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Talk:Writing Homework Five Student Answers

2012-03-08T17:42:58Z

History: Blanked the page

Talk:Writing Homework Five Student Answers

2012-03-08T17:42:17Z

History: Writing Homework Five Student 2

== Writing Homework Five Student 2 ==

Why Obama is Not a Doctor(or a priest): Women's Health and the Contraceptive Mandate

America has always been a country of religion, from the Puritan settlers of New England to the Quaker settlers of Pennsylvania continuing America's great religious history with the 19th century founding of churches such as the Seventh Day Adventist and Mormon churches. Alexis de Tocqueville wrote in his "Democracy in America" about the importance religion had in American society. Similarly, America has been instilled with a strong belief in religious freedom: many of the colonies were founded to escape religious persecution, the Constitution's first amendment specifically underlines freedom of religion, and Thomas Jefferson (although his personal religious beliefs are not fully understood) supported religious freedom whenever the issue came to his attention. These two tenets may seem paradoxical, having a strong belief in your own religion while accepting all other religions, but that is the American attitude, and it has formed a strong basis for the personal freedoms retained by citizens since America's inception. I mention this to preface my comments on Obama's contraception mandate, and his unprecedented attack on personal and religious freedom, as well as on America's religious nature.

Let me explain his mandate first: Obama's health care mandate will force employers to pay for the contraceptives of their employees in their health-care plans.

I mentioned that the contraception mandate offended America's religious nature, let me explain. The dominant religions in America are Judeo Christian, and government-sanctioned contraception offends (to varying levels) any Judeo-Christian religion. This is because the Bible, the basis of these religions, teaches believers to respect sexuality and not to freely have intercourse.

One interpretation, which the Roman Catholic Church postulates, is that sex shall be confined to marriage, and (I will discuss this second part later), that all intercourse should be open to procreation. Although the Roman Catholic Church's beliefs on the subject are the most demanding, no church believes that sex should be such a casual issue that women should have to pay large amounts of money to cover their cost of contraception. Unfortunately, as President Obama brings to front promiscuous women like Sandra Fluke, who say that they are having more sex than they can afford, and thus women in general need their intercourse to be covered in health insurance, the majority of American religious people are offended.

The Bill spits the hardest, however, in the face of the Catholic Church. This Church has taught in its encyclical, Humanae Vitae, that

“ Men rightly observe that a conjugal act imposed on one's partner without regard to his or her condition or personal and reasonable wishes in the matter, is no true act of love, and therefore offends the moral order in its particular application to the intimate relationship of husband and wife. If they further reflect, they must also recognize that an act of mutual love which impairs the capacity to transmit life which God the Creator, through specific laws, has built into it, frustrates His design which constitutes the norm of marriage, and contradicts the will of the Author of life. Hence to use this divine gift while depriving it, even if only partially, of its meaning and purpose, is equally repugnant to the nature of man and of woman, and is consequently in opposition to the plan of God and His holy will. But to experience the gift of married love while respecting the laws of conception is to acknowledge that one is not the master of the sources of life but rather the minister of the design established by the Creator. Just as man does not have unlimited dominion over his body in general, so also, and with more particular reason, he has no such dominion over his specifically sexual faculties, for these are concerned by their very nature with the generation of life, of which God is the source.”

The bill, however, forces Catholic employers to fund the contraception of their employees. This is like making a Jewish deli sell non-kosher meat, and it could be argued to be even worse, because the Catholic Church asserts that no-one should use Contraceptives, while the Jewish dietary policy only applies to Jews. Nancy Pelosi, a professed Catholic, supports the bill even though it directly contradicts the Church in which she pretends to be a member. She explains that some people just need to understand "birds and bees" better. Others like Sister Carol Keehan, a major figure in the order of the Sisters of Charity, are cited by Obama in their support of the Mandate. But the Church is a hierarchical church and Keehan and Pelosi have no place trying to create religious dogma; the papacy has spoken in Humanae Vitae, and the actions of Keehan and Pelosi are insulting to any religious Catholic.

Even in secular society, an atheist can understand that this mandate is flawed. The mandate is supposed to protect "Women's Health" but what does anyone even mean by that? Since when is pregnancy a disease? Or maybe the mandate means to address women who die in childbirth? That number is minute. So the only other option is prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs for short). In fact, the rate of STDs should increase after the government enacts these measures. Except for condoms, no contraceptive actually prevents anything besides pregnancy. What "free" contraception will do is encourage women to have sex, and as you have more intercourse, the risk of contracting an STD increases. Oh, and I should also mention that contraceptives themselves many times have side effects that damage a "Woman's Health".

So the Obama administration, if anything, is trying to make people less healthy. But I will finally explain how on a purely financial basis, this mandate is offensive. It will make insurance companies subsidize their clients' vanity. People don't enjoy having heart surgery, and unless they need it, they will not get it, the same is true for anything a health insurance company covers. Ever notice how they don't subsidize breast implants, reductions, plastic surgery or gender changes? It's because their clients will buy their insurance and then use their health insurance to feed off of the system. They will satisfy their wants rather than needs. This is why it is not economically feasible to sell beer "insurance".

In the circumstance of contraception, it is clear that people do not "need" to have sex, and thus they do not need contraception, rather they "want" both. Furthermore, who is paying for the vanity of these buyers of health insurance, but other people who use the same insurance company? Essentially how health insurance functions is by everyone paying the same price for their plan, and then the few people who need to use their plan having high-cost procedures, covered by all those who pay for the plan. Now people are having their sex-lives covered by all those who buy health care. Now as your employers are forced to pay for contraception in their employees' healthcare plans, part of your salary is going to pay for the higher cost of contraception-funding healthcare. So next time you get your diminished paycheck, you can think of all of the lascivious women that aren't pregnant, because of your money.

"Women's Health?" This mandate promotes nothing healthy; rather it promotes an unhealthy, un-American agenda.

Writing Homework Three Student One

2012-02-16T17:48:04Z

History: Created page with "1. The best vegetible is Asparagus. But in public school most kids eat candy rather then good food. Eating better will make you healthier than them. The best vegetable is aspara..."

1. The best vegetible is Asparagus. But in public school most kids eat candy rather then good food. Eating better will make you healthier than them.

The best vegetable is asparagus. Since in public school most kids eat candy rather than good food, if you eat better, you will be healthier than they.

2. Congres's problem it is to weak. Worrying so much about what the public think, Washington D.C. does us all a diservice.

Congress' problem is that it is too weak. Since Congress worries so much about what the public thinks, Congress does all of us a disservice.

3. The most unique day of the year is Easter. Lets face it; neither July 4th or New Years Day are as special of a day.

Easter is the best day of the year. Let's face it: neither the Fourth of July nor New Years Day is as special as Easter.

4. Someone needs to clean up this mess, and they had better do it before the owner gets here. "Get you're garbage out of hear now," he wrote in a note.

Since the owner wrote in a note, "Get your garbage out of here now," someone needs to clean this mess up before the owner gets here.

5. I am detirmined to catch all the errors this time ..... I am not going to make any more mistakes no more! Do you think I like being rideculed like this?

I am determined to catch all of the errors this time....I am not going to make any more mistakes! Do you think I like being ridiculed like this?

6. These two things i know are true; good writing is priceless, and poor writing will hurt your career. That is why I want to be a better writter than him.

Because I know that good writing is priceless, and poor writing will hurt my career, I want to be a better writer than he.

Nature or Nurture? The Key to Success

"Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them." This classic quote from William Shakespeare's "Twelfth Night" captures the nature of success perhaps better than any seven-hundred word essay can. Even so, I will, in this essay, try to "stand on the shoulders of Giants," and see a little further.
In beginning this essay, I enter with thoughts of futility and determination. My work ethic, I may say, is useless. This essay will not be perfect, nor will it, possibly, have any new insight. I will work on this for a long time, and yet maybe nothing new and interesting will come of it. If I were to give this topic to Freud, Paine, Jefferson, Cicero, Isaiah or even Glenn Beck, they could probably return to me in half my time with a well written flawless, original essay, so did my work ethic help? Maybe this essay can answer the question for me.

Throughout the ages many natural geniuses have led the world in their fields appearing to lead them almost carelessly. Abraham Lincoln is supposed to have authored perhaps one of the greatest speeches, the Gettysburg Address, the night before he delivered it. Tennis legend Andre Agassi said that he disliked the game that he, for so many years, dominated. Isaac Newton, the progenitor of Classical Physics, discovered his breakthrough of gravity upon seeing an apple fall from a tree. The jazz legend Thelonius Monk was a "self educated" piano genius, and even though he was not willing to spend hard work learning piano technique (if you watch him play it becomes easily apparent) he lives in our memories as one of the greatest musicians in history. So obviously, genius can come naturally and if you aren't brilliant you have no chance, right?

Wrong. Many living in our memory live on only because of their devotion and hard work rather than natural talent. Thomas Edison said genius is "99 percent perspiration and 1 percent inspiration", and he certainly lived his proverb. Edison spent years developing the perfect electric light bulb, and his work, as becomes clearly apparent to one who reads the story of his invention, demanded tremendous "perspiration". Business tycoon Andrew Carnegie worked industriously for years from his humble position as a factory worker, to become one of the world's richest and most philanthropic people. Benjamin Franklin painstakingly took the time to read and understand other great writers so as to model himself after them. Franklin had been ostracized and laughed at for his intense desire to learn, but in the end his learning proved vital to the success of America. Playwright William Shakespeare supposedly traveled to Italy for years to gain a full understanding of Western Culture. The acclaimed film trilogy "Lord of the Rings" was filmed in New Zealand and required multiple years and much patience on the part of director Peter Jackson. Even the greatest film maker cannot make a film in a day, nor can the greatest author write a complete novel in one sitting; a great musician cannot compose a symphony in a day, nor can a thinker revolutionize our world in a night.

Although Abraham Lincoln may have written the great address the night before his actual speech, his thoughts and education go back years before. Lincoln was also known for his desire to learn and his "perspiration" in reading and educating himself. Even after his election to president, he devotedly sought to understand the nature of the "Sectional Conflict" in which he led the union. Truly his address is just a culmination of his tireless work ethic. Maybe Agassi's real legacy is in his perspicacity and his hard work in spite of his lack of interest. Newton certainly did not in a moment understand the order of the cosmos, but just as a well-laid fire can be lit in a second with a single match, his well-educated mind was excited by a single thought.

Greatness has been, and always will be, given to those who achieve it not only by brilliance but just as much by hard work and education. I am sure if I were to work hard enough at learning how to write, then one day I would be able to write a far superior essay to this.

Paul R.

Writing Homework One Student Four

2012-02-02T17:18:38Z

History: Created page with "Paul R. 1. Its his bad attitude thats the most biggest problem. Irregardless, you can not judge a book by it’s cover. His bad attitude is his largest problem; regardless, yo..."

Paul R.

1. Its his bad attitude thats the most biggest problem. Irregardless, you can not judge a book by it’s cover.
His bad attitude is his largest problem; regardless, you cannot judge a book by its cover.

2. Me and Davey gone to the football game that day, and we didn’t see nothing there. Instead, the cop yelled at us, “Get lost before you are arrested by me!” Davey got real scared, and he didn’t arrest us.
Davey and I went to the football game on that day, but we saw nothing there. Instead, a cop yelled at us, "Get lost before I arrest you!" Davey was very scared, but we were not arrested.

3. Newt Gingrich declared, "the media is terrified that the audience is going to side with the candidates against the media, which is what they've done in every debate." What mistake(s) did Newt, who has written many books, make in his statement? Explain.
When Gingrich says "they" he is technically referring to the media and thus "they" is ambiguous. Also his use of "is going to" could be better replaced by "may".

4. A good student is someone that can both write very well and quickly.
A good student can write very well and very quickly.

5. Runing inside to avoid the rainstorm, my new sweatur was mostly dry.
After I ran inside to avoid the rainstorm, I found that my new sweater was mostly dry.

6. These three things needed to be completed Wedesday morning, and it was: calling my friend, finishing this homework, and jog one mile.
On Wednesday morning I need to call my friend, finish my homework, and jog one mile.

6. Describe how and why the writing (lyrics or screenplay) is so good in one of your favorite songs or movies.
Every artist who makes music has different strengths and weaknesses. These can range from melody to harmony to rhythm to vocals, but one weakness I have noticed in the majority of music is in lyrics. Perhaps it is because modern artists find it monetarily serendipitous to sell themselves and sing about the same over-stressed themes again and again, but I have found that a good songwriter is hard to find. Thus it is refreshing to hear the folk group "Nickel Creek" perform a genuinely thought-provoking and introspective song, namely their composition "When in Rome."

Now the title should obviously contribute to our understanding of the song. The title is drawn from the saying, "When in Rome, do as the Romans do." This song refutes the saying with three questions.

The first verse reads:

Where can a sick man go
When he can’t choke down the medicine,
The old Doc knows.
A specialist came to town, but he stays at home,
saying no one knows, so I don’t, Honey, when in Rome.

This verse basically sets the stage for the song by observing that in a conformist society those who can do the most good will feel repressed and not advance our society or, in this case, save lives. We see many cases of this in our medical realm where physicians feel obligated to stay in the realm of the "normal" for fear of overzealous lawyers pressing law-suits.

The second verse is similar asking:

Where can a teacher go?
Wherever she thinks people need the things she knows.
Hey, those books you gave us look good on the shelves at home,
And they’ll burn warm in the fireplace, Teacher, when in Rome.

This verse takes the first verse further saying because conformity can be achieved without learning, when one visits "Rome" one may find the whole city full of "blissful ignorance." In our public education system, students in their drive to be normal will seek normal grades and a normal career instead of exceptional grades for an exceptional career. This is because of peer pressure which is basically a synonym for conformity.

The bridge goes:

Grab a blanket, sister, we’ll make smoke signals.
Bring in some new blood
It feels like we’re alone.
Grab a blanket, brother,
so we don’t catch cold from one another
Oh, I wonder if we’re stuck in Rome.

This verse steps out of the third person into the first person. The singer now is making a personal appeal to, "bring in some new blood," and asks if we're stuck in Rome. In the bridge the songwriter shifts from Rome being a dingy far-off world, to here and now. He urges us personally to resist modern conformism.

The last verse is a shade quieter and more thoughtful. It asks:

Where can a dead man go?
A question with an answer only dead men know.
But I’m gonna bet they never really feel at home,
If they spend a lifetime learning how to live in Rome.

This verse concludes with a discussion of the emptiness that a dead man would feel after trying all his life to be like everyone else. As the song says, we never are sure of how a dead man feels, but we do know that only those who have stepped out of the conformist mould will have had a lasting legacy.

The message of the song is effective and gripping; it is presented well and it stands as a provocative caveat.

World History Homework Twelve Answers - Student 4

2011-12-08T15:28:52Z

History:

1. List, by order of influence, who you think were the five most influential persons in all of world history.

5. Hitler 4. Thomas Edison 3. Charles Darwin 2. Isaac Newton 1. Jesus Christ other notable mentions include Alexander the Great, Augustus Ceaser, Attila the Hun, and of course…Paul McCartney

2. List, by order of influence, what you think were the five most influential breakthroughs or ideas in all of world history.

5. The wheel 4. The system of checks and balances3. Communism2. Evolution 1. The alphabet

3. Compare and contrast World War Two to World War One, focusing on their causes and effects rather than specific battles

I feel almost like WW1 and WW2 were part of the same war, because there would most likely not have been a WW2 without WW1. Both times we were not required to fight, and I question how much we needed to. I think we could probably have avoided our part in WW1, but we felt we had to get revenge for the ships that the Germans had sunk containing American passengers. However I do feel like we needed to enter into WW2 or Hitler would have likely become a world dictator. I think it might have taken both of these wars to warm Europe up to the fact that they can’t just continuously fight for power, and that whenever they do, numerous lives are lost. In WW2 we were also up against Japan as well, which added quite a lot to our plate, since Japan was and probably still is to this day, one of the greatest and most brutal armies. We ended that segment of the war in the most complete way possible: the atomic bomb.

4.

5. Write an essay of at least 200 words on any aspect of world history.

I will hand my essay in.

6.

7. Does history repeat itself? Explain, with some examples.

History can repeat itself, but it is all part of an ever evolving ‘big picture’. Everything is constantly changing and advancing but in the midst of that, we do see certain cycles repeating themselves. I will explain with a simple example, in the 60s, everyone’s hair was long, and everyone was a hippie. By the time the 70s and 80s came around, the style was short hair again. When the 90s came along, hair got long again, but this time with a different twist, a bigger and puffier twist. Now both long hair AND short hair are ‘in’. So you see, it was switching back and forth from long hair to short hair, but the whole time, it was progressing.

8. After taking this course, what do you think about world history helping us predict the future? Include a specific example.

I think world history can help us see which direction we might be headed in. But we can never really be sure, the only thing we can really be sure of, is the present, and the past, since I think the future is just a myth. However, we can use world history to help us learn from our mistakes. Because we can see the mistakes we made in the past, and from there if we see the cycle I talked about in the last question, change our actions, and thus, change the outcome.

9.

10. Discuss any issue or controversy related to World War Two.

Probably the biggest controversy over WW2 was whether or not we should have dropped the second bomb on Japan, and if we should have dropped them on Japan’s Navy instead of their cities. I think that what we did was completely fine, I feel like with any other country (besides Germany perhaps) it would have been utterly wrong to drop a bomb in one of their cities, killing innocent woman and children. But in this case I think Japan needed something like that to finally make them surrender.

Daniel N.

World History Homework Twelve Answers - Student 4

2011-12-08T15:28:24Z

History: Created page with "1. List, by order of influence, who you think were the five most influential persons in all of world history. 5. Hitler 4. Thomas Edison 3. Charles Darwin 2. Isaac Newton 1. Je..."

World History Homework Twelve Answers - Student 3

2011-12-08T15:14:03Z

History: Created page with "1. List, by order of influence, who you think were the five most influential persons in all of world history. By a Christian or atheist standard, Jesus Christ is by far the most..."

1. List, by order of influence, who you think were the five most influential persons in all of world history. By a Christian or atheist standard, Jesus Christ is by far the most influential figure in World History, but because he is much more than a historical figure, I leave him out of my list.

Muhammad is my fifth most historical figure; his religion has captivated believers ever since his time, good or bad Muhammad's Q'ran has caused many great wars up through today.

My fourth figure is Martin Luther; Luther's beliefs led him to challenge the Catholic faith and rebel. Luther's rebellion, along with other similar rebellions of the time, largely caused by Luther's, have irrevocably destroyed the idea of a unified Christian Church.

My third figure would be Karl Marx; Marx's books have caused massive starvation, bloodshed, economic collapse throughout the twentieth century.

My second figure is Thomas Jefferson; Jefferson combined all of the great ideas of the Enlightenment into our national Declaration of Independence, which has established America as the beacon of liberty and equality.

My choice for the most influential person in history is Socrates; Socrates was the first great philosopher. He was able to develop the dialogues which were the fundamental method of philosophical discourse. Socrates also inspired future thinkers to challenge their preconceived notions.

2. List, by order of influence, what you think were the five most influential "breakthroughs" or ideas in all of world history. My fifth most important idea of World History is Communism: Communism, the idea of collective sharing, traces roots from Jamestown to the Revolutionary France to Karl Marx to Soviet Russia to today's Communist governments. A theory that has been disproven so many times and yet keeps shooting up again and again must be viewed as influential.

Fourth is Deism, the philosophy of a God that has no role in our lives except to have originally created humanity. Deism was popular among Enlightenment philosophers as well as many of America's founding fathers such as Jefferson and Franklin. Since Deism has influenced so many intellectual giants it must be viewed as influential.

Third is pragmatism, the philosophy of putting self-advancement at the front of one's actions. World History has been irrevocably distorted by this philosopy, from Machiavelli's famous book "The Prince" which teaches how to manipulate society to your personal advancement, to the Philosophy of Social Darwinism, which teaches that the only order in society is that of strength, and that the stronger may subjugate the weaker.

Second is Equality. From history's beginning, governments have tried to achieve social order, but only after the Declaration of Indepence has equality been treated as a goal. Since then equality has been used to justify the release of slaves, Communism, the laws granting women and blacks suffrage, same sex marriage, and many other movements. However adverse some of its effects may be, equality has clearly been a major breakthrough in World History.

In my opinion, Christianity has been the greatest idea in World History. Christianity has produced a unique western culture, been invoked as the cause of religious wars, and induced people to be charitable and altruistic. We live in a fundamentally Christian culture, an in my opinion of all ideas, Christianity has had the greatest impact on World History.

3. Compare and contrast World War II to World War I, focusing on their causes and effects rather than specific battles. World War I was caused by European alliances whereas World War II was caused by economic loss of Germany, caused by World War I. World War I was fought for an unclear reason and even now no-one can really say there was a "right" and "wrong" side. World War II, however, was a war between a racist power-crazed mass-murderer and western society trying to protect themselves from his rule. World War I was fought in Europe and Africa whereas World War II was also fought in Asia. The United States' reluctant entrance in the middle of both wars is a common feature of both wars. The effects are also similar as World War I caused World War II and the allies' generous amount of land granted to Soviet Russia caused the Cold War that would continue for most of the rest of the century.

4. Add three terms and descriptions (five for credit for two questions) to the Study Guide. I added Erwin Rommel, Stalingrad and Yalta.

7. Does history repeat itself? Explain, with some examples. Yes, and there are even some examples relevant to today. The first is Islam's expansion. As Islam has expanded throughout World History it has always caused bloodshed, be it Charles Martel's "Battle of Tours" or "The Crusades". We must not allow Islam to similarly expand in our country today. Another example of history repeating itself is science mixing with non-science. Examples of people believing theories because non-scientists support them are manifest in Aristotle's theory that flies originated from rotting food, and Galileo's trying to support his (true) theory by stating that the Church supported his ideas. Today, when politicians and celebrities claim to understand "Global Warming" and thus make generalized statements or regulations that undermine the scientific debate that is still occurring, history is repeating itself. These are but a few examples of history repeating itself.

9. Who was right, President Truman or General Douglas MacArthur? Explain. I believe General MacArthur was right. Basically during the time period America's chief goal was to fight international communism; at home by such leaders as Joseph McCarthy, in Eastern Europe by supporting anti-communist "freedom fighters" as well as West Berlin, and finally in Asia by trying to stop the spread of Asian Communism, primarily in the Korean War. MacArthur's idea of taking an aggressive stance would have freed a large section of Korea from the yoke of Communism as well as giving the Capitalist free world another victory over Communism.

10. Discuss any issue or controversy related to World War II. I chose to write about the Yalta Conference. This was a conference between Joseph Stalin, Franklin Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill. The conference primarily focused on dividing the land captured in World War II between the Soviet Union, America, and England. Throughout the conference Roosevelt was influenced by a Communist insurgent, Alger Hiss, and thus, to the chagrin of Churchill, aggressively negotiated in favor of the USSR. This would result in the USSR being granted East Berlin, Poland, and much more territory that was destined to be oppressed and persecuted by the totalitarian "Evil Empire" that was the USSR.

Paul R.

World History Study Guide from 1648

2011-12-08T14:53:01Z

History:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Definition
|-
|Christian population
|steadily increased from 0% of the world when Jesus was born, to about 33% of the world today
|-
|Reconquista
|(AD 722-1492) the Christian retaking of Spain and Portugal from Muslim control
|-
|Siege of Vienna
|1529: Christians Europeans defeated the Muslim Ottoman Turks
|-
|9/11/1683, Gates of Vienna
|an alliance of Christian armies, led by the Polish King Jan III Sobieski, defeated a massive Muslim army
|-
|[[Forbidden City]]
|elaborate imperial palace in Beijing, China, which was used by twenty-four emperors during the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties; the public was kept out for 500 years
|-
|slave trade
|(1455-1800s) in North America, slave ''trade'' ended by a provision in the U.S. Constitution, and slavery ended with the American Civil War (1861-1865); in England, slave trade was ended by Christian reformers William Wilberforce and John Wesley; in Brazil, slavery continued until 1888
|-
|King Henry VIII
|(lived 1491-1547, reigned beginning in 1509) founded the Church of England (the Anglican Church) due to his dispute with the Catholic Church over its denial of his request to obtain a divorce
|-
|[[Rene Descartes]]
|(1596-1650) a French mathematician and philosopher who discovered analytical geometry and defined existence by “I think, therefore I am.”
|-
|Thirty Years’ War
|(1618-1648) a religious conflict in Germany between Bohemian Protestants and Hapsburg Catholics; this war also engulfed Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Switzerland and the Holy Roman Empire, before the Protestants (and Catholic France) won
|-
|Treaty of Westphalia
|(1648) ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe, leaving a weaker Germany and Holy Roman Empire; France emerged strengthened and more unified
|-
|[[nation-state]]
|(beginning in the 1400s) a single country comprised of people unified in language and culture, such as England, France, Spain and, much later, Germany
|-
|Decline of the Holy Roman Empire
|weakened by the Ottoman Muslims, France, the Reformation, the growth of nation-states, and how the Italian and German cultures grew apart
|-
|[[Age of Exploration]]
|(1450-1650) a time period when European nation-states (mainly England, France, Portugal and Spain) explored distant lands, including the American continents
|-
|[[caravel]]
|a small, highly maneuverable, lightweight ship developed by the Portuguese, often used to carry cargo
|-
|[[Ferdinand and Isabella]]
|The King and Queen of Spain in the late 1400s, who expelled Muslims from Spain and then funded Columbus's voyages
|-
|Prince Henry the Navigator
|founded the School of Navigation in Portugal in 1419, to train sailors to explore the West African coast with a goal of eventually finding sea routes to India
|-
|Bartholomew Diaz
|a Portuguese navigator who sailed around the southern tip of Africa (the Cape of Good Hope) in 1487 to establish a sea route to India
|-
|[[Christopher Columbus]]
|(1451-1506) Italian explorer funded by Spain to sail in four voyages across the Atlantic ocean in search for a trade route to India; he discovered the "New World" by reaching the Caribbean
|-
|[[Columbian Exchange]]
|the exchange of plants and animals between America and Europe for many years after Columbus's voyages
|-
|Treaty of Tordesillas
|1494: established an 1100-mile long "Line of Demarcation," giving one side to Portugal and the other side to Spain for controlling the New World (Western Hemisphere)
|-
|Line of Demarcation
|a north-to-south line giving Portugal trading rights in India, China, the East Indies, East Brazil and the Spanish Americas, and giving Spain control of the remaining, vast majority of the Americas
|-
|Vasco da Gama
|the first explorer to reach India by sailing eastward around Africa (1497-1499), with the help of the powerful monsoon winds; this established trade with India.
|-
|[[John Cabot]]
|a British explorer (who had been born in Genoa, Italy, like Columbus) who discovered Newfoundland and the New England coast in 1497-1498, making that land the property of England
|-
|Jacques Cartier
|1534 and 1541: French explorer who discovered Canada and the Mississippi Basin, including Louisiana; the lack of gold and silver in North America made it less interesting to Europeans than South America
|-
|Ferdinand Magellan
|1519-1522: led the first successful voyage to go around the world, going around the southern tip of South America. Magellan himself was killed by Philippine natives prior to completing the last leg of the journey.
|-
|Results of Magellan's voyage
|Spain gained control of many South American territories, including Peru, plus the Philippines in the Far East
|-
|[[Hernando Cortes]]
|aided by superior weapons and horses, he led the Spanish conquest of Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztec empire, capturing the Aztec ruler known as Montezuma; Cortes burned the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan and built Mexico City in its place
|-
|Francisco Pizzaro
|with only 180 men and 37 horses, this Spanish soldier conquered 30,000 Incas in Peru in 1531; he also discovered the greatest silver mine in the Americas.
|-
|El Greco
|(1541-1614) a painter, architect and sculptor best known for his paintings of saints and martyrs, and his painting of a storm over a Spanish town (“A View of Toledo”)
|-
|Diego Velázquez
|(1599-1660) a Spanish painter of portraits of the royal family and scenes from daily life at court
|-
|Miguel de Cervantes
|(1605) wrote the novel ''Don Quixote'', an influential work of Spanish literature
|-
|divine right of kings
|belief they were given power by God; this belief lasted until religious conflict in England in the 1600s and the French Revolution in the late 1700s
|-
|Philip II
|(reigned 1556-1598) King of Spain who was the great-grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand; his mighty Spanish Armada was crushed by a quicker English fleet in 1588
|-
|William of Orange
|(1579) led the Netherlands in a revolt against their Spanish masters; this (along with the defeat of the Spanish Armada by the British) weakened Spanish power
|-
|[[England]]
|an imperialistic nation-state based in the British isles off the western coast of Europe; it established the largest non-contiguous empire in history in the late 1800s but is much weaker than the U.S. today
|-
|mercantilism
|an economic system whereby a mother country (e.g., England) accumulates gold by exporting more goods than it imported, and by using her colonies (e.g., the American colonies) to ship it raw materials that could be manufactured and exported to other peoples
|-
|Queen Elizabeth
|(1558-1603) was known as the "Virgin Queen" of England and her 45-year reign was the “Elizabethan Age”; Virginia was named in her honor
|-
|[[James Stuart]]
|cousin of Queen Elizabeth who took over the English throne as James I and authorized the King James Version of the Bible; unlike Queen Elizabeth, King James I argued often with Parliament
|-
|Oliver Cromwell
|(1599-1658) an English soldier, statesman, and controversial leader of the Puritan revolution who overthrew the King
|-
|[[William Prynne]]
|(1600-1669) an English lawyer, author, political figure and prominent Puritan who was imprisoned for his religious beliefs
|-
|Jamestown settlement
|(1607) the first successful English settlement in the New World, in what is now Virginia
|-
|King James Bible
|(1611) the magnificent English translation of the Bible, authorized by King James, which even elevated the English language itself
|-
|[[Glorious Revolution]]
|revolution that took place in England in 1688, which replaced the Catholic King James II with the Anglican King and Queen, William and Mary.
|-
|William and Mary
|ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland in the late 1600s, and founded the college of William and Mary in the Virginia colony in 1693
|-
|Ivan IV “the Terrible”
|(reigned 1547-1584) first czar of Russia, who executed many innocent people; Ivan was succeeded by his son Feodor, whose repeated failures led Russia into a “Time of Troubles.”
|-
|Mikhail Romanov
|(1613) the first of a long line of Romanov Russian czars; under Romanov rule serfs lost almost all of their freedoms
|-
|Peter the Great
|a Romanov who ruled Russia from 1682-1696 and instituted sweeping reforms in Russian government and society; he built St. Petersburg and tried to make European traditions a part of Russia.
|-
|Maria Theresa
|(1717-1780) a Holy Roman empress who was the last ruler of the House of Habsburg dynasty, ruling over Austria
|-
|Frederick the Great
|(1712-1786) an absolutist King of Prussia, who built it into a powerful nation (before it became a key part of the future Germany)
|-
|War of the Austrian Succession
|(1740-1748) a broad conflict among many European nations, with the result that Prussia defeated Austria to win the territory of Silesia
|-
|Seven Years’ War
|(1756-1763) France, Russia, Sweden, Poland and Austria were allied against Britain and Prussia, for a region of Eastern Europe. Britain and France also fought in North America (called the French & Indian War here). Britain won the war due to the genius of William Pitt ("Pittsburgh" is named after him), gaining Canada and India as a result; France was humiliated, leading to the French Revolution decades later.
|-
|American Revolution
|a revolution against the British in the American Colonies beginning in 1776 with the American Declaration of Independence, caused by over-taxation by England; the Patriots won with the help of the French, and the Treaty of Paris (1783) ended this war
|-
|George Washington
|(1732-1799) first President of the United States (1789-1797); Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army; unanimous choice to serve as President; and voluntarily stepped down in 1796
|-
|[[Isaac Newton]]
|(1643-1727) the English physicist who, inspired by daily readings of the Bible, developed calculus and discovered the invisible force of gravity
|-
|Gottfried [[Leibniz]]
|(1646-1716) a German Lutheran mathematician and philosopher who developed calculus independent of Isaac Newton, and whose Christian-based philosophy was opposed by Voltaire. Leibniz invented the curly "S" notation for the integral (ignore the grids around it): <math>\int_a^b f(x)dx</math>
|-
|[[The Enlightenment]]
|a philosophical movement in Europe in the 1700s that challenged traditional views and preferred reason over faith; thinkers included Rousseau, Voltaire, Hume, Kant, Jefferson, Locke, and Diderot.
|-
|William Blackstone
|(1723-1780) the leading legal authority on English law, upon which American law is based; wrote the book ''The Rights of Englishmen'', in which he described the source of the rights of the people
|-
|Charles-Louis Baron de Montesquieu
|(1689-1755) a Frenchman who proposed the concept of separation of powers, and checks and balances, in government, which inspired key parts of the U.S. Constitution; wrote a book, ''The Spirit of the Laws'', that explained essential aspects of good government
|-
|Denis Diderot
|(1713-1784) a French writer during the Enlightenment who edited an encyclopedia of scientific and social knowledge known simply as ''Encyclopedia'' (in French: ''Encyclopédie'')
|-
|Jean Jacques Rousseau
|(1712-1778) his ideas led to the French Revolution and hostility to churches; he was a Swiss-born political philosopher who criticized private property and declared that government's goal should be to provide freedom, equality and justice
|-
|[[John Locke]]
|(1632-1704) English philosopher during the Enlightenment who created the idea of a "social contract" between the people and their government, which became the philosophical basis of rebellion in England and the American Revolution when people felt that government had broken this contract
|-
|[[Voltaire]]
|(1694-1778) a French philosopher, prominent during the Enlightenment, who favored '''''absolute''''' freedom and his ideas led to the French Revolution
|-
|[[monarch]]
|a person who rules over a kingdom or empire; he may be above the law (''absolute monarch'') or subject to it (''constitutional monarchy'')
|-
|[[Louis XIV]]
|(ruled 1643-1715) the absolute (all-powerful) monarch of France who said, “L’etat c’est moi!” (“I am the state”)
|-
|[[capitalism]]
|an economic system whereby private companies own all capital goods and sell them at a competitive price
|-
|[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]
|(1473-1543) a Polish Catholic scientist who started the "Scientific Revolution" with his discovery that the Earth revolves around the Sun, and published his discovery in a book at the end of his life ("On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres")
|-
|[[Johannes Kepler]]
|(1571-1630) a German Protestant scientist who built on Copernicus's work and discovered that planets orbit the sun in ellipses rather than circular orbits.
|-
|[[Galileo]]
|(1564-1642) a Catholic Italian astronomer who improved the telescope but was punished by the Church for publishing Copernicus's theory and saying the Church approved it; the Church then banned Galileo's book ("Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World - Ptolemaic and Copernican," published in 1632)
|-
|[[Rasputin]]
|Russian peasant-turned-monk who helped Czar Nicholas II's son survive hemophilia, until he was murdered by rivals in 1916
|-
|[[Tsar|Czar]] (Tsar)
|Absolute emperor of Russia since the 1500's, the first being Ivan IV "The Terrible."
|-
|[[Neo-Confucianism]]
|More of a philosophy than a religion, Neo-Confucianism is a combination of Confucianism and Buddhism, and was the primary practice of the Chinese nation in the 1600s.
|-
|[[Robert Fulton]]
|American engineer and inventor who created the first commercial steamboat service in 1807.
|-
|[[Bernhard Riemann]]
|(1826-1866) an influential German mathematician who made lasting contributions to differential geometry and analysis, providing the mathematical basis for some 20th century physics
|-
|[[balance of power]]
|first established by European nations after the final defeat of Napoleon: alliances called the Concert of Europe required nations to assist each other in order to defeat any one nation that became too powerful and started invading others
|-
|[[Constitution of the United States]]
|(1787) the oldest working constitution in the world, which established a masterful design for government
|-
|[[David Hume]]
|(1711-1776) a Scottish philosopher who promoted materialism and naturalism rather than Christianity, which later influenced Charles Darwin; Hume wrote "A Treatise on Human Nature" and believed in relativism rather than absolute truth
|-
|Declaration of Independence
|(1776) an American statement of "inalienable" (God-given) rights, asserting a right of the people break their "social contract" with a ruler (a king) when he violates those rights, such as the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
|-
|Edmund Burke
|(1729-1797) a conservative Irish statesman in the British parliament who sided with the American colonies before the American Revolution; coined the phrase "salutary neglect" to support economic growth in the colonies, and criticized the French Revolution while others were praising it
|-
|The Federalist Papers
|(1788) brilliant essays encouraging ratification of the U.S. Constitution, written mostly by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison
|-
|Immanuel Kant
|(1724-1804) a leading German philosopher, Kant felt that behavior is moral only if it would work as a rule if everyone did it (e.g., littering is immoral for one person to do it, because it wouldn't work if everyone did it); Kant's book "A Critique of Pure Reason" criticized the use of pure reason to determine morality
|-
|Industrial Revolution
|technology-driven changes in society that began about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the use of power-driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and a shift from farming to factories
|-
|James Clerk Maxwell
|(1831-1879) British physicist, perhaps the greatest of the 19th century; he developed a single consistent electromagnetic theory and the "maxwell", a unit of magnetic flux, was named in his honor
|-
|Johann Sebastian Bach
|(1685-1750) German classical music composer famous for Fugues and the "Passion according to St. Matthew"
|-
|Louis Pasteur
|(1822–95) French chemist, probably the greatest ever; he founded microbiology, invented pasteurization, and developed vaccinations for anthrax, rabies, and chicken cholera.
|-
|[[Matthew Perry]]
|helped end the isolation of Japan by sailing into Edo harbor and enabling the Treaty of Kanagawa to be signed in 1854
|-
|steamboat
|a waterborne ship useful to the Industrial Revolution which was powered by a steam engine, with the steam produced by burning coal (or less often, wood); today steamboats are powered by diesel gasoline
|-
|Economies of scale
|when increasing the size of a company enables it to lower its prices due to improved efficiencies, as the big Wal-Mart stores do
|-
|Enclosure movement
|in the 1700s when wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, to benefit from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land
|-
|Adam Smith
|(1723-1790) a Scottish political economist who discovered how the "invisible hand" of capitalism will create wealth and prosperity; his book describing this idea was the "Wealth of Nations" (1776)
|-
|[[David Ricardo]]
|(1772-1823) a classical British economist who advocated the advantages of more trade between nations
|-
|Victor Hugo
|(1802-1885) one of the greatest Romanticist poets, he was a Frenchman who wrote the classics Cromwell (1827), The Hunchback of Notre Dame of Paris (1831) and Les Miserables (1862)
|-
|[[Maximilian Robespierre]]
|(1758-1794) a French Jacobin who was most responsible for the Reign of Terror; under the influence of the work of Rousseau, Robespierre unbendingly murdered moderates and all opponents, and was eventually killed by the guillotine himself in 1794.
|-
|French Revolution
|began in 1789 by freeing Bastille prison, and ended in 1794 with Robespierre's death.
|-
|[[Bastille Day]]
|(July 14, 1789) when French peasants invaded the huge Bastille prison in Paris, freeing political prisoners. This started the Great Fear, with riots breaking out every day and peasants burning wealthy homes
|-
|[[Georges Danton|Georges Jacques Danton]]
|(1759–1794) a Jacobin during the French Revolution who joined and fully supported it until he saw the Reign of Terror and started to change his mind; then he was executed
|-
|[[Louis XVI]]
|the extravagant King of France (1774-1792) until executed during the French Revolution by guillotine in early 1793
|-
|[[Marie Antoinette]]
|privileged wife of Louis XVI during the French Revolution who reportedly said to the peasants, "Let them eat cake!" upon hearing of the shortage of bread
|-
|[[Reign of Terror]]
|terrifying chaos after the execution of Louis XVI when Maximilian Robespierre guillotined many people, including Marie Antoinette, until Robespierre died the same way (1794)
|-
|[[Napoleon]]
|(lived 1769-1821) Dictator of France after the French Revolution; signed peace treaties with major European enemies, created a successful system of laws known as the Napoleonic Code, and conquered much of continental Europe; defeated at Battle of Waterloo
|-
|[[Louisiana Purchase]]
|land stretching from Louisiana to the American Northwest that Napoleon sold to the U.S. for a low price in 1803
|-
|[[Battle of Waterloo]]
|1815: marked the end of Napoleon's reign in France when he was defeated by Prussia and Great Britain; the expression "someone's Waterloo" refers to a change from possible victory to a decisive defeat
|-
|[[Congress of Vienna]]
|1815: convention of European nations proposing a balance of powers among the rival nations to ensure than no single nation could threaten the others as Napoleon had just done
|-
|[[Concert of Europe]]
|established during the Congress of Vienna to create alliances between nations requiring assistance of each other if war or revolutions occurred; also adopted changes that legitimized monarchies and growing nationalism in Europe
|-
|[[Napoleon III]]
|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (1808-1873) President of the French Second Republic and nephew of Napoleon
|-
|[[Otto von Bismarck]]
|(1815-1898) leader of Prussia (1862-71) and the first chancellor of the German Empire (1871-90). Known as the "Iron Chancellor," he was a skilled politician who unified Germany as a nation in the 1860s by arranging for wars against other nations (first against Denmark, then against Austria and finally against France)
|-
|First French Empire
|(1804-1814/1815) was the empire of Napoleon I of France, and the dominant power of continental Europe
|-
|Second French Empire
|Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic in France.
|-
|[[United Kingdom]]
|the combination of "Great Britain" and "Northern Ireland," which is part of the island of Ireland.
|-
|[[Luddites]]
|a social movement in England that rioted and protested against the changes of the Industrial Revolution
|-
|[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]
|(1770-1827) revolutionized instrumental music and took it to new heights never thought possible, despite being totally deaf when he did his best compositions
|-
|France
|a nation-state in Europe that was ruled by a monarch until the French Revolution
|-
|Prussia
|a very militaristic nation-state in Europe in part of the area where Germany is today
|-
|''The Communist Manifesto''
|written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848, teaching that class struggles are the origin of all progress in society and urging people to start revolutions to establish communism; Russia did so in 1917, and others since then
|-
|Sun Yixian
|(1866-1925) also known as Sun Yat-sen, he led the Kuomintang or nationalist Party that overthrew the Qing Dynasty of China. He also became the first leader of the former Republic of China.
|-
|Virginia Declaration of Rights
|a declaration of rights adopted in colonial Virginia on June 7, 1776, as written by George Mason; the American Declaration of Independence was based on it
|-
|[[utilitarianism]]
|proposed by Englishman Jeremy Bentham and fine-tuned by John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), this non-Christian concept values overall "utility" (overall benefits minus costs) rather than individual justice as a method of determining morality and public policy. Example: tossing two people overboard in a lifeboat in order to save the other ten.
|-
|[[John Stuart Mill]]
|(1806-1873) British philosopher who supported utilitarianism and advocated an absolute right of free speech; he also supported the development of labor unions
|-
|[[nationalism]]
|when loyalty by a people to their nation becomes part of their identity; began in the late 1700s, around the same time as Romanticism, and later led to aggression by Germany and Japan in the 20th century
|-
|Handel
|(1685-1759) a German-born composer noted particularly for his oratorios, including the Messiah; Beethoven thought Handel was the greatest
|-
|Haydn
|(1732-1809) Austrian composer who played a major part in establishing the classical forms of the symphony and the string quartet
|-
|Mozart
|(1756-91) an Austrian composer known for his operas and his unfinished Requiem (1791)
|-
|Romanticism
|(1770-1870) a movement in poetry and the arts (including music) that emphasized individualism, feelings, thoughts, and the right to be different, which coincided with revolutions in France and elsewhere
|-
|Neoclassicism
|(1760-1850) paintings that emphasized clear linear design, using classical themes as subject matter
|-
|[[Karl Marx]]
|(1818-1883) German philosopher who, in 1848 with F. Engels, wrote ''The Communist Manifesto'', urging the working class to revolt and end private property
|-
|[[Friedrich Engels]]
|(1820-1895) German philosopher born to a wealthy family who co-authored ''The Communist Manifesto'', and who supported Marx financially while Marx wrote ''Das Kapital''.
|-
|classical economics
|19th-century economics plus the 18th-century Adam Smith, meaning less government restrictions on business, based upon the principles of the [[invisible hand]] and economic efficiency ([[Pareto]] optimality)
|-
|[[realpolitik]]
|Concept invented by Otto von Bismarck that emphasized practical politics rather than philosophy
|-
|[[laissez-faire]]
|approach in economics in which businesses are free from state and government intervention (translated literally, "let to do")
|-
|[[Franco-Prussian War]]
|(1870) Otto von Bismarck started the Franco-Prussian War by enticing the French to attack Prussia so that other Germans would join him in defense, and thereby unify Germany; Germans won in six weeks
|-
|Giuseppe Mazzini
|An Italian who sought unification of Italy as one nation; he formed the “Brotherhood of Young Italy” in 1831
|-
|King Leopold II
|(1835–1909) second king of Belgium, who founded the Congo Free State
|-
|[[Charles Darwin]]
|(1809-1882) English naturalist who proposed the theory of evolution: that all species had evolved into complex forms of life over millions of years through the process of "natural selection," or "survival of the fittest"
|-
|[[Charles Dickens]]
|(1812-1870) Greatest English novelist of the Victorian period, who sympathized with the poor and invented colorful characters like "Scrooge"
|-
|[[David Livingstone]]
|Scotsman who explored central Africa in the late 1860s to find the source of the Nile
|-
|Dual Alliance
|(1879) Germany (led by Bismarck) formed an alliance with Austria-Hungary as a way of protecting those countries against possible aggression by France
|-
|impressionism
|(late 1800s in France) paintings began emphasizing the transient effects of color and light, attempting to capture a fleeting image or “impression”. Artists included Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, Pierre Auguste Renoir and Paul Cezanne, and they often painted landscapes.
|-
|musical impressionism
|emphasized mood and understatement and reflected its composers’ view that pure sound (like color) is an end to itself
|-
|Zulus
|a tribe of the Mthethwa African kingdoms of the late 1800s, which was wiped out by the British in 1879
|-
|Kaiser Wilhelm II
|leader of Germany who ended Germany’s alliance with Russia, which caused Russia to form an alliance with France in 1891.
|-
|[[imperialism]]
|the practice of one strong nation controlling another weaker nation, territory, or a group of people; types of imperialism (from strongest to weakest) are: colonization, protectorates, spheres of influence, and economic
|-
|Triple Alliance
|Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed this alliance in 1882 to protect against French attacks; later became the Central Powers after Italy left and the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined
|-
|Triple Entente
|(1907) from the French for "good-will", Great Britain, Russia, France formed this alliance in 1907 to oppose the Triple Alliance; this later became the Allied Powers after Italy and Japan joined. Not as strong an alliance as the Triple Alliance, the Triple Entente did require mutual assistance to defend against attack
|-
|[[Communism]]
|an oppressive system of government, beginning in Russia, which states everyone must have the same amount of wealth, which discourages people from working hard
|-
|[[Central Powers]]
|The enemies of the Allies in WWI, and they were Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman empire.
|-
|[[Allies]]
|The Allies in WWI were Britain (her colonies), France, Russia, Italy, Japan, and beginning in 1917, the United States; in WWII the Allies were Britain, America, France, and Russia.
|-
|[[The Axis]]
|The Axis were the enemies of the Allies in WWII; the Axis consisted of Nazi Germany, Italy (at the start of the war), and Japan, they also included Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Croatia
|-
|[[Great War]]
|1914-1918: later known as World War I, this was one of the deadliest wars in world history based on trench warfare; the Allies defeated the Central Powers and imposed terms of peace that were so unreasonable they led to World War II
|-
|Schlieffen Plan
|German plan to avoid a two-front war in World War I by invading and defeating France first before fighting Russia on its other front
|-
|Entrenchment
|the first year and a half of World War I (1914-15) during which there were terrible casualties without either side gaining the upper hand.
|-
|[[First Battle of Marne]]
|(Sept. 6-12, 1914), massive conflict in WWI which halted the German efforts to capture France, and forced the Germans to fight a two-front war; French losses were horrific: 250,000 deaths
|-
|[[U-boat]]
|German submarines used to patrol the Atlantic in a terrifying manner and intercept British ships; the U-boats eventually sunk American ships too
|-
|[[Gallipoli Campaign]]
|(April 1915) Allied forces landed on the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli, but were not prepared for the terrain or their tough opponents; unsuccessful, the Allies retreated after massive losses
|-
|[[Lusitania]]
|a British luxury liner sunk by a German submarine in the North Atlantic on May 7, 1915, killing 1,198 people, including 128 U.S. citizens; this outraged the American public and led later to the U.S. entry into WW I.
|-
|[[Battle of Verdun]]
|(1916) longest battle of WWI with massive casualties with nothing gained by either side with nearly 1 million wounded or killed; began when Germans attacked the French city of Verdun
|-
|[[Manfred von Richtofen]]
|Better known as the "Red Baron," this German was the greatest flying ace of all time with 80 kills until he was shot down by an unknown person near the end of WW I, in 1918
|-
|Treaty of Versailles
|(1919) ended WWI by imposing limits on the size and weapons of the German army, requiring Germany to pay massive damages, and taking away some of its colonies and territories.
|-
|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
|(1923) created the modern state of Turkey, with a combination of military rule and an elected Parliament; also converted the Arabic language to a modern, Latin-style alphabet
|-
|Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
|(1870-1924) leader of the Communist Party who overthrew the Russian government; Lenin was leader of the Bolsheviks and ruled the Soviet Union, imposing a system of Marxism-Leninism that remained until the 1990s; Lenin also ended Russia's support of the Allies in the war in 1918
|-
|Bolsheviks
|(after 1903) the more extreme Marxist group, as opposed to the Mensheviks, who sought violent revolution soon
|-
|[[Expressionism]]
|style of art that arose in the 20th century, using distorted forms and bold colors
|-
|[[Great Depression]]
|a worldwide economic crisis in the 1930s when poverty struck most of the world and the unhappiness allowed dictators to seize power
|-
|[[King Victor Emmanuel]]
|The King in Italy who surrendered his power to Mussolini
|-
|[[Il Duce]]
|"The Leader." Name used by the fascists to identify Mussolini.
|-
|[[Nazi]]
|a member of the National Socialist German Workers' party of Germany, which in 1933, under Adolf Hitler, seized political control of the nation, started World War II, believed in a supremacy by the German people, and imposed the Holocaust
|-
|[[Fascism]]
|Fascists believe that all actions should be done for the good of the state. Fascism is a totalitarian economic and political ideology that came to dominate the social and political systems of Italy under Benito Mussolini and Germany under Adolf Hitler.
|-
|aggression by Japan in the 1930s
|Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931, attracted in part by the coal and iron deposits there, which began the Asian phase of World War II. In 1937, Japan invaded northern and central China.
|-
|aggression by Italy in the 1930s
|Italy invaded and conquered Ethiopia in 1935-1936.
|-
|[[Mussolini]]
|founder of Italy’s Fascist Party, Mussolini emphasized the need to improve Italy’s economy and its military. In October 1922, the Fascists protested in Rome, causing the King to make Mussolini leader of Italy. He then made it illegal to strike, thinking this would make the economy bounce back.
|-
|-
|aggression by Germany in the 1930s
|In 1936, Germany invaded the buffer zone separating Germany from France: the industrialized Rhineland; Germany annexed Austria in 1938 without much resistance, and on Sept. 1, 1939, Germany invaded and annexed western Poland despite armed resistance.
|-
|[[Enigma]]
|a cipher (encryption) used by the Axis in WWII, thought to be unbreakable until a 27-year-old Polish mathematician cracked it in 1937 (without telling the Germans!)
|-
|[[World War I]] (WWI)
|(1914-1918) also known as ''The Great War'', the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary fought against the Entente of Britain, France and Russia; the war ended with the economic collapse of the Central Powers in November 1918 after 4 years of brutal fighting and a successful blockade on Germany
|-
|[[World War II]] (WWII)
|began in the 1930s when Germany invaded Poland, and lasted until 1945 when the Allied powers defeated the Axis powers and forced them to surrender
|-
|[[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]]
|"FDR" was President during most of the Great Depression and WW II, where he wanted the U.S. to intervene to save Britain
|-
|[[blitzkrieg]]
|German for "lightning war," high-speed attack which combines bombing with a tank invasion, followed by infantry to mop up pockets of enemy troops that developed; first launched with spectacular success by Hitler against Poland in 1939
|-
|[[The Holocaust]]
|Germany blamed Jews for all of its problems. In 1935 a law was passed to prevent Jews from holding government offices, and during WWII Germany established concentration camps that exterminated millions of Jews.
|-
|[[Joseph Stalin]]
|(1879-1953) Russian atheistic dictator who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition
|-
|[[Manhattan Project]]
|(Dec. 6, 1941) one day before the attack at Pearl Harbor, American scientists began the construction of an atomic bomb
|-
|D-Day
|(June 6, 1944) the massive invasion of Europe at Normandy (France) by the U.S.-led Allied forces, to turn the tide in WWII
|-
|George Patton
|homeschooled, this American was the finest field general in WWII and the only one the Germans truly feared; he was better at blitzkrieg-style tank warfare than the Germans were
|-
|[[Big Bang]]
|a scientific theory, initially ridiculed before being accepted by many physicists, that the universe had a unique creation rather than having existed forever
|-
|quantum mechanics
|(early 1900s) this breakthrough in physics is the foundation of electronic technology: there is an underlying uncertainty in the position of subatomic particles until they are observed, and these particles are easy to use for storing or controlling information
|-
|[[Niels Bohr]]
|a Danish physicist in the early 1900s who discovered the atomic structure and helped develop quantum mechanics
|-
|[[Albert Einstein]]
|(1879-1955) physicist best known for his work on the theory of relativity
|-
|Easter Rising
|(April 24-30, 1916) Irishmen seeking independence from Britain captured key locations in Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic; British suppressed this and executed its leaders
|-
|Irish Republic
|(1919) established through the efforts of its leader, Michael Collins (1890-1922), who was then killed three years later during an Irish civil war
|-
|Northern Ireland
|divided between British Protestants and Irish Catholics, still under the control of the British
|-
|[[jazz]]
|music originating in New Orleans in the early 1900s, developing varied and complex styles; it consists of intricate, propulsive rhythms, polyphonic ensemble playing, improvisatory, virtuosic solos, melodic freedom, and a harmonic idiom.
|-
|globalism
|the opposite of “nationalism”; “globalism” views the world as one political unit, as one massive village
|-
|[[Gandhi]]
|spiritual Hindu leader who set out to win independence for India through peaceful civil disobedience
|-
|free trade
|trade (importing goods) without limitation between nations; it can cause losses in American jobs and an increase in illegal drugs shipped in from other nations
|-
|GATT
|(1947) stands for “General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,” in which western nations promoted free trade by first freezing tariffs (taxes on goods sent between nations), and later began reducing the tariffs
|-
|World Trade Organization
|(1995) WTO: most nations agreed to “free trade” and established international courts for handling disputes
|-
|NAFTA
|(1994) stands for “North American Free Trade Agreement,” which established free trade between Mexico, the United States, and Canada, and created international courts to resolve trade disputes
|-
|consumerism
|people becoming obsessed with buying more than what is healthy or necessary, with brand names (like McDonalds) becoming more familiar than important things like the Bible
|-
|Universal Declaration of Human Rights
|(1948) a United Nations declaration of basic human rights, including “life, liberty, and security of person”
|-
|[[Cold War]]
|(1945-1991) between the U.S., its allies and the communist Soviet Union, consisting of spying rather than actual fighting
|-
|[[Korean War]]
|(1950-1953) war between South Korea, supported by the U.S., and North Korea, supported by communists; ended in a stalemate after President Truman prevented General Douglas MacArthur from winning it by fighting the communist Chinese
|-
|Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
|(1960) “OPEC” is a cartel (monopoly by a group) formed by Middle Eastern and a few other nations to keep the price of oil by avoiding competition. In 2007, OPEC controlled about 2/3rds of the total oil market.
|-
|Berlin Wall
|a symbol of communism, this massive wall (with armed communist guards on top) was built in 1961 to stop the flow of people from communist East Germany to free West Germany
|-
|[[Pearl Harbor]]
|Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese launched a surprise attack on US navy fleet in Hawaii; Congress declared war on Japan and entered WWII
|-
|[[Korematsu v. United States]]
|(1944) Supreme Court decision upholding the forced removal of Japanese Americans to internment camps during WWII; the Court sided with the government, ruling that the exclusion order was constitutional
|-
|domino effect
|the expectation that when one nation fell to communism, then its neighboring nations became more likely to fall to communism too. This principle was the driving force behind US intervention against communism in Korea, Vietnam and perhaps Chile.
|-
|Ho Chi Minh
|a communist, nationalist leader of North Vietnam who defeated the weakened Japanese there in 1945, obtained freedom from the French, and then sought to make South Vietnam communist too
|-
|Vietcong
|communist insurgents in South Vietnam in the 1960s, during the Vietnam War
|-
|Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
|August 1964: in response to mysterious gunshots fired at an American ship in the Gulf of Tonkin near North Vietnam, Congress authorized sending troops; Congress never formally declared war on North Vietnam, and this Resolution became the substitute
|-
|Vietnam War
|1964-1975: an unsuccessful attempt by the United States to prevent the fall of Vietnam to communism
|-
|Henry Kissinger
|an adviser who ran the foreign policies of U.S. Presidents Nixon and Ford, and who mishandled the Vietnam War to a humiliating conclusion for the U.S.
|-
|Pol Pot
|ruled Cambodia in 1975-1979 as the leader of the Khmer Rouge government; he abolished private property, money and religion, and caused many deaths
|-
|Zionism
|a movement beginning in the late 1800s to reestablish a Jewish state in Palestine in and around Jerusalem
|-
|Balfour Declaration
|1917: a statement calling for the creation of new Jewish and Palestinian states in the Middle East
|-
|Israel
|established by the United Nations in 1948, having a size slightly smaller than New Jersey
|-
|David Ben-Gurion
|1948: first prime minister of Israel
|-
|Arab-Israeli wars
|four major ones between 1948 and 1973 (1948, 1956, 1967 and 1973)
|-
|Six-Day War
|1967: Egypt’s ruler Nasser closed off the Gulf of Aqaba, which was the only access Israel had to the Red Sea, and Israel responded with massive air strikes against several Arab nations, including Egypt; Israel conquered Jerusalem, the West Bank, the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights.
|-
|Anwar Sadat
|succeeded Nasser as ruler of Egypt (1970-1981)
|-
|Yom Kippur War
|(October 1973) Egypt’s ruler Sadat launched a surprise attack on Israel on its holiest day, Yom Kippur. After suffering massive initial losses, the Israeli prime minister, Golda Meir, regained much of the lost territory.
|-
|Camp David Accords
|1979: President Jimmy Carter brokered a peace agreement between Egypt and Israel, whereby Egypt agreed to recognize Israel in exchange for receiving return of the Sinai Peninsula.
|-
|Yasser Arafat
|founder of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1964, which demanded a Palestinian state in the area of Jerusalem and rejected the right of Israel to exist.
|-
|intifada
|1987: PLO instituted a campaign of persistent violence called whereby common citizens and even children threw stones at Israelis and committed additional violence.
|-
|Declaration of Principles
|1993: secret talks between Israeli leaders and the PLO in Oslo, resulting in a promise of self-rule to the Palestinians over the Gaza Strip and West Bank
|-
|Benjamin Netanyahu
|current leader of conservatives in Israel who is its current Prime Minister in 2011
|-
|Mikhail Gorbachev
|rose to power in the Soviet Union in mid-1980s and allowed “glasnost” or openness, and “perestroika”, which permitted some economic freedoms, until he resigned on Christmas Day of 1991 after losing to Boris Yeltsin
|-
|Lithuania
|annexed to the Soviet Union in 1940 but became independent in March 1990 as the Soviet Union fell apart with the overthrow of communism
|-
|Boris Yeltsin
|the popular mayor of Moscow who courageously challenged the communists in Russia and defeated them in June 1991 to become president of a new Russian Republic; he ended price controls and cut taxes; churches opened and the people of Leningrad changed its name back to St. Petersburg.
|-
|Commonwealth of Independent States
|the successor to the Soviet Union; most of its nations (including Russia) joined, except for the Baltic republics and Georgia
|-
|Chechnya
|Muslim-dominated region in southwest Russia, which declared its independence from Russia in 1991, leading to a bloody war
|-
|John Paul II
|(reigned 1978-2005) the first Polish pope of the Catholic Church, who then opposed communism especially in his homeland of Poland
|-
|Lech Walesa
|a leader against communism in Poland, who led his political party Solidarity to power once free elections were held in April 1989
|-
|Hungary
|attempted unsuccessfully to overthrow communism in 1956 (the Soviet Union invaded to suppress the revolt), but Hungarians overthrew communism in October 1989
|-
|East Germany
|an atheistic, communist nation until demonstrations broke out in October 1989, which not even its ruthless dictator Erich Honecker could control; he resigned and his successor opened the Berlin Wall in November 1989, whereupon the people tore the wall down
|-
|Czechoslovakia
|combination of diverse ethnic groups formed in 1919 out of the old Austria-Hungarian empire to promote [[Woodrow Wilson|Woodrow Wilson's]] "self-determination" principle, until Hitler invaded it in 1938; after WWII it was a communist-controlled nation until demonstrations forced its Communist Party leader to resign in November 1989; in 1993, the Czechoslovakia split along ethnic lines to form Slovakia and the Czech Republic
|-
|Romania
|Eastern European nation ruled by communist dictators from the end of WWII until overthrown by massive demonstrations in December 1989
|-
|Nicolae Ceausescu
|communist dictator of Romania from 1965 to Christmas Day 1989; unlike most communists, Ceausescu was pro-life and he prohibited abortion
|-
|Yugoslavia
|ruled by the communist Marshall Tito (1945-1980), who enjoyed some independence from the Soviet Union; Tito was succeeded in power by the Serbian Slobodan Milosevic, which caused Slovenia and Croatia to seek independence due to their different ethnicity
|-
|Kosovo War
|fighting in Croatia between the Serbs and the Croats; the U.S. and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) intervened in 1999 and drove the Serbian Milosevic from power
|-
|Ronald Reagan
|(1981-1989) conservative U.S. president who cut taxes, helped defeat communism in the Soviet Union, and proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
|-
|Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
|(1980s) also known as “Star Wars,” Reagan proposed developing advantaged technology to intercept and destroy fast-moving missiles that might be launched against the U.S.
|-
|Chairman Mao Zedong
|(ruled 1949-1976) the ruthless dictator who founded communist China and then starved tens of millions to death; in 1965 he imposed the "Cultural Revolution" to senselessly eliminate people who were achievers
|-
|Tiananmen Square
|(June 4, 1989) communist China used tanks to massacre hundreds of peaceful Chinese protesters who sought greater democracy
|-
|Hong Kong
|was a colony of Great Britain until July 1, 1997, when Britain's lease expired and it returned this colony to China, which promised to allow Hong Kong to remain capitalistic for another 50 years
|-
|9-11
|September 11, 2001) 19 Muslims, most from Saudi Arabia, hijacked American airplanes and flew one into each tower of the World Trade Center, a third into the Pentagon, and a fourth crashed in Pennsylvania as the passengers attempted to retake control of the plane from the terrorists.
|-
|Modern Era
|can mean since 1789 (The French Revolution) or since 1900
|}

