Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Age of consent for sex

2007-10-19T23:24:11Z

Horace15:

The age of consent for sex is the age at which one is legally competent to submit to sexual intercourse. The median age for this in most countries seems to be 16 to 18, however ages ranging from 12 to 21 do exist. Some countries do not have age of consent laws but instead ban sex outside of marriage completely. To have sexual relations with someone below the age of consent is a crime (called statutory rape in some jurisdictions) because someone below the requisite age is considered, by law, incapable of consenting to the sexual act.

In certain countries, [[homosexual]] activities have a different, usually higher, age of consent.{{fact}}

Ages of consent in various countries

France-16

United Kingdom
England-16
Wales-16
Scotland-16
Northern Ireland-17

USA
Indiana-16
Wisconsin-18
Texas-17

[[category:law]]

Curtis Hutson

2007-10-19T23:06:25Z

Horace15: Spelling

'''Curtis Hutson''' (July 10, 1934 - March 5, 1995) was an Independent [[Baptist]] pastor, dynamic evangelist, editor of [[The Sword of the Lord]] (1980-1995), succeeding its founder, John R. Rice, in 1980.

== Early Life ==
In 1961 a mail carrier and pastor of a very small church attended a Sword of the Lord Conference, got on fire, gave up his route and set out to build a great soul-winning work for God. Forrest Hills Baptist Church of Decatur, Georgia, grew from 40 people into a membership of 7,900. In 1972 the church was recognized as the fastest-growing Sunday school in America; and the last four years of his pastorate there, the Sunday school was recognized as the largest one in Georgia.

After being a pastor for 21 years, Dr. Hutson--the great soul winner that he was--became so burdened for the whole nation that he entered full-time evangelism, holding great citywide-areawide-cooperative revivals in some of America's greatest churches. As many as 625 precious souls trusted Christ in a single service. In one eight-day meeting, 1,502 salvation decisions were recorded.

== [[The Sword of the Lord]] ==
At the request of Dr. [[John R. Rice]], Dr. Hutson became Associate Editor of The Sword of the Lord in 1978, serving in that capacity until the death of Dr. Rice in 1980.

As an editor, Dr. Hutson kept ''The Sword'' unapologetically on an uncompromising path, and he spoke out clearly and unmistakably on the issues that affect fundamentalists, warning against the message of liberals and modernists.

As a fundamentalist he held to the great cardinal doctrines of the Faith: the verbal inspiration of the Bible in its original autographs; the virgin birth and deity of Christ; His vicarious death for sin; His physical resurrection; salvation by grace through faith; and the visible second coming of Christ. He was a believer in ecclesiastical and personal separation.

He died at his home in Murfreesboro on a Sunday night at 11:15 p.m. The news of his death brought a sense of great loss to fundamental circles around the country. His funeral was conducted on March 7th at Franklin Road Baptist Church in Murfreesboro. Speakers included Clyde Box, Tom Malone, Shelton Smith, John Powell, Clarence Sexton, R.B. Ouellette, Jack Hyles and John Reynolds. The three Hutson daughters sang "I'm Sailing Away" for their father. He was buried the following day in Atlanta with a great crowd of people at the graveside service.

== Quotes ==
<blockquote>
"God give us in government some born-again, blood-washed believers who have a backbone made of iron and a will of steel, who will govern by Bible principles and who will stand up for the right things in this country."
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
"A lot of people teach that Jesus' death on the cross was necessary but that it was not enough. But Jesus didn't come to help you save yourself; He came to save sinners. He didn't make the down payment and say, 'All right, here is the installment book. Make sure you keep up the payments.' No, He paid it. In spinning a robe of your own righteousness, before the sun goes down you will find it all unraveled. He didn't come to show me how to save myself; He came to save me. He didn't come to help me save myself; He came to save me. Take your hands off it. Don't touch it. Accept it like it is. Receive it as a free gift from God Almighty and be saved!"
</blockquote>

== Works ==
*''Bread for Believers'' (ISBN 0-87398-082-4)
*''Building and Battling'' (ISBN 0-87398-068-9)
*''Death So Soon, Heaven So Real''
*''Ingredients of a Great Church'' (ISBN 0-87398-404-8)
*''Punch Lines'' (ISBN 0-87398-665-2)
*''Salvation Crystal Clear'' (ISBN 0-87398-795-0)
*''Some Things I've Learned'' (ISBN 0-87398-765-9)
*''Twelve Chosen Men Who Changed the World'' (ISBN 0-87398-027-1)
*''Winning Souls and Getting Them Down the Aisle'' (ISBN 0-87398-928-7)

== External Links ==
* [http://www.swordofthelord.com/ The Sword of the Lord]
* [http://www.swordofthelord.com/biographies/HutsonCurtis.htm Official Short Biography of Curtis Hutson]
* [http://www.earnestlycontending.com/KT/bios/curtishutson.html Earnestly Contending's Bio of Curtis Hutson]
* [http://www.gotothebible.com/HTML/HutsonCurtis.html Some works by Curtis Hutson]

[[Category: Religion]][[Category: Biography]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hutson, Curtis}}

National Rifle Association

2007-10-19T23:04:46Z

Horace15: Human rights? Not in the generally accepted meaning of that term.

[[Image:National Rifle Association logo.png|National Rifle Association logo|thumb|250px]]
The '''National Rifle Association''' (or '''NRA''') is an advocacy organization of Americans who are interested in shooting sports. It runs training classes in gun use and safety, and publishes magazines of interest to gun owners. It is also dedicated to protecting Americans' [[Second Amendment]] rights.

The NRA was founded after the [[American Civil War]] by former Union soldiers seeking to improve the shooting skills of the population at large.

The NRA claims non-partisan and has endorsed more often than not [[Republican Party|Republicans]] rather than [[Democratic Party|Democrats]].

<h2>Assault weapon ban of 1994</h2>
In 2004 the NRA successfully opposed renewal of the federal assault weapons ban of 1994, which banned many features of certain semiautomatic rifles and certain types of removable magazines, against a campaign to make the ban permanent and expand it. The ban expired at midnight, September 13, 2004.

==External Links==

* [http://www.nra.org National Rifle Association]

==References==
<references/>

[[category:Politics]]

Battle of Gallipoli

2007-10-19T01:47:45Z

Horace15: Redirecting to Gallipoli Campaign

#REDIRECT [[Gallipoli Campaign]]

Gallipoli Campaign

2007-10-19T01:46:32Z

Horace15: New page: '''Gallipoli Campaign''' In 1915, Winston Churchill, then First Lord of the Admiralty, proposed a daring plan to attack the Dardanelles, a narrow section of ocean south of what is...

'''Gallipoli Campaign'''

In 1915, [[Winston Churchill]], then First Lord of the Admiralty, proposed a daring plan to attack the [[Dardanelles]], a narrow section of ocean south of what is now Turkey, in order to open a supply route to [[Russia]]. Unfortunately, he made his plans based of bad intelligence.

A preliminary attack was launched in February of 1915, bombarding the artillery of the Ottoman Empire. However, in March, a fleet of [[British]] and [[French]] warships attempted to navigate the Dardanelles and ran into mines at its narrowest point (which is only a mile wide).

The British and Churchill, not wanting to admit defeat, diverted British, Australian, New Zealander and French troops from training in [[Egypt]] to their campaign in Turkey. Putting together an amphibious Allied force, a plan was put together to land on the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli on April 25. Although the Allies greatly outnumbered the Turks, poor counter-intelligence efforts by the Allies allowed the [[Ottoman Empire]] to resupply and reinforce the Gallipoli peninsula. Additionally, the Allies did not understand the terrain adequately and suffered from limited knowledge of their enemy. The Turkish soldiers were also very tenacious and very able fighters. However, the bloody-mindedness of the British commanders led to nine months wasted on the peninsula, with 44,000 deaths among over 100,000 casualties.

