Mainstream media

2008-09-08T01:18:34Z

Hooray4jesus: /* List of mainstream media organs */

[[Image:Leftist News.gif|thumb]]
Controversy exists over the meaning and definition of the terms '''mainstream media''' ('''MSM''')<ref>
Both [[conservative]]s and [[liberal]]s use the [[acronym]] '''MSM''' to describe the '''mainstream media'''</ref>. Some consider the mainstream media to consist primarily of those media organs that existed in the [[United States of America]] prior to 1987, and especially any of those media organs that continue to exist today. Others take a view that the term 'mainstream', no matter the context, simply refers to 'that which is most popular'.

== Fairness Doctrine ==
In 1987, the [[Federal Communications Commission]] voted 4-0 to revoke, and cancel their enforcement of, the [[Fairness Doctrine]]. That doctrine mandated that if any opinion considered "controversial" were ever discussed on the public airwaves, the station over which that opinion aired was required to give [[equal time]] to any person wishing to reply. However, the FCC never set a standard about ''interpretations'' of current events that might be disputable, nor even examined that issue.

With the revocation of the Fairness Doctrine, [[radio]] and [[television]] stations were now permitted to air any opinion or interpretation of the news, no matter how "controversial," without regard to the giving of "equal time."

On August 1, 1988, a new radio commentator named [[Rush Limbaugh]] began [[broadcast]]ing in national [[syndication]].

== List of mainstream media organs ==
Some consider the mainstream media to consist of the following outlets:

'''Newspapers'''
* [[The New York Times]]
* [[The Washington Post]]
* [[The Boston Globe]]
* [[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]
* [[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]
* [[The Los Angeles Times]]
* [[The San Francisco Chronicle]]
* [[USA Today]]
* The [[Wall Street Journal]]<ref>The inclusion of ''The Wall Street Journal'' might strike some media observers as strange, until one remembers that, though its editorial board is [[conservative]] on most issues (except for immigration), its [[city room]] is definitely [[liberal]] in orientation and coverage of the news.</ref>
* All major, standard-newspaper-format dailies that have existed since before the Fairness Doctrine repeal.

'''News Syndication Agencies'''
* [[AP|Associated Press]]
* [[UPI|United Press International]]
* [[Reuters]]

'''Television'''
* [[CBS]]
* [[NBC]]
* [[ABC]]
* [[National Public Radio]]
* [[PBS|Public Broadcasting Service]]
* The [[CNN|Cable News Network]]
* [[Fox News]]

Some [[conservative]]s consider [[Fox News Channel|Fox News]] to not be "mainstream media", because they frequently present a different, less intelligent viewpoint to the above news outlets. One example given is that in 2007, the [[Democratic Party|Democratic]] [[2008_Presidential_Election#Declared_Democratic_Party_Candidates|presidential candidates]] have declared they will not appear on presidential debates hosted by Fox News, due to their own bias, but they will appear on other supposed MSM news outlets.

Most Americans consider Fox News very much part of the Mainstream Media, as, according to ratings organisation Nielsen:
:* Fox News has 9 of the 10 most viewed shows on Cable TV News (as of Dec 2006)
:* Fox News mean prime-time viewing figures are triple that of MSNBC, and double that of CNN, and exceed the total ratings of CNN, MSNBC and CNBC combined.
:* "In 2006, more than half the people watching cable news were watching Fox News" <ref>Authors unknown. "[http://www.stateofthenewsmedia.org/2007/narrative_cabletv_audience.asp?cat=2&media=6 The State of the News Media 2007]." ''Project for Excellence in Journalism,'' 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007.</ref>

===CNN===
In 2006 CNN.com has an article from columnist R. Emmett Tyrell Jr. entitled "Tyrell: Goodbye MSM... and good riddance!" <ref>[[R. Emmett Tyrell|Tyrell, R. Emmet]]. "[http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/03/02/tyrrell.msm/index.html?iref=newssearch Goodbye MSM... and good riddance!]" Creators' Syndicate, 2006. Retrieved August 2, 2007, from [http://www.cnn.com CNN].</ref> The article talks about the [[alternative media|alternative press]] vs the MSM:

<blockquote> So we hear this week that President George W. Bush is taking delight in the spread of the "alternative press" (read conservatives on the Internet, in talk radio, in print, and at Fox) and the gentle detumesence of "mainstream media" (read liberal media, or more precisely, Democratic media). Well I join him in his satisfaction. </blockquote>

=='Alternative Media'==
Differing opinions also exist over the definition of a similar term - '''Alternative Media'''. Although some consider, for example, [[Rush Limbaugh]]'s launch to be the birth of 'alternative media', so too do the left consider publications like [[The Nation]] to be 'alternative media.'<ref>Albert, Michael. "[http://www.zmag.org/whatmakesalti.htm Alternative Media: What Makes Alternative Media Alternative?]" ''[http://www.zmag.org/ Z]'' Magazine. Retrieved August 2, 2007.</ref> In fact, many would view the [[Village Voice]] group to be the most widely published 'alternative media' outlet in the United States.