==Honors terms==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Term
!Definition
|-
|[[British Royal Air Force]]
|Also nicknamed the "RAF", this aerial warfare service is one of the oldest, independent warfare services in the world. The "RAF"'s technique of shooting down incoming German airplanes saved the British tremendously.
|-
|Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher
|The newspaper that Karl Marx wrote for after moving to Paris in 1843.
|-
|[[Dunkirk]]
|The harbor town, located on the northernmost tip of France, in which the Germans relentlessly bombed. Thousands of soldiers were departed to England during the constant bombing; Winston Churchill titled this wonder, the "miracle of Dunkirk."
|-
|[[Emilio Aguinaldo]]
|Led a rebellion against the U.S. to establish freedom in the Philippines in 1899.
|-
|[[Emiliano Zapata]]
|Cowboy who helped lead the Mexican Revolution.
|-
|[[Endlosung]]
|The arranged execution of the Jewish people, throughout Germany, in brutal sites called "concentration camps." The Endlosung is also commonly known as Hitler's "Final Solution."
|-
|[[Guillotine]]
|The guillotine was invented by Dr. Joseph Guillotine. It has a heavy blade that is lifted up and then dropped onto the execution victim to severe their head. During the Reign of Terror, the guillotine was the main form of execution.
|-
|[[Franz Kafka]]
|a troubled author who wrote several classic stories about being persecuted or harmed unfairly, including The Trial (1916) and The Metamorphosis (1915).
|-
|[[National Security Agency]]
|A branch of the U.S. government staffed by mathematicians; the agency seeks for better ways to secure American communications against the interception of enemies. They also develop ways to decode the secret messages of enemies.
|-
|[[Manchuria]]
|A region in northeast China which was conquered by Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War. After being invaded by Japan in 1931, Manchuria was renamed Manchukuo. The charge into Manchuria began the Asian period of World War II.
|-
|[[Muhammad Ali Pasha]]
|(1769-1849) Albanian commander in the Ottoman army; regarded as the founder of modern Egypt.
|-
|[[Standing army]]
|Army in peacetime, which became popular among nationalistic countries beginning in the 1900s
|-
|[[Automobile]]
|a passenger vehicle designed for operation on ordinary roads and typically having four wheels and a gasoline or diesel internal-combustion engine.
|-
|[[Henry Ford]]
|United States automobile manufacturer, and founder of Ford.
|-
|[[Pearl Harbor]]
|a harbor near Honolulu, in Hawaii: surprise attack by Japan on the U.S. naval base and other military installations December 7, 1941.
|-
|[[Adolf Hitler]]
|German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945)
|-
|[[opium]]
|an addictive, deadly drug that the British empire sent in large amounts to China, which caused the great Taiping Rebellion against the British
|-
|[[Little Boy]]
|When given the green light by U.S. president Harry S. Truman, the 9,700 pound atom bomb called "Little Boy" was dropped from 31,000 feet and detonated at an altitude of 1,968 feet over the Japanese city Hiroshima. It was the first atom bomb to be used in war.
|-
|[[M1 Garand]]
|One of the most influential American firearms in history, firing a .30 Cal bullet. These were the primary weapons in both World War 2 and the Korean War.
|-
|[[Cotton]]
|Cotton is a natural fiber used in clothing. It comes from the seed of the cotton plant. People have grown cotton since 3000 B.C. and traded it for other goods.
|-
|[[slavery]]
|the state or condition of being a slave; a civil relationship whereby one person has absolute power over another and controls his life, liberty, and fortune
|-
|factors of production
|Inputs used by companies to produce goods. Basic models of production have two input factors, labor and capital.
|-
|Corsica
|Became one of the 27 regions of France in 1769. The birthplace of Napoleon Bonaparte.
|-
|Guy Fawkes
|A conspirator against the English throne who belonged to a group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605.
|-
|Gregor Mendel
|Father of Modern Genetics. As an Augustinian monk, Mendel studied Pea inheritance and interpreted his results to shape genetics till this day with his laws of Segregation and Independent assortment.
|-
|Sigmund Freud
|Father of Modern Psychiatry. Arguably a pseudoscientist, with heavy focus on Ego and Eros. Famous for invention of the "Oedipus Complex" which is arguably a reflection of his troubled personal life.
|-
|[[Charles Spurgeon]]
|Charles Spurgeon was a Minister in England who taught that faith without works is dead and that people should try to help the poor.
|-
|Columbian Exchange
|plants and animals were brought from colonial America to Europe and vice-versa; Columbus brought from Europe to America wheat, melons, onions, grapes, sugar cane and horses. America had new fruits and vegetables, the white potato, peanuts, pumpkins, squash and chili peppers, which were then exported from America back to Europe.
|-
|[[Thomas Malthus]]
|Thomas Malthus was a British economist. He believed that exponential population growth, coupled with geometric advances in food production would mean that the world economy was inevitable going to collapse and fail. His vision did not take into account advances in technology and a slowing of the world population growth. Malthusian fears are also prevalent amongst liberal peak oil alarmism.
|-
|[[Battle of the Somme]]
|This battle started with the British and French meeting at the Somme River to begin an attack on the Germans to distract them from Verdun. The Allies bombed the Germans lines then sent 200,000 troops to storm them. The Germans were prepared for the attack and the losses were great. The British lost 20,000 men and had 40,000 wounded. The British and the French lost nearly 750,000 men.
|-
|[[Third Battle of Ypres]]
|The British hid 19 huge land mines under the German lines in southeast Ypres, Belgium over a 18 month period. The British detonated the mines and charged the lines in July 1917. The British plan worked for the beginning stages but soon failed because they did not pursue the Germans quick enough. Soon it rained the wettest fall season in years and the allies were literally stuck in the mud.
|-
|[[Communist League]]
|the first Marxist international organization. It was founded originally as the League of the Just by German workers in Paris in 1834.
|-
|[[Robert Owen]]
|(1771-1858) Welsh industrialist and philosopher, he was a leading supporter of the "Utopian Socialism” and he introduced better working conditions to his own cotton mills in Scotland.
|-
|[[Jeremy Bentham]]
|(1748-1832) Was a philosopher and lawyer who believed in individual and economic freedom.
|-
|[[Charles Fourier]]
|(1772-1837) In France, was the leader of the utopian socialists. He also believed that industrialism was a passing phase, and wanted to elevate the status of manual laborers.
|-
|[[St. Helena]]
|A British island used as a place of exile, the most notable prisoner was Napoleon.
|-
|encomiendas
|beginning in 1503: a Spanish system whereby a Spanish soldier (or colonist) received a section of land from the king along with the Indians who lived there as slave labor
|-
|repartimientos
|1575: after complaints about the encomiendas by a Spanish monk named Bartholomew de Las Casas, repartimientos was a new Spanish system that supposedly improved conditions for workers, and required paying them
|-
|locomotive
|developed in the early 1800s; it allowed man for the first time in history to travel faster than on horseback
|-
|Andreas Vesalius
|(1514-64) a Renaissance physician who advanced the understanding of anatomy for physicians
|-
|William Harvey
|(1578–1657) an English physician who first understood the circulation of blood in the body
|-
|[[Francis Bacon]]
|(1561–1626) an English philosopher/scientist who promoted research based on experimentation. Famously wrote the ''Novum Organum'' (the New Method) which argued that the only road to knowledge was through empiricism. It has been conjectured that he wrote some or all of Shakespeare's plays, although this is no longer regarded as credible by many scholars.
|-
|[[Nationalsozialismus]]
|The political fascists in Germany. Nazi for short.
|-
|[[Marian Rejewski]]
|Polish mathematician who first broke the German Enigma code in 1932
|-
|other free trade agreements in the Americas
|Latin American Free Trade Agreement (LAFTA, formed in 1961), and replaced in 1981 by the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI); the South American Common Market (Mercosur) which has Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Venezuela as members; and a recently enacted Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) which the United States joined.
|-
|Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
|(1967) free trade group founded by Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines to combat communism; ASEAN later signed trade agreements with Japan (1977) and the European Community (1980)
|-
|McDonaldization
|when American advertising (as in the case of McDonalds) has an influence on the world culture, causing distant children (like Chinese) to repeat a McDonald’s slogan they heard on television
|-
|[[Rheinische Zeitung]]
|the newspaper that Karl Marx wrote for when he lived in Cologne
|-
|Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty
|(1987) an agreement between the U.S. and Soviet Union to ban missiles having ranges of 300 to 3,400 miles
|-
|[[New Orleans]]
|a port in SE Louisiana, on the Mississippi River, about 172 km (107 miles) from the sea: the largest city in the state and the second most important port in the US; founded by the French in 1718; belonged to Spain (1763--1803). It is largely below sea level, built around the Vieux Carré (French quarter); famous for its annual Mardi Gras festival and for its part in the history of jazz; a major commercial, industrial, and transportation center.
|-
|[[Fat Man]]
|When the Japanese refused to surrender after experiencing the first atom bomb, this 10,213 pound atom bomb was dropped and detonated on the Japanese city Nagasaki. Its blast yielded 21 kilotons of TNT or 75 million sticks of dynamite. It was the second atom bomb to be used in war.
|-
|[[Enola Gay]]
|A Boeing B-29 Superfortress piloted by Colonel Paul Tibbets that on August 6, 1945 dropped "Little Boy", the first atom bomb, on the Japanese city Hiroshima.
|-
|[[Woodrow Wilson]]
|(1856-1924) American President who led us into World War I, secured the formation of the League of Nations, and at one point persuaded Congress to declare war on Germany in 1917
|-
|[[Heil Hitler]]
|The special salute that is used to show complete devotion to the national leader (Hitler)
|-
|[[Swastika]]
|Symbol used for the purpose of mind control in Germany. Used by the Nazi in World War II. Originally from Hinduism it's true name is Sanskrit.
|-
|[[Ultra]]
|Allied effort to break Germany's secret code (the Enigma); said by General Eisenhower to have been decisive to their victory over Germany
|-
|Ngo Dinh Diem
|An unpopular leader of the free South Vietnam until 1963, when he was overthrown by generals who had been supported by the U.S.
|-
|Vietnamization
|U.S. President Nixon’s policy for slowly withdrawing American troops from South Vietnam, hoping that the South Vietnamese would do more themselves in fighting communism.
|-
|The Four Tigers
|the prosperous Pacific Rim nations of [[South Korea]], [[Taiwan]], [[Singapore]] and [[Hong Kong]] (Hong Kong is now part of communist China but is allowed to remain free until at least the middle of the 21st century)
|-
|Deng Xiaoping
|(ruled 1978-1997) dictator of communist China who was more friendly to capitalism and the West, and began a program called the Four Modernizations
|-
|Jiang Zemin
|Communist China dictator who succeeded Deng when he died in 1997. Jiang refused to improve China’s record on human rights, and Christianity and democracy remain suppressed there; China has armed itself in preparation for a war with the U.S., pointing nuclear missiles at California
|-
|Bloody Sunday
|(1972) Irish held a peaceful march for freedom in Derry, Northern Ireland, but British soldiers responded by shooting and killing some of them, including children; the British never punished those responsible and a popular song by the group U2 commemorates the tragedy
|-
|[[President Truman]]
|Vice-President who became president when Roosevelt died in 1945. Was not able to handle the issue of war and bombing as well as Roosevelt. Issued the bombing of Japan.
|-
|[[Hiroshima]]
|Japanese city hit by an U.S. bomb in WW II.
|-
|[[Dr. Josef Mengele]]
|Doctor who because of his belief of "survival of the fittest," performed cruel surgeries and experiments on the prisoners in the concentration camps.
|-
|[[Great Leap Forward]]
|Name of Mao Zedong's idea in which he established collective farms where many people worked on many acres per farm. Because of this, many Chinese died.
|-
|[[Erwin Rommel]]
|Famous Nazi Field Marshall in Africa. Attempted to assassinate Hitler.
|-
|[[Stalingrad]]
|Famous battle between Russia and Nazi Germany in which Russian Artillery destroyed German army. The Germans were subsequently sent out of Russia.
|-
|[[Yalta]]
|Famous conference between Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin. Roosevelt, influenced by a Communist Agent, was ready to give large amounts of territory including East Berlin and Poland to Stalin
|}
[[Category:World History lectures]]

World History Homework Eleven Answers - Student 2

2011-12-01T05:25:50Z

History: Created page with "1. Describe an aspect of the Great War that you found to be most interesting, or most influential. Include as an introduction a sentence or two about what the Great War was. The..."

1. Describe an aspect of the Great War that you found to be most interesting, or most influential. Include as an introduction a sentence or two about what the Great War was.

The Great War was basically just what the called WW1 before it had been named WW1, the more precise time was from the beginning of the war to sometime in the 1930’s. I don’t really know was so “Great” about this war though. It seems like hardly anything was achieved accept for countless deaths of soldiers. There weren’t hardly any great or heroic battles; it was just continuous brutal violence. One of the worst parts of this war was the toxic gasses that were thrown all over during the terrible battles fought inside the trench.

2. Explain the what, why, when and where of communism.

Communism was the idea that we all are equal (not a bad idea), and it takes that idea and tries to make sure that we all have exactly the same amount of money, land, etc. The idea wouldn’t seem like a bad idea, but it is one of the most inefficient ideas a government has ever come up with, and resulted in a lot of dispute over the all of the 1900. If not for Ronald Reagan, we might still be in the terrible mess of communism.

3. Pick an aspect of science from the early 20th century and discuss it.

Quantum Mechanics are probably the most useful scientific advancement that was made during the 20th century. It was discovered by the European Philosophers. The basic idea of Quantum Mechanics is that subatomic particles act like waves, and are never in one place at a time. A lot of the technology we see today is the result of quantum mechanics.

4. Pick an aspect of art or literature in the early 20th century and discus

I happen to feel that a lot of drawings made by people in the early 20th century, such as Picasso, were drawn be people who had trouble seeing, because all of the body parts seem just like one huge, disorderly jumble. I guess there must be some talent in that type of artwork though, or it wouldn’t be quite so famous, I just happen to have a hard time seeing it.

5.

6.

7. What is your view of secret alliances among nations? Do you think the secret alliances made World War 1 worse?

I feel that the secret alliances made WW1 way worse. Like you said in the lecture, it was like lining two football teams up ready to play, it doesn’t take much to get the teams to start “playing.” This also created a “who’s on who’s side type of panic, which probably made everyone uneasy

8. Discuss why the peace after the Great War did not last.

I think it’s because a lot of the mistakes after WW1 actually are the reason for WW2. We always have to pay for our past mistakes in one way or another, in this case we paid for it with another world war.

Daniel N.

World History Homework Ten Answers - Student 3

2011-11-17T16:22:34Z

History:

1. Describe the industrial revolution…including your view of it.

The industrial revolution started in 1760 in England. It also spread further around Europe, effecting countries such as France and Germany. Eventually, (after a few hundred years) most of the world became industrialized, although some Middle Eastern countries are still too stubborn to accept the advancement of industrialization, because of their religion. Anyways, the two main advances made in industrialism were that of technology and culture. It was an exciting time and the world was becoming more efficient and a better place to be, that is, if you were rich or middle class, however though, if you were poor, it was a hard time to live, some of the Charles Dickens books describe this problem really well, aside from this problem though I feel that the Industrial Revolution was a very good thing.

2. Describe imperialism…including your view of it.

Imperialism was basically the act of one larger nation, taking control of another smaller nation. One of the greatest examples of successful imperialism are the British colonies, we can give a lot of credit for the success of America to the British. Many countries have used imperialism, and when used in the right way, it can be very successful; however, I feel that too often it can result in the smaller country forming a rebellion. Even one of the most successful uses of imperialism, (mentioned above) ended up in the revolutionary war. So I feel that imperialism, while sometimes successful, should not be overused at all.

3. Pick any aspect of African or Asian history in the lecture, and describe it.

Imperialism eventually expanded into Southeast Asia, certain European countries such as Britain and France were imperializing Southeast Asia by making trading routes with them. Indonesia was one of the most popular countries for trading with in all of Southeast Africa.

6. Discuss the work of Karl Marx or Charles Darwin, or both.

Karl Marx is possibly most well none for his book The Communist Manifesto, this book laid the groundwork down for communism and is probably a big reason that communism became such a problem. Darwin was, without a doubt in my mind, the biggest tragedy that ever happened to science. Even though his ideas, at first were thought to be absurd and ridiculous, they are now what is taught in school today, and are considered to be just as reliable as Christianity, or even more reliable.

7. Discuss classical economics or utilitarianism.

John Stuart Mill was probably the person who brought utilitarianism into effect, however he wasn’t one who proposed the idea, all credit for the idea goes to Jeremy Bentham. The idea of Utilitarianism is basically to prevent harm in the most efficient way, which means that if killing one innocent person, ten other innocent people can live more efficiently, the government is to do so wholeheartedly, regardless of whether or not it is morally correct. This does not line up at all with what the bible tells us, so I believe that Utilitarianism should not be practiced under any circumstances.

8. Explain what nationalism is, providing an example.

Nationalism was the idea that all countries in a nation must work together to produce the best nation possible. It was a weak form of government and didn’t seem to work very effectively. A good example of Nationalism was in Europe between Italy and Germany.

Daniel N.

World History Homework Ten Answers - Student 3

2011-11-17T16:21:48Z

History:

1. Describe the industrial revolution…including your view of it.

The industrial revolution started in 1760 in England. It also spread further around Europe, effecting countries such as France and Germany. Eventually, (after a few hundred years) most of the world became industrialized, although some Middle Eastern countries are still too stubborn to accept the advancement of industrialization, because of their religion. Anyways, the two main advances made in industrialism were that of technology and culture, it was an exciting time and the world was becoming more efficient and a better place to be, that is, if you were rich or middle class, however though, if you were poor, it was a hard time to live, some of the Charles Dickens books describe this problem really well, aside from this problem though I feel that the Industrial Revolution was a very good thing.

2. Describe imperialism…including your view of it.

Imperialism was basically the act of one larger nation, taking control of another smaller nation. One of the greatest examples of successful imperialism are the British colonies, we can give a lot of credit for the success of America to the British. Many countries have used imperialism, and when used in the right way, it can be very successful; however, I feel that too often it can result in the smaller country forming a rebellion. Even one of the most successful uses of imperialism, (mentioned above) ended up in the revolutionary war. So I feel that imperialism, while sometimes successful, should not be overused at all.

3. Pick any aspect of African or Asian history in the lecture, and describe it.

Imperialism eventually expanded into Southeast Asia, certain European countries such as Britain and France were imperializing Southeast Asia by making trading routes with them. Indonesia was one of the most popular countries for trading with in all of Southeast Africa.

6. Discuss the work of Karl Marx or Charles Darwin, or both.

Karl Marx is possibly most well none for his book The Communist Manifesto, this book laid the groundwork down for communism and is probably a big reason that communism became such a problem. Darwin was, without a doubt in my mind, the biggest tragedy that ever happened to science. Even though his ideas, at first were thought to be absurd and ridiculous, they are now what is taught in school today, and are considered to be just as reliable as Christianity, or even more reliable.

7. Discuss classical economics or utilitarianism.

John Stuart Mill was probably the person who brought utilitarianism into effect, however he wasn’t one who proposed the idea, all credit for the idea goes to Jeremy Bentham. The idea of Utilitarianism is basically to prevent harm in the most efficient way, which means that if killing one innocent person, ten other innocent people can live more efficiently, the government is to do so wholeheartedly, regardless of whether or not it is morally correct. This does not line up at all with what the bible tells us, so I believe that Utilitarianism should not be practiced under any circumstances.

8. Explain what nationalism is, providing an example.

Nationalism was the idea that all countries in a nation must work together to produce the best nation possible. It was a weak form of government and didn’t seem to work very effectively. A good example of Nationalism was in Europe between Italy and Germany.

Daniel N.

World History Homework Ten Answers - Student 3

2011-11-17T16:21:19Z

History:

1. Describe the industrial revolution…including your view of it.

The industrial revolution started in 1760 in England. It also spread further around Europe, effecting countries such as France and Germany. Eventually, (after a few hundred years) most of the world became industrialized, although some Middle Eastern countries are still too stubborn to accept the advancement of industrialization, because of their religion. Anyways, the two main advances made in industrialism were that of technology and culture, it was an exciting time and the world was becoming more efficient and a better place to be, that is, if you were rich or middle class, however though, if you were poor, it was a hard time to live, some of the Charles Dickens books describe this problem really well, aside from this problem though I feel that the Industrial Revolution was a very good thing.

2. Describe imperialism…including your view of it.

Imperialism was basically the act of one larger nation, taking control of another smaller nation. One of the greatest examples of successful imperialism are the British colonies, we can give a lot of credit for the success of America to the British. Many countries have used imperialism, and when used in the right way, it can be very successful; however, I feel that too often it can result in the smaller country forming a rebellion. Even one of the most successful uses of imperialism, (mentioned above) ended up in the revolutionary war. So I feel that imperialism, while sometimes successful, should not be overused at all.

3. Pick any aspect of African or Asian history in the lecture, and describe it.

Imperialism eventually expanded into Southeast Asia, certain European countries such as Britain and France were imperializing Southeast Asia by making trading routes with them. Indonesia was one of the most popular countries for trading with in all of Southeast Africa.

6. Discuss the work of Karl Marx or Charles Darwin, or both.

Karl Marx is possibly most well none for his book The Communist Manifesto, this book laid the groundwork down for communism and is probably a big reason that communism became such a problem. Darwin was, without a doubt in my mind, the biggest tragedy that ever happened to science. Even though his ideas, at first were thought to be absurd and ridiculous, they are now what is taught in school today, and are considered to be just as reliable as Christianity, or even more reliable.

7. Discuss classical economics or utilitarianism.

John Stuart Mill was probably the person who brought utilitarianism into effect, however he wasn’t one who proposed the idea, all credit for the idea goes to Jeremy Bentham. The idea of Utilitarianism is basically to prevent harm in the most efficient way, which means that if killing one innocent person, ten other innocent people can live more efficiently, the government is to do so wholeheartedly, regardless of whether or not it is morally correct. This does not line up at all with what the bible tells us, so I believe that Utilitarianism should not be practiced under any circumstances.

8. Explain what nationalism is, providing an example.

Nationalism was the idea that all countries in a nation must work together to produce the best nation possible. It was a weak form of government and didn’t seem to work very effectively. A good example of Nationalism was in Europe between Italy and Germany.

Daniel N.

World History Homework Ten Answers - Student 3

2011-11-17T16:20:56Z

History: Created page with "1. Describe the industrial revolution…including your view of it. The industrial revolution started in 1760 in England. It also spread further around Europe, effecting countrie..."

1. Describe the industrial revolution…including your view of it.

The industrial revolution started in 1760 in England. It also spread further around Europe, effecting countries such as France and Germany. Eventually, (after a few hundred years) most of the world became industrialized, although some Middle Eastern countries are still too stubborn to accept the advancement of industrialization, because of their religion. Anyways, the two main advances made in industrialism were that of technology and culture, it was an exciting time and the world was becoming more efficient and a better place to be, that is, if you were rich or middle class, however though, if you were poor, it was a hard time to live, some of the Charles Dickens books describe this problem really well, aside from this problem though I feel that the Industrial Revolution was a very good thing.

2. Describe imperialism…including your view of it.

Imperialism was basically the act of one larger nation, taking control of another smaller nation. One of the greatest examples of successful imperialism are the British colonies, we can give a lot of credit for the success of America to the British. Many countries have used imperialism, and when used in the right way, it can be very successful; however, I feel that too often it can result in the smaller country forming a rebellion. Even one of the most successful uses of imperialism, (mentioned above) ended up in the revolutionary war. So I feel that imperialism, while sometimes successful, should not be overused at all.

3. Pick any aspect of African or Asian history in the lecture, and describe it.

Imperialism eventually expanded into Southeast Asia, certain European countries such as Britain and France were imperializing Southeast Asia by making trading routes with them. Indonesia was one of the most popular countries for trading with in all of Southeast Africa.

6. Discuss the work of Karl Marx or Charles Darwin, or both.

Karl Marx is possibly most well none for his book The Communist Manifesto, this book laid the groundwork down for communism and is probably a big reason that communism became such a problem. Darwin was, without a doubt in my mind, the biggest tragedy that ever happened to science. Even though his ideas, at first were thought to be absurd and ridiculous, they are now what is taught in school today, and are considered to be just as reliable as Christianity, or even more reliable.

7. Discuss classical economics or utilitarianism.

John Stuart Mill was probably the person who brought utilitarianism into effect, however he wasn’t one who proposed the idea, all credit for the idea goes to Jeremy Bentham. The idea of Utilitarianism is basically to prevent harm in the most efficient way, which means that if killing one innocent person, ten other innocent people can live more efficiently, the government is to do so wholeheartedly, regardless of whether or not it is morally correct. This does not line up at all with what the bible tells us, so I believe that Utilitarianism should not be practiced under any circumstances.

8. Explain what nationalism is, providing an example.

Nationalism was the idea that all countries in a nation must work together to produce the best nation possible. It was a weak form of government and didn’t seem to work very effectively. A good example of Nationalism was in Europe between Italy and Germany.

World History Homework Ten Answers - Student 2

2011-11-17T14:41:33Z

History:

1. Describe the Industrial Revolution ... including your view of it. The Industrial Revolution was basically a period of time characterized by new technology and factory labor. The revolution produced a large array of ideologies from the classical economics which supported the revolution, to those such as Charles Dickens, who wrote about the unfairness of the times, to philosophers who believed the system could be remedied by making all property publicly owned. Basically all these new philosophies having been created was a result of the social change that was entailed by the industrial revolution. The period of revolution was when new technologies were being created, but society did not understand how to ethically use and produce them. Examples include the Civil War's reliance on the newly-invented rifle to fight at close range and incur massive casualties rather than use their rifles at their full range and strike at strategic points. Another example in the laborers' inability to unite and negotiate with their employers and so they were forced to settle for lower wages. As modern warfare developed and unions formed the large wars became decided by a few strategic battles and employers were forced to give their employees fair wages and reasonable hours.

4. Write an essay about any issue related to the lecture. I chose to write about a scientist, perhaps the greatest of this era, namely Gregor Mendel. Mendel is famous for his experimenting with peas to create universal genetic principles. Living in an Augustinian monastery, Mendel chose to devote his time to the study of Genetics. He made a fortunate choice of species when he experimented with peas as they reproduce quickly, he can control which plants mate with others easily, and finally they have many separate traits which he could experiment with such as flower color, size, seed color, or many others. The result of his experiments require a certain amount of biological "lingo" to explain but basically he created two revolutionary concepts: first his "law of segregation" which said phenotypes (expressed traits) are not the result of mixing of genes, but rather specific alleles dictate the traits for an organism. With this the concepts developed of dominant and recessive alleles which, as their names imply, are dominant and recessive to each other. An example is flower color; if we represent the dominant allele, purple with a P, and the recessive white allele with a "p", then the flower color will be purple, except when an organism's genotype contains two "p" alleles. Mendel's other law was that of independent assortment, namely that the allele for every phenotype is inherited independently of the alleles for other phenotypes. Mathematical results of pea traits confirmed his hypotheses of inheritance, but he was neglected until the early 1900s. Mendel remains through today one of the greatest biologists of all time.

5. Pick and describe 3 terms (5 for credit for two questions) and describe them in the World History Study Guide from 1648. I added Gregor Mendel, Sigmund Freud, and Classical Economics

6. Discuss the work of Karl Marx or Charles Darwin, or both. I chose to write about Karl Marx. Marx wrote about a utopian world community where all shared equally their wealth. He, however, disregarded the French Revolution which was based on a similar ideology with extreme mass hatred of the rich and "bourgeoisie". The revolution ended with unnecessary bloodshed and with the people having been ruled by a failed, weak, corrupted government. Marx still thought the bourgeoisie should be overthrown and in his work he advocated destruction of the family and religion, which he called the "opiate of the masses". Marx's work remained tremendously influential throughout history from the Russian revolution (although Marx thought Russia was not the ideal place for a communist revolution), to Che Guevara, to Castro, to today's "Occupy" protests. Up through the Occupy protests Marx's Communist Manifesto hasn't produced one utopian society. Maybe if these people just took World History class....

7. Discuss classical economics or utilitarianism. Before reading this section in World History about Utilitarianism, I have frequently thought about utilitarian ethics. For instance, if one person has the capacity to save two others is it right for us to kill the one person? On the face of the issue it seems right, after all if all men are created equal, then all human lives are equal, and so in theory the value of two lives would outweigh the value of the one life. But from here it becomes confusing because if there are others that can perform the function of saving the two lives when why are we singling out only one man to kill? We are thus judging this man less worthy of life than others who could perform the same function as him, and thus we undermine our beginning premise that "All men are created equal". This paradox demonstrates that utilitarianism is, at best, a paradoxical ideology, and at worst has been used throughout history by oppressors to support genocide.

