<ref>Allin, Olivia (April 30, 2011). [http://www.ontheredcarpet.com/Donald-Trump-calls-nations-leaders-stupid-people-and-blood-sucking-politicians/8104644 "OTRC: Donald Trump calls nation's leaders 'stupid people' and 'blood-sucking politicians'"]. OnTheRedCarpet [news]. Retrieved from ABC7 [KABC Television, Los Angeles] website.</ref>

Trump is not known to be beholden to any big-money donors.

====Tariffs====
{{See also|Donald Trump achievements: Trade policy}}
[[File:Donald Trump RNC July 2016.jpg|thumb|Trump accepting the GOP nomination in Cleveland on June 21, 2016.]]
At the 2011 [[CPAC]] conference, he stated that he supports a 25% tariff on Chinese goods.<ref name=Educ/> The number floated around in 2016 is a 45% tariff. Trump was speaking in regards to China and the [[World Trade Organization]],<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinese-finance-ministerlou-jiwei-takes-aim-at-donald-trumps-trade-policies-1460892988 Chinese Finance Minister Lou Jiwei Takes Aim at Donald Trump’s Trade Policies, WallStreetJournal, April 17, 2016]</ref>

{{cquote|In a statement from his campaign, Mr. Trump charged that [[China]] was “in total violation of WTO regulations” and that the U.S. “has incompetently allowed them to get away with this” and has failed to impose “equal or greater taxes and tariffs” on China. If he is elected president, Mr. Trump said, China “will learn to deal fairly and justly or we will not deal at all” with Beijing.}}

====Vaccines====
Trump believes that [[vaccines]] cause [[autism]]<ref>Ferris, Sarah (September 16, 2015). [https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/253980-trump-links-vaccines-to-autism-epidemic "Trump links vaccines to autism 'epidemic'"]. The Hill website/Policy/Healthcare.</ref> and has argued against requiring that so many vaccines be given to infants.

==== Eminent domain====
Trump believes that the government has the right to take [[private property]] upon paying just compensation for both infrastructure and to promote economic development.

==== Supreme Court====
{{See also|Donald Trump achievements: The courts}}
Trump opposed filling the Supreme Court seat held by [[Antonin Scalia]] before the next President takes office. When asked who he might select to the Supreme Court, he said that his sister, a sitting federal court judge, would make a great Supreme Court justice.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://server5.kproxy.com/servlet/redirect.srv/sruj/sfothrfaqegbnvj/suvw/p2/corner/423196/trump-praises-his-sister-pro-abortion-extremist-judge-ramesh-ponnuru|title=Trump Praises His Sister, a Pro-Abortion Extremist Judge|date=Aug 27, 2015|accessdate=February 21, 2016}}</ref>

===Hillary Clinton===
Trump had pledged, if elected president, to appoint a special prosecutor to further investigate [[Hillary Clinton]]'s use of a private email server whilst Secretary of State, but Hillary took her crushing defeat so hard that Trump charitably softened his stance after winning.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/22/us/politics/donald-trump-hillary-clinton-investigation.html Donald Trump Drops Threat of New Hillary Clinton Investigation] New York Times - Nov. 22, 2016</ref> A few of Trump supporters, such as [[Ann Coulter]] and [[Breitbart]], expressed disappointment but Trump rose in overall public approval.<ref>[https://www.newsmax.com/Politics/ann-coulter-slams-trump-clinton/2016/11/22/id/760220/ Ann Coulter Slams Trump's Decision on Clinton] Newsmax.com - Nov. 22, 2016</ref><ref>[https://www.breitbart.com/radio/2016/11/23/peter-schweizer-letting-hillary-off-hook-definition-rigged-system/ Peter Schweizer: Letting Hillary off the Hook Is ‘Definition of a Rigged System’] Breitbart.com - Nov. 23, 2016</ref>

==2016 presidential election==
[[File:Donald Trump (29273256122) Phoenix.jpg|thumb|250px|Donald Trump on August 31, 2016.]]
{{See also|2016 U.S. presidential election|Donald Trump achievements: 2016 election and transition}}
===Path to the Nomination===
In the 2015 [[Value Voters Debate|Value Voters]] poll, Trump performed poorly, coming in fifth, indicating many [[Christian]] [[conservatives]] had not yet warmed up to him.<ref>Flores, Reena (September 26, 2015). [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-conservative-poll-donald-trump-could-not-win/ "The conservative poll Donald Trump could not win"]. CBSNews website.</ref> Trump is a big supporter of [[gambling]], which most Christians, other religious groups, and [[conservatives]] oppose. But by 2016 Trump was winning more support from [[evangelical]]s than any other Republican candidate.

Trump won the Republican primary, receiving more votes than any other Republican primary candidate in history.<ref>Hoft, Joe (June 7, 2016). [https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2016/06/trump-trumps-wins-historic-race-record-fashion/ HISTORY! Trump Shatters Republican Primary Vote Record by 1.4 Million Votes]. ''The Gateway Pundit''. Retrieved November 10, 2016.</ref>

===General election===
Trump faced former liberal Democrat Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]] in the general election. Trump's campaign was vastly outspent, outraised, and out-staffed by Clinton's.<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2016/11/10/more-with-less-trumps-lean-machine-beats-clintons-big-bank-account.html More With Less: Trump's lean machine beats Clinton's big bank account]. ''Fox News''. November 10, 2016. Retrieved November 11, 2016.</ref> The [[mainstream media]] was extremely biased against and unfair towards Trump.<ref>Kurtz, Howard (November 11, 2016). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2016/11/11/media-remain-hostile-to-donald-trump-even-as-some-pundits-admit-blew-it.html Media remain hostile to Donald Trump even as some pundits admit they blew it]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved November 11, 2016.</ref><ref>[https://www.billoreilly.com/b/Media-Bias-to-the-Extreme/39285014073786148.html Media Bias to the Extreme]. ''BillOReilly.com''. November 11, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2016.</ref> According to a study, 91% of the media coverage concerning Trump was negative and 96% of campaign contributions from the media went to Clinton.<ref>Bedard, Paul (March 19, 2017). [https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/anti-trump-media-91-coverage-negative-96-of-donations-to-hillary/article/2617828 https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/anti-trump-media-91-coverage-negative-96-of-donations-to-hillary/article/2617828]. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved April 27, 2017.</ref>

It was widely expected that Clinton would easily win the election, and the elite pollsters and "political insiders" all predicted a massive Clinton victory.<ref>Vogel, Kenneth P. & Isenstadt, Alex (November 9, 2016). [https://www.politico.com/story/2016/11/how-did-everyone-get-2016-wrong-presidential-election-231036 How did everyone get it so wrong?]. ''Politico''. Retrieved November 10, 2016.</ref><ref>Catanese, David (October 24, 2016). [https://www.usnews.com/news/the-run-2016/articles/2016-10-24/republicans-last-hope-the-polls-are-wrong Republicans’ Last Hope: The Polls Are Wrong]. ''U.S. News & World Report''. Retrieved November 10, 2016.</ref> At least once, when a poll was released that actually showed Trump leading, Clinton's campaign dismissed it as "bad polling".<ref>Nelson, Louis (November 1, 2016). [https://www.politico.com/story/2016/11/clinton-campaign-bad-poll-abc-washington-post-230591 Clinton camp on new survey showing Trump ahead: It’s ‘bad polling’]. ''Politico''. Retrieved November 10, 2016.</ref> Instead, Trump won the election in a massive, historical upset, winning even states such as [[Pennsylvania]], [[Michigan]], and [[Wisconsin]], which a Republican had not won for 20–30 years.<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2016/11/08/first-polls-close-in-2016-race-trump-projected-to-win-ind-ky-clinton-wins-vt.html Trump wins presidency, defeats Clinton in historic election upset]. ''Fox News''. November 8, 2016. Retrieved November 10, 2016.</ref><ref>Blake, Aaron (November 9, 2016). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/11/08/donald-trumps-path-to-victory-is-suddenly-looking-much-much-wider/ Donald Trump just blew up the electoral map]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved November 10, 2016.</ref> The predictions were off the mark dramatically. The actual polls themselves were broadly correct showing Clinton leading over Trump by about 2%.<ref>[https://www.redstate.com/jaycaruso/2017/07/16/latest-job-approval-poll-president-trump-awful]</ref> However Trump 'flipped' key districts and states smashing Clinton's so-called 'Blue firewall'.<ref>Flint, Joe & Alpert, Lukas I. (November 9, 2016). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/bad-polling-in-hand-media-misses-mark-badly-with-election-predictions-1478710860 How the Media’s Election Predictions Badly Missed the Mark]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved November 10, 2016.</ref> Trump's election victory was described by ''[[Politico]]'' as "the most stunning upset in American history."<ref>Goldmacher, Shane & Schreckinger, Ben (November 9, 2016). [https://www.politico.com/story/2016/11/election-results-2016-clinton-trump-231070?lo=ap_c1 Trump pulls off biggest upset in U.S. history]. ''Politico''. Retrieved November 9, 2016.</ref>

While the GOP increased its vote share across the entire nation, Trump made the largest gains in the rural [[Midwest]] and [[Rust Belt]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/11/08/us/elections/how-trump-pushed-the-election-map-to-the-right.html How Trump Reshaped the Election Map]. ''The New York Times''. November 9, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2016.</ref> Although Clinton won the popular vote 65,515,369 (48.05%) to 62,853,327 (46.09%), according to unofficial results, the large vote totals came from states which have resisted voter identification reforms.<ref>[http://www.inquisitr.com/3719036/3-million-illegal-immigrants-voted-gregg-phillips-votestand-donald-trump-final-popular-vote-count-2016-predictions/ 3 Million Illegal Immigrants Voted, Claims Gregg Phillips Of VoteStand: Donald Trump’s Final Popular Vote Count Alleged To Be Better Than 2016 Predictions], Patrick Frye, ''The Inquisitr'', November 15, 2016</ref> Dr. Robert Epstein of the American Institute for Behavioral Research and Technology testified before Congress that [[Google]] bias and meddling had shifted "between 2.6 million and up to 10.4 million votes" to Hillary Clinton.<ref>https://www.powerlineblog.com/archives/2019/08/psychologist-google-generated-at-least-2-6-million-votes-for-hillary.php</ref> Trump won the [[electoral college]] vote, 306 to 232, with the incomplete vote count reported.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://server5.kproxy.com/servlet/redirect.srv/sruj/swxn/sjkl/p2/election/results|title=Election Results|accessdate=Nov. 12, 2016}}</ref> Trump won more votes in the general election than any Republican candidate in U.S. history, and he won the largest number of electoral votes since [[George H. W. Bush]].<ref>Hoft, Jim (November 22, 2016). [https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2016/11/trump-breaks-record-votes-republican-candidate-history/ Trump Breaks Record for Most Votes by Republican Candidate in History]. ''The Gateway Pundit''. Retrieved November 22, 2016.</ref> In addition, Trump won 2,623 counties—the largest number for both a Republican or Democrat since [[Ronald Reagan]] in 1984—while the Democrats won only 489, something even the liberal [[PolitiFact]] admitted to be true.<ref>Jacobson, Louis (December 4, 2016). [https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/dec/04/mike-pence/mike-pence-says-donald-trump-won-most-counties-rep/ Mike Pence says Donald Trump won most counties by a Republican since Ronald Reagan]. ''PolitiFact''. Retrieved December 4, 2016.</ref> Geographically speaking, Trump accordingly won 85 percent of the nation<ref>Wallace, Tim (November 16, 2016). [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/11/16/us/politics/the-two-americas-of-2016.html?_r=0 The Two Americas of 2016]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved December 5, 2016.</ref> and 61 percent of the states (including Maine's 2nd district). With the historic flip of Elliott County, Kentucky, every rural, white-majority Southern county voted for the Republican nominee for the first time in history.<ref>Simon, Jeff (December 9, 2016). [https://www.cnn.com/2016/12/09/politics/elliott-county-kentucky-democratic-streak-broken-by-donald-trump/index.html How Trump ended Democrats' 144-year winning streak in one county]. ''CNN''. Retrieved January 15, 2017.</ref>

According to exit polling, Trump won 81 percent of evangelical Christians compared to 16 percent for Clinton, a record high and even more than [[George W. Bush]] won in 2004,<ref name="townhall.com"/><ref name="wsj.com"/> even though some have disputed the accuracy of such exit polling methods.<ref>Showalter, Brandon (November 16, 2016). [http://www.christianpost.com/news/81-percent-evangelicals-vote-trump-eric-teetsel-joe-carter-171542/ Did 81 Percent of Evangelicals Really Vote for Trump? Not So Fast, Some Say]. ''The Christian Post''. Retrieved December 8, 2016.</ref> This is largely due to Trump's conservative policies that align well with the Bible, including opposition to abortion.

While liberal, establishmentarian world leaders made generally nuanced statements in response to Trump's election upset, conservative, right-wing leaders, including the leaders of insurgent parties in European nations, reacted positively to Trump's election.<ref>Ashkenas, Jeremy; Aisch, Gregor (December 5, 2016). [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/12/05/world/europe/populism-in-age-of-trump.html?_r=0 European Populism in the Age of Donald Trump]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved December 5, 2016.</ref>

In addition to Trump's defeat of Clinton, the Republican Party kept control of the House and Senate, outperforming expectations.<ref>Bresnahan, John (November 9, 2016). [https://www.politico.eu/article/republicans-on-cusp-of-keeping-the-senate/ Republicans hold the Senate in a stunner]. ''Politico''. Retrieved November 9, 2016.</ref><ref>Hughes, Siobhan (November 9, 2016). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/republicans-are-confident-about-retaining-control-of-the-house-1478634160 Democrats Gain Seats in House, But GOP Retains Majority]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved November 9, 2016.</ref> The Republican Party performed well—much better than expected—in state races, winning trifectas in [[Kentucky]], [[Iowa]], [[Missouri]], and [[New Hampshire]], and Democrats only had six trifectas and total control in five states, a record low.<ref>Greenblatt, Alan (November 9, 2016). [http://www.governing.com/topics/elections/gov-republicans-add-dominance-state-legislatures.html Republicans Add to Their Dominance of State Legislatures]. ''Governing''. Retrieved November 9, 2016.</ref><ref>Siegel, Josh (November 9, 2016). [http://dailysignal.com/2016/11/09/republicans-maintain-strong-control-of-state-capitols-what-that-means/ Republicans Maintain Strong Control of State Capitols. Here’s What That Means.] ''The Daily Signal''. Retrieved November 9, 2016.</ref> The GOP won 25 trifectas, the largest since 1952.<ref>Lieb, David A. (December 29, 2016). [https://www.pressreader.com/usa/chicago-tribune/20161229/281822873464433 GOP-Controlled States Aim to Reshape Laws]. ''Chicago Tribune'' (from the Associated Press). Retrieved December 30, 2016.</ref> The GOP now controlled the highest amount of governorships since 1922,<ref>Lieb, David A. (November 9, 2016). [https://www.usnews.com/news/us/articles/2016-11-09/republicans-expand-control-of-governorships-legislatures Republicans governorships rise to highest mark since 1922]. ''U.S. News & World Report''. Retrieved November 9, 2016.</ref> and it controlled the most state legislative chambers in history.<ref>Bosman, Julie & Davey, Monica (November 11, 2016). [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/12/us/republicans-expand-control-in-a-deeply-divided-nation.html Republicans Expand Control in a Deeply Divided Nation]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved November 14, 2016.</ref>

Despite expectations that Trump's election victory would cause the markets to plunge, the [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] actually performed very strongly, closing at the highest level it had ever reached in history after the second day.<ref name="MarketRally">La Monica, Paul R. (November 10, 2016). [https://money.cnn.com/2016/11/10/investing/markets-stocks-donald-trump-rally/index.html The 'yuge' Donald Trump market rally continues]. ''CNN Money''. Retrieved November 10, 2016.</ref> It is rare for the stock market to rise immediately after a U.S. presidential election regardless of the winner.<ref name="MarketRally"/> The stock market had its best week in five years due to optimism of a Trump presidency.<ref>Craig, Victoria (November 11, 2016). [https://www.foxbusiness.com/markets/2016/11/11/trump-optimism-propels-dow-to-best-week-in-five-years.html Trump Optimism Propels Dow to Best Week in Five Years]. ''Fox Business''. Retrieved November 12, 2016.</ref>

After the election, childish [[leftists]] and [[anarchists]], who could not accept the results of the election, strongly protested Trump's victory and committed outrageous and extreme acts of vandalism and violence,<ref name="Protests">Chiaramonte, Perry (November 10, 2016). [https://www.foxnews.com/us/2016/11/10/trump-protests-intensify-as-doubts-swirl-about-spontaneity.html Trump protests intensify, as doubts swirl about spontaneity]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved November 11, 2016.</ref> even brutally attacking and beating at least one alleged Trump supporter.<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/us/2016/11/10/video-emerges-group-beating-chicago-man-while-yelling-dont-vote-trump.html Video emerges of mob beating Chicago man while yelling 'don't vote Trump']. ''Fox News''. November 10, 2016. Retrieved November 11, 2016.</ref> Many of these protests were likely organized and coordinated, as many protestors were bused in by Coach buses.<ref name="Protests"/> This occurred on the heels of Hillary Clinton, the Clinton campaign, and major mainstream media condemning in the harshest terms Trump and his supporters' complaints of a "rigged election," and failure to accept the results would damage democracy. Clinton, President Obama, and the media highlighted the protests and failed to condemn the leftist violence and protests as detrimental to democracy.

==2020 presidential election==
{{See also|2016 U.S. presidential election|Donald Trump achievements|Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign|United States presidential election, 2020}}
As an incumbent with a strong economy, Donald Trump was favored to win the 2020 U.S. presidential election. However, Democrats, through the use of [[voter fraud]], stole the election from Donald Trump and gave it to Joe Biden illegally. (see [[Biden Putsch]])

=== Donald Trump on Joe Biden's age and his aging ===
''See also:'' [[Biden's age]] and [[Donald Trump's age]]

Nate Silver of ''FiveThirtyEight'' wrote about Bidens's age:
{{Cquote|A lot of rank-and-file voters do have concerns about Biden’s age. An NBC News/Wall Street Journal poll in February found that 62 percent of voters had reservations about voting for someone aged 75 or older. [https://news.gallup.com/poll/254120/less-half-vote-socialist-president.aspx Other polls] have also shown advanced age to be a concern among Democrats, Republicans and independents alike.<ref>[https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/are-bidens-opponents-being-too-coy-in-making-age-an-issue/ Voters Care About Biden’s Age — Not About His Gaffes] by Nate Silver,''FiveThirtyEight''</ref>}}

Donald Trump has called Joe Biden "sleepy" and said that "he looks different than he used to, he acts different than he used to, he’s even slower than he used to be".<ref>[https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2019/07/joe-biden-age-2020/593350/ Is Joe Biden ‘Too Old’?] EDWARD-ISAAC DOVERE, ''The Atlantic''</ref> See also: [[Biden's age]]

The ''[[New York Times]]'' stated:
{{Cquote|Meeting with a group of union officials in the West Wing this year, the president appealed for their support in part by tapping on his head and saying, “Biden is losing it,” according to a participant in the meeting who disclosed the president’s comment on condition of anonymity.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/29/us/politics/joe-biden-age.html Why Joe Biden’s Age Worries Some Democratic Allies and Voters], ''New York Times''</ref>}}

==President of the United States==
[[File:Donald Trump at his desk, December 2018.png|thumb|250px|President Trump sitting at his desk in the [[Oval Office]], December 21, 2018]]
{{See also|Donald Trump achievements}}
===Transition===
{{See also|Trump transition}}
The day after being elected president, Trump released a solidly conservative agenda for his first 100 days in office, even though ending the [[abortion|legalized murder of the unborn]] was not on the agenda.<ref>Kelly, Amita & Sprunt, Barbara (November 9, 2016). [https://www.npr.org/2016/11/09/501451368/here-is-what-donald-trump-wants-to-do-in-his-first-100-days Here Is What Donald Trump Wants To Do In His First 100 Days]. ''NPR''. Retrieved November 10, 2016.</ref>

On November 30, 2016, before Trump had finalized all his cabinet appointments, it was still described by Politico as "a conservative dream team that has Republicans cheering and liberals in despair" due to the many strong conservatives Trump had appointed, in contrast to moderates like [[George W. Bush]].<ref>Restuccia, Andrew; Cook, Nancy; Woellert, Lorraine (November 30, 2016). [https://www.politico.com/story/2016/11/trump-conservative-dream-team-231972 Trump's conservative dream team]. ''Politico''. Retrieved November 30, 2016.</ref><ref>[https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2016/11/30/politico-donald-trump-cabinet-conservative-dream-team/ Politico: Donald Trump’s Cabinet a ‘Conservative Dream Team’]. ''Breitbart News''. November 30, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2017.</ref> Accordingly, ''[[Newsweek]]'' called Trump's incomplete cabinet the most conservative cabinet in U.S. history.<ref>Cooper, Matthew (December 9, 2016). [http://www.newsweek.com/trump-cabinet-picks-nominees-conservative-530477 Donald Trump Is Building the Most Conservative Presidential Cabinet In U.S. History]. ''Newsweek''. Retrieved December 10, 2016.</ref> ''[[The Washington Times]]'' noted how Trump was defying Washington establishment norms in his cabinet picks.<ref>Hurt, Charles (December 6, 2016). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/dec/6/donald-trumps-cabinet-picks-define-business-as-not/ Trump defines business as not-usual for D.C.] ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved December 10, 2016.</ref>

''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' stated that "it’s nearly impossible to identify a clear ideological bent" in Trump's appointments.<ref>Seib, Gerald (December 5, 2016). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/donald-trump-shuffles-the-ideological-deck-1480955194 Donald Trump Shuffles the Ideological Deck]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved December 5, 2016.</ref> However, this can be easily explained by the fact that Trump has used some of his cabinet nominations to unite the GOP by appealing to most of its factions, even though Trump's appointments are still very conservative.

During the transition period, the Obama Administration engaged in surveillance and information-gathering of Trump, in order to investigate any [[Trump-Russia scandal|alleged ties to Russia]]. This was confirmed by GOP U.S. Representative [[Devin Nunes]] on March 22, 2017,<ref>Derespina, Cody (March 23, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/03/23/trump-basks-in-nunes-surveillance-news-so-that-means-im-right.html Trump basks in Nunes surveillance news: 'So that means I'm right']. ''Fox News''. Retrieved March 23, 2017.</ref> and by [[Evelyn Farkas]], the deputy assistant secretary of defense under Obama, on March 29, 2017.<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/03/29/former-obama-official-discloses-rush-to-get-intelligence-on-trump-team.html Former Obama official discloses rush to get intelligence on Trump team]. ''Fox News''. March 29, 2017. Retrieved March 29, 2017.</ref><ref>Poor, Jeff (March 29, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/video/2017/03/29/fmr-obama-official-reveals-pre-inauguration-effort-to-gather-intel-on-incoming-trump-team/ Fmr Obama Official Reveals Pre-Inauguration Effort to Gather Intel on Incoming Trump Team]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved March 30, 2017.</ref>

===Inauguration===
[[File:Donald Trumpswearing in.jpg|thumb|200px|Trump being sworn in, January 20, 2017.]]
Trump was inaugurated on January 20, 2017, giving one of the strongest inauguration addresses in American history.<ref>Boyle, Matthew (January 20, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/01/20/america-first-president-donald-trump-brings-the-rain-in-inauguration-address/ ‘America First’: President Donald Trump Brings the Rain in Inauguration Address]. ''Breitbart''. Retrieved January 20, 2017.</ref><ref>McCaskill, Nolan D. (January 20, 2017). [https://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/key-points-of-trumps-inaugural-speech-233900 Key moments from Trump's inauguration speech]. ''Politico''. Retrieved January 20, 2017.</ref><ref>Scott, Patrick; Midgley, Robert (January 20, 2017). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/20/donald-trump-just-delivered-american-inauguration-speech-ever/ Donald Trump just delivered the most 'American' inauguration speech ever]. ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved January 20, 2017.</ref> His first bill signed as president was to allow retired general and Defense Secretary nominee [[James Mattis]] to be confirmed.<ref>Kopan, Tal (January 20, 2017). [https://www.cnn.com/2017/01/20/politics/donald-trump-first-law-actions/ President Donald Trump signs first bill into law]. ''CNN''. Retrieved January 20, 2017.</ref> That same day, Trump instituted a national day of patriotism,<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-measures-idUSKBN1542IH Trump takes first actions on Cabinet, declares day of patriotism: spokesman]. ''Reuters''. January 20, 2017. Retrieved January 20, 2017.</ref> and a few days later Trump officially designated his inauguration day the '''''National Day of Patriotic Devotion'''''.<ref>[https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/01/24/2017-01798/national-day-of-patriotic-devotion National Day of Patriotic Devotion -- Proclamation 9570 of January 20, 2017]. ''Federal Register''. January 24, 2017. Retrieved February 2, 2017.</ref><ref>Shelbourne, Mallory (January 23, 2017). [https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/315735-trump-declares-inauguration-day-national-day-of-patriotic-devotion https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/315735-trump-declares-inauguration-day-national-day-of-patriotic-devotion]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved February 2, 2017.</ref>

Despite the fact that leftists knew for two months that Trump would be inaugurated president, hateful, anti-American, and immature leftists engaged in violent protests and did major acts of vandalism and even injuring the police who were sent in.<ref>Vargas, Theresa; Hartz, Taylor; Hermann, Peter (January 20, 2017). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/protesters-bring-shouts-skirmishes-and-shutdowns-to-inauguration-celebration/2017/01/20/00ea4c72-df11-11e6-acdf-14da832ae861_story.html?utm_term=.c4443fa64f5a Inauguration protesters vandalize, set fires, try to disrupt Trump’s oath, as police arrest 200]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved January 20, 2017.</ref><ref name="LimoFire">Lawler, David (January 20, 2017). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/20/anti-donald-trump-activists-try-block-access-inauguration/ Donald Trump protests: Limo 'set on fire' and 217 arrested as police use tear gas on black-clad activists]. ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved January 20, 2017.</ref> At least 217 protesters were arrested.<ref name="LimoFire"/><ref>Weber, Joseph (January 20, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/01/20/trump-supporters-protesters-rally-before-sunrise-on-inauguration-day.html Hundreds of protesters arrested in Inauguration Day clashes]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved March 31, 2017.</ref><ref>Noble, Andrea; McDermott, Ryan M. (January 20, 2017). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/jan/20/donald-trump-inauguration-protests-begin-turn-viol/ D.C. police report 217 arrested during Inauguration Day riots]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved March 31, 2017.</ref>

Despite having no power to block Trump's cabinet nominees and having no reason to delay the process,<ref>Pergram, Chad (January 20, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/01/20/senate-battle-erupts-over-dem-delay-confirming-trump-nominees.html Senate battle erupts over Dem 'delay' confirming Trump nominees]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved January 23, 2017.</ref> liberal Senate Democrats delayed confirmation of Trump's nominees, so that only two were confirmed on Trump's first day in office.<ref>Dinan, Stephen (January 22, 2017). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/jan/22/trumps-cabinet-picks-delayed-by-democrats-only-two/? Donald Trump’s Cabinet picks delayed by Democrats, only two confirmed]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved January 23, 2017.</ref> This was a large difference from other recent presidents,<ref>Phillips, Amber (January 21, 2017). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/01/20/donald-trump-will-start-his-presidency-with-the-smallest-confirmed-cabinet-in-decades/?utm_term=.9d7692169687 Donald Trump is starting his presidency with the smallest confirmed Cabinet in decades]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved Janaury 23, 2017.</ref> who, with the exception of [[George H. W. Bush]], had much larger numbers confirmed in the first week.<ref>Bluey, Robert (January 22, 2017). [http://dailysignal.com/2017/01/22/trumps-nominees-face-unprecedented-democrat-obstructionism/ Trump’s Nominees Face ‘Unprecedented’ Democrat Obstructionism]. ''The Daily Signal''. Retrieved January 23, 2017.</ref>

===Tenure===
{{See also|Donald Trump's major achievements}}
Due to his promotion and support of conservative, America First policies, President Trump faced large opposition from the Left, including from within the government bureaucracy.<ref>Singman, Brooke (January 1, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/01/31/trump-faces-bureaucratic-battle-in-implementing-agenda.html Trump faces bureaucratic battle in implementing agenda]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved February 1, 2017.</ref><ref>Kurtz, Howard (February 3, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/02/03/empire-strikes-back-why-trumps-private-talks-with-foreign-leaders-were-leaked.html The empire strikes back: Why Trump's private talks with foreign leaders were leaked]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved February 3, 2017.</ref> (The fact that members of the Deep State have grown visibly scared of reports stating such confirms this view;<ref>[https://www.breitbart.com/big-journalism/2017/03/22/politico-obama-admin-bureaucrats-panicked-by-breitbart-spotlight-dont-question-our-loyalty/ POLITICO: Obama Admin Bureaucrats ‘Panicked’ by Breitbart Spotlight: Don’t Question Our Loyalty!] ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved March 22, 2017.</ref> in May 2017, it was reported that 60% of [[National Security Council]] employees were Obama-Administration holdovers<ref>Wong, Kristina (May 17, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/05/17/trump-under-siege-more-than-60-percent-of-nsc-employees-placed-by-obama/ Trump Under Siege: More than 60 Percent of NSC Employees Placed by Obama]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 18, 2017.</ref>) Additionally, Senate Democrats continued to unduly delay Trump's cabinet nominees at historic and unprecedented proportions—by February 8, 2017, only [[George Washington]] had fewer cabinet nominees confirmed by this length of time into his presidency.<ref>Singman, Brooke (February 8, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/02/08/trump-facing-historic-delays-in-confirmation-push.html Trump facing historic delays in confirmation push]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved February 8, 2017.</ref>

On January 23, 2017, Trump signed an order which withdrew the United States from the globalist [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]].<ref>Chakraborty, Barnini (January 23, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/01/23/trump-signs-executive-order-withdrawing-us-from-tpp-trade-deal.html Trump signs executive order withdrawing US from TPP trade deal]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved January 23, 2017.</ref> That same day, Trump signed an order reinstating the [[Mexico City Policy]], which defunded International Planned Parenthood and other organizations that promote foreign abortions.<ref>LaBarbera, Peter (January 23, 2017). [https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/breaking-trump-signs-order-defunding-international-planned-parenthood-forei BREAKING: Trump signs order defunding International Planned Parenthood, foreign abortions]. ''LifeSite News''. Retrieved January 23, 2017.</ref><ref>Hellman, Jessie (January 23, 2017). [https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/abortion/315652-trump-signs-executive-order-reinstating-global-gag-rule-on Trump reinstates ban on US funds promoting abortion overseas]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved January 23, 2017.</ref>

Trump was very busy and productive in his first week and showed he was serious about his campaign promises, undoing Obama's illegitimate legacy and instituting conservative executive orders.<ref>Davenport, David (January 27, 2017). [https://www.forbes.com/sites/daviddavenport/2017/01/27/how-trump-managed-to-undo-obamas-legacy-in-one-week/#3ae6bcba5bbf How Trump Managed To Undo Obama's Legacy In One Week]. ''Forbes''. Retrieved January 27, 2017.</ref><ref>Said-Moorhouse, Lauren (January 26, 2017). [https://www.cnn.com/2017/01/26/politics/executive-orders-presidents-actions-presidential-memoranda/ What's Trump done so far? His productive first week and how it stacks up to previous presidents]. ''CNN''. Retrieved January 27, 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/28/president-trumps-first-week-action President Trump's First Week of Action]. ''whitehouse.gov''. January 28, 2017. Retrieved January 28, 2017.</ref> This caused the [[stock market]] to increase, and the [[Dow Jones]] passed 20,000 points for the first time in history.<ref>Imbert, Fred (January 25, 2017). [https://www.cnbc.com/2017/01/25/us-markets.html Dow closes above 20,000 for first time as Trump orders send stocks flying]. ''CNBC''. Retrieved January 25, 2017.</ref><ref>Craig, Victoria (January 25, 2017). [https://www.foxbusiness.com/markets/2017/01/25/dow-races-past-20k-in-reinvigorated-trump-rally.html Dow Races Past 20K in Reinvigorated Trump Rally]. ''Fox Business''. Retrieved January 25, 2017.</ref> On March 1, 2017, the day after Trump made his first address to a joint-session of Congress, the stock market rose dramatically again, with the Dow Jones passing the 21,000 mark for the first time in history.<ref>Witkowski, Wallace; Mahmudova, Anora (March 1, 2017). [https://www.marketwatch.com/story/wall-street-stocks-set-to-resume-rally-on-fed-rate-hike-hopes-trump-relief-2017-03-01 Dow closes above 21,000 as stocks soar after Trump speech]. ''MarketWatch''. Retrieved March 1, 2017.</ref><ref>Holcomb, John (March 1, 2017). [https://townhall.com/tipsheet/justinholcomb/2017/03/01/stock-market-booms-past-21000-for-the-first-time-in-history-n2292388 The Trump Bump: Stock Market Hits 21,000 for the First Time in History]. ''Townhall''. Retrieved March 1, 2017.</ref><ref>DeSoto, Randy (March 1, 2017). [http://www.westernjournalism.com/stock-market-hits-new-high-follow-trumps-speech-to-congress/ Stock Market Hits New High Following Trump’s Speech To Congress]. ''Western Journalism''. Retrieved March 1, 2017.</ref>