[[Category:World War I]]

Friedrich Nietzsche

2007-10-19T01:36:48Z

Horace15:

[[Image:nietzsche2.jpg|right|250px|thumb]]
'''Friedrich Nietzsche''' (1844-1900) was a [[Germany|German]] [[atheism|atheist]] philosopher whose work set a foundation for the [[existentialism|existentialist]] movement of the 1900s.<ref>[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nietzsche/ Stanford's Biography on Nietzsche]</ref> Nietzsche was critical of religion in general, though especially Christianity, which he described as the "religion of pity."<ref>[http://www.quotationspage.com/quotes/Friedrich_Nietzsche/ Nietzsche Quotations]</ref> Nietzsche is famous for his anguish declaration that “God is dead” because human have killed him by their actions; Nietzsche thus suggested ways for human to cope with this loose of the idea of "Good" and "Evil". Nietzsche suffered a mental collapse in 1889, and spent the last ten years of his life unable to care for himself. During this time, his sister Elizabeth Förster-Nietzsche took over his affairs, and worked to falsify and re-edit his writings in order to support her virulent anti-Semitism (a view which Nietzsche consistently abhorred, and often mocked, during his lifetime). It was her distorted version of culled and misquoted statements which later provided an intellectual fig leaf for the Nazis and Italian Fascists.

The ''Übermensch'' (overhuman, superhuman) was a literary device used in his magnum opus, "[[Thus Spoke Zarathustra]]". The Overman was to be a new kind of being which would overcome resentment and affirm the Eternal Recurrence of the same.

The statement "God is dead" first appeared in Nietzsche's "[[The Gay Science]]", in Aphorism 108, titled "New Struggles". This very anti-Christian aphorism compares God's death to Buddha's, and implores the reader to take up the task of vanquishing the dead God's shadow. Some argue Nietzsche was not actually anti-Christian, but unfortunately this Aphorism leaves little room to claim it. There is a common misconception that the first appearance of "God is dead" comes later in "[[The Gay Science]]" but the text is clear.

Nietzsche's father Carl Ludwig Nietzsche, was a [[Lutheran]] pastor.

In his first Papal Encyclical, "Deus Caritas Est" (God is Charity/Love) [[Pope Benedict XVI]] quotes from Nietzche's ''Beyond Good and Evil'', taking very seriously Nietzsche's claim that the Church has poisoned ''eros'' (love) with dogma, and responding to it.

==On Morality==
Friedrich Nietzsche argued that [[rational egalitarianism]] denies [[creativity]], and reason cannot create values and morality, attempt to do so would only lead to [[nihilism]]. Therefore morality has been imposed.

Friedrich Nietzsche wrote "Morality is the herd-instinct in the individual.", "With morality, the individual can only ascribe value to himself as a function of the herd", "I submit that egoism belongs to the essence of a noble soul ... and has its basis in the primary law of things", "all morality is partisan; just as any legal system will favor certain behavior against others", "who else should we wish to serve, if not ourselves?" and "Whoever battles monsters should take care not to become a monster too, for if you stare long enough into the Abyss, the Abyss stares back into you."

==On Science and Knowledge==
Friedrich Nietzsche wrote "I mistrust all systemizers and avoid them; the will to systematize is a lack of integrity", "there is no pre-established harmony between the furtherance of truth and the well-being of mankind", "the free-spirit is brought into disrepute chiefly by scholars who miss their thoroughness and ant-like industry in his art of regarding things", "there are many things I do not wish to know, wisdom sets a limit on knowledge too", "the fact that science as we practice it today is possible proves that the elementary instinct which protect life have ceased to function", "we have arranged for ourselves a world in which we are able to live with postulation of bodies, lines, surfaces, causes, and effects, motion and rest, form and content: without these articles of faith, nobody could manage to live", "the irrationality of a thing is no argument against its existence, rather a condition for it", "[too much knowledge causes us to] choke on our own reason", "creed of nihilism which I see everywhere is the result of too much learning" and "Any truth which threatens life is no truth at all, it is an error".

==On Politics==
Friedrich Nietzsche wrote "As a political subject, it is an illusion to ask myself what I require from the state. In reality, it is a question of what the state requires from me", "culture and the state are antagonistic", "clearly, the individual will is forfeit to the demands of government - a kind of political Darwinism. The herd triumphs again, this time under the banner of the state", "socialism is the fantastic younger brother of an almost decrepit despotism, which it wants to succeeded", "the doctrine of free will is an invention of the ruling classes" and "madness is something rare in individuals; but in groups, parties, ages, it is the rule".

==On Women==
Friedrich Nietzsche wrote "Women are essentially unpeaceful" and "Man is for woman a means; the purpose is always a child. But what is woman for man?"

==On Philosophy==
Friedrich Nietzsche wrote "Philosophy is the dressing-up in rational argument of moral beliefs, intuitions and desires".

==On Religion==
Friedrich Nietzsche wrote "the religious nature follows the path of self-denial" and "they honored something in themselves when they honored the saint ... self mastery and the will to power".

Thus Friedrich Nietzsche viewed [[Moses]], [[Jesus]], [[Buddha]], [[Homer]] etc, not as religious figures, but as creators of an archaic moral framework, which had lost its authority as Europe began to become secular.

==See Also==
[[nihilism]]

==References==
*[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nietzsche/ Entry on Nietzsche from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
*[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nietzsche-moral-political/ Entry on Nietzsche's Moral and Political Philosophy from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
*[https://www.dartmouth.edu/~fnchron/index.html Nietzsche Chronicle]
*[http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/452786.html Nietzsche: The Problem of Autumn]
*[http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=816224 "The Case for Nietzschean Moral Psychology"]
*[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20051225_deus-caritas-est_en.html#_ftnref1 ''Deus Caritas Est'', from the Vatican website]
*[http://www.amazon.com/Introducing-Nietzsche-Third-Introducing-Laurence/dp/1840466278/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1/103-5268663-4749443?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1179639544&sr=1-1 Introducing Nietzsche, Third Edition by Laurence Gane]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nietzsche, Friedrich}}
[[category:philosophers]]

Friedrich Nietzsche

2007-10-19T01:36:00Z

Horace15: Revert vandalism

[[Image:nietzsche2.jpg|right|250px|thumb]]
'''Friedrich Nietzsche''' (1844-1900) was a [[Germany|German]] [[atheism|atheist]] philosopher whose work set a foundation for the [[existentialism|existentialist]] movement of the 1900s.<ref>[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nietzsche/ Stanford's Biography on Nietzsche]</ref> Nietzsche was critical of religion in general, though especially Christianity, which he described as the "religion of pity."<ref>[http://www.quotationspage.com/quotes/Friedrich_Nietzsche/ Nietzsche Quotations]</ref> Nietzsche is famous for his anguish declaration that “God is dead” because human have killed him by their actions; Nietzsche thus suggested ways for human to cope with this loose of the idea of "Good" and "Evil,". Nietzsche suffered a mental collapse in 1889, and spent the last ten years of his life unable to care for himself. During this time, his sister Elizabeth Förster-Nietzsche took over his affairs, and worked to falsify and re-edit his writings in order to support her virulent anti-Semitism (a view which Nietzsche consistently abhorred, and often mocked, during his lifetime). It was her distorted version of culled and misquoted statements which later provided an intellectual fig leaf for the Nazis and Italian Fascists.

The ''Übermensch'' (overhuman, superhuman) was a literary device used in his magnum opus, "[[Thus Spoke Zarathustra]]". The Overman was to be a new kind of being which would overcome resentment and affirm the Eternal Recurrence of the same.

The statement "God is dead" first appeared in Nietzsche's "[[The Gay Science]]", in Aphorism 108, titled "New Struggles". This very anti-Christian aphorism compares God's death to Buddha's, and implores the reader to take up the task of vanquishing the dead God's shadow. Some argue Nietzsche was not actually anti-Christian, but unfortunately this Aphorism leaves little room to claim it. There is a common misconception that the first appearance of "God is dead" comes later in "[[The Gay Science]]" but the text is clear.