8. Explain what nationalism is, providing an example. Nationalism is a concept best demonstrated by Otto von Bismarck, where a common enemy can articulate a common identity among various separated countries or people which unite to create a stronger "Nation". Throughout history nationalism has forged many different friendships and alliances. Beginning in Ancient Greece, the Greco-Persian Wars fought as its name would imply, between Greece and Persia. These wars brought rivaling city-states Athens and Sparta together. In the Crusades, the various separated feudal countries would unite to fight the Muslims and embrace their common European identity. Even in the American Revolution, vastly different American colonies united to throw off the British yoke of tyranny. Bismarck drew on these examples and many more to determine that Germany could be united by pitting Prussia against Napoleon while gaining assistance from other German states. Bismarck's strategy worked and he can be said to be the first one to have consciously used nationalism to his advantage, although it is debatable whether the Italian unification is a prior example of people consciously using nationalism to their advantage.

-Paul R.

World History Homework Ten Answers - Student 2

2011-11-17T04:19:46Z

History: Created page with "1. Describe the Industrial Revolution ... including your view of it. The Industrial Revolution was basically a period of time characterized by new technology and factory labor...."

1. Describe the Industrial Revolution ... including your view of it. The Industrial Revolution was basically a period of time characterized by new technology and factory labor. The revolution produced a large array of ideologies from the classical economics which supported the revolution, to those such as Charles Dickens, who wrote about the unfairness of the times, to philosophers who believed the system could be remedied by making all property publicly owned. Basically all these new philosophies having been created was a result of the social change that was entailed by the industrial revolution. The period of revolution was when new technologies were being created, but society did not understand how to ethically use and produce them. Examples include the Civil War's reliance on the newly-invented rifle to fight at close range and incur massive casualties rather than use their rifles at their full range and strike at strategic points. Another example in the laborers' inability to united and negotiate with their employers and so they were forced to settle for lower wages. As modern warfare developed and unions formed the large wars became decided by a few strategic battles and employers were forced to give their employees fair wages and reasonable hours.

4. Write an essay about any issue related to the lecture. I chose to write about a scientist, perhaps the greatest of this era, namely Gregor Mendel. Mendel is famous for his experimenting with peas to create universal genetic principles. Living in an Augustinian monastery, Mendel chose to devote his time to the study of Genetics. He made a fortunate choice of species when he experimented with peas as they reproduce quickly, he can control which plants mate with others easily, and finally they have many separate traits which he could experiment with such as flower color, size, seed color, or many others. The result of his experiments require a certain amount of biological "lingo" to explain but basically he created two revolutionary concepts: first his "law of segregation" which said phenotypes (expressed traits) are not the result of mixing of genes, but rather specific alleles dictate the traits for an organism. With this the concepts developed of dominant and recessive alleles which, as their names imply, are dominant and recessive to each other. An example is flower color; if we represent the dominant allele, purple with a P, and the recessive white allele with a "p", then the flower color will be purple, except when an organism's genotype contains two "p" alleles. Mendel's other law was that of independent assortment, namely that the allele for every phenotype is inherited independently of the alleles for other phenotypes. Mathematical results of pea traits confirmed his hypotheses of inheritance, but he was neglected until the early 1900s. Mendel remains through today one of the greatest biologists of all time.

5. Pick and describe 3 terms (5 for credit for two questions) and describe them in the World History Study Guide from 1648. I added Gregor Mendel, Sigmund Freud, and Classical Economics

6. Discuss the work of Karl Marx or Charles Darwin, or both. I chose to write about Karl Marx. Marx wrote about a utopian world community where all shared equally their wealth. He, however, disregarded the French Revolution which was based on a similar ideology with extreme mass hatred of the rich and "bourgeoisie". The revolution ended with unnecessary bloodshed and with the people having been ruled by a failed, weak, corrupted government. Marx still thought the bourgeoisie should be overthrown and in his work he advocated destruction of the family and religion, which he called the "opiate of the masses". Marx's work remained tremendously influential throughout history from the Russian revolution (although Marx thought Russia was not the ideal place for a communist revolution), to Che Guevara, to Castro, to today's "Occupy" protests. Up through the Occupy protests Marx's Communist Manifesto hasn't produced one utopian society. Maybe if these people just took World History class....

7. Discuss classical economics or utilitarianism. Before reading this section in World History about Utilitarianism, I have frequently thought about utilitarian ethics. For instance, if one person has the capacity to save two others is it right for us to kill the one person? On the face of the issue it seems right, after all if all men are created equal, then all human lives are equal, and so in theory the value of two lives would outweigh the value of the one life. But from here it becomes confusing because if there are others that can perform the function of saving the two lives when why are we singling out only one man to kill? We are thus judging this man less worthy of life than others who could perform the same function as him, and thus we undermine our beginning premise that "All men are created equal". This paradox demonstrates that utilitarianism is, at best, a paradoxical ideology, and at worst has been used throughout history by oppressors to support genocide.

8. Explain what nationalism is, providing an example. Nationalism is a concept best demonstrated by Otto von Bismarck, where a common enemy can articulate a common identity among various separated countries or people which unite to create a stronger "Nation". Throughout history nationalism has forged many different friendships and alliances. Beginning in Ancient Greece, the Greco-Persian Wars fought as its name would imply, between Greece and Persia. These wars brought rivaling city-states Athens and Sparta together. In the Crusades, the various separated feudal countries would unite to fight the Muslims and embrace their common European identity. Even in the American Revolution, vastly different American colonies united to throw off the British yoke of tyranny. Bismarck drew on these examples and many more to determine that Germany could be united by pitting Prussia against Napoleon while gaining assistance from other German states. Bismarck's strategy worked and he can be said to be the first one to have consciously used nationalism to his advantage, although it is debatable whether the Italian unification is a prior example of people consciously using nationalism to their advantage.

-Paul R.

World History Study Guide from 1648

2011-11-17T04:16:45Z

History: /* Regular/non-honors study terms */

This is the growing list of study terms for [[World History Lectures|World history]], from 1648 (the same midpoint used by the [[CLEP]] exams) to the present. This list will also include history in the century or so prior to 1648 which is not included in [[World History Study Guide to 1648]].

As of Nov. 13 this list has about 85 terms, and it should grow to about 400 terms. ''An examination on this material will be given in late December 2011 or early January 2012''.

==Regular/non-honors study terms==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Term
!Definition
|-
|[[Age of Exploration]]
|A time period where nation-states in Europe (mainly England France Portugal and Spain) embarked on expeditions to far lands. The American continents were found during this period.
|-
|[[Balance of power]]
|the concept, first established by Europeon nations after the final defeat of Napoleon, whereby alliances called the Concert of Europe required nations to assist each other in order to defeat any one nation that became too power and started invading others.
|-
|[[Bastille Day]]
|The day when French peasants invaded the huge Bastille prison in Paris, freeing the inmates. July 14, 1789 and started the Great Fear when riots broke out ever day, with peasants burning wealthy homes.
|-
|[[Caravel]]
| A miniature, highly maneuverable, light weight ship developed by the Portuguese. Often used to carry cargo.
|-
|[[Charles Darwin]]
|(1809-1882)English naturalist who established the idea that all species had evolved into complex forms of life over millions of years through the process of "natural selection." Charles Darwin came up with the absurd theory of evolution.
|-
|[[Charles Dickens]]
|(1812-1870) Greatest English novelist of the Victorian period. Author of many iconic novels and characters which we admire to this day.
|-
|[[Georges Danton|Georges Jacques Danton]]
|(26 October 1759 – 5 April 1794) Famous Jacobin, joined and fully supported revolution but when he saw the reign of terror, Danton took a moderate stance. Danton was subsequently executed.
|-
|[[Christopher Columbus]]
|(1451-1506)Italian explorer who sailed across the Atlantic ocean in search for a trade route to India, but landed on the "New World" instead.
|-
|[[Congress of Vienna]]
|A meeting between European nations after Napoleon to discuss the balance of power.
|-
|[[David Ricardo]]
|(1772-1823) British political economist who wanted to support more trade between nations; known as one of the most influential classical economists.
|-
|[[David Livingstone]]
|Scotsman who explored central Africa in the late 1860s to find the source of the Nile.
|-
|[[England]]
|An imperialistic nation-state based out of the British isles off the coast of Europe. England was also the largest non-contiguous empire in history.
|-
|[[Emilio Aguinaldo]]
|Led a rebellion against the U.S. to establish freedom in the Philippines in 1899.
|-
|[[Emiliano Zapata]]
|Cowboy who helped lead the Mexican Revolution.
|-
|[[Forbidden City]]
| Imperial palace located in Beijing, China. Used for twenty-four emperors during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
|-
|[[Glorious Revolution]]
|Revolution that took place in England in the year 1688. Replaced King James II of England with a Anglican King and Queen, William and Mary.
|-
|[[Imperialism]]
|The practice of one nation controlling another nation, territory, or a group of people.
|-
|[[Impressionism]]
|Type of painting that didn't focus on the detail but on the feeling and impressions.
|-
|[[Isaac Newton]]
|(1643-1727) Man who discovered and explained the invisible force of gravity.
|-
|[[The Enlightenment]]
|Characterized by rationalist philosophers challenging assumed beliefs up till the enlightenment. Possibly caused by the Scientific Revolution's ability to explain the universe. Highlights include Voltaire, Hume, Descartes, Kant, Smith, Burke, Jefferson, Locke, and Diderot.
|-
|[[James Stuart]]
|Cousin of Queen Elizabeth who took over the English throne as James I. Under his reign, the "Gunpowder Plot" was invented, and the King James Version of the Bible was published. Contrary to his cousin Elizabeth, James I fought with Parliament continually.
|-
|[[John Locke]]
|(1632-1704) Famous English enlightenment philosopher. Created idea of Government's Social Contract. Created idea of "Social Contract" that prompted protestant rebellion in England and American Revolution.
|-
|[[Louisiana Purchase]]
|Tract of land that Napoleon sold to America for a very low price in 1803. Was the transfer of the western half of the Mississippi Valley from Spain and France to the United States.
|-
|[[Voltaire]]
|(1694-1778) Famous French Enlightenment philosopher. Voltaire taught of absolute freedom, but resulting revolution devolved into mindless bloodshed. Nevertheless Voltaire was the leader of the enlightenment and greatest figure in the Enlightenment.
|-
|[[Nation-state]]
|''a form of political organization under which a relatively homogeneous people inhabits a sovereign state; especially : a state containing one as opposed to several nationalities''<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nation-state Merriam Webster]</ref>
|-
|[[Marie Antoinette]]
|Wife of Louis XVI. Was reported to have said, "Let them eat cake!" upon hearing of the shortage of bread.
|-
|[[Monarch]]
|A person who reigns over a kingdom or empire. He may be above the law (''absolute monarch'') or subject to it (''constitutional monarchy''). The position is generally inherited (notable exception: the [[Pope]].)
|-
|[[Muhammad Ali Pasha]]
|(1769-1849) Albanian commander in the Ottomon army; regarded as the founder of modern Egypt.
|-
|[[Opium]]
|Drug that the British sent in large amounts to China. Was one of the causes of the great Taiping Rebellion.
|-
|[[Capitalism]]
|An economic system that private companies own all capital goods and sell them at a competitive price. This system is almost always successful until excessive government prevails.
|-
|[[Columbian Exchange]]
|The trade of plants and animals from America to Europe; Europe to America. This was put into action some time after Columbus discovered America in 1492.
|-
|[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]
|(1473-1543) A Polish scientist who was the first to discover the concept of the earth revolving around the sun.
|-
|[[Cortes]]
|Led the conquest of Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztec empire.
|-
|[[Tsar|Czar]] (Tsar)
|Absolute emperor of Russia since the 1500's, the first being Ivan IV "The Terrible."
|-
|[[Neo-Confucianism]]
|More of a philosophy than a religion, Neo-Confucianism is a combination of Confucianism and Buddhism, and was the primary practice of the Chinese nation in the 1600's.
|-
|[[Reign of Terror]]
|Started after the execution of Louis XVI when Maximilian Robespierre guillotined numerous alleged enemies, including Marie Antoinette, and ended with his death (1794); a time of terrifying chaos when anyone could be killed for no reason
|-
|[[Robert Fulton]]
|American engineer and inventor who created the first commerical steamboat service in 1807.
|-
|[[Napoleon]]
|(lived 1769-1821) Dictator of France after the French Revolution; signed peace treaties with major European enemies, created a successful system of laws known as the Napoleonic Code, and conquered much of continental Europe; defeated at Battle of Waterloo
|-
|[[Battle of Waterloo]]
|1815 Marked the end of Napoleon's reign in France when he was defeated by Prussia and Great Britain
|-
|[[Bernhard Riemann]]
|(1826-1866) an influential German mathematician who made lasting contributions to differential geometry and analysis, some of which provided a foundation 40 years later for the theory of general relativity in physics.
|-
|[[Congress of Vienna]]
|1815 Convention of European nations proposing a balance of powers among the rival nations to ensure than no single nation could threaten the others
|-
|[[Concert of Europe]]
|Established during the Congress of Vienna; alliances between the nations requiring assistance of each other if war broke out, protecting against any revolutions or invasion; adopted changes including the legitimacy of monarchies and growing nationalism in Europe
|-
|[[Constitution of the United States]]
|(1787) The oldest working constitution in the world, it established a masterful design for government.
|-
|[[Cotton]]
|Cotton is a natural fiber used in clothing. It comes from the seed of the cotton plant. People have grown cotton since 3000 B.C. and traded it for other goods.
|-
|[[David Hume]]
|(1711-1776) A Scottish philosopher and historian who promoted materialism and naturalism rather than spirituality. He was a “skeptic” (non-believer) towards religion, and wrote "A Treatise on Human Nature." Hume believed in relativism rather than absolute truth.
|-
|Declaration of Independence
|(1776) Established the right of the people break their "social contract" with a ruler (a king) when he violates natural rights, such as the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
|-
|Edmund Burke
|(1729-1797) a conservative Irish statesman in the British parliament who sided with the American colonies in the period leading up to the American Revolution. He coined the phrase "salutary neglect" for the colonies, and his political assessments were often brilliant, as when he predicted a bad outcome for the French Revolution.
|-
|The Federalist Papers
|(1788) Brilliant essays encouraging ratification of the U.S. Constitution, written mostly by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison
|-
|Immanuel Kant
|(1724-1804) A leading German philosopher, Kant felt that behavior is moral only if it would work as a rule if everyone did it (e.g., littering would thus be immoral). Kant wrote “A Critique of Pure Reason” to criticize the use of pure reason to determine morality.
|-
|Industrial Revolution
|the totality of the changes in economic and social organizationthat began about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the replacement of hand tools with power-driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and by the concentration of industry in large establishments. Origin 1840-1850
|-
|James Clerk Maxwell
|(1831-1879)British physicist. Maxwell is ranked as the foremost physical scientist of the 19th century. His greatest achievement was the synthesis of the contributions of Faraday, Gauss, and Ampère into a single coherent electromagnetic theory. Of his several academic appointments the most important was the post of professor of experimental physics at Cambridge. He made contributions of fundamental importance to many branches of physics. The maxwell, a unit of magnetic flux, was named in his honor.
|-
|Johann Sebastian Bach
|1685-1750 German composer famous for Fugues, Inventions, English Suites and Passion according to St. Matthew.
|-
|Louis Pasteur
|1822–95,French chemist and bacteriologist who founded microbiology invented pasteurization, and discovered vaccinations for anthrax, rabies, and chicken cholera.
|-
|[[Louis XVI]]
|Louis XVI was the king of France from 1774 to October 1792. On August tenth during the French Revolution he was arrested. He was tried and found guilt of high treason. He was then executed by the guillotine on 21 January 1793.
|-
|[[Matthew Perry]]
|Helped to break the isolation of Japan by sailing into Edo harbor and helped the Treaty of Kanagawa to be signed in 1854.
|-
|[[Slavery]]
|the state or condition of being a slave; a civil relationship whereby one person has absolute power over another and controls his life, liberty, and fortune
|-
|Realism
|the doctrine that universals have a real objective existence
|-
|Steamboat
|A steamboat is a waterborne ship powered by a steam engine. Historically, the steam was produced by burning coal (or less often, wood), although modern steamboats tend to use more portable fuels such as diesel gasoline.
|-
|Economies of scale
|The decrease in a firm's long-run average costs as the size of its production increases.
|-
|Enclosure movement
|Early 1700's during the industrial revolution in England.. Wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, benefiting from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land.
|-
|Adam Smith
|Adam Smith (June 16, 1723 to July 17, 1790) was a Scottish political economist and moral philosopher. He came up with the idea of the "Invisable Hand."
|-
|Factors of production
|Inputs used by companies to produce goods. Basic models of production have two input factors, labor and capital.
|-
|Oliver Cromwell
|(1599-1658) Was an English soldier, statesman, and leader of the Puritan revolution.
|-
|Queen Elizabeth
|Ruled from 1558-1603, and was known as the "Virgin Queen" and Virgnia was named in her honor. She also launched the most
cruel and bloody persecution that brought about great martyrs, such as St. Edmund Campion and St. Thomas Moore.
|-
|Victor Hugo
|(1802-1885) Is considered one of the greatest Romanticist poets. He was a French man who wrote the classics Cromwell (1827), The Hunchback of Notre Dame of Paris (1831) and Les Miserables (1862).
|-
|[[William Prynne]]
|(1600 – 24 October 1669) Was an english lawyer, author, political figure and prominent Puritan.
|-
|[[Maximilian Robespierre]]
|1758-1794 French Jacobin who was most responsible for reign of terror. Influenced by Rousseau and unbendingly murdered moderates or any opponents, died in 1794.
|-
|French Revolution
|The French Revolution started in 1789 with the storm of the Bastille prison. The Revolution included the capture and beheading of King Louis XVI, and the Reign of Terror by Maximilien de Robespierre which ended in 1794 with Robespierre's death.
|-
|Prince Henry the Navigator
|Prince Henry the Navigator (Dom Henrique) was the son of King João of Portugal, born in 1394. He is most famous for the voyages of discovery that he organised and financed, which eventually led to the rounding of Africa and the establishment of sea routes to the Indies.
|-
|Bartholomew Diaz
|(circa1450 - May 29, 1500) Was a Portuguese navigator who discovered the route to India.
|-
|[[Ferdinand and Isabella]]
|Ferdinand and Isabella were the king and queen of Spain in the late fifteenth century A.D. They were patrons of Christopher Columbus. After reconquering the small Moorish Kingdom of Granada, they established the Spanish Inquisition (1478) and expelled the Jews and Muslims from Spain in 1492.
|-
|William and Mary
|William III (1650-1702 A.D.) was the king of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1682 to 1702 A.D..They both founded the college of William and Mary in 1693. He ruled along with Queen Mary II (1662-1694 A.D.) until she died. William continued to rule until his death in 1702.
|-
|Reconquista
|(722-1492 AD) Was the regaining by Christians of Spain and Portugal, which was under Muslim control.
|-
|Treaty of Tordesillas
|1494: established an 1100-mile long "Line of Demarcation," giving one side to Portugal and the other side to Spain for controlling the New World (Western Hemisphere)
|-
|Line of Demarcation
|a north-to-south line giving Portugal trading rights in India, China, the East Indies, East Brazil and the Spanish Americas, and giving Spain control of the remaining, vast majority of the Americas.
|-
|Ferdinand Magellan
|1519-1522: led the first successful voyage to go around the world, going around the southern tip of South America. Magellan himself was killed by Philippine natives prior to completing the last leg of the journey.
|-
|Otto von Bismarck
|(1815-1898) Was the minister president of Prussia (1862-71), and the first chancellor of the German Empire (1871-90). Known as the "Iron Chancellor".
|-
|Napoleon III
|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was the President of the French Second Republic and as Napoleon III, the ruler of the Second French Empire.
|-
|First French Empire
|(1804-1814/1815) Was the empire of Napoleon I of France, and was a dominant power of most of continental Europe during the early 19th century.
|-
|Second French Empire
|Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic in France.
|-
|George Washington
|George Washington (1732-1799) was the first President of the United States (1789-1797) and Commander In Chief of the Continental Army. He was the dominant military and political leader of the new United States of America from 1775-1797, leading the American victory over Britain in the American Revolution and was the unanimous choice to serve as President. He voluntarily stepped down from office in 1796.
|-
|United Kingdom
|The term "United Kingdom" refers to the combination of "Great Britain" and "Northern Ireland" which is part of the island of Ireland.
|-
|[[Luddites]]
| A social movement in England that rioted and protested against the changes of the Industrial Revolution.
|-
|Ludwig Van Beethoven
|(1770-1827) revolutionized instrumental music and took it to new heights never thought possible. Beethoven became totally deaf at the age of forty. He wrote most of his best music while he was total deaf.
|-
|King Henry VIII
|Henry VIII was born in 1491 and died in 1547. He became king of England in April 1509. His reign ended when he died in 1547. Henry VIII is most known for founding the Church of England.
|-
|Guillotine
|The guillotine was invented by Dr. Joseph Guillotine. It has a heavy blade that is lifted up and then dropped onto the execution victim to severe their head. During the Reign of Terror, the guillotine was the main form of execution.
|-
|American Revolution
|The American Revolution started when some American colonists thought that the English were taxing them too much. So, in 1776 they wrote the Declaration of Independence. The Patriots (the side of the revolutionaries) allied with France to equal the playing field. Through a series of battles that were wins and losses the Patriots came out on top and in 1783 the Treaty of Paris was signed ending the war.
|-
|American Revolution
|A revolution against the British in the American Colonies beginning in 1776 with the American Declaration of Independence.
|-
|France
|A nation-state in Europe that was ruled by a monarch until the French Revolution.
|-
|Prussia
|A very militaristic nation-state in Europe in part of the area were Germany is today.
|-
|Louisiana purchase
|A purchase land made by the American Colonies in 1803 from the French empire.
|-
|Corsica
|Became one of the 27 regions of France in 1769. The birthplace of Napoleon Bonaparte.
|-
|The Communist Manifesto
|Karl Marx's work that inspired citizens across the world to partake in revolutions against seemingly unjust behavior.
|-
|Sun Yixian
|Also known as Sun Yat-sen, he was the leader of the Kuomintang or nationalist Party that overthrew the Qing Dynasty of China. He also became the first leader of the former Republic of China.
|-
|Divine Right of Kings
|European doctrine that held that the authority of kings came from God.
|-
|Virginia Declaration of Rights
|A declaration of rights made by the representatives of the people of Virginia on June 7, 1776 written by George Mason.This later influenced the writting of the Declaration of Independance.
|-
|Guy Fawkes
|A conspirator against the English throne who belonged to a group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605.
|-
|[[Utilitarianism]]
|Previously proposed by Jeremy Bentham and advocated by John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), states that government should do whatever may be necessary to maximize overall “utility”, or the benefits without the costs
|-
|[[John Stuart Mill]]
|(1806-1873) British philosopher and last of the English classical economists; proponent of utilitarianism and also advocated the development of labor unions and farm cooperatives, as well as emancipation by women
|-
|[[Nationalism]]
|Political ideology of loyalty to one’s nation as the utmost importance that started around the same time as Romanticism
|-
|[[Realpolitik]]
|Concept invented by Otto von Bismarck that emphasized practical politics rather than philosophy
|-
|[[Laissez-faire]]
|Approach in economics in which transactions between private parties are free from state and government intervention
|-
|Handel
|George Frederick Handel was a German composer, resident in England, and noted particularly for his oratorios, including the Messiah
|-
|Haydn
|1732--1809, Austrian composer who played a major part in establishing the classical forms of the symphony and the string quartet.
|-
|Mozart
|1756--91, Austrian composer. A child prodigy and prolific genius, his works include operas, such as The Marriage of Figaro (1786), Don Giovanni (1787), and The Magic Flute (1791), symphonies, concertos for piano, violin, clarinet, and French horn, string quartets and quintets, sonatas, songs, and Masses, such as the unfinished Requiem (1791).
|-
|Beethoven
|1770--1827, German composer, who greatly extended the form and scope of symphonic and chamber music, bridging the classical and romantic traditions. His works include nine symphonies, 32 piano sonatas, 16 string quartets, five piano concertos, a violin concerto, two masses, the opera Fidelio (1805), and choral music.
|-
|Nazi
|a member of the National Socialist German Workers' party of Germany, which in 1933, under Adolf Hitler, seized political control of the country, suppressing all opposition and establishing a dictatorship over all cultural, economic, and political activities of the people, and promulgated belief in the supremacy of Hitler as Führer, aggressive anti-Semitism, the natural supremacy of the German people, and the establishment of Germany by superior force as a dominant world power. The party was officially abolished in 1945 at the conclusion of World War II.
|-
|Gregor Mendel
|Father of Modern Genetics. As an Augustinian monk, Mendel studied Pea inheritance and interpreted his results to shape genetics till this day with his laws of Segregation and Independent assortment.
|-
|Sigmund Freud
|Father of Modern Psychiatry. Arguably a pseudoscientist, with heavy focus on Ego and Eros. Famous for invention of the "Oedipus Complex" which is arguably a reflection of his troubled personal life.
|-
|Classical Economics
|Mostly 19th century economics but also including 18th century Adam Smith, arguing for less government restriction on society.
|-
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== References ==
<references />
[[Category:World History lectures]]

World History Homework Nine Answers - Student 5

2011-11-10T18:12:37Z

History: Created page with "1. Now that you’ve taken the midterm exam, how might you improve when you take the finale exam at the end of this course? I guess one way I could improve my score would be to..."

1. Now that you’ve taken the midterm exam, how might you improve when you take the finale exam at the end of this course?

I guess one way I could improve my score would be to write more of the terms down that I struggle with. I did this about an hour before the test, but I should have done it a few days before the test. Overall I feel pretty happy about the way that I did, but in the final exam I would like to be one of the top scores!

2. Summarize the French Revolution.

After the huge success of the American Revolution, France was invigorated to start a revolution of their own. It wasn’t nearly as successful as the American Revolution though. It ended up being what was probably the bloodiest revolution of all time. The Guillotine would just mercilessly kill people with no heed as to whether or not they deserved it. In the heat of this brutal revolution, the National Assembly approved the “Declaration of the Rights of Man,” which was similar to the Declaration of Independence. This horrific revolution did not draw to a close until 1794 when the guillotine was killed himself. Five years after his death Napoleon rose to power.

3. Write a brief essay on the religious wars in England.

I think that one you really get right down to it, and ask yourself, “Why was there so much religious persecution going on in England during the 1600’s” the answer would be because the idea of kings was really a bad idea. When you have so many religions in one country, and you have a king who feels strongly that his religion is correct, things will be a mess.

5. What is your view of revolutions in world history? Include several examples in your answer.

I feel that if necessary revolutions can be a great strategy, and in cases like the American Revolution they can be really successful. However if they can be avoided, then they should be, cases like the French Revolution are a perfect example of this.

6. Comment on music or art history.

I could go on for a long time about music history, having played much classical piano myself, but since the question says only to comment, I will keep it brief. Ludwig Van Beethoven, who was mentioned in the lecture, was arguably the most influential and innovative musician of all time. His contributions to musical notation were incredible. He also inspired many, many musicians in his time and long after his time to create more amazing music.

7. What is your view of Napoleon? In your answer, discuss some of his achievements.

Napoleon was a very wise leader who accomplished many great things. He signed many peace treaties with a lot of the countries that England had been at war or disagreement with. Like every great leader though, he had his faults too, his blockade against Great Britain was a complete failure. Overall though, I feel he was a very good leader.

8. Write an essay about any aspect of the lecture.

The trial of Prynne was possibly the most unfair trial that has ever happened, and it displays what a chaos Europe was in at that time. He had written pamphlets criticizing the Queen of England, which isn’t generally a good idea when you are under a dictatorship. Anyways, he was sentenced to a lifetime imprisonment, and he also got his ears cropped. This is a great illustration of the unjustness of these dictatorships.

Daniel N.

World History Homework Nine Answers - Student 2

2011-11-10T04:38:36Z

History: Created page with "1. Now that you've taken the midterm exam, how might you improve when you take the final exam at the end of this course? In taking the final exam, I need to focus on fully digest..."

1. Now that you've taken the midterm exam, how might you improve when you take the final exam at the end of this course? In taking the final exam, I need to focus on fully digesting the new material presented in the second half. My errors in the midterm were basically unconnected; one resulting from my poor placement of Moses relative to Egyptian kingdoms and the other resulting from my neglect of Martin Luther's philosophy of sola scriptura being reflected in his quote. I could have solved both of these questions if I had focused on date placement: the first question clearly asks me to know the dates of Moses and the Egyptian kingdoms and for the second question if I had linked the quote's grammar to its time period, I could have clearly have understood that Charlemagne was too antiquated to have a quote like "I am afraid that the schools will prove the very gates of hell, unless they diligently labor in explaining the Holy Scripture and engraving this in the heart of the youth." So, ruling out the other two obvious wrong answers, Martin Luther is obviously correct. So to make a long story short, for the final, I should review my date sequencing.

2. Summarize the French Revolution. Basically the French Revolution can be summarized in three words: "a senseless bloodbath". More specifically, it was the result of an inherently corrupted system which was based on an aristocratic government that could easily shut down the popular delegation's opinion. As extreme poverty spread to the majority of the French the extreme gluttony of the upper class epitomized by degeneration such as Marquis de Sade gave the French a good cause to topple the system. As the French overthrew the current system they soon realized they didn't know where to go, and so they based their government on hatred: of Christianity as shown in their idiotic state religion, of the rich as shown in their merciless and reckless use of the guillotine, and of the past as shown in their progressive reforms such as the creation of a 10 day week. The leaders soon were killed and Napoleon capitalized to take power and transform France into basically the same France as it was before the revolution.

4. Add three terms and descriptions to the "World History Study Guide from 1648" (the one for the second half of this course). If you add five terms and descriptions, then that will be credit for two questions. I added Johann Sebastian Bach, Danton and Robespierre.

6. Comment on music or art history. Around the time period discussed in the lecture, there are probably six major composers: Bach, Handel, Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. These composers were based from the tradition of the times and most of them wrote for the orchestra. Bach began the legacy of great classical music with his brilliant, mathematical inventions, and other composers such as Haydn and Beethoven wrote sonatinas. Handel, Bach, and Mozart all had remarkable sacred works of music with Handel's Messiah living through all time as a triumphant testament to God's glory. Mozart and Beethoven composed operas, but greatest of all the famous symphonies of all of these great composers will live forever in our memory. From Beethoven's 5th to the Magic Flute this time period of music can only be looked at in awe in comparison to our music industry today.

7. What is your view of Napoleon? In your answer, discuss some of his achievements. Napoleon was like many generals throughout history, from Alexander the Great to Adolf Hitler. He could invent daring plans to drive his men to the death and win great battles as shown in his military conquests in which he captured a large majority of Continental Europe, but unlike truly great leaders, Napoleon never gained the respect of his men. This is made evident when in Russia: when the men were cold, a truly great leader would have rallied his men to battle their cold and fight with him as Washington did so many times during our Revolution, but, because of Napoleon's lack of respect for his men, they had to retreat. In conclusion, Napoleon was a military genius, but a poor leader.

-Paul R.

World History Study Guide from 1648

2011-11-10T04:37:41Z

History:

World History Homework Eight Answers - Student 3

2011-11-03T16:59:22Z

History: Created page with "1. Whom do you appreciate most from the Enlightenment, and why? Unfortunately, probably one of the most important Philosophers from this time period was David Hume. Not so much ..."

1. Whom do you appreciate most from the Enlightenment, and why?

Unfortunately, probably one of the most important Philosophers from this time period was David Hume. Not so much for what he, himself did, but more for what he caused. He was basically the precursor for evolution and Darwinism. I have a feeling that a lot of the tragedy that we see today from evolution would not exist if it had not been for David Hume.

2. Explain what the Scientific Revolution was.

The Scientific Revolution began when an influential scientist named Nicolaus Copernicus made an unheard of claim, which contradicts the previously believed scientific law of Ptolemy. His claim was that the Earth actually revolved around the sun. This put the Catholic Church in something of a frenzy because they were too stubborn to put aside their previous beliefs that the earth was actually in the center of the universe. This period also included great philosophers and mathematicians such as Johannes Kepler and Galileo

3. Some say that Isaac Newton was the most influential person in world history after Jesus Christ. What is your view? Explain.

He was certainly one of them, and his work was just astounding, although to say he was the most influential person in world history after Christ is a bit too broad of a statement for me to make. However I will say that he was the most influential scientist of all time.

4. Describe an aspect of the Age of Exploration.

The greatest discovery made during this fascinating time period was obviously the discovery of America, which was made by the bold and Christian Christopher Columbus. Not only was he the first person from the Western hemisphere to set foot in America, but he was also arguably the greatest navigator that ever lived.

5. What were the nation-states? Give an example as part of your answer.

The nation states were a lot of the countries that we see today in Europe, they grew quite a bit during the Renaissance. The Holy Roman Empire was a great example of the nation states.

6. The “invisible hand” was discovered and explained by whom? Discuss, including when, why, the effect, and the name of the work.
The” invisible hand” was discovered by Adam Smith in 1776, it held the groundwork for Capitalism and I very influential to this day.

World History Study Guide from 1648

2011-11-03T02:29:07Z

History:

This is the growing list of study terms for [[World History Lectures|World history]], from 1648 (the same midpoint used by the [[CLEP]] exams) to the present.

This should grow to about 500 terms -- about half non-honors and half honors -- and every term should be described in the table. ''An examination on this material will be given in late December 2011 or early January 2012''.

==Regular/non-honors study terms==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Definition
|-
|
|
|-
|[[The Enlightenment]]
|Characterized by rationalist philosophers challenging assumed beliefs up till the enlightenment. Possibly caused by the Scientific Revolution's ability to explain the universe. Highlights include Voltaire, Hume, Descartes, Kant, Smith, Burke, Jefferson, Locke, and Diderot.
|-
|[[John Locke]]
|1632-1704 Famous English enlightenment philosopher. Created idea of Government's Social Contract. Created idea of "Social Contract" that prompted protestant rebellion in England and American Revolution.
|-
|[[Voltaire]]
|1694-1778 Famous French Enlightenment philosopher. Voltaire taught of absolute freedom, but resulting revolution devolved into mindless bloodshed. Nevertheless Voltaire was the leader of the enlightenment and greatest figure in the Enlightenment.
|-
|
|
|-
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|}

[[Category:World History lectures]]

World History Homework Five Answers - Student 6

2011-10-13T16:52:14Z

History: Created page with "3. Who was "Charles the Hammer," and why was he important? Charles Martel was the great ruler of the Franks from 719 to 741. Perhaps Voltaire, Michelangelo, Mozart and many grea..."

3. Who was "Charles the Hammer," and why was he important? Charles Martel was the great ruler of the Franks from 719 to 741. Perhaps Voltaire, Michelangelo, Mozart and many great influences on Western Culture did not have as great a legacy as Martel. Martel, with his army of Franks, defeated the Muslims at Tours, single-handedly opening the door to western culture, and closing to the West's "Submission to Allah".

5. How many "pillars" of Islam are there? Pick two of them and discuss them briefly. There are five pillars of Islam, each binding the Muslim to his faith with a greater investment of his time thus giving his faith a greater control over him. The first pillar, Submission, gives the Muslim a preliminary belief that a good Muslim should submit and be controlled by Allah and the Qu'ran. This teaches the Muslim submission and control, rather than Christian love. The second specifies when and how prayer should occur, again stressing a "controlled" prayer that does not create a true connection to Allah, but rather is a sign of one's submission to Allah.

7. Discuss feudalism and religion in Japan. Japan's Shinto religions and its feudalism mirrors Northern Africa's Islam and Europe's feudalism. Shinto is extremely similar to Islam; similarities include having created instability - Shinto in World War II and Islam in its acts of terror. Both have forms of prayer directed towards a specific object; in Shinto to the Kami and Islam towards Mecca. With these two religions being so similar you would expect Japan to have a similar civil system to Sharia law. But in fact, nothing could be farther from the truth. In fact, Japan's system modeled Europe's feudalism, farmers working under more important "Daimyos".

8. Write an essay about any aspect of the lecture. I chose to write about the important role that the Catholic Church had in medieval times. In medieval times the Church was just as much a civic authority as a spiritual guide. Churches would harbor escaped prisoners and authorities were not allowed to touch them while they took sanctuary. The Church initiated the call for the Crusades, and monasteries played a great role in transcribing manuscripts and keeping western culture alive. Without the Church, we could not have had the medieval period.

9. What was the Carolingian Court? The Carolingian court was Charles Martel's through Charlemagne's reign as king of the Franks. Charlemagne was able to initiate public education, one of Europe's greatest achievements. Along with his belief in education came a devotion to spreading his faith throughout Europe. Charlemagne's spreading of faith and education brought about what is now known as the Carolingian renaissance, the first true flowering of European culture since the fall of Rome.