As evidence of this intense [[mainstream media]] opposition to President Trump, a study published close to the 100th-day mark of Trump's presidency showed that 89% of media coverage regarding Trump was negative.<ref>
* Harper, Jennifer (April 19, 2017). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/apr/19/donald-trump-media-coverage-is-89-percent-negative/ As first 100 days in office approaches, media coverage of Trump is 89% negative: Study]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
* Noyes, Rich; Ciandella, Mike (April 19, 2017). [https://www.newsbusters.org/blogs/nb/rich-noyes/2017/04/18/honeymoon-hell-liberal-media-vs-president-trump Honeymoon from Hell: The Liberal Media vs. President Trump]. ''NewsBusters -- Media Research Center''. Retrieved April 21, 2017.</ref> Additionally, Trump was on track to become the most mocked president on late-night comedy TV in at least 25 years.<ref>[https://www.breitbart.com/big-hollywood/2017/05/04/study-trump-track-mocked-president-late-night-25-years/ Study: Trump On Track to Be Most Mocked President on Late-Night TV in 25 Years]. ''Breitbart News''. May 4, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2017.</ref>

On April 26, 2017, the Department of Homeland Security, acting under an executive order established by President Trump, established the Victims of Immigration Crime Engagement Office (VOICE), created to help support victims of illegal immigrant crime, and it established the DHS-Victim Information and Notification Exchange, which was created to help those victims track the custody status of the illegal criminals.<ref>
* Singman, Brooke (April 26, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/04/26/dhs-announces-office-for-victims-illegal-immigrant-crime.html DHS announces office for victims of illegal immigrant crime]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
* McHugh, Katie (April 26, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/04/26/dhs-kelly-voice-victims-illegal-alien-criminals/ DHS Kelly Creates VOICE For Many Victims of Illegal Alien Criminals]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
* McHugh, Katie (April 25, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/04/25/dhs-unveil-voice-office-victims-illegal-alien-crime/ DHS to Unveil VOICE Office for Victims of Illegal Alien Crime]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved April 26, 2017.</ref> However, leftists took to pranking the phone line created, showing disrespect to the victims of illegal immigration.<ref>Singman, Brooke (April 27, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/04/27/ice-rips-pranksters-jamming-hotline-to-report-space-aliens.html ICE rips pranksters jamming hotline to report space aliens]. '' Fox News''. Retrieved April 27, 2017.</ref>

Canadian Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]] described President Trump as being very authentic – the way he acts in public is like how he does in private.<ref>Yilek, Caitlin (August 31, 2017). [https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/canadian-prime-minister-justin-trudeau-trump-is-surprisingly-authentic/article/2633107 Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau: Trump is surprisingly 'authentic']. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved August 31, 2017.</ref>

====Temporary immigration and refugee suspensions====
{{See also|Donald Trump achievements: Immigration, illegal immigration, and border security}}
Trump received criticism from liberals and [[establishment]] Republicans<ref>McHugh, Katie (January 31, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/01/31/establishment-republicans-bash-trumps-executive-order-on-immigration-refugee-resettlement/ Establishment Republicans Bash Trump’s Executive Order on Immigration, Refugee Resettlement]. ''Breitbart''. Retrieved January 31, 2017.</ref> when he signed an executive order temporarily banning immigration from certain high-risk Islamic countries as well as refugee entry. Despite this criticism, 49 percent of the American public supported the decision compared to 41 percent opposed, according to the "mainstream" Reuters,<ref>Kahn, Chris (January 31, 2017). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-immigration-poll-exclusive-idUSKBN15F2MG Exclusive: Only a third of Americans think Trump's travel ban will make them more safe]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved January 31, 2017.</ref> and 57% percent of likely American voters supported the ban according to Rasmussen.<ref>[http://m.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/current_events/immigration/january_2017/most_support_temporary_ban_on_newcomers_from_terrorist_havens Most Support Temporary Ban on Newcomers from Terrorist Havens].'' January 2017. Retrieved February 2, 2017.</ref> Additionally, while the leftist [[establishment]] European leaders opposed the ban, a strong majority—55% average—of Europeans support the ban, according to a poll in 10 [[European Union]] nations.<ref>Shaw, Adam (February 9, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/02/09/majority-europeans-in-favor-trump-style-muslim-ban-poll-shows.html Majority of Europeans in favor of a Trump-style Muslim ban, poll shows]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved February 9, 2017.</ref><ref>Jamieson, Alastair (February 8, 2017). [https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/europes-border-crisis/majority-leading-eu-nations-support-trump-style-travel-ban-poll-n718271 Majority in Leading EU Nations Support Trump-Style Travel Ban: Poll]. ''NBC News''. Retrieved February 9, 2017.</ref> On March 6, 2017, Trump signed a second executive order concerning the temporary suspension of refugees and others from certain high-risk countries after the first one was blocked by the courts. The second order made some clarifications and minor improvements over the first, such as exempting green card holders from the ban and excluding [[Iraq]] from it as it had developed an acceptable vetting process.<ref>Munro, Neil (March 6, 2016). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/03/06/trump-new-refugees-executive-pushes-back-judges/ Donald Trump Signs Executive Order Banning Travel from Six Terror-Tied Countries]. ''Breitbart''. Retrieved March 6, 2017.</ref><ref>Chakraborty, Barnini (March 6, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/03/06/trump-signs-new-immigration-order-narrows-scope-travel-ban.html Trump signs new immigration order, narrows scope of travel ban]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved March 6, 2017.</ref>

Trump showed he would not tolerate incompetent leftist administration officials when he fired acting [[United States Department of Justice|Attorney General]] [[Sally Yates]] (a left-wing Obama holdover) when she refused to defend his refugee and immigration ban executive order.<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/01/30/acting-ag-tells-justice-department-staff-not-to-defend-trumps-refugee-order.html Trump fires acting AG after Justice Department staff told not to defend refugee order]. ''Fox News''. January 30, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/30/statement-appointment-dana-boente-acting-attorney-general Statement on the Appointment of Dana Boente as Acting Attorney General]. ''whitehouse.gov''. January 30, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017.</ref> Trump emulated [[Ronald Reagan]]'s firing of the striking PATCO workers in 1981 by doing so,<ref>Boyle, Matthew (January 30, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/01/30/trumps-patco-moment-emanating-reagan-president-takes-control-federal-government-protect-country-citizens/ Trump’s PATCO Moment: Emanating Reagan, the President Takes Control of Federal Government to ‘Protect the Country and Its Citizens’]. ''Breitbart''. Retrieved January 31, 2017.</ref> contrary to the [[mainstream media]] spin.<ref>Kurtz, Howard (February 1, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/02/01/trumps-firing-defiant-obama-holdover-why-hes-no-richard-nixon.html Trump's firing of a defiant Obama holdover: Why he's no Richard Nixon]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved February 1, 2017.</ref> That same night, Trump replaced the acting director of [[Immigration and Customs Enforcement]] (another Obama holdover) with a more competent official who had a reputation for enforcing immigration laws.<ref>Chamberlain, Samuel (January 31, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/01/31/trump-names-thomas-homan-acting-director-ice-replacing-obama-holdover.html Trump names Thomas Homan acting director of ICE, replacing Obama holdover]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved January 31, 2017.</ref><ref>Berman, Mark; Zapotosky, Matt (January 30, 2017). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/01/30/trump-appoints-new-immigration-and-customs-enforcement-director-noted-for-his-work-deporting-illegal-immigrants/?utm_term=.addf12ae690a Trump appoints new Immigration and Customs Enforcement director noted for his work deporting illegal immigrants]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved January 31, 2017.</ref>

====Reducing regulations and government====
:''For more information, see [[Donald Trump achievements: Deregulation and government size]]''
In the first six weeks of Trump's presidency, over 90 regulations were repealed, whether through executive orders, Acts of Congress, or other means.<ref>Farand, Chloe (March 6, 2017). [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-federal-state-regulations-month-oval-office-white-house-us-president-deregulate-a7614031.html Donald Trump disassembles 90 federal state regulations in just over a month in White House]. ''The Independent''. Retrieved March 7, 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3480299-10-Examples-Industries-Push-Followed-by-Trump.html#document/p60/a341284 Trump-Era Trend: Industries Protest. Regulations Rolled Back. A Dozen Examples]. ''The New York Times'' (through ''DocumentCloud''). Retrieved March 7, 2017.</ref> Trump also signed numerous executive actions promoting a smaller government.

====Supreme Court====
{{See also|Donald Trump achievements: The courts|Trump Supreme Court}}
On January 31, 2017, Trump nominated Neil Gorsuch to the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]].<ref>Klukowski, Ken (January 31, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/01/31/trump-nominates-judge-neil-gorsuch-supreme-court/ Trump Nominates Judge Neil Gorsuch to Supreme Court]. ''Breitbart''. Retrieved January 31, 2017.</ref><ref>Hurley, Lawrence; Holland, Steve (January 31, 2017). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-trump-idUSKBN15F1OW Trump picks conservative judge Gorsuch for U.S. Supreme Court]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved January 31, 2017.</ref> The nomination was well received by many conservatives.<ref>Chamberlain, Steve (January 31, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/01/31/reaction-to-trumps-supreme-court-pick-split-along-partisan-lines.html Conservatives hail Trump's Supreme Court pick]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved January 31, 2017.</ref><ref>Ertelt, Steven (January 31, 2017). [https://www.lifenews.com/2017/01/31/president-donald-trump-nominates-pro-life-friendly-judge-neil-gorsuch-to-the-supreme-court/ President Donald Trump Nominates Pro-Life-Friendly Judge Neil Gorsuch to the Supreme Court]. ''LifeNews.com''. Retrieved January 31, 2017.</ref> Others, most notably [[Andrew Schlafly]], disagreed with the nomination due to concerns about Gorsuch's position on abortion.<ref>Dannenfelser, Marjorie (January 31, 2017). [https://townhall.com/columnists/marjoriedannenfelser/2017/01/31/the-truth-about-trumps-prolife-scotus-list-n2279232 The Truth about Trump’s Pro-life SCOTUS List]. ''Townhall''. Retrieved February 1, 2017.</ref><ref>http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Template:Mainpageright&diff=1302133&oldid=1301962</ref>

Upon the swing justice [[Anthony Kennedy|Anthony Kennedy's]] announcement on June 21, 2018, that he would retire from the Court at the end of the succeeding month, Trump nominated the conservative [[Brett Kavanaugh]] to replace him.<ref>Mason, Ian (July 9, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/07/09/trump-brett-kavanaugh-supreme-court-nominee/ Trump Announces Brett Kavanaugh as Supreme Court Nominee] ''Breitbart News''.</ref>

====Public trust====
According to a poll conducted by [[Emerson College]] on February 5–6, 2017, more Americans trust the Trump Administration than the media.<ref>McHugh, Katie (February 9, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/02/09/poll-voters-trust-trump-administration-media/ Poll: Voters Trust Trump Administration More Than Media]. ''Breitbart''. Retrieved February 9, 2017.</ref>

====Economic progress====
[[File:Real Disposable Personal Income Per Capita.png|right|350px|thumb|Real Personal Income gains under President Trump beginning from the flat base of President Obama's last year in office. ''Source: Federal Reserve Board'']]
{{See also|Donald Trump achievements: Economic policy and labor}}
In May 2017, the unemployment rate fell from 4.4% from 4.3%, the lowest since May 2001, as the number of unemployed persons was little changed at 6.9 million and the labor force participation rate fell to 62.7 percent.<ref>[https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/unemployment-rate United States Unemployment Rate]. ''tradingeconomics.com''. Retrieved June 14, 2017.</ref>

According to a Rasmussen survey, consumer confidence is the second-highest it's been in the index's history. The market cap of the U.S. stock market has risen more than $3 trillion since Mr. Trump was elected. Small-business confidence has surged to a 12-year high.

==Books==
*''Trump: The Art of the Deal'' with Tony Schwartz (1987)
*''Trump: Surviving at the Top'' with Charles Leerhsen (1990)
*''Trump: The Art of the Comeback'' with Kate Bohner (1997)
*''The America We Deserve'' with Dave Shiflett (2000)
*''Trump: How to Get Rich'' with Meredith McIver (2004)
*''Trump: Think Like a Billionaire: Everything You Need to Know about Success, Real Estate and Life'' with Meredith McIver (2005)
*''Why We Want You to Be Rich: Two Men, One Message'' with Meredith McIver and Robert T. Kiyosaki (2006)
*''Think Big and Kick Ass in Business and Life'' with Bill Zanker (2007)
*''Trump: Never Give Up: How I Turned My Biggest Challenges into Success'' with Meredith McIver (2008)
*''Think Like a Champion: An Informal Education in Business and Life'' with Meredith McIver (2009)
*''Midas Touch: Why Some Entrepreneurs Get Rich—and Why Most Don't'' with Robert T. Kiyosaki (2011)
*''Time to Get Tough: Making America #1 Again'' (2011)
*''Crippled America: How to Make America Great Again'' (2015)

==Quotes==
===Quotes as U.S. President===
====Inaugural address====
*"....today we are not merely transferring power from one administration to another, or from one party to another, but we are transferring power from Washington, D.C., and giving it back to you, the people."<ref name="InaugTransc">[https://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/full-text-donald-trump-inauguration-speech-transcript-233907 Full text: 2017 Donald Trump inauguration speech transcript]. ''Politico''. January 20, 2017. Retrieved January 20, 2017.</ref>
*"We assembled here today our issuing a new decree to be heard in every city, in every foreign capital, and in every hall of power, from this day forward: a new vision will govern our land, from this day forward, it's going to be only America first. America first."<ref name="InaugTransc"/>
*"[We will] unite the civilized world against radical Islamic terrorism, which we will eradicate completely from the face of the Earth."<ref name="InaugTransc"/>
*"When you open your heart to patriotism, there is no room for prejudice."<ref name="InaugTransc"/>

====2017====
*"In America we don’t worship government, we worship God."<ref>Miller, S.A. (May 13, 2017). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/may/13/donald-trump-tells-liberty-university-graduates-we/ Trump at Liberty University: ‘We don’t worship government, we worship God’]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved May 13, 2017.</ref><ref>Moons, Michelle (May 13, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/05/13/president-donald-trumps-1st-commencement-speech-america-dont-worship-government-worship-god/ President Donald Trump’s First Commencement Speech: ‘In America We Don’t Worship Government, We Worship God’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 13, 2017.</ref>
*"I didn’t get elected to serve the Washington media—I got elected to serve the forgotten men and women and that’s exactly what I’m doing."<ref>Spiering, Charlie (May 17, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/05/17/donald-trump-vows-to-fight-on-no-politician-in-history-has-been-treated-worse-or-more-unfairly/ Donald Trump: ‘I Didn’t Get Elected to Serve the Washington Media’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 17, 2017.</ref><ref>Singman, Brooke (May 17, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/05/17/trump-takes-on-media-during-coast-guard-commencement-speech.html Trump takes on media during Coast Guard commencement speech]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved May 17, 2017.</ref>
* "The problem in Venezuela is not that socialism has been poorly implemented, but that socialism has been faithfully implemented." (UN speech, September 2017)
* "The most important truth our Founders understood was this: Freedom is not a gift from government; freedom is a gift from God."<ref>[https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/920474831749025795 @realDonaldTrump], 17 Oct 2017</ref><ref>Crookston, Paul (October 17, 2017). [https://freebeacon.com/politics/trump-freedom-not-gift-government-freedom-gift-god/ Trump: ‘Freedom Is Not a Gift From Government; Freedom Is a Gift From God’]. ''The Washington Free Beacon''. Retrieved October 20, 2017.</ref>

===Quotes from the 2016 campaign for President===
[[File:Donald Trump and Mike Pence RNC July 2016.jpg|thumb|Trump and his running-mate, [[Mike Pence]], at the 2016 Republican National Convention.]]
Trump's tactics of naming and shaming candidates has been proven very effective. He called Jeb Bush 'low-energy Jeb' and it stuck. Then came Marco Rubio as 'Little Marco.' Next came 'Lyin' Ted' for Ted Cruz. For the Democrats, he calls Hillary Clinton 'Crooked Hillary'. He doesn't give Bernie Sanders the same treatment though he has referred to him as a Communist.

*“We will no longer surrender this country or its people to the false song of [[globalism]].”
*"I think we have a president who, as a president, is totally incompetent, and he doesn’t know what he’s doing. I think he has no idea what he’s doing. And our country is going to [[hell]]."<ref>http://time.com/4210983/republican-debate-barack-obama-incompetent/</ref>
*"I will be the greatest jobs president that [[God]] ever created."
*"I’m using my own money. I’m not using the lobbyists. I’m not using donors. I don’t care. I’m really rich."
*"Free trade is terrible. Free trade can be wonderful if you have smart people. But we have stupid people."
*"Nobody would be tougher on ISIS than Donald Trump. Nobody. Within our military, I will find the General Patton, or I will find General MacArthur, I will find the right guy."
*"I will build a great, great wall on our southern border, and I will have [[Mexico]] pay for that wall."
*"I think the big problem this country has is being politically correct."<ref>https://video.foxnews.com/v/4406746003001/watch-a-replay-of-fox-news-prime-time-presidential-debate/?#sp=show-clips</ref><ref>https://www.google.com/search?q=a+big+problem+with+our+country+is+too+politically+incorrect&oq=a+big+problem+with+our+country+is+too+politically+incorrect&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i64l3.8295j0j7&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=119&ie=UTF-8</ref>
*"Becoming the nominee of the party of [[Abraham Lincoln]] has been the greatest honor of my life.<ref>https://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/294401-trump-claims-party-of-lincoln-mantle-in-speech-at-black</ref>

====General election debate quotes====
*"Because you would be in jail." (Trump in response to Clinton saying that it would be a good thing that he "is not in charge of the law in our country")<ref name="2ndTranscript">[https://www.politico.com/story/2016/10/2016-presidential-debate-transcript-229519 Full transcript: Second 2016 presidential debate]. ''Politico''. October 10, 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2016.</ref>
*"Now she’s blaming the lie on the late great Abraham Lincoln. ...Honest Abe never lied. That’s the good thing. That's the big difference between Abraham Lincoln and you." (Trump in response to Clinton's excuse for having "'a public and private position on certain issues.'")<ref name="2ndTranscript"/>
*"Hillary has experience, but it’s bad experience."<ref>Goodenough, Patrick (September 27, 2016). [https://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/patrick-goodenough/ Trump: 'Hillary Has Experience, But It's Bad Experience']. ''cnsnews.com''. Retrieved November 10, 2016.</ref>

===Quotes from Twitter===
[[File:Screenshot 2015-09-28-12-11-31-1.png|right|300px|Thumb|Tweet from Billionaire Carl Icahn]]
{{Cquote| '''Somebody said I’m the Ernest Hemingway of 140 characters.'''}}
Trump's tweets are archived and fully searchable online.<ref>http://www.trumptwitterarchive.com/archive</ref> Here are some choice examples:
* "An 'extremely credible source' has called my office and told me that @BarackObama's birth certificate is a fraud."<ref>Trump, Donald J. (August 6, 2012, 1:23 pm). [https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/232572505238433794 "An 'extremely credible source' has called my office and told me that @BarackObama's birth certificate is a fraud."] Tweet by @realDonaldTrump.</ref>
* "It’s amazing how people can talk about me but I’m not allowed to talk about them."<ref>Trump, Donald J. (November 13, 2012, 12:23pm). [https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/268449146711703553 "It’s amazing how people can talk about me but I’m not allowed to talk about them."] Tweet by @realDonaldTrump.</ref>
* "This very expensive GLOBAL WARMING bull**** has got to stop. Our planet is freezing, record low temps,and our GW scientists are stuck in ice."<ref>Trump, Donald J. (January 1, 2014, 4:39pm). [https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/418542137899491328 "This very expensive GLOBAL WARMING bull**** has got to stop. Our planet is freezing, record low temps,and our GW scientists are stuck in ice."] Tweet by @realDonaldTrump.</ref>

====2015====
* "So many 'politically correct' fools in our country. We have to all get back to work and stop wasting time and energy on nonsense!" (August 8, 2015)
* "Notice that illegal immigrants will be given ObamaCare and free college tuition but nothing has been mentioned about our VETERANS #DemDebate" (October 13, 2015)
* "They laughed at me when I said to bomb the ISIS controlled oil fields. Now they are not laughing and doing what I said." (November 13, 2015)
* "President Obama said 'ISIL continues to shrink' in an interview just hours before the horrible attack in Paris. He is just so bad! CHANGE." (November 14, 2015)
* "Refugees from Syria are now pouring into our great country. Who knows who they are - some could be ISIS. Is our president insane?" (November 17, 2015)
* "Eight Syrians were just caught on the southern border trying to get into the U.S. ISIS maybe? I told you so. WE NEED A BIG & BEAUTIFUL WALL!" (November 19, 2015)

====2016====
* "Hillary said that guns don't keep you safe. If she really believes that she should demand that her heavily armed bodyguards quickly disarm!" (January 3, 2016)
* "I wonder if President Obama would have attended the funeral of Justice Scalia if it were held in a Mosque? Very sad that he did not go!" (February 20, 2016)
* "The organized group of people, many of them thugs, who shut down our First Amendment rights in Chicago, have totally energized America!" (March 12, 2016)
* "Why is it that the horrendous protesters, who scream, curse punch, shut down roads/doors during my RALLIES, are never blamed by media? SAD!" (March 20, 2016)
* "Do you all remember how beautiful and safe a place Brussels was. Not anymore, it is from a different world! U.S. must be vigilant and smart!" (March 22, 2016)
* "For the 1st time in American history, America’s 16,500 border patrol agents have issue[d] a presidential primary endorsement—me! Thank you." (April 1, 2016)
*"We are going to say Merry [[Christmas]] again." (December 2016 in [[Michigan]]).<ref>[Trump: 'We are going to say merry Christmas again'], ''The Hill'', December 13, 2016</ref>

====2017====
*"The FAKE NEWS media (failing @nytimes, @NBCNews, @ABC, @CBS, @CNN) is not my enemy, it is the enemy of the American People!"<ref>Greenwood, Mark (February 17, 2017). [https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/320168-trump-the-media-is-the-enemy-of-the-american-people Trump tweets: The media is the 'enemy of the American people']. ''The Hill''. Retrieved February 27, 2017.</ref>
* "Mike Flynn should ask for immunity in that this is a witch hunt (excuse for big election loss), by media & Dems, of historic proportion!" (March 31, 2017)
* "That's right, we need a TRAVEL BAN for certain DANGEROUS countries, not some politically correct term that won't help us protect our people!" (June 5, 2017, while the Dept. of Justice was arguing in court that his Executive Order was not a "travel ban")
* "Fake News is at an all time high. Where is their apology to me for all of the incorrect stories???" (June 13, 2017)

===Other quotes===
* "[T]he country is going to hell."<ref>Cassidy, Chris (March 19, 2015). [http://www.bostonherald.com/news_opinion/us_politics/2015/03/country_is_going_to_hell_claims_donald_trump "'Country is going to hell,' claims Donald Trump"]. BostonHerald.com website.</ref>
* "We have no leader in this country.”<ref>Reisner, Hiram (April 22, 2011). [https://www.newsmax.com/InsideCover/donaldtrump-karlrove-gop-birther/2011/04/22/id/393742 "Trump: I'd just take Libyan oil"]. NewsMax website.</ref>
* "Our leaders are stupid, they are stupid people."<ref>Pierce, Tony (April 29, 2011). [http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/washington/2011/04/donald-trump-in-vegas-our-leaders-are-stupid-they-are-stupid-people.html "Donald Trump in Vegas: 'Our leaders are stupid; they are stupid people'"]. Los Angeles Times website/Top of the Ticket blog.</ref>
* "I can tell you I am [the 2012 Obama campaign's] worst nightmare."<ref>Mooney, Alexander (April 11, 2011). [http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2011/04/11/trump-says-he-is-obama-campaigns-worst-nightmare/comment-page-6/ "Trump says he is Obama campaign's worst nightmare"]. Cable News Network website/politicalticker blog.</ref>
* "Obama has no solutions."<ref>Coz, Steve (August 19, 2012). [https://www.newsmax.com/Newsfront/trump-gibbs-fox-obama/2012/08/19/id/449050/ "Trump fires back at Obama campaign smear"]. Newsmax website/Newsfront.</ref>
*"Everything in life is luck."<ref name="Telegraph">https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/us-election/12107003/Donald-Trump-faces-questions-over-Two-Corinthians.html</ref>
*"[Barack Obama] is probably the least transparent president in the history of the country."<ref name="Telegraph"/>
*"Not teaching your kids about money is like not caring whether they eat."<ref name="Telegraph"/>

== Liberal denialism and Donald Trump ==

:''See also:'' [[Liberal denialism and Donald Trump]] and [[Liberal denial]]

Post the 2016 U.S. presidential election many liberals were in denial that Donald Trump was going to be president of the United States. Before the election, many liberal media outlets took the line that Donald Trump could not win the [[Republican]] primary and could not win the presidential election.<ref>
*[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/11/09/the-wrongest-media-predictions-about-donald-trump/?utm_term=.febb2623a89f The wrongest media predictions about Donald Trump The wrongest media predictions about Donald Trump], ''Washington Post'', 2016</ref>

=== Political scientists, denialism and Donald Trump ===

{{See also|Atheism and science}}

Few, if any, [[Political science|political scientists]] predicted early on that Donald Trump would win the Republican primary and then would subsequently be elected president of the United States. Furthermore, most pollsters indicated that Trump would lose the election.

27 percent of American political scientists believe in the existence of God while 76 percent of American doctors said they believe in God.<ref>
*[http://www.livescience.com/379-scientists-belief-god-varies-starkly-discipline.html Scientists belief in God varies starkly by discipline], Livescience.com
*[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/8318894/ns/health-health_care/t/survey-most-doctors-believe-god-afterlife/ Most doctors believe in God], NBC News</ref> Most American [[atheism|atheists]] lean to the left politically (see: [[Atheism and politics]]). Compared to [[medical science]], which has many effective medicines and surgical procedures, the social science of political science is often unreliable.

===Trump and the mainstream media===
{{See also|Mainstream media and Donald Trump}}
The leftist [[mainstream media]] despises Trump and, under the influence of [[Trump Derangement Syndrome]], refuses to report objectively when covering him.

=== Angry secular leftists and Donald Trump ===

:''See also:'' [[Donald Trump and American atheists]] and [[Secular leftists and psychogenic illness]]

American [[secular left]]ists were extremely angry and upset in the aftermath of Donald Trump's election victory (see: [[Donald Trump and American atheists]]).

In certain cases, it became debilitating (see:: [[Secular leftists and psychogenic illness]]). The website Marketwatch reported concerning the aftermath of the 2016 presidential race: ''Trump’s win is causing a surge in demand for mental health services''<ref>[https://www.marketwatch.com/story/trumps-win-is-causing-a-surge-in-demand-for-mental-health-services-2016-11-10 Trump’s win is causing a surge in demand for mental health services], Marketwatch 2016</ref>

The ''Religion News Service'' reported:
{{Cquote|For the last decade, [[Atheism|atheists]], [[secular humanism|humanists]] and others [[secular]]ists have worked hard to organize a “secular vote” that would counter the political clout of the [[religious right]].

President-elect Donald J. Trump’s victory dealt that movement a body blow when he garnered 81 percent of the white [[Evangelical Christians|evangelical]] vote and 60 percent of the white [[Roman Catholic|Catholic]] vote. [[Mormonism|Mormons]], too, voted overwhelmingly for Trump...

[Trump's] platform was seen as anti-secular in many atheist and humanist circles. He said he would appoint religiously conservative Supreme Court justices, ban [[Islam|Muslim]] immigrants, favor [[Christianity]] and repeal the [[Johnson Amendment]], which prohibits certain tax-exempt organizations from endorsing political candidates — issues antithetical to organized atheism and [[humanism]].<ref>[http://religionnews.com/2016/11/09/dealt-a-body-blow-atheists-and-humanists-regroup/ Dealt a body blow, atheists and humanists regroup] by Kimberly Winston, ''Religion News Service'', November 9, 2016</ref>}}

== Trump's Social Media Ban ==
On January 8, 2021, [[Twitter]] and [[Facebook]], in violation of the First Amendment and at risk of being put out of business by the [[Sherman Antitrust Act]] and [[U.S. Color Revolution#Executive Order 13848|Executive Order 13848]] due to their [[antitrust]] violations and censorious actions, illegally censored and silenced President Trump on their platforms by permanently suspending his accounts with them.<ref>[https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2021/01/breaking-twitter-bans-president-donald-trump-permanently/ BREAKING: Twitter Bans President Donald Trump — PERMANENTLY] at the Gateway Pundit</ref> This was part of co-ordinated collusion between Twitter, Facebook, [[Instagram]], [[Google]] (and its [[YouTube]] subsidiary) and other liberal Big Tech companies to target Trump and his supporters for illegal censorship and silencing of viewpoints and opinions the Left does not like,<ref>[https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2021/01/__trashed-15/ Big Tech Launches Massive Coordinated Cyber Attack on 74,000,000 Trump Voters — GOP SILENT] at the Gateway Pundit</ref> while simultaneously allowing violent leftist individuals and groups like Antifa and Black Lives Matter to have free run of their sites and say and do as they please. Although not officially confirmed as yet, Fox News host [[Sean Hannity]] later reported that Trump has since moved over to conservative social media website [[Parler]], prompting a wave of new accounts to subsequently open up there.<ref>[https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2021/01/report-sean-hannity-says-president-trump-joined-parler/ UPDATE – NOT CONFIRMED: Sean Hannity Says President Trump Has Joined Parler] at the Gateway Pundit</ref>

== Trump’s Website: 45 Office ==
{{main|45 Office}}
On March 29, 2021, Trump launched 45 Office.

==See also==
* [[Donald Trump's religious views]]
* [[Trump Administration]]
* [[Essay:Donald Trump One Two Body Blow]]
* [[The Chalkening]]
* [[Trump University]]
*[[Liberal Smear Machine]]
* [[Kathryn Steinle]]
* [[Mollie Tibbetts]]
* [[Sarah Root]]
* [[Alveda King]]
* [[Trump effect]]
* [[Deep State coup 2.0]]
* [[Biden Junta]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.trump.com Trump.com - Official website]
* [https://www.donaldjtrump.com donaldjtrump.com - Official website]
* [http://www.LyingCrookedHillary.com LyingCrookedHillary.com]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gw8c2Cq-vpg The Untruth About Donald Trump] by [[Stefan Molyneux]], Published on Jan 18, 2016
* [http://www.untruthaboutdonaldtrump.com UntruthAboutDonaldTrump.com]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-yyoauXmzjg Do Emotions Trump Facts?] [[Thomas Sowell]] on Donald Trump - Rebutted! by Stefan Molyneux
* [http://gop12.thehill.com/2011/04/trump-explains-conversion-on-abortion.html Trump explains his pro-life conversion]
* 100 groups have signed [http://www.pseagles.com/Coalition_letter_Supreme_Court this coalition letter] re: Trump's [[Trump Supreme Court|nomination to the Supreme Court]].