By whatever definition, most media watchers would classify as "alternative media" any media organ that is primarily hosted on the [[Internet]] rather than printed and delivered or mailed to subscribers. The alternative media ''is not'' exclusively conservative. It includes [[liberal]] organs as well. Some writers on these organs have suggested that the mainstream media has a ''conservative'' bias--by which they actually mean that mainstream-media organs are not as revolutionary, or as radical, in their thinking as are the writers themselves.<ref>[[Peter Dreier|Dreier, Peter]]. "[http://alternet.org/workplace/58108/ For a Brief Moment, The Media Rediscover Poverty]." [http://alternet.org AlterNet.org], July 26, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007.</ref><ref>[[Rory O'Connor|O'Connor, Rory]]. "[http://alternet.org/mediaculture/55915/ The Future of Citizen Journalism]. [http://alternet.org AlterNet.org], July 3, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007.</ref><ref> [[Sheldon Rampton|Rampton, Sheldon]]. "[http://alternet.org/story/54339/ Has the Internet Changed the Propaganda Model?]" [http://alternet.org AlterNet.org], June 22, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007.</ref>

At least one MSM organ, [[CBS]] News, attempted in 2006<ref>Pogue, David. "[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/07/09/sunday/main1786520.shtml?source=search_story Brave New Blogging World:
David Pogue Ventures Into The Blogosphere]." [http://www.cbsnews.com/ CBSNews.com], July 9, 2006. Retrieved August 2, 2007.</ref> to describe what a particular alternative-media segment (i.e., [[blog]]s) thinks of the MSM:
{{Cquote|They don't believe that you are unbiased, objective, fair a lot of times. And so what they want is they want to read a lot of different sources themselves. because they don't trust the mainstream media..that would be [you].}}

==See Also==
*[[Advocacy journalism]]

==References and notes==
<small><references/></small>

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:Political Terms]]

Evil

2008-09-08T01:16:02Z

Hooray4jesus:

'''Evil''' has many different definitions. In some religions, evil is defined as anything contrary to the mandates of [[God]]. In some ethical systems it is defined as taking advantage of another person for one's own benefit. Evil is generally considered to be the opposite of [[good]]. [[Satan|The devil]] is considered by some to be the embodiment of evil.

In the [[Bible]] in the book of [[Genesis]], evil entered the world when the serpent (the devil) tricked [[Adam]] and [[Eve]] into eating the fruit from the [[Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil]] which had been forbidden<ref>Genesis 3:6-7</ref>. This event is known as [[the Fall]], and is responsible for the suffering and imperfect nature of the world. (Not everyone takes the story literally, and even many [[Christians]] see the Genesis story as an allegory or metaphor, possibly for a fall taking place at a spiritual level.)

In [[Islam]], evil is seen as something which must be actively opposed:
* Whoever among you sees a Munkar (offensive or evil act), then he must change it with his hand; if he is incapable, then with his tongue; if he is incapable, then with his heart; and that is the weakest faith.

The fight against evil can be radical, even violent, but on a person to person level, often the most successful tactic is [[admonition]]. {{fact}}

== References ==
<references />

[[category:religion]]
[[category:philosophy]]

ESPN

2008-09-08T01:13:33Z

Hooray4jesus:

'''ESPN''' which stands for '''Entertainment and Sports Programming Network ''' is a sports network owned by [[ABC]] News. The network began in 1979 and covers sports news and programming 24 hours a day, although sometimes the network covers other events, such as spelling bees, and [[chess]].

==External Links==
*[http://espn.go.com/ ESPN.com]
[[Category:Sports]]

Talk:ESPN

2008-09-08T01:12:52Z

Hooray4jesus: New page: I'm not sure that ping pong should be mentioned on this page as something that is not a sport.

I'm not sure that ping pong should be mentioned on this page as something that is not a sport.

Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Mainstream media

Evil

ESPN

Talk:ESPN