10. Add 3 terms to the Study Guide (or 5 terms to earn credit for two questions).
I added Sanctuary, Pepin, and Daimyos.

-Paul

World History Study Guide to 1648

2011-10-13T16:51:35Z

History:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Description
|-
|[[Abraham]]
|2000 BC: father of Jewish people, made a covenant with God; Arabs claim descendance from Abraham's son Ishmael.
|-
|[[acropolis]]
|part of a Greek city-state that is built on a hilltop for easy defense. Example: where the democratic assembly met in Athens.
|-
|[[Plato's Academy|the Academy]]
|Founded by the Greek philosopher Plato in 387 BC, this was the world's first great center of learning.
|-
|[[Aesop]]
|a Greek writer famous for writing ''[[Aesop's Fables]]'' around 600 BC, such as "The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing," to teach life lessons
|-
|[[Alexander the Great]]
|356-323 BC: born to Philip II of Macedon and tutored by [[Aristotle]]. Conquered Greece, Egypt, Persia, and more, but not India. Alexander's conquests spread Greek culture and language, helping the future expansion of [[Christianity]].
|-
|[[Alexandria]]
|City in Egypt captured by Alexander the Great and then "Hellenized" (made Greek-like). Known for its famous library.
|-
|[[Allah]]
|The god of the [[Islamic]] religion. Followers of Allah are called Muslims.
|-
|[[Analects]]
|a record of the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius, written and compiled by his disciples circa 400-300 BC
|-
|[[Ancient world]]
|civilizations before the fall of the Western [[Roman Empire]] in AD 476
|-
|''[[Aeneid]]''
|a fictional epic poem, describing how a wandering [[Trojan]] became the ancestor of the [[Romans]], written by the great Roman poet [[Virgil]].
|-
|Anglo-Saxon
|refers both to the people of England from AD 449-1066 who came from Germanic tribes, and to their Old English language
|-
|[[Anselm]]
|a medieval Christian philosopher who founded scholasticism and developed an "ontological" proof for the existence of God based on degrees of perfection.
|-
|[[Archimedes]]
|287–212 BC: Greek mathematician and engineer. Discovered Archimedes' Principle, invented "Archimedes' screw," and built defenses against the Romans for his city of Syracuse; killed by the Romans.
|-
|[[archons]]
|Aristocratic officials elected by the Athenian government to make the laws; later overtook by tyrants who rose to power in the 600s BC
|-
|[[Arianism]]
|a heresy (false doctrine) claiming that Jesus was not God
|-
|[[aristocracy]]
|rule by the wealthy and privileged, rather than by democracy
|-
|[[Aristotle]]
|384-322 BC: Greek [[philosopher]], student of [[Plato]] and tutor to Alexander the Great. Emphasized the value of experience, and founded the Lyceum (a school resembling a university with specimens and a library)
|-
|[[Art of War]]
|first book on military strategy, written by Chinese philosopher Sun Tzu, having insights like "If ignorant both of your enemy and yourself, you are certain to be in peril."
|-
|[[Assyrian Empire]]
|1400-605 BC: was first dependent on Babylonia, then became an independent state, and finally an empire. Known for cruelty, especially to the Hebrews. Captured northern Kingdom of Israel in 722 BC.
|-
|[[Athens]]
|birthplace of democracy in 509 BC, Athens was a Greek city-state previously ruled by aristocrats. It defeat invading Persians.
|-
|[[Attila the Hun]]
|(AD 406-453): last and greatest ruler of the Huns, called the "Scourge of God"; almost defeated the Roman empire but was talked out of looting Rome by Pope Leo I.
|-
|[[Augustus Caesar]]
|the first Roman Emperor (27 BC-14 AD), whose name was Octavian; he took power away from the Roman Senate, he began "Pax Romana" (peaceful prosperity), and he was the emperor when Jesus was born
|-
|[[Aztecs]]
| A fierce type of people (AD 1200-1521), also known as "the Mexica," from Central Mexico who built a glorious capital city titled Tenochtitlan, and established three causeways to connect it to the mainland.
|-
|[[Babylon]]
|the major Mesopotamian city in the ancient Middle East, its greatest ruler was Hammurabi. Babylon developed Cuneiform, used base-60 numbers, defeated ancient Sumer about 2000 BC, and was later cruel to Hebrews.
|-
|[[Babylonia]]
|State and empire created by Babylon. First empire existed from 1900-1600 BC, later reemerged as the Neo-Babylonian Empire from 625-538 BC
|-
|[[Babylonian Exile]]
|Period of time from 597 to 538 BC, during which the Israelites were kept as prisoners in Babylon.
|-
|[[barbarian]]
|any "uncivilized" (not Roman), unshaven, ruthless warriors who would attack and invade ancient Rome (name "barbarus" means "bearded").
|-
|[[Battle of Tours]]
|Pivotal victory against the Muslims (732); led by Charles "the Hammer" of the Germanic people known as the "Franks".
|-
|B.C.E./[[C.E.]]
|anti-Christian terms for B.C./A.D., whereby "Before Common Era (B.C.E.)" replaces "Before Christ (B.C.)", and "Common Era (C.E.)" replaces "In the Year of Our Lord (A.D.)"
|-
|[[Bible]]
|Collection of Hebrew (Old Testament) and Christian (New Testament) Scriptures. Foretells the coming of a Messiah for the Hebrews, and recounts ancient history including the Tower of Babel and the Great Flood.
|-
|[[Brahman/Brahmin]]
|Brahman is the ultimate god or existence in Hinduism, of which all existence is a part; "Brahmin" means the highest class for families in the Hindu caste system
|-
|[[Bronze Age]]
|2500-1200 BC: when bronze was used for jewelry, tools, utensils, weapons; this eventually enabled the introduction of the plow for easier farming.
|-
|[[Buddha]]
|"Awakened One" in Buddhism. Siddhartha Gautama was the first Buddha.
|-
|[[Buddhism]]
|A belief system which teaches that desire causes suffering and if desire is eliminated, enlightenment and Nirvana are attained.
|-
|[[Bushi]]
| Proficient, skilled generals from Japan who raised their own "samurai" soldiers to defend and protect their land.
|-
|[[Byzantine Empire]]
|It was the eastern part of the Roman empire, based in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey), which outlasted the Western half by 1000 years.
|-
|[[Caligula]]
|(AD 37-41) cruel and senseless Roman emperor, who even declared his horse to be a Roman Senator.
|-
|[[Carolingian Court]]
|Dynasty that started with Charles Martel and his descendants, including Charlemagne, whose revival of education became known as the Carolingian Renaissance. The crowning of Charlemagne in 800 is considered the birth of the "Holy Roman Empire", also known as the Carolingian empire.
|-
|[[Carthage]]
|An ancient city on the coast of northern Africa (across the Mediterranean Sea from Italy) which fought against Rome in the three Punic Wars, which left Carthage destroyed, never to be rebuilt again.
|-
|[[caste]]
|the social rank in Hinduism: Brahmins are priests and scholars, Kshatriya are rulers, Vaishya are peasants, and Shudra are serfs. Good karma enables one to improve his caste in the next life.
|-
|[[Celts]]
|A tribal, ancient people living in what is now Ireland and Great Britain, who worshiped many gods and had priests called "druids."
|-
|[[Chaldeans]]
|The ancient Babylonians
|-
|[[Chaldean Empire]]
|Ancient Babylonian Empire that lasted from 605-562 BC
|-
|[[Chandragupta Mauryan]]
|Built the largest Indian empire ever; he was a tough and strong dictator who defeated Greek general Seleucus in 322 BC, taking from him the portion of the Greek empire slightly north of India.
|-
|[[Charlemagne]]
|King of the Franks from AD 768-814, and Holy Roman Emperor after being crowned by the Pope in AD 800
|-
|[[Charles Martel]]
|Charles "the Hammer"; Christian ruler who led the Franks to a decisive victory against the Muslims in the Battle of Tours (AD 732)
|-
|[[Chivalry]]
|Code of behavior developed during feudalism; required loyalty to God, looking out for one another, and different roles for men and women
|-
|[[China]]
|One of the world's oldest major civilizations, with a tradition of philosophers rather than religious leaders
|-
|[[Christendom]]
| A massive church-state network that consisted of religious hierarchy and held influence over all of Europe during the Middle Ages.
|-
|[[Cicero]], Marcus Tullius
|Famous Roman orator, senator and lawyer who lived from 106-43 BC, and who opposed Marc Anthony.
|-
|[[city-states]]
|Small nations consisting of only a single city each, especially in ancient Greece. Examples included Sparta, Athens and Corinth. They fought each other, but also banned together to defeat the Persians when that great empire sought to absorb Greece.
|-
|[[civilization]]
|must have towns, social and government institutions, record-keeping systems for property, and an agricultural surplus so not everyone is farming
|-
|[[classical civilizations]]
|Ancient Mediterranean civilizations that were generally pre-Christian, such as Rome, Greece, and Egypt
|-
|[[classicism]]
|Near the end of the Middle Ages, a Renaissance movement in the arts, looking back to ancient Rome and Greece for inspiration
|-
|[[Cleisthenes]]
|Established democracy in Athens in 507 BC, giving all free men the right to vote
|-
|[[Cleopatra]]
|The queen of Egypt who reigned from 51-30 BC
|-
|[[Code of Hammurabi]]
|The code of Hammurabi was one of the first set of written laws. It was a harsh code that demanded an eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth.
|-
|[[Code of Manu]]
|Hindu law containing rules and codes of conduct. Written in 200 BC in India.
|-
|[[Colosseum]]
|A massive stadium in Rome that was used to hold gladiatorial contests, chariot racing and killing Christians and others for entertainment. Originally known as the Flavian Amphitheatre.
|-
|[[comedy]]
|In ancient Greece, a play with a happy ending. All classical plays were either a "comedy" or a "tragedy".
|-
|[[Confucius]]
|A famous Chinese philosopher who came up with many ideas about ethics and social conduct
|-
|[[Constantine|Constantine (the Great)]]
|The first Christian emperor of Rome who legalized Christianity, ended the persecution of Christians, and united the eastern with the western Roman empires
|-
|[[Constantinople]]
|Now named Istanbul, it was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire beginning in AD 330. Originally known as Byzantium.
|-
|[[Council of Nicaea]]
|A.D. 325, a council of bishops called by Constantine to obtain agreement on various aspects of Christianity (e.g., the Trinity) and to end heresies (e.g., Arianism).
|-
|[[cuneiform]]
|The earliest known form of writing. Consists of lines and dashes to represent different concrete things, such as fish.
|-
|[[Cynicism]]
|Greek philosophy emphasizing living life without worldly possessions, founded by Socrates' student Antisthenes.
|-
|[[Daimyo]]
|Japanese feudal lord. Smaller agricultural workers would function under them. Daimyos began their importance after a civil war in 1467.
|-
|Darius the Great
|the king of Persia (522-486 BC) and one of the greatest rulers of the Achaemenid dynasty, best known for his failed attempts to conquer Greece; in 492 a storm destroyed his fleet, and in 490 BC Athens defeated his army at Marathon
|-
|[[David]]
|Second king of Israel, as chosen by God, and an ancestor of Jesus Christ. He expanded the kingdom of Israel.
|-
|[[Delian League]]
|Formed in 477 BC as an alliance consisting of Athens and other Greek city-states to guard against the Persia (Achaemenid) empire after the Persian Wars; but Athens misused it to impose taxes and fund Athenian projects.
|-
|[[Dharma]]
|The laws of the religions of Buddhism and Hinduism
|-
|[[diaspora]]
|The migration or scattering of a people, especially the ancient Hebrews, away from their ancestral home.
|-
|[[Diocletian]]
| The Roman emperor who tried to save the empire of Rome by dividing it into eastern and western regions. He established the "tetrarchy" (rule by four), and ruled from AD 284 to 305.
|-
|[[direct democracy]]
|laws are made by votes of the citizens, rather than by elected officials. Athens of ancient Greece was the first direct democracy.
|-
|[[Dorians]]
|tribes that settled Greece, 1100-1000 BC, having an oppressive military ruling class. The "Doric order" is the simplest form of Greek architecture, consisting of a straight column without any artistic trim at the top.
|-
|[[early agriculture]]
|crops such as grain being grown in places such as Egypt
|-
|[[Edict of Milan]]
|a political proclamation that legalized Christianity (and all other religions) throughout the Roman empire, issued by Constantine I in AD 313 after the Diocletian persecutions against Christians
|-
|[[Egypt]]
|One of the oldest civilizations in recorded history, going back to nearly 3000 BC
|-
|[[Eightfold Path]]
|The Buddhist way to end suffering and attain inner peace and contentment. It includes wisdom (right view and intention); ethics (right speech, action & livelihood); and mind (right effort, mindfulness & concentration).
|-
|[[Emperor]]
|A ruler or king of a country, such as Augustus Caesar as the first Roman emperor.
|-
|[[Enlightened One]]
|A translation of the name Buddha, in Buddhism
|-
|[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]
|A Sumerian (Mesopotamia) poem preserved on stone tablets with a story bearing great resemblance to Noah's Ark and the Great Flood
|-
|[[Euclid]]
|A Greek mathematician around 300 BC who developed geometry and wrote the ''Elements''.
|-
|[[Euphrates river]]
|The Euphrates is a river that was the border of Mesopotamia and was both a trading route and a protection for Mesopotamia.
|-
|[[Fertile Crescent]]
|An area of land in the Middle East along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, where it was easy to grow crops, which was the birthplace of civilization and probably the location of the Garden of Eden.
|-
|[[feudalism]]
|way of life in Western Europe in the early Middle Ages, consisting of a "lord" who owned land (given by the king) on which "peasants" or "serfs" farmed in exchange for food and protection.
|-
|[[First Punic War]]
|between Rome and Carthage in 254-241 BC: Rome conquered the island of Sicily and developed a navy; although Rome was no match for the powerful Carthaginian navy, Romans did invent a corvus that allowed them to board enemy ships and win the war
|-
|[[Four Noble Truths]]
|in [[Buddhism]]: (1) suffering is universal, (2) craving or desire causes it, (3) the cure is to eliminate the craving or desire, and (4) following the Eightfold Path helps eliminate this desire in order to attain "nirvana" (complete contentment).
|-
|[[The Franks]]
|Germanic tribes settling in the northern part of the Roman empire (including northern France), rising in power and territory from AD 330-751 and defeating barbarians; Charles the Hammer and Charlemagne were Franks
|-
|[[Gentiles]]
|The term for peoples, such as Greeks, who are not of Jewish or Arab descent.
|-
|Golden Age
|An age of great peace and prosperity, especially in ancient Greece between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars
|-
|[[Gracchi brothers]]
|Two tribunes (high elected officials) of ancient Rome who wanted to help the poor by redistributing land from the rich
|-
|Great Schism
|AD 1054: the Eastern Orthodox Church splits from the Roman Catholic Church in a dispute over icons and statues, the origin of the Holy Spirit, and regional differences
|-
|[[Great Wall of China]]
|the long and high wall in China that was built beginning with the Qin dynasty in about 200 BC, to keep invaders out
|-
|[[Greece]]
|perhaps the greatest ancient civilization: invented democracy, developed mathematics and philosophy, and adopted ethical standards like the Hippocratic Oath (which prohibits abortion)
|-
|[[Greek drama]]
|Theatrical tradition of ancient Greece, 600-400 BC, with two main types: comedies (good ending) and tragedies (bad ending)
|-
|[[Gregory the Great]]
|One of the most significant popes, who used church money for non-religious purposes such as paying for public projects such as roads, supporting armies, and establishing government programs for the poor; this later caused controversies.
|-
|[[Gaul]]
|Now France, it was a place for barbarians to attack the Roman empire.
|-
|[[Gothic]]
|architecture of the late Middle Ages, featuring tall, perpendicular structures, long or stained-glassed rose windows, pointed arches, and flying buttresses (stone supports on the outer walls of churches)
|-
|[[Gupta empire]]
|(AD 240-550): large Indian empire that developed with algebra, the concepts of zero and infinity, and the numbers 1-9
|-
|[[Hammurabi]]
|King of Babylon, 1792-1750 BC, who developed the Code of Hammurabi, which is based on the concept of an eye for an eye
|-
|[[Han dynasty]]
|202 BC - AD 220, this was the greatest of all the Chinese dynasties and was similar to the Roman empire in expanding territory, administering justice, and enjoying peace like the Pax Romana. The Han dynasty valued education highly, and created a scholar class of people known as "shi".
|-
|[[Hannibal]]
|A military commander for Carthage who had a brilliant surprise attack against Rome during the Second Punic War
|-
|[[Hebrews]]
|God's chosen people who established the nation of Israel and wrote the Old Testament
|-
|[[Hellenistic]]
|Relating to Greek culture and language, particularly in lands beyond Greece as conquered by Alexander the Great beginning in 335 BC
|-
|[[hieroglyphics]]
|A phonetic alphabet developed by the ancient Egyptians that uses the pictographic symbols to represent both an object and/or a phonetic sound.
|-
|[[Himalaya Mountain Range]]
|Mountain range famous for having the world's tallest peaks, including Mount Everest and K2; geographic protection that isolated ancient China
|-
|[[Hinduism]]
|An ancient polytheistic religion followed by 82% of (Asian) Indians to this day
|-
|[[Hippocrates]]
|"The father of medicine" in ancient Greece who developed the [[Hippocratic Oath]], an ethical code that all medical students traditionally repeated as a condition of graduation.
|-
|[[Holy Roman Empire]]
|Lasting from AD 800 to 1806, it included the territory in Europe under the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor. Constituent states often ruled themselves.
|-
|[[Homer]]
|An early Greek poet, famous for lengthy sagas such as ''Iliad'' and ''The Odyssey''.
|-
|[[Hsia dynasty]]
|rulers in China up until 1766 B.C., when Emperor Chieh (the last in the dynasty) was overthrown
|-
|[[Huns]]
|A confederation of Asian tribes who fought against the Romans in what is now the Ukraine, Germany, France, Italy and the Balkans. They were considered by many Romans to be the most ferocious enemies
|-
|[[ideograms]]
|In primitive societies, a graphic symbol (rather than alphabetic words like these) representing a concept or an idea
|-
|[[The Incas]]
|developed a huge empire beginning in AD 1250 in the Andes Mountains in South America, making it the largest civilization in all of the Americas
|-
|[[India]]
|A country that was home to the Indus Valley civilization and dates back over 3,000 years, and was birthplace of Hinduism and (later) Buddhism
|-
|[[Indus River Valley]]
|A fertile valley that was home to an ancient civilization and is modern Pakistan and northwestern India
|-
|[[Iron Age]]
|An era following the Bronze age when tools and weapons were made primarily out of iron: 1200 BC in Europe, but later (600 BC) in China.
|-
|[[Isaac]]
|The promised son born to Abraham and Sarah in their old age, whom Abraham offered to sacrifice to God despite Abraham's great love for Isaac. Isaac is the father of the Israeli people.
|-
|[[Ishmael]]
|The son born to Abraham and Sarah's servant, Hagar. Ishmael is revered by Muslims as an ancestor who was unfairly treated as an outcast after Isaac was subsequently born to Abraham and Sarah.
|-
|[[Islam]]
|the only major world religion that developed after Christ, Islam was founded by Muhammad in AD 622 and is based on the "Five Pillars of Islam."
|-
|[[Israel]]
|Nation founded by King David in 1010 BC, first temple destroyed by Babylonians in 587 BC, Jerusalem was rebuilt in 515 BC, Alexander the Great then conquered region in 332 BC.
|-
|[[Jainism]]
|Branched off of Hinduism, this religion stresses strict vegetarianism and non-violence towards all life.
|-
|[[Japan]]
|an island archipelago made up of 4 large islands and over 4,000 smaller ones, it had feudalism during the same time period that Europe did
|-
|[[Jesus]]
|The Holy Messiah of the Christian faith, and the only son of God who was promised to save all humanity. He was the only founder of a religion to perform miracles to cure the suffering, the only one to emphasize the power of faith, and the only one to give up His life for the salvation of others.
|-
|[[Joan of Arc]]
|17-year-old girl who led the French army to a remarkable military victory over the English in 1429, and was later captured and martyred by the English and made a saint by the Catholic Church
|-
|[[Judah, Kingdom of]]
|the southern kingdom of a divided nation of Israel, after the death of Solomon in 928 BC
|-
|[[Julius Caesar]]
|(100-44 BC) a military and political leader who laid out the groundwork for the future Roman empire before he was murdered by Roman senators
|-
|[[Julian Calendar]]
| The 12 month, 365-day calendar established by Julius Caesar, and the basis for the Gregorian calendar we use today.
|-
|[[Justinian|Justinian I]] and the [[Justinian Code]]
|Eastern Roman Emperor from AD 527 to 565 who developed the Justinian Code, which is the basis of civil law in many places
|-
|[[karma]]
|In Hinduism, everything a person has done. This determines status in the next life, so a Hindu wants "good karma."
|-
|[[knight]]
|An armored soldier of feudalistic Europe. These soldiers first began using plate mail around the time of the crusades.
|-
|[[Latin]]
|the powerful, concise language spoken in ancient Rome that has contributed many roots of words and terms to modern European languages. "Caveat emptor!" (let the buyer beware)
|-
|[[lord]]
|The ruler and owner of a feudalistic area, under him are the serfs.
|-
|[[Lyceum]]
|The great Greek center of learning founded by Aristotle, which then competed with the Academy
|-
|[[Niccolo Machiavelli]]
|An Italian political theorist who wrote the ''The Prince'', the most famous guide to how a conniving politician can seize power by manipulating others
|-
|[[Magna Carta]]
|A charter of personal and political liberties granted to the barons by King John of England in 1215, which later became a foundation for personal rights in the US Constitution.
|-
|[[maize]]
|corn, first grown by Native Americans, now one of the most popular foods in the world
|-
|[[Mandate of Heaven]]
|Chinese mandate that held that the gods blessed good rulers and overthrew bad ones
|-
|[[manor]]
|Under feudalism during the Middle Ages, a manor was a farm owned by a lord who had peasants to do the work and pay him rent in exchange for food, shelter and protection
|-
|[[Marc Antony]]
|A Roman commander and close friend of Caesar. He was in the 1st civil war of the Roman republic
|-
|[[Marcus Aurelius]]
|A Roman emperor known most for ending Pax Romana and conquering Germanic tribes.
|-
|[[Marcus Crassus]]
|A wealthy Roman who ruled Rome along with [[Julius Caesar]] and Pompey the Great, as a part of the first [[triumvirate]].
|-
|[[Martin Luther]]
|an important Christian figure who launched the Protestant Reformation in AD 1517 and founded the Lutheran Church based on a theory of salvation by faith alone, causing a split in the Catholic Church in Western Europe.
|-
|[[Mauryan Empire]]
|323–185 BC: a Buddhist empire covering much of modern India
|-
|[[Maya]]
|The civilization of the Mayans existed in Mesoamerica (including where Guatemala is today) from about AD 300-900. They were advanced in math and astronomy and had a written pictographic language; today 4 million people still speak the Mayan language.
|-
|[[Mesoamerica]]
|Mexico and Central America, where pre-Columbian (before Columbus' exploration in 1492) civilizations existed
|-
|[[Mesopotamia]]
|Modern-day [[Iraq]], where civilization first appeared
|-
|[[Messiah]]
|Anointed by God. Jesus Christ is the Messiah of Christianity
|-
|[[Michelangelo]]
|(AD 1475-1564) A Renaissance man known for his paintings on the Sistine Chapel ceiling and his sculptures of David and the Pieta (Mary holding Jesus after the Crucifixion).
|-
|[[Middle Ages]]
|A period of time, also called the Medieval Ages, spanning from AD 500-1500, when [[feudalism]] was common
|-
|[[Middle Kingdom]]
|2100-1650 BC: Egyptian kingdom known for its works and ideas, which ended due to a civil war
|-
|[[monasteries]]
|communities of Christian monks that are set apart for God, and which preserved knowledge during the Middle Ages.
|-
|Mongol empire
|Peaked in power in the AD 1200s, held more contiguous (connected) land than any empire in history, but failed twice in trying to conquer Japan.
|-
|[[monotheism]]
|The belief in a religion worshiping only one god. [[Christianity]], [[Judaism]], and [[Islam]] are monotheistic religions.
|-
|[[Moses]]
|The prophet who led the Israelites out of Egypt, gave them the Ten Commandments, and wrote the first five books of the Bible.
|-
|[[Muhammad]]
|The man who preached a new monotheistic religion "Islam", founded on only one god, Allah.
|-
|[[Nile]]
|River in Egypt which flows northward towards the Mediterranean Sea, supplying Egypt with water.
|-
|[[Nero]]
|One of the most irresponsible and cruel emperors of Rome. Nero reigned beginning when he was 16 years old, ruling until A.D. 69.
|-
|[[New Kingdom]]
|1550-700 BC: ancient Egypt at the time of Moses, where many buildings were construted primarily with slave labor
|-
|[[Nicene Creed]]
|A core statement of Christianity that affirms the Holy Trinity of God the Father, God the Son, and the Holy Ghost
|-
|[[Nirvana]]
|The ultimate goal of Buddhism: the end of all suffering
|-
|Normans
|Vikings who settled in northwest France (Normandy), and then invaded and conquered England in AD 1066
|-
|[[Octavian]]
|The grandnephew of Julius Caesar who became the first Emperor of Rome, ruling with his new name of Augustus Caesar.
|-
|[[Old Kingdom]]
|3000-2200 BC: the ancient Egyptian kingdom that built the famous pyramids
|-
|[[Olympics (Ancient Greek)]]
|An ancient sporting event first held in 776 BC, establishing the beginning of the Greek civilization
|-
|[[Paper]]
|Invented by Chinese in AD 100, from dipping a bamboo screen into a mixture of bark, rags and plants, and then allowing only a thin layer of pulp to dry on the bamboo screen.
|-
|[[patricians]]
|the upper 10% of the Roman republic, consisting of wealthy landowners
|-
|[[Paul]]
|an energetic evangelist for early Christianity, who wrote many letters now in the New Testament of the Bible
|-
|[[Pax Romana]]
|27 BC-180 AD: the "glory days" of the Roman empire, a time of peaceful prosperity and influence (but cruelty to Christians)
|-
|[[Peloponnesian War]]
|fought between Athens and Sparta, 431-404 BC, which was ultimately won by Sparta and its allies
|-
|[[Pentateuch]]
|The first five books of the modern Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy
|-
|[[Pepin]]
|Son of Charles Martel, Father of Charlemagne. Donated territories to the Pope and was a wise and judicious king of the Franks.
|-
|[[Persian empire]]
|550-330 BC: a large empire stretching from India to southern Europe and Egypt
|-
|[[Persian Wars]]
|492-449 BC: wars between Persia (modern-day Iran) and Greek city-states including Athens and Sparta
|-
|[[Peter]]
|a leading apostle of Jesus who became the first pope in Rome, where he was martyred
|-
|[[pharaoh]]
|the ruler in Ancient Egypt, considered by Egyptians to be a son of god
|-
|[[Philip of Macedon]]
|King of Macedonia who arranged for the homeschooling of his son, Alexander the Great.
|-
|[[Philistines]]
|ancient people who occupied the land of Canaan, who were enemies of Israel and God.
|-
|[[Phoenicians]]
|ancient people who lived and traded goods on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea, developing a new language using an alphabet of 22 letters, on which Greek, Latin, English, French, etc., are based.
|-
|Pillars of Islam
|the five basic rules of Islam: submit to Allah, pray, fast, give to the poor, and make at least one pilgrimage to Mecca (in Saudi Arabia today)
|-
|[[Plato]]
|Greek (Athens) philosopher who emphasized the value of logic, while his student Aristotle preferred the value of experience.
|-
|[[Pompey the Great]]
|Ruled Rome as a part of the first [[triumvirate]] with [[Julius Caesar]] and [[Marcus Crassus]]. Pompey is well known for ridding the Mediterranean sea of pirates.
|-
|[[polis]]
|The name for city-states in Ancient Greece
|-
|[[polytheism]]
|A religion with many gods, which was common in ancient times until Judaism and Christianity emerged.
|-
|[[Pope]]
|The leader of the Roman Catholic Church, who was most powerful in Europe during the time of the Holy Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Ptolemy]]
|(AD 90-168) a mathematician, geographer and astronomer in Hellenistic Egypt
|-
|[[Punic Wars]]
|Won by the Roman republic, enabling it to gain control of the Mediterranean Sea and control commerce
|-
|[[pyramids]]
|Very large monuments in Egypt for the burial of pharaohs, built with a precision that cannot be duplicated even today.
|-
|Qin Shia Huandgi
|the first Chinese emperor, who ruled from 221-210 BC, built new roads, and established a standard coin, weight and writing system. This Qin (or Chi'in) state was the first unified Chinese empire.
|-
|[[Qur'an (Koran)]]
|the holy book of Islam
|-
|[[Ramses II]]
|the most famous pharaoh, whose reign from 1279-1213 BC (during the New Kingdom) was the second longest in Egyptian history
|-
|[[Reformation]]
|Events beginning in 1517 when German monk Saint Martin Luther nailed 95 Theses to a Church door, leading to a separation of Catholic and Protestant churches.
|-
|[[The Republic]]
|Plato's greatest writings, which form a foundation for America's system of government.
|-
|[[Renaissance]]
|a revival in artwork and Greek and Roman achievement, from the AD 1300s to the 1600s, that made the transition from medieval to modern times
|-
|[[Roman Catholic Church]]
|The Christian Church led by a Pope, beginning with Peter the Apostle. The word "catholic" means "universal".
|-
|[[Roman citizenship]]
|a special status attained by living in Rome, being birthed to a Roman citizens, or enlisting in the army for 25 years.
|-
|[[Roman empire]]
|(27 BC-476 AD) Began when August Caesar became emperor, and ended 500 years later when barbarians overran it; the Roman empire civilized western Europe, built roads, established laws, and eventually spread Christianity.
|-
|[[Roman law]]
|began with a code of laws inscribed in the Twelve Tables, establishing the concept of "justice" - rule by principle and not by whim
|-
|[[Roman military]]
|considered to be invincible; each soldier was equipped with shields, helmets, swords, and javelins
|-
|[[Roman republic]]
|509-27 BC: The first republic in history, it was located in Rome and inspired some of the principles of the government of the United States. The Roman republic ended when Augustus Caesar took full power and established the Roman empire.
|-
|Roman senate
|300 members representing wealthy families in Rome, it dominated the Roman republic; similar to the U.S. Senate today
|-
|Romanesque
|architecture popular in the early Middle Ages, featuring thick walls, rounded arches and small windows
|-
|[[Rome]]
|the capital city of the Roman empire, and of modern day Italy; supposedly founded by Romulus and Remus, and named after Romulus after he killed his brother
|-
|[[Rosetta Stone]]
|ancient text written on stone in three different languages, which enabled the first translations of Egyptian hieroglyphics
|-
|[[Royal Road]]
|ancient Persian highway rebuilt by Darius the Great
|-
|[[samurai]]
|elite warriors of feudalistic Japan who followed a special honor code called Bushido
|-
|[[Saul]]
|the first king of Israel, appointed by God; Saul was a flawed man, jealous of David.
|-
|[[Satraps]]
|Governors in the distant lands of the Persian empire, which extended to Egypt and Arabia, who were carefully watched by the "King's Eyes and Ears" soldiers to prevent rebellions
|-
|[[scholasticism]]
|Christian philosophy from the AD 900s-1500s that developed logic in the direction of God
|-
|[[scientific revolution]]
|The beginning of modern science in the AD mid-1500s, starting with the recognition by Copernicus that the Earth revolves around the Sun
|-
|[[Second Punic War]]
|between Rome and Carthage in 218-202 BC; Carthage's leader Hannibal led his army with elephants over the Alps to surprise the Romans, but could not conquer Rome itself; by the end Rome had acquired Spain
|-
|[[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]]
|a listing of the most impressive public works in the world, written by Greek writer Antipater in the 2nd century BC (200-100 BC)
|-
|[[Shang Dynasty]]
|first major dynasty of China, which lasted from 1766 BC (when T'ang overthrew the prior dynasty) to 1122 BC
|-
|[[Shiite Muslims]]
|fundamentalist Muslims who are considered more aggressive than Sunni Muslims
|-
|[[Shinto]]
|The national religion of Japan, which considered the emperor to be descended from a godlike "sun kami"; Shinto is sometimes considered more of a code of conduct rather than a religion.
|-
|[[shogun]]
|a feudalistic military ruler of Japan
|-
|[[Siddhartha Gautama]]
|the Buddha, and the founder of the religion of Buddhism
|-
|[[Silk Road]]
|A trade route from East China to Central Asia and Europe
|-
|[[Socrates]]
|The first great Greek philosopher, Socrates taught that the visible world is not all of reality; Socrates taught Plato, who later taught Aristotle
|-
|[[Socratic method]]
|A teaching method developed by [[Socrates]], which consists of asking questions and is used today in law schools
|-
|[[Solomon]]
|Third king of Israel and the author of ''Proverbs'', ''Ecclesiastes'' and ''Song of Solomon''; known for his wise justice
|-
|[[Solon of Athens]]
|One of the Seven Sages of ancient Greece, who believed that one should "keep everything with moderation"
|-
|[[Sparta]]
|a Greek city-state well-known for its military prowess, which won the Peloponnesian war against Athens.
|-
|[[Spread of Buddhism]]
|Buddhism traveled outside of India along the Silk Road
|-
|[[St. Augustine]]
|(AD 354-430) a father of the early Christian church who wrote intellectual discussions of the faith entitled ''Confessions'', ''City of God'', and ''On Christian Doctrine''
|-
|[[Sumer]]
|Ancient homeland of the Sumerians, located in Mesopotamia, located in where Iraq is today
|-
|[[Sunni Muslims]]
|moderate Muslims who oppose the more aggressive Shiite Muslims
|-
|[[Sumerians]]
|the earliest civilizations living in the Middle East, where inventions included the wheel and the first known form of writing
|-
|[[Taijitu]]
|Also called "Yin and Yang," this is the symbol for Taoism. It represents a constant interaction and harmony in nature between two forces having opposite qualities.
|-
|[[Taoism (Daoism)]]
|Chinese philosophy of seeking harmony with nature by recognizing that two major forces are opposed to each other
|-
|[[Ten Commandments]]
|the laws of the God of Israel handed down to Moses
|-
|[[Theocracy]]
|a government ruled by the laws of a specific religion, as in some Muslim nations today
|-
|[[Thomas Aquinas]]
|(AD 1225–1274) A brilliant medieval priest who merged Aristotle's insights with Christian faith, and wrote ''Summa Theologica'' as a summary of Christian theology that is studied even today
|-
|[[Third Punic War]]
|Romans conquered and destroyed Carthage in 146 BC and then went into Macedonia and Greece to defeat them in revenge for having helped Hannibal; Rome then controlled the entire western civilized world (all the land around the Mediterranean)
|-
|[[Thucydides]]
|Greek historian who wrote ''History of the Peloponnesian War''
|-
|[[Toltecs]]
|A northern Mexican nomadic tribe that reigned over a city called Tula (AD 900-1200) in present-day Mexico City.
|-
|[[Tragedy]]
|A type of drama or poetic saga that has an unhappy ending. Common in ancient Greece, this type of work focused on the followed the fall of a character, often because of a specific character flaw such as envy or greed.
|-
|[[Troy]]
|an ancient city whose destruction was recorded in the Iliad, and its survivors supposedly helped found Rome
|-
|[[Tutankhamen]]
|"King Tut": a young Egyptian pharaoh who ruled from 1341-1323 BC. Archaeologist Howard Carter first discovered his tomb in 1922, shedding light on ancient Egyptian culture.
|-
|[[Twelve Tables]]
|450 BC: basic and successful Roman laws that filled twelve tablets, such as "If one is slain while committing theft by night, he is rightly slain."
|-
|[[Vassals]]
|Performed military services to the lords in exchange for protection and land in the feudal system.
|-
|[[Vedas]]
|Holy books of Hinduism
|-
|[[Virgil]]
|(70-19 BC) a Roman poet & philosopher, friend of Octavian (Augustus Caesar), and author of the ''Aeneid''. Portrayed in the Middle Ages as a noble pagan and symbol of wisdom.
|-
|[[Vishnu]]
|Supreme god of Hinduism
|-
|[[Visigoths]]
|a confederacy of Germanic tribes that harassed the Roman empire but later fell in AD 711 to the Moors, who were North African Muslims
|-
|[[Vulgate]]
|The Latin translation by Saint Jerome of the Hebrew Old Testament and the Greek New Testament. It was then used as the authoritative Bible for over 1000 years.
|-
|[[Warring States Period]]
|475-221 BC: war period in ancient China also known for the philosophical schools that flourished
|-
|[[Wheel]]
|The ancient Mesopotamia invention, originally in the form of a potter’s wheel; the wheel is considered the first and greatest of man's inventions.
|-
|[[Yahweh]]
|God as described in the [[Old Testament]], written as YHWH in the original Hebrew (which lacked vowels).
|-
|[[Yangtze River]]
|Longest river in Asia which flows south for 3000 miles; navigable from the sea for half of its course; the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers are the most important rivers in Chinese history
|-
|[[Yellow River]]
|Second longest river in Asia; known also as Huang He and "the cradle of Chinese civilization," it runs westward from the Yellow Sea and has a tendency to flood surrounding lands such its course can change with devastating results
|-
|[[Zeus]]
|Highest of Greek Gods, God of Thunder, supposedly father of the gods.
|-
|[[Zhou dynasty]] (or Chou dynasty)
|1071-221 BC: it was the longest lasting dynasty in China and included both Prince Zheng as a leader, and Confucius as the major philosopher. This dynasty benefited from the Iron Age after 600 BC.
|-
|[[Ziggurat]]
|man-made step-sided structures resembling pyramids that were built in Mesopotamia. The [[Tower of Babel]], described in Genesis 11, may have been a giant ziggurat.
|-
|[[Zoroastrianism]]
|Polytheistic religion founded between 1200 and 600 BC by the Persians.
|}

==Honors terms==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Description
|-
|[[Aeneas]]
|according to legend, a prince who escaped from Troy whose son founded Rome and whose grandson, Brutus, founded the Britons in England
|-
|[[Aeschylus]]
|the oldest of the three great Athenian tragic playwrights (next to [[Sophocles]] and [[Euripides]]), 525-456 BC
|-
|[[Age of Metal]]
|discovery of metals for use in tools: copper (beginning 3500 BC), bronze (beginning 2500 BC), and iron (beginning 1200 BC) were developed as tools.
|-
|[[Age of Pericles]]
|the "golden age" of Athens, led by Pericles, who introduced a form of direct democracy from 461-429 BC
|-
|[[Ahuramazda]]
|the Creator in Persia's religion of Zoroastrianism
|-
|[[Queen Ahhotep|Ahhotep]]
|a Middle Kingdom Pharaoh who repelled the Hyksos people from Egypt
|-
|[[Akkadian Empire]]
|a Sumerian empire (2360-2180 BC) located in the fertile crescent in the lower Mesopotamia and north of the Sumer River
|-
|[[Alluvial]]
|a deposit of sediment (alluvium) in a river bed
|-
|archons
|in the early Greek empire (around 700 BC), archons were government officials elected by the land-owning aristocrats; the archons then made the law
|-
|[[Aristophanes]]
|(456-380 BC) an Athenian playwright who wrote comedies and political satires
|-
|[[Ark of the Covenant]]
|The chest used by the Hebrews to contain the tablets of the Law given to Moses by God.
|-
|[[Aryans]]
|A semi-nomadic Nordic tribe who invaded and settled India around 1500 B.C.
|-
|[[Ashoka]]
|Emperor of the Mauryan Empire of India (273-232 B.C.). Upset by the horrors of war (despite winning), he converted to Buddhism and recorded Buddha's teachings on thousands of rock pillars.
|-
|Assembly of Centuries
|the group of representatives who approved new laws in the Roman republic
|-
|Assembly of Tribes
|the governing entity that held the election of representatives
|-
|[[Ashoka]]
|Emperor of the Mauryan Empire of India (273-232 B.C.). Upset by the horrors of war (despite winning), he converted to Buddhism and recorded Buddha's teachings on thousands of rock pillars.
|-
|Aztecs
|An aggressive type of people from Central Mexico who adopted many legends and customs from their ancestors. They built a capital city called Tenochtitlan, and established three causeways to connect it to the mainland.
|-
|-
|[[Bantu]]
|Over 400 tribes in Africa that share the Bantu language and common customs.
|-
|[[Barracks Emperors]]
|A series of Roman emperors (235-284 AD) who used the Roman army as a base for political power. These emperors usually had a poor, rural background.
|-
|[[Battle of Marathon]]
|In August 490 B.C., King Darius I of Persia brought his army to the plains of Marathon to invade Athens. Despite being outnumbered ten to one, the Athenian army defeated the Persians.
|-
|Battle of Chalons
|451 BC: one of the bloodiest battles in world history and the last major victory of the Roman empire, when it defeated Attila the Hun in what is now France; Attila returned later for revenge and could have looted Rome
|-
|[[Bhagavad Gita]]
|A section of the Mahabharata, the Bhagavad Gita is an ancient Hindu text written in Sanskrit which consists of Krishna's writings on philosophy and morality.
|-
|[[Breda]]
|Became one of the leaders of the Hun, but was killed by his power-hungry brother, Attila the Hun.
|-
|[[Caesar's Commentaries]]
|A history by Julius Caesar describing the wars he fought.
|-
|[[Caligula]]
|A Roman emperor, ruling from 37 AD to 41 AD, who is historically depicted as a brutal monster, and who was so hated that he was murdered by his own guards.
|-
|[[Canaan]]
|The geographical area that encompasses modern-day Israel, the West Bank and a portion of land east of the Jordan River.
|-
|[[Canon of the Medicine]]
|Book written by Ibn Sina during the Golden Age of Islam describing many diseases and their causes.
|-
|[[Catal Huyuk]]
|An ancient settlement in southern Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey.
|-
|[[Catholic Monarchs]]
|The title given by Pope Alexander VI to King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, whose marriage in 1469 unified Spain led to its conversion back to a Catholic nation from Islam (the "Reconquest").
|-
|[[Cato the Censor]]
|A Roman statesman who during the Punic War called for the destruction of Carthage.
|-
|[[Champollion, Jean]]
|Jean Champollion (1790-1832) is the father of Egyptology (the study of Egypt), and who translated a portion of the Rosetta Stone.
|-
|[[Chandragupta Maurya]]
|The founder of the Mauryan Empire in India who ruled between 320 and 293 B.C. The first Indian emperor to be converted to Jainism, he eventually renounced his throne and joined a group of nomadic Jain monks.
|-
|[[Christian Catacombs]]
|Ancient, secret underground burial places for Christians, which served as secret passageways for Christians to meet and worship God together.
|-
|[[Cicero]]
|A Roman consul, statesman, lawyer, philosopher and author. After Julius Caesar's assassination, Cicero was one of the most powerful politicians in Rome, and was Mark Antony's rival.
|-
|[[Cincinnatus]]
|A Roman hero for whom the city of Cincinnati, Ohio is named. In 458 B.C., he raised an army in Rome and came to the aid of the consul Minucius and his men, who were trapped by the Aequians. Cincinnatus also voluntarily giving up power, surpassed only by George Washington in that respect.
|-
|[[Claudius]]
|Roman emperor who became ruler after his nephew Caligula's assassination, he ruled from 41-54 AD, when he was poisoned by his wife Agrippina. Britain came under Roman rule during his reign, and his edict expelling the Jews from Rome is mentioned in the Book of Acts in the Bible.
|-
|[[Cleopatra]]
|Seven Egyptian queens of Greek decent that ruled from 193 BC until 30 BC during the Ptolemaic Dynasty. The most famous, Cleopatra VII Philopator, Egypt's last independent ruler, had affairs with both Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.
|-
|[[Code of Hammurabi]]
|An elaborate code of law created by Hammurabi that called for harsh punishment, such as an eye for an eye, a foot for a foot.
|-
|[[Confucianism]]
|A Chinese ethical and moral philosophy based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius that focuses on human morality and right action. It has had a significant influence on the development on the culture and history of East Asia.
|-
|[[Constitutional monarchy]]
|A government with a constitution that acknowledges a monarch as head of state with varying degrees of influence in the running of the country. Countries with constitutional monarchies include the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Denmark, the Netherlands and Spain.
|-
|[[consul]]
|An elected governmental position in ancient Rome that held executive authority and military command of the Roman republic.
|-
|[[Copts]]
|The Coptic Church originated in Egypt around 50 AD when St. Mark the Evangelist traveled to Alexandria, and is one of the oldest Christian denominations. Its leader is the Patriarch of Alexandria, who is called Pope.
|-
|[[Covenant]]
|An oath or promise.
|-
|[[Cynicism]]
|A Greek philosophy founded by Antisthenes (444 BC - 365 BC) that rejects worldly pleasure in favor of happiness derived from virtue.
|-
|[[Cyrus]]
|A Persian emperor (576 BC – 529 BC) who conquered Babylon and sent the Jews back to Israel.
|-
|[[Darius]]
|A Persian emperor (521 BC – 486 BC) who quelled the Ionian Revolt and invaded Greece, but was forced to withdraw at the Battle of Marathon.
|-
|[[Delian League]]
|A confederation during the Persian Wars controlled by Athens, and consisting of Athens and other Greek city-states and Aegean towns. Its navy helped defend Greece from Persia.
|-
|[[Demosthenes (Greek statesman)|Demosthenes]]
|A ancient Greek statesman who spoke against Philip II of Macedonia in speeches that came to be known as "Philippics". He also attempted to convince Greeks to rise up against Macedonian rule after the death of Philip's son, Alexander the Great.
|-
|[[Diadochi]]
|After the death of Alexander the Great, his empire was partitioned among the rivalling generals of his army, the so-called diadochi ("successors").
|-
|[[Diocletian]]
|The last Barrack Emperor of Rome, he ruled from 284-305 AD. He divided the Roman Empire into eastern and western regions in an attempt to save the empire, and formed a tetrarchy of four rulers, two for each region. He required the military to worship the Roman pagan gods, making it impossible for Christians to be soldiers, and persecuted them.
|-
|[[Dorians]]
|Tribes that settled in Greece between 1100 BC and 1000 BC, and had a military ruling class, which persisted in Sparta and Crete even after democracy was established in Athens. These tribes created the simplest style of Greek architecture, known as the Doric order, which consisted of unadorned, straight columns.
|-
|Draco
|a tyrant in Athens during the early Greek empire (600s B.C.) who established a set of written laws that were so strict that the term "draconian" today refers to overly harsh rules of punishment
|-
|[[Dravidians]]
|Dravidians are the people of southern India and Sri Lanka who speak the Dravidian languages and are found in the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka.
|-
|[[Empress Lu]]
|The wife of the Chinese emperor Han Gaozu, who after her husband's death had all other possible heirs murdered and installed her son as emperor, ruling as regent until her death.
|-
|[[Epicureanism]]
|A philosophy founded by Epicurus in the late 4th century that holds the belief that great happiness is achievable through the avoidance of pain and fear. It does not believe in divine power interacting with humanity.
|-
|[[Etruscans]]
|People who settled in the Italian peninsula prior to 700 BC. Most Etruscan cities ran on a democratic-style system. Their culture influenced the later Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Euripides]]
|Athenian tragic playwright, BC 480-406.
|-
|[[Exodus]]
|The abrupt departure of the people of Israel from Egypt, as told in the Book of Exodus in the Bible.
|-
|[[Ezana]]
|Ezana was the king of Axum, in Africa, ruling from A.D. 330-350. He was the first Christian king in Africa.
|-
|[[Five Good Emperors]]
|Five consecutive Roman emperors who ruled between 96 AD to 180 AD and were elected due to talent rather than family connections.
|-
|[[foraging society]]
|A pre-farming economy based upon scavenging, hunting, and gathering resources.
|-
|[[Four Emperors Era]]
|A series of Roman emperors who ruled in quick succession in 68-69 AD.
|-
|[[Franks]]
|A Germanic people that, beginning in the 4th century AD, eventually conquered the areas of France, Benelux, Belgium, The Netherlands and portions of Germany.
|-
|[[Gaul]]
|The Roman name for the area comprising modern-day France and Belgium, and parts of northern Italy, western Switzerland and Germany, and the Netherlands. This area was under Roman rule for most of its existence.
|-
|[[Golden mean]]
|Is considered the middle between two extremes in philosophy.
|-
|[[Great Canal]]
|A canal that connected the Nile River to the Red Sea, built during the Middle Kingdom of Egypt.
|-
|[[Hadrian]]
|The third of the "Five Good Emperors" of the Roman Empire, Hadrian ruled from A.D. 117 to 138 and had two main achievements: he ended Rome's costly territorial expansion, fortifying her boundaries with numerous "Walls of Hadrian," and he effectively "Hellenized" Rome by anointing Athens the empire’s cultural center, thereby enhancing learning.
|-
|[[Han empire]]
|was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms.
|-
|[[Harappa]]
|A city that is part of the Indus Valley Civilization. It is part of modern Pakistan
|-
|[[Hatshepsut]]
|Originally a regent for her son, Thutmose III, Hatshepsut was the longest reigning female ruler of Egypt. She ruled during the eighth dynasty from 1479-1458 B.C. She established trade networks for Egypt and thus collected most of the wealth of the eighth dynasty. She was eventually dethroned when her son took power at the age of 22. Her monuments are the Temple of Karnak, Deirle-Bahri, and Speos Artemidos.
|-
|[[Hellenistic culture]]
|Greek culture after the death of Alexander in 323 B.C., when Greek influence extended throughout the territory he conquered; Hellenistic culture was renowned for its strict code of ethics, its culinary prowess, and its use of metal.
|-
|[[heliocentric]]
|Recognizing that the Sun ("helio" is Greek for "sun"), and not Earth, is the center of solar system.
|-
|[[Helot]]
|A person from the class of serfs in the city-state of Sparta (700s - 300s B.C.) in ancient Greece.
|-
|[[Herodotus]]
|Greek historian (484 to 425 BC), the "father of history". His book is simply called ''Histories'' and describes the Persian Wars.
|-
|[[Hiram]]
|The Phoenician king of Tyre. Ruled from 980-947 B.C.
|-
|[[Hittites]]
|An ancient people in the Middle East that gained control of most of Mesopotamia in 1650 B.C. due to their advanced inventions, such as horse-drawn chariots.
|-
|[[Horace]]
|The leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus, lived from 65-8 B.C.
|-
|[[humanism]]
|Thee Greek emphasis on reason, ethics and rational thinking rather than religion.
|-
|[[Hyksos]]
|Refers to a people who entered - possibly forcibly - into Egypt, and built their capital at Avaris in the Nile Delta area in about 1648 B.C.
|-
|[[Ides (of March)]]
|The 15th of March, May, July and October in the ancient Roman calendar. The 13th is the ides of all the other months. Julius Caesar was murdered on the ides of March.
|-
|[[Imperator]]
|A title first used by Octavian (Augustus Caesar), literally meaning in Latin “general” or “commander”, giving him power over the entire army.
|-
|[[Iron Smelting]]
|A technology comprised of the extraction of usable metal from iron ore.
|-
|[[Iliad]]
|a great Greek work of literature written by Homer in the 800s or 700s B.C., describing the mythical Trojan War
|-
|Incas
|a member of any of the dominant groups of South American Indian peoples who established an empire in Peru prior to the Spanish conquest.
|-
|[[Indo-European]]
|A very general classification of peoples that includes all the way from India to Egypt.
|-
|[[Jericho]]
|A city in Israel by the Jordan River. Mentioned extensively in the Bible. Joshua and the Israelites marched around this city and blew trumpets in order to destroy it and to reach the promised land.
|-
|[[Josephus]]
| Flavius Josephus 37 - 101 A.D. Jewish general and historian who took part in the Jewish revolt against the Romans and later worked for a Roman patron.
|-
|[[Judaism]]
|The monotheistic religion of the Hebrews, also the oldest religion that remains currently active.
|-
|[[Kami]]
|Spirits in the Shinto religion that reside in prominent natural features and people. Shrines are often built to Kami.
|-
|[[Kassites]]
|Led by their king [[Agumkakrine]], they took advantage of the [[Hittite]] raid of 1595 B.C. and occupied the [[Babylonian]] region, where they ruled for over 400 years.
|-
|[[Kautilya]]
|Advisor to Chaundragupta Maurya, wrote book
"Arthoshastra" on maintaining political power.
|-
|[[Khufu]]
|Egyptian pharaoh who had the pyramid of Giza built
|-
|[[Khyber Pass]]
|An important break in the mountains between Pakistan and Afghanistan, pivotal in military campaigns by Alexander the Great, Aryans, Muslims, and later the British, who had to overcome defensive positions taken from above by local tribesman.
|-
|[[Kush]]
|Was part of a larger region called Nubia.
|-
|[[Larger Vehicle]]
|a form of Buddhism practiced in China, Korea, Japan and Tibet, teaching how to attain full enlightenment for the sake of others. (Also known as Mahayana Buddhism.)
|-
|[[Last Roman Emperor]]
| The last ruler of the Roman Empire was Romulus Augustus, who ruled from October of 475 A.D. to September of 476 A.D.
|-
|legalism
|Legalism is the excessive adherence to law or formula.
|-
|[[Legions]]
|Legions were the principal unit of the Roman army comprising 3,000 to 6,000 foot soldiers and cavalry in addition to the foot soldiers.
|-
|[[Lesser Vehicle]]
|in Buddhism, describes how to attain freedom from one's own suffering.
|-
|[[Livy]]
|A Roman historian (59 B.C. - 17 A.D.) who wrote a monumental history of Rome from its beginnings to his day.
|-
|[[Loess]]
|A type of soil derived form glacial deposits consisting of fine yellow silt that is extremely crumbly. The silt from Loess Plateau of north-west China, carried along by the Yellow River, has given that river its distinctive name.
|-
|[[Magadha]]
|Led Aryans to join and try to repel the Persians.
|-
|[[Mahayana]]
|the later of the two great schools of Buddhism, chiefly in China, Tibet, and Japan, characterized by eclecticism and a general belief in a common search for salvation, sometimes thought to be attainable through faith alone.
|-
|[[Manichaeism]]
|A belief system teaching that there exists two separate, opposite and equally ultimate Principles: the Light and the Darkness.
|-
|[[Marathon]]
|A small town about 26 miles from Athens where the Greeks won a key battle against the Persians in 490 B.C., and a messenger ran the distance to deliver the news to Athens, inspiring the modern marathon race today.
|-
|[[Marcus Aurelius]]
|Roman emperor from AD 161 to 180. Marcus Aurelius was also a philosopher, a Stoic, and wrote a famous book, ''Meditations''.
|-
|[[Marius]]
|Roman general and consul: opponent of Lucius Cornelius Sulla.
|-
|[[Masada]]
|a mountaintop fortress in East Israel on the South West shore of the Dead Sea: site of Zealots' last stand against the Romans during revolt of a.d. 66–73.
|-
|[[Menes]]
|Was a legendary Pharoah of Egypt from somewhere between 3100-2850 BC.
|-
|[[Meroe]]
|a ruined city in Sudan, on the Nile, NE of Khartoum: a capital of ancient Ethiopia that was destroyed a.d. c350.
|-
|[[Mesolithic Age]]
|Before the beginning of recorded history in 3500 B.C., when humans changed from hunting and gathering food to producing food, as in planting and farming.
|-
|[[Minoan Civilization]]
|A civilization that flourished on the island of Crete from around the 27th century B.C., to the 15th century B.C.
|-
|Moche
|A South American civilization that existed in northern Peru from 100-800 A.D.
|-
|[[Moksha]]
|Means liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth in the Hindu religion.
|-
|[[monsoons]]
|Tropical storms, particularly in the climate of India, where the "southwest monsoon" occurs from about mid-June to the first week in October, and consists of winds carrying heavy rainfall from the Indian Ocean and resulting in widespread flooding
|-
|[[Mount Sinai]]
|A 7,498 foot mountain, located in Southern Sinai, now part of modern Egypt.The location where Moses received the Ten Commandments from God.
|-
|[[Muhammad Ali]]
|Muhammad Ali was a professional boxer during the 1960’s and 70’s he was perhaps the most famous Muslim of the western world at this time. During the Vietnam war he refused to be drafted because it was not a “holy war.”
|-
|[[Mycenaean Civilization]]
|Was an early Indo-European civilization of Greece.
|-
|[[Nebuchadnezzar I]]
|was the emperor of the Babylonian Empire from 1146 to 1123 BC.
|-
|[[Nebuchadnezzar II]]
| Lived from 635 BC- 562 BC, was King of the Chaldeans and final conqueror of the Southern Kingdom of Israel, called "Judah." He was the first of many heads of state of foreign superpowers to come to a possibly salvific knowledge of God.
|-
|[[Neolithic Age]]
|The last part of the Stone Age (neo = "new", lithic = "of/like stone"), before the invention of metallurgy. It immediately preceded the rise of the first civilizations.
|-
|[[Nero]]
| Was the Emperor of Rome from AD 54-68. He blamed the great fire of Rome on the Christians who were unpopular due to their belief in one God.
|-
|[[Nerva]]
|Roman emperor from AD 96 to 98. Following the turmoils after Nero's death, he stood at the beginning of a long peaceful and prosperous time in the history of the Roman empire.
|-
|[[Nile River]]
|A river that ran throughout all of Egypt and fueled its entire agricultural and economic system.
|-
|[[Nineveh]]
|The capital of Assyria, seized and destroyed by the Chaldeans in 612 B.C.
|-
|[[Nok culture]]
|The African culture where the people created the first terracotta production as well as iron-smelting technology.
|-
|[[Oath of the Hindu Physician]]
|Oath requiring, among other things, that doctors not to drink alcohol and to have an honest doctor-patient relationship.
|-
|[[Octavian]]
|Also known as Augustus Caesar (63 B.C. - A.D. 14) was the first Roman emperor. He was originally called Gaius Octavius Thurinus until he changed it after being adopted by Julius Caesar in 44 B.C.
|-
|[[Odyssey]]
|The Odyssey was an epic poem written by the [[Greek]] poet [[Homer]]. It traces the journey home to Greece by a hero of the Trojan war and the troubles he faces at the hands of gods and men.
|-
|[[Olmec]]
|The first major Pre-Columbian civilization in Mexico
|-
|oracle bone
|First concrete evidence that the Shang Dynasty really existed. They were generally used as medicine by grinding them up into powder but they were also used to write on.
|-
|[[Origen]]
|was an early Christian philosopher, who lived in the East, and especially in Alexandria
|-
|[[Ostrogoths]]
|Were a Germanic tribe influential in the last days of the Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Ovid]]
|Ovid or Publius Ovidius Naso was a famous Roman poet, known for his Heroides, Amores, Ars Amatoria, and Metamorphosis. He lived from 43 B.C. to 17 A.D.
|-
|[[Paleolithic Age]]
| Is the name given by atheists to the first part of the Stone age, followed by the Neolithic Age. During the Paleolithic Age, atheists believe people harvested wild plants and animals for food.
|-
|[[papyrus]]
|A thin parchment constructed from reeds near the Nile River
|-
|pariah
|An outcast or any person or animal that is despised.
|-
|[[Parthenon]]
| The Parthenon is a celebrated marble temple of Athene, on the Acropolis at Athens. It was of the pure Doric order, and has had an important influence on art.
|-
|[[patricians]]
|A patrician is a person of high honor or rank.
|-
|Pericles
|493-429 BC: a fabulous orator, he led Athens during its Golden Age (between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars), and expanded democracy: "Government in the hands of the many, not of the few," he said.
|-
|[[Peru]]
|Peru is a country in South America with a rich history. Once dominated by the Incas, Peru fell to the Spanish in the 16th Century.
|-
|[[Petra]]
|Petra was an ancient city that lasted from some time in 6th century B.C. to 360 A.D. when an earthquake destroyed their water supply. The city is famous for its buildings carved in red sandstone and given the name the pink city. Also Indiana Jones was filmed there.
|-
|[[phalanx]]
|common Greek military formation, which is rectangular
|-
|[[Philippides]]
|An athlete sent by Athens to run 150 miles to Sparta as they needed help in their battle against Persia, where they were outnumbered 10 to 1. His remarkable ability continues to inspire ambitious joggers today.
|-
|[[Philo]]
|(20 B.C. - 50 A.D.) was a Jewish historian from Alexandria in the first century. He combined Judaism and Greek philosophy.
|-
|[[pictograph]]
|A pictorial symbol for a word or phrase. Pictographs are the foundation for cuneiform and hieroglyphics, having been discovered in Egypt and Mesopotamia from before 3000 B.C.
|-
|[[Pisistratids]]
|Was a ruler of Athens around 570 B.C.
|-
|[[plebian]]
|A Plebian was one of the lower classes in the early Roman world, such as small farmers and shopkeepers, similar to a commoner in Medieval Europe. This status was inherited in ancient Rome, though it could change through marriage or (rarely) promotion.
|-
|[[Plutarch]]
|(46 to 127 AD.)Was a Greek historian, philosopher, biographer, and priest.