{{USPresidents}}
{{Globalism}}
{{Conservatism}}
{{Conservative Presidents}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Trump, Donald}}
[[Category:Donald Trump]]
[[Category:Celebrities]]
[[Category:Business People]]
[[Category:American Authors]]
[[Category:2016 Presidential Candidates]]
[[Category:United States Presidential Election, 2020]]
[[Category:Best Selling Authors]]
[[Category:Conservatives]]
[[Category:Pro Second Amendment]]
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George W. Bush

2021-06-27T01:43:11Z

IHateConservatives: I added truth

{{Officeholder
|name=George Walker Bush
|image=George_w_bush.jpeg
|party=Republican
|spouse=Laura Bush
|religion=[[United Methodist]]
|offices=
{{Officeholder/president
|country=the United States
|number=43rd
|terms=January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009
|vp=[[Dick Cheney]]
|preceded=[[Bill Clinton]]
|former=y
|succeeded=[[Barack Obama]]
}}
{{Officeholder/governor
|number=46th
|state=Texas
|terms=January 17, 1995 – December 21, 2000
|preceded=[[Ann Richards]]
|former=y
|succeeded=[[Rick Perry]]
}}
}}
'''George Walker Bush''' (born New Haven, [[Connecticut]] 1946) was the Governor of [[Texas]] (1995–2000) and served as the 43rd [[President of the United States of America]] from 2001 to 2009. He is a famous war criminal who illegally invaded Iraq. Campaigning on a theme of "[[compassionate conservatism]]" and promising "to restore honor and dignity" to the office of President after the Clinton years,<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9507E3DC153FF931A2575BC0A9669C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all THE 2000 CAMPAIGN: THE TEXAS GOVERNOR; Bush Calls on Gore to Denounce Clinton Affair,] By Frank Bruni, [[The New York Times]]'', August 12, 2000.</ref> he won the office by a narrow margin in the decisive State of [[Florida]] in the [[United States presidential election, 2000|2000 Presidential election]]. Legal challenges to the certified vote count went all the way to the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] when [[liberal]] [[Democrat]]ic contender [[Al Gore]] contested the outcome for weeks until the Supreme Court case ''[[Bush v. Gore]]''. But when [[Republican]] [[Donald Trump]] faced a similar situation in 2020, Bush pandered to the [[liberal media]] by calling [[Joe Biden]] to congratulate him on his fake victory.<ref>https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/nov/8/george-w-bush-congratulates-joe-biden/</ref> Bush was also stingy and slow in his pardons, and declined a special written request by [[Boris Spassky]] to drop a tyrannical federal attempt to extradite [[Bobby Fischer]] on [[globalist]] charges of playing harmless [[chess]] in a disfavored country in violation of so-called international law.<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/story/chess-champ-spassky-urges-mercy-for-fischer] Bush's attempt to extradite Bobby Fischer from [[Japan]] was ultimately unsuccessful as [[Iceland]] granted him asylum.</ref>

In the [[United States presidential election, 2004|2004 Presidential election]] Bush won re-election, helped in part by a 300,000 vote victory (5%) in the State of Florida, where the outcome had been so close in 2000.<ref>[http://election.dos.state.fl.us/elections/resultsarchive/SummaryRpt.asp?ElectionDate=11/2/2004&Race=PRE&DATAMODE= Florida Election Records], ''[[Florida Dept. of State]]''</ref> [[Leftist]] Democratic candidate [[John Kerry]] conceded defeat the day after the election.

When the Bushes entered wars in the Middle East, it was the first time since [[William McKinley]] that a Republican party administration involved the United States in major armed conflicts. Bush's presidency was defined by [[foreign policy]] because of the [[September 11, 2001 attacks|September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks]], which eventually resulted in the illegal invasion of the countries of [[Iraq]] and [[Afghanistan]]. Bush named two conservatives to the Supreme Court. He reformed K12 education with a major new program, [[No Child Left Behind]], and pushed a series of major tax cuts for the rich through Congress. Conservatives celebrated making the poor worse off. He also balooned the deficit. All this happened in his first term, aiding his narrow reelection. In addition, he engineered two government rebate checks, giving back to rich people. Average unemployment over eight-years of the [[Bush Administration]] was 5.3% until he crashed the economy, making the unemployment rate hit record highs.<ref>[http://scottstanzel.com/2010/06/04/unemployment-rate-during-president-bush/ Scottstanzel.com, Unemployment During President George W. Bush’s Two Terms]</ref>
His performance in dealing with [[Hurricane Katrina]] in 2005 was widely ridiculed, though some Republicans argued that local Democrats did an even worse job as a means to excuse his poor management.
As the [[Financial Crisis of 2008]] smashed into the banking system and the nation plunged into the [[Recession of 2008]], Bush responded by proposing a massive aid program of $700 billion to banks, and loan guarantees amounting to the trillions of dollars. Conservatives were dismayed as he proposed a traditional [[Keynesian]] [[stimulus]] which Democrats lauded. Above all, he made one of the most dramatic federal interventions in American history by his aid to the financial system. Bruce Bartlett, a Republican economist, says, "Bush clearly is not a Reaganite or "small 'c' conservative."

Conservatives and [[libertarian]]s have criticized Bush for greatly increased domestic spending, creating a new entitlement program for prescription drugs, failing to veto a single bill before mid-2006, pursuing [[globalist]] policies, and expanding both the size and scope of government including federal regulations. In addition, many of his nominees to federal and even some judicial positions were liberals. Many of these officials, as well as Bush himself, opposed [[Donald Trump]] successful campaign for president in 2016. Supporters counter that he made extremely difficult decisions under extraordinary circumstances and that he was a man with convictions that did not cower from protecting America.<ref>See www.honorfreedom.com</ref> Unlike any president before him, he was subjected to an all-out attack by the [[Islamic terrorism|Islamic terrorist]] group Al-Qaeda. Bush's last year in office was a combination of Democrat [[Alinsky]] tactics and abandonment by his own Republican party. Lobbyists and Congress contributed greatly to the collapsing financial markets. Mistakes, questionable interests, Federal Reserve lack of transparency, Liberal Media, Unions, Homeland Security and one might understand why the Bush team faltered, they were in over their heads.

==Early life==
[[Image:Bushfamily.JPG|left|thumb|275px|George W. Bush and his family in 1981]] George W. Bush was born on July 6, 1946, in New Haven, [[Connecticut]], and grew up in Midland and Houston, Texas.<ref>[https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/georgewbush Biography], [[White House]]</ref> He joined [[Delta Kappa Epsilon]] [[fraternity]] at Yale. He earned a BA in history from [[Yale University]] and attended [[Harvard]] Business School as well. He later served in the [[Air National Guard|Texas Air National Guard]] as an F-102 Delta Dagger pilot. Bush grew up around politics, as his father [[George H. W. Bush]] had been a member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]], American Ambassador to the [[United Nations]], Director of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) and [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] of the United States under President [[Ronald Reagan]]. In 1988, George W. Bush worked for his father's successful presidential campaign. Afterward Bush purchased the Texas Rangers [[baseball]] franchise.

==Governor of Texas==
Bush declared his candidacy for Governor of Texas in 1994. He defeated incumbent [[Democrat]] Governor [[Ann Richards]] 53.5 percent to 45.9 percent. Bush advocated and signed the two largest tax cuts to date in Texas history, totaling over $3 billion.<ref>[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/tslac/40078/tsl-40078.html An Introduction to Governor George W. Bush Records Located at the George W. Bush Presidential Library]</ref> He supported and signed legislation emphasizing local control of [[school]]s, higher standards, and a revised curriculum. Bush was easily reelected Governor in 1998.

==2000 Presidential Campaign==
{{Main|United States presidential election, 2000}}

The Republican nominee for the 2000 Presidential nomination came down to Texas Governor George W. Bush and [[Arizona]] Senator [[John McCain]], a maverick Republican and ex-POW. Most social conservatives endorsed Bush. Despite early primary wins in [[New Hampshire]] and [[Michigan]] for McCain, Bush eventually won after sweeping 9 out of the 13 states on Super Tuesday. McCain withdrew in March after a bitter primary fight. Bush then chose former U.S. Defense Secretary [[Richard Cheney]] as his running mate. Vice President [[Al Gore]] was the Democratic nominee. Consumer Advocate [[Ralph Nader]], a strong supporter of [[environment]]al protection and critic of large corporations entered the race in the [[United States Green Party|green party]].

In a historically close race, Gore edged out Bush in the popular vote 48.4 percent to 47.9 percent. However, Bush cheated in Florida and so "won" the majority of electoral votes, 271 to 266, because of Bush's victory in Florida, winning its 25 electoral votes that both candidates desperately needed. The race in Florida was so close that state law required a recount of the ballots. There were, however, thousands of thrown out ballots that were discredited because the counting machines could not discern them. After the machine recounts still showed Bush ahead, Gore asked for a hand recount of ballots in counties that favored Democrats. On November 26, Florida officials certified that Bush won the state of Florida by 537 votes. Gore conceded December 13.

==2004 Reelection Campaign==
{{Main|United States presidential election, 2004}}

In President Bush's reelection campaign in 2004, [[national security]], the illegal invasion of Iraq and social issues dominated the campaign. The Democrat nominee was [[Massachusetts]] Senator [[John Kerry]]. Bush won the popular vote, 51% to 48%. With 120 million Americans voting (15 million more than in 2000) Bush received more votes than any other presidential candidate in history because by definition the population increases every year.. Among the swing states, Kerry took [[Pennsylvania]], [[New Hampshire]], [[Michigan]], [[Minnesota]], [[Wisconsin]] and [[Oregon]], while Bush took [[Ohio]], [[Florida]], [[Missouri]], [[Iowa]], [[Colorado]], [[New Mexico]], and [[Nevada]].<ref>[http://elections.nytimes.com/2008/results/president/map.html Election Results 2008], [[The New York Times]]</ref>

Republicans also picked up seats in both chambers of [[Congress]].

==Presidency (2001–2009)==

In foreign and security areas, Bush's terms included the 9-11 terrorist attack, the passage of the PATRIOT Act to spy on people, the invasion of Afghanistan (2001–present) and Iraq (2003-present), the expansion of NATO to the Russian border dramatically increasing the risk of nuclear war, financial aid to fight disease (especially AIDS) in Africa, and improved relations with India. The Iraq war was the focus of intense partisan debate. While Bush had numerous domestic policy goals during his 2000 presidential campaign, the 9-11 attacks and their aftermath caused him to abandon much of it.<ref>Milbank, Dana (September 2, 2004). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A54556-2004Sep1.html From His 'Great Goals' of 2000, President's Achievements Mixed]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved October 22, 2017.</ref>

The 2002 midterm election saw a GOP gain of seats in the House of Representatives and governorships, However, the 2006 elections showed sharp GOP losses across the board and loss of control of the House for the first time since its capture in 1994. He played a minor role in the 2008 election, which the GOP lost.

In domestic legislation, he partnered with Sen. [[Ted Kennedy]] to pass the No Child Left Behind education act, and tried—but failed—to pass immigration reform. Early on he secured large-scale tax cuts, which helped the economic recovery in 2002. The boom (and later collapse) in real estate boosted the economy then pulled it down. Liberals criticized his handling of the 2005 Hurricane Katrina relief, and the dismissals of U.S. Attorneys for political reasons. His proposed "Vision for Space Exploration" went nowhere, and he failed to make headway in Social Security reform. His record of court nominations is mixed, having nominated some strong conservatives along with moderates and liberals. Bush Administration became the most regulating Administration since the Nixon Administration.<ref name="Regulations"/>

The Iraq War had several negative consequences for the United States.<ref>Hayward, John (October 19, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/10/19/9-terrible-legacies-of-george-w-bush-and-the-iraq-war/ 9 Terrible Legacies of George W. Bush and the Iraq War]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved October 22, 2017.</ref> In 2019, conservative [[Trump Administration]] advisor [[Stephen Miller]] described Bush's liberal immigration policies as "an astonishing betrayal of the American people."<ref>Key, Pam (February 17, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/clips/2019/02/17/stephen-miller-george-w-bushs-immigration-record-astonishing-betrayal-of-american-people/ Stephen Miller: George W. Bush’s Immigration Record ‘Astonishing Betrayal’ of American People]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved February 18, 2019.</ref><ref>Samuels, Brett (February 17, 2019). [https://thehill.com/homenews/sunday-talk-shows/430391-stephen-miller-calls-george-w-bushs-immigration-record-astonishing Stephen Miller calls George W. Bush's immigration record 'astonishing betrayal' of American people]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved February 18, 2019.</ref>

===Administration and Cabinet===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Office
! Name
! Term
|-
| [[President]]
| George W. Bush
| 2001–2009
|-
| [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]]
| [[Richard Cheney]]
| 2001–2009
|-
| [[Secretary of State]]
| [[Colin Powell]]
| 2001–2005
|-
|
| [[Condoleezza Rice]]
| 2005–2009
|-
| [[Secretary of Treasury]]
| [[Paul O'Neill]]
| 2001–2002
|-
|
| [[John W. Snow]]
| 2003–2006
|-
|
| [[Henry Paulson]]
| 2006–2009
|-
| [[Secretary of Defense]]
| [[Donald Rumsfeld]]
| 2001–2006
|-
|
| [[Robert Gates]]
| 2006–2009
|-
| [[Attorney General]]
| [[John Ashcroft]]
| 2001–2005
|-
|
| [[Alberto Gonzales]]
| 2005–2007
|-
|
| [[Michael Mukasey]]
| 2007–2009
|-
| Secretary of the Interior
| [[Gale Norton]]
| 2001–2006
|-
|
| [[Dirk Kempthorne]]
| 2006–2009
|-
| Secretary of Agriculture
| [[Ann Veneman]]
| 2001–2005
|-
|
| [[Mike Johanns]]
| 2005–2007
|-
|
| [[Ed Schafer]]
| 2008–2009
|-
| Secretary of Commerce
| [[Donald Evans]]
| 2001–2005
|-
|
| [[Carlos Gutierrez]]
| 2005–2009
|-
| Secretary of Labor
| [[Elaine Chao]]
| 2001–2009
|-
| Secretary of Health and Human Services
| [[Tommy Thompson]]
| 2001–2005
|-
|
| [[Michael Leavitt]]
| 2005–2009
|-
| Secretary of Education
| [[Rod Paige]]
| 2001–2005
|-
|
| [[Margaret Spellings]]
| 2005–2009
|-
| Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
| [[Mel Martinez]]
| 2001–2003
|-
|
| [[Alphonso Jackson]]
| 2003–2008
|-
|
| [[Steve Preston]]
| 2008–2009
|-
| Secretary of Transportation
| [[Norman Mineta]]
| 2001–2006
|-
|
| [[Mary Peters]]
| 2006–2009
|-
| Secretary of Energy
| [[Spencer Abraham]]
| 2001–2005
|-
|
| [[Samuel Bodman]]
| 2005–2009
|-
| Secretary of Veterans Affairs
| [[Anthony Principi]]
| 2001–2005
|-
|
| [[Jim Nicholson]]
| 2005–2007
|-
|
| [[James Peake]]
| 2007–2009
|-
| Secretary of Homeland Security
| [[Tom Ridge]]
| 2003–2005
|-
|
| [[Michael Chertoff]]
| 2005–2009
|-
| Chief of Staff
| [[Andrew Card]]
| 2001–2006
|-
|
| [[Joshua Bolten]]
| 2006–2009
|-
| Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency
| [[Christine Todd Whitman]]
| 2001–2003
|-
|
| [[Michael Leavitt]]
| 2003–2005
|-
|
| [[Stephen Johnson]]
| 2005–2009
|-
| Director of the Office of Management and Budget
| [[Mitch Daniels]]
| 2001–2003
|-
|
| Joshua Bolten
| 2003–2006
|-
|
| [[Rob Portman]]
| 2006–2007
|-
|
| [[Jim Nussle]]
| 2007–2009
|-
| Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy
| [[John Walters]]
| 2001–2009
|-
| United States Trade Representative
| [[Robert Zoellick]]
| 2001–2005
|-
|
| Rob Portman
| 2005–2006
|-
|
| Susan Schwab
| 2006–2009
|-
| [[CIA]] Director
| [[George Tenet]]
| 2001–2004
|-
|
| [[John E. McLaughlin]]
| 2004
|-
|
| [[Porter J. Goss]]
| 2004–2006
|-
|
| [[Michael Hayden]]
| 2006–2009
|-
| FBI Director
| [[Louis Freeh]]
| 2001
|-
|
| [[Thomas J. Pickard]]
| 2001
|-
|
| [[Robert S. Mueller]]
| 2001–2009
|-
| National Security Advisor
| Condoleezza Rice
| 2001–2005
|-
|
| Stephen Hadley
| 2005–2009
|-
| White House Counsel
| Alberto R. Gonzales
| 2001–2005
|-
|
| [[Harriet Miers]]
| 2005–2007
|-
|
| [[Fred Fielding]]
| 2007–2009
|-
| White House Press Secretary
| [[Ari Fleischer]]
| 2001–2003
|-
|
| [[Scott McClellan]]
| 2003–2006
|-
|
| [[Tony Snow]]
| 2006–2007
|-
|
| [[Dana Perino]]
| 2007–2009
|-
|}

===Response to the 9-11 Terrorist Attacks===
The September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks resulted in George W. Bush becoming a self-described wartime President. On that morning President Bush had traveled to Booker Elementary School in Sarasota, [[Florida]] to promote his [[education]]al agenda; when 19 Islamic terrorists connected with [[Al-Qaeda]] hijacked four commercial airplanes. Two of them crashed into the [[World Trade Center]] in [[New York City]], the third in [[The Pentagon]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] and the fourth in Somerset County, [[Pennsylvania]], after passengers of the flight successfully stopped the hijackers from hitting Washington D.C., possibly the [[White House]] or [[Capital]]. As a result, over 3,000 Americans were killed, and over 6,000 injured, the largest terrorist attack in American history. After [[White House]] Chief of Staff [[Andrew Card]] had whispered in the President's ear that the United States was under attack, President Bush addressed the public in the Booker school's media center, saying a brief four-paragraph statement that "Terrorism against our nation will not stand. This will not stand." Which was a formation that President George H. W. Bush used in August 1990 after [[Iraq]] invaded [[Kuwait]]. President Bush would later say that "This is my reminder of lives that ended, and a task that does not end. . . . I will not yield; I will not rest; I will not relent in waging this struggle for freedom and security for the American people."

[[Image:20010912-4-1.jpg|left|thumb|300px|President George W. Bush, Secretary of State Colin Powell, Vice President [[Dick Cheney]] and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Hugh Shelton, talk with the press about the previous day's terrorist attacks during a cabinet meeting Sept. 12, 2001. White House photo by Tina Hager.]] Although the attacks may have been an attempt from Al-Qaeda to divide the United States, they were unsuccessful. Across the nation, Americans had donated blood and raised money for reconstruction in New York City. Within weeks, Americans had raised over one billion dollars.<ref>The American Vision from National Geographic, pg. 1033</ref> On September 14 President Bush declared a national emergency. [[CIA]] Director [[George Tenent]] and the FBI identified the attacks from Al-Qaeda and [[Osama Bin Laden]] in [[Afghanistan]]. As [[Secretary of State]] [[Colin Powell]] begin to build an international coalition with over 90 countries to support the United States global [[War on Terrorism]], [[Secretary of Defense]] [[Donald Rumsfeld]] began to redeploy troops and aircraft's to the [[Middle East]]. On September 24, President Bush issued an executive order freezing all funding of financial assets to individuals and groups suspected of terrorism, and over 80 other nations soon followed. Bush then established the Department of Homeland Security to coordinate federal agencies working to prevent terrorism. The President appointed [[Pennsylvania]] [[Governor]] [[Tom Ridge]] to the office. In October President Bush signed into law the U.S. [[Patriot Act]], which allowed authorities to obtain a signal nationwide search warrant that could be used anywhere on suspected terrorists. It also made it easier to wiretap terrorists and track their [[email]]. The mastermind of the 9/11 attacks—[[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]] has been captured.

On October 5, a new [[anthrax]] scare from terrorists began. Anthrax—a deadly bacteria—had been sent in the mail to news organizations in New York City and Washington, D.C. and [[United States Senate|Senate]] Majority Leader [[Tom Daschle]]'s office. The FBI investigated the anthrax attacks, although no suspects were identified.

===War in Afghanistan===
*''Main Article: [[Afghanistan War]]
Afghanistan housed and protected al-Qaeda as it planned the 9-11 attacks. It then refused to turn over al-Qaeda leaders. With UN and NATO approval, Bush went to war to overthrow the Taliban. On October 7, 2001, he ordered the bombing of al-Qaeda's camps and the [[Taliban]]'s military forces in Afghanistan. "We will not waver, we will not tire, we will not falter, we will not fail, freedom will prevail", President Bush explained. The attack quickly shattered the [[Taliban]]'s defenses, and by early December the Taliban regime had collapsed. The United States, its allies and the UN then helped Afghanistan create a new government under [[Hamid Karzai]]. By March 2002, the Taliban and al-Qaeda were beginning to regroup again in the mountains of the [[Pakistan]] border. President Bush responded by launching Operation Anaconda, where Al-Qaeda troops were defeated. Al-Qaeda was largely destroyed, but the Taliban rebuilt using secure sanctuaries in Pakistan from which it launched terror attacks inside Afghanistan (and inside Pakistan as well).<ref>Fred Barnes, ''Rebel-in-Chief: Inside the Bold and Controversial Presidency of George W. Bush'' (2006); Seth Jones, ''In the Graveyard of Empires: America's War in Afghanistan'' (2009)</ref>

As a candidate in 2008, Obama criticized Bush for neglecting Afghanistan, and tripled the number of American troops from 31,000 when Bush left office to over 100,000 in early 2010

===2002 Mid-Term Elections===

Democrats wanted the focus of the 2002 midterm elections to be on the [[economy]], which was growing slowly after the September 11th terrorist attacks. However, because Congress voted to authorize military force in Iraq in mid-October, national security was the top issue. Republicans increased their majority in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] and took back control of the [[United States Senate]].

===2002-2003 build-up of the War in Iraq===
In his famous January 2002 State of the Union speech, President Bush declared an "Axis of Evil" made up of [[Iraq]], [[Iran]], and [[North Korea]], countries that posed a grave threat to the world and were suspected of supporting terrorism. They definitely weren't mad at the United States for giving billions in aid to apartheid states like Israel. Considering it a more dangerous and urgent threat then North Korea, President Bush began lying to the American people and putting pressure on Iraq throughout 2002 for an illegal invasion. Iraq's dictator [[Saddam Hussein]] had used chemical weapons against Iran and the Kurds, an ethnic minority in Iraq. Considering that Iraqwas not building Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD's) and was not a threat to the United States and its allies since its a tiny country, but considering its massive oil, On September 12, 2002 President Bush tried to gain U.N. support for a U.S. led invasion of Iraq and asked for a resolution that Iraq gave up its Weapons of Mass Destruction. While the U.N. Security Council approved a resolution that demanded Saddam Hussein declare all of its WMD's, stop supporting terrorism and oppressing his people, Congress authorized the use of military force against Iraq. The United States, [[Great Britain]] and about 30 other countries began to prepare for war.

===Aftermath of the Invasion===
[[Image:20031127_dsc2048-515h.jpg|Right|thumb|300px|President George W. Bush meets with troops and serves Thanksgiving Dinner at the Bob Hope Dining Facility, Baghdad International Airport, Iraq, Thursday, November 27, 2003. White House photo by Tina Hager.]] On March 23, 2003, U.S. led coalition forces began an attack on Iraq. Most of the Iraqi army dissolved and coalition forces quickly took control of the country. However, sectarian violence worsened through [[bomb]]ings and sniper attacks. On Thanksgiving 2003 President Bush and U.S. [[National Security Adviser]] [[Condoleezza Rice]] visited troops in Iraq to boost morale. Saddam Hussein was captured in December 2003 while little evidence had shown that he had obtained Weapons of Mass Destruction.

On January 30, 2005, Iraq had its first general election since the liberation. Later on they asked the United States to leave, which was promptly ignored. They voted for a 275-member Iraqi National Assembly which later drafted a constitution. In December Iraq elected a permanent 275-member Council of Representatives. There were low levels of violence during the voting. In a showdown with Congressional Democrats after taking control of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] and [[U.S. Senate|Senate]] in the 2006 Congressional Midterm elections, Democrats retreated on their pledge to end the [[Iraq War]] early and bring the troops home. Democrats had threatened to withhold funding for the troops unless a date certain for withdrawal was set. After the final vote, 280–142 in the House and 80–14 in the Senate, the anti-War movement was defeated. The deal cut with Democratic leaders in exchange for their acquiescing to fund the troops calls for the President to sign legislation raising the [[minimum wage]].<ref>[http://washingtontimes.com/national/20070525-122215-4854r.htm Congress OKs war bill sans time-line,] By S.A. Miller, [[The Washington Times]]'', May 25, 2007.</ref> One commentator remarked, "Despite all the talk of standing up to George W. Bush, despite all the bravado about taking control of Congress, despite the so-called mandate to change direction, Democrats caved....They claim that the majority of Americans are with them on the Iraq issue, but...President Bush, at the weakest moment of his presidency, still bested his Democratic rivals." <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071010192457/http://www.newmediajournal.us/staff/phyrillas/05292007.htm Democrats Show True Colors], Tony Phyrillas, ''New Media journal'', May 29, 2007</ref> The war resulted in the slaughter of 250,000 Iraqis, the biggest war crime in the world since Vietnam.

===2007 Troop Surge===

[[Image:20061228-1_p122706pm-0144-515h.jpg‎|Right|thumb|300px|President George W. Bush meets with National Security team, from left to right, Vice President Dick Cheney, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Peter Pace Thursday, Dec. 28, 2006, at Prairie Chapel Ranch in Crawford, Texas. White House photo by Paul Morse]]
On January 23, 2007, President Bush ordered an additional 30,000 troops to Iraq.

<blockquote>In order to make progress toward this goal, the Iraqi government must stop the sectarian violence in its capital. But the Iraqis are not yet ready to do this on their own. So we're deploying reinforcements of more than 20,000 additional soldiers and Marines to Iraq. The vast majority will go to Baghdad, where they will help Iraqi forces to clear and secure neighborhoods, and serve as advisers embedded in Iraqi Army units. With Iraqis in the lead, our forces will help secure the city by chasing down the terrorists, insurgents, and the roaming death squads. And in Anbar Province, where al Qaeda terrorists have gathered and local forces have begun showing a willingness to fight them, we're sending an additional 4,000 United States Marines, with orders to find the terrorists and clear them out.<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/01/23/sotu.bush.transcript/index.html?iref=newssearch Bush: State of union is strong], [[CNN]]</ref></blockquote>

The surge was opposed by a majority of the United States Congress. However, it has resulted in significantly reduced sectarian violence. According to U.S. Central Command [[General]] [[David Petraeus]], violence in Iraq by December 2008 was at a 5-year low.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSTRE4B86G720081209 Iraq violence at 5-1/2 year low, Petraeus says], [[Reuters]]</ref>

===Humanitarian aid===
President Bush has worked to stop the spread of the [[HIV/AIDS]] epidemic in [[Africa]]. In the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) $15 billion over five years (2003–2008) was spent on fighting global HIV/AIDS and improving treatment.

===Government regulations===
The Bush Administration became the highest-regulating Administration since the Nixon Administration, enacting 3,595 regulations in 2007 alone, increasing the number of pages in the Federal Register to a record high of 78,090 in 2007, and increasing the amount of taxpayer dollars spent on enacting and enforcing regulations from $26.4 billion to an estimated $42.7.<ref name="Regulations">De Rugy, Veronique (January 2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090902085717/http://www.reason.com/news/show/130328.html Bush's Regulatory Kiss-Off]. ''Reason''. Retrieved October 22, 2017.</ref>

===Economy===

Upon gaining office in 2001, Bush signed into law a $1.35 trillion cut in taxes over 10 years. The plan included the objectives of doubling the child tax credit from $500 to $1,000, reducing the tax penalty on [[marriage|married couples]] and fully repealing the [[Estate tax|tax on estates]]. A [[United States Senate]] Finance Committee Report estimated that with all the planned reductions fully phased in, the average family of four making $50,000 would save $1,825 per year.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2001/ALLPOLITICS/06/07/bush.taxes/ $1.35 trillion tax cut becomes law], [[CNN]], 21 June 2001</ref>

[[Image:20080919-2_p091908jb-0025-1-515h.jpg‎|Right|thumb|300px|President George W. Bush stands with Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke, left, SEC Chairman Chris Cox, right, and Treasury Secretary Hank Paulson as he delivers a statement on the economy Friday, Sept. 19, 2008, in the Rose Garden. White House photo by Joyce N. Boghosian]] Since the tax cuts, IRS revenues increased from $1.78 trillion in 2003 to $2.56 trillion in 2007 with a 46.3% increase of individual income tax receipts. Surging $785 billion since the 2003 investment tax cuts, it is the largest four-year revenue increase in U.S. history<ref>[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB119189497675953035.html?mod=googlenews_wsj The Shrinking Deficit], [[Wall Street Journal]]</ref>

During this same time period, spending mandated by Congress has also increased by more than 29% in inflation-adjusted dollars, representing an 11.4% increase in federal spending as a percentage of [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]. This spending has doubled the federal debt, increasing it from 58% to 66% of GDP. Defense spending increased 61%, and non-defense by 23% during the eight years since 2000. The largest non-defense spending increase has been for federally-funded medical expenses, at 54 percent.<ref>[http://www.aier.org/research/commentaries/750-big-government-under-the-bush-administration Big Government Under The Bush Administration], AIER, 16 November 2008</ref> In total, Bush has increased government expenditures by the largest percentage of any president since Lyndon Johnson.<ref>[http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/national/article944806.ece Some think Bush was too liberal], Wes Allison, Tampa Bay Times December 21, 2008 quoting Gleaves Whitney, director of the Hauenstein Center for Presidential Studies at Grand Valley State University and author of a new paper, "Anatomy of a Divorce: Conservatives versus George W. Bush."</ref>

Bush presided over a period of unreal economic growth that reflected a bubble that burst in 2008. The [[housing bubble]] allowed people to cash in the rising value of houses; low-interest rates that led to massive borrowing. Money flowed into the U.S. from around the world. The stock market that hit a record high in 2007, then plunged relentlessly downward, losing $8 trillion in value in 2008. Unemployment hit an all-time low in March 2007 but started rapidly increasing after January 2008. Bush signed into law a minimum wage increase, one of the platforms for the Democrats in the 2006 Congressional elections, after the House and Senate included Bush's request of provisions for small-business tax breaks.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/20/AR2006122001784.html Bush Supports Democrats' Minimum Wage Hike Plan], [[Washington Post]]</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/10/AR2007011001666.html House Passes Increase in Minimum Wage to $7.25], [[Washington Post]]</ref> Tax policies have been favorable to reducing the [[Capital Gains Tax]], with a subsequent surge in investment.

See [[Financial Crisis of 2008]] and [[Recession of 2008]],

The [[socialist]] [[Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007]] was signed by Bush into law on April 25, 2009, as a rider to the U.S. Troop Readiness, Veterans' Care, Katrina Recovery, and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act, 2007, despite conservative opposition.<ref>[https://www.americanthinker.com/2007/01/opposing_minimum_wage_hike_is_1.html Opposing Minimum Wage Hike Is Bad Politics], [[American Thinker]]</ref> This measure hurt businesses and decreased America's competitiveness in the global marketplace.

===Supreme Court Appointments===
[[Image:Bush Oval Office 3.jpg|thumb|200px|right|President George W. Bush at the Oval office. South-facing windows.]]
After the death of Chief Justice [[William Rehnquist]], President Bush nominated U.S. Court of Appeals Judge [[John Roberts]] to fill the vacancy. He was confirmed on September 29, 2005, by a 78–22 vote. To replace the retiring Associate Justice [[Sandra Day O'Connor]] Bush nominated Judge [[Samuel Alito]], after his original nomination of Chief White House Council [[Harriet Miers]] was withdrawn because of widespread opposition due to lack of experience. After an unsuccessful filibuster attempt from [[United States Senate|Senate]] [[liberal]]s, Alito was confirmed on a 58–42 vote and was sworn in on January 31, 2006.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5181091 Alito Confirmed as Newest Supreme Court Justice], [[NPR]]</ref>

===Involvement in the 2008 Presidential election===
In March 2008, Bush endorsed his one-time rival [[John McCain]] as the Republican candidate for President of the United States. However, due to the President's declining popularity in polls, McCain distanced himself from Mr. Bush on the campaign trail. Bush had the lowest approval rating (30%) of any president at their time of leaving office since the end of World War II, except Nixon.<ref>[http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/info-presapp0605-31.html Presidential Approval Ratings History], [[Wall Street Journal]]</ref> At the same time, Democrat candidate [[Barack Obama]] tried to portray a McCain presidency as four more years of George W. Bush. The President spoke by videolink at the 2008 [[Republican National Convention]], while his wife Laura appeared on stage with McCain's wife [[Cindy McCain|Cindy]].
[[Image:George Laura Bush2008.jpg|thumb|left|300px|President George W. Bush and Mrs. Laura Bush pose for their last official holiday portrait, Dec. 7, 2008, in the Blue Room of the White House.]]