Nietzsche's father Carl Ludwig Nietzsche, was a [[Lutheran]] pastor.

In his first Papal Encyclical, "Deus Caritas Est" (God is Charity/Love) [[Pope Benedict XVI]] quotes from Nietzche's ''Beyond Good and Evil'', taking very seriously Nietzsche's claim that the Church has poisoned ''eros'' (love) with dogma, and responding to it.

==On Morality==
Friedrich Nietzsche argued that [[rational egalitarianism]] denies [[creativity]], and reason cannot create values and morality, attempt to do so would only lead to [[nihilism]]. Therefore morality has been imposed.

Friedrich Nietzsche wrote "Morality is the herd-instinct in the individual.", "With morality, the individual can only ascribe value to himself as a function of the herd", "I submit that egoism belongs to the essence of a noble soul ... and has its basis in the primary law of things", "all morality is partisan; just as any legal system will favor certain behavior against others", "who else should we wish to serve, if not ourselves?" and "Whoever battles monsters should take care not to become a monster too, for if you stare long enough into the Abyss, the Abyss stares back into you."

==On Science and Knowledge==
Friedrich Nietzsche wrote "I mistrust all systemizers and avoid them; the will to systematize is a lack of integrity", "there is no pre-established harmony between the furtherance of truth and the well-being of mankind", "the free-spirit is brought into disrepute chiefly by scholars who miss their thoroughness and ant-like industry in his art of regarding things", "there are many things I do not wish to know, wisdom sets a limit on knowledge too", "the fact that science as we practice it today is possible proves that the elementary instinct which protect life have ceased to function", "we have arranged for ourselves a world in which we are able to live with postulation of bodies, lines, surfaces, causes, and effects, motion and rest, form and content: without these articles of faith, nobody could manage to live", "the irrationality of a thing is no argument against its existence, rather a condition for it", "[too much knowledge causes us to] choke on our own reason", "creed of nihilism which I see everywhere is the result of too much learning" and "Any truth which threatens life is no truth at all, it is an error".

==On Politics==
Friedrich Nietzsche wrote "As a political subject, it is an illusion to ask myself what I require from the state. In reality, it is a question of what the state requires from me", "culture and the state are antagonistic", "clearly, the individual will is forfeit to the demands of government - a kind of political Darwinism. The herd triumphs again, this time under the banner of the state", "socialism is the fantastic younger brother of an almost decrepit despotism, which it wants to succeeded", "the doctrine of free will is an invention of the ruling classes" and "madness is something rare in individuals; but in groups, parties, ages, it is the rule".

==On Women==
Friedrich Nietzsche wrote "Women are essentially unpeaceful" and "Man is for woman a means; the purpose is always a child. But what is woman for man?"

==On Philosophy==
Friedrich Nietzsche wrote "Philosophy is the dressing-up in rational argument of moral beliefs, intuitions and desires".

==On Religion==
Friedrich Nietzsche wrote "the religious nature follows the path of self-denial" and "they honored something in themselves when they honored the saint ... self mastery and the will to power".

Thus Friedrich Nietzsche viewed [[Moses]], [[Jesus]], [[Buddha]], [[Homer]] etc, not as religious figures, but as creators of an archaic moral framework, which had lost its authority as Europe began to become secular.

==See Also==
[[nihilism]]

==References==
*[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nietzsche/ Entry on Nietzsche from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
*[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nietzsche-moral-political/ Entry on Nietzsche's Moral and Political Philosophy from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
*[https://www.dartmouth.edu/~fnchron/index.html Nietzsche Chronicle]
*[http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/452786.html Nietzsche: The Problem of Autumn]
*[http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=816224 "The Case for Nietzschean Moral Psychology"]
*[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20051225_deus-caritas-est_en.html#_ftnref1 ''Deus Caritas Est'', from the Vatican website]
*[http://www.amazon.com/Introducing-Nietzsche-Third-Introducing-Laurence/dp/1840466278/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1/103-5268663-4749443?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1179639544&sr=1-1 Introducing Nietzsche, Third Edition by Laurence Gane]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nietzsche, Friedrich}}
[[category:philosophers]]

World War I

2007-10-19T01:16:14Z

Horace15: /* A Spark Leads to a Fire */

'''World War I''', also known as '''The Great War''', was waged primarily in [[Europe]] from 1914 to 1918. World War I also saw the first use of [[chemical warfare|poison gas]], large artillery, and armored [[tank|tanks]]. It was a "[[total war]]" because the governments involved took control over the economy and factories, giving first priority to the goods needed for war. Wage and price controls were imposed, there was rationing of goods for civilians, and free speech was limited. The governments put out [[propaganda]] to maximize support for the war and dislike of the enemy.

On one side of the war were the [[Central Powers]], [[Austria-Hungary]], the [[Germany]], [[Bulgaria]], and the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The [[Allies]] consisted of the [[Britain|British]] and [[France|French Empires]], the Tsarist [[Russian Empire]](until 1917), [[Italy]], [[Japan]], [[Portugal]], and after 1917, the [[United States]].

=== A Spark Leads to a Fire ===
----
''Main article: [[Causes of World War I]]''

On June 28, 1914, teenage [[Serbia|Serbian]] [[nationalism|nationalist]] [[Gavrilo Princip]] assassinated the Austrian Archduke [[Franz Ferdinand]] and his wife Sophie in [[Sarajevo]]. This action led to Austria-Hungary giving an ultimatum <ref>http://teachers.sduhsd.k12.ca.us/mmontgomery/world_history/world_war1/ultimatum.htm</ref> to Serbia. Serbia agreed to comply with all of the demands, except the ones which violated their sovereignty, and, due to a number of military alliances throughout Europe, a full scale war was soon in progress. Serbia requested support from its ally, [[Russia]], which mobilized its military forces. This mobilization led to [[Germany]] invading both Russia and [[France]] (which had an existing alliance with Russia), which was a part of Germany's [[Schlieffen Plan]] of war on two fronts. En route to France, German forces passed through neutral [[Belgium]]. The violation of this neutrality led [[Britain]] to declare war on Germany. Italy had an alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary, but refused to join the war.

Alternative theories cite the building of the Berlin-Baghdad railway and the problems it would have created for England. <ref>http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA138432</ref>

=== Great Battles of World War I ===
----
World War I consisted mostly of [[trench warfare]]. This method of waging war was very slow and messy. Soldiers might wait in their trenches for weeks, only to advance a few feet and wait in a new trench. There were four important battles which were fought before America joined the war.

'''Gallipoli Campaign'''

In 1915, Winston Churchill, then First Lord of the Admiralty, proposed a daring plan to attack the Dardanelles, a narrow section of ocean south of what is now Turkey, in order to open a supply route to Russia. Unfortunately, he made his plans based of bad intelligence.
A preliminary attack was launched in February of 1915, bombarding artillery of the Ottoman Empire. However, in March, a fleet of British and French warships attempted to navigate the Dardanelles and ran into mines at its narrowest point (which is only a mile wide).
The British and Churchill, not wanting to admit defeat, diverted British, Australian, New Zealander and French troops from training in Egypt to their campaign in Turkey. Putting together an amphibious Allied force, a plan was put together to land on the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli on April 25. Although the Allies greatly outnumbered the Turks, poor counter-intelligence efforts by the Allies allowed the Ottoman Empire to resupply and reinforce the Gallipoli peninsula. Additionally, the Allies did not understand the terrain adequately and suffered from limited knowledge of their enemy. The Turkish soldiers were also very tenacious and very able fighters.
However, the bloody-mindedness of the British commanders led to nine months wasted on the peninsula, with 44,000 deaths among over 100,000 casualties.