|-
|[[praetors]]
|one of a number of elected magistrates charged chiefly with the administration of civil justice and ranking next below a consul.
|-
|[[Poseidon]]
|The god of the sea, rivers, floods, droughts, earthquakes, and the creator of horses; known as the "Earth Shaker". He is a son of Cronus and Rhea and brother to Zeus and Hades. In classical artwork, he was depicted as a mature man of sturdy build with a dark beard, and holding a trident.
|-
|[[Prehistory]]
|Before 3400 B.C.
|-
|purdah
|The seclusion of women from the sight of men or strangers. Purdah is practiced most in the Muslim and Hindu religions.
|-
|[[Pythagorus]]
|A Greek philosopher mathematician (569-475 B.C.), best known for his Pythagorean Theorem which equates the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle to the sum of the squares of each side. His philosophy included abstracting 2 ships + 2 ships = 4 ships to the more general truth that 2 of anything plus 2 of anything = 4 of anything.
|-
|[[Ramayana]]
| A Sandskrit epic, depicting the life and adventures of Ramachandra.
|-
|[[Ramses II]]
| Ramses II was the king of Egypt. His reign is remembered by his constant war with the Hittites.
|-
|[[Rembrandt]]
| A Dutch painted who lived from 1606-1669 A.D.
|-
|[[Rig Veda]]
|A collection of over one thousand hymns that date back to as early as two thousand B.C.
|-
|[[Romance of Three Kingdoms]]
|Is a novel written by Luo Guanzhong in the Han Dynasty when it fell into disorganization.(A.D. 220-280)
|-
|[[Romulus and Remus]]
|Rome obtained its name from Romulus and Remus, who were twins, and by legend the the sons of Mars who were rescued from death by a mother wolf after his uncle threw him into the Tiber river out of jealousy.
|-
|[[rule of tyrants]]
|during the early Greek empire in the 600s, a series of tyrants ruled Athens. One was "Draco", who imposed the same penalty of death for every crime, no matter how minor!
|-
|[[Saint Patrick]]
|Born in Wales and grew up in England. Later traveled to Ireland and converted the Celts there to Christianity in the mid-400s A.D.
|-
|[[Sanctuary]]
|Medieval right of criminals on the run to enter churches and be untouchable by authorities.
|-
|[[Sargon the Great]]
|The first person in recorded history to create an empire or multi-ethnic state.
|-
|[[Sati (Buddhism)]]
|Mindfulness, self-collectedness, powers of reference and retention. In some contexts, the word sati when used alone covers alertness
|-
|[[Satrap]]
|Local governors established in distant lands by the powerful Persian ruler Cyrus
|-
|[[Saxons]]
|Were a Germanic tribe, eventually settling in England and North Western France.
|-
|[[Schliemann, Heinrich]]
|German archeologist who was an excavator of Troy. His work supported the idea that Homer's Iliad and Virgil's Aeneid reflected real historical events.
|-
|[[Scipio]]
|(236 BC -183 BC) Was the Roman General during the Second Punic War who brought about the final defeat of Carthage at the Battle of Zama in 202 B.C.
|-
|[[Seneca]]
|Roman philosopher (a [[Stoicism|Stoic]]), statesman and playwright; teacher of [[Nero]]. BC 4 - AD 65.
|-
|[[Shang dynasty]]
|Was a major ancient Chinese dynasty from about 1766 to 1122 BC. Built cities in northern China along the Yellow River. It consisted of city-states which were often at war with one another.
|-
|[[Shang Yang]]
|Was a Chinese statesman and philosopher. He promoted Legalism, which was like the divine right of kings in the West.
|-
|[[Shi]]
|A scholar class created by the Han dynasty
|-
|[[Shiva]]
|In Hinduism, Shiva "the Destroyer" is the third member of the Trimurti, or the "Hindu triad", along with Brahma "the Creator" and Vishnu "the Preserver".
|[[Slavs]]
|Slavic people had settled the Steppe and cultivated the soil in 100 A.D. They lived in tribes and villages and were vulnerable to nomadic fighters like the Huns. They established a trade city known as Kiev which is still exists to this day.
|-
|[[Solon]]
| Solon was an Athenian statesman who introduced economic, political, and legal reforms.
|-
|[[Sophocles]]
|Athenian tragic playwright, BC 497-406.
|-
|[[Steppes]]
|Steppes are large areas of flat unforested grassland in southeastern Europe or Siberia.
|-
|[[stirrup]]
|a metal frame for each foot when riding a horse; invented in China in 322 BC and used to great advantage in battle, because they make it easier to control the horse and shoot arrows with accuracy
|-
|[[Stoicism]]
| The second of the two main Greek philosophical schools of thought. Stoicism sought to find a sense of divine justice, deemphasizing pain and pleasure for the goal of reason, logic, and self discipline.
|-
|[[Stone age]]
|The stone age is believed to be at time before men had metal working skills in our prehistory. Young Earth Creationists dispute the exsistence of a stone age rather there were stone working cultures.
|-
|[[Stupa]]
|An ornate Buddhist dome-like stone structure originally built to cover items believed to be relics of the Buddha.
|-
|[[Sulla]]
| (138-78 BC) was a Roman general and dictator during the Republican period. He won Rome's first civil war. Reforms during his time gave the Senate more power.
|-
|Sunna
|d
|-
|[[Sumuabum]]
|Was an Amorite king who established a Babylonian Kingdom in 1894 BC.
|-
|[[Suttee]]
|An ancient Hindu practice in India where a wife sacrifices herself upon her husband's funeral pyre. Outlawed by the British Raj.
|-
|[[Tacitus]]
| (A.D. 55-120) Was the Roman author of Histories, Annals, and Germania, describing first century Rome. His work chronicles Nero's blaming of the Christians for the fire in Rome and the resulting large scale persecution of Christians that ensued.
|-
|[[Taj Mahal]]
|A marble memorial located in Agra, India. It was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, Queen Mumtaz Mahal, who died in childbirth.
|-
|[[The Tale of Gengi]]
|The world's first psychological novel. Was written in the 1000s and about Japanese culture.
|-
|Teotihuacan
|Known as "City of the gods," Teotihuacan (A.D.100-900) was perhaps the most powerful and largest city-state in Mesoamerica. They worshiped many gods and lived in barrios (suburbs or ghettos) around the city.
|-
|[[terra cotta]]
|A hard fired clay, distinctively brownish-red colored traditionally used for architectural purposes, especially ornamental, and for pottery and sculpture.
|-
|Terracotta army
|when Shia Huandgi (the first emperor of China) died in 210 B.C he was buried with an army of life sized terracotta warriors, which all had different expressions on their carved faces.
|-
|[[Thales]]
|Thales of Miletus (ca. 624 BC–ca. 546 BC) was the first Greek philosopher. He successfully predicted the solar eclipse of 585 BC and posited that water was the basic principle of all matter in the world.
|-
|[[Thales of Melitus]]
|a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who tried to explain natural phenomena without the use of mythology; was regarded by Aristotle as the first |philosopher in the Greek tradition.
|-
|[[Theravada]]
| Oldest surviving Buddhist school, founded in India
|-
|[[Thirty Years' War]]
|A religious conflict as Catholic states sought to suppress Protestantism. It began as a fight between Bohemian Protestants and Hapsburg Catholics in 1618, and soon became a political conflict for power that included Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Sweden, and the Habsburg dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire. The war ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.
|-
|[[Thutmos III]]
|The 6th Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty. The first 22 of years of his reign he was co-regent with his stepmother, Hatshepsut. Reigned from 1479 BC to 1425 BC;
|-
|[[Tiber River]]
|One of the longest Italian rivers, over 250 miles long, it flows through the city of Rome.
|-
|[[Tiberius]]
| Tiberius was a tyrannical Roman emperor who reigned from 14-37 A.D.
|-
|[[Tigris and Euphrates]]
|Two rivers where civilization began in [[Mesopotamia]] before 3500 B.C., as described in the Book of [[Genesis]] and also confirmed by non-biblical sources.
|-
|[[Titus and Domitian]]
|The two sons of Emperor Vespasian. Titus ruled from 79 – 81 A.D. Domitian ruled from 81-96 A.D.
|-
|Toltecs
|AD 900-1200: a northern Mexican nomadic tribe that ruled about 50 miles north of present-day Mexico City, in a city called Tula
|-
|[[Torah]]
|the Jewish name for the first five books of the Bible, meaning Law.
|-
|[[Trajan]]
|Was a Roman Emperor from 98 to 117 AD and the second of the Five Good Emperors.
|-
|[[Tribal Assembly]]
|Was a Roman assembly of plebians & patricians, composed of members of 35 various Roman tribes
|-
|[[Triumvirate]]
|A triumvirate is a system of governance led by 3 leaders. The two most important triumvirates of ancient times were those of Rome: one led by Julius Caesar, Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great") and Marcus Crassus; the other led by Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. It was the failings of these triumvirates that lead to the downfall of the Republic, and the emergence of the Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Untouchables]]
|People at the very bottom of the Hindu caste system. Their Hindi name is "Dalits." Under the system,these people literally are not be touched because they are considered to be so undesirable.
|-
|[[Upanishads]]
|Hindu scriptures that describe reincarnation. Written in Sanskrit, they predate the teachings of Buddha by several centuries.
|-
|[[Ur]]
|Important city-state in Mesopotamia
|-
|[[Vandals]]
|Eastern Germanic tribe that sacked Rome in A.D. 455. Sweeping through Gaul and Spain they finally settled in North Africa. The Spanish region of Andalusia is named after them.
|-
|[[Vergil]]
|Writer of Famous Roman Mythology "The Aeneid."
|-
|[[Vespasian]]
|a Roman Emperor (A.D. 70-79), also the general in charge of putting down the Jewish revolt near the end of the A.D. 60s
|-
|[[Xenephos]]
|(435-354 B.C.) Was historian, philosopher, and military commander, born at Athens, son of an Athenian of good position; was a pupil and friend of Socrates.
|-
|[[Xenophon]]
|Famous Greek writer, Writer of renowned historical work "The Anabasis."
|-
|[[Xerxes]]
|A Persian king in the 5th century BC who attacked and conquered much of Greece, before being defeated in a naval battle in the Battle of Salamis and forced to withdraw back to Babylon
|-
|[[Zealots]]
|A group of Jews in the 1st century AD who sought the violent overthrow and expulsion of Rome from Israel. Their most famous battle (and defeat) came at Masada, a mountain fortress that still holds spiritual significance for Israel today.
|-
|[[Zeno]]
|a Greek philosopher who proposed Paradoxes, such as how a destination is never reached if the traveler goes half the distance to the goal an infinite number of times.
|-
|}
 
[[Category:World History lectures]]

World History Homework Five Answers - Student 3

2011-10-13T14:44:48Z

History: Created page with "1. What is the difference between the “Holy Roman Empire” and the Roman Empire? The Holy Roman Empire began when Charlemagne was crowned as the Holy Roman Emperor in A.D 800..."

1. What is the difference between the “Holy Roman Empire” and the Roman Empire?

The Holy Roman Empire began when Charlemagne was crowned as the Holy Roman Emperor in A.D 800. He was a strong Christian and once ordered for 4,500 Saxons to be beheaded after destroying his army.

2.

3. Who was “Charles the Hammer,” and why was he important?

“Charles the Hammer” (Charles Martel) was the grandson of Charlemagne. He emerged from Gaul, which is modern day France, and greatly expanded the territory of his people, the Franks.

4. Explain what Feudalism in Western Europe?

Feudalism began when Charlemagne’s three sons, after much dispute, spit Western Europe three ways at the treaty of Verdun. This was when Feudalism began. Feudalism was a system that consisted of Lords who owned the Land, and in return, allowed the Peasants to come on it so long as they worked for him. One great thing that happened during that time was that much useless land was turned into prosperous farmland. Another great thing was that it solved a lot of the problems of homeless people. However it had a great weakness: it had no real solid Government, so it could have been easy for war to break out.

5.

6. Discuss one of the major civilizations or tribes in Central and South America in the lecture, and contrast it with another major civilization or tribe from that area.

The Aztecs were the most brutal of all of the ancient tribes. But they were also arguably the most resourceful. They believed strongly in human sacrifice, and the sacrifice of children to the Gods, they had many means by which they would sacrifice the people. They had wise battle tactics, and were fearless fighters. They also participated in long and drawn out ball games. If any tribe was more resourceful than the Aztecs, then it would have been the Mayans. They had an extremely large city and famous ruins that exist to this day. They also participated in human sacrifice but it wasn’t quite as brutal as the human sacrifice that the Aztecs performed. There were many philosophers and mathematicians also who derived from the Mayans.

7. Discuss feudalism and religion in Japan

During Western Europe’s period in which they were Feudalistic, Japan also became Feudalistic. But they combined it with their main religion, Shinto, in which a Japanese leader is also a God.

8.

9. What was the Carolingian Court?

The Carolingian Court was begun by Charlemagne; it was a Christian empire basically. It was very kind and fair to all Christians.

10.

World History Homework Four Answers - Student 7

2011-10-06T16:55:29Z

History:

1. Who is your favorite Roman emperor, and why?

My personal favorite of the Roman emperors was Julius Ceaser, mainly because out of all of the Roman emperors, he seemed to me to be the least immoral. He also gained order in Rome, and did so very cleverly and strategically.

2. Describe what the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire were, including approximate dates.

The Roman Republic was founded by the two brothers Romulus and Remus in 753. Romulus eventually killed Remus so he could take all of the power. Rome probably didn’t truly become an Empire until after they had won the Punic Wars and Octavian (Augustus) was made dictator 27 B.C to A.D 14 which included the time when Jesus was born.

3.

4. Explain what Pax Romana was.

The Pax Romana translates from Latin to “The Roman Peace” and it was a period under the rule of the “Five Good Emperors” in which Rome withdrew from civil war and enjoyed peace.

5. Discuss Hannibal or Attila the Hun.

Attila the Hun is the main reason that for Rome’s eventual demise. He was a monster of a human being, and led many ferocious attacks on Rome. He could shoot an arrow perfectly while riding a horse, and was said to eat animals raw. He was about to lay his final siege on Rome, when somehow Pope Leo convinced him to turn back and change his mind. He didn’t exactly die a warrior’s dream death, he died of a nosebleed

6.

7. Julius Ceaser: a hero or a villain? Explain.

He himself wasn’t a bad person, and he was a genius of a leader. But he was the precursor of all of Rome’s brutal violence toward Christians.

Honors Questions (answer any 2 in the addition to the above questions)

H3 Discuss rights that Paul enjoyed as a Roman citizen, rights not enjoyed be Jesus’s other disciples.

The Roman law says that you’re not allowed to scourge a Roman Citizen, when Paul was about to be scourged for boldly sharing his faith, he told them he was a Roman citizen, they immediately let him go, whereas all of the other disciples except for John were eventually crucified because of their faith.

H4 The decline and fall of the Roman Empire: what do you think was its biggest cause?

I think that all of the brutal attacks by the Huns were possibly the biggest reason for the demise of Rome, it might not be what eventually caused them to fall but I think it’s what played the biggest part.

Daniel N.

World History Homework Four Answers - Student 7

2011-10-06T16:55:13Z

History: Created page with "1. Who is your favorite Roman emperor, and why? My personal favorite of the Roman emperors was Julius Ceaser, mainly because out of all of the Roman emperors, he seemed to me to..."

World History Homework Four Answers - Student 4

2011-10-06T16:36:28Z

History:

1. Who is your favorite Roman emperor, and why?Augustus Caesar. Augustus Caesar was a great emperor for multiple reasons. First he initiated the transitions between Rome's democratic stage and its stage as an empire. After Julius Caesar's Assasination, Rome was headed towards becoming an empire and Augustus ensured a smooth transition. Although he had to fight two other powers in a Triumvrate to gain imperial power Augustus avoided a revolution or some other greater reaction to Rome's becoming an empire. Second, Augustus, similarly after fighting a war to gain imperial power, initiated the Pax Romana.

2. Describe what the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire were, including approximate dates.The Roman Republic was Ancient Rome from 590-27BC. The Republic created a system of Government mixing an Aristocratic Senate and Consuls, with a tribal assembly meant to represent the plebeians. The Republic's most famous wars were the Punic wars, in which Rome successfully defeated Carthage three times in war. Augustus Caesar's taking of power in 27 BC marked the beginning of the Roman Empire, the Roman Empire conquered territory stretching from England to Egypt and built a strong organized infrastructure, the Roman Empire without as strong a focus on popular representation, could not hold together its territories and divided. Finally the Western Half totally fell in 476 AD.

5. Discuss Hannibal or Attila the Hun.Hannibal was strangely ingenious. Following his Ancestor's submission to Roman Power in the first Punic War, Hannibal wished to lash out and made a scheme which would seem hair-brained today, traveling Elephants across the Alps. Hannibal and his forces did not suffer in their invasions of Italy. Rather, Roman Generals were successful in diverting his attention from Rome to Carthage where his forces were suffering. In Carthage he was not able to recover and was defeated.

6. Enter 3 terms and descriptions into the online Study Guide (5 terms and descriptions are worth 2 questions). I added Vergil, Catullus, and Cicero.

7. Julius Caesar: a hero or a villain? Explain. Uncertain. All we can really know of Julius Caesar is that he was assassinated and that he used his army to seize dictatorship. Shakespeare's Julius Caesar is certainly not to be taken for granted, and other histories have probably been written by the Victors, meaning in this situation the supporters of Julius Caesar who would soon come to Power.
-Paul

World History Homework Four Answers - Student 4

2011-10-06T16:36:13Z

History: Created page with "1. Who is your favorite Roman emperor, and why?Augustus Caesar. Augustus Caesar was a great emperor for multiple reasons. First he initiated the transitions between Rome's democ..."

World History Study Guide to 1648

2011-10-06T16:33:54Z

History:

''This is the growing list of study terms for [[World History Lectures|World history]], from creation to 1648 (the same midpoint used by the [[CLEP]] exams)''.

This should grow from 402 (about half are honors) to nearly 500 terms -- about half basic and half honors -- and every term should be described in the table. ''An examination on this material will be given in early November 2011''.

==Basic terms==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Term
!Definition
|-
|[[Abraham]]
|Approximately 2000 B.C. Father of Jewish people; God made a covenant with him to make his descendants great in number. Arabs claim descendance from Abraham's son Ishmael.
|-
|[[Acropolis]]
|Portion of a town or city that is built on a hilltop for easy defense. Best known Acropolis is in Athens, where the democratic assembly met. Most Greek city-states had an Acropolis.
|-
|[[the Academy]]
|Founded by Plato, this was the first great center of learning
|-
|[[Aesop]]
|a Greek writer famous for writing [[''Aesop's Fables'']] (around 600 B.C.), such as "The Fox and the Grapes" and "The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing".
|-
|[[Aesop's Fables]]
|Stories and fables written by [[Aesop]] around 600 B.C. They contain moral teaching.
|-
|[[Ahuramazda]]
| The creator in the Persian's religion of Zoroastrianism.
|-
|[[Alexander the Great]]
|356 - 323 B.C. Born to Philip II of Macedon and tutored by [[Aristotle]]. Conquered Greece, Egypt, Persia, and more, but turned back at India. Alexander's conquests spread Greek culture and language and helped the future spread of [[Christianity]].
|-
|[[Alexandria]]
|City in Egypt captured by Alexander the Great and Hellenized. Known for its famous library.
|-
|[[Analects]]
|The analects are a record of the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius, written and compiled by his disciples circa 400-300 B.C.
|-
|[[Ancient world]]
|Civilized world before the fall of the [[Roman Empire]] in AD 476.
|-
|[[Aneid]]
|A classic book written by the great Roman poet [[Virgil]]. The Anead is a fictional story written about how [[Rome]] was founded.
|-
|[[Anselm]]
|A Christian philosopher, founder of scholasticism, and archbishop of Canterbury
|-
|[[Antisthenes]]
|A disciple of Socrates; founded Cynicism.
|-
|[[Archimedes]]
|287 – 212 B.C. Greek mathematician and engineer. Discovered Archimedes' Principle, invented "Archimedes' screw," and built defenses against the Romans for his city of Syracuse; killed by the Romans.
|-
|[[Archons]]
|Aristocratic officials elected by the Athenian government to make the laws; later overtook by tyrants who rose to power in the 600s BC
|-
|[[Arianism]]
|False doctrine during the Roman Empire. Stated that Jesus was an exceptional teacher but was not God.
|-
|[[Aristocracy]]
|"Rule by the best": aristocrats were generally wealthy and privileged. European feudal government resembled aristocracy, and some governments in ancient Greece were aristocracies.
|-
|[[Aristotle]]
|384 to 322 B.C. Greek [[philosopher]], student of [[Plato]] and tutor to Alexander the Great. Focused on experience with the physical world; studied biology and founded a school, the Lyceum, resembling a university with specimens and a library.
|-
|[[Art of Warfare]]
|First military treatise; written by Sun Tzu. Reflects the insight shared by ancient Chinese culture.
|-
|[[Assyrian Empire]]
|1400-605 B.C. First dependent on Babylonia, then became an independent state, and finally an empire. Known for cruelty, especially to the Hebrews. Captured northern Kingdom of Israel in 722, but destroyed by Medians in the 600s.
|-
|[[Athens]]
|Greek city-state. Democracy begun by Pericles in 5th century B.C. Previously ruled by aristocrats. First democracy in the world and a great naval power. Rival with Persia but united to defeat invading Persians.
|-
|[[Attila the Hun]]
|Last and greatest ruler of the Huns. Fought against the eastern Roman Empire and then fought the western Roman Empire throughout the mid AD 400s. Almost defeated, but then almost sacked Rome; turned away by Pope Leo I.
|-
|[[Augustus Caesar]]
|63 B.C. - A.D. 14. Succeeded Julius Caesar and became first Roman Emperor. Ruler during the birth of Christ. Defeated Mark Antony for rule of Rome.
|-
|[[Ezana]]
|Ezana was the king of Axum, in Africa. He ruled from A.D.330 to A.D.350. He was the first Christian king in Africa.
|-
|[[Babylon]]
|The major Mesopotamian city in the ancient Middle East. Greatest ruler was Hammurabi. Developed Cuneiform, used base-60 numbers, and defeated ancient Sumer about 2000 B.C. Later cruel to Hebrews.
|-
|[[Babylonia]]
|State and Empire created by Babylon. First empire existed from 1900-1600 B.C. Resurged as the Neo-Babylonian Empire from 625-538 B.C. Imposed [[Babylonian Exile]] on Hebrews.
|-
|[[Barbarian]]
|Any “uncivilized” (not Roman), unshaven, wild warriors that would attack and invade ancient Rome were considered to be such, and were named by the Romans (“barbarus” for “bearded”).
|-
|[[B.C.E.]]
|Flawed secularized term to denote "Before Common Era" same dating system as B.C. but secularized.
|-
|[[Bible]]
|Collection of Hebrew (Old Testament) and Christian (New Testament) Scriptures. Foretells the coming of a Messiah for the Hebrews, and recounts ancient history including the Tower of Babel and the Great Flood.
|-
|[[Birth Of Christ]]
|Jesus was born in Bethlehem, estimated at 4 B.C. rather than 0 B.C. as estimated when the calendar was fixed.
|-
|[[Brahman/Brahmin]]
|The ultimate god or existence in Hinduism, of which all existence is somehow a part, or from which all comes; ''Brahmin'': the highest class for families in the Hindu caste system
|-
|[[Breda]]
|Became one of the leaders of the Hun, but was killed by his power-hungry brother, Attila the Hun.
|-
|[[Bronze Age]]
|It is the age referred to during which time bronze was the common metal used in people's everyday lives. It was used for jewelry, tools, utensils, weapons, and it helped enable the introduction of the plough.
|-
|[[Buddha]]
|"Awakened One" in Buddhism. What Siddhartha Gautama's followers called him.
|-
|[[Buddhism]]
|It is a belief system which teaches that desire causes suffering and if desire is eliminated, enlightenment and Nirvana are attained.
|-
|[[Byzantine Empire]]
|It was the eastern part of the Roman Empire that split away. It outlasted the Western half by 1000 years due to its greater financial resources.
|-
|[[Caligula]]
|Caligula ruled from (A.D. 37-41) He was a cruel, mindless emperor. At one point he made his horse a consul.
|-
|[[Carthage]]
|A city off the coast of Africa whose rivalry with Rome led to the three Punic Wars at the end of which Carthage was destroyed and decreed never to be rebuilt.
|-
|[[Caste]]
|It is a social rank in Hinduism. Brahmans are priests and scholars, Kshatriya are rulers, Vaishya are peasants, and Shudra are serfs. Good karma enables one to improve his caste in the next life.
|-
|[[Catullus]]
|Famous Roman Poet who wrote famous love poems. In love with different women at different times, most famous interest was named "Lesbia."
|-
|[[Celts]]
|A tribal people who had lived and had controlled parts of Europe including Ireland, England, Scotland, and Wales since ancient times, whose religious consisted of worshiping many gods and being led by priests called "druids", until converted to Christianity by Saint Patrick in Ireland
|-
|[[C.E.]]
|Secularized term for A.D. same dating system as A.D. But Means Common Era instead of In the Year of our lord.
|-
|[[Chaldeans]]
|The ancient Babylonians
|-
|[[Chandragupta Mauryan]]
|Built the largest Indian empire in India's history. A tough and strong dictator.
|-
|[[Charlemagne]]
|King of the Franks from 768 AD to 814 AD, and Holy Roman Emperor from 800 AD; he greatly expanded both his empire and Christianity during his rule.
|-
|[[China]]
|The world's oldest major civilization
|-
|[[Christian Catacombs]]
|Ancient graves of martyred Christians. These catacombs served as secret passage-ways for Christians to meet and worship God together. The Catacombs contain the bodies of thousands of ancient Christians.
|-
|[[Cicero]]
|Famous Orator who lived during chaotic first century. Strong opponent of Marc Anthony.
|-
|[[City-states]]
|Small nations consisting of only a single city each; common in ancient Greece. Examples included Sparta, Athens and Corinth. They fought each other, but also banned together to defeat the Persians when that great empire sought to absorb Greece.
|-
|[[Civilization]]
|A group of people who live in an area. They have agriculture, currency, a government and laws, and an economy.
|-
|[[Classical Civilizations]]
|Ancient Mediterranean civilizations that were generally pre-Christian, such as Rome, Greece, and Egypt
|-
|[[Classicism]]
|A Renaissance movement in the arts, looking back to ancient Rome and Greece for inspiration
|-
|[[Cleopatra]]
|The queen of Egypt who reigned from 51-30 B.C.
|-
|[[Code of Hammurabi]]
| The code of Hammurabi was one of the first set of written laws. It was a harsh code that demanded an eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth. Hammurabi was the king of Babylon from 1792 to 1750 B.C.
|-
|[[Code of Manu]]
|Hindu law containing rules and codes of conduct.Written in 200 BC, India.
|-
|[[Colosseum]]
|A massive stadium in Rome that was used to hold gladiatorial contests, chariot racing and killing Christians for entertainment.
|-
|[[Comedy]]
|In a classical sense, a play with a happy ending. All classical plays were either a "comedy" or a "tragedy".
|-
|[[Confucius]]
|A very famous Chinese philosopher who came up with many ideas about ethics and social conduct
|-
|[[Constantine]]
|The first Christian emperor of Rome who legalized Christianity and ended the persecution of Christians
|-
|[[Constantinople]]
|Modern day Istanbul, it was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire from AD 330. Also known as Byzantium.
|-
|[[Council of Nicaea]]
|325 AD. A council of bishops called by Constantine to obtain agreement on various aspects of Christianity such as the doctrine of the Trinity and the role of the Roman Bishop(the Pope)and also in order to address disunity in the Church stemming from Arianism.
|-
|[[cuneiform]]
|The earliest known form of writing. Consists of lines and dashes to represent different concrete things, such as fish.
|-
|[[Cynicism]]
|Philosophy that focuses on the negative things of life. Founded by Antisthenes.
|-
|[[David]]
|Second king of Israel and a descendant of Jesus Christ. He was chosen by God to replace Saul and he expands the kingdom of Israel greatly.
|-
|[[Delian League]]
|Alliance against Persia; formed in 477 BC consisting of Athens and various other Greek city-states and Aegean towns; controlled by Athens who imposed taxes and used the League's budget to fund Athenian projects
|-
|[[Dharma]]
|The laws of religions such as Buddhism and Hinduism
|-
|[[Diaspora]]
|The migration or scattering of a people away from their ancestral home.
|-
|[[Diocletian]]
| The Roman emperor who tried to save the empire of Rome by dividing it into eastern and western regions. He established the "tetrartchy", and ruled from A.D. 284 to 305.
|-
|[[Direct Democracy]]
|laws are made by votes of the citizens, rather than by elected officials. Athens of ancient Greece was the first direct democracy.
|-
|[[Dorians]]
|tribes that settled Greece between 1100 and 1000 B.C., having a military ruling class that oppressed the local people some cities even after the Greeks established democracy in Athens. The "Doric order" is the simplest form of Greek architecture, consisting of a straight column without any artistic trim at the top.
|-
|[[Early agriculture]]
|Crops such as grain being grown in places such as Egypt
|-
|[[Edict of Milan]]
|a political proclamation that fully legalized Christianity (and all other religions) throughout the Roman Empire. This edict was issued by Constantine I in 313 AD, shortly after the end of the Diocletian persecutions against Christians.
|-
|[[Egypt]]
|One of the oldest civilizations in recorded history, going back over 5,000 years
|-
|[[Eightfold Path]]
|The Buddhist path to reach the end of suffering
|-
|[[Emperor]]
|A ruler or king of a country, i.e. Augustus Caesar 1st emperor of Rome.
|-
|[[Enlightened One]]
|A translation of the name Buddha
|-
|[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]
|A Sumerian poem preserved on stone tablets with a story bearing great resemblance to Noah's ark
|-
|[[Euclid]]
|Lived 325-365 B.C. in Hellenistic Alexandria.A Greek mathematician and the father of geometry who wrote the Elements.
|-
|[[Euphrates river]]
| The Euphrates is a river that was the border of Mesopotamia and was both a trading route and a protection for Mesopotamia. The land between the Euphrates and the Tigris river is known as the fertile crescent and is the birthplace of civilization.
|-
|[[Fertile Crescent]]
|An area of land in the Middle East area where it was easier to grow crops
|-
|[[First Punic War]]
|254-241 BC; Rome conquered the island of Sicily and developed a navy; though no match for the powerful Carthaginian navy, Romans invented a corvus, allowing them to board enemy ships and win the war
|-
|[[Four Noble Truths]]
|Important principles in [[Buddhism]]
|-
|[[Gentiles]]
|The term for people who are not of Israeli descent.
|-Golden Age: An age of great peace and prosperity.
|[[Gracchi brothers]]
|Two tribunes of ancient Rome who wanted to help the poor by redistributing land from the rich
|-
|[[Great Wall of China]]
|A large wall created in Ancient China to keep invaders out of the country
|-
|[[Greece]]
|The most significant ancient civilization, and it may have even been the greatest civilization of all time. Greece had many remarkable acheivments including, the invention of democracy, and the discovery of mathematics and philosophy. Intellectually, politically, and militarily, Greece had it all.
|-
|[[Greek drama]]
|Theatrical tradition of ancient Greece between 600 and 400 B.C. with two main types: comedies (good ending) and tragedies (bad ending)
|-
|[[Greek empire]]
|An important empire that produced some of the first works of literature and mythology that has impacted culture today
|-
|[[Gual]]
|A barbaric people who lived in what is now France and terrorized Roman Empire much to its fall.
|-
|[[Gupta empire]]
|An empire that covered much of modern India and Pakistan that came up with algebra, the concepts of zero and infinity, and the numbers 1-9
|-
|[[Hammurabi]]
|King of Babylon who developed the Code of Hammurabi, which is based on the concept of an eye for an eye
|-
|[[Hannibal]]
|Military commander who planned attacks against Rome and Spain
|-
|[[Hebrews]]
|God's chosen people, and the ancestors of the Israelites
|-
|[[heliocentric]]
|A theory where the Sun is the center of the universe.
|-
|[[Hellenistic]]
|Relating to Greek culture, particularly in lands beyond Greece as conquered by Alexander the Great beginning in 335 B.C.
|-
|[[Hieroglyphics]]
|A phonetic alphabet developed by the ancient Egyptians that uses the pictographic symbols to represent both an object and/or a phonetic sound.
|-
|[[Himalaya Mountain Range]]
|Mountain range famous for having the world's tallest peaks, including Mount Everest and K2; a geographic protection which isolated ancient China
|-
|[[Hinduism]]
|A major religion. It is polytheistic, and is practiced in many places, most notably India.
|-
|[[Hippocrates]]
|"The father of medicine", developed the [[Hippocratic Oath]] which all medical students worldwide take as a condition of graduation.
|-History:A usually chronological record of events, as of the life or development of a people or institution, often including an explanation of or commentary on those events.
|[[Holy Roman Empire]]
|Sometimes called the First Reich; it lasted from 900 to 1806 AD, and included the territory in Europe that was loosely under the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor. In practice, the constituent states ruled themselves.
|-
|[[Homer]]
|An early Greek poet, famous for lengthy sagas such as ''Iliad'' and ''The Odyssey''.
|-
|[[Huns]]
|A tribe of people who fought with the Romans in what is now the Ukraine. They were considered by many Romans to be the most ferocious of enemies
|-
|[[Ideograms]]
|A graphic symbol representing a concept or an idea
|-
|[[Ides (of March)]]
|The 15th of March, May, July and October, according to the ancient Roman calendar. The 13th is the ides of all the other months. Julius Caesar was murdered on the ides of March.
|-
|[[Imperator]]
|A title first used by Octavian (Augustus Caesar), literally meaning in Latin “general” or “commander”, giving him power over the entire army.
|-
|[[India]]
|A country that was home to the Indus Valley civilization and dates back over 3,000 years
|-
|[[Indo-European]]
|A very general classification of peoples that includes all the way from India to Egypt.
|-
|[[Indus River Valley]]
|A fertile valley that was home to an ancient civilization and is modern Pakistan and northwestern India
|-
|[[Iron Age]]
|An era where tools and weapons were made primarily out of iron
|-
|[[Isaac]]
|The promised son born to Abraham and Sarah in their old age. The father of the Israeli people.
|-
|[[Ishmael]]
|The son born to Abraham and Sarah's servant, Hagar. Ishmael is revered by Muslims as an ancestor who was unfairly treated as an outcast after Isaac was subsequently born to Abraham and Sarah.
|-
|[[Israel]]
|The chosen nation of God and place where most events of the Bible took place
|-
|[[Jainism]]
|Branched off of Hinduism, this religion stresses strict vegetarianism and non-violence towards all life.
|-
|[[Japan]]
|An island archipelago made up of 4 large islands and over 4,000 smaller ones.
|-
|[[Jesus]]
|The Holy Messiah of the Christian faith, and the only son of God who was promised to save all humanity. He was the only founder of a religion to perform miracles to cure the suffering, the only one to emphasize the power of faith, and the only one to give up His life for the salvation of others.
|-
|[[Joan of Arc]]
|17 year old girl who heard God calling her to lead the French army against the English in the 15th century. Was later canonized by the Catholic Church
|-
|[[Judah, Kingdom of]]
|the southern kingdom of a divided Israel
|-
|[[Julius Caesar]]
|A political leader who laid out the groundwork for the future Roman Empire, and also provided the foundation of the Gregorian calendar
|-
|[[Julian Calendar]]
| The 12 month, 365-day calendar the Julius Caesar established.
|-
|[[Justinian]] I/the [[Justinian Code]]
|Eastern Roman Emperor from 527 to 565 who developed the Justinian Code, which is the basis of civil law in many places
|-
|[[Karma]]
|In Hinduism, everything a person has done. Determines status in the next life
|-
|[[Kassites]]
|Eastern Tribe which controlled Babylon.
|-
|[[Kautilya]]
|Advisor to Chaundragupta Maurya, wrote book
"Arthoshastra" on maintaining political power.
|-
|[[Latin]]
|The language spoken in ancient Rome that has contributed to many modern day European languages, including English
|-
|[[Lyceum]]
|The great center of learning founded by Aristotle, which then competed with the Academy
|-
|[[Niccolo Machiavelli]]
|An Italian political theorist and author, known for his book ''The Prince'', which showed how a self-serving ruler will follow the policy that the "end justifies the means."
|-
|[[Magadha]]
|Led Aryans to join and try to repel the Persians.
|-
|[[Magna Carta]]
|A charter of personal and political liberties granted to the barons by King John of England in June 1215.
|-
|[[Maize]]
|Corn, first grown by Native Americans
|-
|[[Mandate of Heaven]]
|Chinese mandate that held that the gods blessed good rulers and overthrew bad ones
|-
|[[manor]]
|Under feudalism during the Middle Ages, a manor was a farm owned by a lord who had peasants to do the work and pay him rent in exchange for food, shelter and protection
|-
|[[Marc Antony]]
|A Roman commander and close friend of Caesar. He was in the 1st civil war of the Roman Republic
|-
|[[Marcus Aurelius]]
|A Roman emperor known most for ending Pax Romana and conquering Germanic tribes.
|-
|[[Marcus Crassus]]
|Ruled Rome along with [[Julius Caesar]], and Pompey the Great, as a part of the first [[triumvirate.]] He was as very wealthy.
|-
|[[Martin Luther]]
|An important Christian figure who launched the Protestant Reformation and founded the Lutheran Church. He was responsible for the first major split from the Catholic Church
|-
|[[Mauryan Empire]]
|A Buddhist empire covering much of modern India
|-
|[[Mesoamerica]]
|Mexico and Central America, where Pre-Columbian (before Christopher Columbus' exploration in 1492) civilizations existed
|-
|[[Mesopotamia]]
|Modern-day [[Iraq]], where civilization first appeared
|-
|[[Messiah]]
|Essentially means anointed by God. Jesus Christ is the Messiah of Christianity
|-
|[[Michelangelo]]
|A Renaissance painter and sculptor, known for his paintings on the Sistine Chapel ceiling, among other masterpieces. The archetypal Renaissance man.
|-
|[[Middle Ages]]
|A period of time, also called the Medieval Ages, spanning from approximately 500 AD to 1500 AD, where kingdoms were ruled by the system of [[feudalism]]
|-
|[[Middle Kingdom]]
|Egyptian kingdom known for its works and ideas that ended due to a civil war
|-
|[[monotheism]]
|The belief in a religion worshiping only one god. [[Christianity]], [[Judaism]], and [[Islam]] are monotheistic religions.
|-
|[[Moses]]
|The prophet who led the Israelites out of Egypt. He also brought the Ten Commandments to the Israelites, and is credited with writing the first five books of the Bible
|-
|[[Nile]]
|River in Egypt which flows towards the Mediterranean Sea and supplies Egypt with water.
|-
|[[New Kingdom]]
|Ancient Egypt at the time of Moses, where many buildings were built primarily with slave labor
|-
|[[Nero]]
| One of the most irresponsible, cruelest emperors of Rome. Nero reigned from when he was sixteen years of age, until A.D. 69.
|-
|[[Nicene Creed]]
|A core statement of Christianity that asserts the Holy Trinity of God the Father, God the Son, and the Holy Ghost
|-
|[[Nirvana]]
|The ultimate goal of Buddhism, the end of all suffering
|-
|[[Oath of the Hindu Physician]]
|Oath requiring, among other things, Doctors not to drink alcohol and to have an honest Doctor-Patient relationship.
|-
|[[Octavian]]
| The grandnephew of Julius Caesar; Octavian was the first Emperor of Rome. He ruled under the adopted name of Augustas Caesar.
|-
|[[Old Kingdom]]
|The ancient Egyptian kingdom that built the famous pyramids
|-
|[[Olympics (Ancient Greek)]]
|An ancient Greek sporting event first held in 776 B.C., establishing the beginning of the Greek civilization
|-
|[[Paper]]
|The Chinese made paper in A.D. 100 They would dip a bamboo screen into a mixture of bark, rags and plants. Then they would let only a |thin layer of pulp dry on the bamboo screen.
|-
|[[Paul]]
|An apostle of Jesus, and the only one not to have seen Him in the flesh. He went to different churches and wrote letters that make up a part of the New Testament of the Bible
|-
|[[patricians]]
|The upper class of the Roman Republic. Consisted of wealthy landowners; took up only 10% of the society.
|-
|[[Pax Romana]]
|27 B.C.-180 A.D. A time of peace for the Roman Empire
|-
|[[Peloponnesian War]]
|War fought between Athens and Sparta, 431-404 B.C. The war was ultimately won by Sparta and its allies
|-
|[[Pentateuch]]
|The first five books of the modern Bible, believed to have been written by Moses
|-
|[[Persian empire]]
|A large empire stretching from India to southern Europe and Egypt
|-
|[[Persian Wars]]
|Wars between Persia (modern-day Iran) and Greek city-states such as Athens and Sparta
|-
|[[Peter]]
|A disciple and apostle of Jesus, who taught in areas such as Jerusalem and Palestine
|-
|[[Petra]]
|Petra was an ancient city that lasted from some time in 6th century B.C. to 360 A.D. when an earthquake destroyed their water supply. The city is famous for its buildings carved in red sandstone and given the name the pink city. Also Indiana Jones was filmed there.
|-
|[[phalanx]]
|Common Greek military formation. Rectangular, also the Greek word for "finger".
|-
|[[pharaoh]]
|The ruler of Ancient Egypt
|-
|[[Philip of Macedon]]
|King of Macedonia, and father of Alexander the Great who arranged for him to be homeschooled. Philip lived from 359 to 336 B.C., and his son succeeded him in power.
|-
|[[Philistines]]
|Group of people occupying the land of Canaan. Enemies of Israel and God.
|-
|[[Phoenicians]]
|An ancient people who lived and traded goods on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea, and who developed a new language based on an alphabet of 22 letters. All Western alphabets, such as English and French and Italian and Greek and Latin, are based on it.
|-
|[[Plato]]
|Athenian philosopher who wrote several treatises on philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, and mathematics. He founded the Academy, of which Aristotle was the most famous student.
|-
|[[Pompey the Great]]
|Ruled Rome as a part of the first [[triumvirate]] with [[Julius Caesar]] and [[Marcus Crassus]]. Pompey is well known for his noble act of ridding the Mediterranean sea of pirates.
|-
|[[polis]]
|The name for city-states in Ancient Greece
|-
|[[polytheism]]
| A religion with many gods. This was the norm in ancient times until Judaism and Christianity emerged
|-
|[[Ptolemy]]
|Greek mathematician, geographer, astronomer, and astrologer
|-
|[[Punic Wars]]
|Enabled the Roman republic to gain control of the Mediterranean Sea and access to many goods
|-
|[[pyramids]]
|A structure with 3 or more triangular-shaped sides and a base that is either a triangle, a rectangle or some other polygon. These structures have been built for thousands of years, in such diverse areas as Egypt, Mexico, North America, China and India. Pyramids have either smooth sides, like the famous pyramids in Egypt, or stepped sides similar to those built by the Mayans in Mexico.
|-Qin Shia Huandgi-
the first Chinese emperor he ruled from 221 B.C. to 210 B.C. He built new roads and made all of China use the same coin and weight system. He also made a standard form of writing so everyone would understand his decrees.
|[[Reformation]]
|Events that led to the separation of Catholic and Protestant churches
|-
|[[Remus]]
|One of two brothers, believed to have founded Rome. Was rescued from death by a mother wolf after his uncle threw him into the Tiber river out of jealousy. Brother of Romulus, his brother Romulus killed his over what the location of their city was going to be. This story is a good example of how the Romans are, cruel.
|-
|[[Renaissance]]
|A revival in the arts and in Greek and Roman literature, and more of a focus on the current life
|-
|[[Roman Catholic Church]]
|The Christian Church led by the Pope; the first Pope being Saint Peter, Catholic meaning “universal.”
|-
|[[Roman Citizenship]]
|The status of being a citizen of Rome. Living in Rome, being birthed to Roman Citizens, and earning the condition by enlisting in the army for 25 years all entitled one to be a Roman Citizen.
|-
|[[Roman empire]]
|Transition of Rome from a republic to having an emperor, starting with the appointment of Augustus Caesar as ruler in 27 B.C.
|-
|[[Roman law]]
|One of two ingredients in making [[Rome]] a great empire. The Roman law began by developing a code of laws inscribed in the twelve tables. Through these laws, the concept of ruling by principal, and not by whim was developed. The concept of “justice’ was also developed through these laws.
|-
|[[Roman Military]]
|Considered to be invincible. Each soldier was equipped with shields, helmets, swords, and javelins.
|-
|[[Roman republic]]
|The first republic, located in Rome, and the basis of many principles of the government of the United States
|-
|[[Rome]]
|The capital city of the Roman Empire, and of modern day Italy. Founded by Romulus and Remus, who supposedly fought over which one of them the city would be named after. Romulus killed his brother, and had the city named after himself.
|-
|[[Romulus]]
|One of two brothers, believed to have founded Rome. Was rescued from death by a mother wolf after his uncle threw him into the Tiber river out of jealousy. Romulus killed his brother Remus over where the location of their city was to be and founded Rome. This story is a good example of how the Romans are, cruel.
|-
|[[Rosetta Stone]]
|Ancient text written on stone in three different languages that enabled the first translations of Egyptian hieroglyphics
|-
|[[Royal Road]]
|Ancient Persian highway rebuilt by Darius the Great
|-
|[[Saul]]
|The first king of Israel appointed by God. He turned out to be a very flawed character, afflicted by jealousy for David.
|-
|[[satraps]]
|Governors in the distant lands of the Persian empire which expanded further to Egypt and Arabia; carefully watched by a special force called the "King's Eyes and Ears" to prevent any rebellions
|-
|[[Scholasticism]]
|Christian doctrines about man popular in the Middle Ages
|-
|[[Scientific Revolution]]
|The beginning of modern science in the mid-1500s
|-
|[[Second Punic War]]
|218-202 BC; Rome fought against Hannibal, leader of Carthage, who crossed over the Alps with his army and elephants to surprise the Romans but ultimately could not conquer Rome; Rome acquired Spain as a result of this war
|-
|[[Senate]]
|The dominant force of the Roman Republic's government.
|-
|[[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]]
|A listing of the most impressive public works in the world written by Greek writer Antipater in the 2nd century B.C.
|-
|[[Shang Dynasty]]
|First dynasty of China that lasted from 1766 B.C. to 1122 B.C.
|-
|[[Siddhartha Gautama]]
|The Buddha, and the founder of the religion of Buddhism
|-
|[[Silk Road]]
|A trade route from East China to Central Asia and Europe
|-
|[[Socrates]]
|An Athenian philosopher who believed that the world we experience is a poor substitute for reality. His philosophy inspired Plato and in turn Aristotle, and became the accepted Orthodoxy until modern times.
|-
|[[Socratic method]]
|[[A teaching method developed by [[Socrates]] which consists of asking questions]]
|-
|[[Solomon]]
|Third king of Israel. Wrote ''Proverbs'', ''Ecclesiastes'' and ''Song of Solomon''.
|-
|[[Solon of Athens]]
|One of the Seven Sages of Greece, believed that one should, "keep everything with moderation."
|-
|[[Sparta]]
|A Greek city-state well-known for its military prowess. Fought (and won) the Peloponnesian war against Athens.
|-
|[[Spread of Buddhism]]
|Buddhism traveled outside of India along the Silk Road
|-
|[[Stirrup]]
|The stirrup was invented in China in 322 B.C. The stirrup greatly helped riders control their horses more and gave advantage in battle.
|-
|[[St. Augustine]]
|(A.D. 354-430) A father of the early Christian church who wrote an intellectual discussions of the faith
|-
|[[Sumer]]
|Homeland of the Sumerians, located in Mesopotamia, in present-day Iraq
|-
|[[Sumerians]]
|The earliest civilizations living in the Middle East; invented many things including the first known form of writing
|-
|[[Sun Tzu]]
|Wrote ''The Art of War'', a Chinese book on military strategy.
|-
|[[Taijitu]]
|Also called "Yin and Yang". Symbol for Taoism. Represents a constant interaction in nature between two forces having opposite qualities.
|-
|[[Taoism (Daoism)]]
|Chinese philosophy of seeking harmony with nature
|-
|[[Ten Commandments]]
|The laws of the God of Israel handed down to Moses
|-Terracotta army- when Shia Huandgi (the first emperor of China) died in 210 B.C he was buried with an army of life sized terracotta warriors, which all had different expressions on their carved faces.
|[[Theocracy]]
|A government ruled by the laws of a specific religion
|-
|[[Thales of Melitus]]
|A Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher that tried to explain natural phenomena without the use of mythology. Was regarded by Aristotle as the first |philosopher in the Greek tradition.
|-
|[[Thomas Aquinas]]
|An Italian Christian philosopher whose ideas were influential in developing complex Christian theology.
|-
|[[Third Punic War]]
|Romans destroyed Carthage in 146 BC and then went into Macedonia and Greece to defeat the regions in revenge for having helped Hannibal; as a result, Rome controlled all the land around the Mediterranean, equivalent to the entire western civilized world
|-
|[[Thirty Years' War]]
|Primarily a religious conflict as Catholic states sought to suppress Protestantism. It began as a fight between Bohemian Protestants and Hapsburg Catholics in 1618, and soon became a political conflict for power that included Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Sweden, and The Habsburgs of the Holy Roman Empire. The war ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.
|-
|[[Thucydides]]
|Greek scientific historian, wrote ''History of the Peloponnesian War'', the first work of historical analysis
|-
|[[Torah]]
|The Jewish name for the five books of Moses, meaning Law. The first five books of the modern Bible.
|-
|[[Tragedy]]
|A type of drama and/or poetic saga that was common in Ancient Greece. It normally followed the fall of a character, often because of a specific character flaw such as envy or greed. The production and study of tragedies was very important in early philosophical movements, particularly that of Aristotle
|-
|[[Triumvirate]]
|A political regime dominated by three individuals. The first being Julius Caesar, Marcus Crassus, and Pompey the Great.
|-
|[[Troy]]
|A ancient city that's destruction was recorded in the Iliad. Survivors of this disaster went on to help start the city of Rome and the civilization of the Britons.
|-
|[[Tutankhamen]]
|A young Egyptian 18th dynasty pharaoh who ruled from approx. 1341 B.C. to 1323 B.C. The discovery of his tomb by Howard Carter in 1922 shed light on Egyptian culture.
|-
|[[Vedas]]
|Holy books of Hinduism
|-
|[[Virgil]]
|Well-known Roman poet and philosopher
|-
|[[Vishnu]]
|Supreme god of Hinduism
|-
|[[Visigoths]]
|A confederacy of Germanic tribes that ultimately fell to the Moors
|-
|[[Vulgate]]
|The Latin translation of the Hebrew Old Testament and the Greek New Teastament written out by Saint Jerome. It was used as the authoritative bible for over 1000 years.
|-
|[[Warring States Period]]
|War period in China also known for the philosophical schools that flourished
|-
|[[Xenophon]]
|Famous Greek writer, Writer of renowned historical work "The Anabasis."
|-
|[[Yahweh]]
|God as described in the [[Old Testament]], written as YHWH in the original Hebrew.
|-
|[[Yangtze River]]
|Longest river in Asia which flows south for 3000 miles; navigable from the sea for half of its course; along with the Yellow River, it is one of the most important rivers in the history, culture, and economy of China
|-
|[[Yellow River]]
|Second longest river in Asia; known also as Huang He and "the cradle of Chinese civilization", it runs westward from the Yellow Sea; has a tendency to flood surrounding lands causing frequent course changes and devastating results
|-
|[[Yin and Yang]]
|Daoist idea that everything in the universe stays in harmony
|-
|[[Zeus]]
|Highest of Greek Gods, God of Thunder, supposedly father of the Gods.
|-
|[[Zhou dynasty]]
|771 to 221 B.C. Longest lasting Chinese dynasty. Confucius lived during it.
|-
|[[Ziggurat]]
|Manmade step-sided structures resembling pyramids that were built in Mesopotamia. The [[Tower of Babel]], described in Genesis 11, may have been a giant ziggurat.
|-
|[[Zoroastrianism]]
|Polytheistic religion founded between 1200 and 600 B.C. by the Persians.
|}