==Post-presidency==
John McCain lost the election to Senator Obama, and President Bush met with the new president-elect to discuss the presidential transition between his administration and Obama's, which he promised would be efficient and without problems. George W. Bush's term ended at noon on January 20, 2009, at which point President-elect Obama was inaugurated. In an interview with ABC's [[Charles Gibson]] in December 2008, Bush said his retirement plans included moving back to his home state of Texas and writing a book. He later released his memoir "Decision Points." He also wants to build an institute at the Southern Methodist University to serve as a non-partisan public policy forum, to debate issues and run volunteer projects from.

===Decision Points===
''Decision Points'' is a memoir written by Bush and was released on November 9, 2010. Bush also went on a national tour after releasing his book. After two months, the book sold very well, surpassing two million copies sold.

The book is 481 pages long and is broken into 14 chapters, with the first two being about Bush before his presidency, covering events such as when he quit drinking alcohol and was governor of [[Texas]]. The remaining twelve are about events during his presidency, such as the War on Terror, the September 11, 2001, attacks, and Hurricane Katrina.

===Opposition to Donald Trump===
[[File:Trade-deficit.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Growth of the trade deficit, i.e. exfiltration of American wealth, since [[China]] was granted [[tariff]]-free [[Most Favored Nation]] trade status in 2002.]]
During and after the [[United States presidential election, 2016|2016 presidential election]], Bush became known for his opposition to conservative businessman and U.S. President [[Donald Trump]].<ref>Cohn, Alicia (November 4, 2017). [https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/358745-george-w-bush-im-worried-that-i-will-be-the-last-republican George W. Bush: ‘I’m worried that I will be the last Republican president’]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved November 4, 2017.</ref> Bush supported his brother, [[Jeb Bush]], for the Republican nomination in 2016. Trump strongly criticized both Bushes in the primaries, primarily Jeb. Trump won the Republican nomination, but Bush did not vote for Trump or [[Hillary Clinton]] in the general election.<ref>Lee, Kurtis (November 8, 2016). [https://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/trailguide/la-na-election-day-2016-1478647604-htmlstory.html Former President George W. Bush Didn't Vote for Donald Trump]. ''Los Angeles Times''. Retrieved November 10, 2016.</ref>

Bush went out of his way to avoid criticizing President Obama during his entire tenure,<ref name="IngrahamFeb2018">[https://video.foxnews.com/v/5729616306001/?#sp=show-clips Ingraham: Bush and the global elites strike back]. ''Fox News Video''. February 8, 2018. Retrieved February 9, 2018.</ref> with the first time he reportedly criticized Obama being at a closed-door event in April 2015.<ref>Campbell, Colin (April 27, 2015). [https://www.businessinsider.com/george-w-bush-just-sharply-criticized-obama-for-the-first-time-2015-4 George W. Bush just sharply criticized Obama for the first time]. ''Business Insider''. Retrieved February 9, 2018.</ref> Despite this, Trump's presidency was only a month old when Bush attacked him for the first time.<ref>Riddell, Kelly (February 27, 2017). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/feb/27/bush-undercuts-trump-after-staying-silent-on-obama/ Bush undercuts Trump a month into presidency after staying silent on Obama for 8 years]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved February 9, 2018.</ref><ref>Flood, Brian (February 27, 2018). [https://www.thewrap.com/george-w-bush-didnt-criticize-obama-for-8-years-but-turned-on-trump-in-a-month/ George W Bush Didn’t Criticize Obama for 8 Years – But Turned on Trump in a Month]. ''The Wrap''. Retrieved February 9, 2018.</ref>

On October 19, 2017, Bush gave a speech at a Bush Institute's Spirit of Liberty event in New York (at exactly the same location where President Obama criticized the Trump Administration the previous month), and he criticized President Trump and his policies as "nativist," though he did not call them out by name. He stated his support for globalism, free trade, and neoconservatism, stating that "we cannot wish globalism away."<ref>Multiple references:
*Spiering, Charlie (October 19, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/10/19/george-w-bush-emerges-bash-trump-nativism-cannot-wish-globalism-away/ George W. Bush Emerges to Bash Trump, ‘Nativism’: ‘We Cannot Wish Globalism Away’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
*Dovere, Edward-Isaac (October 19, 2017). [https://www.politico.com/story/2017/10/19/george-w-bush-trumpism-243945 George W. Bush slams Trumpism, without mentioning president by name]. ''Politico''. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
*Shawn, Eric (October 19, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/10/19/george-w-bush-says-bigotry-or-white-supremacy-in-any-form-is-blasphemy.html George W. Bush says bigotry or white supremacy in any form is 'blasphemy']. ''Fox News''. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
*Mansour, Rebecca (October 21, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/10/21/mansour-13-clueless-lowlights-george-w-bushs-trump-bashing-speech/ Mansour: 13 Clueless Lowlights from George W. Bush’s Trump-bashing Speech]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
See also:
*Pollak, Joel B. (October 20, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/10/20/blue-state-blues-george-w-bushs-divisive-call-for-unity-against-trump/ Blue State Blues: George W. Bush’s Divisive Call for Unity Against Trump]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
*Mansour, Rebecca (October 19, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/10/19/mansour-five-reasons-george-w-bush-new-jimmy-carter/ Mansour: Five Reasons Why George W. Bush Is the New Jimmy Carter]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved October 22, 2017.</ref> Bush reportedly was expecting people to connect his speech to criticizing Trump when he drafted it.<ref>Chaitin, Daniel (October 19, 2017). [https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/george-w-bush-personally-tailored-speech-seen-as-implicit-rebuke-of-trump-report/article/2638127 George W. Bush personally tailored speech seen as implicit rebuke of Trump: Report]. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved October 20, 2017.</ref> Bush's approval rating among Democrats rose to 51%, likely due to his opposition to President Trump, an amazing rating considering how unpopular he was among the Left when he left office.<ref>Hashmi, Siraj (October 27, 2017). [https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/democratic-love-for-george-w-bush-proves-politics-is-americas-most-popular-sport/article/2638835 Democratic love for George W. Bush proves politics is America's most popular sport]. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved October 27, 2017.</ref>

On February 8, 2018, speaking in [[Abu Dhabi]] in the [[United Arab Emirates]], Bush again criticized President Trump,<ref name="IngrahamFeb2018"/> claiming that "there's pretty clear evidence" that Russia interfered in the 2016 presidential election,<ref>Multiple references:
*Hjelmgaard, Kim (February 8, 2018). [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/02/08/george-w-bush-clear-evidence-russians-meddled-election/318620002/ George W. Bush: 'Clear evidence Russians meddled' in election]. ''USA Today''. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
*[https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2018/02/08/george-w-bush-says-theres-pretty-clear-evidence-russia-meddled-in-2016-us-election.html George W. Bush says 'there's pretty clear evidence' Russia meddled in 2016 US election]. ''Fox News'' (from the ''Associated Press''). February 8, 2018. Retrieved February 9, 2018.</ref> and he criticized Trump's America First immigration policy, saying that "we ought to say thank you and welcome [legal and illegal immigrants]" into the country.<ref>Multiple references:
*Binder, John (February 8, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/02/08/george-w-bush-praises-mass-immigration-we-ought-to-say-thank-you-and-welcome-them/ George W. Bush Praises Cheap Labor Immigration: ‘We Ought to Say Thank You and Welcome Them’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
*Anapol, Avery (February 8, 2018). [https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/372882-george-w-bush-on-immigrants-we-ought-to-say-thank-you-and-welcome George W. Bush on immigrants: 'We ought to say thank you and welcome them']. ''The Hill''. Retrieved February 9, 2018.</ref> In May 2018, Bush again endorsed globalist policies, speaking against "dangers of isolationism" among other issues at a globalist Atlantic Council event.<ref>Lawler, David (May 10, 2018). [https://www.axios.com/george-w-bush-warns-against-isolationism-ff2d0509-9ec9-4491-a4d6-7057ddf8a827.html George W. Bush warns of “dangers of isolationism” in impassioned speech]. ''Axios''. Retrieved May 10, 2018.</ref><ref>Delk, Josh (May 10, 2018). [https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/387209-george-w-bush-urges-moral-practical-spending-on-global-interests George W. Bush urges ‘moral, practical’ spending on global interests]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved May 10, 2018.
See also:
*Chaitin, Daniel (May 12, 2018). [https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/george-w-bush-flubs-winston-churchill-quote George W. Bush flubs Winston Churchill quote]. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved May 12, 2018.</ref> In July 2018, Bush said he was "disturbed by the debate that’s taking place" on immigration under Trump.<ref>Binder, John (July 12, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/07/12/george-w-bush-im-disturbed-by-immigration-debate-taking-place/ George W Bush: ‘I’m Disturbed’ by Immigration ‘Debate Taking Place’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 12, 2018.</ref> Bush continued voicing [[neocon]] opinions and criticized President Trump's [[America First]] policies.<ref>Binder, John (October 16, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2019/10/16/report-george-w-bush-trumps-isolationist-america-is-dangerous-for-global-peace/ Report–George W. Bush: Trump’s ‘Isolationist’ America Is ‘Dangerous’ for Global Peace]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved October 17, 2019.</ref>

== Family ==
George W. Bush is the son of [[George H. W. Bush]], who served as vice-president from 1981 to 1989 and as president from 1989 to 1993, and [[Barbara Bush]]. President Bush is married to [[Laura Bush|Laura Welch Bush]], a former teacher and librarian, and they have twin daughters, Barbara and Jenna. John Ellis "Jeb" Bush, Neil Bush and Marvin Bush are his brothers. Dorothy Bush Koch is his only surviving sister, as Pauline Robinson Bush died at age four of [[leukemia]].

Bush's daughters developed [[liberal]] political views, refusing to affiliate with the Republican Party for ideological reasons<ref>Chumley, Cheryl K. (September 5, 2014). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/sep/5/bush-daughters-decline-republican-label-were-both-/ Bush daughters decline Republican label: ‘We’re both very independent’]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved October 29, 2017.</ref> and supporting<ref>Viebeck, Elise (October 3, 2016). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2016/10/03/another-bush-voting-for-clinton-barbara-jr-spotted-at-paris-fundraiser/ Another Bush voting for Clinton? Barbara (Jr.) spotted at Paris fundraiser]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved October 29, 2017.</ref><ref>Merica, Dan (October 3, 2016). [https://www.cnn.com/2016/10/02/politics/barbara-bush-hillary-clinton-fundraiser-huma-abedin/index.html George W. Bush's daughter attends Clinton fundraiser in Paris]. ''CNN''. Retrieved October 29, 2017.</ref> and voting for<ref>[http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2017/10/20/barbara-bush-confirms-she-voted-for-hillary-clinton/ Barbara Bush confirms she voted for Hillary Clinton]. ''Women in the World -- The New York Times''. October 20, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2017.</ref> the left-wing [[globalist]] [[Hillary Clinton]] in the 2016 presidential election over conservative [[Donald Trump]].

==Faith==

George W. Bush is a member of the [[United Methodist Church]], and most people feel that George W. Bush's faith is sincere and profound. ''The Faith of George W. Bush'', a non-political book by author Stephen Strang, made the [[New York Times]] best-sellers list.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080205042903/http://www.christianlifemissions.org/ministries/georgewbush.htm The Faith of George W. Bush]</ref>
When asked where he would be without the influence of family friend [[Billy Graham]], George W. Bush said "I wouldn't be president." "It was just a conversation," said the younger Bush about a talk with Graham in the mid-'80s that changed his life. During the pivotal conversation Bush recalled saying, "'You know, Billy, I'm longing for something.' And I know that he sent me a Bible I still have. All I can tell you is that as a result of being inspired by Billy Graham, I started reading the Bible and shortly after, I quit drinking." <ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/2020/story?id=3456729 Leaders, Faith and a Friendship], [[ABC News]]</ref> Bush's faith led him to veto a bill which would have provided for [[federal funding]] of immoral embryonic stem cell research.

In an interview with ABC's "Nightline" on 12/8/08, the president also said he probably is not a literalist when reading the Bible although an individual can learn a great deal from it, including the New Testament teaching that [[God]] sent his only son.

During his presidential career, George W Bush often consulted God when making important decisions. For example, Nabil Shaath, who was Palestinian foreign minister at the time, reported that President Bush said that God told him 'George go and fight these terrorists in Afghanistan' and 'George, go and end the tyranny in Iraq'.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/oct/07/iraq.usa George Bush: 'God told me to end the tyranny in Iraq' ], [[London Guardian]]</ref>
Asked about creation and evolution, Bush said: "I think you can have both. I think evolution can -- you're getting me way out of my lane here. I'm just a simple president. But it's, I think that God created the earth, created the world; I think the creation of the world is so mysterious it requires something as large as an almighty and I don't think it's incompatible with the scientific proof that there is evolution."<ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/print?id=6418908 Excerpts: Cynthia McFadden Interviews President George W. Bush], [[ABC News]]</ref><ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2008/12/09/bush-says-creation-incompatible-evolution/ Bush Says Creation 'Not Incompatible' With Evolution], [[Fox News]]</ref><ref>[http://blogs.cbn.com/thebrodyfile/archive/2008/12/10/president-bush-asked-if-bible-is-literally-true-probably-not.aspx President Bush Asked if Bible is Literally True: "Probably Not"], [[CBN]]</ref>
He added:
{{cquote|<big><big>'''''I happen to believe that evolution doesn't fully explain the mystery of life.'''''</big>}}

[[File:Evergreen-chapel-tree-of-knowledge.jpg|thumb|left|Evergreen Chapel at Camp David]]
While President, Bush worshiped regularly at the Evergreen Chapel at Camp David.

==Polls==
When Bush entered office, his popularity rating was near 50%. However, after the [[September 11]] attacks, his popularity rose significantly, reaching an all-time high of 90%.<ref>[http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/2007-07-09-bush-poll_N.htm Poll: Bush approval drops to low of 29%], [[USA Today]]</ref> Since, then, though, it declined as some of his policies have become unpopular (largely due to the media's persistently negative—and [[liberal bias|biased]]—reporting on the [[Iraq War]] and misrepresentation of his policies).<ref>[http://www.hist.umn.edu/~ruggles/Approval.htm Historical Bush Approval Ratings from University of Minnesota]</ref> In 2007, Bush had an approval rating of only 24%.<ref name=elevenpercent>[https://www.reuters.com/article/2007/10/17/us-usa-politics-poll-idUSN1624620720071017 Voters unhappy with Bush and Congress], [[Reuters]], October 17, 2007</ref> The same poll gave the Democratic controlled Congress an approval rating of only 11%.<ref name=elevenpercent />

After leaving office, Bush's approval ratings increased again, reaching 45% by 2017.<ref>Bedard, Paul (September 11, 2017). [https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/bush-is-back-nears-911-popularity-in-huge-poll-swing/article/2634015 Bush is back, nears 9/11 popularity in huge poll swing]. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved September 11, 2017.</ref>

== Farewell Speech ==
*''Delivered January 15, 2009 at the White House. His audience in the East Room included family, friends, Cabinet and some selected Americans President Bush had met in his eight years in office.''

'''Fellow citizens: For eight years, it has been my honor to serve as your President. The first decade of this new century has been a period of consequence – a time set apart. Tonight, with a thankful heart, I have asked for a final opportunity to share some thoughts on the journey we have traveled together and the future of our Nation.'''

[[Image:BushSpeech.jpg|Right|thumb|300px|President George W. Bush reaches into the audience to shake hands with invited guests and staff members following his farewell address to the nation Thursday evening, Jan. 15, 2009 in the East Room of the White House, where President Bush thanked the American people for their support and trust. White House photo by Joyce N. Boghosian]] '''Five days from now, the world will witness the vitality of American democracy. In a tradition dating back to our founding, the presidency will pass to a successor chosen by you, the American people. Standing on the steps of the Capitol will be a man whose story reflects the enduring promise of our land. This is a moment of hope and pride for our whole Nation. And I join all Americans in offering best wishes to President-elect Obama, his wife Michelle, and their two beautiful girls.'''

'''Tonight I am filled with gratitude – to Vice President Cheney and members of the Administration; to Laura, who brought joy to this house and love to my life; to our wonderful daughters, Barbara and Jenna; to my parents, whose examples have provided strength for a lifetime. And above all, I thank the American people for the trust you have given me. I thank you for ....'''

'''...the prayers that have lifted my spirits. And I thank you for the countless acts of courage, generosity, and grace that I have witnessed these past eight years. '''

'''This evening, my thoughts return to the first night I addressed you from this house – September 11, 2001. That morning, terrorists took nearly 3,000 lives in the worst attack on America since Pearl Harbor. I remember standing in the rubble of the World Trade Center three days later, surrounded by rescuers who had been working around the clock.'''

'''I remember talking to brave souls who charged through smoke-filled corridors at the Pentagon and to husbands and wives whose loved ones became heroes aboard Flight 93. I remember Arlene Howard, who gave me her fallen son's police shield as a reminder of all that was lost. And I still carry his badge.'''

'''As the years passed, most Americans were able to return to life much as it had been before Nine-Eleven. But I never did. Every morning, I received a briefing on the threats to our Nation. And I vowed to do everything in my power to keep us safe.'''

'''Over the past seven years, a new Department of Homeland Security has been created. The military, the [[intelligence community]], and the FBI have been transformed. Our Nation is equipped with new tools to monitor the terrorists’ movements, freeze their finances, and break up their plots. And with strong allies at our side, we have taken the fight to the terrorists and those who support them.'''

'''Afghanistan has gone from a nation where the Taliban harbored al Qaeda and stoned women in the streets to a young democracy that is fighting terror and encouraging girls to go to school. Iraq has gone from a brutal dictatorship and a sworn enemy of America to an Arab democracy at the heart of the Middle East and a friend of the United States.'''

'''There is legitimate debate about many of these decisions. But there can be little debate about the results. America has gone more than seven years without another terrorist attack on our soil. This is a tribute to those who toil day and night to keep us safe – law enforcement officers, intelligence analysts, homeland security and diplomatic personnel, and the men and women of the United States Armed Forces.'''

'''Our Nation is blessed to have citizens who volunteer to defend us in this time of danger. I have cherished meeting these selfless patriots and their families. America owes you a debt of gratitude. And to all our men and women in uniform listening tonight: There has been no higher honor than serving as your Commander in Chief.'''

'''The battles waged by our troops are part of a broader struggle between two dramatically different systems. Under one, a small band of fanatics demands total obedience to an oppressive ideology, condemns women to subservience, and marks unbelievers for murder. The other system is based on the conviction that freedom is the universal gift of Almighty God and that liberty and justice light the path to peace.'''

'''This is the belief that gave birth to our Nation. And in the long run, advancing this belief is the only practical way to protect our citizens. When people live in freedom, they do not willingly choose leaders who pursue campaigns of terror. When people have hope in the future, they will not cede their lives to violence and extremism.'''

'''So around the world, America is promoting human liberty, human rights, and human dignity. We are standing with dissidents and young democracies, providing AIDS medicine to bring dying patients back to life, and sparing mothers and babies from malaria. And this great republic born alone in liberty is leading the world toward a new age when freedom belongs to all nations.'''

'''For eight years, we have also strived to expand opportunity and hope here at home. Across our country, students are rising to meet higher standards in public schools. A new Medicare prescription drug benefit is bringing peace of mind to seniors and the disabled. Every taxpayer pays lower income taxes.'''

'''The addicted and suffering are finding new hope through faith-based programs. Vulnerable human life is better protected. Funding for our veterans has nearly doubled. America's air, water, and lands are measurably cleaner. And the Federal bench includes wise new members like Justice Sam Alito and Chief Justice John Roberts.'''

'''When challenges to our prosperity emerged, we rose to meet them. Facing the prospect of a financial collapse, we took decisive measures to safeguard our economy. These are very tough times for hardworking families, but the toll would be far worse if we had not acted. All Americans are in this together. And together, with determination and hard work, we will restore our economy to the path of growth. We will show the world once again the resilience of America's free enterprise system.'''

'''Like all who have held this office before me, I have experienced setbacks. There are things I would do differently if given the chance. Yet I have always acted with the best interests of our country in mind. I have followed my conscience and done what I thought was right. You may not agree with some tough decisions I have made. But I hope you can agree that I was willing to make the tough decisions.'''

'''The decades ahead will bring more hard choices for our country, and there are some guiding principles that should shape our course.'''

'''While our Nation is safer than it was seven years ago, the gravest threat to our people remains another terrorist attack. Our enemies are patient and determined to strike again. America did nothing to seek or deserve this conflict. But we have been given solemn responsibilities, and we must meet them. We must resist complacency. We must keep our resolve. And we must never let down our guard.'''

'''At the same time, we must continue to engage the world with confidence and clear purpose. In the face of threats from abroad, it can be tempting to seek comfort by turning inward. But we must reject isolationism and its companion, protectionism. Retreating behind our borders would only invite danger. In the 21st century, security and prosperity at home depend on the expansion of liberty abroad. If America does not lead the cause of freedom, that cause will not be led.'''

'''As we address these challenges – and others we cannot foresee tonight – America must maintain our moral clarity. I have often spoken to you about good and evil. This has made some uncomfortable. But good and evil are present in this world, and between the two there can be no compromise. Murdering the innocent to advance an ideology is wrong every time, everywhere.'''

'''Freeing people from oppression and despair is eternally right. This Nation must continue to speak out for justice and truth. We must always be willing to act in their defense and to advance the cause of peace.'''

'''President Thomas Jefferson once wrote, “I like the dreams of the future better than the history of the past.” As I leave the house he occupied two centuries ago, I share that optimism. America is a young country, full of vitality, constantly growing and renewing itself. And even in the toughest times, we lift our eyes to the broad horizon ahead.'''

'''I have confidence in the promise of America because I know the character of our people. This is a Nation that inspires immigrants to risk everything for the dream of freedom. This is a Nation where citizens show calm in times of danger and compassion in the face of suffering. We see examples of America's character all around us. And Laura and I have invited some of them to join us in the White House this evening.'''

'''We see America's character in Dr. Tony Recasner, a principal who opened a new charter school from the ruins of Hurricane Katrina. We see it in Julio Medina, a former inmate who leads a faith-based program to help prisoners returning to society. We see it in Staff Sergeant Aubrey McDade, who charged into an ambush in Iraq and rescued three of his fellow Marines.'''

'''We see America's character in Bill Krissoff, a surgeon from California. His son Nathan, a Marine, gave his life in Iraq. When I met Dr. Krissoff and his family, he delivered some surprising news: He told me he wanted to join the Navy Medical Corps in honor of his son. This good man was 60 years old – 18 years above the age limit.'''

'''But his petition for a waiver was granted, and for the past year he has trained in battlefield medicine. Lieutenant Commander Krissoff could not be here tonight, because he will soon deploy to Iraq, where he will help save America's wounded warriors and uphold the legacy of his fallen son.'''

'''In citizens like these, we see the best of our country – resilient and hopeful, caring and strong. These virtues give me an unshakable faith in America. We have faced danger and trial, and there is more ahead. But with the courage of our people and confidence in our ideals, this great Nation will never tire ... never falter ... and never fail.'''

'''It has been the privilege of a lifetime to serve as your President. There have been good days and tough days. But every day I have been inspired by the greatness of our country and uplifted by the goodness of our people. I have been blessed to represent this Nation we love. And I will always be honored to carry a title that means more to me than any other: citizen of the United States of America.'''

'''And so, my fellow Americans, for the final time: Good night. May God bless this house and our next President. And may God bless you and our wonderful country."'''

==Quotes==
* "Everywhere that freedom stirs, let tyrants fear."

==Publications==
* [https://www.amazon.com/Decision-Points-George-W-Bush/dp/0307590615/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1279195424&sr=8-1 Decision Points by George W. Bush], released November 9, 2010. ISBN 0307590615

==Further reading==
;Academic
* Abramson, Paul R., John H. Aldrich, and David W. Rohde. ''Change and Continuity in the 2004 and 2006 Elections'' (2007), 324pp [https://www.amazon.com/Change-Continuity-2004-2006-Elections/dp/0872894150/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1206001659&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Allard, Scott W. "The Changing Face of Welfare During the Bush Administration." ''Publius'' 2007 37(3): 304–332. Issn: 0048-5950
* Barone, Michael. ''The Almanac of American Politics'' (2004, 2006, 2008, 2010), highly detailed coverage of electoral politics and Congress.
* Berggren, D. Jason, and Nicol C. Rae. "Jimmy Carter and George W. Bush: Faith, Foreign Policy, and an Evangelical Presidential Style." ''Presidential Studies Quarterly.'' 36#4 2006. pp 606+. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5018322436 online edition]
* Campbell, Colin, Bert A. Rockman, and Andrew Rudalevige, eds.. ''The George W. Bush Legacy'' Congressional Quarterly Press, 2007, 352pp; 14 essays by scholars [https://www.amazon.com/George-W-Bush-Legacy/dp/0872893464/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1206001536&sr=1-1 excerpts and online search from Amazon.com]
* Congressional Quarterly. ''CQ Almanac Plus'' highly detailed annual compilation of events in Congress, White House, Supreme Court, summarizing the weekly "Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report". (annual, 2002-2009)
* Conlan, Tim and John Dinan. "Federalism, the Bush Administration, and the Transformation of American Conservatism." ''Publius'' 2007 37(3): 279–303. Issn: 0048-5950
* Corrado, Anthony, E. J. Dionne Jr., Kathleen A. Frankovic. ''The Election of 2000: Reports and Interpretations'' (2001) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99208680 online edition]
* Daynes, Byron W. and Glen Sussman. "Comparing the Environmental Policies of Presidents George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush." ''White House Studies'' 2007 7(2): 163–179. Issn: 1535-4738
* Desch, Michael C. "Bush and the Generals." ''Foreign Affairs'' 2007 86(3): 97-108. Issn: 0015-7120 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
* Eckersley, Robyn. "Ambushed: the Kyoto Protocol, the Bush Administration's Climate Policy and the Erosion of Legitimacy." ''International Politics'' 2007 44(2-3): 306–324. Issn: 1384-5748
* Edwards III, George C. and Philip John Davies, eds. ''New Challenges for the American Presidency'' New York: Pearson Longman, 2004. 245 pp. articles from ''Presidential Studies Quarterly''
* Edwards III, George C. and Desmond King, eds. ''The Polarized Presidency of George W. Bush'' (2007), 478pp; essays by scholars; [https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0199217971/ref=sib_dp_pt/103-4827826-5463040#reader-link excerpt and online search from Amazon.com]
* Fortier, John C. and Norman J. Ornstein, eds. ''Second-term Blues: How George W. Bush Has Governed'' (2007), 146pp [https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0815728840/ref=sib_dp_pt/103-4827826-5463040#reader-link excerpt and online search from Amazon.com]
* Greenstein, Fred I. ed. ''The George W. Bush Presidency: An Early Assessment'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003
* Greenstein, Fred I. “The Contemporary Presidency: The Changing Leadership of George W. Bush A Pre- and Post-9/11 Comparison” in ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' v 32#2 2002 pp 387+. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000773171 online edition]
* Gregg II, Gary L. and Mark J. Rozell, eds. ''Considering the Bush Presidency'' Oxford University Press, 2004. 210 pp. British perspectives
* Hendrickson, Ryan C., and Kristina Spohr Readman, "From the Baltic to the Black Sea: Bush's NATO Enlargement." ''White House Studies.'' (2004) 4#3 pp: 319+. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5008838303 online edition]
* Hilliard, Bryan, Tom Lansford, and Robert P Watson, eds. ''George W. Bush: Evaluating the President at Midterm'' SUNY Press 2004
* Jacobson, Gary C. “The Bush Presidency and the American Electorate” ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' v 33 #4 2003 pp 701+. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002052614 online edition]
* Jacobson, Gary C. "Referendum: the 2006 Midterm Congressional Elections." ''Political Science Quarterly'' 2007 122(1): 1-24. Issn: 0032-3195 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
* Milkis, Sidney M. and Jesse H.Rhodes. "George W. Bush, the Party System, and American Federalism." ''Publius'' 2007 37(3): 478–503. Issn: 0048-5950
* Moens, Alexander ''The Foreign Policy of George W. Bush: Values, Strategy, and Loyalty.'' Ashgate, 2004. 227 pp.
* Rabe, Barry. "Environmental Policy and the Bush Era: the Collision Between the Administrative Presidency and State Experimentation." ''Publius'' 2007 37(3): 413–431. Issn: 0048-5950
* Sabato, Larry J. ed. ''The Sixth Year Itch: The Rise and Fall of the George W. Bush Presidency'' (2007), experts on the 2006 elections in major states
* Strozeski, Josh, et al. "From Benign Neglect to Strategic Interest: the Role of Africa in the Foreign Policies of Bush 41 and 43." ''White House Studies'' 2007 7(1): 35–51. Issn: 1535-4738
* Wekkin, Gary D. "George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush: Puzzling Presidencies, or the Puzzle of the Presidency?" ''White House Studies'' 2007 7(2): 113–124. Issn: 1535-4738
* Wong, Kenneth and Gail Sunderman. "Education Accountability as a Presidential Priority: No Child Left Behind and the Bush Presidency." ''Publius'' 2007 37(3): 333–350. Issn: 0048-5950

;Pro-Bush
* Barnes, Fred. ''Rebel-in-Chief: How George W. Bush Is Redefining the Conservative Movement and Transforming America'' (2006)
* Draper, Robert. ''Inside the Bush White House: The Presidency of George W. Bush'' (2007)
* Hughes, Karen. ''George W. Bush: Portrait of a Leader,'' (2005)
* Gerson, Michael J. ''Heroic Conservatism: Why Republicans Need to Embrace America's Ideals (And Why They Deserve to Fail If They Don't)'' (2007) [https://www.amazon.com/Heroic-Conservatism-Republicans-Embrace-Americas/dp/006134950X/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1206001391&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* [[Bob Woodward|Woodward, Bob]]. ''Plan of Attack'' (2003) on Iraq war [https://www.amazon.com/Plan-Attack-Bob-Woodward/dp/074325547X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1206001508&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

;Anti-Bush
* Bartlett, Bruce. ''Impostor: How George W. Bush Bankrupted America and Betrayed the Reagan Legacy'' (2006), conservative attack by former aide
* Ferguson, Michaele L. and Lori Jo Marso. ''W Stands for Women: How the George W. Bush Presidency Shaped a New Politics of Gender'' (2007)
* Greenspan, Alan. ''The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World,'' (2007), memoir by powerful chairman of the Federal Reserve
* Moore, James. and Wayne Slater. ''Bush's Brain: How Karl Rove Made George W. Bush Presidential.'' 2003. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107370497 online edition]
* Suskind, Ron. ''The Price of Loyalty: George W. Bush, the White House, and the Education of Paul O’Neill'' (2004), complaints of ex Treasury Secretary [https://www.amazon.com/Price-Loyalty-George-Education-ONeill/dp/0743255461/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1188802463&sr=1-1 excerpts and online search from Amazon.com]

;Bush aides
* Stephen F. Hayes. ''Cheney: The Untold Story of America's Most Powerful and Controversial Vice President'' (2007) [https://www.amazon.com/Cheney-Americas-Powerful-Controversial-President/dp/0060723467/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1188802328&sr=1-1 excerpts and online search]
* Mabry, Marcus. ''Twice as Good: Condoleezza Rice and Her Path to Power'' (2007)
; Primary sources
* [http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/publications/ERP/ Council of Economic Advisors, ''Economic Report of the President'' (annual 1947- )], complete series online; important analysis of current trends and policies, plus statistical tables
* George W. Bush. ''George W. Bush on God and Country: The President Speaks Out About Faith, Principle, and Patriotism'' (2004)

==See also==
*[[Previous Breaking News/George W. Bush|Articles about '''George W. Bush''' from previous "Breaking News"]]
*[[Bush Derangement Syndrome]]
*[[Bush Doctrine]]
*[[Bush-hater]]
*[[Bushism]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bushcenter.com/ The George W. Bush Presidential Center]
* [http://warrioropen.com/ Warrior Open, Dallas, Texas, on October 10 and 11, 2011]
* [https://www.facebook.com/georgewbush George W. Bush on Facebook]
* [https://www.facebook.com/clintonbushhaitifund?v=wall Clinton Bush Haiti Fund]
* [http://www.honorfreedom.com HonorFreedom.com - a nationwide effort to correct the historical record about President Bush and the Bush foreign policy doctrine]
* [https://www.nationalreview.com/article/346562/george-w-bush-reconsidered George W. Bush Reconsidered on National Review Online]

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{{USPresidents}}

Donald Trump

2021-06-27T01:30:58Z

IHateConservatives: Added truth

{{Officeholder
|name=Donald John Trump {{verified}}
|image=Donald Trump official presidential photo.jpg
|party=[[Republican]] (1987–1999, 2009–2011, 2012–present) formerly [[Democrat]] (until 1987, 2001–2009), [[Reform Party|Reform]] (1999–2001), and [[Independent voter|Independent]] (2011–2012)
|spouse=Ivana Trump Marla Maples [[Melania Trump]] (current)
|birth_date=June 14, 1946
|children=5
|grandchildren=9
|religion=[[Presbyterian Church (USA)|Presbyterian]]
|offices={{Officeholder/president
|country=the United States
|number=45th
|terms=January 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021
|vp=[[Mike Pence]]
|preceded=[[Barack Obama]]
|former=n
|succeeded=[[Joe Biden]]
}}
}}
:''For his achievements as U.S. President, see [[Donald Trump achievements]].''
:''Donald Trump was [[Conservative of the Year]] in [[Conservative of the Year 2017|2017]] and [[Conservative of the Year 2018|2018]].''
'''Donald John Trump''' (b. [[Queens]], [[New York]], on [[Donald Trump's age|June 14, 1946]]), nicknamed "'''The Donald'''," is the 45th and former racist, homophobic, and sexist [[President of the United States of America]], as a result of winning the [[2016 presidential election]] as the [[Republican Party]] nominee. Before entering politics, he was a businessman and [[television]] personality. A strong [[conservative]], Trump has [[Donald Trump achievements|achieved much during his presidency]] and advanced many conservative priorities. He has greatly benefited the US energy sector by reducing the energy dependence of the US in the Middle East, helping gasoline prices go down, and encouraging projects such as the Keystone Pipeline. Despite this, he has received more criticism than any U.S. president in history, almost all of which is purely politically motivated.