'''[[Battle of Verdun]]'''

In 1916, the Battle of Verdun between the French and Germans may have been the most demanding battle in world history. The struggle started when the Germans attacked [[Verdun]], France, a city surrounded by a ring of underground forts. At least 220,000 soldiers died, and at least 480,000 were wounded in this 10-month struggle that accomplished nothing. At the end the front lines were in nearly the same locations as at the beginning.

'''[[Battle of the Somme]]'''

Also in 1916, and also in France, the British and French armies met at the Somme River and began a massive attack on the Germans in order to distract them from [[Verdun]]. This became the Battle of the Somme, and the fighting was even heard across the British channel in England. First the Allies shelled the Germans to weaken them, and then 100,000 British soldiers charged the enemy. But the shelling did not have its intended effect, as the Germans were dug in too deeply to be affected by it. On July 1, 1916, the Germans killed 20,000 of the British soldiers and wounded over 40,000, making it the single worst day in British military history. This battle, which did not succeed in moving trench lines, eventually involved over 2 million men along a 30-mile front. The British and French lost nearly 750,000 men.

'''[[Third Battle of Ypres]]'''

For 18 months the British hid 19 huge land mines underneath the German lines southeast of Ypres, Belgium, a location that had already seen battles in 1914 and 1915. The British then detonated those massive mines, and charged the German positions in July 1917. At first the strategy worked, as the Germans were confused and disorganized. But the British did not pursue the Germans as quickly as they should have. Rain began to drench the area in one of the wettest fall seasons there in years. Soon the British forces were stuck in a mountain of mud, and this Allied plan was yet another failure.

=== The United States Joins the War ===
----
For the first three years of World War I, the United States attempted to stay out of the war. The United States had friends and citizens on both sides of the war, and the wise move was not to move, to remain neutral. When the Germans used a [[U-boat]] to sink the ''[[Lusitania]]'' in 1915, killing over one thousand people, the Americans were outraged. Later, when Britain implemented a naval blockade of Germany, the Germans announced they would sink any ship entering or leaving Britain. They held true to their word and sunk three ships from America with the U-boats. The Germans had taken ads out in most American newspapers, warning Americans that they travelled on British ships at their own risk. However, only the [[Des Moines]] Register ran the ads.<ref> Morgan, Hal. ''More Rumor''. New York: Paradox Press, 1987. </ref>America now had many reasons to fight back, but she was still not ready to join the war.

The German Foreign Minister [[Arthur Zimmermann]] sent an encrypted [[Zimmerman Note|telegram]] to the German ambassador in [[Mexico]] which sought to induce Mexico to declare war on the United States. British intelligence intercepted and deciphered the telegram, however, and gave it to the United States to help the British cause. President [[Woodrow Wilson]] made the contents of the telegram public. The telegram promised that Germany would help Mexico regain land it had lost to the United States in the [[Treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo]] which ended the [[Mexican War]] if it would declare was on the United States. At first, the Americans doubted if the telegram was real and thought it had been forged by the British to make America favor them. But then Zimmermann was foolish enough to promise the pledge to Mexico in a public speech.

The Germans had gone too far. On April 2, 1917, President [[Woodrow Wilson]] spoke in favor of declaring war on Germany in an address to the joint houses of [[Congress]]. Congress then formally declared war on April 6, 1917.<ref>http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/usofficialawardeclaration.htm</ref>

=== Russia ===
----
As the United States was entering the war on the side of the Allies, Russia suffered two successive internal Revolutions which would later caused it to withdraw from the side of the Allies and leave the war altogether. The [[February Revolution]] overthrew the centuries-old monarchy of the Tsar; the [[October Revolution]] installed the [[communist]] [[Bolshevik Party]] under [[V.I. Lenin]]. The lack of success against the German and Austrian Empires, and the hyperinflation caused by unsustainable military spending by the Russian government led to much internal discontent and economic chaos.

Losses and hardship of the war had weakened Russian [[Czar Nicholas II]]. He abdicated the throne in March 1917 in favor of a provisional government headed by [[Alexander Kerensky]]. Hopes for a democratic revolution still existed at this time. But in October 1917, [[Vladimir Ilyich Lenin]], and the [[Communist Party]], which was never strong enough to challenge the Czar, overthrew the fledgling provisional government. The Communists later executed every member of the Czar's family including the children.

Lenin became the founder of the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] state. He was both a writer and a revolutionary, a rare combination. He was the brother of the "bomb thrower" [[Alexander Ulyanov]] who was hanged for his involvement in terrorist activity and an assassination attempt on Czar Alexander III in 1887. An atheist, he became a [[Marxism|Marxist]] in 1889. He obtained a law degree shortly afterwards, and by 1895 was a subversive who was arrested and sent to the Tsarist gulag along the Lena River in frigid Siberia where he adopted the name Lenin after the place of his internment. Once he served his time he left for Zurich, where he developed his ideas further and became a leader of the [[Bolsheviks]]. He was returned to Russia by the Germans in the wake of chaos during the [[Kerensky]] regime with the hope to led the Bolsheviks to power and negotiate a peace settlement with the Germans. After the [[Treaty of Versailles]] failed to recognize the settlement between Germany and the Soviet Union in the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]], he then ruled the Soviet Union and imposed a system of [[Marxism-Leninism]] (communism) that remained in force there until the [[Stalin]]'s rise to power.

=== The Western Front ===
----
The exit of Russia allowed Germany to shift a majority of their troops from the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|eastern front]] to the [[Western Front (World War I)|western front]]. This gave them a final chance to try and break the Allies before the Americans arrived. Known as [[Operation Michael]], the German offensive began in March of 1918.

The Germans launched five major campaigns in a four month period in 1918 on the [[Western Front]]. The Germans had technology and lots of energy. They had elite storm-troopers with automatic rifles, light machine guns, flame-throwers and artillery fire. They used poisonous [[mustard gas]] lavishly. They easily defeated the [[British Fifth Army]]. The Germans were advancing and taking property.

But fresh American troops entered the scene. In the [[Second Battle of the Marne]] in July 1918, the Allies started winning. Nine American divisions fought in this battle about 75 miles northeast of Paris. The Germans started this battle on another one of their offensives, but the Americans turned the tables and enabled the Allies to win it. Casualties were enormous for everyone, including the Americans. Former President [[Teddy Roosevelt]]’s son Quentin was killed in this battle.

American Capt. Jesse Woolridge, 38th Inf., 3rd Division described the battle as follows: “It’s God’s truth that one Company of American soldiers beat and routed a full regiment of picked shock troops of the German Army ... At ten o’clock ... the Germans were carrying back wounded and dead [from] the river bank and we in our exhaustion let them do it - they carried back all but six hundred which we counted later and fifty-two machine guns... We had started with 251 men and 5 lieutenants...I had left 51 men and 2 second lieutenants."

=== The War Ends ===
----
As the Americans and the Allies advanced toward Germany, the Ottoman Turks and Bulgarians surrendered. There was a revolution in Austria-Hungary that overthrew its government, and Germany would not recognize that new government. Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated his throne in Germany on November 1918, and the Germans formed a new republic. Members of the German republic signed an armistice (agreement to stop fighting) on November 11, 1918. The "war to end all wars", was over.

=== Aftermath ===
----
Austria-Hungary was dismantled, mostly along ethnic lines. The Ottoman Empire was also dismantled. For the first time in over 1000 years Palestine was not under [[Muslim control]], as Britain assumed control of the area as a colony. Germany was forced to sign the [[Treaty of Versailles]] accepting full responsibility for the war and had to pay for the entire cost of the war. This led Germany into economic collapse and sowed the seeds for anyone who could get them out of this collapse and restore their pride to be view as almost a savior. Italy felt they were shortchanged in their portion of the spoils and led to a bitterness that would cause them to side with Germany in the years ahead. The initial causes of the war, alliances and imperialism, were not dealt with. Only 20 years after the Treaty of Versailles, [[World War II]] would start.