==Honors terms==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Definition
|-
|[[Aeneas]]
|A prince who escaped from troy who's son began Rome and grandson, Brutus began the Britons.
|-
|[[Aeschylus]]
|The oldest of the three great Athenian tragic playwrights (next to [[Sophocles]] and [[Euripides]]), 525-456 B.C.
|-
|[[Age of Metal]]
|Copper, iron, and bronze were developed as tools
|-
|[[Age of Pericles]]
|The "golden age" of Athens, led by Pericles, who introduced a form of direct democracy from 461-429 B.C.
|-
|[[Queen Ahhotep|Ahhotep]]
|A Middle Kingdom Pharaoh who repelled Hyksos from Egypt.
|-
|[[Akkadian Empire]]
|A Sumerian empire (2360-2180 B.C.) located in the fertile crescent in the lower Mesopotamia and north of the Sumer River.
|-
|[[Alluvial]]
|A deposit of sediment (alluvium) in a river bed.
|-
|archons
|in the early Greek empire (around 700 B.C.), archons were government officials elected by the land-owning aristocrats. The archons then made the law.
|-
|[[Arianism]]
|A theological view, taught by Arius around 320 AD, that Jesus was divine but was created by and is lesser than God. This view was considered heresy by orthodox Trinitarians, and condemned by the Council of Nicaea in 325 AD.
|-
|[[Aristophanes]]
|Athenian playwright, a writer of comedies and political satires. 456-380 B.C.
|-
|[[Ark of the Covenant]]
|The chest used by the Hebrews to contain the tablets of the Law given to Moses by God.
|-
|[[Aryans]]
|A semi-nomadic Nordic tribe that invaded and settled India around 1500 B.C.
|-
|[[Ashoka]]
|Emperor of the Mauryan Empire of India from 273 to 232 B.C. He was upset by the horrors of war after being triumphant, and became an advocate of Buddhism. After his conversion, he had thousands of rock pillars erected that were inscribed with the teachings of the Buddha. These are the first recordings of Buddha's teachings.
|-
|[[Bantu]]
|Over 400 tribes in Africa that share the Bantu language and common customs.
|-
|[[Barracks Emperors]]
|A series of Roman emperors who from 235 AD to 284 AD used the Roman army as a base for political power. These emperors usually had a poor, rural background.
|-
|[[Battle of Marathon]]
|In August 490 B.C., King Darius I of Persia brought his army to the plains of Marathon to invade Athens. Despite being outnumbered ten to one, the Athenian army defeated the Persians.
|-
|[[Bhagavad Gita]]
|A section of the Mahabharata, the Bhagavad Gita is an ancient Hindu text written in Sanskrit which consists of Krishna's writings on philosophy and morality.
|-
|[[Caesar's Commentaries]]
|A history by Julius Caesar describing the wars he fought.
|-
|[[Caligula]]
|A Roman emperor, ruling from 37 AD to 41 AD, who is historically depicted as a brutal monster, and who was so hated that he was murdered by his own guards.
|-
|[[Canaan]]
|The geographical area that encompasses modern-day Israel, the West Bank and a portion of land east of the Jordan River.
|-
|[[Catal Huyuk]]
|An ancient settlement in southern Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey.
|-
|[[Catholic Monarchs]]
|The title given by Pope Alexander VI to King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, whose marriage in 1469 caused the unification of Spain and its conversion back to a Catholic nation from Islam (the "Reconquest")
|-
|[[Cato the Censor]]
|A Roman statesman who during the Punic War called for the destruction of Carthage.
|-
|[[Champollion, Jean]]
|Jean Champollion (1790-1832) is the father of Egyptology (the study of Egypt), and who translated a portion of the Rosetta Stone.
|-
|[[Chandragupta Maurya]]
|The founder of the Mauryan Empire in India who ruled between 320 and 293 B.C. The first Indian emperor to be converted to Jainism, he eventually renounced his throne and joined a group of nomadic Jain monks.
|-
|[[Cicero]]
|A Roman consul, statesman, lawyer, philosopher and author. After Julius Caesar's assassination, Cicero was one of the most powerful politicians in Rome, and was Mark Antony's rival.
|-
|[[Cincinnatus]]
|A Roman hero for whom the city of Cincinnati, Ohio was named. In 458 B.C., he raised an army in Rome and came to the aid of the consul Minucius and his men, who were trapped in a dead-end valley by the Aequians. The Roman Senate had declared war against the Aequians because they had been raiding Roman farms. Cincinnatus is also known for voluntarily giving up power, surpassed only by George Washington in that regard among government leaders.
|-
|[[Claudius]]
|Roman emperor who became ruler after his nephew Caligula's assassination, he ruled from 41 AD until 54 AD, when he was poisoned by his wife Agrippina. Britain came under Roman rule during his reign, and his edict expelling the Jews from Rome is mentioned in the Book of Acts in the Bible.
|-
|[[Cleopatra]]
|Seven Egyptian queens of Greek decent that ruled from 193 BC until 30 BC during the Ptolemaic Dynasty. The most famous, Cleopatra VII Philopator, Egypt's last independent ruler, had affairs with both Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.
|-
|[[Code of Hammurabi]]
|An elaborate code of law created by Hammurabi that called for harsh punishment, such as an eye for an eye, a foot for a foot.
|-
|[[Confucianism]]
|A Chinese ethical and moral philosophy based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius that focuses on human morality and right action. It has had a significant influence on the development on the culture and history of East Asia.
|-
|[[Constitutional monarchy]]
|A government with a constitution that acknowledges a monarch as head of state with varying degrees of influence in the running of the country. Countries with constitutional monarchies include the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Denmark, the Netherlands and Spain.
|-
|[[consul]]
|An elected governmental position in ancient Rome that held executive authority and military command of the Roman Republic.
|-
|[[Copts]]
|The Coptic Church originated in Egypt around 50 AD when St. Mark the Evangelist traveled to Alexandria, and is one of the oldest Christian denominations. Its leader is the Patriarch of Alexandria, who is called Pope.
|-
|[[Covenant]]
|An oath or promise.
|-
|[[Cynicism]]
|A Greek philosophy founded by Antisthenes (444 BC - 365 BC) that rejects worldly pleasure in favor of happiness derived from virtue.
|-
|[[Cyrus]]
|A Persian emperor (576 BC – 529 BC) who conquered Babylon and sent the Jews back to Israel.
|-
|[[Darius]]
|A Persian emperor (521 BC – 486 BC) who quelled the Ionian Revolt and invaded Greece, but was forced to withdraw at the Battle of Marathon.
|-
|[[Delian League]]
|A confederation during the Persian Wars controlled by Athens, and consisting of Athens and other Greek city-states and Aegean towns. Its navy helped defend Greece from Persia.
|-
|[[Demosthenes (Greek statesman)|Demosthenes]]
|A ancient Greek statesman who spoke against Philip II of Macedonia in speeches that came to be known as "Philippics". He also attempted to convince Greeks to rise up against Macedonian rule after the death of Philip's son, Alexander the Great.
|-
|[[Diadochi]]
|After the death of Alexander the Great, his empire was partitioned among the rivalling generals of his army, the so-called diadochi ("successors").
|-
|[[Diocletian]]
|The last Barrack Emperor of Rome, he ruled from 284 AD until 305 AD. He divided the Roman Empire into eastern and western regions in an attempt to save the empire, and formed a tetrarchy of four rulers, two for each region. He also required the military to worship the Roman pagan gods, thus making it impossible for Christians to be soldiers, as well as cruelly persecuted them.
|-
|[[Dorians]]
|Tribes that settled in Greece between 1100 BC and 1000 BC, and had a military ruling class, which persisted in Sparta and Crete even after democracy was established in Athens. These tribes created the simplest style of Greek architecture, known as the Doric order, which consisted of unadorned, straight columns.
|-
|Draco
|a tyrant in Athens during the early Greek empire (600s B.C.) who established a set of written laws that were so strict that the term "draconian" today refers to overly harsh rules of punishment
|-
|[[Dravidians]]
|Dravidians are the people of southern India and Sri Lanka who speak the Dravidian languages and are found in the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka.

|-
|[[Empress Lu]]
|The wife of the Chinese emperor Han Gaozu, who after her husband's death had all other possible heirs murdered and installed her son as emperor, ruling as regent until her death.
|-
|[[Epicureanism]]
|A philosophy founded by Epicurus in the late 4th century that holds the belief that great happiness is achievable through the avoidance of pain and fear. It does not believe in divine power interacting with humanity.
|-
|[[Etruscans]]
|People who settled in the Italian peninsula prior to 700 BC. Most Etruscan cities ran on a democratic-style system. Their culture influenced the later Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Euripides]]
|Athenian tragic playwright, BC 480-406.
|-
|[[Exodus]]
|The abrupt departure of the people of Israel from Egypt, as told in the Book of Exodus in the Bible.
|-
|[[Five Good Emperors]]
|Five consecutive Roman emperors who ruled between 96 AD to 180 AD and were elected due to talent rather than family connections.
|-
|[[foraging society]]
|A pre-farming economy based upon scavenging, hunting, and gathering resources.
|-
|[[Four Emperors Era]]
|A series of Roman emperors who ruled in quick succession in 68-69 AD.
|-
|[[Franks]]
|A Germanic people that, beginning in the 4th century AD, eventually conquered the areas of France, Benelux, Belgium, The Netherlands and portions of Germany.
|-
|[[Gaul]]
|The Roman name for the area comprising modern-day France and Belgium, and parts of northern Italy, western Switzerland and Germany, and the Netherlands. This area was under Roman rule for most of its existence.
|-
|[[Golden mean]]
|Is considered the middle between two extremes in philosophy.
|-
|[[Great Canal]]
|A canal that connected the Nile River to the Red Sea, built during the Middle Kingdom of Egypt.
|-
|[[Hadrian]]
|The third of the "Five Good Emperors" of the Roman Empire, Hadrian ruled from A.D. 117 to 138 and had two main achievements: he ended Rome's costly territorial expansion, fortifying her boundaries with numerous "Walls of Hadrian," and he effectively "Hellenized" Rome by anointing Athens the empire’s cultural center, thereby enhancing learning.
|-
|[[Han empire]]
|was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms.
|-
|[[Harappa]]
|A city that is part of the Indus Valley Civilization. It is part of modern Pakistan
|-
|[[Hatshepsut]]
|Originally a regent for her son, Thutmose III, Hatshepsut was the longest reigning female ruler of Egypt. She ruled during the eighth dynasty from 1479-1458 B.C. She established trade networks for Egypt and thus collected most of the wealth of the eighth dynasty. She was eventually dethroned when her son took power at the age of 22. Her monuments are the Temple of Karnak, Deirle-Bahri, and Speos Artemidos.
|-
|[[Hellenistic culture]]
|Greek culture after the death of Alexander in 323 B.C., when Greek influence extended throughout the territory he conquered; Hellenistic culture was renowned for its strict code of ethics, its culinary prowess, and its use of metal.
|-
|[[Helot]]
|A person from the class of serfs in the city-state of Sparta (700s - 300s B.C.) in ancient Greece.
|-
|[[Herodotus]]
|Greek historian (484 to 425 BC), the "father of history". His book is simply called ''Histories'' and describes the Persian Wars.
|-
|[[Hiram]]
|d
|-
|[[Hittites]]
|An ancient people in the Middle East that gained control of most of Mesopotamia in 1650 B.C. due to their advanced inventions, such as horse-drawn chariots.
|-
|[[Horace]]
|The leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus, lived from 65-8 B.C.
|-
|[[humanism]]
|Thee Greek emphasis on reason, ethics and rational thinking rather than religion.
|-
|[[Hyksos]]
|Refers to a people who entered - possibly forcibly - into Egypt, and built their capital at Avaris in the Nile Delta area in about 1648 B.C.
|-
|[[Iron Smelting]]
|A technology comprised of the extraction of usable metal from iron ore.
|-
|[[Iliad]]
|a great Greek work of literature written by Homer in the 800s or 700s B.C., describing the mythical Trojan War
|-
|[[Jericho]]
|A city in Israel by the Jordan River. Mentioned extensively in the Bible. Joshua and the Israelites marched around this city and blew trumpets in order to destroy it and to reach the promised land.
|-
|[[Josephus]]
| Flavius Josephus 37 - 101 A.D. Jewish general and historian who took part in the Jewish revolt against the Romans and later worked for a Roman patron.
|-
|[[Judaism]]
|The monotheistic religion of the Hebrews, also the oldest religion that remains currently active.
|-
|[[Kassites]]
|Led by their king [[Agumkakrine]], they took advantage of the [[Hittite]] raid of 1595 B.C. and occupied the [[Babylonian]] region, where they ruled for over 400 years.
|-
|[[Khufu]]
|Egyptian pharaoh who had the pyramid of Giza built
|-
|[[Khyber Pass]]
|An important break in the mountains between Pakistan and Afghanistan, pivotal in military campaigns by Alexander the Great, Aryans, Muslims, and later the British, who had to overcome defensive positions taken from above by local tribesman.
|-
|[[Kush]]
|Was part of a larger region called Nubia.
|-
|[[Larger Vehicle]]
|Also known as Mahayana Buddhism, is a form of Buddhism practiced in China, Korea, Japan and Tibet. Teaches how to attain full enlightenment for the sake of others.
|-
|[[Last Roman Emperor]]
| The last ruler of the Roman Empire was Romulus Augustus, who ruled from October of 475 A.D. to September of 476 A.D.
|-
|legalism
| Legalism is the excessive adherence to law or formula.
|-
|[[Legions]]
| Legions were the principal unit of the Roman army comprising 3,000 to 6,000 foot soldiers and calvary in addition to the foot soldiers.
|-
|[[Lesser Vehicle]]
|Also called the Hinayana, describes how to attain freedom from suffering for oneself alone.It is the strict conservative version of Buddhism under the Theravada branch.
|-
|[[Livy]]
|A Roman historian (59 B.C. - 17 A.D.) who wrote a monumental history of Rome from its beginnings to his day.
|-
|[[Loess]]
|d
|-
|[[Mahayana]]
|d
|-
|[[Manichaeism]]
|d
|-
|[[Marathon]]
|Marathon is a small town near Athens where the Greeks won an important battle against the Persians in 490 B.C. News of the victory was carried on foot to Athens by a soldier. Modern marathon running takes its name from that feat and covers a distance of 42 kilometers, allegedly the distance between Marathon and Athens.
|-
|[[Marcus Aurelius]]
|Roman emperor from AD 161 to 180. Marcus Aurelius was also a philosopher, a Stoic, and wrote a famous book, ''Meditations''.
|-
|[[Marius]]
|d
|-
|[[Masada]]
|d
|-
|[[Menes]]
|Was a legendary Pharoah of Egypt from somewhere between 3100-2850 BC.
|-
|[[Meroe]]
|d
|-
|[[Mesolithic Age]]
|Sometime before the beginning of recorded history in 3500 B.C., when humans changed from hunting and gathering food to producing food, as in planting and farming.
|-
|[[Minoan Civilization]]
|d
|-
|[[Moksha]]
|d
|-
|[[monsoons]]
|Tropical storms, particularly in the climate of India, where the "southwest monsoon" occurs from about mid-June to the first week in October, and consists of winds carrying heavy rainfall from the Indian Ocean and resulting in widespread flooding
|-
|[[Mount Sinai]]
|A 7,498 foot mountain, located in Southern Sinai, now part of modern Egypt.The location where Moses received the Ten Commandments from God.

|-
|[[Mycenaean Civilization]]
|Was an early Indo-European civilization of Greece.
|-
|[[Nebuchadnezzar I]]
|was the emperor of the Babylonian Empire from 1146 to 1123 BC.
|-
|[[Nebuchadnezzar II]]
| Lived from 635 BC- 562 BC, was King of the Chaldeans and final conqueror of the Southern Kingdom of Israel, called "Judah." He was the first of many heads of state of foreign superpowers to come to a possibly salvific knowledge of God.
|-
|[[Neolithic Age]]
|The last part of the Stone Age (neo = "new", lithic = "of/like stone"), before the invention of metallurgy. It immediately preceded the rise of the first civilizations.
|-
|[[Nero]]
| Was the Emperor of Rome from AD 54-68. He blamed the great fire of Rome on the Christians who were unpopular due to their belief in one God.
|-
|[[Nerva]]
|Roman emperor from AD 96 to 98. Following the turmoils after Nero's death, he stood at the beginning of a long peaceful and prosperous time in the history of the Roman empire.
|-
|[[Nile River]]
|A river that ran throughout all of Egypt and fueled its entire agricultural and economic system.
|-
|[[Nineveh]]
|The capital of Assyria, seized and destroyed by the Chaldeans in 612 B.C.
|-
|[[Nok culture]]
|The African culture where the people created the first terracotta production as well as iron-smelting technology.
|-
|[[Octavian]]
|Also known as Augustus Caesar (63 B.C. - A.D. 14) was the first Roman emperor. He was originally called Gaius Octavius Thurinus until he changed it after being adopted by Julius Caesar in 44 B.C.

|-
|[[Odyssey]]
|The Odyssey was an epic poem written by the [[Greek]] poet [[Homer]]. It traces the journey home to Greece by a hero of the Trojan war and the troubles he faces at the hands of gods and men.
|-
|[[Olmec]]
|The first major Pre-Columbian civilization in Mexico
|-
|oracle bone
|First concrete evidence that the Shang Dynasty really existed. They were generally used as medicine by grinding them up into powder but they were also used to write on.
|-
|[[Origen]]
|dddd
|-
|[[Ostrogoths]]
|Were a Germanic tribe influential in the last days of the Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Ovid]]
|Ovid or Publius Ovidius Naso was a famous Roman poet, known for his Heroides, Amores, Ars Amatoria, and Metamorphosis. He lived from 43 B.C. to 17 A.D.
|-
|[[Paleolithic Age]]
| Is the name given by atheists to the first part of the Stone age, followed by the Neolithic Age. During the Paleolithic Age, atheists believe people harvested wild plants and animals for food.
|-
|[[papyrus]]
|A thin parchment constructed from reeds near the Nile River
|-
|pariah
|An outcast or any person or animal that is despised.
|-
|[[Parthenon]]
| The Parthenon is a celebrated marble temple of Athene, on the Acropolis at Athens. It was of the pure Doric order, and has had an important influence on art.
|-
|[[patricians]]
|A patrician is a person of high honor or rank.
|-
|[[Peru]]
|Peru is a country in South America with a rich history. Once dominated by the Incas, Peru fell to the Spanish in the 16th Century.
|-
|[[Philippides]]
|An athlete sent by Athens to run 150 miles to Sparta as they needed help in their battle against Persia, where they were outnumbered 10 to 1. His remarkable ability continues to inspire ambitious joggers today.
|-
|[[Philo]]
|(20 B.C. - 50 A.D.) was a Jewish historian from Alexandria in the first century. He combined Judaism and Greek philosophy.
|-
|[[pictograph]]
|A pictorial symbol for a word or phrase. Pictographs are the foundation for cuneiform and hieroglyphics, having been discovered in Egypt and Mesopotamia from before 3000 B.C.
|-
|[[Pisistratids]]
|Was a ruler of Athens around 570 B.C.
|-
|[[plebian]]
|A Plebian was one of the lower classes in the early Roman world. It was composed of small farmers and shopkeepers, was comparable to that of commoner in Medieval Europe. This status was inherited in ancient Rome, although it was possible to ascend status by marriage, and in rare cases promotion.
|-
|[[Plutarch]]
|d
|-
|[[Pompey]]
| 106-48 B.C., general, statesman, and triumvir during the last years of the Roman Republic. His soldiers are credited with bestowing the title Magnus (the Great) while serving in Africa (82–81 BC).
|-
|[[praetors]]
|one of a number of elected magistrates charged chiefly with the administration of civil justice and ranking next below a consul.
|-
|[[Prehistory]]
|Before 3400 B.C.
|-
|purdah
|The seclusion of women from the sight of men or strangers. Purdah is practiced most in the Muslim and Hindu religions.
|-
|[[Pythagorus]]
|A Greek philosopher mathematician (569-475 B.C.), best known for his Pythagorean Theorem which equates the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle to the sum of the squares of each side. His philosophy included abstracting 2 ships + 2 ships = 4 ships to the more general truth that 2 of anything plus 2 of anything = 4 of anything.
|-
|[[Ramayana]]
| A Sandskrit epic, depicting the life and adventures of Ramachandra.
|-
|[[Ramses II]]
| Ramses II was the king of Egypt. His reign is remembered by his constant war with the Hittites.
|-
|[[Rembrandt]]
| A Dutch painted who lived from 1606-1669 A.D.
|-
|[[Rig Veda]]
|A collection of over one thousand hymns that date back to as early as two thousand B.C.
|-
|[[Romance of Three Kingdoms]]
|Is a novel written by Luo Guanzhong in the Han Dynasty when it fell into disorganization.(A.D. 220-280)
|-
|[[Romulus and Remus]]
|Rome obtained its name from Romulus and Remus, who were twins, and also the sons of Mars.
|-
|[[rule of tyrants]]
|during the early Greek empire in the 600s, a series of tyrants ruled Athens. One was "Draco", who imposed the same penalty of death for every crime, no matter how minor!
|-
|[[Saint Patrick]]
|Born in Wales and grew up in England. Later traveled to Ireland and converted the Celts there to Christianity in the mid-400s A.D.
|-
|[[Sargon the Great]]
|The first person in recorded history to create an empire or multi-ethnic state.
|-
|[[Sati (Buddhism)]]
|Mindfulness, self-collectedness, powers of reference and retention. In some contexts, the word sati when used alone covers alertness
|-
|[[Satrap]]
|Local governors established in distant lands by the powerful Persian ruler Cyrus
|-
|[[Saxons]]
|Were a Germanic tribe, eventually settling in England and North Western France.
|-
|[[Schliemann, Heinrich]]
|d
|-
|[[Scipio]]
|d
|-
|[[Seneca]]
|Roman philosopher (a [[Stoicism|Stoic]]), statesman and playwright; teacher of [[Nero]]. BC 4 - AD 65.
|-
|[[Shang dynasty]]
|Was a major ancient Chinese dynasty from about 1766 to 1122 BC. Built cities in northern China along the Yellow River. It consisted of city-states which were often at war with one another.
|-
|[[Shang Yang]]
|Was a Chinese statesman and philosopher. He promoted Legalism, which was like the divine right of kings in the West.
|-
|[[Shi]]
|A scholar class created by the Han dynasty
|-
|[[Shiva]]
|In Hinduism, Shiva "the Destroyer" is the third member of the Trimurti, or the "Hindu triad", along with Brahma "the Creator" and Vishnu "the Preserver".
|-
|[[Solon]]
| Solon was an Athenian statesman who introduced economic, political, and legal reforms.
|-
|[[Sophocles]]
|Athenian tragic playwright, BC 497-406.
|-
|[[Steppes]]
|Steppes are large areas of flat unforested grassland in southeastern Europe or Siberia.
|-
|[[Stoicism]]
| The second of the two main Greek philosophical schools of thought. Stoicism sought to find a sense of divine justice, deemphasizing pain and pleasure for the goal of reason, logic, and self discipline.
|-
|[[Stone age]]
|The stone age is believed to be at time before men had metal working skills in our prehistory. Young Earth Creationists dispute the exsistence of a stone age rather there were stone working cultures.
|-
|[[Stupa]]
|An ornate Buddhist dome-like stone structure originally built to cover items believed to be relics of the Buddha.
|-
|[[Sulla]]
| (138-78 BC) was a Roman general and dictator during the Republican period. He won Rome's first civil war. Reforms during his time gave the Senate more power.
|-
|Sunna
|d
|-
|[[Sumuabum]]
|d
|-
|[[Suttee]]
|An ancient Hindu practice in India where a wife sacrifices herself upon her husband's funeral pyre.
|-
|[[Tacitus]]
| (A.D. 55-120) Was the Roman author of Histories, Annals, and Germania, describing first century Rome. His work chronicles Nero's blaming of the Christians for the fire in Rome and the resulting large scale persecution of Christians that ensued.
|-
|[[Taj Mahal]]
|A marble memorial located in Agra, India. It was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, Queen Mumtaz Mahal, who died in childbirth.
|-
|[[terra cotta]]
|A hard fired clay, distinctively brownish-red colored (from Latin "terra cotta": baked earth) traditionally used for architectural purposes, especially ornamental, and for pottery and sculpture.
|-
|[[Thales]]
|Thales of Miletus (ca. 624 BC–ca. 546 BC) was the first Greek philosopher. He successfully predicted the solar eclipse of 585 BC and posited that water was the basic principle of all matter in the world.
|-
|[[Theravada]]
| Oldest surviving Buddhist school, founded in India
|-
|[[The Republic]]
|Plato's greatest writings, which form the foundation for America's system of government.
|-
|[[Thutmos III]]
|The 6th Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty. The first 22 of years of his reign he was co-regent with his stepmother, Hatshepsut. Reigned from 1479 BC to 1425 BC;
|-
|[[Tiber River]]
|One of the longest Italian rivers, over 250 miles long, it flows through the city of Rome.
|-
|[[Tiberius]]
| Tiberius was a tyranical Roman emperor who reigned from 14-37 A.D.
|-
|[[Tigris and Euphrates]]
|Two rivers where civilization began in [[Mesopotamia]] before 3500 B.C., as described in the Book of [[Genesis]] and also confirmed by non-biblical sources.
|-
|[[Titus and Domitian]]
|The two sons of Emperor Vespasian. Titus ruled from 79 – 81 A.D. Domitian ruled from 81-96 A.D.
|-
|[[Trajan]]
|Was a Roman Emperor from 98 to 117 AD and the second of the Five Good Emperors.
|-
|[[Tribal Assembly]]
|Was a Roman assembly of plebians & patricians, composed of members of 35 various Roman tribes
|-
|[[Triumvirate]]
|A triumvirate is a system of governance led by 3 leaders. The two most important triumvirates of ancient times were those of Rome: one led by Julius Caesar, Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great") and Marcus Crassus; and that led by Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. It was the failings of these triumvirates that lead to the downfall of the Republic, and the emergence of the Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Twelve Tables]]
|Were written in 451 BC. They were Rome's first written laws as well as the oldest surviving literature from the Romans.
|-
|[[Untouchables]]
|People at the very bottom of the Hindu caste system. Under the system,these people literally are not be touched because they are considered to be so undesirable.
|-
|[[Upanishads]]
|Hindu scriptures that describe reincarnation. Written in Sanskrit, they predate the teachings of Buddha by several centuries.
|-
|[[Ur]]
|Important city state in Mesopotamia
|-
|[[Vandals]]
|Eastern Germanic tribe that sacked Rome in A.D. 455. Sweeping through Gaul and Spain they finally settled in North Africa. The Spanish region of Andalusia is named after them.
|-
|[[Vergil]]
|Writer of Famous Roman Mythology "The Aeneid."
|-
|[[Vespasian]]
|(A.D.9-79) Was the Roman Emperor AD 70-79. He was a Roman general in charge of putting down the Jewish revolt in the later 60s A.D.
|-
|[[Wheel]]
|The ancient Mesopotamians invented the wheel, originally in the form of a potter’s wheel. This is considered the first and greatest of man's inventions.
|-
|[[Xenephos]]
|(435-354 B.C.) Was historian, philosopher, and military commander, born at Athens, son of an Athenian of good position; was a pupil and friend of Socrates.
|-
|[[Xerxes]]
|A Persian king in the 5th century BC who attacked and conquered much of Greece, before being defeated in a naval battle in the Battle of Salamis and forced to withdraw back to Babylon
|-
|[[Zealots]]
|A group of Jews in the 1st century AD who sought the violent overthrow and expulsion of Rome from Israel. Their most famous battle (and defeat) came at the Masada, a mountain fortress that still holds spiritual significance for Israel today.
|-
|[[Zeno]]
|a Greek philosopher and follower of Parmenides who devised a number of famous arguments (his Paradoxes) directed against the opponents of Parmenides. His most famous was to explain how a finite distance can be divided into an infinite number of segments, each time traveling half the distance towards the destination such that destination would never be reached.
|-
|}

[[Category:World History lectures]]

World History Homework Four Answers - Student 15

2011-10-01T19:44:54Z

History:

1. My favorite Roman emperor is Constantine because he issued the Edict of Milan (AD 313), which ended the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire. That is the main reason why he is my favorite but he also built Constantinople, where the Cathedral of the Hagia Sophia is located.

2. The Roman Republic began when Romulus and Remus founded the city of Rome in 753. Having been conquered by the Etruscans in 700 BC, landowners revolted and began to establish a republic without city-states in 509 BC; by 250 BC, Romans had taken back the previously Etruscan-ruled territory. Most of the power was held by the Senate, and at the head of the republic were two consuls who ran the army and managed religious functions. In 60 BC, Julius Caesar joined with Marcus Crassus and Pompey the Great to rule Rome as the first triumvirate.
The Roman Empire began in 27 BC when Octavian rose to power with the Roman Senate and gained complete control of the empire, establishing a constitutional monarchy as the Senate’s role became only advisory. With many emperors following in the next 200 years, the last emperor was deposed in AD 476, marking the fall of the Roman Empire.

4. Pax Romana is Latin for 'Roman Peace'. From 27 BC to 180 AD, the Roman Empire enjoyed peace and prosperity, as well as good rulers, for the most part. Starting with reign of the first emperor, Augustus in 27 BC, the doors to the temple of Janus were closed for only the 3rd time in Rome's history. (The doors would only be closed in times of peace.)
Starting in 96 AD, the Roman empire was ruled by the Five Good Emperors, who were chosen for talent rather than family connections. This ended when the last good Emperor Marcus Aurelius had his son Commodus succeed him. In truth, for most of Marcus Aurelius' reign he was involved in warfare on the frontiers of the Empire, so some would say the Pax Romana ended when war with Parthia broke out in 162 AD.The Pax Romana was not a constant time of peace, only that no major external wars existed. For instance all 3 Jewish revolts and the eventual diaspora of the Jews took place during the 'peace' of the Pax Romana.

5. As a young warrior, Attila the Hun had been sent as a hostage to Rome, then, after he was released by the Romans, he vowed to return to Rome victorious as king. Relying on “gods”, Attila nearly did conquer the Roman Empire. For five years from A.D. 445 to 450 he devastated the eastern Roman empire, destroying anything in his path between the Rhine and the Caspian Sea. In 451 he amassed perhaps the largest army in the history of the world until that time, a total of a half-million men. This army was not just comprised of Huns, but other subject peoples like the Ostrogoths were included. In fact Attila’s name appears to be not his real Hunnish name, but a Gothic nickname meaning ‘Little Father’, given to him by Ostrogothic mercenaries. His horde began riding towards Rome. He quickly conquered Gaul (present-day France) and devastated any European city in his path. He was not stopped until an alliance of the Visigoths and Romans surprised the Huns and forced them to retreat by about a hundred miles. One of the most bloody battles in all of history, the Battle of Chalons, ensued. The Visigoths and Romans defeated the Huns there.
But Attila was clever, and redirected his Huns towards Rome by invading Italy. He was headed towards the heart of the Roman empire: Rome itself. He destroyed everything in his path in the Roman countryside. Unable to stop Attila the Hun by force, a peaceful mission led by Pope Leo I traveled out to meet Attila in 452 and try to persuade him to spare Rome. Moral persuasion worked where violence had not, and Attila did not invade Rome.A year later, at only age 47, Attila died apparently from a mere nosebleed. It was an ironic cause of death for one of the most feared warriors in the history of the world. Upon his death his empire fell apart with his sons fighting amongst themselves and the people he subjugated rising in rebellion. The Huns disappeared from European history.

7. In short, Ceaser did so much for the whole world but his marals were so off and twisted it's hard to get past them. But if you do, he could be considered a hero because of all the great things he had done for the Roman Empire!

H4. What I think was the biggest cause of the fall of the Roman Empire was the death of Alexander The Great. Even though the empire was at a bad time in the first place, they still could have rebuilt it empire. But when Alexander the Great died it just fell apart completely.

Dylan B.

World History Homework Four Answers - Student 15

2011-10-01T19:44:02Z

History: Created page with "1. My favorite Roman emperor is Constantine because he issued the Edict of Milan (AD 313), which ended the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire. That is the main reason..."

World History Homework Three Answers - Student 11

2011-09-22T17:13:52Z

History: Created page with "1. List the major ancient empires of China, including the time periods and major leaders. The first real evidence of civilization in China seems to be of the Shang dynasty. It w..."

1. List the major ancient empires of China, including the time periods and major leaders.

The first real evidence of civilization in China seems to be of the Shang dynasty. It was founded by T’ang. It existed from 1766-1122 B.C, when it was overthrown by the Chou dynasty. The Chou dynasty lasted from 1046-256 B.C, making it the longest lasting dynasty in China to this day. After that came the Qin dynasty (221-206), it was founded by Zhou. There was also the Han dynasty (206 B.C- A.D 220). This dynasty expanded China further into North Korea and Vietnam.

2. List the major ancient empires of India, including the time periods and major leaders.

The real beginning of Ancient India is probably when Archaemenid invaded the Indus Valley in 572 B.C. amazingly, this was the only country that Alexander the great was not able to destroy. Later, Chandragupta Mauryan took of a very large part of East India. It became what was the largest Indian empire, and it still is to this day! In A.D 320 Chandragupta 1 rose to power, and ruled until A.D 467.

3. Explain what this is

This is the Yin Yang, the famous cymbal of Taoism. It illustrates the driving of two forces, and the balance that we are supposed to have between them.

4. Pick one of the religions in this week’s lecture and discuss it, including where it fits in as to popularity and influence among all the world religions.

I will discuss Buddhism. The amazing thing about Buddhism is the amount of time it has lasted, for being a religion (or belief system) without a god. In this religion, happiness is the key to life, and the key to happiness is not longing for anything. It is a very peaceful religion, and is almost used a refuge for those in the lower class of Hinduism. It is only just below Hinduism as far as popularity goes.

Honors Questions (answer any 2 of the following)

H1.

H2. Discuss a difference between a belief system and a religion, in your view, and give some examples from this week’s lecture.

Well a belief system, Buddhism for example, doesn’t involve scriptures and readings, and, in fact, a God. It is just a set of rules, while a religion, let’s say Hinduism for an example is quite the contrary, and involves a God as the centerpiece, plus usually scriptures and such.

H3. How do you think the major belief systems of today, as ranked in the lecture, will rank in 100 years?

I believe that Christianity will continue to grow largely, and believe that Buddhism will eventually become more popular than Hinduism due to the amount of untouchable who seem to be converting. Judaism will probably sat similar to where it is now, who knows?

World History Homework Three Answers - Student 6

2011-09-22T00:26:44Z

History:

1. The major empires of China are, The Qin dynasty (221-206 BC)which was founded by Prince Zheng who conquered all the Chinese states and unified the country; built roads, canals, and irrigation, as well as the earliest construction of the Great Wall. The second dynasty was the Han dynasty (206 BC-AD 220). Liu Bang was the first ruler, followed by Empress Lu and lastly Han Wudi, the longest Han ruler; expanded the territory of China into Vietnam and Korea, valued education, and developed the Silk Road; state philosophy was Confucianism.