In the [[United States presidential election, 2020|2020 presidential election]], Trump received at least a record-smashing 74+ million lawful votes, many in the key [[swing states]]. This confirms him as the leader of the [[Republican Party]], indeed the entire nation, for the foreseeable future. Many conservatives who no longer feel they identify with Trump are retiring. This is the most probable cause that at least 25% of Republican senators up in 2022 plan to retire, and many other transitions are occurring among the GOP nationwide.

Trump and his wife Melania tested positive for the [[Wuhan virus]] in early October 2020.<ref>Multiple references:
*[https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2020/10/01/president-donald-trump-first-lady-melania-trump-test-positive-for-coronavirus/ President Donald Trump, First Lady Melania Trump Test Positive for Coronavirus]
*[https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/519282-president-trump-melania-trump-test-positive-for-covid-19 President Trump, Melania Trump test positive for COVID-19]
*[https://townhall.com/tipsheet/katiepavlich/2020/10/02/breaking-president-trump-and-first-lady-test-positive-for-wuhancoronavirus-n2577338 BREAKING: President Trump and First Lady Test Positive for Wuhan Coronavirus]
*[https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-first-lady-test-positive-covid-19-n1241769 Trump, first lady test positive for Covid-19]</ref> The mainstream media have started mocking him, some believing he deserved his positive COVID-19 test; Pence is also vulnerable, since many of his workers have contracted the [[Wuhan coronavirus]]. [[Leftists]] and the [[MSM]] attempted to downplay Trump's experiences with the virus, claiming that the average American would not have received similar medication. Trump's strong leadership against the coronavirus even after falling ill to it himself shocked many.

==Financial worth & education==
Trump has engaged in many financial pursuits and estimated that his net worth was $10 billion, as of July 2015.<ref>LoGiurato, Brett (July 25, 2015). [https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-net-worth-2015-7 "We finally know a lot more about Donald Trump's 'massive' net worth"]. Business Insider website.</ref> ''Forbes'', however, estimates his net worth is $3.1 billion as of 2019.<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/profile/donald-trump/ "The world's most powerful people: #2 Donald Trump"]. (March 6, 2017). Forbes.com website.</ref> He graduated from the New York Military Academy in 1964 and first attended college at [[Fordham University]] for two years before transferring to the more competitive [[University of Pennsylvania]] and completing his undergraduate studies at its Wharton School of Finance and Commerce. In September 2020, the [[New York Times]] reported on Donald Trump engaging in tax avoidance. It was claimed that his tax avoidance dates back to the 1990s.

Early media profiles of Trump claim he graduated "first in his class" from Wharton.<ref>Whitman, Alden (January 28, 1973). [https://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/28/archives/a-builder-looks-backand-moves-forward-builder-looks-back-but-moves.html "A builder looks back—and moves forward".] ''New York Times''. Retrieved from ''New York Times'' website.</ref> The evidence suggests otherwise and yet Trump has never sought to correct or clarify this potentially significant error.<ref>Geist, William E. (April 8, 1984). [https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/08/magazine/the-expanding-empire-of-donald-trump.html "The expanding empire of Donald Trump".] ''New York Times Magazine''. Retrieved from ''New York Times'' website.</ref>

==Candidacy==
[[File:2thumb-5-1-300x202.jpg|right|300px|thumb|As Trump rode the escalator to announce his candidacy, polls showed Hillary Clinton's collusion with Russia over the [[Uranium One deal]] was her biggest vulnerability. Deputy Attn. Gen. [[Sally Yates]] was taking steps to ban the Inspector General from oversight of the DOJ-National Security Division and hide [[FISA abuse]].<ref>[https://theconservativetreehouse.com/2020/03/08/doj-political-surveillance-from-the-irs-in-2011-to-the-fisa-court-in-2016/ DOJ Political Surveillance – From the IRS in 2011 to the FISA Court in 2016], Posted on March 8, 2020 by sundance. theconservativetreehouse.com</ref>]]
On June 16, 2015, he declared his candidacy for the Republican nomination in the [[2016 presidential election]].<ref>Multiple references:
*[https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/06/16/trump-announces-white-house-bid-joins-crowded-gop-field/ "Trump announces White House bid, joins crowded GOP field"] (June 16, 2015). Fox News website/Politics. The front-runner in a record-breaking field of 17 [[Republican]] candidates, Trump announced that he did not anticipate "throwing punches" against his rivals in the first GOP debate.
*Chiacu, Donna and Torbati, Yeganeh (August 2, 2015). [https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/08/02/us-usa-election-debate-idUSKCN0Q70NI20150802 "Trump says won't be 'throwing punches' in U.S. Republican debate"]. Reuters/Politics. But at the debate the [[Fox News Channel]]—particularly its [[feminist]] non-journalist [[Megyn Kelly]]—ambushed Trump with out-of-context quotations designed to smear him as somehow being anti-women. This ignited a national controversy that lasted for days, and Trump called upon Kelly to apologize, which she refused to do.</ref> Unlike most other U.S presidential candidates, Trump sharply criticizes the media and talks about issues that no elected official dares touch. For example, Trump stands up against [[feminists]], unlike most politicians. In another example, in 2011 Trump persistently doubted whether [[Barack Obama]] had been born in the [[United States]], which caused Obama's approval ratings to drop below 40% until Obama finally caved in to Trump and produced what Obama claimed was his birth certificate. Trump then scoffed at Obama's conduct.

'''''In February 2011, Trump announced that he is [[pro-life]], and at the final presidential debate on Oct. 19, 2016, Trump gave the strongest endorsement of the pro-life position of any presidential nominee in history'''''.

Trump's central campaign theme has been to oppose [[illegal immigration]] and [[free trade]], and nominated Senator [[Jeff Sessions]] as [[Attorney General]] to enforce standing legislation on the issue. As reported by [[Breitbart News Network|Breitbart]], "Sen. Sessions, Chairman of the Senate’s Immigration Subcommittee, is widely regarded as the gold standard on immigration. Sessions has also become the intellectual thought leader in the Republican Party on appealing to the blue collar voters who have been abandoned by their political leaders." <ref>Hahn, Julia (August 14, 2015). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2015/08/14/game-change-trump-consults-with-sen-jeff-sessions-on-immigration-strategy/ "Game change: Trump consults with Sen Jeff Sessions on immigration strategy"]. Breitbart website/Big government.</ref> In the later campaign Trump focused more on [[ISIS]] and terrorism.

At the final presidential debate between [[Hillary Clinton]] and Trump on October 19, 2016, Clinton chastised Trump for running a newspaper advertisement in 1987 critical of the [[Reagan Administration]]. But Trump persuasively explained that he has always disagreed with Reagan's support of free trade, as many other [[conservatives]] disagree with Reagan on this issue.

==Religious beliefs==
:{{Main|Donald Trump's religious views|Donald Trump and evangelicals}}
Donald Trump attended the First [[Presbyterian]] Church in Jamaica, [[Queens]]. He told the [[Christian Broadcasting Network]] that he still considers himself a [[Presbyterian]] and attends services for all major holidays and Sundays, and that "The [[Bible]] is certainly THE book." He receives Bibles from fans in the mail, and he either stores them or gives them away to others.<ref>Haberman, Maggie (April 11, 2011). [https://www.politico.com/news/stories/0411/52942.html "Donald Trump talks about religion"]. Politico website.</ref>

In July 2015, Trump stated in an interview that "Why do I have to repent or ask for forgiveness, if I am not making mistakes?"<ref>Nothstine, Ray (July 23, 2015). [http://www.christianpost.com/news/trump-why-do-i-have-to-repent-or-ask-for-forgiveness-if-i-am-not-making-mistakes-video-141856/ Trump: 'Why Do I Have to Repent or Ask for Forgiveness If I Am Not Making Mistakes?' (Video)]. ''The Christian Post''. Retrieved March 13, 2017.</ref> He also stated that "I think if I do something wrong, I think, I just try and make it right. I don't bring God into that picture. I don't."<ref>Scott, Eugene (July 18, 2015). [https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/18/politics/trump-has-never-sought-forgiveness/ Trump believes in God, but hasn't sought forgiveness]. ''CNN''. Retrieved December 4, 2016.</ref> January 2016, Trump stated that "I have a great relationship with God," but that "I don’t like to have to ask for forgiveness."<ref>Key, Pam (January 17, 2016). [https://www.breitbart.com/video/2016/01/17/trump-i-dont-like-to-have-to-ask-for-forgiveness-from-god/ Trump: ‘I Don’t Like to Have to Ask for Forgiveness’ from God]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved March 13, 2017.</ref> When confronted by [[Cal Thomas]] in an interview in mid 2016 about his not asking God for forgiveness, Trump stated that he would ask God for forgiveness.<ref>Chumley, Cheryl (August 6, 2016). [https://www.wnd.com/2016/06/trump-answers-question-who-do-you-say-jesus-is/ Trump answers question: 'Who do you say Jesus is?] ''WorldNetDaily''. Retrieved March 13, 2017.</ref> In October 2016, [[Ben Carson]] stated that Trump did ask forgiveness from God with [[James Robison]].<ref>Showalter, Brandon (October 10, 2016). [http://www.christianpost.com/news/ben-carson-donald-trump-asked-god-for-forgiveness-prayed-with-james-robison-170650/ Ben Carson: Donald Trump Asked God for Forgiveness, Prayed With James Robison]. ''The Christian Post''. Retrieved March 13, 2017.</ref>

According to exit polling in the 2016 election, Trump won 81 percent of evangelical Christians compared to 16 percent for Clinton, a record high and even more than [[George W. Bush]] won in 2004, showing strong support for Trump from evangelical Christians.<ref name="townhall.com">O'Brien, Cortney (November 12, 2016). [https://townhall.com/tipsheet/cortneyobrien/2016/11/12/white-evangelical-voters-showed-up-this-time-n2243931 Evangelical Voters Showed Up Big Time For Trump]. ''Townhall''. Retrieved December 8, 2016.</ref><ref name="wsj.com">Lovett, Ian (November 9, 2016). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/evangelicals-back-donald-trump-in-record-numbers-despite-earlier-doubts-1478689372 Evangelicals Back Donald Trump in Record Numbers, Despite Earlier Doubts]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved December 8, 2016.</ref> He was the first sitting American president to address the annual Values Voters Conference in Washington.<ref>https://www.npr.org/2017/10/13/557459193/trump-set-to-address-values-voter-summit-for-first-time-as-president</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Trump business.jpg|right]]
Donald Trump began his career at [[Trump Organization]]. In his college years, he helped revitalize one of his father's failing real estate ventures. Trump began opening hotels and casinos, which provided him with the cash flow to engage in other ventures. He owns the world-famous [[Trump Tower]] and is the founder of the publicly traded Trump Hotel Casinos & Resorts. Trump also owns the Trump brand, which sells a variety of items, such as bottled water, steak, and even mortgages. Trump has authored a number of books and weathered changing business fortunes, but despite the challenges that he has encountered, he has continued to be a successful businessman and entrepreneur.

Trump [[Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2000|ran unsuccessfully]] for the nomination of the [[Reform Party]] in 2000. Trump considered [[presidential election 2012|running for president in 2012]] as a [[Republican]]. He, among others, questioned the citizenship of [[Barack Obama]], citing his failure to produce his birth certificate. After Obama produced his birth certificate, Trump and the other [[birther]]s continue to doubt its authenticity. Obama's approval ratings were around 40% during the peak of the controversy. Trump later exited the race, and gave the customary endorsement to [[Mitt Romney]] as the other [[Republican]] contenders did.

==Major properties==

*Trump World Tower: 845 United Nations Plaza, New York, NY.

*Trump Tower: 725 Fifth Ave, New York, NY 10022 Personal Residence

*Bank of America Center (San Francisco)

*The Trump Building at 40 Wall Street

*Trump Park Avenue

*AXA Financial Center, 1290 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY

*Trump International Hotel & Tower:
**New York
**Chicago
**Washington D.C.
**Las Vegas

*Mar-a-Lago resort in Palm Beach, Florida (used by Trump as his "Winter White House".)

*Trump Winery - Charlottesville, Virginia

*14 golf courses (11 in the U.S., 3 in Europe - the course in Bedminster, New Jersey is used by Trump as his "Summer White House")

==Media==
[[File:Donald Trump star.JPG|thumbnail|right|Hollywood Walk of Fame]]
For his contributions to the gaming and entertainment industry, Trump was inducted into the Gaming Hall of Fame in 1995.

In 2003 Trump began as the host and executive producer of the reality [[television]] show ''The Apprentice'' and ''The Celebrity Apprentice'', where contestants compete for a position in Trump's organization. On this show, Trump popularized his catchphrase "You're fired!" Trump received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2007 following the success of ''The Apprentice''. However, since he became president, Trump's star as been periodically vandalized by liberal political critics.<ref>Press Association (April 8, 2016). [http://www.onenewspage.com/video/20160408/4211707/Donald-Trump-Hollywood-Walk-of-Fame-Star.htm "Donald Trump's Hollywood Walk of Fame Star vandalised three times a day"].</ref>

Trump is also a noted fan of [[WWE]], and has been a part of some of their shows. Trump was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2013.

In 2016, following winning the presidential election, Trump was named Person of the Year by [[Time Magazine]].

Trump used to own the Miss Universe and Miss USA pageants. Controversy arose when Miss USA 2006 Tara Conner was caught breaking pageant rules by drinking and other activities. Trump gave her a second chance after personally speaking with her and allowed her to retain her crown as she attended rehabilitation. For several weeks after this, [[Rosie O'Donnell]] berated Trump for his decision on ''The View''. A bitter media war ensued with the two exchanging insults.

Trump has made many guest appearances, usually as himself, on many TV shows and in several movies.

==Political positions==

====Coronavirus Pandemic====
President Trump deferred heavily to [[Hillary Clinton]]-supporter Anthony Fauci, a [[Deep State]] bureaucrat in the [[National Institutes of Health]], in responding to the [[coronavirus]] pandemic in early 2020. Trump rejected the advice of [[White House]] official Peter Navarro to take early action cutting off travel from [[China]], and to make [[hydroxychloroquine]] widely available.

Trump's polls numbers plummeted largely because of his deference to Fauci and unwillingness to take the advice of Navarro. John Fleming, an adviser to Chief of Staff [[Mark Meadows]], also misled Trump by denying the benefits of widespread access to hydroxychloroquine, as other countries have done to defeat [[COVID-19]].

====Social Issues====
{{See also|Donald Trump achievements: Religious liberty and LGBT|Donald Trump achievements: Abortion|Donald Trump achievements: Healthcare, welfare, and other social issues}}
[[File:Donald-Trump-Rosa-Parks.jpg|right|350px|thumb|Donald Trump received the Ellis Island Medal of Honor from the National Ethnic Coalition of Organizations in 1986 for improving the lives of African-American urban youths. From left to right: [[Anita Bryant]], [[Muhammad Ali]], [[Rosa Parks]], and Donald Trump.]]
At the 2011 [[CPAC]] conference, Trump announced he is [[pro-life]].<ref>Rahn, Will (February 10, 2011). [https://dailycaller.com/2011/02/10/trump-at-cpac-points-to-white-house-run/ "Trump at CPAC points to White House run"]. The Daily Caller website.</ref> Trump would not fund Planned Parenthood and the government should not give funds to any organizations that perform abortions<ref>Carroll, Lauren (May 1, 2016) [https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/may/01/ted-cruz/donald-trump-hillary-clinton-planned-parenthood/ "Do Donald Trump, Hillary Clinton agree on Planned Parenthood funding?"] Politifact website.</ref> However, he supports abortion in cases of rape, incest, or danger to the mother or child.<ref>Ertelt, Steven (February 1, 2016). [https://www.lifenews.com/2016/02/01/mike-huckabee-defends-donald-trumps-abortion-conversion-he-is-pro-life-now/ "Mike Huckabee defends Donald Trump’s abortion conversion: 'He is pro-life now'"] LifeNews.com.</ref>

Trump says that the legalization of [[same-sex "marriage"]] doesn't matter because it's "settled law" now,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120831060550/http://www.gop.com/2012-republican-platform_We/#Item3 "Republican platform: We believe in America"] (bef. August 31, 2012). GOP.com website. Archived at Internet Archive on August 31, 2012.</ref> even though five liberal members of the Supreme Court illegally made ''[[Obergefell v. Hodges]]'' into "law" via [[judicial activism]] based on their personal feelings about the issue. Trump believes that homosexual couples have the same adoption rights as straight couples.<ref>Guo, Jeff (August 10, 2016). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/08/10/how-donald-trump-is-slowly-teaching-republicans-to-embrace-gay-rights/ "Donald Trump is teaching the GOP a different way to embrace gay rights".] ''Washington Post'' website.</ref> Despite what the Left claims, Donald Trump has voiced open support for the LGBTQ community, and was the first Republican president to do so.{{cn}} He has stated that he will do everything he can do to protect the LGBTQ community, from Islamic extremists.

Trump says that a business should be able to deny service to a customer if the request conflicts with the owner's religious beliefs?<ref name="christiantoday.com">Hicap, Jonah (June 2, 2015). [http://www.christiantoday.com/article/donald.trump.vows.to.be.the.greatest.representative.of.christians.if.he.wins.white.house/55023.htm "Donald Trump: 'I will be the greatest representative of Christians if I win the White House'"]. Christian Today website.</ref> Trump would not require health insurance providers to offer free birth control.<ref>Associated Press (February 11, 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20151128095810/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/story/2012-02-11/obama-birth-control-cpac/53046728/1 "GOP conservatives unite against birth control coverage"]. ''USA Today'' website/News/Washington. Retrieved from November 28, 2015 archive at Internet Archive.</ref>

Trump doesn't think that universities should provide “trigger warnings” and “safe spaces” for students.<ref>Hashmi, Siraj (November 10, 2016). [http://redalertpolitics.com/2016/11/10/safe-spaces-handed-election-donald-trump/ "Safe Spaces handed the election to Donald Trump"]. Red Alert Politics website.</ref>

Trump believes that marital rape be classified and punished as severely as non-marital rape.<ref>Diamond, Jeremy (July 28, 2015). [https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/28/politics/donald-trump-adviser-michael-cohen-rape/ "Trump distances himself from top aide's rape comment"]. CNN website/Politics.</ref>

Trump would not add "Gender Identity" to anti-discrimination laws.<ref>http://www.advocate.com/politics/2016/5/24/donald-trump-claims-accommodating-transgender-people-too-expensive</ref>

Trump wouldn't support a [[separation of church and state]] by removing references to God on money, federal buildings, and national monuments.<ref name="christiantoday.com"/>

Trump says that after a psychological examination to show they fully understand this choice, terminally ill patients be allowed to end their lives via [[assisted suicide]].<ref>http://wingspanonline.net/?p=2398</ref>

Trump supports the [[death penalty]].<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/01/nyregion/angered-by-attack-trump-urges-return-of-the-death-penalty.html</ref>

Trump thinks that the military should allow women to serve as long as they can pass the same physical tests as men.<ref>https://www.newsmax.com/Newsfront/donald-trump-women-combat-tricky/2015/12/06/id/704736/</ref> (Compare [[gender norming]].)

Trump says that board members of a business should be the most qualified regardless of gender.<ref>https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3269718/Trump-gives-young-feminist-brush-equal-pay-abortion-going-make-good-job-happen-pro-life.html</ref>

Trump does not believe that the government can show a confederate flag on public property.<ref>https://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-tees-off-on-the-confederate-flag/</ref>

Trump believes that women should be allowed to wear a Niqāb, or face veil, to civic ceremonies.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZFVCZhFsNR8</ref>

====Healthcare Issues====
Trump does not support the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) and would open the markets so insurers can compete across state lines and reduce costs.<ref name="donaldjtrump.com">https://www.donaldjtrump.com/positions/healthcare-reform</ref><ref name=Educ>Breitbart.tv (February 9, 2011). [https://www.breitbart.com/video/2011/02/09/pro-life-donald-trump-would-eliminate-dept-of-education-impose-25-tax-on-china-imports-if-president/ "Pro-life Donald Trump would eliminate Dept of Education, impose 25% tax on China imports if president"]. Breitbart.com.</ref> However, he has also said, "I like the mandate."<ref>[https://dailycaller.com/2016/02/19/trump-on-obamacare-i-like-the-mandate-video/ "Trump On Obamacare: ‘I Like The Mandate’"]</ref>

Trump thinks that the government should regulate the prices of life-saving drugs.<ref>https://www.politico.com/story/2016/01/trump-backs-
medicare-negotiating-drug-prices-218215</ref>

Trump supports the legalization of marijuana for medical use.<ref>https://www.foxnews.com/transcript/2015/06/18/exclusive-donald-trump-on-what-made-him-run-for-president-on-hannity/</ref>

''Donald Trump has not yet answered if he supports the privatization of veteran's healthcare.''

Trump believes that the federal government increase funding of health care for low income individuals (Medicaid).<ref>https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2016-09-15/trump-calls-for-expanded-medicaid-birth-control-without-doctor</ref>

====Controversy with Barack Obama====
[[File:Donald Trump Speaking in Fountain Hills.jpg|thumb|Trump speaking in Fountain Hills, Arizona in March 2016.]]
Trump has also questioned Barack Obama's constitutional eligibility to be president, in light of the ongoing questions surrounding his birth certificate.<ref>[https://www.wnd.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=280533 "Trump: Obama spending millions to hide his past"] (March 28, 2011). WorldNetDaily website.</ref> Trump questioned whether the Obama Administration was successful in negotiating with foreign countries. Trump declared during the 2016 election that he no longer would question Obama's eligibility.

====Economic Issues====
{{See also|Donald Trump achievements: Economic policy and labor|MAGAnomics}}
Trump's economic plan is designed to make the country more competitive by implementing policies that apply to all companies: cutting taxes, including the corporate tax rate, repealing and rolling back stifling regulations, including the biggest of them all, Obamacare and those clobbering the energy sector, renegotiating trade deals such as NAFTA, and killing off the nascent [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]].<ref>Crowley, Monica (December 7, 2016). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/dec/7/donald-trump-and-the-art-of-getting-it-done/ Donald Trump and the art of getting it done]. ''The Washingon Times''. Retrieved December 10, 2016.</ref>

Trump would not require employers be required to pay men and women the same salary for the same job as there are too many other variables such as education, experience, and tenure that determine a fair salary.

''Trump has not answered whether welfare recipients be tested for drugs.''

Trump said he would require businesses be required to provide paid leave for full-time employees during the birth of a child or sick family member.

Trump would raise the federal minimum wage.

Trump believes there should be more restrictions on current welfare benefits.

Trump would instate a 35% tariff on all imports from China even though he used Chinese steel to build all of his Trump Towers.<ref>http://www.newsweek.com/how-donald-trump-ditched-us-steel-workers-china-505717</ref>

Trump would also lower the corporate tax rate.<ref>https://www.donaldjtrump.com/press-releases/an-america-first-economic-plan-winning-the-global-competition</ref>

Trump says that the U.S. shouldn't continue to participate in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).<ref>https://money.cnn.com/2016/09/16/news/economy/donald-trump-nafta-mexico-china-tariff/</ref>

Trump would cut public spending in order to reduce the public debt.<ref>https://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/donald-trump-believe-candidate-stands-10-issues/</ref>

Trump believes that the government is currently over-regulating private businesses and that it shouldn't require businesses to pay salaried employees, making up to $46k/year, time-and-a-half for overtime hours.<ref>https://www.politico.com/tipsheets/morning-shift/2016/08/trump-v-overtime-rule-215883</ref>

Trump thinks that the government should prevent “mega mergers” of corporations that could potentially control a large percentage of market share within its industry.<ref>https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2016-10-22/trump-would-block-proposed-at-t-time-warner-merger-if-elected</ref>

Trump said that labor unions, in theory help the economy but have recently become corrupt and should have their powers limited.<ref>http://projects.newsday.com/opinion/newsday-editorial-board-interviews-donald-trump/#nypd</ref>

Trump would increase the tax on profits from the sale of stocks, bonds, and real estate.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4I5QUGRf-Q&feature=youtu.be</ref>

Trump believes economic stimulus will aid the country during times of recession.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/03/us/politics/trump-clinton-infrastructure.html?_r=0</ref>

Trump thinks the Federal Reserve Bank should be audited by Congress.<ref>https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-election-trump-fed-idUSL1N12Y1ZG20151103</ref>

Trump doesn't support the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) as this will incentivize companies to move U.S. jobs overseas.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/07/us/politics/transcript-of-the-republican-presidential-debate-in-new-hampshire.html</ref>

Trump would eliminate the [[estate tax]].<ref>https://thehill.com/policy/finance/290825-clinton-to-criticize-trumps-plan-to-repeal-the-estate-tax</ref>

Trump would end all government subsidies and let the free market run its course.<ref>http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/17cfa1a0-0b9e-11e5-a06e-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3e0UlsdmX</ref>

''Trump has not answered if pension payments be increased for retired government workers.''

Trump favors an increased sales tax in order to reduce property taxes even though sales tax would not provide a steady stream of income.<ref>http://www.taxjusticeblog.org/archive/2015/06/donald_trumps_regressive_and_r.php#.VYr8_hNViko</ref>

Trump supports pension plans for federal, state, and local government workers be transitioned into privately managed accounts.<ref name="donaldjtrump.com"/>

Trump said that the U.S. government should not bailout Puerto Rico.<ref>http://mms.tveyes.com/PlaybackPortal.aspx?SavedEditID=c89b639c-07de-4a0f-a634-dda08e3de95a</ref>

Trump believes citizens should not be allowed to save or invest their money in offshore bank accounts as too many wealthy citizens are abusing loopholes in offshore banking laws to evade taxes.<ref>https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-puts-his-money-in-companies-that-stash-cash-abroad/</ref>

Trump would not apply an in-state sales tax apply to online purchases of in-state buyers from out-of-state sellers.<ref>http://bigstory.ap.org/article/ce65fe3f0bbd43c19cf17c5c8da8d958/trump-amazons-bezos-uses-washington-post-avoid-taxes</ref>

Trump thinks that the government classify Bitcoin as a legal currency.<ref>https://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/trump-presidency-boost-bitcoin-price/</ref>

====Department of Education====
{{See also|Donald Trump achievements: Education}}
At the 2011 [[CPAC]] conference, he stated that he wants to eliminate the Department of Education.<ref name=Educ/>

====Foreign policy====
{{See also|Donald Trump achievements: Foreign policy}}
Donald Trump is a [[nationalism|nationalist]] who promised to "put America first"<ref>[https://insider.foxnews.com/2017/06/07/trump-touts-new-infrastructure-plan-cincinnati-states-america-first-message 'It's Time Finally to Put America First': Trump Touts New Infrastructure Plan]</ref> (See: [[Donald Trump and nationalism]]). At the same time, in April 2017, he stated that "I’m a nationalist and a globalist."<ref>Starr, Penny (April 28, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/04/28/trump-im-a-nationalist-and-a-globalist/ Trump: ‘I’m a Nationalist and a Globalist’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved January 10, 2018.</ref>

In July 2015 Trump explained he wants to improve relationships with [[Russia]]n president [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref>Johnson, Simon (July 31, 2015). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/11775145/Donald-Trump-Id-get-on-very-well-with-Putin-if-I-were-president.html "Donald Trump: I'd get on 'very well' with Putin if I were president"]. The Telegraph [U.K.] website.</ref> Many left-wingers accused Trump's presidential campaign of "colluding" with [[Russia]]. However the Trump Administration took several tough actions against Russia, including some that even the Obama Administration avoided.<ref>Berger, Judson (December 26, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/12/26/trump-administration-ends-2017-confronting-russia-after-year-collusion-accusations.html Trump administration ends 2017 confronting Russia after year of collusion accusations]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved December 26, 2017.</ref> In an interview with [[ABC]] he said that Putin won't make a military move into [[Ukraine]]. Furthermore, Trump argued in a tweet that the conflict over [[Crimea]] was the fault of the Obama administration.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2016/07/31/politics/donald-trump-russia-ukraine-crimea-putin/ Trump says Putin is 'not going to go into Ukraine,' despite Crimea]</ref> Trump later accused Russia of taking [[Crimea]] by force and asked whether Obama was too soft on Russia.<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/donald-trump-russia-latest-tweet-accuse-crimea-obama-too-soft-distance-campaign-team-white-house-a7581511.html Donald Trump accuses Russia of taking Crimea by force in attempt to distance himself from campaign allegations]</ref>

Trump said that the [[Iran nuclear deal]] is bad and as president, he kept his promise by withdrawing from it.

After his election as U.S. president, [[Israel]]i prime minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] called Trump "a true friend of the State of Israel."<ref>[https://www.politico.com/story/2016/11/netanyahu-trump-israel-true-friend-231094?lo=ap_c4 Netanyahu calls Trump 'a true friend' of Israel]. ''Politico''. November 9, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2016.</ref> On February 2, 2017, Trump stated that building new settlements in the [[West Bank]] "may not be helpful" to achieving peace in the [[Middle East]], and he appeared to shift his formerly strong stance on moving the U.S. embassy to [[Jerusalem]] as he had previously stated.<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/02/03/trump-to-israel-settlements-may-not-help-achieve-peace-in-middle-east.html Trump to Israel: Settlements ‘may not help’ achieve peace in the Middle East]. ''Fox News''. February 3, 2017. Retrieved February 5, 2017.</ref> But on December 6, 2017, Trump announced that the U.S. officially recognizes Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and that the U.S. would begin the process of moving the U.S. Embassy from [[Tel Aviv]] to Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://server5.kproxy.com/servlet/redirect.srv/saun/sncfausiyyo/sqrs/p2/the-press-office/2017/12/06/president-donald-j-trumps-proclamation-jerusalem-capital-state-israel|title=President Donald J. Trump's Proclamation on Jerusalem as the Capital of the State of Israel |publisher=White House|accessdate=6 December 2017|date=6 December 2017}}</ref> Trump in 2019 also gave official U.S. recognition to the [[Golan Heights]] as being part of Israel. In recognition for his support of Israel, a plaza in Jerusalem was named for Trump ("Donald Trump Square"), as well as a settlement in the Golan Heights ("Trump Heights")

Trump had criticized [[NATO]] for not fulfilling its financial obligations, going so far as declaring the organization "obsolete", but in April 2017 - after getting promises from NATO partners to make increased financial contributions - Trump retracted the obsolete declaration.<ref>[https://www.breitbart.com/news/the-latest-trump-says-nato-no-longer-obsolete/ The Latest: Trump says NATO ‘no longer obsolete’]. ''Breitbart News'' (from the ''Associated Press''). Retrieved April 21, 2017.</ref><ref>Hagen, Lisa (April 21, 2017). [https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/328558-trump-nato-is-no-longer-obsolete Trump: NATO is ‘no longer obsolete’]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved April 21, 2017.</ref>

Immediately after taking office, Trump had exchanged vitriolic rhetoric with and made threats to North Korea after the latter carried out numerous medium/long-range missile tests and a nuclear test in September 2017. However, in March 2018, Trump announced he would hold a summit with North Korea Chairman Kim Jong Un, making him the first U.S. president to have bilateral talks with a North Korean leader. The first summit was held in Singapore in June 2018, a second in Hanoi in February 2019, and a third informal summit in the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) in June 2019 - during which he became the first sitting U.S. president to step foot on North Korean soil. During the period of the summits, North Korea had halted testing of long/medium-range missiles, as well as nuclear testing (and outside of a few short-range missiles in early May 2019, North Korea hasn't tested any weapons since November 2017.)