== Chronology of World War I ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|+
|-
== '''1914''' ==
|-
| June 28 || In [[Sarajevo]], [[Serbia]], [[Austria]]-[[Hungary]] Archduke [[Franz Ferdinand]] is murdered.
|-
| July 28 || War is declared on [[Serbia]] by [[Austria]]-[[Hungary]]
|-
| August 1 || War is declared on [[Russia]] by [[Germany]]
|-
| August 3 || War on [[France]] is declared by [[Germany]]; [[Italy]] remains neutral
|-
| August 4 || [[Belgium]] is invaded by [[Germany]]; War is declared on [[Germany]] by [[Britain]]
|-
| August 5-6 || War is declared on [[Russia]] by [[Austria]]-[[Hungary]]; War is declared on [[Germany]] by [[Serbia]]
|-
| August 12 || [[Serbia]] is invaded by [[Austria]]-[[Hungary]]
|-
| August 17 || [[East Prussia]] is invaded by [[Russia]]
|-
| August 23 || War is declared on [[Germany]] by [[Japan]]
|-
| August 26-29 || [[Russia]] is defeated by [[Germany]] at [[Tannenburg]], [[East Prussia]]
|-
| September 6-10 || Battle of the [[Marne]], [[France]]- [[Germany]] is defeated by [[France]]
|-
| October 19-November 22 || First Battle of [[Ypres]], [[Belgium]]; [[Germany]] is stopped by [[Britain]]
|-
| October 29 || Attacking the [[Russian Black Sea Fleet]], [[Turkey]] enters the war.
|-
| November 5 || War is declared on [[Turkey]] by [[Britain]] and [[France]]
|-
| November 11-25 || [[Russia]] is defeated by [[Germany]] in [[Lodz]], [[Poland]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|+
|-
== '''1915''' ==
|-
| February 23 || Off coast of [[Britain]], first [[German]] submarine attacks occur
|-
| April 22-May 25 || [[Britain]] holds [[Germany]] at [[Second Battle of Ypres]]; poison gas is first used by [[Germany|Germans]]
|-
| April 25 || [[Allies]] land at Gallipoli Peninsula in Turkey
|-
| May 7 || [[''Lusitania'']] is sunk by [[German]] [[U-boat]]
|-
| May 23 || The [[Allies]] are joined by [[Italy]]
|-
| August 5 || [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]] is captured by [[Germany|Germans]]
|-
| August 6 || [[British]] land at [[Suvla Bay]], [[Gallipoli Peninsula]]
|-
| August 20 || War is declared on [[Turkey]] by [[Italy]]
|-
| September 25 || Western Front ([[Artois]], [[Champagne]], and [[Loos]] in France) is attacked by [[Allies]]
|-
| December 8 || Evacuation of [[Gallipoli]] is begun by [[Allies]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|+
|-
== '''1916''' ==
|-
| February 21 || In [[France]], the Battle of [[Verdun]] begins by [[Germany]] attacking [[France]]
|-
| March 9 || War is declared on [[Portugal]] by [[Germany]]
|-
| May 31 || [[North Sea]], battle of [[Jutland]]
|-
| July 1 || Battle of [[Somme]], [[France]] begins
|-
| August 28 || War is declared on [[Romania]] by [[Germany]]
|-
| September 2-3 || [[Britain]] shoots down first [[Zeppelin]] [[German]] airships
|-
| September 15 || [[Tank|Tanks]] used for the first time in war by [[Britain]]
|-
| November 18 || Battle of [[Somme]] ends- [[Britain]] and [[France]] hold the [[Somme River]]
|-
| December 18 || [[France]] defeats [[Germany]], Battle of [[Verdun]] ends
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|+
|-
== '''1917''' ==
|-
| January || [[Palestine]] is entered by [[Britain]]
|-
| February || [[Germany]] declares unrestricted [[U-boat]] warfare and sinks five [[American]] ships
|-
| March 12 || [[Russian Revolution]] begins
|-
| April 6 || War is declared on [[Germany]] by the [[United States]]
|-
| April 9 || Battle of [[Arras]], [[France]]
|-
| April 10 || [[Vimy Ridge]], [[France]] is captured by [[Canadians]]
|-
| April 16-May 9 || [[French]] attack on Second Battle of [[Aisne River]], [[France]]
|-
| May 25 || In Britain, daylight bombing raids begin
|-
| June 7 || [[Messines Ridge]], [[Belgium]] is attacked by [[British]]
|-
| July 31-November 6 || [[British]] against [[Germans]]- third Battle of [[Ypres]]
|-
| November 6-7 || [[Passchendaele]] is captured by [[Canadians]], ending Battle of [[Ypres]]; [[Bolshevik revolution]] begins in [[Russia]]
|-
| November 20 || [[British]] use large number of tanks to win Battle of [[Cambrai]]
|-
| December 9 || [[Jerusalem]] in [[Middle East]] is captured by [[British]]; [[Romania]] and [[Central Powers]] make [[Armistice]] (a cease-fire before signing a peace treaty)
|-
| December 15 || [[Armistice]] between [[Russia]] and [[Central Powers]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|+
|-
== '''1918''' ==
|-
| January 18 || [[Fourteen-point Peace Plan]] is proposed by [[Woodrow Wilson|President Woodrow Wilson]]
|-
| April 9 || [[Germans]] begin attack in northern [[France]]
|-
| May 27-30 || [[Allies|Allied]] line on the [[Marne River]] is broken by [[Germans]]
|-
| August 8 || [[Germans]] are routed by [[Allies]] at Battle of [[Amiens]]
|-
| September 26 || Final [[Allies|Allied]] attack begins
|-
| October 1 || [[Damascus]], [[Syria]] is captured by [[British]]
|-
| October 30 || [[Italy]] defeats [[[Austria]]-[[Hungary]] at Battle of [[Vittorio Veneto]]; [[Armistice]] is signed by [[Turkey]]
|-
| November 3 || [[Armistice]] is signed by [[Austria]]-[[Hungary]]
|-
| November 9 || Revolution in [[Berlin]], [[Germany]]; throne is given up by [[Kaiser Wilhelm II]], [[Germany]] becomes a republic
|-
| November 11 || [[Armistice]] is signed by [[Germany]]; War on [[Western Front]] ends
|}

==Further reading==
*''War By Time-Table: How the First World War Began'', A.J.P. Taylor, New York: American Heritage, 1969.

==References==

<references/>

[[Category:Wars]]
[[Category:World War I| ]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.onpower.org/history_wwi.html/ World War I]
* [http://www.independent.org/newsroom/article.asp?id=1345 "American Foreign Policy: The Turning Point, 1898–1919," by Ralph Raico]
* [http://www.independent.org/publications/working_papers/article.asp?id=1499 "Government and the Economy: The World Wars," by Robert Higgs]
* [http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard91.html "War Collectivism in World War I," by Murray N. Rothbard]
* [http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?issueID=40&articleID=506 "The Great War Retold," by Ralph Raico]

World War I

2007-10-19T01:09:05Z

Horace15: Churchill an admiral??? "Battle" of Gallipoli?

'''World War I''', also known as '''The Great War''', was waged primarily in [[Europe]] from 1914 to 1918. World War I also saw the first use of [[chemical warfare|poison gas]], large artillery, and armored [[tank|tanks]]. It was a "[[total war]]" because the governments involved took control over the economy and factories, giving first priority to the goods needed for war. Wage and price controls were imposed, there was rationing of goods for civilians, and free speech was limited. The governments put out [[propaganda]] to maximize support for the war and dislike of the enemy.