2. There were two major Indian Empires. The first was the Mauryan Empire which was ruled by Chandragupta Mauryan. And it lasted from 322-185 B.C. The second Empire was the Gupta Empire and was ruled by Chandra Gupta from A.D. 320-467.

3. The Yin (darker side) is passive or negative or feminine;the Yang (lighter side) is active or positive or masculine. While western philosophy often veiws this duelism as a struggle, in China the goal is to harmonize these complementary forces. Taoism and Confucianism strive to obtain harmony, though in Taoism the focus is on nature while Confucianism's focus is on people

4. What I think is the most inovative discovery in this lecture is when the Chinese invented gunpowder. You completely breezed over this amazing feat in the lecture and I am not sure why. This discovery was a pivotal point in the Chinese (and soon the be the whole world's) warfare! When they first started using the gunpowder their enemies were so startled that at times they would often retreat immedietly! Gunpowder is also a huge thing because it was passed on to almost everyone else and it became extremely effective in all battles from the time they invented it until now.

'''Honors'''
H3.I think from Judaism down will pretty much stay the same with possibly a few minor changes here and there; as for Budddhism up to Christianity on the list I think it will rank like this;6. Hinduism 5. Chinese religions 4. Buddhism 3. Christianity 2. Islam 1. Non-Religious.

H4. It would make sense that Mark was homeschooled while his mother followed Jesus because he had to get some good education to become one of the Aposcles. As for John, I think he along with all of the other didsciples were teenagers. Take the sotry of Jesus and the fishing nets for example, Simon and Peter were just fisher boys when this happened and Jesus ony preached the gospel Widely for about three and a half years. Also a lot of the disciples were fisher boys about the same ages as Peter and Simon so that would make most of the disciples by comparisn, Teenagers.

Dylan B.

World History Homework Three Answers - Student 6

2011-09-22T00:16:43Z

History:

1. The major empires (or dynasties) of China. The Qin dynasty (221-206 BC) was founded by Prince Zheng who conquered all the Chinese states and unified the country; built roads, canals, and irrigation, as well as the earliest construction of the Great Wall. The second dynasty was the Han dynasty (206 BC-AD 220)- Liu Bang was the first ruler, followed by Empress Lu and lastly Han Wudi, the longest ruling Han ruler; expanded the territory of China into Vietnam and Korea, valued education, and developed the Silk Road; state philosophy was Confucianism.

2. There were two major Indian Empires. The first was the Mauryan Empire which was ruled by Chandragupta Mauryan. And it lasted from 322-185 B.C. The second Empire was the Gupta Empire and was ruled by Chandra Gupta from A.D. 320-467.

3. The Yin (darker side) is passive or negative or feminine;the Yang (lighter side) is active or positive or masculine. While western philosophy often veiws this duelism as a struggle, in China the goal is to harmonize these complementary forces. Taoism and Confucianism strive to obtain harmony, though in Taoism the focus iis on nature while Confucianism's focus is on people

4. What I think is the most inovative discovery in this lecture is when the Chinese invented gunpowder. You completely breezed over this amazing feat in the lecture and I am not sure why. This discovery was a pivotal point in the Chinese warfare! When they first started using the gunpowder their enemies were so startled that at times they would often retreat immedietly! Gunpowder is also a huge thing because it was
passed on to almost everyone else and it became extremely effective in all battles from the time they invented it until now.

'''Honors'''
H3.I think from Judaism down will pretty much stay the same with possibly a few minor changes here and there; as for Budddhism up to Christianity on the list I think it will rank like this;6. Hinduism 5. Chinese religions 4. Buddhism 3. Christianity 2. Islam 1. Non-Religious.

H4. It would make sense that Mark was homeschooled while his mother followed Jesus because he had to get some good education to become one of Jesus's disciples. As for John, I think he along with all of the other didsciples were teenagers. Take the sotry of Jesus and the fishing nets for example, Simon and Peter were just fisher boys when this happened and Jesus ony preached the gospel Widely for about three and a half years. Also a lot of the disciples were fisher boys about the same ages as Peter and Simon so that would make most of the disciples by comparisn, Teenagers.

Dylan B.

World History Homework Three Answers - Student 6

2011-09-22T00:16:25Z

History:

World History Homework Three Answers - Student 6

2011-09-22T00:15:34Z

History: Created page with "1. The major empires (or dynasties) of China. The Qin dynasty (221-206 BC) was founded by Prince Zheng who conquered all the Chinese states and unified the country; built roads,..."

1. The major empires (or dynasties) of China. The Qin dynasty (221-206 BC) was founded by Prince Zheng who conquered all the Chinese states and unified the country; built roads, canals, and irrigation, as well as the earliest construction of the Great Wall. The second dynasty was the Han dynasty (206 BC-AD 220)- Liu Bang was the first ruler, followed by Empress Lu and lastly Han Wudi, the longest ruling Han ruler; expanded the territory of China into Vietnam and Korea, valued education, and developed the Silk Road; state philosophy was Confucianism.

1. There were two major Indian Empires. The first was the Mauryan Empire which was ruled by Chandragupta Mauryan. And it lasted from 322-185 B.C. The second Empire was the Gupta Empire and was ruled by Chandra Gupta from A.D. 320-467.

3. The Yin (darker side) is passive or negative or feminine;the Yang (lighter side) is active or positive or masculine. While western philosophy often veiws this duelism as a struggle, in China the goal is to harmonize these complementary forces. Taoism and Confucianism strive to obtain harmony, though in Taoism the focus iis on nature while Confucianism's focus is on people

4. What I think is the most inovative discovery in this lecture is when the Chinese invented gunpowder. You completely breezed over this amazing feat in the lecture and I am not sure why. This discovery was a pivotal point in the Chinese warfare! When they first started using the gunpowder their enemies were so startled that at times they would often retreat immedietly! Gunpowder is also a huge thing because it was passed on to almost everyone else and it became extremely effective in all battles from the time they invented it until now.

'''Honors'''
H3.I think from Judaism down will pretty much stay the same with possibly a few minor changes here and there; as for Budddhism up to Christianity on the list I think it will rank like this;6. Hinduism 5. Chinese religions 4. Buddhism 3. Christianity 2. Islam 1. Non-Religious.

H4. It would make sense that Mark was homeschooled while his mother followed Jesus because he had to get some good education to become one of Jesus's disciples. As for John, I think he along with all of the other didsciples were teenagers. Take the sotry of Jesus and the fishing nets for example, Simon and Peter were just fisher boys when this happened and Jesus ony preached the gospel Widely for about three and a half years. Also a lot of the disciples were fisher boys about the same ages as Peter and Simon so that would make most of the disciples by comparisn, Teenagers.

Dylan B.

World History Homework Two Answers - Student 9

2011-09-15T13:12:35Z

History:

1. Greece existed from 775 B.C. with the Olympic Games and this amazing cavitation came to an end in 100 B.C. when the Romans invaded.

2. My favorite Aesop’s fable is the tortoise and the Hare because it gives us a very good lesson about patience and it also shows us that if we use everything that we have in the very beginning we won’t have anything left at the end of the race.

3. Plato accepted the world of the phenomena as a mere shadow of the real world of ideas. When we observe a horse, we recognize what it is because our soul remembers the idea of the horse from the time before our birth. In Plato's political philosophy, only wise men who understand the dual nature of reality are fit to rule the country. He made three voyages to Syracuse to establish his ideal state, both times without lasting results. Plato's hypothesis that our soul was once in a better place and now lives in a fallen world made it easy to combine Platonic philosophy and Christianity, which accounts for the popularity of Platonism during the antiquity. On the other hand Plato's most famous student, a Macedonian scientist who studied biology and founded a school in Athens. Most of his writings are lost but his lecture notes which were rediscovered in the first century BC are still available. During the last decades, scholars have started to re-examine the fragments of the lost works, which have led to important changes in our understanding of Aristotle's philosophy. What is generally thought is that Aristotle replaced his master's speculations with a more down-to-earth philosophy. His main works are Prior Analytics (in which he described the rules of logic), Physics, the Animal History, Rhetorics, Poetics, Metaphysics, Nicomachean Ethics and Politics, all classic books.

4. Homer was an Ancient Greek writer of whom we know next to nothing about, including (maybe) his name; Homer is the name assigned to the writer of the Iliad and the Odyssey, two ancient Greek texts that describe the events of the Trojan War (somewhere around 1300-1200 BC, if you believe in that sort of thing). From internal references, modern historians believe that the two texts were written in the 8th century BC, somewhere in Asia Minor, maybe Ionia.

8. I really don’t see any weakness in the Greek democracy. I know you want me to find one but I honestly can’t. Why do you think they were such a thriving empire? Everything I read was flawless as far as democracy goes.

Dylan B.

World History Homework Two Answers - Student 9

2011-09-15T13:11:22Z

History: Created page with "1. Greece existed from 775 B.C. with the Olympic Games and this amazing cavitation came to an end in 100 B.C. when the Romans invaded. 2. My favorite Aesop’s fable is the tor..."

1. Greece existed from 775 B.C. with the Olympic Games and this amazing cavitation came to an end in 100 B.C. when the Romans invaded.
2. My favorite Aesop’s fable is the tortoise because it gives us a very good lesson about patience and it also shows us that if we use everything that we have in the very beginning we won’t have anything left at the end of the race.
3. Plato accepted the world of the phenomena as a mere shadow of the real world of ideas. When we observe a horse, we recognize what it is because our soul remembers the idea of the horse from the time before our birth. In Plato's political philosophy, only wise men who understand the dual nature of reality are fit to rule the country. He made three voyages to Syracuse to establish his ideal state, both times without lasting results. Plato's hypothesis that our soul was once in a better place and now lives in a fallen world made it easy to combine Platonic philosophy and Christianity, which accounts for the popularity of Platonism during the antiquity. On the other hand Plato's most famous student, a Macedonian scientist who studied biology and founded a school in Athens. Most of his writings are lost but his lecture notes which were rediscovered in the first century BC are still available. During the last decades, scholars have started to re-examine the fragments of the lost works, which have led to important changes in our understanding of Aristotle's philosophy. What is generally thought is that Aristotle replaced his master's speculations with a more down-to-earth philosophy. His main works are Prior Analytics (in which he described the rules of logic), Physics, the Animal History, Rhetorics, Poetics, Metaphysics, Nicomachean Ethics and Politics, all classic books.
4. Homer was an Ancient Greek writer of whom we know next to nothing about, including (maybe) his name; Homer is the name assigned to the writer of the Iliad and the Odyssey, two ancient Greek texts that describe the events of the Trojan War (somewhere around 1300-1200 BC, if you believe in that sort of thing). From internal references, modern historians believe that the two texts were written in the 8th century BC, somewhere in Asia Minor, maybe Ionia.
7.
8. I really don’t see any weakness in the Greek democracy. I know you want me to find one but I honestly can’t. Why do you think they were such a thriving empire? Everything I read was flawless as far as democracy goes.

Dylan B.

World History Homework Two Answers - Student 7

2011-09-15T12:43:26Z

History:

1. When did the Greek empire exist, and what events mark its beginning and its end?

The beginning seemed to be the first Olympic Games in 776 B.C. The Greek empire continued to thrive for hundreds of years until 146 when the Roman Empire destroyed it.

2. What is your favorite Aesop’s Fable, and why? Explain.

My favorite Aesop’s Fable would have to be the story of the “Tortoise and the Hare”. It is a very enjoyable story and is a great lesson not only to kids, but to the whole world, illustrating how if keep up a steady pace, you will ultimately succeed.

3. Pick one of the Greek philosophers and compare and contrast him with another Greek philosopher.

Plato was an ancient Greek philosopher who believed that reason was more important than experience, and that the world was comprised of simply ideas. This was the exact opposite belief as his student, Aristotle, who believed that experience was what you needed to gain knowledge.

4.

5. Pick two of the ancient empires other than the Greek empire, and briefly describe them.

The Hittites were a people descended from Heth. Heth was Ham’s son, and Ham was Noah’s son. They were not as artistically innovative as Greece was, but they made up for it with their army, which so skilled that they even took over most of Mesopotamia for a while. Assyria started out with limited power because they were being controlled by Babylon. But eventually they rose up to stand on their own. They were brutal in battle, and are responsible for a lot of the destruction that happened in Judah, (although Babylon was what eventually ended up decimating Judah when they brought all of their people into exile and destroyed the temple.) The Assyrians were eventually destroyed by a Chaldean-Median army in 612-609 B.C

6.

Honors Question’s

7.

8. What weaknesses, if any, do you see in the ancient Greek democracy?

The only weakness I see in ancient Greece is its morals, or lack thereof. It is probably what eventually brought them to their downfall. Other than that, Greece seemed to be the perfect empire, but fell short in what is the most important area.

9.

10. Discuss any aspect of the lecture.

Mystery: Did Jesus teach in Greek?

Well he obviously was fluent in Greek and Aramaic, and most likely Hebrew. whether or not he spoke in Greek I imagine depends upon geographically WHERE he was teaching.

Daniel N.

World History Homework Two Answers - Student 7

2011-09-15T12:41:54Z

History:

1. When did the Greek empire exist, and what events mark its beginning and its end?

The beginning seemed to be the first Olympic Games in 776 B.C. It continued to thrive for hundreds of years until 146 when the Roman Empire destroyed it.

2. What is your favorite Aesop’s Fable, and why? Explain.

My favorite Aesop’s Fable would have to be the story of the “Tortoise and the Hare”. It is a very enjoyable story and is a great lesson not only to kids, but to the whole world, illustrating how if keep up a steady pace, we will ultimately succeed.

3. Pick one of the Greek philosophers and compare and contrast him with another Greek philosopher.
Plato was an ancient Greek philosopher who believed that reason was more important than experience, and that the world was comprised of simply ideas. This was the exact opposite belief as his student, Aristotle, who believed that experience was what you needed to gain knowledge.

4.

5. Pick two of the ancient empires other than the Greek empire, and briefly describe them.

The Hittites were a people descended from Heth. Heth was Ham’s son, and Ham was Noah’s son. They were not as artistically innovative as Greece was, but they made up for it with their army, which so skilled that they even took over most of Mesopotamia for a while. Assyria started out with limited power because they were being controlled by Babylon. But eventually they rose up to stand on their own. They were brutal in battle, and are responsible for a lot of the destruction that happened in Judah, (although Babylon was what eventually ended up decimating Judah when they brought all of their people into exile and destroyed the temple.) The Assyrians were eventually destroyed by a Chaldean-Median army in 612-609 B.C

6.

Honors Question’s

7.

8. What weaknesses, if any, do you see in the ancient Greek democracy?

The only weakness I see in ancient Greece is its morals, or lack thereof. It is probably what eventually brought them to their downfall. Other than that, Greece seemed to be the perfect empire, but fell short in what is the most important area.

9.

10. Discuss any aspect of the lecture.

Mystery: Did Jesus teach in Greek?

Well he obviously was fluent in Greek and Aramaic, and most likely Hebrew. whether or not he spoke in Greek I imagine depends upon geographically WHERE he was teaching.

Daniel N.

World History Homework Two Answers - Student 7

2011-09-15T12:41:14Z

History: Created page with "1. When did the Greek empire exist, and what events mark its beginning and its end? The beginning seemed to be the first Olympic Games in 776 B.C. It continued to thrive for hun..."

1. When did the Greek empire exist, and what events mark its beginning and its end?

The beginning seemed to be the first Olympic Games in 776 B.C. It continued to thrive for hundreds of years until 146 when the Roman Empire destroyed it.

2. What is your favorite Aesop’s Fable, and why? Explain.

My favorite Aesop’s Fable would have to be the story of the “Tortoise and the Hare”. It is a very enjoyable story and is a great lesson not only to kids, but to the whole world, illustrating how if keep up a steady pace, we will ultimately succeed.

3. Pick one of the Greek philosophers and compare and contrast him with another Greek philosopher.
Plato was an ancient Greek philosopher who believed that reason was more important than experience, and that the world was comprised of simply ideas. This was the exact opposite belief as his student, Aristotle, who believed that experience was what you needed to gain knowledge.

4.

5. Pick two of the ancient empires other than the Greek empire, and briefly describe them.
The Hittites were a people descended from Heth. Heth was Ham’s son, and Ham was Noah’s son. They were not as artistically innovative as Greece was, but they made up for it with their army, which so skilled that they even took over most of Mesopotamia for a while. Assyria started out with limited power because they were being controlled by Babylon. But eventually they rose up to stand on their own. They were brutal in battle, and are responsible for a lot of the destruction that happened in Judah, (although Babylon was what eventually ended up decimating Judah when they brought all of their people into exile and destroyed the temple.) The Assyrians were eventually destroyed by a Chaldean-Median army in 612-609 B.C

6.

Honors Question’s

7.

8. What weaknesses, if any, do you see in the ancient Greek democracy?
The only weakness I see in ancient Greece is its morals, or lack thereof. It is probably what eventually brought them to their downfall. Other than that, Greece seemed to be the perfect empire, but fell short in what is the most important area.

9.

10. Discuss any aspect of the lecture.
Mystery: Did Jesus teach in Greek?
Well he obviously was fluent in Greek and Aramaic, and most likely Hebrew. whether or not he spoke in Greek I imagine depends upon geographically WHERE he was teaching.

Daniel N.

World History Study Guide to 1648

2011-09-11T23:21:43Z

History: /* Basic terms */

''This is the growing list of study terms for [[World History Lectures|World history]], from creation to 1648 (the same midpoint used by the [[CLEP]] exams)''.

This should grow from 339 (175 of them are honors) to 500 terms -- about half basic and half honors -- and every term should be described in the table. ''An examination on this material will be given in November 2011''.

==Basic terms==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Term
!Definition
|-
|[[Abraham]]
|Approximately 2000 B.C. Father of Jewish people; God made a covenant with him to make his descendants great in number. Arabs claim descendance from Abraham's son Ishmael.
|-
|[[Acropolis]]
|Portion of a town or city that is built on a hilltop for easy defense. Best known Acropolis is in Athens, where the democratic assembly met. Most Greek city-states had an Acropolis.
|-
|[[Aesop]]
|a Greek writer famous for writing ''Aesop's Fables'' (around 600 B.C.), such as "The Fox and the Grapes" and "The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing".
|-
|[[Alexander the Great]]
|356 - 323 B.C. Born to Philip II of Macedon and tutored by [[Aristotle]]. Conquered Greece, Egypt, Persia, and more, but turned back at India. Alexander's conquests spread Greek culture and language and helped the future spread of [[Christianity]].
|-
|[[Analects]]
|The analects are a record of the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius, written and compiled by his disciples circa 400-300 B.C.
|-
|[[Ancient world]]
|Civilized world before the fall of the [[Roman Empire]] in AD 476.
|-
|[[Anselm]]
|A Christian philosopher, founder of scholasticism, and archbishop of Canterbury
|-
|[[Archimedes]]
|287 – 212 B.C. Greek mathematician and engineer. Discovered Archimedes' Principle, invented "Archimedes' screw," and built defenses against the Romans for his city of Syracuse; killed by the Romans.
|-
|[[Aristocracy]]
|"Rule by the best": aristocrats were generally wealthy and privileged. European feudal government resembled aristocracy, and some governments in ancient Greece were aristocracies.
|-
|[[Aristotle]]
|384 to 322 B.C. Greek [[philosopher]], student of [[Plato]] and tutor to Alexander the Great. Focused on experience with the physical world; studied biology and founded a school, the Lyceum, resembling a university with specimens and a library.
|-
|[[Assyrian Empire]]
|1400-605 B.C. First dependent on Babylonia, then became an independent state, and finally an empire. Known for cruelty, especially to the Hebrews. Captured northern Kingdom of Israel in 722, but destroyed by Medians in the 600s.
|-
|[[Athens]]
|Greek city-state. Democracy begun by Pericles in 5th century B.C. Previously ruled by aristocrats. First democracy in the world and a great naval power. Rival with Persia but united to defeat invading Persians.
|-
|[[Attila the Hun]]
|Last and greatest ruler of the Huns. Fought against the eastern Roman Empire and then fought the western Roman Empire throughout the mid AD 400s. Almost defeated, but then almost sacked Rome; turned away by Pope Leo I.
|-
|[[Augustus Caesar]]
|63 B.C. - A.D. 14. Succeeded Julius Caesar and became first Roman Emperor. Ruler during the birth of Christ. Defeated Mark Antony for rule of Rome.
|-
|[[Babylon]]
|The major Mesopotamian city in the ancient Middle East. Greatest ruler was Hammurabi. Developed Cuneiform, used base-60 numbers, and defeated ancient Sumer about 2000 B.C. Later cruel to Hebrews.
|-
|[[Babylonia]]
|State and Empire created by Babylon. First empire existed from 1900-1600 B.C. Resurged as the Neo-Babylonian Empire from 625-538 B.C. Imposed [[Babylonian Exile]] on Hebrews.
|-
|[[B.C.E.]]
|Flawed secularized term to denote "Before Common Era" same dating system as B.C. but secularized.
|-
|[[Bible]]
|Collection of Hebrew (Old Testament) and Christian (New Testament) Scriptures. Foretells the coming of a Messiah for the Hebrews, and recounts ancient history including the Tower of Babel and the Great Flood.
|-Birth Of Christ: 0 B.C. Jesus was born in Bethlahem
|Brahman/Brahmin
|''Brahman'': the ultimate god or existence in Hinduism, of which all existence is somehow a part, or from which all comes; ''Brahmin'': the highest class for families in the Hindu caste system
|-
|[[Bronze Age]]
|It is the age referred to during which time bronze was the common metal used in people's everyday lives. It was used for jewelry, tools, utensils, weapons, and it helped enable the introduction of the plough.
|-
|[[Buddhism]]
|It is a belief system which teaches that desire causes suffering and if desire is eliminated, enlightenment and Nirvana are attained.
|-
|[[Byzantine Empire]]
|It was the eastern part of the Roman Empire that split away. It outlasted the Western half by 1000 years due to its greater financial resources.
|-
|[[Carthage]]
|A city off the coast of Africa whose rivalry with Rome led to the three Punic Wars at the end of which Carthage was destroyed and decreed never to be rebuilt.
|-
|[[Caste]]
|It is a social rank in Hinduism. Brahmans are priests and scholars, Kshatriya are rulers, Vaishya are peasants, and Shudra are serfs. Good karma enables one to improve his caste in the next life.
|-
|[[Celts]]
|A tribal people who had lived and had controlled parts of Europe including Ireland, England, Scotland, and Wales since ancient times, whose religious consisted of worshiping many gods and being led by priests called "druids", until converted to Christianity by Saint Patrick in Ireland
|-
|[[C.E.]]
|Secularized term for A.D. same dating system as A.D. But Means Common Era instead of In the Year of our lord.
|-
|[[Chaldeans]]
|The ancient Babylonians
|-
|[[Charlemagne]]
|King of the Franks from 768 AD to 814 AD, and Holy Roman Emperor from 800 AD; he greatly expanded both his empire and Christianity during his rule.
|-
|[[China]]
|The world's oldest major civilization
|-
|[[city-states]]
|Small nations consisting of only a single city each; common in ancient Greece. Examples included Sparta, Athens and Corinth. They fought each other, but also banned together to defeat the Persians when that great empire sought to absorb Greece.
|-
|[[Civilization]]
|A group of people who live in an area. They have agriculture, currency, a government and laws, and an economy.
|-
|[[Classical Civilizations]]
|Ancient Mediterranean civilizations that were generally pre-Christian, such as Rome, Greece, and Egypt
|-
|[[Classicism]]
|A Renaissance movement in the arts, looking back to ancient Rome and Greece for inspiration
|-
|[[Code of Hammurabi]]
| The code of Hammurabi was one of the first set of written laws. It was a harsh code that demanded an eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth. Hammurabi was the king of Babylon from 1792 to 1750 B.C.
|-
|[[Code of Manu]]
|-
|Hindu law containing rules and codes of conduct.
|-
|[[Colosseum]]
|A massive stadium in Rome that was used to hold gladiatorial contests, chariot racing and killing Christians for entertainment.
|-
|[[Comedy]]
|In a classical sense, a play with a happy ending. All classical plays were either a "comedy" or a "tragedy".
|-
|[[Confucius]]
|A very famous Chinese philosopher who came up with many ideas about ethics and social conduct
|-
|[[Constantine]]
|The first Christian emperor of Rome who legalized Christianity and ended the persecution of Christians
|-
|[[Constantinople]]
|Modern day Istanbul, it was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire from AD 330. Also known as Byzantium.
|-
|[[Council of Nicaea]]
|A council of bishops called by Constantine to obtain agreement on various aspects of Christianity such as the doctrine of the Trinity and the role of the Roman Bishop (the Pope).
|-
|[[cuneiform]]
|The earliest known form of writing.
|-
|[[David]]
|Second king of Israel and a descendant of Jesus Christ. He was chosen by God to replace Saul and he expands the kingdom of Israel greatly.
|-
|[[Dharma]]
|The laws of religions such as Buddhism and Hinduism
|-
|[[Diaspora]]
|The migration or scattering of a people away from their ancestral home.
|-
|[[Direct Democracy]]
|laws are made by votes of the citizens, rather than by elected officials. Athens of ancient Greece was the first direct democracy.
|-
|[[Dorians]]
|tribes that settled Greece between 1100 and 1000 B.C., having a military ruling class that oppressed the local people some cities even after the Greeks established democracy in Athens. The "Doric order" is the simplest form of Greek architecture, consisting of a straight column without any artistic trim at the top.
|-
|[[Early agriculture]]
|Crops such as grain being grown in places such as Egypt
|-
|[[Edict of Milan]]
|a political proclamation that fully legalized Christianity (and all other religions) throughout the Roman Empire. This edict was issued by Constantine I in 313 AD, shortly after the end of the Diocletian persecutions against Christians.
|-
|[[Egypt]]
|One of the oldest civilizations in recorded history, going back over 5,000 years
|-
|[[Eightfold Path]]
|The Buddhist path to reach the end of suffering
|-
|[[Enlightened One]]
|A translation of the name Buddha
|-
|[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]
|A Sumerian poem preserved on stone tablets with a story bearing great resemblance to Noah's ark
|-
|[[Euclid]]
|A Greek mathematician and the father of geometry
|-
|[[Euphrates river]]
| The Euphrates is a river that was the border of Mesopotamia and was both a trading route and a protection for Mesopotamia. The land between the Euphrates and the Tigris river is known as the fertile crescent and is the birthplace of civilization.
|-
|[[Fertile Crescent]]
|An area of land in the Middle East area where it was easier to grow crops
|-
|[[Four Noble Truths]]
|Important principles in [[Buddhism]]
|-
|[[Gentiles]]
|The term for people who are not of Israeli descent.
|-Golden Age: An age of great peace and prosperity.
|[[Gracchi brothers]]
|Two tribunes of ancient Rome who wanted to help the poor by redistributing land from the rich
|-
|[[Great Wall of China]]
|A large wall created in Ancient China to keep invaders out of the country
|-
|[[Greek drama]]
|Theatrical tradition of ancient Greece between 600 and 400 B.C. with two main types: comedies (good ending) and tragedies (bad ending)
|-
|[[Greek empire]]
|An important empire that produced some of the first works of literature and mythology that has impacted culture today
|-
|[[Gupta empire]]
|An empire that covered much of modern India and Pakistan that came up with algebra, the concepts of zero and infinity, and the numbers 1-9
|-
|[[Hammurabi]]
|King of Babylon who developed the Code of Hammurabi, which is based on the concept of an eye for an eye
|-
|[[Hannibal]]
|Military commander who planned attacks against Rome and Spain
|-
|[[Hebrews]]
|God's chosen people, and the ancestors of the Israelites
|-
|[[heliocentric]]
|A theory where the Sun is the center of the universe.
|-
|[[Hellenistic]]
|Relating to Greek culture, particularly in lands beyond Greece as conquered by Alexander the Great beginning in 335 B.C.
|-
|[[Hieroglyphics]]
|A phonetic alphabet developed by the ancient Egyptians that uses the pictographic symbols to represent both an object and/or a phonetic sound.
|-
|[[Hinduism]]
|A major religion. It is polytheistic, and is practiced in many places, most notably India.
|-
|[[Hippocrates]]
|"The father of medicine", developed the [[Hippocratic Oath]] which all medical students worldwide take as a condition of graduation.
|-History:A usually chronological record of events, as of the life or development of a people or institution, often including an explanation of or commentary on those events.
|[[Holy Roman Empire]]
|Sometimes called the First Reich; it lasted from 900 to 1806 AD, and included the territory in Europe that was loosely under the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor. In practice, the constituent states ruled themselves.
|-
|[[Homer]]
|An early Greek poet, famous for lengthy sagas such as ''Iliad'' and ''The Odyssey''.
|-
|[[Huns]]
|A tribe of people who fought with the Romans in what is now the Ukraine. They were considered by many Romans to be the most ferocious of enemies
|-
|[[Ideograms]]
|A graphic symbol representing a concept or an idea
|-
|[[India]]
|A country that was home to the Indus Valley civilization and dates back over 3,000 years
|-
|[[Indus River Valley]]
|A fertile valley that was home to an ancient civilization and is modern Pakistan and northwestern India
|-
|[[Iron Age]]
|An era where tools and weapons were made primarily out of iron
|-
|[[Isaac]]
|The promised son born to Abraham and Sarah in their old age. The father of the Israeli people.
|-
|[[Ishmael]]
|The son born to Abraham and Sarah's servant, Hagar. Ishmael is revered by Muslims as an ancestor who was unfairly treated as an outcast after Isaac was subsequently born to Abraham and Sarah.
|-
|[[Israel]]
|The chosen nation of God and place where most events of the Bible took place
|-
|[[Jainism]]
|A Dharmic religion that stresses non-violence
|-
|[[Jesus]]
|The Holy Messiah of the Christian faith, and the only son of God who was promised to save all humanity. He was the only founder of a religion to perform miracles to cure the suffering, the only one to emphasize the power of faith, and the only one to give up His life for the salvation of others.
|-
|[[Joan of Arc]]
|17 year old girl who heard God calling her to lead the French army against the English in the 15th century. Was later canonized by the Catholic Church
|-
|[[Judah, Kingdom of]]
|the southern kingdom of a divided Israel
|-
|[[Julius Caesar]]
|A political leader who laid out the groundwork for the future Roman Empire, and also provided the foundation of the Gregorian calendar
|-
|[[Justinian]] I/the [[Justinian Code]]
|Eastern Roman Emperor from 527 to 565 who developed the Justinian Code, which is the basis of civil law in many places
|-
|[[Karma]]
|In Hinduism, everything a person has done. Determines status in the next life
|-
|[[Kassites]]
|Eastern Tribe which controlled Babylon.
|-
|[[Latin]]
|The language spoken in ancient Rome that has contributed to many modern day European languages, including English
|-
|[[Niccolo Machiavelli]]
|An Italian political theorist and author, known for his book ''The Prince'', which showed how a self-serving ruler will follow the policy that the "end justifies the means."
|-
|[[Magna Carta]]
|A charter of personal and political liberties granted to the barons by King John of England in June 1215.
|-
|[[Maize]]
|Corn, first grown by Native Americans
|-
|[[Mandate of Heaven]]
|Chinese mandate that held that the gods blessed good rulers and overthrew bad ones
|-
|[[manor]]
|Under feudalism during the Middle Ages, a manor was a farm owned by a lord who had peasants to do the work and pay him rent in exchange for food, shelter and protection
|-
|[[Marc Antony]]
|A Roman commander and close friend of Caesar. He was in the 1st civil war of the Roman Republic
|-
|[[Martin Luther]]
|An important Christian figure who launched the Protestant Reformation and founded the Lutheran Church. He was responsible for the first major split from the Catholic Church
|-
|[[Mauryan Empire]]
|A Buddhist empire covering much of modern India
|-
|[[Mesoamerica]]
|Mexico and Central America, where Pre-Columbian (before Christopher Columbus' exploration in 1492) civilizations existed
|-
|[[Mesopotamia]]
|Modern-day [[Iraq]], where civilization first appeared
|-
|[[Messiah]]
|Essentially means anointed by God. Jesus Christ is the Messiah of Christianity
|-
|[[Michelangelo]]
|A Renaissance painter and sculptor, known for his paintings on the Sistine Chapel ceiling, among other masterpieces. The archetypal Renaissance man.
|-
|[[Middle Ages]]
|A period of time, also called the Medieval Ages, spanning from approximately 500 AD to 1500 AD, where kingdoms were ruled by the system of [[feudalism]]
|-
|[[Middle Kingdom]]
|Egyptian kingdom known for its works and ideas that ended due to a civil war
|-
|[[monotheism]]
|The belief in a religion worshipping only one god. [[Christianity]], [[Judaism]], and [[Islam]] are monotheistic religions.
|-
|[[Moses]]
|The prophet who led the Israelites out of Egypt. He also brought the Ten Commandments to the Israelites, and is credited with writing the first five books of the Bible
|-
|[[Nile]]
|River in Egypt which flows towards the Mediterranean Sea and supplies Egypt with water.
|-
|[[New Kingdom]]
|Ancient Egypt at the time of Moses, where many buildings were built primarily with slave labor
|-
|[[Nicene Creed]]
|A core statement of Christianity that asserts the Holy Trinity of God the Father, God the Son, and the Holy Ghost
|-
|[[Nirvana]]
|The ultimate goal of Buddhism, the end of all suffering
|-
|[[Old Kingdom]]
|The ancient Egyptian kingdom that built the famous pyramids
|-
|[[Olympics (Ancient Greek)]]
|An ancient Greek sporting event first held in 776 B.C., establishing the beginning of the Greek civilization
|-
|[[Paul]]
|An apostle of Jesus, and the only one not to have seen Him in the flesh. He went to different churches and wrote letters that make up a part of the New Testament of the Bible
|-
|[[Pax Romana]]
|27 B.C.-180 A.D. A time of peace for the Roman Empire
|-
|[[Peloponnesian War]]
|War fought between Athens and Sparta, 431-404 B.C. The war was ultimately won by Sparta and its allies
|-
|[[Pentateuch]]
|The first five books of the modern Bible, believed to have been written by Moses
|-
|[[Persian empire]]
|A large empire stretching from India to southern Europe and Egypt
|-
|[[Persian Wars]]
|Wars between Persia (modern-day Iran) and Greek city-states such as Athens and Sparta
|-
|[[Peter]]
|A disciple and apostle of Jesus, who taught in areas such as Jerusalem and Palestine
|-
|[[pharaoh]]
|The ruler of Ancient Egypt
|-
|[[Philip of Macedon]]
|King of Macedonia, and father of Alexander the Great who arranged for him to be homeschooled. Philip lived from 359 to 336 B.C., and his son succeeded him in power.
|-
|[[Philistines]]
|Group of people occupying the land of Canaan. Enemies of Israel and God.
|-
|[[Phoenicians]]
|An ancient people who lived and traded goods on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea, and who developed a new language based on an alphabet of 22 letters. All Western alphabets, such as English and French and Italian and Greek and Latin, are based on it.
|-
|[[Plato]]
|Athenian philosopher who wrote several treatises on philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, and mathematics. He founded the Academy, of which Aristotle was the most famous student.
|-
|[[polis]]
|The name for city-states in Ancient Greece
|-
|[[polytheism]]
| A religion with many gods. This was the norm in ancient times until Judaism and Christianity emerged
|-
|[[Ptolemy]]
|Greek mathematician, geographer, astronomer, and astrologer
|-
|[[Punic Wars]]
|Enabled the Roman republic to gain control of the Mediterranean Sea and access to many goods
|-
|[[pyramids]]
|A structure with 3 or more triangular-shaped sides and a base that is either a triangle, a rectangle or some other polygon. These structures have been built for thousands of years, in such diverse areas as Egypt, Mexico, North America, China and India. Pyramids have either smooth sides, like the famous pyramids in Egypt, or stepped sides similar to those built by the Mayans in Mexico.
|-
|[[Reformation]]
|Events that led to the separation of Catholic and Protestant churches
|-
|[[Renaissance]]
|A revival in the arts and in Greek and Roman literature, and more of a focus on the current life
|-
|[[Roman empire]]
|Transition of Rome from a republic to having an emperor, starting with the appointment of Augustus Caesar as ruler in 27 B.C.
|-
|[[Roman republic]]
|The first republic, located in Rome, and the basis of many principles of the government of the United States
|-
|[[Rome]]
|The capital city of the Roman Empire, and of modern day Italy. Founded by Romulus and Remus, who supposedly fought over which one of them the city would be named after. Romulus killed his brother, and had the city named after himself.
|-
|[[Rosetta Stone]]
|Ancient text written on stone in three different languages that enabled the first translations of Egyptian hieroglyphics
|-
|[[Royal Road]]
|Ancient Persian highway rebuilt by Darius the Great
|-
|[[Saul]]
|The first king of Israel appointed by God. He turned out to be a very flawed character, afflicted by jealousy for David.
|-
|[[Scholasticism]]
|Christian doctrines about man popular in the Middle Ages
|-
|[[Scientific Revolution]]
|The beginning of modern science in the mid-1500s
|-
|[[Senate]]
|The dominant force of the Roman Republic's government.
|-
|[[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]]
|A listing of the most impressive public works in the world written by Greek writer Antipater in the 2nd century B.C.
|-
|[[Siddhartha Gautama]]
|The Buddha, and the founder of the religion of Buddhism
|-
|[[Silk Road]]
|A trade route from East China to Central Asia and Europe
|-
|[[Socrates]]
|An Athenian philosopher who believed that the world we experience is a poor substitute for reality. His philosophy inspired Plato and in turn Aristotle, and became the accepted Orthodoxy until modern times.
|-
|[[Solomon]]
|Third king of Israel. Wrote ''Proverbs'', ''Ecclesiastes'' and ''Song of Solomon''.
|-
|[[Sparta]]
|A Greek city-state well-known for its military prowess. Fought (and won) the Peloponnesian war against Athens.
|-
|[[Spread of Buddhism]]
|Buddhism traveled outside of India along the Silk Road
|-
|[[Stirrup]]
|The stirrup was invented in China in 322 B.C. The stirrup greatly helped riders control their horses more and gave advantage in battle.
|-
|[[St. Augustine]]
|-
|A father of the Christian church
|-
|[[Sumer]]
|Homeland of the Sumerians, located in Mesopotamia, in present-day Iraq
|-
|[[Sumerians]]
|The earliest civilizations living in the Middle East; invented many things including the first known form of writing
|-
|[[Sun Tzu]]
|Wrote ''The Art of War'', a Chinese book on military strategy.
|-
|[[Taoism (Daoism)]]
|Chinese philosophy of seeking harmony with nature
|-
|[[Ten Commandments]]
|The laws of the God of Israel handed down to Moses
|-
|[[Theocracy]]
|A government ruled by the laws of a specific religion
|-
|[[Thomas Aquinas]]
|An Italian Christian philosopher whose ideas were influential in developing complex Christian theology.
|-
|[[Thirty Years' War]]
|Primarily a religious conflict as Catholic states sought to suppress Protestantism. It began as a fight between Bohemian Protestants and Hapsburg Catholics in 1618, and soon became a political conflict for power that included Spain, Holland, Denmark, France, Sweden, and The Habsburgs of the Holy Roman Empire. The war ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.
|-
|[[Thucydides]]
|Greek scientific historian, wrote ''History of the Peloponnesian War'', the first work of historical analysis
|-
|[[Torah]]
|The Jewish name for the five books of Moses, meaning Law. The first five books of the modern Bible.
|-
|[[Tragedy]]
|A type of drama and/or poetic saga that was common in Ancient Greece. It normally followed the fall of a character, often because of a specific character flaw such as envy or greed. The production and study of tragedies was very important in early philosophical movements, particularly that of Aristotle
|-
|[[Tutankhamen]]
|A young Egyptian 18th dynasty pharaoh who ruled from approx. 1341 B.C. to 1323 B.C. The discovery of his tomb by Howard Carter in 1922 shed light on Egyptian culture.
|-
|[[Vedas]]
|Holy books of Hinduism
|-
|[[Virgil]]
|Well-known Roman poet and philosopher
|-
|[[Vishnu]]
|Supreme god of Hinduism
|-
|[[Visigoths]]
|A confederacy of Germanic tribes that ultimately fell to the Moors
|-
|[[Warring States Period]]
|War period in China also known for the philosophical schools that flourished
|-
|[[Yahweh]]
|God as described in the [[Old Testament]], written as YHWH in the original Hebrew.
|-
|[[Yin and Yang]]
|Daoist idea that everything in the universe stays in harmony
|-
|[[Zhou dynasty]]
|771 to 221 B.C. Longest lasting Chinese dynasty. Confucius lived during it.
|-
|[[Ziggurat]]
|Manmade step-sided structures resembling pyramids that were built in Mesopotamia. The [[Tower of Babel]], described in Genesis 11, may have been a giant ziggurat.
|-
|[[Zoroastrianism]]
|Dualistic religion founded between 1200 and 600 B.C. in what is now modern Iran
|-
|}

==Honors terms==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Term
!Definition
|-
|[[Aeschylus]]
|The oldest of the three great Athenian tragic playwrights (next to [[Sophocles]] and [[Euripides]]), 525-456 B.C.
|-
|[[Age of Metal]]
|Copper, iron, and bronze were developed as tools
|-
|[[Age of Pericles]]
|The "golden age" of Athens, led by Pericles, who introduced a form of direct democracy from 461-429 B.C.
|-
|[[Queen Ahhotep|Ahhotep]]
|A Middle Kingdom Pharaoh who repelled Hyksos from Egypt.
|-
|[[Akkadian Empire]]
|A Sumerian empire (2360-2180 B.C.) located in the fertile crescent in the lower Mesopotamia and north of the Sumer River.
|-
|[[Alluvial]]
|A deposit of sediment (alluvium) in a river bed.
|-
|archons
|in the early Greek empire (around 700 B.C.), archons were government officials elected by the land-owning aristocrats. The archons then made the law.
|-
|[[Arianism]]
|A theological view, taught by Arius around 320 AD, that Jesus was divine but was created by and is lesser than God. This view was considered heresy by orthodox Trinitarians, and condemned by the Council of Nicaea in 325 AD.
|-
|[[Aristophanes]]
|Athenian playwright, a writer of comedies and political satires. 456-380 B.C.
|-
|[[Ark of the Covenant]]
|The chest used by the Hebrews to contain the tablets of the Law given to Moses by God.
|-
|[[Aryans]]
|A semi-nomadic Nordic tribe that invaded and settled India around 1500 B.C.
|-
|[[Ashoka]]
|Emperor of the Mauryan Empire of India from 273 to 232 B.C. He was upset by the horrors of war after being triumphant, and became an advocate of Buddhism. After his conversion, he had thousands of rock pillars erected that were inscribed with the teachings of the Buddha. These are the first recordings of Buddha's teachings.
|-
|[[Bantu]]
|Over 400 tribes in Africa that share the Bantu language and common customs.
|-
|[[Barracks Emperors]]
|A series of Roman emperors who from 235 AD to 284 AD used the Roman army as a base for political power. These emperors usually had a poor, rural background.
|-
|[[Battle of Marathon]]
|In August 490 B.C., King Darius I of Persia brought his army to the plains of Marathon to invade Athens. Despite being outnumbered ten to one, the Athenian army defeated the Persians.
|-
|[[Bhagavad Gita]]
|A section of the Mahabharata, the Bhagavad Gita is an ancient Hindu text written in Sanskrit which consists of Krishna's writings on philosophy and morality.
|-
|[[Caesar's Commentaries]]
|A history by Julius Caesar describing the wars he fought.
|-
|[[Caligula]]
|A Roman emperor, ruling from 37 AD to 41 AD, who is historically depicted as a brutal monster, and who was so hated that he was murdered by his own guards.
|-
|[[Canaan]]
|The geographical area that encompasses modern-day Israel, the West Bank and a portion of land east of the Jordan River.
|-
|[[Catal Huyuk]]
|An ancient settlement in southern Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey.
|-
|[[Catholic Monarchs]]
|The title given by Pope Alexander VI to King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, whose marriage in 1469 caused the unification of Spain and its conversion back to a Catholic nation from Islam (the "Reconquest")
|-
|[[Cato the Censor]]
|A Roman statesman who during the Punic War called for the destruction of Carthage.
|-
|[[Champollion, Jean]]
|Jean Champollion (1790-1832) is the father of Egyptology (the study of Egypt), and who translated a portion of the Rosetta Stone.
|-
|[[Chandragupta Maurya]]
|The founder of the Mauryan Empire in India who ruled between 320 and 293 B.C. The first Indian emperor to be converted to Jainism, he eventually renounced his throne and joined a group of nomadic Jain monks.
|-
|[[Cicero]]
|A Roman consul, statesman, lawyer, philosopher and author. After Julius Caesar's assassination, Cicero was one of the most powerful politicians in Rome, and was Mark Antony's rival.
|-
|[[Cincinnatus]]
|A Roman hero for whom the city of Cincinnati, Ohio was named. In 458 B.C., he raised an army in Rome and came to the aid of the consul Minucius and his men, who were trapped in a dead-end valley by the Aequians. The Roman Senate had declared war against the Aequians because they had been raiding Roman farms. Cincinnatus is also known for voluntarily giving up power, surpassed only by George Washington in that regard among government leaders.
|-
|[[Claudius]]
|Roman emperor who became ruler after his nephew Caligula's assassination, he ruled from 41 AD until 54 AD, when he was poisoned by his wife Agrippina. Britain came under Roman rule during his reign, and his edict expelling the Jews from Rome is mentioned in the Book of Acts in the Bible.
|-
|[[Cleopatra]]
|Seven Egyptian queens of Greek decent that ruled from 193 BC until 30 BC during the Ptolemaic Dynasty. The most famous, Cleopatra VII Philopator, Egypt's last independent ruler, had affairs with both Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.
|-
|[[Code of Hammurabi]]
|An elaborate code of law created by Hammurabi that called for harsh punishment, such as an eye for an eye, a foot for a foot.
|-
|[[Confucianism]]
|A Chinese ethical and moral philosophy based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius that focuses on human morality and right action. It has had a significant influence on the development on the culture and history of East Asia.
|-
|[[Constitutional monarchy]]
|A government with a constitution that acknowledges a monarch as head of state with varying degrees of influence in the running of the country. Countries with constitutional monarchies include the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Denmark, the Netherlands and Spain.
|-
|[[consul]]
|An elected governmental position in ancient Rome that held executive authority and military command of the Roman Republic.
|-
|[[Copts]]
|The Coptic Church originated in Egypt around 50 AD when St. Mark the Evangelist traveled to Alexandria, and is one of the oldest Christian denominations. Its leader is the Patriarch of Alexandria, who is called Pope.
|-
|[[Covenant]]
|An oath or promise.
|-
|[[Cynicism]]
|A Greek philosophy founded by Antisthenes (444 BC - 365 BC) that rejects worldly pleasure in favor of happiness derived from virtue.
|-
|[[Cyrus]]
|A Persian emperor (576 BC – 529 BC) who conquered Babylon and sent the Jews back to Israel.
|-
|[[Darius]]
|A Persian emperor (521 BC – 486 BC) who quelled the Ionian Revolt and invaded Greece, but was forced to withdraw at the Battle of Marathon.
|-
|[[Delian League]]
|A confederation during the Persian Wars controlled by Athens, and consisting of Athens and other Greek city-states and Aegean towns. Its navy helped defend Greece from Persia.
|-
|[[Demosthenes (Greek statesman)|Demosthenes]]
|A ancient Greek statesman who spoke against Philip II of Macedonia in speeches that came to be known as "Philippics". He also attempted to convince Greeks to rise up against Macedonian rule after the death of Philip's son, Alexander the Great.
|-
|[[Diocletian]]
|The last Barrack Emperor of Rome, he ruled from 284 AD until 305 AD. He divided the Roman Empire into eastern and western regions in an attempt to save the empire, and formed a tetrarchy of four rulers, two for each region. He also required the military to worship the Roman pagan gods, thus making it impossible for Christians to be soldiers, as well as cruelly persecuted them.
|-
|[[Dorians]]
|Tribes that settled in Greece between 1100 BC and 1000 BC, and had a military ruling class, which persisted in Sparta and Crete even after democracy was established in Athens. These tribes created the simplest style of Greek architecture, known as the Doric order, which consisted of unadorned, straight columns.
|-
|Draco
|a tyrant in Athens during the early Greek empire (600s B.C.) who established a set of written laws that were so strict that the term "draconian" today refers to overly harsh rules of punishment
|-
|[[Dravidians]]
|Dravidians are the people of southern India and Sri Lanka who speak the Dravidian languages and are found in the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka.