On Monday, 7 October 2019, Trump ordered American military forces to withdraw from northern Syria in case Turkish forces and their allies would attack them, meaning the predominantly Syrian Kurdish ''SDF'' (''Syrian Democratic Force'') would not have direct U.S. military support. This decision came after a telephone conversation with Turkish ruler [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] on Sunday,<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/politics/turkey-announces-incursion-of-northeast-syria-us-backed-kurds-have-vowed-all-out-war Trump pulls back troops from northern Syria ahead of Turkish assault, Pentagon officials 'blindsided']</ref> and Turkish forces soon began advancing into northern Syria to create a buffer zone.<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/world/turkey-syria-invasion-ground-forces-civilians-dead Turkey announces northern Syria invasion of ground forces; multiple civilians reported dead]</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oUeXaPaKF50 Why Turkey is invading Syria]</ref> In the same week it was announced that it is planned by the U.S. administration to send 1,500 troops to the Middle East because of the tensions between [[Saudi-Arabia]] and [[Iran]].<ref>[https://video.foxnews.com/v/6040831354001/ President Trump plans to send 1,500 US troops to the Middle East]</ref> President Erdogan visited the White House on November 13, 2019.<ref>[https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2019/11/13/donald-trump-im-a-big-fan-of-turkish-president-recep-tayyip-erdogan/ Donald Trump: ‘I’m a Big Fan’ of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan]</ref>

====Global warming====
{{See also|Donald Trump achievements: Energy and environmental policy}}
Trump does not believe in the [[Climate Change]] hysteria, once stating the "Nobel committee should take the [[Nobel Prize]] back from [[Al Gore]]."

====Second Amendment rights====
{{See also|Donald Trump achievements: Gun rights}}
Trump is strongly pro-[[Second Amendment]] and against [[leftist]] [[gun control]] and gun free zones. As president, Trump has promised to re-arm military personnel on all American military bases as well as [[ROTC]] recruitment centers, which were disarmed by the [[Clinton Administration]] policy.<ref name=Educ/> Trump was strongly endorsed by the [[National Rifle Association]] in one of its earliest endorsements in an election campaign.<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2016/05/20/nra-to-endorse-trump.html# Trump wins NRA endorsement, blasts Clinton on gun stance at forum]. ''Fox News''. May 20, 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2016.</ref>

====Homosexual agenda====
For all practical purposes, Trump seems to be on the side of the [[homosexual agenda]]. He supports the creation of new law by the [[U.S. Supreme Court]], as in a new right to [[homosexual marriage]], and declares it the "law of the land" even though Congress passed no such law.

Trump has attended multiple [[same-sex marriage]] ceremonies{{Citation needed}}, but has also said in the past that he opposes same-sex marriage. Trump's views are not yet known on other aspects of the [[homosexual agenda]], such as whether Trump would ban [[conversion therapy]] for minors as [[Chris Christie]] did. The [[Fox News Channel]] debate in August avoided these issues.

====Immigration====
{{See also|Donald Trump achievements: Immigration and border security}}
See the discussion in the introduction above. This is Trump's main campaign issue.

A central part of his immigration plan is to build a giant wall on the border with Mexico. Trump estimates it will cost $8 billion, approximately 35 to 40 feet high and stretch 2000 miles.<ref>[https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2016/02/09/donald-trump-the-wall-is-probably-8-billion Trump Border Wall]</ref> During the campaign, Trump promised that Mexico will pay for the wall, but after taking office, he clarified that payment could be in the form of a tax on Mexican imports or other revenues measures after the Mexican government showed opposition towards Trump's plan.

Trump has also proposed to temporarily ban [[Muslims]] from entering the United States, until "our leaders figure out what the hell is going on," in order to protect Americans from the threats posed by [[Islamic]] [[refugee]]s (and those pretending to be<ref>[http://m.washingtonexaminer.com/isis-fighters-infiltrating-syrian-refugees-uk-is-warned/article/2572051 ISIS fighters infiltrating Syrian refugees, UK is warned]</ref>) entering the country.<ref>[http://www.donaldjtrump.com/media/donald-trump-insists-muslim-ban-is-about-safety-not-religion Donald Trump Insists Muslim Ban Is About Safety, Not Religion]</ref>

Efforts have been made by hostile journalists to paint Trump as advocating a [[Muslim registry]], but what he actually proposed was a [[database for Syrian refugees]].

====Political contributions====
He has been criticized for his substantial contributions to [[Democrat]] lawmakers; the majority of those lawmakers are located in the states he resides in: New York and Florida. The amount he has donated since 2008 is $25,000, which is insignificant considering his wealth.<ref>Allin, Olivia (April 30, 2011). [http://www.ontheredcarpet.com/Donald-Trump-calls-nations-leaders-stupid-people-and-blood-sucking-politicians/8104644 "OTRC: Donald Trump calls nation's leaders 'stupid people' and 'blood-sucking politicians'"]. OnTheRedCarpet [news]. Retrieved from ABC7 [KABC Television, Los Angeles] website.</ref>

Trump is not known to be beholden to any big-money donors.

====Tariffs====
{{See also|Donald Trump achievements: Trade policy}}
[[File:Donald Trump RNC July 2016.jpg|thumb|Trump accepting the GOP nomination in Cleveland on June 21, 2016.]]
At the 2011 [[CPAC]] conference, he stated that he supports a 25% tariff on Chinese goods.<ref name=Educ/> The number floated around in 2016 is a 45% tariff. Trump was speaking in regards to China and the [[World Trade Organization]],<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinese-finance-ministerlou-jiwei-takes-aim-at-donald-trumps-trade-policies-1460892988 Chinese Finance Minister Lou Jiwei Takes Aim at Donald Trump’s Trade Policies, WallStreetJournal, April 17, 2016]</ref>

{{cquote|In a statement from his campaign, Mr. Trump charged that [[China]] was “in total violation of WTO regulations” and that the U.S. “has incompetently allowed them to get away with this” and has failed to impose “equal or greater taxes and tariffs” on China. If he is elected president, Mr. Trump said, China “will learn to deal fairly and justly or we will not deal at all” with Beijing.}}

====Vaccines====
Trump believes that [[vaccines]] cause [[autism]]<ref>Ferris, Sarah (September 16, 2015). [https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/253980-trump-links-vaccines-to-autism-epidemic "Trump links vaccines to autism 'epidemic'"]. The Hill website/Policy/Healthcare.</ref> and has argued against requiring that so many vaccines be given to infants.

==== Eminent domain====
Trump believes that the government has the right to take [[private property]] upon paying just compensation for both infrastructure and to promote economic development.

==== Supreme Court====
{{See also|Donald Trump achievements: The courts}}
Trump opposed filling the Supreme Court seat held by [[Antonin Scalia]] before the next President takes office. When asked who he might select to the Supreme Court, he said that his sister, a sitting federal court judge, would make a great Supreme Court justice.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://server5.kproxy.com/servlet/redirect.srv/sruj/sfothrfaqegbnvj/suvw/p2/corner/423196/trump-praises-his-sister-pro-abortion-extremist-judge-ramesh-ponnuru|title=Trump Praises His Sister, a Pro-Abortion Extremist Judge|date=Aug 27, 2015|accessdate=February 21, 2016}}</ref>

===Hillary Clinton===
Trump had pledged, if elected president, to appoint a special prosecutor to further investigate [[Hillary Clinton]]'s use of a private email server whilst Secretary of State, but Hillary took her crushing defeat so hard that Trump charitably softened his stance after winning.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/22/us/politics/donald-trump-hillary-clinton-investigation.html Donald Trump Drops Threat of New Hillary Clinton Investigation] New York Times - Nov. 22, 2016</ref> A few of Trump supporters, such as [[Ann Coulter]] and [[Breitbart]], expressed disappointment but Trump rose in overall public approval.<ref>[https://www.newsmax.com/Politics/ann-coulter-slams-trump-clinton/2016/11/22/id/760220/ Ann Coulter Slams Trump's Decision on Clinton] Newsmax.com - Nov. 22, 2016</ref><ref>[https://www.breitbart.com/radio/2016/11/23/peter-schweizer-letting-hillary-off-hook-definition-rigged-system/ Peter Schweizer: Letting Hillary off the Hook Is ‘Definition of a Rigged System’] Breitbart.com - Nov. 23, 2016</ref>

==2016 presidential election==
[[File:Donald Trump (29273256122) Phoenix.jpg|thumb|250px|Donald Trump on August 31, 2016.]]
{{See also|2016 U.S. presidential election|Donald Trump achievements: 2016 election and transition}}
===Path to the Nomination===
In the 2015 [[Value Voters Debate|Value Voters]] poll, Trump performed poorly, coming in fifth, indicating many [[Christian]] [[conservatives]] had not yet warmed up to him.<ref>Flores, Reena (September 26, 2015). [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-conservative-poll-donald-trump-could-not-win/ "The conservative poll Donald Trump could not win"]. CBSNews website.</ref> Trump is a big supporter of [[gambling]], which most Christians, other religious groups, and [[conservatives]] oppose. But by 2016 Trump was winning more support from [[evangelical]]s than any other Republican candidate.

Trump won the Republican primary, receiving more votes than any other Republican primary candidate in history.<ref>Hoft, Joe (June 7, 2016). [https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2016/06/trump-trumps-wins-historic-race-record-fashion/ HISTORY! Trump Shatters Republican Primary Vote Record by 1.4 Million Votes]. ''The Gateway Pundit''. Retrieved November 10, 2016.</ref>

===General election===
Trump faced former liberal Democrat Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]] in the general election. Trump's campaign was vastly outspent, outraised, and out-staffed by Clinton's.<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2016/11/10/more-with-less-trumps-lean-machine-beats-clintons-big-bank-account.html More With Less: Trump's lean machine beats Clinton's big bank account]. ''Fox News''. November 10, 2016. Retrieved November 11, 2016.</ref> The [[mainstream media]] was extremely biased against and unfair towards Trump.<ref>Kurtz, Howard (November 11, 2016). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2016/11/11/media-remain-hostile-to-donald-trump-even-as-some-pundits-admit-blew-it.html Media remain hostile to Donald Trump even as some pundits admit they blew it]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved November 11, 2016.</ref><ref>[https://www.billoreilly.com/b/Media-Bias-to-the-Extreme/39285014073786148.html Media Bias to the Extreme]. ''BillOReilly.com''. November 11, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2016.</ref> According to a study, 91% of the media coverage concerning Trump was negative and 96% of campaign contributions from the media went to Clinton.<ref>Bedard, Paul (March 19, 2017). [https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/anti-trump-media-91-coverage-negative-96-of-donations-to-hillary/article/2617828 https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/anti-trump-media-91-coverage-negative-96-of-donations-to-hillary/article/2617828]. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved April 27, 2017.</ref>

It was widely expected that Clinton would easily win the election, and the elite pollsters and "political insiders" all predicted a massive Clinton victory.<ref>Vogel, Kenneth P. & Isenstadt, Alex (November 9, 2016). [https://www.politico.com/story/2016/11/how-did-everyone-get-2016-wrong-presidential-election-231036 How did everyone get it so wrong?]. ''Politico''. Retrieved November 10, 2016.</ref><ref>Catanese, David (October 24, 2016). [https://www.usnews.com/news/the-run-2016/articles/2016-10-24/republicans-last-hope-the-polls-are-wrong Republicans’ Last Hope: The Polls Are Wrong]. ''U.S. News & World Report''. Retrieved November 10, 2016.</ref> At least once, when a poll was released that actually showed Trump leading, Clinton's campaign dismissed it as "bad polling".<ref>Nelson, Louis (November 1, 2016). [https://www.politico.com/story/2016/11/clinton-campaign-bad-poll-abc-washington-post-230591 Clinton camp on new survey showing Trump ahead: It’s ‘bad polling’]. ''Politico''. Retrieved November 10, 2016.</ref> Instead, Trump won the election in a massive, historical upset, winning even states such as [[Pennsylvania]], [[Michigan]], and [[Wisconsin]], which a Republican had not won for 20–30 years.<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2016/11/08/first-polls-close-in-2016-race-trump-projected-to-win-ind-ky-clinton-wins-vt.html Trump wins presidency, defeats Clinton in historic election upset]. ''Fox News''. November 8, 2016. Retrieved November 10, 2016.</ref><ref>Blake, Aaron (November 9, 2016). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/11/08/donald-trumps-path-to-victory-is-suddenly-looking-much-much-wider/ Donald Trump just blew up the electoral map]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved November 10, 2016.</ref> The predictions were off the mark dramatically. The actual polls themselves were broadly correct showing Clinton leading over Trump by about 2%.<ref>[https://www.redstate.com/jaycaruso/2017/07/16/latest-job-approval-poll-president-trump-awful]</ref> However Trump 'flipped' key districts and states smashing Clinton's so-called 'Blue firewall'.<ref>Flint, Joe & Alpert, Lukas I. (November 9, 2016). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/bad-polling-in-hand-media-misses-mark-badly-with-election-predictions-1478710860 How the Media’s Election Predictions Badly Missed the Mark]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved November 10, 2016.</ref> Trump's election victory was described by ''[[Politico]]'' as "the most stunning upset in American history."<ref>Goldmacher, Shane & Schreckinger, Ben (November 9, 2016). [https://www.politico.com/story/2016/11/election-results-2016-clinton-trump-231070?lo=ap_c1 Trump pulls off biggest upset in U.S. history]. ''Politico''. Retrieved November 9, 2016.</ref>

While the GOP increased its vote share across the entire nation, Trump made the largest gains in the rural [[Midwest]] and [[Rust Belt]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/11/08/us/elections/how-trump-pushed-the-election-map-to-the-right.html How Trump Reshaped the Election Map]. ''The New York Times''. November 9, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2016.</ref> Although Clinton won the popular vote 65,515,369 (48.05%) to 62,853,327 (46.09%), according to unofficial results, the large vote totals came from states which have resisted voter identification reforms.<ref>[http://www.inquisitr.com/3719036/3-million-illegal-immigrants-voted-gregg-phillips-votestand-donald-trump-final-popular-vote-count-2016-predictions/ 3 Million Illegal Immigrants Voted, Claims Gregg Phillips Of VoteStand: Donald Trump’s Final Popular Vote Count Alleged To Be Better Than 2016 Predictions], Patrick Frye, ''The Inquisitr'', November 15, 2016</ref> Dr. Robert Epstein of the American Institute for Behavioral Research and Technology testified before Congress that [[Google]] bias and meddling had shifted "between 2.6 million and up to 10.4 million votes" to Hillary Clinton.<ref>https://www.powerlineblog.com/archives/2019/08/psychologist-google-generated-at-least-2-6-million-votes-for-hillary.php</ref> Trump won the [[electoral college]] vote, 306 to 232, with the incomplete vote count reported.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://server5.kproxy.com/servlet/redirect.srv/sruj/swxn/sjkl/p2/election/results|title=Election Results|accessdate=Nov. 12, 2016}}</ref> Trump won more votes in the general election than any Republican candidate in U.S. history, and he won the largest number of electoral votes since [[George H. W. Bush]].<ref>Hoft, Jim (November 22, 2016). [https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2016/11/trump-breaks-record-votes-republican-candidate-history/ Trump Breaks Record for Most Votes by Republican Candidate in History]. ''The Gateway Pundit''. Retrieved November 22, 2016.</ref> In addition, Trump won 2,623 counties—the largest number for both a Republican or Democrat since [[Ronald Reagan]] in 1984—while the Democrats won only 489, something even the liberal [[PolitiFact]] admitted to be true.<ref>Jacobson, Louis (December 4, 2016). [https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/dec/04/mike-pence/mike-pence-says-donald-trump-won-most-counties-rep/ Mike Pence says Donald Trump won most counties by a Republican since Ronald Reagan]. ''PolitiFact''. Retrieved December 4, 2016.</ref> Geographically speaking, Trump accordingly won 85 percent of the nation<ref>Wallace, Tim (November 16, 2016). [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/11/16/us/politics/the-two-americas-of-2016.html?_r=0 The Two Americas of 2016]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved December 5, 2016.</ref> and 61 percent of the states (including Maine's 2nd district). With the historic flip of Elliott County, Kentucky, every rural, white-majority Southern county voted for the Republican nominee for the first time in history.<ref>Simon, Jeff (December 9, 2016). [https://www.cnn.com/2016/12/09/politics/elliott-county-kentucky-democratic-streak-broken-by-donald-trump/index.html How Trump ended Democrats' 144-year winning streak in one county]. ''CNN''. Retrieved January 15, 2017.</ref>

According to exit polling, Trump won 81 percent of evangelical Christians compared to 16 percent for Clinton, a record high and even more than [[George W. Bush]] won in 2004,<ref name="townhall.com"/><ref name="wsj.com"/> even though some have disputed the accuracy of such exit polling methods.<ref>Showalter, Brandon (November 16, 2016). [http://www.christianpost.com/news/81-percent-evangelicals-vote-trump-eric-teetsel-joe-carter-171542/ Did 81 Percent of Evangelicals Really Vote for Trump? Not So Fast, Some Say]. ''The Christian Post''. Retrieved December 8, 2016.</ref> This is largely due to Trump's conservative policies that align well with the Bible, including opposition to abortion.

While liberal, establishmentarian world leaders made generally nuanced statements in response to Trump's election upset, conservative, right-wing leaders, including the leaders of insurgent parties in European nations, reacted positively to Trump's election.<ref>Ashkenas, Jeremy; Aisch, Gregor (December 5, 2016). [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/12/05/world/europe/populism-in-age-of-trump.html?_r=0 European Populism in the Age of Donald Trump]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved December 5, 2016.</ref>

In addition to Trump's defeat of Clinton, the Republican Party kept control of the House and Senate, outperforming expectations.<ref>Bresnahan, John (November 9, 2016). [https://www.politico.eu/article/republicans-on-cusp-of-keeping-the-senate/ Republicans hold the Senate in a stunner]. ''Politico''. Retrieved November 9, 2016.</ref><ref>Hughes, Siobhan (November 9, 2016). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/republicans-are-confident-about-retaining-control-of-the-house-1478634160 Democrats Gain Seats in House, But GOP Retains Majority]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved November 9, 2016.</ref> The Republican Party performed well—much better than expected—in state races, winning trifectas in [[Kentucky]], [[Iowa]], [[Missouri]], and [[New Hampshire]], and Democrats only had six trifectas and total control in five states, a record low.<ref>Greenblatt, Alan (November 9, 2016). [http://www.governing.com/topics/elections/gov-republicans-add-dominance-state-legislatures.html Republicans Add to Their Dominance of State Legislatures]. ''Governing''. Retrieved November 9, 2016.</ref><ref>Siegel, Josh (November 9, 2016). [http://dailysignal.com/2016/11/09/republicans-maintain-strong-control-of-state-capitols-what-that-means/ Republicans Maintain Strong Control of State Capitols. Here’s What That Means.] ''The Daily Signal''. Retrieved November 9, 2016.</ref> The GOP won 25 trifectas, the largest since 1952.<ref>Lieb, David A. (December 29, 2016). [https://www.pressreader.com/usa/chicago-tribune/20161229/281822873464433 GOP-Controlled States Aim to Reshape Laws]. ''Chicago Tribune'' (from the Associated Press). Retrieved December 30, 2016.</ref> The GOP now controlled the highest amount of governorships since 1922,<ref>Lieb, David A. (November 9, 2016). [https://www.usnews.com/news/us/articles/2016-11-09/republicans-expand-control-of-governorships-legislatures Republicans governorships rise to highest mark since 1922]. ''U.S. News & World Report''. Retrieved November 9, 2016.</ref> and it controlled the most state legislative chambers in history.<ref>Bosman, Julie & Davey, Monica (November 11, 2016). [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/12/us/republicans-expand-control-in-a-deeply-divided-nation.html Republicans Expand Control in a Deeply Divided Nation]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved November 14, 2016.</ref>

Despite expectations that Trump's election victory would cause the markets to plunge, the [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] actually performed very strongly, closing at the highest level it had ever reached in history after the second day.<ref name="MarketRally">La Monica, Paul R. (November 10, 2016). [https://money.cnn.com/2016/11/10/investing/markets-stocks-donald-trump-rally/index.html The 'yuge' Donald Trump market rally continues]. ''CNN Money''. Retrieved November 10, 2016.</ref> It is rare for the stock market to rise immediately after a U.S. presidential election regardless of the winner.<ref name="MarketRally"/> The stock market had its best week in five years due to optimism of a Trump presidency.<ref>Craig, Victoria (November 11, 2016). [https://www.foxbusiness.com/markets/2016/11/11/trump-optimism-propels-dow-to-best-week-in-five-years.html Trump Optimism Propels Dow to Best Week in Five Years]. ''Fox Business''. Retrieved November 12, 2016.</ref>

After the election, childish [[leftists]] and [[anarchists]], who could not accept the results of the election, strongly protested Trump's victory and committed outrageous and extreme acts of vandalism and violence,<ref name="Protests">Chiaramonte, Perry (November 10, 2016). [https://www.foxnews.com/us/2016/11/10/trump-protests-intensify-as-doubts-swirl-about-spontaneity.html Trump protests intensify, as doubts swirl about spontaneity]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved November 11, 2016.</ref> even brutally attacking and beating at least one alleged Trump supporter.<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/us/2016/11/10/video-emerges-group-beating-chicago-man-while-yelling-dont-vote-trump.html Video emerges of mob beating Chicago man while yelling 'don't vote Trump']. ''Fox News''. November 10, 2016. Retrieved November 11, 2016.</ref> Many of these protests were likely organized and coordinated, as many protestors were bused in by Coach buses.<ref name="Protests"/> This occurred on the heels of Hillary Clinton, the Clinton campaign, and major mainstream media condemning in the harshest terms Trump and his supporters' complaints of a "rigged election," and failure to accept the results would damage democracy. Clinton, President Obama, and the media highlighted the protests and failed to condemn the leftist violence and protests as detrimental to democracy.

==2020 presidential election==
{{See also|2016 U.S. presidential election|Donald Trump achievements|Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign|United States presidential election, 2020}}
As an incumbent with a strong economy, Donald Trump was favored to win the 2020 U.S. presidential election. However, Democrats, through the use of [[voter fraud]], stole the election from Donald Trump and gave it to Joe Biden illegally. (see [[Biden Putsch]])

=== Donald Trump on Joe Biden's age and his aging ===
''See also:'' [[Biden's age]] and [[Donald Trump's age]]

Nate Silver of ''FiveThirtyEight'' wrote about Bidens's age:
{{Cquote|A lot of rank-and-file voters do have concerns about Biden’s age. An NBC News/Wall Street Journal poll in February found that 62 percent of voters had reservations about voting for someone aged 75 or older. [https://news.gallup.com/poll/254120/less-half-vote-socialist-president.aspx Other polls] have also shown advanced age to be a concern among Democrats, Republicans and independents alike.<ref>[https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/are-bidens-opponents-being-too-coy-in-making-age-an-issue/ Voters Care About Biden’s Age — Not About His Gaffes] by Nate Silver,''FiveThirtyEight''</ref>}}

Donald Trump has called Joe Biden "sleepy" and said that "he looks different than he used to, he acts different than he used to, he’s even slower than he used to be".<ref>[https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2019/07/joe-biden-age-2020/593350/ Is Joe Biden ‘Too Old’?] EDWARD-ISAAC DOVERE, ''The Atlantic''</ref> See also: [[Biden's age]]

The ''[[New York Times]]'' stated:
{{Cquote|Meeting with a group of union officials in the West Wing this year, the president appealed for their support in part by tapping on his head and saying, “Biden is losing it,” according to a participant in the meeting who disclosed the president’s comment on condition of anonymity.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/29/us/politics/joe-biden-age.html Why Joe Biden’s Age Worries Some Democratic Allies and Voters], ''New York Times''</ref>}}

==President of the United States==
[[File:Donald Trump at his desk, December 2018.png|thumb|250px|President Trump sitting at his desk in the [[Oval Office]], December 21, 2018]]
{{See also|Donald Trump achievements}}
===Transition===
{{See also|Trump transition}}
The day after being elected president, Trump released a solidly conservative agenda for his first 100 days in office, even though ending the [[abortion|legalized murder of the unborn]] was not on the agenda.<ref>Kelly, Amita & Sprunt, Barbara (November 9, 2016). [https://www.npr.org/2016/11/09/501451368/here-is-what-donald-trump-wants-to-do-in-his-first-100-days Here Is What Donald Trump Wants To Do In His First 100 Days]. ''NPR''. Retrieved November 10, 2016.</ref>

On November 30, 2016, before Trump had finalized all his cabinet appointments, it was still described by Politico as "a conservative dream team that has Republicans cheering and liberals in despair" due to the many strong conservatives Trump had appointed, in contrast to moderates like [[George W. Bush]].<ref>Restuccia, Andrew; Cook, Nancy; Woellert, Lorraine (November 30, 2016). [https://www.politico.com/story/2016/11/trump-conservative-dream-team-231972 Trump's conservative dream team]. ''Politico''. Retrieved November 30, 2016.</ref><ref>[https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2016/11/30/politico-donald-trump-cabinet-conservative-dream-team/ Politico: Donald Trump’s Cabinet a ‘Conservative Dream Team’]. ''Breitbart News''. November 30, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2017.</ref> Accordingly, ''[[Newsweek]]'' called Trump's incomplete cabinet the most conservative cabinet in U.S. history.<ref>Cooper, Matthew (December 9, 2016). [http://www.newsweek.com/trump-cabinet-picks-nominees-conservative-530477 Donald Trump Is Building the Most Conservative Presidential Cabinet In U.S. History]. ''Newsweek''. Retrieved December 10, 2016.</ref> ''[[The Washington Times]]'' noted how Trump was defying Washington establishment norms in his cabinet picks.<ref>Hurt, Charles (December 6, 2016). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/dec/6/donald-trumps-cabinet-picks-define-business-as-not/ Trump defines business as not-usual for D.C.] ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved December 10, 2016.</ref>

''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' stated that "it’s nearly impossible to identify a clear ideological bent" in Trump's appointments.<ref>Seib, Gerald (December 5, 2016). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/donald-trump-shuffles-the-ideological-deck-1480955194 Donald Trump Shuffles the Ideological Deck]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved December 5, 2016.</ref> However, this can be easily explained by the fact that Trump has used some of his cabinet nominations to unite the GOP by appealing to most of its factions, even though Trump's appointments are still very conservative.

During the transition period, the Obama Administration engaged in surveillance and information-gathering of Trump, in order to investigate any [[Trump-Russia scandal|alleged ties to Russia]]. This was confirmed by GOP U.S. Representative [[Devin Nunes]] on March 22, 2017,<ref>Derespina, Cody (March 23, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/03/23/trump-basks-in-nunes-surveillance-news-so-that-means-im-right.html Trump basks in Nunes surveillance news: 'So that means I'm right']. ''Fox News''. Retrieved March 23, 2017.</ref> and by [[Evelyn Farkas]], the deputy assistant secretary of defense under Obama, on March 29, 2017.<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/03/29/former-obama-official-discloses-rush-to-get-intelligence-on-trump-team.html Former Obama official discloses rush to get intelligence on Trump team]. ''Fox News''. March 29, 2017. Retrieved March 29, 2017.</ref><ref>Poor, Jeff (March 29, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/video/2017/03/29/fmr-obama-official-reveals-pre-inauguration-effort-to-gather-intel-on-incoming-trump-team/ Fmr Obama Official Reveals Pre-Inauguration Effort to Gather Intel on Incoming Trump Team]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved March 30, 2017.</ref>

===Inauguration===
[[File:Donald Trumpswearing in.jpg|thumb|200px|Trump being sworn in, January 20, 2017.]]
Trump was inaugurated on January 20, 2017, giving one of the strongest inauguration addresses in American history.<ref>Boyle, Matthew (January 20, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/01/20/america-first-president-donald-trump-brings-the-rain-in-inauguration-address/ ‘America First’: President Donald Trump Brings the Rain in Inauguration Address]. ''Breitbart''. Retrieved January 20, 2017.</ref><ref>McCaskill, Nolan D. (January 20, 2017). [https://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/key-points-of-trumps-inaugural-speech-233900 Key moments from Trump's inauguration speech]. ''Politico''. Retrieved January 20, 2017.</ref><ref>Scott, Patrick; Midgley, Robert (January 20, 2017). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/20/donald-trump-just-delivered-american-inauguration-speech-ever/ Donald Trump just delivered the most 'American' inauguration speech ever]. ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved January 20, 2017.</ref> His first bill signed as president was to allow retired general and Defense Secretary nominee [[James Mattis]] to be confirmed.<ref>Kopan, Tal (January 20, 2017). [https://www.cnn.com/2017/01/20/politics/donald-trump-first-law-actions/ President Donald Trump signs first bill into law]. ''CNN''. Retrieved January 20, 2017.</ref> That same day, Trump instituted a national day of patriotism,<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-measures-idUSKBN1542IH Trump takes first actions on Cabinet, declares day of patriotism: spokesman]. ''Reuters''. January 20, 2017. Retrieved January 20, 2017.</ref> and a few days later Trump officially designated his inauguration day the '''''National Day of Patriotic Devotion'''''.<ref>[https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/01/24/2017-01798/national-day-of-patriotic-devotion National Day of Patriotic Devotion -- Proclamation 9570 of January 20, 2017]. ''Federal Register''. January 24, 2017. Retrieved February 2, 2017.</ref><ref>Shelbourne, Mallory (January 23, 2017). [https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/315735-trump-declares-inauguration-day-national-day-of-patriotic-devotion https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/315735-trump-declares-inauguration-day-national-day-of-patriotic-devotion]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved February 2, 2017.</ref>

Despite the fact that leftists knew for two months that Trump would be inaugurated president, hateful, anti-American, and immature leftists engaged in violent protests and did major acts of vandalism and even injuring the police who were sent in.<ref>Vargas, Theresa; Hartz, Taylor; Hermann, Peter (January 20, 2017). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/protesters-bring-shouts-skirmishes-and-shutdowns-to-inauguration-celebration/2017/01/20/00ea4c72-df11-11e6-acdf-14da832ae861_story.html?utm_term=.c4443fa64f5a Inauguration protesters vandalize, set fires, try to disrupt Trump’s oath, as police arrest 200]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved January 20, 2017.</ref><ref name="LimoFire">Lawler, David (January 20, 2017). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/20/anti-donald-trump-activists-try-block-access-inauguration/ Donald Trump protests: Limo 'set on fire' and 217 arrested as police use tear gas on black-clad activists]. ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved January 20, 2017.</ref> At least 217 protesters were arrested.<ref name="LimoFire"/><ref>Weber, Joseph (January 20, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/01/20/trump-supporters-protesters-rally-before-sunrise-on-inauguration-day.html Hundreds of protesters arrested in Inauguration Day clashes]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved March 31, 2017.</ref><ref>Noble, Andrea; McDermott, Ryan M. (January 20, 2017). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/jan/20/donald-trump-inauguration-protests-begin-turn-viol/ D.C. police report 217 arrested during Inauguration Day riots]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved March 31, 2017.</ref>

Despite having no power to block Trump's cabinet nominees and having no reason to delay the process,<ref>Pergram, Chad (January 20, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/01/20/senate-battle-erupts-over-dem-delay-confirming-trump-nominees.html Senate battle erupts over Dem 'delay' confirming Trump nominees]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved January 23, 2017.</ref> liberal Senate Democrats delayed confirmation of Trump's nominees, so that only two were confirmed on Trump's first day in office.<ref>Dinan, Stephen (January 22, 2017). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/jan/22/trumps-cabinet-picks-delayed-by-democrats-only-two/? Donald Trump’s Cabinet picks delayed by Democrats, only two confirmed]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved January 23, 2017.</ref> This was a large difference from other recent presidents,<ref>Phillips, Amber (January 21, 2017). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/01/20/donald-trump-will-start-his-presidency-with-the-smallest-confirmed-cabinet-in-decades/?utm_term=.9d7692169687 Donald Trump is starting his presidency with the smallest confirmed Cabinet in decades]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved Janaury 23, 2017.</ref> who, with the exception of [[George H. W. Bush]], had much larger numbers confirmed in the first week.<ref>Bluey, Robert (January 22, 2017). [http://dailysignal.com/2017/01/22/trumps-nominees-face-unprecedented-democrat-obstructionism/ Trump’s Nominees Face ‘Unprecedented’ Democrat Obstructionism]. ''The Daily Signal''. Retrieved January 23, 2017.</ref>