On one side of the war were the [[Central Powers]], [[Austria-Hungary]], the [[Germany]], [[Bulgaria]], and the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The [[Allies]] consisted of the [[Britain|British]] and [[France|French Empires]], the Tsarist [[Russian Empire]](until 1917), [[Italy]], [[Japan]], [[Portugal]], and after 1917, the [[United States]].

=== A Spark Leads to a Fire ===
----
''Main article: [[Causes of World War I]]''

On June 28, 1914, teenage [[Serbia|Serbian]] [[nationalism|nationalist]] [[Gavrilo Princip]] assassinated the Austrian Archduke [[Franz Ferdinand]] and his wife in [[Sarajevo]]. This action led to Austria-Hungary giving an ultimatum <ref>http://teachers.sduhsd.k12.ca.us/mmontgomery/world_history/world_war1/ultimatum.htm</ref> to Serbia. Serbia agreed to comply with all of the demands, except the ones which violated their sovereignty, and, due to a number of military alliances throughout Europe, a full scale war was soon in progress. Serbia requested support from its ally, [[Russia]], which mobilized its military forces. This mobilization led to [[Germany]] invading both Russia and [[France]] (which had an existing alliance with Russia), which was a part of Germany's [[Schlieffen Plan]] of war on two fronts. En route to France, German forces passed through neutral [[Belgium]]. The violation of this neutrality led [[Britain]] to declare war on Germany. Italy had an alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary, but refused to join the war.

Alternative theories cite the building of the Berlin-Baghdad railway and the problems it would have created for England. <ref>http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA138432</ref>

=== Great Battles of World War I ===
----
World War I consisted mostly of [[trench warfare]]. This method of waging war was very slow and messy. Soldiers might wait in their trenches for weeks, only to advance a few feet and wait in a new trench. There were four important battles which were fought before America joined the war.

'''Gallipoli Campaign'''

In 1915, Winston Churchill, then First Lord of the Admiralty, proposed a daring plan to attack the Dardanelles, a narrow section of ocean south of what is now Turkey, in order to open a supply route to Russia. Unfortunately, he made his plans based of bad intelligence.
A preliminary attack was launched in February of 1915, bombarding artillery of the Ottoman Empire. However, in March, a fleet of British and French warships attempted to navigate the Dardanelles and ran into mines at its narrowest point (which is only a mile wide).
The British and Churchill, not wanting to admit defeat, diverted British, Australian, New Zealander and French troops from training in Egypt to their campaign in Turkey. Putting together an amphibious Allied force, a plan was put together to land on the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli on April 25. Although the Allies greatly outnumbered the Turks, poor counter-intelligence efforts by the Allies allowed the Ottoman Empire to resupply and reinforce the Gallipoli peninsula. Additionally, the Allies did not understand the terrain adequately and suffered from limited knowledge of their enemy. The Turkish soldiers were also very tenacious and very able fighters.
However, the bloody-mindedness of the British commanders led to nine months wasted on the peninsula, with 44,000 deaths among over 100,000 casualties.

'''[[Battle of Verdun]]'''

In 1916, the Battle of Verdun between the French and Germans may have been the most demanding battle in world history. The struggle started when the Germans attacked [[Verdun]], France, a city surrounded by a ring of underground forts. At least 220,000 soldiers died, and at least 480,000 were wounded in this 10-month struggle that accomplished nothing. At the end the front lines were in nearly the same locations as at the beginning.

'''[[Battle of the Somme]]'''

Also in 1916, and also in France, the British and French armies met at the Somme River and began a massive attack on the Germans in order to distract them from [[Verdun]]. This became the Battle of the Somme, and the fighting was even heard across the British channel in England. First the Allies shelled the Germans to weaken them, and then 100,000 British soldiers charged the enemy. But the shelling did not have its intended effect, as the Germans were dug in too deeply to be affected by it. On July 1, 1916, the Germans killed 20,000 of the British soldiers and wounded over 40,000, making it the single worst day in British military history. This battle, which did not succeed in moving trench lines, eventually involved over 2 million men along a 30-mile front. The British and French lost nearly 750,000 men.

'''[[Third Battle of Ypres]]'''

For 18 months the British hid 19 huge land mines underneath the German lines southeast of Ypres, Belgium, a location that had already seen battles in 1914 and 1915. The British then detonated those massive mines, and charged the German positions in July 1917. At first the strategy worked, as the Germans were confused and disorganized. But the British did not pursue the Germans as quickly as they should have. Rain began to drench the area in one of the wettest fall seasons there in years. Soon the British forces were stuck in a mountain of mud, and this Allied plan was yet another failure.

=== The United States Joins the War ===
----
For the first three years of World War I, the United States attempted to stay out of the war. The United States had friends and citizens on both sides of the war, and the wise move was not to move, to remain neutral. When the Germans used a [[U-boat]] to sink the ''[[Lusitania]]'' in 1915, killing over one thousand people, the Americans were outraged. Later, when Britain implemented a naval blockade of Germany, the Germans announced they would sink any ship entering or leaving Britain. They held true to their word and sunk three ships from America with the U-boats. The Germans had taken ads out in most American newspapers, warning Americans that they travelled on British ships at their own risk. However, only the [[Des Moines]] Register ran the ads.<ref> Morgan, Hal. ''More Rumor''. New York: Paradox Press, 1987. </ref>America now had many reasons to fight back, but she was still not ready to join the war.

The German Foreign Minister [[Arthur Zimmermann]] sent an encrypted [[Zimmerman Note|telegram]] to the German ambassador in [[Mexico]] which sought to induce Mexico to declare war on the United States. British intelligence intercepted and deciphered the telegram, however, and gave it to the United States to help the British cause. President [[Woodrow Wilson]] made the contents of the telegram public. The telegram promised that Germany would help Mexico regain land it had lost to the United States in the [[Treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo]] which ended the [[Mexican War]] if it would declare was on the United States. At first, the Americans doubted if the telegram was real and thought it had been forged by the British to make America favor them. But then Zimmermann was foolish enough to promise the pledge to Mexico in a public speech.

The Germans had gone too far. On April 2, 1917, President [[Woodrow Wilson]] spoke in favor of declaring war on Germany in an address to the joint houses of [[Congress]]. Congress then formally declared war on April 6, 1917.<ref>http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/usofficialawardeclaration.htm</ref>

=== Russia ===
----
As the United States was entering the war on the side of the Allies, Russia suffered two successive internal Revolutions which would later caused it to withdraw from the side of the Allies and leave the war altogether. The [[February Revolution]] overthrew the centuries-old monarchy of the Tsar; the [[October Revolution]] installed the [[communist]] [[Bolshevik Party]] under [[V.I. Lenin]]. The lack of success against the German and Austrian Empires, and the hyperinflation caused by unsustainable military spending by the Russian government led to much internal discontent and economic chaos.

Losses and hardship of the war had weakened Russian [[Czar Nicholas II]]. He abdicated the throne in March 1917 in favor of a provisional government headed by [[Alexander Kerensky]]. Hopes for a democratic revolution still existed at this time. But in October 1917, [[Vladimir Ilyich Lenin]], and the [[Communist Party]], which was never strong enough to challenge the Czar, overthrew the fledgling provisional government. The Communists later executed every member of the Czar's family including the children.

Lenin became the founder of the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] state. He was both a writer and a revolutionary, a rare combination. He was the brother of the "bomb thrower" [[Alexander Ulyanov]] who was hanged for his involvement in terrorist activity and an assassination attempt on Czar Alexander III in 1887. An atheist, he became a [[Marxism|Marxist]] in 1889. He obtained a law degree shortly afterwards, and by 1895 was a subversive who was arrested and sent to the Tsarist gulag along the Lena River in frigid Siberia where he adopted the name Lenin after the place of his internment. Once he served his time he left for Zurich, where he developed his ideas further and became a leader of the [[Bolsheviks]]. He was returned to Russia by the Germans in the wake of chaos during the [[Kerensky]] regime with the hope to led the Bolsheviks to power and negotiate a peace settlement with the Germans. After the [[Treaty of Versailles]] failed to recognize the settlement between Germany and the Soviet Union in the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]], he then ruled the Soviet Union and imposed a system of [[Marxism-Leninism]] (communism) that remained in force there until the [[Stalin]]'s rise to power.