===Tenure===
{{See also|Donald Trump's major achievements}}
Due to his promotion and support of conservative, America First policies, President Trump faced large opposition from the Left, including from within the government bureaucracy.<ref>Singman, Brooke (January 1, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/01/31/trump-faces-bureaucratic-battle-in-implementing-agenda.html Trump faces bureaucratic battle in implementing agenda]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved February 1, 2017.</ref><ref>Kurtz, Howard (February 3, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/02/03/empire-strikes-back-why-trumps-private-talks-with-foreign-leaders-were-leaked.html The empire strikes back: Why Trump's private talks with foreign leaders were leaked]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved February 3, 2017.</ref> (The fact that members of the Deep State have grown visibly scared of reports stating such confirms this view;<ref>[https://www.breitbart.com/big-journalism/2017/03/22/politico-obama-admin-bureaucrats-panicked-by-breitbart-spotlight-dont-question-our-loyalty/ POLITICO: Obama Admin Bureaucrats ‘Panicked’ by Breitbart Spotlight: Don’t Question Our Loyalty!] ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved March 22, 2017.</ref> in May 2017, it was reported that 60% of [[National Security Council]] employees were Obama-Administration holdovers<ref>Wong, Kristina (May 17, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/05/17/trump-under-siege-more-than-60-percent-of-nsc-employees-placed-by-obama/ Trump Under Siege: More than 60 Percent of NSC Employees Placed by Obama]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 18, 2017.</ref>) Additionally, Senate Democrats continued to unduly delay Trump's cabinet nominees at historic and unprecedented proportions—by February 8, 2017, only [[George Washington]] had fewer cabinet nominees confirmed by this length of time into his presidency.<ref>Singman, Brooke (February 8, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/02/08/trump-facing-historic-delays-in-confirmation-push.html Trump facing historic delays in confirmation push]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved February 8, 2017.</ref>

On January 23, 2017, Trump signed an order which withdrew the United States from the globalist [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]].<ref>Chakraborty, Barnini (January 23, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/01/23/trump-signs-executive-order-withdrawing-us-from-tpp-trade-deal.html Trump signs executive order withdrawing US from TPP trade deal]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved January 23, 2017.</ref> That same day, Trump signed an order reinstating the [[Mexico City Policy]], which defunded International Planned Parenthood and other organizations that promote foreign abortions.<ref>LaBarbera, Peter (January 23, 2017). [https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/breaking-trump-signs-order-defunding-international-planned-parenthood-forei BREAKING: Trump signs order defunding International Planned Parenthood, foreign abortions]. ''LifeSite News''. Retrieved January 23, 2017.</ref><ref>Hellman, Jessie (January 23, 2017). [https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/abortion/315652-trump-signs-executive-order-reinstating-global-gag-rule-on Trump reinstates ban on US funds promoting abortion overseas]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved January 23, 2017.</ref>

Trump was very busy and productive in his first week and showed he was serious about his campaign promises, undoing Obama's illegitimate legacy and instituting conservative executive orders.<ref>Davenport, David (January 27, 2017). [https://www.forbes.com/sites/daviddavenport/2017/01/27/how-trump-managed-to-undo-obamas-legacy-in-one-week/#3ae6bcba5bbf How Trump Managed To Undo Obama's Legacy In One Week]. ''Forbes''. Retrieved January 27, 2017.</ref><ref>Said-Moorhouse, Lauren (January 26, 2017). [https://www.cnn.com/2017/01/26/politics/executive-orders-presidents-actions-presidential-memoranda/ What's Trump done so far? His productive first week and how it stacks up to previous presidents]. ''CNN''. Retrieved January 27, 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/28/president-trumps-first-week-action President Trump's First Week of Action]. ''whitehouse.gov''. January 28, 2017. Retrieved January 28, 2017.</ref> This caused the [[stock market]] to increase, and the [[Dow Jones]] passed 20,000 points for the first time in history.<ref>Imbert, Fred (January 25, 2017). [https://www.cnbc.com/2017/01/25/us-markets.html Dow closes above 20,000 for first time as Trump orders send stocks flying]. ''CNBC''. Retrieved January 25, 2017.</ref><ref>Craig, Victoria (January 25, 2017). [https://www.foxbusiness.com/markets/2017/01/25/dow-races-past-20k-in-reinvigorated-trump-rally.html Dow Races Past 20K in Reinvigorated Trump Rally]. ''Fox Business''. Retrieved January 25, 2017.</ref> On March 1, 2017, the day after Trump made his first address to a joint-session of Congress, the stock market rose dramatically again, with the Dow Jones passing the 21,000 mark for the first time in history.<ref>Witkowski, Wallace; Mahmudova, Anora (March 1, 2017). [https://www.marketwatch.com/story/wall-street-stocks-set-to-resume-rally-on-fed-rate-hike-hopes-trump-relief-2017-03-01 Dow closes above 21,000 as stocks soar after Trump speech]. ''MarketWatch''. Retrieved March 1, 2017.</ref><ref>Holcomb, John (March 1, 2017). [https://townhall.com/tipsheet/justinholcomb/2017/03/01/stock-market-booms-past-21000-for-the-first-time-in-history-n2292388 The Trump Bump: Stock Market Hits 21,000 for the First Time in History]. ''Townhall''. Retrieved March 1, 2017.</ref><ref>DeSoto, Randy (March 1, 2017). [http://www.westernjournalism.com/stock-market-hits-new-high-follow-trumps-speech-to-congress/ Stock Market Hits New High Following Trump’s Speech To Congress]. ''Western Journalism''. Retrieved March 1, 2017.</ref>

As evidence of this intense [[mainstream media]] opposition to President Trump, a study published close to the 100th-day mark of Trump's presidency showed that 89% of media coverage regarding Trump was negative.<ref>
* Harper, Jennifer (April 19, 2017). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/apr/19/donald-trump-media-coverage-is-89-percent-negative/ As first 100 days in office approaches, media coverage of Trump is 89% negative: Study]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
* Noyes, Rich; Ciandella, Mike (April 19, 2017). [https://www.newsbusters.org/blogs/nb/rich-noyes/2017/04/18/honeymoon-hell-liberal-media-vs-president-trump Honeymoon from Hell: The Liberal Media vs. President Trump]. ''NewsBusters -- Media Research Center''. Retrieved April 21, 2017.</ref> Additionally, Trump was on track to become the most mocked president on late-night comedy TV in at least 25 years.<ref>[https://www.breitbart.com/big-hollywood/2017/05/04/study-trump-track-mocked-president-late-night-25-years/ Study: Trump On Track to Be Most Mocked President on Late-Night TV in 25 Years]. ''Breitbart News''. May 4, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2017.</ref>

On April 26, 2017, the Department of Homeland Security, acting under an executive order established by President Trump, established the Victims of Immigration Crime Engagement Office (VOICE), created to help support victims of illegal immigrant crime, and it established the DHS-Victim Information and Notification Exchange, which was created to help those victims track the custody status of the illegal criminals.<ref>
* Singman, Brooke (April 26, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/04/26/dhs-announces-office-for-victims-illegal-immigrant-crime.html DHS announces office for victims of illegal immigrant crime]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
* McHugh, Katie (April 26, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/04/26/dhs-kelly-voice-victims-illegal-alien-criminals/ DHS Kelly Creates VOICE For Many Victims of Illegal Alien Criminals]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
* McHugh, Katie (April 25, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/04/25/dhs-unveil-voice-office-victims-illegal-alien-crime/ DHS to Unveil VOICE Office for Victims of Illegal Alien Crime]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved April 26, 2017.</ref> However, leftists took to pranking the phone line created, showing disrespect to the victims of illegal immigration.<ref>Singman, Brooke (April 27, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/04/27/ice-rips-pranksters-jamming-hotline-to-report-space-aliens.html ICE rips pranksters jamming hotline to report space aliens]. '' Fox News''. Retrieved April 27, 2017.</ref>

Canadian Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]] described President Trump as being very authentic – the way he acts in public is like how he does in private.<ref>Yilek, Caitlin (August 31, 2017). [https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/canadian-prime-minister-justin-trudeau-trump-is-surprisingly-authentic/article/2633107 Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau: Trump is surprisingly 'authentic']. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved August 31, 2017.</ref>

====Temporary immigration and refugee suspensions====
{{See also|Donald Trump achievements: Immigration, illegal immigration, and border security}}
Trump received criticism from liberals and [[establishment]] Republicans<ref>McHugh, Katie (January 31, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/01/31/establishment-republicans-bash-trumps-executive-order-on-immigration-refugee-resettlement/ Establishment Republicans Bash Trump’s Executive Order on Immigration, Refugee Resettlement]. ''Breitbart''. Retrieved January 31, 2017.</ref> when he signed an executive order temporarily banning immigration from certain high-risk Islamic countries as well as refugee entry. Despite this criticism, 49 percent of the American public supported the decision compared to 41 percent opposed, according to the "mainstream" Reuters,<ref>Kahn, Chris (January 31, 2017). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-immigration-poll-exclusive-idUSKBN15F2MG Exclusive: Only a third of Americans think Trump's travel ban will make them more safe]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved January 31, 2017.</ref> and 57% percent of likely American voters supported the ban according to Rasmussen.<ref>[http://m.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/current_events/immigration/january_2017/most_support_temporary_ban_on_newcomers_from_terrorist_havens Most Support Temporary Ban on Newcomers from Terrorist Havens].'' January 2017. Retrieved February 2, 2017.</ref> Additionally, while the leftist [[establishment]] European leaders opposed the ban, a strong majority—55% average—of Europeans support the ban, according to a poll in 10 [[European Union]] nations.<ref>Shaw, Adam (February 9, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/02/09/majority-europeans-in-favor-trump-style-muslim-ban-poll-shows.html Majority of Europeans in favor of a Trump-style Muslim ban, poll shows]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved February 9, 2017.</ref><ref>Jamieson, Alastair (February 8, 2017). [https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/europes-border-crisis/majority-leading-eu-nations-support-trump-style-travel-ban-poll-n718271 Majority in Leading EU Nations Support Trump-Style Travel Ban: Poll]. ''NBC News''. Retrieved February 9, 2017.</ref> On March 6, 2017, Trump signed a second executive order concerning the temporary suspension of refugees and others from certain high-risk countries after the first one was blocked by the courts. The second order made some clarifications and minor improvements over the first, such as exempting green card holders from the ban and excluding [[Iraq]] from it as it had developed an acceptable vetting process.<ref>Munro, Neil (March 6, 2016). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/03/06/trump-new-refugees-executive-pushes-back-judges/ Donald Trump Signs Executive Order Banning Travel from Six Terror-Tied Countries]. ''Breitbart''. Retrieved March 6, 2017.</ref><ref>Chakraborty, Barnini (March 6, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/03/06/trump-signs-new-immigration-order-narrows-scope-travel-ban.html Trump signs new immigration order, narrows scope of travel ban]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved March 6, 2017.</ref>

Trump showed he would not tolerate incompetent leftist administration officials when he fired acting [[United States Department of Justice|Attorney General]] [[Sally Yates]] (a left-wing Obama holdover) when she refused to defend his refugee and immigration ban executive order.<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/01/30/acting-ag-tells-justice-department-staff-not-to-defend-trumps-refugee-order.html Trump fires acting AG after Justice Department staff told not to defend refugee order]. ''Fox News''. January 30, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/30/statement-appointment-dana-boente-acting-attorney-general Statement on the Appointment of Dana Boente as Acting Attorney General]. ''whitehouse.gov''. January 30, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017.</ref> Trump emulated [[Ronald Reagan]]'s firing of the striking PATCO workers in 1981 by doing so,<ref>Boyle, Matthew (January 30, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/01/30/trumps-patco-moment-emanating-reagan-president-takes-control-federal-government-protect-country-citizens/ Trump’s PATCO Moment: Emanating Reagan, the President Takes Control of Federal Government to ‘Protect the Country and Its Citizens’]. ''Breitbart''. Retrieved January 31, 2017.</ref> contrary to the [[mainstream media]] spin.<ref>Kurtz, Howard (February 1, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/02/01/trumps-firing-defiant-obama-holdover-why-hes-no-richard-nixon.html Trump's firing of a defiant Obama holdover: Why he's no Richard Nixon]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved February 1, 2017.</ref> That same night, Trump replaced the acting director of [[Immigration and Customs Enforcement]] (another Obama holdover) with a more competent official who had a reputation for enforcing immigration laws.<ref>Chamberlain, Samuel (January 31, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/01/31/trump-names-thomas-homan-acting-director-ice-replacing-obama-holdover.html Trump names Thomas Homan acting director of ICE, replacing Obama holdover]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved January 31, 2017.</ref><ref>Berman, Mark; Zapotosky, Matt (January 30, 2017). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/01/30/trump-appoints-new-immigration-and-customs-enforcement-director-noted-for-his-work-deporting-illegal-immigrants/?utm_term=.addf12ae690a Trump appoints new Immigration and Customs Enforcement director noted for his work deporting illegal immigrants]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved January 31, 2017.</ref>

====Reducing regulations and government====
:''For more information, see [[Donald Trump achievements: Deregulation and government size]]''
In the first six weeks of Trump's presidency, over 90 regulations were repealed, whether through executive orders, Acts of Congress, or other means.<ref>Farand, Chloe (March 6, 2017). [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-federal-state-regulations-month-oval-office-white-house-us-president-deregulate-a7614031.html Donald Trump disassembles 90 federal state regulations in just over a month in White House]. ''The Independent''. Retrieved March 7, 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3480299-10-Examples-Industries-Push-Followed-by-Trump.html#document/p60/a341284 Trump-Era Trend: Industries Protest. Regulations Rolled Back. A Dozen Examples]. ''The New York Times'' (through ''DocumentCloud''). Retrieved March 7, 2017.</ref> Trump also signed numerous executive actions promoting a smaller government.

====Supreme Court====
{{See also|Donald Trump achievements: The courts|Trump Supreme Court}}
On January 31, 2017, Trump nominated Neil Gorsuch to the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]].<ref>Klukowski, Ken (January 31, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/01/31/trump-nominates-judge-neil-gorsuch-supreme-court/ Trump Nominates Judge Neil Gorsuch to Supreme Court]. ''Breitbart''. Retrieved January 31, 2017.</ref><ref>Hurley, Lawrence; Holland, Steve (January 31, 2017). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-trump-idUSKBN15F1OW Trump picks conservative judge Gorsuch for U.S. Supreme Court]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved January 31, 2017.</ref> The nomination was well received by many conservatives.<ref>Chamberlain, Steve (January 31, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/01/31/reaction-to-trumps-supreme-court-pick-split-along-partisan-lines.html Conservatives hail Trump's Supreme Court pick]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved January 31, 2017.</ref><ref>Ertelt, Steven (January 31, 2017). [https://www.lifenews.com/2017/01/31/president-donald-trump-nominates-pro-life-friendly-judge-neil-gorsuch-to-the-supreme-court/ President Donald Trump Nominates Pro-Life-Friendly Judge Neil Gorsuch to the Supreme Court]. ''LifeNews.com''. Retrieved January 31, 2017.</ref> Others, most notably [[Andrew Schlafly]], disagreed with the nomination due to concerns about Gorsuch's position on abortion.<ref>Dannenfelser, Marjorie (January 31, 2017). [https://townhall.com/columnists/marjoriedannenfelser/2017/01/31/the-truth-about-trumps-prolife-scotus-list-n2279232 The Truth about Trump’s Pro-life SCOTUS List]. ''Townhall''. Retrieved February 1, 2017.</ref><ref>http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Template:Mainpageright&diff=1302133&oldid=1301962</ref>

Upon the swing justice [[Anthony Kennedy|Anthony Kennedy's]] announcement on June 21, 2018, that he would retire from the Court at the end of the succeeding month, Trump nominated the conservative [[Brett Kavanaugh]] to replace him.<ref>Mason, Ian (July 9, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/07/09/trump-brett-kavanaugh-supreme-court-nominee/ Trump Announces Brett Kavanaugh as Supreme Court Nominee] ''Breitbart News''.</ref>

====Public trust====
According to a poll conducted by [[Emerson College]] on February 5–6, 2017, more Americans trust the Trump Administration than the media.<ref>McHugh, Katie (February 9, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/02/09/poll-voters-trust-trump-administration-media/ Poll: Voters Trust Trump Administration More Than Media]. ''Breitbart''. Retrieved February 9, 2017.</ref>

====Economic progress====
[[File:Real Disposable Personal Income Per Capita.png|right|350px|thumb|Real Personal Income gains under President Trump beginning from the flat base of President Obama's last year in office. ''Source: Federal Reserve Board'']]
{{See also|Donald Trump achievements: Economic policy and labor}}
In May 2017, the unemployment rate fell from 4.4% from 4.3%, the lowest since May 2001, as the number of unemployed persons was little changed at 6.9 million and the labor force participation rate fell to 62.7 percent.<ref>[https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/unemployment-rate United States Unemployment Rate]. ''tradingeconomics.com''. Retrieved June 14, 2017.</ref>

According to a Rasmussen survey, consumer confidence is the second-highest it's been in the index's history. The market cap of the U.S. stock market has risen more than $3 trillion since Mr. Trump was elected. Small-business confidence has surged to a 12-year high.

==Books==
*''Trump: The Art of the Deal'' with Tony Schwartz (1987)
*''Trump: Surviving at the Top'' with Charles Leerhsen (1990)
*''Trump: The Art of the Comeback'' with Kate Bohner (1997)
*''The America We Deserve'' with Dave Shiflett (2000)
*''Trump: How to Get Rich'' with Meredith McIver (2004)
*''Trump: Think Like a Billionaire: Everything You Need to Know about Success, Real Estate and Life'' with Meredith McIver (2005)
*''Why We Want You to Be Rich: Two Men, One Message'' with Meredith McIver and Robert T. Kiyosaki (2006)
*''Think Big and Kick Ass in Business and Life'' with Bill Zanker (2007)
*''Trump: Never Give Up: How I Turned My Biggest Challenges into Success'' with Meredith McIver (2008)
*''Think Like a Champion: An Informal Education in Business and Life'' with Meredith McIver (2009)
*''Midas Touch: Why Some Entrepreneurs Get Rich—and Why Most Don't'' with Robert T. Kiyosaki (2011)
*''Time to Get Tough: Making America #1 Again'' (2011)
*''Crippled America: How to Make America Great Again'' (2015)

==Quotes==
===Quotes as U.S. President===
====Inaugural address====
*"....today we are not merely transferring power from one administration to another, or from one party to another, but we are transferring power from Washington, D.C., and giving it back to you, the people."<ref name="InaugTransc">[https://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/full-text-donald-trump-inauguration-speech-transcript-233907 Full text: 2017 Donald Trump inauguration speech transcript]. ''Politico''. January 20, 2017. Retrieved January 20, 2017.</ref>
*"We assembled here today our issuing a new decree to be heard in every city, in every foreign capital, and in every hall of power, from this day forward: a new vision will govern our land, from this day forward, it's going to be only America first. America first."<ref name="InaugTransc"/>
*"[We will] unite the civilized world against radical Islamic terrorism, which we will eradicate completely from the face of the Earth."<ref name="InaugTransc"/>
*"When you open your heart to patriotism, there is no room for prejudice."<ref name="InaugTransc"/>

====2017====
*"In America we don’t worship government, we worship God."<ref>Miller, S.A. (May 13, 2017). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/may/13/donald-trump-tells-liberty-university-graduates-we/ Trump at Liberty University: ‘We don’t worship government, we worship God’]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved May 13, 2017.</ref><ref>Moons, Michelle (May 13, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/05/13/president-donald-trumps-1st-commencement-speech-america-dont-worship-government-worship-god/ President Donald Trump’s First Commencement Speech: ‘In America We Don’t Worship Government, We Worship God’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 13, 2017.</ref>
*"I didn’t get elected to serve the Washington media—I got elected to serve the forgotten men and women and that’s exactly what I’m doing."<ref>Spiering, Charlie (May 17, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/05/17/donald-trump-vows-to-fight-on-no-politician-in-history-has-been-treated-worse-or-more-unfairly/ Donald Trump: ‘I Didn’t Get Elected to Serve the Washington Media’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 17, 2017.</ref><ref>Singman, Brooke (May 17, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/05/17/trump-takes-on-media-during-coast-guard-commencement-speech.html Trump takes on media during Coast Guard commencement speech]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved May 17, 2017.</ref>
* "The problem in Venezuela is not that socialism has been poorly implemented, but that socialism has been faithfully implemented." (UN speech, September 2017)
* "The most important truth our Founders understood was this: Freedom is not a gift from government; freedom is a gift from God."<ref>[https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/920474831749025795 @realDonaldTrump], 17 Oct 2017</ref><ref>Crookston, Paul (October 17, 2017). [https://freebeacon.com/politics/trump-freedom-not-gift-government-freedom-gift-god/ Trump: ‘Freedom Is Not a Gift From Government; Freedom Is a Gift From God’]. ''The Washington Free Beacon''. Retrieved October 20, 2017.</ref>

===Quotes from the 2016 campaign for President===
[[File:Donald Trump and Mike Pence RNC July 2016.jpg|thumb|Trump and his running-mate, [[Mike Pence]], at the 2016 Republican National Convention.]]
Trump's tactics of naming and shaming candidates has been proven very effective. He called Jeb Bush 'low-energy Jeb' and it stuck. Then came Marco Rubio as 'Little Marco.' Next came 'Lyin' Ted' for Ted Cruz. For the Democrats, he calls Hillary Clinton 'Crooked Hillary'. He doesn't give Bernie Sanders the same treatment though he has referred to him as a Communist.

*“We will no longer surrender this country or its people to the false song of [[globalism]].”
*"I think we have a president who, as a president, is totally incompetent, and he doesn’t know what he’s doing. I think he has no idea what he’s doing. And our country is going to [[hell]]."<ref>http://time.com/4210983/republican-debate-barack-obama-incompetent/</ref>
*"I will be the greatest jobs president that [[God]] ever created."
*"I’m using my own money. I’m not using the lobbyists. I’m not using donors. I don’t care. I’m really rich."
*"Free trade is terrible. Free trade can be wonderful if you have smart people. But we have stupid people."
*"Nobody would be tougher on ISIS than Donald Trump. Nobody. Within our military, I will find the General Patton, or I will find General MacArthur, I will find the right guy."
*"I will build a great, great wall on our southern border, and I will have [[Mexico]] pay for that wall."
*"I think the big problem this country has is being politically correct."<ref>https://video.foxnews.com/v/4406746003001/watch-a-replay-of-fox-news-prime-time-presidential-debate/?#sp=show-clips</ref><ref>https://www.google.com/search?q=a+big+problem+with+our+country+is+too+politically+incorrect&oq=a+big+problem+with+our+country+is+too+politically+incorrect&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i64l3.8295j0j7&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=119&ie=UTF-8</ref>
*"Becoming the nominee of the party of [[Abraham Lincoln]] has been the greatest honor of my life.<ref>https://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/294401-trump-claims-party-of-lincoln-mantle-in-speech-at-black</ref>

====General election debate quotes====
*"Because you would be in jail." (Trump in response to Clinton saying that it would be a good thing that he "is not in charge of the law in our country")<ref name="2ndTranscript">[https://www.politico.com/story/2016/10/2016-presidential-debate-transcript-229519 Full transcript: Second 2016 presidential debate]. ''Politico''. October 10, 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2016.</ref>
*"Now she’s blaming the lie on the late great Abraham Lincoln. ...Honest Abe never lied. That’s the good thing. That's the big difference between Abraham Lincoln and you." (Trump in response to Clinton's excuse for having "'a public and private position on certain issues.'")<ref name="2ndTranscript"/>
*"Hillary has experience, but it’s bad experience."<ref>Goodenough, Patrick (September 27, 2016). [https://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/patrick-goodenough/ Trump: 'Hillary Has Experience, But It's Bad Experience']. ''cnsnews.com''. Retrieved November 10, 2016.</ref>

===Quotes from Twitter===
[[File:Screenshot 2015-09-28-12-11-31-1.png|right|300px|Thumb|Tweet from Billionaire Carl Icahn]]
{{Cquote| '''Somebody said I’m the Ernest Hemingway of 140 characters.'''}}
Trump's tweets are archived and fully searchable online.<ref>http://www.trumptwitterarchive.com/archive</ref> Here are some choice examples:
* "An 'extremely credible source' has called my office and told me that @BarackObama's birth certificate is a fraud."<ref>Trump, Donald J. (August 6, 2012, 1:23 pm). [https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/232572505238433794 "An 'extremely credible source' has called my office and told me that @BarackObama's birth certificate is a fraud."] Tweet by @realDonaldTrump.</ref>
* "It’s amazing how people can talk about me but I’m not allowed to talk about them."<ref>Trump, Donald J. (November 13, 2012, 12:23pm). [https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/268449146711703553 "It’s amazing how people can talk about me but I’m not allowed to talk about them."] Tweet by @realDonaldTrump.</ref>
* "This very expensive GLOBAL WARMING bull**** has got to stop. Our planet is freezing, record low temps,and our GW scientists are stuck in ice."<ref>Trump, Donald J. (January 1, 2014, 4:39pm). [https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/418542137899491328 "This very expensive GLOBAL WARMING bull**** has got to stop. Our planet is freezing, record low temps,and our GW scientists are stuck in ice."] Tweet by @realDonaldTrump.</ref>

====2015====
* "So many 'politically correct' fools in our country. We have to all get back to work and stop wasting time and energy on nonsense!" (August 8, 2015)
* "Notice that illegal immigrants will be given ObamaCare and free college tuition but nothing has been mentioned about our VETERANS #DemDebate" (October 13, 2015)
* "They laughed at me when I said to bomb the ISIS controlled oil fields. Now they are not laughing and doing what I said." (November 13, 2015)
* "President Obama said 'ISIL continues to shrink' in an interview just hours before the horrible attack in Paris. He is just so bad! CHANGE." (November 14, 2015)
* "Refugees from Syria are now pouring into our great country. Who knows who they are - some could be ISIS. Is our president insane?" (November 17, 2015)
* "Eight Syrians were just caught on the southern border trying to get into the U.S. ISIS maybe? I told you so. WE NEED A BIG & BEAUTIFUL WALL!" (November 19, 2015)

====2016====
* "Hillary said that guns don't keep you safe. If she really believes that she should demand that her heavily armed bodyguards quickly disarm!" (January 3, 2016)
* "I wonder if President Obama would have attended the funeral of Justice Scalia if it were held in a Mosque? Very sad that he did not go!" (February 20, 2016)
* "The organized group of people, many of them thugs, who shut down our First Amendment rights in Chicago, have totally energized America!" (March 12, 2016)
* "Why is it that the horrendous protesters, who scream, curse punch, shut down roads/doors during my RALLIES, are never blamed by media? SAD!" (March 20, 2016)
* "Do you all remember how beautiful and safe a place Brussels was. Not anymore, it is from a different world! U.S. must be vigilant and smart!" (March 22, 2016)
* "For the 1st time in American history, America’s 16,500 border patrol agents have issue[d] a presidential primary endorsement—me! Thank you." (April 1, 2016)
*"We are going to say Merry [[Christmas]] again." (December 2016 in [[Michigan]]).<ref>[Trump: 'We are going to say merry Christmas again'], ''The Hill'', December 13, 2016</ref>

====2017====
*"The FAKE NEWS media (failing @nytimes, @NBCNews, @ABC, @CBS, @CNN) is not my enemy, it is the enemy of the American People!"<ref>Greenwood, Mark (February 17, 2017). [https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/320168-trump-the-media-is-the-enemy-of-the-american-people Trump tweets: The media is the 'enemy of the American people']. ''The Hill''. Retrieved February 27, 2017.</ref>
* "Mike Flynn should ask for immunity in that this is a witch hunt (excuse for big election loss), by media & Dems, of historic proportion!" (March 31, 2017)
* "That's right, we need a TRAVEL BAN for certain DANGEROUS countries, not some politically correct term that won't help us protect our people!" (June 5, 2017, while the Dept. of Justice was arguing in court that his Executive Order was not a "travel ban")
* "Fake News is at an all time high. Where is their apology to me for all of the incorrect stories???" (June 13, 2017)

===Other quotes===
* "[T]he country is going to hell."<ref>Cassidy, Chris (March 19, 2015). [http://www.bostonherald.com/news_opinion/us_politics/2015/03/country_is_going_to_hell_claims_donald_trump "'Country is going to hell,' claims Donald Trump"]. BostonHerald.com website.</ref>
* "We have no leader in this country.”<ref>Reisner, Hiram (April 22, 2011). [https://www.newsmax.com/InsideCover/donaldtrump-karlrove-gop-birther/2011/04/22/id/393742 "Trump: I'd just take Libyan oil"]. NewsMax website.</ref>
* "Our leaders are stupid, they are stupid people."<ref>Pierce, Tony (April 29, 2011). [http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/washington/2011/04/donald-trump-in-vegas-our-leaders-are-stupid-they-are-stupid-people.html "Donald Trump in Vegas: 'Our leaders are stupid; they are stupid people'"]. Los Angeles Times website/Top of the Ticket blog.</ref>
* "I can tell you I am [the 2012 Obama campaign's] worst nightmare."<ref>Mooney, Alexander (April 11, 2011). [http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2011/04/11/trump-says-he-is-obama-campaigns-worst-nightmare/comment-page-6/ "Trump says he is Obama campaign's worst nightmare"]. Cable News Network website/politicalticker blog.</ref>
* "Obama has no solutions."<ref>Coz, Steve (August 19, 2012). [https://www.newsmax.com/Newsfront/trump-gibbs-fox-obama/2012/08/19/id/449050/ "Trump fires back at Obama campaign smear"]. Newsmax website/Newsfront.</ref>
*"Everything in life is luck."<ref name="Telegraph">https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/us-election/12107003/Donald-Trump-faces-questions-over-Two-Corinthians.html</ref>
*"[Barack Obama] is probably the least transparent president in the history of the country."<ref name="Telegraph"/>
*"Not teaching your kids about money is like not caring whether they eat."<ref name="Telegraph"/>

== Liberal denialism and Donald Trump ==

:''See also:'' [[Liberal denialism and Donald Trump]] and [[Liberal denial]]

Post the 2016 U.S. presidential election many liberals were in denial that Donald Trump was going to be president of the United States. Before the election, many liberal media outlets took the line that Donald Trump could not win the [[Republican]] primary and could not win the presidential election.<ref>
*[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/11/09/the-wrongest-media-predictions-about-donald-trump/?utm_term=.febb2623a89f The wrongest media predictions about Donald Trump The wrongest media predictions about Donald Trump], ''Washington Post'', 2016</ref>

=== Political scientists, denialism and Donald Trump ===

{{See also|Atheism and science}}

Few, if any, [[Political science|political scientists]] predicted early on that Donald Trump would win the Republican primary and then would subsequently be elected president of the United States. Furthermore, most pollsters indicated that Trump would lose the election.

27 percent of American political scientists believe in the existence of God while 76 percent of American doctors said they believe in God.<ref>
*[http://www.livescience.com/379-scientists-belief-god-varies-starkly-discipline.html Scientists belief in God varies starkly by discipline], Livescience.com
*[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/8318894/ns/health-health_care/t/survey-most-doctors-believe-god-afterlife/ Most doctors believe in God], NBC News</ref> Most American [[atheism|atheists]] lean to the left politically (see: [[Atheism and politics]]). Compared to [[medical science]], which has many effective medicines and surgical procedures, the social science of political science is often unreliable.

===Trump and the mainstream media===
{{See also|Mainstream media and Donald Trump}}
The leftist [[mainstream media]] despises Trump and, under the influence of [[Trump Derangement Syndrome]], refuses to report objectively when covering him.

=== Angry secular leftists and Donald Trump ===

:''See also:'' [[Donald Trump and American atheists]] and [[Secular leftists and psychogenic illness]]

American [[secular left]]ists were extremely angry and upset in the aftermath of Donald Trump's election victory (see: [[Donald Trump and American atheists]]).

In certain cases, it became debilitating (see:: [[Secular leftists and psychogenic illness]]). The website Marketwatch reported concerning the aftermath of the 2016 presidential race: ''Trump’s win is causing a surge in demand for mental health services''<ref>[https://www.marketwatch.com/story/trumps-win-is-causing-a-surge-in-demand-for-mental-health-services-2016-11-10 Trump’s win is causing a surge in demand for mental health services], Marketwatch 2016</ref>

The ''Religion News Service'' reported:
{{Cquote|For the last decade, [[Atheism|atheists]], [[secular humanism|humanists]] and others [[secular]]ists have worked hard to organize a “secular vote” that would counter the political clout of the [[religious right]].

President-elect Donald J. Trump’s victory dealt that movement a body blow when he garnered 81 percent of the white [[Evangelical Christians|evangelical]] vote and 60 percent of the white [[Roman Catholic|Catholic]] vote. [[Mormonism|Mormons]], too, voted overwhelmingly for Trump...

[Trump's] platform was seen as anti-secular in many atheist and humanist circles. He said he would appoint religiously conservative Supreme Court justices, ban [[Islam|Muslim]] immigrants, favor [[Christianity]] and repeal the [[Johnson Amendment]], which prohibits certain tax-exempt organizations from endorsing political candidates — issues antithetical to organized atheism and [[humanism]].<ref>[http://religionnews.com/2016/11/09/dealt-a-body-blow-atheists-and-humanists-regroup/ Dealt a body blow, atheists and humanists regroup] by Kimberly Winston, ''Religion News Service'', November 9, 2016</ref>}}

== Trump's Social Media Ban ==
On January 8, 2021, [[Twitter]] and [[Facebook]], in violation of the First Amendment and at risk of being put out of business by the [[Sherman Antitrust Act]] and [[U.S. Color Revolution#Executive Order 13848|Executive Order 13848]] due to their [[antitrust]] violations and censorious actions, illegally censored and silenced President Trump on their platforms by permanently suspending his accounts with them.<ref>[https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2021/01/breaking-twitter-bans-president-donald-trump-permanently/ BREAKING: Twitter Bans President Donald Trump — PERMANENTLY] at the Gateway Pundit</ref> This was part of co-ordinated collusion between Twitter, Facebook, [[Instagram]], [[Google]] (and its [[YouTube]] subsidiary) and other liberal Big Tech companies to target Trump and his supporters for illegal censorship and silencing of viewpoints and opinions the Left does not like,<ref>[https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2021/01/__trashed-15/ Big Tech Launches Massive Coordinated Cyber Attack on 74,000,000 Trump Voters — GOP SILENT] at the Gateway Pundit</ref> while simultaneously allowing violent leftist individuals and groups like Antifa and Black Lives Matter to have free run of their sites and say and do as they please. Although not officially confirmed as yet, Fox News host [[Sean Hannity]] later reported that Trump has since moved over to conservative social media website [[Parler]], prompting a wave of new accounts to subsequently open up there.<ref>[https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2021/01/report-sean-hannity-says-president-trump-joined-parler/ UPDATE – NOT CONFIRMED: Sean Hannity Says President Trump Has Joined Parler] at the Gateway Pundit</ref>

== Trump’s Website: 45 Office ==
{{main|45 Office}}
On March 29, 2021, Trump launched 45 Office.

==See also==
* [[Donald Trump's religious views]]
* [[Trump Administration]]
* [[Essay:Donald Trump One Two Body Blow]]
* [[The Chalkening]]
* [[Trump University]]
*[[Liberal Smear Machine]]
* [[Kathryn Steinle]]
* [[Mollie Tibbetts]]
* [[Sarah Root]]
* [[Alveda King]]
* [[Trump effect]]
* [[Deep State coup 2.0]]
* [[Biden Junta]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.trump.com Trump.com - Official website]
* [https://www.donaldjtrump.com donaldjtrump.com - Official website]
* [http://www.LyingCrookedHillary.com LyingCrookedHillary.com]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gw8c2Cq-vpg The Untruth About Donald Trump] by [[Stefan Molyneux]], Published on Jan 18, 2016
* [http://www.untruthaboutdonaldtrump.com UntruthAboutDonaldTrump.com]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-yyoauXmzjg Do Emotions Trump Facts?] [[Thomas Sowell]] on Donald Trump - Rebutted! by Stefan Molyneux
* [http://gop12.thehill.com/2011/04/trump-explains-conversion-on-abortion.html Trump explains his pro-life conversion]
* 100 groups have signed [http://www.pseagles.com/Coalition_letter_Supreme_Court this coalition letter] re: Trump's [[Trump Supreme Court|nomination to the Supreme Court]].



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{{Conservative Presidents}}
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Tom Cotton

2021-06-27T01:30:01Z

IHateConservatives: Haha

{{Officeholder
|name=Tom Cotton
|image=Tom Cotton official Senate photo.jpg
|party=[[Republican]]
|spouse=Anna Cotton
|religion=[[Methodist]]
|offices=
{{Officeholder/senator
|state=Arkansas
|terms=January 3, 2015 – present
|preceded=[[Mark Pryor]]
|status=j
|succeeded=
}}
{{Officeholder/representative
|district=4th
|state=Arkansas
|terms=January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2015
|preceded=[[Mike Ross]]
|succeeded=[[Bruce Westerman]]
}}
|military=y
|allegiance=United States
|branch=Army
|serviceyears=2005–2009 (active) 2010–2013 (reserve)
|rank=Captain
|unit=506th Infantry Regiment 101st Airborne Division 3rd Infantry Regiment
|battles=[[Iraq War]] [[Afghan War]]
|awards=Bronze Star Medal Combat Infantryman Badge Ranger Tab
}}

'''Thomas Bryant “Tom” Cotton''' (born May 13, 1977 (age {{age|1977|5|13}})) is the current junior senator from [[Arkansas]]. He has mostly held a strongly [[conservative]] voting record in contrast to his colleague [[John Boozman]], who is the state's senior senator. He is a viscious racist who hates protests, freedom and gay rights. He is an authoritarian who has done everything in his power to lock up black people.

Sen. Cotton is viewed as a [[neoconservative]] choice for president in 2024, a rival to other potential bids by [[Texas]] [[Governor]] [[Greg Abbott]] and Senators [[Ted Cruz]] and [[Marco Rubio]].

==U.S. House of Representatives==
Cotton formerly represented [[Arkansas]] in its 4th congressional district. He was first elected to this seat in 2012. A leader against [[Obamacare]], Cotton has hinted that he might support withholding government funding until the Obamacare failure is repealed.

==U.S. Senate==
===2014 election===
He defeated entrenched [[Democrat]] [[Mark Pryor]] for the [[U.S. Senate]] seat in 2014. He took an early lead against Pryor in polls back in August 2013.

===Tenure===
In June 2020, Cotton spearheaded a resolution to condemn the far-left agenda of attempting to [[defund the police]].<ref>Two references:
*[https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/501988-gop-senators-introduce-resolution-opposing-defund-the-police GOP senators introduce resolution opposing calls to defund the police]
*[https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/ted-cruz-and-tom-cotton-introduce-resolution-condemning-defund-the-police-movement Ted Cruz and Tom Cotton introduce resolution condemning 'defund the police' movement]</ref>

Sen. Cotton introduced a bill in mid-June 2020 that would offer cash benefits to exemplary [[police officer]]s.<ref>Two references:
*[https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2020/06/16/exclusive-tom-cotton-introduces-bill-to-provide-cash-rewards-to-good-cops/ Exclusive: Tom Cotton Introduces Bill to Provide Cash Rewards to Good Cops]
*[https://www.foxnews.com/politics/tom-cotton-introduces-bill-to-create-fund-to-give-cash-rewards-to-good-cops Sen. Tom Cotton introduces bill to give cash rewards to good cops]</ref>

===2020 election===
Cotton was easily re-elected in [[2020 U.S. Senate elections|2020]] with over 65% of the votes cast after facing only a [[Libertarian Party|Libertarian]] challenger.<ref>Two references:
*[https://www.politico.com/2020-election/results/arkansas/senate/ Arkansas U.S. Senate results]
*[https://www.businessinsider.com/arkansas-senate-election-2020-live-vote-counts-results-2020 Arkansas' Tom Cotton cruises to 2nd Senate term after not facing a Democratic challenger]</ref>

==Political positions==
Cotton takes conservative stances on immigration, supporting reduced legal immigration levels and stronger border security. He co-sponsored the RAISE Act. Cotton has also defended President Trump's tariffs on China.<ref>Daugherty, Owen (May 13, 2019). [https://thehill.com/policy/international/trade/443409-gop-senator-defends-use-of-tariffs-on-china-sacrifice-by-americans GOP senator defends China tariffs: Sacrifice by Americans 'minimal' compared to soldiers]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved May 13, 2019.</ref>

Late in 2020, however, Cotton disappointed his conservative base when he urged [[U.S. President]] [[Donald Trump]] to concede the election to former Vice President [[Joe Biden]]. He refused to support the challenge to the electoral votes waged January 6 by conservatives objecting to rampant election fraud.

Cotton is notorious for being a warmonger, particularly against China following the emergence of COVID-19.[https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2020/05/06/coulter-lab-theory-of-wuhan-virus-cooked-up-in-a-neocon-lab/]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C001095 Biography] in the ''Biographical Directory of the United States Congress''
*[https://votesmart.org/candidate/135651/tom-cotton#.V-FVo2wVBPY Project Vote Smart profile]
*[https://www.cotton.senate.gov/ Official Senate website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cotton, Tom}}
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Ted Cruz

2021-06-27T01:28:23Z

IHateConservatives: Added truth

{{Officeholder
|name=Ted Cruz
|image=Ted cruz.jpg
|party=[[Republican]]
|spouse=Heidi Cruz
|religion=[[Southern Baptist Convention|Southern Baptist]]
|website=[http://cruz.senate.gov Senate website]
|offices=
{{Officeholder/senator
|state=Texas
|terms=January 3, 2013 – present
|preceded=[[Kay Bailey Hutchison]]
|status=j
|succeeded=
}}
}}

'''Rafael Edward Cruz''', known as '''Ted Cruz''' (born December 22, 1970, in [[Calgary]], Canada) is a racist, homophobic, sexist, and xenophobic junior [[United States Senator]] from [[Texas] who liked a pornographic tweet having won the seat vacated by [[Kay Bailey Hutchison]] in 2012. A [[Republican Party|Republican]], Cruz was a Solicitor General of Texas, the chief lawyer for the state before the [[U.S. Supreme Court]].<ref>Cruz has been listed as an author of more than eighty U.S. Supreme Court briefs and personally argued in nine before the U.S. Supreme Court, plus another 31 before other courts. He graduated ''[[magna cum laude]]'' from [[Harvard Law School]] and served as an editor of the ''[[Harvard Law Review]]''.</ref> A [[globalist]], Cruz supported the Trade Promotion Authority (TPA, also known as "Fast Track").<ref>https://theconservativetreehouse.com/2015/11/11/senator-ted-cruz-did-support-tpa/</ref> Cruz attends the secret [[Koch brothers]]' meetings and advances their agenda without admitting to doing so.<ref>Robillard, Kevin. [https://www.politico.com/story/2017/06/24/koch-brothers-pence-trump-239928 "Koch network ramps up political spending while trying to push Trump team"], Politico, June 24, 2017.</ref> He pandered to the Koch brothers by at first refusing to endorse [[Donald Trump]] for president.

Senator Cruz was the first candidate to announce for president in 2016, He formed multiple political organizations to support his candidacy prior to the official nomination of Trump in the summer of 2016. Cruz considers himself the political heir of [[Ronald Reagan]].<ref>[[Ronald W. Reagan]] lost the Republican nomination for president in 1976, but then won the nomination and the presidency in 1980.</ref> Cruz initially refused during his televised address at the Republican National Convention in [[Cleveland, Ohio]], to endorse Trump. He was loudly booed by the audience for his stance.<ref>[http://www.conservativehq.com/node/23643 Analysis by Richard Viguerie, a former Cruz supporter]</ref> Eventually, Cruz did endorse Trump,<ref>https://www.newsmax.com/Newsfront/Ted-Cruz-Endorses-Donald-Trump/2016/09/23/id/749888 Retrieved September 24, 2016</ref> but not before becoming the recipient of anger and disdain from many for his hesitation.

Cruz's wife, Heidi, is an executive for [[Goldman Sachs]] and was on leave from that [[liberal]] investment bank during the campaign, where she played a dominant strategically and for defining policy positions and fundraising. Ted Cruz has sided with some [[feminist]] positions. Heidi has been a member of the globalist [[Council on Foreign Relations]] and was on the task force that recommended the [[leftist]] [[North American Union]].<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LkmZ64nmUfE</ref><ref>[http://www.cfr.org/canada/building-north-american-community/p8102 "Building a North American Community/More about this publication"] (May 2005). Council on Foreign Relations website/Canada.</ref> Reportedly neither Ted Cruz nor his wife donated anything to churches, including what they describe as their own church, from 2006 to 2010, the most recent time period Cruz has released.<ref>https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2016-01-30/now-deeply-christian-cruzs-religion-once-wasnt-so-obvious</ref>

Cruz is promoted heavily by [[neocons]] who like his interventionist foreign policy, but some conservatives see more grandstanding than achievement on social issues.

In prior elections, Cruz has been supported by the [[Tea Party movement]], [[Tea Party Express]], [[Club for Growth]], [[FreedomWorks]], Erick Erickson of [[RedState]], [[Mark Levin]], and former [[Alaska]] Governor [[Sarah Palin]], but also by pro-[[homosexual]] donors as discussed below.

In the Texas Senate primary elections of May 29, 2012, Cruz finished second to Lieutenant Governor David Dewhurst, but the nine-candidate Republican field forced a run-off. On July 31, Cruz defeated Dewhurst in a second round of voting. Cruz easily defeated [[Democratic Party|Democrat]] former State Representative Paul Sadler in the general election.

==Early life==
Cruz's father [[Rafael Bienvenido Cruz]] fought alongside [[Fidel Castro]] during the [[Cuban Revolution]] and was imprisoned three years later for his political activities. In 1957, he escaped to the [[United States]]. Today he is a pastor in [[Dallas]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Cruz, Ted|url=http://www.frontpagemag.com/2013/frontpagemag-com/senator-ted-cruz-confronting-the-threat-of-radical-islam/ |title=Senator Ted Cruz: Confronting the threat of radical Islam |work=FrontPage Magazine |date=May 20, 2013 }} See [[FrontPage Magazine]]</ref> Cruz's mother is an American. After Cruz's birth in [[Alberta]], Canada, the family moved to Texas.

Cruz attended [[Princeton]], at which he authored a senior thesis on the [[9th Amendment|9th]] and [[10th Amendment|10th]] Amendments to the [[United States Constitution]], titled "Clipping the Wings of Angels".<ref>[https://archive.org/details/480888-cruz-thesis Ted Cruz's 1992 Princeton Undergrad Thesis], "Clipping the Wings of Angels"</ref>

As a student at [[Harvard Law School]], Cruz was more of a [[libertarian]] than a social conservative.<ref>[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/metro/what-was-ted-cruz-like-at_b_6941178.html "What was Ted Cruz like at Harvard?"] (May 30, 2015). Huffington Post website/''Metro New York'' blog. See [[Huffington Post]].</ref> He graduated ''magna cum laude'', with his ''Juris Doctor'' degree.

Cruz is a [[Southern Baptist Convention|Southern Baptist]], married with two children.

==Texas Solicitor General==
Cruz served as Solicitor General of Texas. In that capacity, he was involved with court cases such as ''[[Medellin v. Texas]]'', ''[[Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow]]'', ''[[League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry]]'', ''[[Van Orden v. Perry]]'', and ''[[D.C. v. Heller]]''.

==Senate career==
Cruz was elected as a member of the Senate in 2012. Beginning on September 24, 2013, Cruz gave a 21-hour speech on the Senate floor against [[Obamacare]]. The speech greatly boosted his national profile and led to denunciations from the [[liberal media]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/25/opinion/the-embarrassment-of-senator-ted-cruz.html |title=The embarrassment of Senator Ted Cruz|publisher=''New York Times'' website|date=September 24, 2013}} See [[New York Times]]</ref> His arguments at the time that once ObamaCare was fully implemented, it would be impossible to repeal it, were shown to be accurate when the GOP had serious trouble agreeing to a repeal-and-replace plan in 2017.<ref>York, Bryan (June 29, 2017). [https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/byron-york-when-ted-cruz-gop-saw-troubled-future-of-obamacare-repeal/article/2627403 Byron York: When Ted Cruz, GOP saw troubled future of Obamacare repeal]. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved June 29, 2017.</ref>

In 2019, Cruz reached out to a far-left member of Congress [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]]. Cruz indicated that he would be willing to work with Cortez to support a lifetime ban on former Members of Congress becoming lobbyists and passing a bill that would make birth control available over the counter.<ref>Pappas, Alex (July 21, 2019). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/ted-cruz-progressive-hero-texan-defies-hardliner-image-with-aoc-cooperation-and-more Ted Cruz, progressive hero? Texan defies hard-liner image with AOC cooperation and more]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved January 15, 2021.</ref>
On January 6, 2021, Ted Cruz downplayed a violent coup attempt against the United States government and supported efforts to prevent the winner of the 2020 election from taking office.

In 2021, Cruz called the second impeachment of President Donald Trump by the Democrat-controlled U.S. House vindictive and punitive, adding that Democrats seem obsessed with hatred for Trump.<ref>Mena, Bryan. [https://www.texastribune.org/2021/01/25/ted-cruz-john-cornyn-impeachment-trial-donald-trump/ Ted Cruz, John Cornyn come out against Donald Trump's second impeachment trial], ''Texas Tribune'', January 25, 2021.</ref>

On January 6, 2021, Cruz signed a statement by [[Paul Gosar]] and rose alongside him to object to electoral certification of the state of [[Arizona]].<ref>https://nationalfile.com/breaking-paul-gosar-and-ted-cruz-object-to-arizona-electors-receive-uproarious-applause/</ref> He subsequently explained his reasoning in a fiery five-minute speech.<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=42xJ3Mcthhg</ref> Cruz also joined [[Josh Hawley]]’s and Scott Perry’s<ref>https://nypost.com/2021/01/07/sen-josh-hawley-objects-to-pa-electors/</ref> objection to electoral certification of the state of [[Pennsylvania]].<ref>https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2021/01/six-six-gop-senators-stood-president-arizona-election-results/</ref>

==Campaigns financed by substantial pro-[[homosexual]] donations==

The ''Texas Tribune'' determined in 2012 that Ted Cruz's:<ref>Root, Jay (July 3, 2012). [https://www.texastribune.org/2012/07/03/ted-cruzs-gay-billionaire-donor-draws-criticism/ "Cruz mega-donor is gay, pro-pot billionaire"]. The Texas Tribune website.</ref>
{{cquote|largest longtime contributor is a gay billionaire who supports same-sex marriage and [[marijuana]] legalization, campaign finance filings show. Peter Thiel, a [[Germany|German]]-born hedge fund manager and founder of the online payment system [[PayPal]], gave Cruz $251,000 in 2009 for his aborted run for attorney general. The money represented 19 percent of the total raised for that campaign, which Cruz ended after Attorney General [[Greg Abbott]] decided to run for re-election.}}

The ''Texas Monthly'' ran a similar exposé entitled, "Ted Cruz's Gay Marriage Money." This article described how one of Cruz's donors has been:<ref>Ratcliffe, R. G. (March 22, 2015). [http://www.texasmonthly.com/burka-blog/ted-cruzs-gay-marriage-money "Ted Cruz's gay marriage money"]. ''TexasMonthly'' website.</ref>
{{cquote|Paul Elliott Singer of the hedge fund Elliott Management Corporation. Singer, whose son married his partner, donated $425,000 and raised another $500,000 to push for legalization of same-sex marriage in [[New York]]. In 2012, Singer donated $1 million to the American Unity PAC, with the purpose of supporting candidates who back gay marriage. Singer gave Cruz $25,000 in 2009.}}

In April, the ''[[New York Times]]'' ran an article about the special fundraising meeting that Cruz had in [[Manhattan]] with homosexual potential donors: "At New York Reception, Ted Cruz Said to Strike Different Tone Toward Gays."

== Judicial nominees ==
[[File:Ted Cruz speaking in Des Moines.jpg|thumb|Cruz speaking at the Iowa GOP's Growth and Opportunity Party in Des Moines on October 31, 2015.]]
Ted Cruz recommended Judge Gregg Costa for nomination and confirmation to the [[Fifth Circuit|U.S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals]].<ref>[http://www.cruz.senate.gov/?p=news&id=1288 "''Dallas Morning News'': Senate confirms Cornyn and Cruz pick for appeals court"] (May 20, 2014). Ted Cruz U.S. Senate webpage/Press office/News.</ref> As a Senator from Texas, Cruz could have blocked the nomination. Instead, Cruz's support made it happen.

Within five months of his confirmation in May 2014, Judge Costa then voted in favor of rehearing [[Planned Parenthood]]'s case in their attempt to reverse a Fifth Circuit's ruling that had upheld the pro-women, pro-life Texas House Bill 2, a good law that resulted in the closure of roughly half the abortion clinics in Texas. Judge Edith Jones and the majority of the Fifth Circuit outvoted Costa on the petition for rehearing ''en banc'' in ''Planned Parenthood of Greater Tex. Surgical Health Servs. v. Abbott''.<ref>{{Cite court|litigants=Planned Parenthood of Greater Tex. Surgical Health Servs. v. Abbott|url=http://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/13/13-51008-CV2.pdf|vol=Vol. 769|reporter=''Federal Reporter'', 3rd series|opinion=Opinion 330|pinpoint=p. 2|date=October 9, 2014|court=United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit}} Retrieved from United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit website on February 6, 2016.</ref>

It was obvious prior to Ted Cruz's recommendation that Judge Costa was not [[pro-life]]. In one of his decisions as a [[United States District Courts|United States district court]] judge in 2012, Judge Costa uncritically cited ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'' for a procedural point. Judge Costa had also been a Democrat volunteer in college in the 1990s.

==2016 presidential race==
[[File:Senator of Texas Ted Cruz at New England College Town Hall Meeting.jpg|thumb|Cruz speaking at a Town Hall Meeting at New England College in Henniker, New Hampshire on February 3, 2016.]]
On March 23, 2015, Cruz became the first person to announce his candidacy for the [[Republican]] nomination for president in [[2016 presidential election|2016]] in a speech before an audience at [[Liberty University]].<ref>[https://www.c-span.org/video/?324979-1/ted-cruz-presidential-campaign-announcement "Ted Cruz presidential campaign announcement"] (March 23, 2015). C-SPAN video, 38:18. See [[C-SPAN]]</ref> The predictable liberal media immediately went on the offense claiming he has no chance but was in awe of his speech without [[teleprompter]]s.{{fact}} His wife would take a leave of absence from her job at Goldman Sachs to join her husband on the campaign trail. This decision left his family without health insurance. Cruz, by law, has to be insured and took Obamacare coverage. This drove the media batty at the irony of railing against Obamacare but using it.{{fact}}

Cruz would raise $4 million in donations after the first week of his announcement. Liberal media jaws hit the floor when it was learned he raised $31 million in one week from [[PAC]]s.<ref>{{cite web |last=Boyle |first=Matthew |url=https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2015/04/08/mark-halperin-unprecedented-31-million-super-pac-effort-backing-ted-cruz-for-president/ |title=Mark Halperin: Unprecedented $31 million super PAC effort backing Ted Cruz for president|publisher=Breitbart News Network/Big government|date=April 8, 2015 }} See [[Breitbart News Network]]</ref>

====Eligibility====
The same liberals who mocked opponents of Obama for claiming he was not born in [[Hawaii]] have decided to make the same case against Cruz for being born in Canada. Cruz's mother being an American citizen (even though she voted in Canadian elections), just like Obama's mother, insures that he is American no matter what country he was born in. There are several differences in Obama/Cruz birth certificate controversies. Cruz released his immediately after it was requested. Obama held onto his for years, spending nearly $4 million in legal fees.{{fact}} Cruz renounced his Canadian citizenship on May 14, 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2013/08/19/cruz-will-renounce-canadian-citizenship/?wprss=rss_homepage|title=Cruz Will Renounce Canadian Citizenship|last=Blake|first=Aaron|date=August 19, 2013|work=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=February 6, 2016}}</ref>

==Political positions==
Cruz opposes [[illegal immigration]],<ref>[http://www.ontheissues.org/international/Ted_Cruz_Immigration.htm "Ted Cruz on immigration"] (January 20, 2015). On the Issues website.</ref> [[gun control]] and [[homosexuality]]. He is [[pro-life]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Bair |first=Andrew |url=https://www.lifenews.com/2013/06/05/pro-life-senator-ted-cruz-to-address-national-right-to-life-convention/ |title=Pro-life Senator Ted Cruz to address National Right to Life Convention |publisher=LifeNews.com|date= June 5, 2013 }} See [[LifeNews.com]]</ref> supports the [[death penalty]]<ref>[http://www.ontheissues.org/senate/Ted_Cruz.htm#Crime "Ted Cruz on the issues/Ted Cruz on crime"] (February 2015). On the Issues website.</ref> and believes that the [[USA]] should not get involved in the [[Syrian Civil War]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Tomasky |first=Michael |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/09/09/marco-rubio-ted-cruz-and-their-craven-and-brazen-hypocrisy-on-syria.html |title=Marco Rubio, Ted Cruz, and their craven and brazen hypocrisy on Syria|work=The Daily Beast |date=September 9, 2013 }} See [[The Daily Beast]]</ref>

Cruz has effectively criticized [[RINO]]s, calling them "squishes."<ref>{{cite web |last=Weiner |first=Rachel |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2013/04/29/ted-cruz-mocks-squishes-in-republican-party/ |title=Ted Cruz mocks Senate Republican ‘squishes’|work=Washington Post|date=April 29, 2013 }} See [[Washington Post]]</ref>

Showing his support for [[Taiwan]] over the communist and authoritarian [[People's Republic of China]], Cruz met with the Taiwanese president in January 2017, along with Texas governor [[Greg Abbott]], even after China sent a statement asking members of Congress not to do so.<ref>{{cite web | title=Cruz Meets with Taiwanese President, Blasts China | url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/01/08/cruz-meets-with-taiwanese-president-blasts-china.html | date=January 8, 2017 | publisher=[[Fox News]] | accessdate=January 14, 2017}}</ref>

Border Patrol agents have spoken highly of Cruz for advocating for them and a secure border with [[Mexico]].<ref>Price, Bob (July 25, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/texas/2017/07/25/ted-cruz-advocate-congress-says-border-patrol-agent/ Ted Cruz is Our Advocate in Congress, Says Border Patrol Agent]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 25, 2017.</ref>

Despite voicing support for protecting American [[sovereignty]], Cruz hypocritically supports [[NAFTA]] despite it being a threat to sovereignty.<ref>Byas, Steve (November 8, 2017). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/foreign-policy/item/27329-cruz-support-for-nafta-contradicts-his-passion-for-national-sovereignty Cruz Support for NAFTA Contradicts His “Passion” for National Sovereignty]. ''The New American''. Retrieved November 25, 2017.</ref>

The right has argued that Ted Cruz is a RINO,<ref>https://themoderatevoice.com/speaking-of-trickery-ted-cruz-is-a-rino/amp/</ref> while the left has admitted he would have been "worse than Trump" as president, due to his [[establishment]] conservatism.<ref>https://www.latimes.com/opinion/topoftheticket/la-na-tt-president-cruz-20160309-story.html</ref><ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/30/opinion/the-one-thing-worse-than-trump.html</ref><ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/how-cruz-is-more-dangerous-than-trump/2015/12/15/00a425fa-a360-11e5-9c4e-be37f66848bb_story.html</ref>

==Best selling author==
[[The New York Times|The ''New York Times'']] has engaged in a scheme to keep Cruz's book off of its bestseller list.<ref>{{cite web |last=Howerton |first=Jason |url=https://www.theblaze.com/stories/2015/07/09/despite-stellar-sales-new-york-times-keeps-ted-cruzs-new-book-off-bestseller-list-heres-the-excuse-given/ |title=Despite stellar sales, ''New York Times'' keeps Ted Cruz’s new book off bestseller list—here’s the excuse given|publisher=The Blaze website|date=July 9, 2015 }} See [[The Blaze]].</ref> At issue was the practice of some politicians to pre-purchase a large quantity of books for use by their campaigns with the hope that those purchases would place the books on the bestseller list for one week. The ''New York Times'' tries to exclude those bulk campaign purchases from the totals used to determine which books have the top sales. The question is whether the bestseller list shows what books the public buys rather than which books the politicians give away.

==2018 reelection bid==

In his bid for a second term in the Senate in the November 6 general election, Cruz narrowly defeated the outgoing Democratic U.S. Representative [[Beto O'Rourke]] of [[El Paso]] by about two and one-half percent. Cruz received 50.89% of the vote and O'Rourke received 48.33%.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=November 6, 2018 |work=State of Texas, Office of the Secretary of State |url=https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist331_state.htm |title=Race Summary Report, 2018 General Election |location=[[Austin, Texas]] |access-date=January 15, 2021}}</ref> In the primary held on March 6, 2018, Cruz defeated four weak intra-party opponents. He polled 1,317,450 votes (85.3 percent). In the Democratic primary, O'Rourke received 641,337 votes (61.8 percent). Some 506,000 more Republicans voted in the Texas primary than did Democrats. The liberal O'Rourke, who unlike Cruz is not Hispanic, was believed to be a potentially strong opponent because of favorable media coverage, strong fund-raising, large crowds at campaign rallies, and respectable opinion polling. O'Rourke was said to resemble "a Kennedy," referring to the popular [[Massachusetts]] family of liberal politicians. In July, the magazine ''Politico'' declared that "Beto-mania" was sweeping Texas, an early warning to Senator Cruz that he could be unseated in a considerable "blue wave" across the Lone Star State.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/07/09/beto-mania-sweeps-texas-218961|title=Beto-mania Sweeps Texas|publisher=''Politico'' magazine|date=July 9, 2018|author=Ben Schreckinger|accessdate=July 13, 2018}}</ref> The "blue wave in Texas toppled more than a dozen state legislators and two U.S. Representatives. It also produced Democratic sweeps in the large urban areas, particularly at the judicial level.

''Texas Conservative Review,'' edited in Houston by [[Gary Polland]], in August 2018 called upon Cruz to conduct a more active campaign than he had done thus far to retain his Senate seat:
<blockquote>
…Conservatives are increasingly concerned about the fate of Senator Ted Cruz. The race is a critical one on the ballot. Cruz's opponent, left-wing Congressman O'Rourke is out-running Cruz, out-campaigning Cruz and out-personalizing Cruz. Where is the beef, we are asking what happened to making this race about Texas vs. California values? What happened to making the race about Cruz's mainstream values vs. O'Rourke's out-of-step leftist values? Where is the Ted Cruz we know and love from his campaign six years ago and from his campaign for President? 

If O'Rourke is allowed to make this race about personality and showing up all over, Cruz will lose. Yes, he needs more money, but first, the fighter Ted Cruz needs to re-emerge now.<ref>''Texas Conservative Review'', Vol. XVII No. 20, August 24, 2018.</ref></blockquote>

==Quote==
* "Tonight's ([[Barack Hussein Obama]]) speech was less a State of the Union and more a state of denial." (January 12, 2016)

* "If standing for liberty and standing for the Constitution makes you a wacko bird, then count me a proud wacko bird." (A response to "moderate" [[John McCain]]'s attack on conservatives)<ref>[https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2013/03/16/ted-cruz-count-me-a-proud-wacko-bird/ Cruz: 'Count Me a Proud Wacko Bird' for Standing with Rand], [[Breitbart.com]]</ref>

==Books==
''A Time for Truth: Reigniting the Promise of America'' (2015) 
''Ted Cruz: For God and Country'' (2015)

==See also==
* [[Senate Elections 2012]]
* [[Senate Conservatives Fund]]
* [[Salazar v. Buono]]

==External links==
* [http://www.tedcruz.org/ Official Senate campaign website]
* [https://www.facebook.com/tedcruzpage facebook page]
* [https://twitter.com/#!/tedcruz Twitter page]
* [http://www.tedcruz.org/media/videos/ Ted Cruz Videos]
* [https://www.tedcruz.org Ted Cruz 2016 campaign website]

Article:

* [https://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/07/06/ted-cruzs-father-delivers-epic-speech-touting-patriotism-and-lambasting-obamas-socialist-inclinations/ Ted Cruz’s father delivers epic speech touting patriotism and lambasting Obama’s ‘socialist’ inclinations]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Conservatism}}

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