=== The Western Front ===
----
The exit of Russia allowed Germany to shift a majority of their troops from the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|eastern front]] to the [[Western Front (World War I)|western front]]. This gave them a final chance to try and break the Allies before the Americans arrived. Known as [[Operation Michael]], the German offensive began in March of 1918.

The Germans launched five major campaigns in a four month period in 1918 on the [[Western Front]]. The Germans had technology and lots of energy. They had elite storm-troopers with automatic rifles, light machine guns, flame-throwers and artillery fire. They used poisonous [[mustard gas]] lavishly. They easily defeated the [[British Fifth Army]]. The Germans were advancing and taking property.

But fresh American troops entered the scene. In the [[Second Battle of the Marne]] in July 1918, the Allies started winning. Nine American divisions fought in this battle about 75 miles northeast of Paris. The Germans started this battle on another one of their offensives, but the Americans turned the tables and enabled the Allies to win it. Casualties were enormous for everyone, including the Americans. Former President [[Teddy Roosevelt]]’s son Quentin was killed in this battle.

American Capt. Jesse Woolridge, 38th Inf., 3rd Division described the battle as follows: “It’s God’s truth that one Company of American soldiers beat and routed a full regiment of picked shock troops of the German Army ... At ten o’clock ... the Germans were carrying back wounded and dead [from] the river bank and we in our exhaustion let them do it - they carried back all but six hundred which we counted later and fifty-two machine guns... We had started with 251 men and 5 lieutenants...I had left 51 men and 2 second lieutenants."

=== The War Ends ===
----
As the Americans and the Allies advanced toward Germany, the Ottoman Turks and Bulgarians surrendered. There was a revolution in Austria-Hungary that overthrew its government, and Germany would not recognize that new government. Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated his throne in Germany on November 1918, and the Germans formed a new republic. Members of the German republic signed an armistice (agreement to stop fighting) on November 11, 1918. The "war to end all wars", was over.

=== Aftermath ===
----
Austria-Hungary was dismantled, mostly along ethnic lines. The Ottoman Empire was also dismantled. For the first time in over 1000 years Palestine was not under [[Muslim control]], as Britain assumed control of the area as a colony. Germany was forced to sign the [[Treaty of Versailles]] accepting full responsibility for the war and had to pay for the entire cost of the war. This led Germany into economic collapse and sowed the seeds for anyone who could get them out of this collapse and restore their pride to be view as almost a savior. Italy felt they were shortchanged in their portion of the spoils and led to a bitterness that would cause them to side with Germany in the years ahead. The initial causes of the war, alliances and imperialism, were not dealt with. Only 20 years after the Treaty of Versailles, [[World War II]] would start.

== Chronology of World War I ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|+
|-
== '''1914''' ==
|-
| June 28 || In [[Sarajevo]], [[Serbia]], [[Austria]]-[[Hungary]] Archduke [[Franz Ferdinand]] is murdered.
|-
| July 28 || War is declared on [[Serbia]] by [[Austria]]-[[Hungary]]
|-
| August 1 || War is declared on [[Russia]] by [[Germany]]
|-
| August 3 || War on [[France]] is declared by [[Germany]]; [[Italy]] remains neutral
|-
| August 4 || [[Belgium]] is invaded by [[Germany]]; War is declared on [[Germany]] by [[Britain]]
|-
| August 5-6 || War is declared on [[Russia]] by [[Austria]]-[[Hungary]]; War is declared on [[Germany]] by [[Serbia]]
|-
| August 12 || [[Serbia]] is invaded by [[Austria]]-[[Hungary]]
|-
| August 17 || [[East Prussia]] is invaded by [[Russia]]
|-
| August 23 || War is declared on [[Germany]] by [[Japan]]
|-
| August 26-29 || [[Russia]] is defeated by [[Germany]] at [[Tannenburg]], [[East Prussia]]
|-
| September 6-10 || Battle of the [[Marne]], [[France]]- [[Germany]] is defeated by [[France]]
|-
| October 19-November 22 || First Battle of [[Ypres]], [[Belgium]]; [[Germany]] is stopped by [[Britain]]
|-
| October 29 || Attacking the [[Russian Black Sea Fleet]], [[Turkey]] enters the war.
|-
| November 5 || War is declared on [[Turkey]] by [[Britain]] and [[France]]
|-
| November 11-25 || [[Russia]] is defeated by [[Germany]] in [[Lodz]], [[Poland]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|+
|-
== '''1915''' ==
|-
| February 23 || Off coast of [[Britain]], first [[German]] submarine attacks occur
|-
| April 22-May 25 || [[Britain]] holds [[Germany]] at [[Second Battle of Ypres]]; poison gas is first used by [[Germany|Germans]]
|-
| April 25 || [[Allies]] land at Gallipoli Peninsula in Turkey
|-
| May 7 || [[''Lusitania'']] is sunk by [[German]] [[U-boat]]
|-
| May 23 || The [[Allies]] are joined by [[Italy]]
|-
| August 5 || [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]] is captured by [[Germany|Germans]]
|-
| August 6 || [[British]] land at [[Suvla Bay]], [[Gallipoli Peninsula]]
|-
| August 20 || War is declared on [[Turkey]] by [[Italy]]
|-
| September 25 || Western Front ([[Artois]], [[Champagne]], and [[Loos]] in France) is attacked by [[Allies]]
|-
| December 8 || Evacuation of [[Gallipoli]] is begun by [[Allies]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|+
|-
== '''1916''' ==
|-
| February 21 || In [[France]], the Battle of [[Verdun]] begins by [[Germany]] attacking [[France]]
|-
| March 9 || War is declared on [[Portugal]] by [[Germany]]
|-
| May 31 || [[North Sea]], battle of [[Jutland]]
|-
| July 1 || Battle of [[Somme]], [[France]] begins
|-
| August 28 || War is declared on [[Romania]] by [[Germany]]
|-
| September 2-3 || [[Britain]] shoots down first [[Zeppelin]] [[German]] airships
|-
| September 15 || [[Tank|Tanks]] used for the first time in war by [[Britain]]
|-
| November 18 || Battle of [[Somme]] ends- [[Britain]] and [[France]] hold the [[Somme River]]
|-
| December 18 || [[France]] defeats [[Germany]], Battle of [[Verdun]] ends
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|+
|-
== '''1917''' ==
|-
| January || [[Palestine]] is entered by [[Britain]]
|-
| February || [[Germany]] declares unrestricted [[U-boat]] warfare and sinks five [[American]] ships
|-
| March 12 || [[Russian Revolution]] begins
|-
| April 6 || War is declared on [[Germany]] by the [[United States]]
|-
| April 9 || Battle of [[Arras]], [[France]]
|-
| April 10 || [[Vimy Ridge]], [[France]] is captured by [[Canadians]]
|-
| April 16-May 9 || [[French]] attack on Second Battle of [[Aisne River]], [[France]]
|-
| May 25 || In Britain, daylight bombing raids begin
|-
| June 7 || [[Messines Ridge]], [[Belgium]] is attacked by [[British]]
|-
| July 31-November 6 || [[British]] against [[Germans]]- third Battle of [[Ypres]]
|-
| November 6-7 || [[Passchendaele]] is captured by [[Canadians]], ending Battle of [[Ypres]]; [[Bolshevik revolution]] begins in [[Russia]]
|-
| November 20 || [[British]] use large number of tanks to win Battle of [[Cambrai]]
|-
| December 9 || [[Jerusalem]] in [[Middle East]] is captured by [[British]]; [[Romania]] and [[Central Powers]] make [[Armistice]] (a cease-fire before signing a peace treaty)
|-
| December 15 || [[Armistice]] between [[Russia]] and [[Central Powers]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|+
|-
== '''1918''' ==
|-
| January 18 || [[Fourteen-point Peace Plan]] is proposed by [[Woodrow Wilson|President Woodrow Wilson]]
|-
| April 9 || [[Germans]] begin attack in northern [[France]]
|-
| May 27-30 || [[Allies|Allied]] line on the [[Marne River]] is broken by [[Germans]]
|-
| August 8 || [[Germans]] are routed by [[Allies]] at Battle of [[Amiens]]
|-
| September 26 || Final [[Allies|Allied]] attack begins
|-
| October 1 || [[Damascus]], [[Syria]] is captured by [[British]]
|-
| October 30 || [[Italy]] defeats [[[Austria]]-[[Hungary]] at Battle of [[Vittorio Veneto]]; [[Armistice]] is signed by [[Turkey]]
|-
| November 3 || [[Armistice]] is signed by [[Austria]]-[[Hungary]]
|-
| November 9 || Revolution in [[Berlin]], [[Germany]]; throne is given up by [[Kaiser Wilhelm II]], [[Germany]] becomes a republic
|-
| November 11 || [[Armistice]] is signed by [[Germany]]; War on [[Western Front]] ends
|}

==Further reading==
*''War By Time-Table: How the First World War Began'', A.J.P. Taylor, New York: American Heritage, 1969.

==References==

<references/>

[[Category:Wars]]
[[Category:World War I| ]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.onpower.org/history_wwi.html/ World War I]
* [http://www.independent.org/newsroom/article.asp?id=1345 "American Foreign Policy: The Turning Point, 1898–1919," by Ralph Raico]
* [http://www.independent.org/publications/working_papers/article.asp?id=1499 "Government and the Economy: The World Wars," by Robert Higgs]
* [http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard91.html "War Collectivism in World War I," by Murray N. Rothbard]
* [http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?issueID=40&articleID=506 "The Great War Retold," by Ralph Raico]

Roe v. Wade

2007-10-19T01:01:30Z

Horace15: Legal terminology

{{caselaw|Roe v. Wade|410 U.S. 113|1973}}

'''''Roe v. Wade''''' was a landmark 1973 [[U.S. Supreme Court]] decision which held that it was [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]] for the Federal government or states to prohibit or "unreasonably limit" access to [[abortion]], prior to a fetus' [[viability]]. The ''Roe'' decision was issued the same day as ''[[Doe v. Bolton]]'', a companion case, which held that states could not prohibit a physician from performing an abortion after the fetus has become "viable" if the physician determines that the abortion is necessary for the "health" of the mother, which could include "physical, emotional, psychological, familial, and the woman's age," all of which the Court determined were "relevant to the wellbeing of the patient."

==Opinion==
The opinion, written by Justice [[Harry Blackmun]], centers around the holding that abortion is a "fundamental right" under the [[U.S. Constitution]] and [[substantive due process]] under the [[Fourteenth Amendment]]. Essentially, he argued, abortion is a fundamental right because it falls under the "[[penumbra]]" of the [[right to privacy]]. ''Roe'' provided the underpinning for cases such as [[Griswold v. Connecticut]]<ref>See generally Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479</ref> and [[Lawrence v. Texas]].<ref>See, e.g., Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558</ref>, all of which set up spheres of personal activity which states cannot regulate without "good cause."

Specifically, Blackmun found that the right to terminate a pregnancy is in the penumbra of privacy rights protected by [[substantive due process]], since pregnancy can occasion life-changing events for women, changes not to be taken lightly. However, he noted that the woman's interest in her own privacy is counterbalanced, obviously, by the fetus' interest in life, and the state's interest in protecting life. The question, then, is when each interest trumps the other, and what that means at law. Blackmun set up this framework specifically:
::”(a) For the stage prior to approximately the end of the first trimester, the abortion decision and its effectuation must be left to the medical judgment of the pregnant woman's attending physician.

::(b) For the stage subsequent to approximately the end of the first trimester, the State, in promoting its interest in the health of the mother, may, if it chooses, regulate the abortion procedure in ways that are reasonably related to maternal health.

::(c) For the stage subsequent to viability, the State in promoting its interest in the potentiality of human life may, if it chooses, regulate, and even proscribe, abortion except where it is necessary, in appropriate medical judgment, for the preservation of the life or health of the mother. “<ref> Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 165 (U.S. 1973)</ref>

The "health of the mother" was defined to include the physical, psychological, and emotional health of the mother. There can be no requirement that the abortion reason be reported to anyone. The upshot is that any pregnant woman could get an abortion for any reason throughout the entire nine months as a constitutional right, provided that she could find an abortionist to do it.

==Subsequent jurisprudence==

The ''Roe'' holding was subsequently modified by [[Planned Parenthood v. Casey]], a [[plurality decision]] which did away with the [[trimester]] framework, as well as lessening the degree of scrutiny of regulation from "fundamental rights" analysis to "undue burden analysis."

Recently the federal Partial Birth Abortion Act (upheld in [[Gonzales v. Carhart]]) approved a ban on a particular kind of late-term abortion procedure. This was the first complete ban on a particular abortion procedure found to be constitutional since Roe v. Wade.

Several cases, up for decision at the Supreme Court in the 2007 term, may whittle away at the holding of the case. Specifically, a South Dakota law banning nearly all abortions is seen as a deliberate attempt to force a [[test case]], where "pro-life" activists will have a chance to ask the Supreme Court to reconsider ''Roe''.<ref>The Economist, http://www.economist.com/agenda/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_VVJRJTN</ref> However, while ''Roe'' may be highly distinguished in these cases, the fact that the central holding of ''Roe v. Wade'' is so important to modern [[civil rights]] jurisprudence suggests that the whole case is unlikely to be overturned in its entirety, based on the United States concept of [[stare decisis]], or respect for legal precedent. Under this outlook, losing ''Roe'''s holding would be fatal to an entire constitutional structure, which the Court disfavors.<ref>See Lawrence v. Texas, supra (relying strongly on Roe v. Wade)</ref>

Some commentators suggest that limitations of Roe may actually be good for the "pro-choice" movement, as it would allow "pro-life" activists to vent their animosity against [[judicial activism]], while forcing the public to create a more moderate legislative solution to the problem. These commentators perceive the American public as more moderate than either the "pro-life" or "pro-choice" movements.<ref>The Economist, http://www.economist.com/world/na/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_VNSRJQV</ref>

==Controversy==
''Main article: [[Constitutional Arguments on Choice]]''

''Roe'' and subsequent decisions following it have incited intense public controversy over whether abortion is such a "fundamental right" that it overrides the right of a child to live, the right of a father to prevent the abortion of his child, and the right of states to legislate the issue in accord with the will of the people. [[Pro-choice]] activists generally argue that it does, while [[pro-life]] activists generally argue that it does not.

==References==
*[http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=410&invol=113 Complete text of ''Roe v. Wade'', from FindLaw.com]
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[[Category:Abortion]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:United States History]]
[[category:United States Supreme Court Cases]]

Carl Baugh

2007-10-19T00:28:51Z

Horace15:

'''Carl Baugh''' is a [[Young Earth Creationist]]. Baugh received his doctorates from [[Pacific International University]] and [[Louisiana Baptist University]] (both of which are unaccredited institutions). He is known as a forceful speaker who has helped many come to [[Jesus Christ]]. Some of Baugh's arguments are controversial with his fellow creationists. [[Answers in Genesis]] considers Baugh's reports of finding human footprints next to dinosaur prints to be discredited and lists it as an argument that creationists should not use. <ref>http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/faq/dont_use.asp</ref>

==References==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Baugh, Carl}}

[[Category:Scientists]]
[[Category:Young Earth Creationists]]