|-
|[[Empress Lu]]
|The wife of the Chinese emperor Han Gaozu, who after her husband's death had all other possible heirs murdered and installed her son as emperor, ruling as regent until her death.
|-
|[[Epicureanism]]
|A philosophy founded by Epicurus in the late 4th century that holds the belief that great happiness is achievable through the avoidance of pain and fear. It does not believe in divine power interacting with humanity.
|-
|[[Etruscans]]
|People who settled in the Italian peninsula prior to 700 BC. Most Etruscan cities ran on a democratic-style system. Their culture influenced the later Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Euripides]]
|Athenian tragic playwright, BC 480-406.
|-
|[[Exodus]]
|The abrupt departure of the people of Israel from Egypt, as told in the Book of Exodus in the Bible.
|-
|[[Five Good Emperors]]
|Five consecutive Roman emperors who ruled between 96 AD to 180 AD and were elected due to talent rather than family connections.
|-
|[[foraging society]]
|A pre-farming economy based upon scavenging, hunting, and gathering resources.
|-
|[[Four Emperors Era]]
|A series of Roman emperors who ruled in quick succession in 68-69 AD.
|-
|[[Franks]]
|A Germanic people that, beginning in the 4th century AD, eventually conquered the areas of France, Benelux, Belgium, The Netherlands and portions of Germany.
|-
|[[Gaul]]
|The Roman name for the area comprising modern-day France and Belgium, and parts of northern Italy, western Switzerland and Germany, and the Netherlands. This area was under Roman rule for most of its existence.
|-
|[[Golden mean]]
|Is considered the middle between two extremes in philosophy.
|-
|[[Great Canal]]
|A canal that connected the Nile River to the Red Sea, built during the Middle Kingdom of Egypt.
|-
|[[Hadrian]]
|The third of the "Five Good Emperors" of the Roman Empire, Hadrian ruled from A.D. 117 to 138 and had two main achievements: he ended Rome's costly territorial expansion, fortifying her boundaries with numerous "Walls of Hadrian," and he effectively "Hellenized" Rome by anointing Athens the empire’s cultural center, thereby enhancing learning.
|-
|[[Han empire]]
|d
|-
|[[Harappa]]
|A city that is part of the Indus Valley Civilization. It is part of modern Pakistan
|-
|[[Hatshepsut]]
|d
|-
|[[Hellenistic culture]]
|Greek culture after the death of Alexander in 323 B.C., when Greek influence extended throughout the territory he conquered; Hellenistic culture was renowned for its strict code of ethics, its culinary prowess, and its use of metal.
|-
|[[helot]]
|d
|-
|[[Herodotus]]
|d
|-
|[[Hiram]]
|d
|-
|[[Hittites]]
|An ancient people in the Middle East that gained control of most of Mesopotamia in 1650 B.C. due to their advanced inventions, such as horse-drawn chariots.
|-
|[[Horace]]
|d
|-
|[[humanism]]
|Thee Greek emphasis on reason, ethics and rational thinking rather than religion.
|-
|[[Hyksos]]
|d
|-
|[[Iron Smelting]]
|A technology comprised of the extraction of usable metal from iron ore.
|-
|[[Iliad]]
|a great Greek work of literature written by Homer in the 800s or 700s B.C., describing the mythical Trojan War
|-
|[[Jericho]]
|d
|-
|[[Josephus]]
|d
|-
|[[Judaism]]
|The monotheistic religion of the Hebrews, also the oldest religion that remains currently active.
|-
|[[Kassites]]
|Led by their king [[Agumkakrine]], they took advantage of the [[Hittite]] raid of 1595 B.C. and occupied the [[Babylonian]] region, where they ruled for over 400 years.
|-
|[[Khufu]]
|Egyptian pharaoh who had the pyramid of Giza built
|-
|[[Khyber Pass]]
|An important break in the mountains between Pakistan and Afghanistan, pivotal in military campaigns by Alexander the Great, Aryans, Muslims, and later the British, who had to overcome defensive positions taken from above by local tribesman.
|-
|[[Kush]]
|d
|-
|[[Larger Vehicle]]
|d
|-
|[[Last Roman Emperor]]
|d
|-
|legalism
|d
|-
|[[Legions]]
|d
|-
|[[Lesser Vehicle]]
|d
|-
|[[Livy]]
|d
|-
|[[Loess]]
|d
|-
|[[Mahayana]]
|d
|-
|[[Manichaeism]]
|d
|-
|[[Marathon]]
|Marathon is a small town near Athens where the Greeks won an important battle against the Persians in 490 B.C. News of the victory was carried on foot to Athens by a soldier. Modern marathon running takes its name from that feat and covers a distance of 42 kilometers, allegedly the distance between Marathon and Athens.
|-
|[[Marcus Aurelius]]
|d
|-
|[[Marius]]
|d
|-
|[[Masada]]
|d
|-
|[[Menes]]
|d
|-
|[[Meroe]]
|d
|-
|[[Mesolithic Age]]
|Sometime before the beginning of recorded history in 3500 B.C., when humans changed from hunting and gathering food to producing food, as in planting and farming.
|-
|[[Minoan Civilization]]
|d
|-
|[[Moksha]]
|d
|-
|[[monsoons]]
|Tropical storms, particularly in the climate of India, where the "southwest monsoon" occurs from about mid-June to the first week in October, and consists of winds carrying heavy rainfall from the Indian Ocean and resulting in widespread flooding
|-
|[[Mount Sinai]]
|d
|-
|[[Mycenaean Civilization]]
|d
|-
|[[Nebuchadnezzar I]]
|
|-
|[[Nebuchadnezzar II]]
|d
|-
|[[Neolithic Age]]
|d
|-
|[[Nero]]
|d
|-
|[[Nerva]]
|d
|-
|[[Nile River]]
|A river that ran throughout all of Egypt and fueled its entire agricultural and economic system.
|-
|[[Nineveh]]
|The capital of Assyria, seized and destroyed by the Chaldeans in 612 B.C.
|-
|[[Nok culture]]
|The African culture where the people created the first terracotta production as well as iron-smelting technology.
|-
|[[Octavian]]
|d
|-
|[[Odyssey]]
|The Odyssey was an epic poem written by the [[Greek]] poet [[Homer]]. It traces the journey home to Greece by a hero of the Trojan war and the troubles he faces at the hands of gods and men.
|-
|[[Olmec]]
|d
|-
|oracle bone
|d
|-
|[[Origen]]
|dddd
|-
|[[Ostrogoths]]
|d
|-
|[[Ovid]]
|d
|-
|[[Paleolithic Age]]
|d
|-
|[[papyrus]]
|A thin parchment constructed from reeds near the Nile River
|-
|pariah
|d
|-
|[[Parthenon]]
|d
|-
|[[patricians]]
|d
|-
|[[Peru]]
|Peru is a country in South America with a rich history. Once dominated by the Incas, Peru fell to the Spanish in the 16th Century.
|-
|[[Philippides]]
|An athlete sent by Athens to run 150 miles to Sparta as they needed help in their battle against Persia, where they were outnumbered 10 to 1. His remarkable ability continues to inspire ambitious joggers today.
|-
|[[Philo]]
|d
|-
|[pictograph]]
|A pictorial symbol for a word or phrase. Pictographs are the foundation for cuneiform and hieroglyphics, having been discovered in Egypt and Mesopotamia from before 3000 B.C.
|-
|[[Pisistratids]]
|d
|-
|[[plebian]]
|d
|-
|[[Plutarch]]
|d
|-
|[[Pompey]]
|d
|-
|[[praetors]]
|d
|-
|[[Prehistory]]
|Before 3400 B.C.
|-
|purdah
|d
|-
|[[Pythagorus]]
|A Greek philosopher mathematician (569-475 B.C.), best known for his Pythagorean Theorem which equates the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle to the sum of the squares of each side. His philosophy included abstracting 2 ships + 2 ships = 4 ships to the more general truth that 2 of anything plus 2 of anything = 4 of anything.
|-
|[[Ramayana]]
|d
|-
|[[Ramses II]]
|d
|-
|[[Rembrandt]]
|d
|-
|[[Rig Veda]]
|d
|-
|[[Romance of Three Kingdoms]]
|d
|-
|[[Romulus and Remus]]
|d
|-
|[[rule of tyrants]]
|during the early Greek empire in the 600s, a series of tyrants ruled Athens. One was "Draco", who imposed the same penalty of death for every crime, no matter how minor!
|-
|[[Saint Patrick]]
|an Italian who traveled to Ireland and converted the Celts there to Christianity in the mid-400s A.D.
|-
|[[Sargon the Great]]
|The first person in recorded history to create an empire or multi-ethnic state.
|-
|[[Sati (Buddhism)]]
|d
|-
|[[Satrap]]
|d
|-
|[[Saxons]]
|d
|-
|[[Schliemann, Heinrich]]
|d
|-
|[[Scipio]]
|d
|-
|[[Seneca]]
|Roman philosopher (a [[Stoicism|Stoic]]), statesman and playwright; teacher of [[Nero]]. BC 4 - AD 65.
|-
|[[Shang dynasty]]
|d
|-
|[[Shang Yang]]
|d
|-
|[[Shi]]
|d
|-
|[[Shiva]]
|In Hinduism, Shiva "the Destroyer" is the third member of the Trimurti, or the "Hindu triad", along with Brahma "the Creator" and Vishnu "the Preserver".
|-
|[[Solon]]
|d
|-
|[[Sophocles]]
|Athenian tragic playwright, BC 497-406.
|-
|[[Steppes]]
|d
|-
|[[Stoicism]]
| The second of the two main Greek philosophical schools of thought. Stoicism sought to find a sense of divine justice, deemphasizing pain and pleasure for the goal of reason, logic, and self discipline.
|-
|[[Stone age]]
|The stone age is believed to be at time before men had metal working skills in our prehistory. Young Earth Creationists dispute the exsistence of a stone age rather there were stone working cultures.
|-
|[[Stupa]]
|d
|-
|[[Sulla]]
|d
|-
|Sunna
|d
|-
|[[Sumuabum]]
|d
|-
|[[Suttee]]
|An ancient Hindu practice in India where a wife sacrifices herself upon her husband's funeral pyre.
|-
|[[Tacitus]]
|d
|-
|[[Taj Mahal]]
|A marble memorial located in Agra, India. It was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, Queen Mumtaz Mahal, who died in childbirth.
|-
|[[terra cotta]]
|A hard fired clay, distinctively brownish-red colored (from Latin "terra cotta": baked earth) traditionally used for architectural purposes, especially ornamental, and for pottery and sculpture.
|-
|[[Theravada]]
|d
|-
|[[The Republic]]
|Plato's greatest writings, which form the foundation for America's system of government.
|-
|[[Thutmos III]]
|d
|-
|[[Tiber River]]
|One of the longest Italian rivers, over 250 miles long, it flows through the city of Rome.
|-
|[[Tiberius]]
|d
|-
|[[Tigris and Euphrates]]
|Two rivers where civilization began in [[Mesopotamia]] before 3500 B.C., as described in the Book of [[Genesis]] and also confirmed by non-biblical sources.
|-
|[[Titus and Domitian]]
|d
|-
|[[Trajan]]
|d
|-
|[[Tribal Assembly]]
|d
|-
|[[Triumvirate]]
|A triumvirate is a system of governance led by 3 leaders. The two most important triumvirates of ancient times were those of Rome: one led by Julius Caesar, Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great") and Marcus Crassus; and that led by Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. It was the failings of these triumvirates that lead to the downfall of the Republic, and the emergence of the Roman Empire.
|-
|[[Twelve Tables]]
|d
|-
|[[Untouchables]]
|d
|-
|[[Upanishads]]
|d
|-
|[[Ur]]
|d
|-
|[[Vandals]]
|d
|-
|[[Vespasian]]
|d
|-
|[[Wheel]]
|The ancient Mesopotamians invented the wheel, originally in the form of a potter’s wheel. This is considered the first and greatest of man's inventions.
|-
|[[Xenephos]]
|d
|-
|[[Xerxes]]
|A Persian king in the 5th century BC who attacked and conquered much of Greece, before being defeated in a naval battle in the Battle of Salamis and forced to withdraw back to Babylon
|-
|[[Zealots]]
|A group of Jews in the 1st century AD who sought the violent overthrow and expulsion of Rome from Israel. Their most famous battle (and defeat) came at the Masada, a mountain fortress that still holds spiritual significance for Israel today.
|-
|[[Zeno]]
|a Greek philosopher and follower of Parmenides who devised a number of famous arguments (his Paradoxes) directed against the opponents of Parmenides. His most famous was to explain how a finite distance can be divided into an infinite number of segments, each time traveling half the distance towards the destination such that destination would never be reached.
|-
|}

[[Category:World History lectures]]

Homework Eleven Answers - Student Twelve

2011-05-14T01:56:55Z

History: Created page with "Week 11 Immigration: The Road to a New America What should we be doing as a country to preserve our individuality from outside nations? Well in the late 1800's-1900's an..."

Week 11

Immigration: The Road to a New America

What should we be doing as a country to preserve our individuality from outside nations? Well in the late 1800's-1900's and basically throughout our entire history, our government thought that the best way to save our rich history was to put limitations on immigration. By constraining how many people immigrated and from what ethnic background they came from, our government was able to do what they believed, was in the best interest of our country. Thus, the inevitable battle of rules and regulations for immigration began in the early days of our country's history.
For most the most part in the beginning stages, immigration was free and limitless. William Penn the founder of Pennsylvania advertised overseas in the late 1600's for people to come and settle his colony. Many came from different European nations and helped to settle the United States. However, some people who were already here did not like the influence coming from those of other backgrounds and nationalities. For example, the Protestant British did not like the influence of the Catholic Irish. This dislike towards the immigrants was illustrated in1798 by the “Alien and Sedation Laws” which authorized the deportation of immigrants who had not yet become citizens. In 1854, after the Great Potato Famine of Ireland, huge numbers of Irish immigrants came to the United States. A new political movement emerged in response to this, the anti-immigration and anti-catholic group, the “Know-Nothings.” Ever since this time, there has been animosity towards immigration. In 1848 the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo which ended the Mexican War, allowed for Mexicans who were living in the territories acquired by the United States to become American citizens. After 1890, hundreds of Mexicans entered the U.S. illegally and were called “wetbacks.” The time period when the majority of immigrants came to our country was between the end of the Civil War and 1921. Most of those immigrants were European, but due to the Burlingame Treaty with China in 1868 which gave the Chinese unlimited rights to immigrate, many of the immigrants were Chinese. The labor unions then grew upset with the flood of Chinese immigrants. As a result, in 1882 President Chester Arthur signed a bill to prohibit the immigration of Chinese laborers. In 1891 the Federal government created the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) which is still supervising lawful immigration today. In 1892, the INS established a set location for the performance of medical tests and oaths of allegiance to America by new immigrants. This place is called Ellis Island and is located in New York Harbor. The highest point of lawful immigration to the United States was in the period between 1905-1914 when more than a million immigrants entered into our country legally. Most of them came from southern and central Europe. The very numerous amount of immigrants from European countries other than England and Ireland caused much dismay amongst many Americans of English background. They did not want their culture and way of living to change and affect the upbringing of their children. By the 1920's the U.S. was growing troubled about anarchists and communists entering our country through southern and eastern Europe. This growing concern was sparked due to the recent assassination of President McKinley by an anarchist of Eastern European decent. The Emergency Quota Act of 1921 limited immigration to 3% of that originating country's immigration levels in1910. This highlighted and promoted Protestant immigrants from England and Northern Europe as opposed to Catholic and Jewish immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe. The Immigration Act of 1924 reduced the 3% quota further to 2% and changed the baseline from 1910 to 1890. This Act gave even greater preferences to immigrants from Great Britain, Germany and Ireland and significantly reduced immigration from Italy, Russia and Asia.
Immigration from India was allowed in 1952, also immigration from Asia was once again resumed. In 1965 the Immigration and Nationality Act abolished the individual quotas for each foreign country. Instead it created an overall limit on visas as a first come first serve basis. In the early 1980's illegal immigration from Mexico expanded tremendously. The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 allowed most illegal aliens who lived in the U.S. since 1982 to apply for legal status. Today court decisions make it difficult or impossible for states to deny government benefits such as free public education and health care benefits to immigrants residing here illegally.
Thus our country has always had to deal with the problems of immigration. Some consider it a more serious problem than others. It is important to preserve our country's individuality because America is truly a nation like no other. However, it is equally important to encourage legal immigration. Our country is what it is today because of the coming together of people of different ethnic backgrounds. The United States was settled by immigrants. If it were not for the Pilgrims and the Puritans, the first immigrants to America, we would not have the great nation we enjoy living in today.

Alexa W

Homework Eleven Answers - Student Eleven

2011-05-09T13:55:02Z

History:

'''The Jazz Age'''

Jazz music, which was first adopted into the mainstream in the 1920s, was the first truly American music genre; and its freedom of expression, visceral rhythmic emphases, and unique cultural expressions fundamentally influenced American society during this era.

Musically, Jazz was the product of the heavily rhythmic, expressive music of Africa colliding with the sophistication of European music, which was beginning to experiment with less traditional melodic scales and structures and more impressionistic phrasings. The new music which was flourishing in the epicenters of New Orleans and Harlem was unprecedentedly spontaneous, often extensively improvised by the performers. This was a radical departure from classical music, in which the composer had complete control over musical expression. Frequently, one instrument would perform a solo while the rest of the band would “comp” the beat and basic chords. Call-and-response type structures were also common, harking back to the traditional chants of the plantation slaves. By the 20's, Jazz's driving rhythmic style was referred to as “swing”. This beat allowed the performers to synchronize their playing and develop a sense of organic, egalitarian unity amongst themselves and the audience.

By the 1920’s, Jazz had evolved through the stages of blues and ragtime and was generally characterized by medium-sized bands and a driving, dancible, accessible style. It was in this era that jazz had its greatest impact on society as a cultural force. Although previously Jazz had been associated with primarily black audiences, white Americans began to appreciate the genre, and the 20’s, often referred to as the “Jazz Age” (a term coined by F. Scott Fitzgerald), saw a surging rise of the popularity of Jazz in the mainstream. Jazz was embraced by an America emerging from the horror of the first world war and interested in good times, and a relaxation of traditional mores and values, which was often associated with the rule-breaking nature of Jazz and stereotypes of Black musicians. Along with the black movement, Jazz became a vehicle for the advancement of numerous other underground or illicit cultural ideals, including alchohol consumption (illegal under prohibition), recreational drug use, youthful rebellion, and women’s liberation. Alongside popular performers like Louis Armstrong, female jazz singers fought for recognition, including Bessie Smith and Billie Holiday. For the first time, minority cultures were glamorized by the majority.

The vivid imagery and powerful expressive potential of jazz music inspired many authors during the era, including F. Scott Fitzgerald, Carl Van Vechten, and Langston Hughes, an archetypal poet whose work explores the experience of black Americans in urban settings (especially his home town, Harlem), and pioneered jazz poetry, a genre which often discusses Jazz music and incorporates it’s rhythmic meter. This excerpt from his “The Weary Blues” imitates the lazy sway of early Blues music;

Droning a drowsy syncopated tune,
Rocking back and forth to a mellow croon,
... I hear a Negro play.
Down on Lenox Avenue the other night
By the pale dull pallor of an old gas light
... He did a lazy sway …
... He did a lazy sway …
To the tune o’ those Weary Blues

Jazz music was certainly not without it’s opponents; music critics scathingly opposed it, and it was frequently mocked in newspapers. It was generally seen as threatening the musical traditions and audiences of traditional classical music. Professor Henry Van Dyke of Princeton University remarked, “… It is not music at all. It’s merely an irritation of the nerves of hearing, a sensual teasing of the strings of physical passion.” Jazz was, in fact, not music in the sense of much classical music; it did not aspire to be art, but was instead a product, like much of today’s pop music, which came with extensive cultural implications. The 30s saw the rise of big-band Dixieland and swing jazz, and throughout the 30s and 40s, Jazz became commercialized as a marketable product with a predominantly white audience. By the fifties, mainstream public attention was shifting to pop music and later rock and roll, and with the development of the improvisational, impressionistic Bebop, jazz became for the first time a critically accepted art form.

Jazz music in the 20s exemplifies a very rare phenomenon; the transformation of a society by music. It was the first genre of music which could be called truly American.

Nathan R

Homework Eleven Answers - Student Eleven

2011-05-09T13:54:14Z

History:

'''The Jazz Age'''

Jazz music, which was first adopted into the mainstream in the 1920s, was the first truly American music genre; and its freedom of expression, visceral rhythmic emphases, and unique cultural expressions fundamentally influenced American society during this era.

Musically, Jazz was the product of the heavily rhythmic, expressive music of Africa colliding with the sophistication of European music, which was beginning to experiment with less traditional melodic scales and structures and more impressionistic phrasings. The new music which was flourishing in the epicenters of New Orleans and Harlem was unprecedentedly spontaneous, often extensively improvised by the performers. This was a radical departure from classical music, in which the composer had complete control over musical expression. Frequently, one instrument would perform a solo while the rest of the band would “comp” the beat and basic chords. Call-and-response type structures were also common, harking back to the traditional chants of the plantation slaves. By the 20's, Jazz's driving rhythmic style was referred to as “swing”. This beat allowed the performers to synchronize their playing and develop a sense of organic, egalitarian unity amongst themselves and the audience.

By the 1920’s, Jazz had evolved through the stages of blues and ragtime and was generally characterized by medium-sized bands and a driving, dancible, accessible style. It was in this era that jazz had its greatest impact on society as a cultural force. Although previously Jazz had been associated with primarily black audiences, white Americans began to appreciate the genre, and the 20’s, often referred to as the “Jazz Age” (a term coined by F. Scott Fitzgerald), saw a surging rise of the popularity of Jazz in the mainstream. Jazz was embraced by an America emerging from the horror of the first world war and interested in good times, and a relaxation of traditional mores and values, which was often associated with the rule-breaking nature of Jazz and stereotypes of Black musicians. Along with the black movement, Jazz became a vehicle for the advancement of numerous other underground or illicit cultural ideals, including alchohol consumption (illegal under prohibition), recreational drug use, youthful rebellion, and women’s liberation. Alongside popular performers like Louis Armstrong, female jazz singers fought for recognition, including Bessie Smith and Billie Holiday. For the first time, minority cultures were glamorized by the majority.

The vivid imagery and powerful expressive potential of jazz music inspired many authors during the era, including F. Scott Fitzgerald, Carl Van Vechten, and Langston Hughes, an archetypal poet whose work explores the experience of black Americans in urban settings (especially his home town, Harlem), and pioneered jazz poetry, a genre which often discusses Jazz music and incorporates it’s rhythmic meter. This excerpt from his “The Weary Blues” imitates the lazy sway of early Blues music;

Droning a drowsy syncopated tune,
Rocking back and forth to a mellow croon,
I hear a Negro play.
Down on Lenox Avenue the other night
By the pale dull pallor of an old gas light
He did a lazy sway …
He did a lazy sway …
To the tune o’ those Weary Blues

Jazz music was certainly not without it’s opponents; music critics scathingly opposed it, and it was frequently mocked in newspapers. It was generally seen as threatening the musical traditions and audiences of traditional classical music. Professor Henry Van Dyke of Princeton University remarked, “… It is not music at all. It’s merely an irritation of the nerves of hearing, a sensual teasing of the strings of physical passion.” Jazz was, in fact, not music in the sense of much classical music; it did not aspire to be art, but was instead a product, like much of today’s pop music, which came with extensive cultural implications. The 30s saw the rise of big-band Dixieland and swing jazz, and throughout the 30s and 40s, Jazz became commercialized as a marketable product with a predominantly white audience. By the fifties, mainstream public attention was shifting to pop music and later rock and roll, and with the development of the improvisational, impressionistic Bebop, jazz became for the first time a critically accepted art form.

Jazz music in the 20s exemplifies a very rare phenomenon; the transformation of a society by music. It was the first genre of music which could be called truly American.

Nathan R

Homework Eleven Answers - Student Eleven

2011-05-09T13:53:37Z

History: Created page with "'''The Jazz Age''' Jazz music, which was first adopted into the mainstream in the 1920s, was the first truly American music genre; and its freedom of expression, visceral rhythm..."

'''The Jazz Age'''

Jazz music, which was first adopted into the mainstream in the 1920s, was the first truly American music genre; and its freedom of expression, visceral rhythmic emphases, and unique cultural expressions fundamentally influenced American society during this era.

Musically, Jazz was the product of the heavily rhythmic, expressive music of Africa colliding with the sophistication of European music, which was beginning to experiment with less traditional melodic scales and structures and more impressionistic phrasings. The new music which was flourishing in the epicenters of New Orleans and Harlem was unprecedentedly spontaneous, often extensively improvised by the performers. This was a radical departure from classical music, in which the composer had complete control over musical expression. Frequently, one instrument would perform a solo while the rest of the band would “comp” the beat and basic chords. Call-and-response type structures were also common, harking back to the traditional chants of the plantation slaves. By the 20's, Jazz's driving rhythmic style was referred to as “swing”. This beat allowed the performers to synchronize their playing and develop a sense of organic, egalitarian unity amongst themselves and the audience.

By the 1920’s, Jazz had evolved through the stages of blues and ragtime and was generally characterized by medium-sized bands and a driving, dancible, accessible style. It was in this era that jazz had its greatest impact on society as a cultural force. Although previously Jazz had been associated with primarily black audiences, white Americans began to appreciate the genre, and the 20’s, often referred to as the “Jazz Age” (a term coined by F. Scott Fitzgerald), saw a surging rise of the popularity of Jazz in the mainstream. Jazz was embraced by an America emerging from the horror of the first world war and interested in good times, and a relaxation of traditional mores and values, which was often associated with the rule-breaking nature of Jazz and stereotypes of Black musicians. Along with the black movement, Jazz became a vehicle for the advancement of numerous other underground or illicit cultural ideals, including alchohol consumption (illegal under prohibition), recreational drug use, youthful rebellion, and women’s liberation. Alongside popular performers like Louis Armstrong, female jazz singers fought for recognition, including Bessie Smith and Billie Holiday. For the first time, minority cultures were glamorized by the majority.

The vivid imagery and powerful expressive potential of jazz music inspired many authors during the era, including F. Scott Fitzgerald, Carl Van Vechten, and Langston Hughes, an archetypal poet whose work explores the experience of black Americans in urban settings (especially his home town, Harlem), and pioneered jazz poetry, a genre which often discusses Jazz music and incorporates it’s rhythmic meter. This excerpt from his “The Weary Blues” imitates the lazy sway of early Blues music;

Droning a drowsy syncopated tune,
Rocking back and forth to a mellow croon,
I hear a Negro play.
Down on Lenox Avenue the other night
By the pale dull pallor of an old gas light
He did a lazy sway …
He did a lazy sway …
To the tune o’ those Weary Blues

Jazz music was certainly not without it’s opponents; music critics scathingly opposed it, and it was frequently mocked in newspapers. It was generally seen as threatening the musical traditions and audiences of traditional classical music. Professor Henry Van Dyke of Princeton University remarked, “… It is not music at all. It’s merely an irritation of the nerves of hearing, a sensual teasing of the strings of physical passion.” Jazz was, in fact, not music in the sense of much classical music; it did not aspire to be art, but was instead a product, like much of today’s pop music, which came with extensive cultural implications. The 30s saw the rise of big-band Dixieland and swing jazz, and throughout the 30s and 40s, Jazz became commercialized as a marketable product with a predominantly white audience. By the fifties, mainstream public attention was shifting to pop music and later rock and roll, and with the development of the improvisational, impressionistic Bebop, jazz became for the first time a critically accepted art form.

Jazz music in the 20s exemplifies a very rare phenomenon; the transformation of a society by music. It was the first genre of music which could be called truly American.

Nathan R

Homework Ten Answers - Student Twelve

2011-05-04T20:02:18Z

History: Created page with "American History Homework 10 1.Pick a question that you missed on the mid-term exam, and describe several different ways that you could have figured out the correct answer in..."

American History
Homework 10

1.Pick a question that you missed on the mid-term exam, and describe several different

ways that you could have figured out the correct answer instead.

One question that I got wrong on the mid-term exam was (5) The Battle of New Orleans was

fought after the War of 1812 ended. Was it significant? My answer was: d) No, because the War was

already over.

Several ways that I could have come to the correct conclusion were:

1)EVERYTHING recorded in history is significant, so I could eliminate answers c) and d).

2)The Battle of New Orleans was really the only great American victory in the war, therefore it

definitely was significant.

3)The Louisiana Purchase was made in 1804, eight years prior to the start of the War.

2.Write about any aspect of WWI, such as how the United States got involved, or how it ended.

America joined the War in 1917. However, what ignited the movement in 1915 was a German

U-boat (submarine) sunk a British passenger ship which was carrying many American citizens.

Unfortunately over a hundred people died. Despite this, the American public was against going to war

until 1917. In 1917, the the Germans sent a message to Mexico (later this message was called the

“Zimmermann telegram”). The Germans promised to give Mexico all of their former territory that

Mexico owned prior to the Mexican American War in exchange for a Mexican invasion of the United

States. Fortunately, this telegram was intercepted, and once it became public then needless to say,

American citizens looked more favorably upon joining with the Allies against Germany. So America

finally joined the War in April, 1917, and kept at it for a whole year until Germany was prepared to

surrender.

3. Please explain your view on the Scopes Trial.

I think good results came about as a result of the Scopes Trial. Teaching the theory of evolution

was most definitely wrong because of these reasons:

a)It was racist. It taught that whites were more highly developed then blacks.

b)It has never been proven, in fact nothing about the theory of evolution has ever been proven.

c)It was in complete opposition to what was written in Genesis (the story of Creation, not the story of

evolution).

d)It was also illegal in Tennessee in 1925.

However, evolution is a matter of personal belief, therefore the government can not interfere

with the decision of an individual in whether to believe it or not.

Pick any debate or discussion topic or issue in this lecture? Explain.

5. Debate: Was Prohibition desirable? Has alcohol caused more harm than good?

Yes, prohibition was (and I think still) desirable. The only alcohol that brings about any good, is the

alcohol that's used in the hospitals. Other then there, the risk of alcohol abuse is too high and can be

the cause of too much harm to individuals as well as families.

6. Briefly explain Constitutional Amendments 16 through 19.

The 16th Amendment basically states that Congress has complete control over income taxes. It

was passed by Congress on July12, 1909.

The 17th Amendment laid down the rules for being a Senator. It decided how they are elected,

how long they are in office, etc. It was passed by Congress on May 13,1912, and was ratified

April 18,1913.

The 18th Amendment was all about prohibition. It was passed by Congress on December

18,1917, and was ratified January16, 1919.

The 19th Amendment was in regards to a Woman's Right to Vote. It was passed by Congress on

June 4, 1919,and was ratified August 18, 1920.

7.Explain the cartoon.

It shows the meeting held in Portsmouth New Hampshire in June of 1905 with President

Theodore Roosevelt acting as the peacemaker between Russia (the bearded man), and Japan (the short

man with the glasses) during the Russo-Japanese War.

H2.Write about any military battle or innovation or tactic in WWI.

The innovation I will discuss is the fighter plane. The use of the airplane as a weapon was

first thought of in the U.S in 1907 when the U.S army released the first ever specification for a military

aircraft. The requirements were that the aircraft should have a speed of at least 40 mph, and it should be

able to carry two people with a combined weight of 350 lbs for 125 miles. The first firearm to be shot

from an aircraft was a rifle by Lt. Jacob Earl Fickel of the United States Army from a two-seat Curtiss

biplane on August 20, 1910. By the outbreak of WWI, military aircraft still had a long way to go before

being seen as effective fighting machines.

In mid- August 1914, Britain sent five unarmed fighting squadrons to France. When the aircraft

flew to France, they were fired upon by their own troops! British Union Jacks were painted on the

undersides of the wings (which were soon replaced by the British roundels) in order to easily be

identified.

The first weapons were only whatever the pilot could carry (pistols, rifles,etc),and the Germans

were the first to pioneer the use of machine guns as a weapon to be used on the aircraft in

1910.However, the Allies took longer to develop the use of machine guns on their planes. By 1916 the

Allies had produced built their own fighters (at this point called “scouts”) that had fixed forward firing

machine guns.

By the time America entered the War, the Allies had great aircraft such as:

The Bristol F.2B fighter,

the Bristol scout,

the Nieuport fighting scouts,

the Royal factory S.E.5a,

the famous Sopwith Camel,

the Sopwith Pup,

the Sopwith triplane,

and the Spad S. 13.

These aircraft battled against great German aircraft like:

the Albatros D. 5,

the Fokker Dr. 1 triplane (the Red Barons famous “mount”),

the Fokker D. 7,

the Pfalz D. 3, and the Siemens-Schuckert D. 3.

These aircraft were piloted by the first and some of the best dog-fighters of all time (note: due

to the length already,I'll just talk about two):

Manfred von Richtofen- Germany

The most famous ace of all time, the “Red Baron” scored eighty kills in just two years. He

formed the all red “flying circus” made up of Germany's best.

Richtofen died April, 21 1918.

Eddie Rickenbacker- USA

Rickenbacker was a daredevil who raced both cars and motorcycles before WWI.

Rickenbacker initially went to France in 1917 as General Pershing's chauffeur. Eager to see some

action, Rickenbacker joined the 94th Aero Squadron in March of 1918.

He first flew Nieuport 28s then Spads and by the end of the War, he had an impressive total of

26 kills. September 1918 he took charge of the 94th, and (being 28) was considerably older than

many of the pilots under his command. He returned to the U.S as a hero, and as America's top ace for

the War.

WWI officially ended in 1919 with the Treaty of Paris, and after that most of the world saw

peace until the mid-1930's.

H4.What is your opinion on the Lochner Doctrine?

I think that the Lochner Doctrine was positive in that the worker could negotiate for his/her

work hours. However the negative side to that was that some people would not negotiate or

compromise.

H5.Do you think the ideas of Darwinism- survival of the fittest- made WWI so horrific?

I believe that it only had a small effect on WWI , however these ideas began to grow and

became more prevalent at the start of WWII.

Johnny W.

Homework Ten Answers - Student One

2011-05-02T00:32:16Z

History:

'''1.''' I missed question 22 on the Midterm which dealt with the Sugar Act. It was a foolish mistake and one that can be easily corrected. First, I ruled out two of the answers because I knew that date didn’t fit the event. Then I quickly scanned the remaining two options and instead of thinking the question, I hurriedly chose the wrong answer. If I had thought of the question as a puzzle, I would have seen that the piece (or the answer I chose) was not the best fit. Also, I hadn’t studied the Acts passed by England on the Colonies in depth so I wasn’t quite equipped to answer the question with confidence.

'''2.''' Because President Woodrow Wilson was a pacifist, he was unwilling to involve the US in World War I. In fact, he was re-elected based on his position to not inject America into World War I. However, Germany began sinking unarmed ships which killed many Americans and this made the American people furious. The final stroke came when the German foreign minister sent the Zimmermann telegram to Mexico, promising Mexico the return of the Southwest if they invaded the United States. It was then that Congress began to seriously prepare for war.

'''3.''' I believe there were many victories and losses at the Scopes Trial. Technically, the only legal issue in the Scopes trial was: did John Scopes violate the Butler Act by teaching that man descended from a lower order of animals? For both Bryan and Darrow, however, the real issue wasn’t Scopes’s guilt or innocence, but rather should evolution be taught as fact in the public schools? Darrow had hoped to have a number of evolutionist scientists testify in the court to the “fact” of evolution, but this wasn’t permitted by the judge because the evidence for evolution was technically not at issue in the trial, and Darrow refused to allow his evolutionists to be cross-examined by the prosecution. As a result, most of the testimony by the scientists at the trial was written and filed into record—none was heard by the jury.

Anyone taking the time to read the transcript of the Scopes trial (The World’s Most Famous Court Trial, Bryan College) will note that Darrow and his defense team of lawyers knew little about evolution and failed in their efforts to establish why it was necessary to teach evolution in the classroom. Much of Darrow’s effort at the trial amounted to a caustic diatribe against the Bible and Christianity.

On the seventh day of the trial, Darrow challenged Bryan to take the witness stand as an expert on the Bible. Going against the advice of his co-counsel, Bryan foolishly agreed to this outrageous and unprecedented arrangement, with the agreement that Darrow would in turn take his turn at the witness stand to be questioned on his agnostic and evolutionary views. In his questioning, Darrow sarcastically and often inaccurately recounted several miracles of the Old Testament such as Eve and the serpent, Jonah and the whale, Joshua’s long day, Noah’s flood, confusion of tongues at the Tower of Babel, and biblical inspiration. Darrow ridiculed Bryan for his belief and defense of these miracles, but Bryan steadfastly stuck with the clear words of Scripture, forcing Darrow to openly deny the Word of God.

Then came the turning point. Darrow raised the matter of a six-day creation. Bryan denied that the Bible says God created everything in six ordinary days of approximately 24 hours. When Darrow asked, “Does the statement ‘the morning and the evening were the first day,’ and ‘the morning and the evening were the second day’ mean anything to you?” Bryan replied, “I do not see that there is any necessity for constructing the words, ‘the evening and the morning,’ as meaning necessarily a 24-hour day.” When Darrow asked, “Creation might have been going on for a very long time?” Bryan replied, “It might have continued for millions of years.” With the help of Bryan’s compromise on the days of creation, Darrow achieved his goal of making the Bible subject to reinterpretation consistent with the ever-changing scientific and philosophical speculations of man.

At the time of the trial, some probably thought, What have the age of the earth, the days of creation, and Cain’s wife got to do with this trial? But actually, Darrow understood the connection—the same connection that these questions have to the Ten Commandments controversy (and general loss of Christian morality) today.
While in the witness box, Bryan, who stood for Christianity, couldn’t answer the question about Cain’s wife, and admitted he didn’t believe in six literal creation days but accepted the millions of years for the earth’s age.

That’s when Darrow knew he had won, because he had managed to get the Christian to admit, in front of a worldwide audience, that he couldn’t defend the Bible’s history (e.g., Cain’s wife), and didn’t take the Bible as written (the days of creation), and instead accepted the world’s teaching (millions of years). Thus, Bryan (unwittingly) had undermined biblical authority and paved the way for secular philosophy to pervade the culture and education system.

'''4.''' In all honest, I am having a hard time choosing who was the most influential because I feel many men accomplished many things during this period. Teddy Roosevelt certainly did much good as a President by breaking up monopolies. Woodrow Wilson’s views on the war definitely affected many people and their views. He was the one that laid the foundation for the United Nations which still exists today, although it does not seem to have accomplished its main goal—peace.

'''6.''' The Constitutional Amendments 16-19 are consequences of the progressive movement.
The 16th Amendment gives Congress the power to lay and collect taxes on income.
The 17th Amendment states that Senators will now be directly elected by the people and by popular vote.
The 18th Amendment prohibits the manufacturing, sale, or transportation of alcohol.
The 19th Amendment gives women the right to vote in any election, anywhere in the United States.

'''H1.''' According to the first Amendment, American citizens have the freedom of speech. This means that the government is not allowed to control our speech. This can be a good thing because it allows Christians to share their faith without the government stepping in and silencing us. However, there is also a danger to this amendment and I believe the government took notice of that fact which led to Schenk v. U.S. If someone shouts “fire” as a joke in a crowded building, the safety of everyone in the building is at stake. The freedom of speech can be two-faced at times. Therefore I am undecided as to my view concerning the free speech decisions during World War I. If too many pacifists and anti-war protesters spoke out, it could have stirred up riots amongst those in America and resulted in harm and possibly even death. Yet, the government seems to have overstepped its bounds by passing the Sedition Act along with the Supreme Court ruling in Debs v. U.S. Yet, the government does seem to take more control during times of war which is perfectly constitutional! The President is Commander in Chief of the armed forces and Congress alone can declare war. Again, I am unsure of my position concerning government interference concerning free speech during World War I.

'''H2.''' Mustard Gas (Yperite) was first used by the German Army in September 1917. It was one of the most lethal of all the poisonous chemicals used during the war. It was almost odourless and took twelve hours to take effect. Yperite was so powerful that only small amounts had to be added to high explosive shells to be effective. Once in the soil, mustard gas remained active for several weeks.
The skin of victims of mustard gas blistered, the eyes became very sore and they began to vomit. Mustard gas caused internal and external bleeding and attacked the bronchial tubes, stripping off the mucous membrane. This was extremely painful and most soldiers had to be strapped to their beds. It usually took a person four or five weeks to die of mustard gas poisoning.

'''H5.''' Although Darwinism was hardly the cause of the World War I, it definitely played a huge part in the mindsets of those fighting in the War. World War I was the start of racial superiority (later manifested in WWII). Such a belief could only stem from Darwinism and “survival of the fittest.” Each nation was fighting to become “top dog” and did not care how it achieved the position. This led to the merciless killing and horrific tortures that became apart of World War I.

Gabrielle <><

Homework Ten Answers - Student Six

2011-04-30T23:00:01Z

History:

1. Pick a question that you missed on the midterm exam, and describe several different ways that you could have figured out the correct answer instead.

I got the question about the most conservative president incorrect, if I had just thought about it for a few minutes I would have realized that I had gotten the wrong James. I had narrowed it down to those last two and was too worried about finishing the exam that I made a hasty decision.

2. Write about any aspect related to World War 1, such as how the United States got involved, or how it ended.

I find it interesting the way that the U.S actually attempted to stay out of this war for a while. I think we should try this more often, and not jump at every single war opportunity we see, in attempts to “help” other countries. Anyways, our idea of staying neutral failed and we ended up giving in due mainly to the amount of attacks launched on German ships by the British, which actually contained many American passengers. The point is though, that staying neutral for a while minimized the destruction on American soil.

3. Please explain your view of the scopes trial.

Terrifically argued on Bryans part, and while I might not agree with his views, I believe that something can definitely be said for his clever argument. But after such a defeat I don’t know why he simply dropped the case, this makes no sense to me.

4. Who was the most influential person of the time period in this lecture? Explain.

I hate saying this, but it was probably (and very unfortunately) Charles Darwin. I don’t understand how a “religion” created only a little over a little over one hundred years ago is considered in schools as more reliable than a religion that’s been preached for literally thousands of years. Anyways though this is the reason I consider him to be so influential. Also it is him, and his foundations, that science today is based off of nowadays. And it’s also what almost every school is teaching today.

5. Pick any debate or discussion topic or issue in this lecture, and answer it.

Debate: Should government be able to interfere with the free enterprise by establishing maximum working hours for men?

No. I believe that the company should make the decision itself whether or not they will pay people the same if they work overtime. I don’t think that the government should interfere with this issue.

H1 I don’t think it was wise to go against our own amendment we created. And I don’t know how much it really helped in our avoiding World War 1. We still ended up fighting, didn’t we?

H3 In the start of the start of the lecture we had President Teddy Roosevelt, who was a progressive. He was one of the tougher presidents, (aside from Andrew Jackson) and was simple, yet very smart. Then we had William Howard Taft, a more conservative president, who opposed higher tariffs exercised executive restraint. And then there was also Woodrow Wilson, who also was a progressive and dedicated most of his time in office to making it safe for democracy.

H5 I think it definitely contributed, it wasn’t the sole reason this war was so horrific, but we can definitely thank Charles Darwin for a lot of the innocent blood shed during this time period.

Daniel N.

Homework Ten Answers - Student Nineteen

2011-04-30T20:27:49Z

History: Created page with "1.Pick a question that you missed on the midterm exam, and describe several different ways that you could have figured out the correct answer instead. On my midterm exam, ..."

1.Pick a question that you missed on the midterm exam, and describe several different ways that you could have figured out the correct answer instead.
On my midterm exam, I got number 12 wrong. If I would have remembered how fervently religious George Washington was, I believe it would have helped me in getting the question correct . I also think if I would have slowed down and had taken the time to think about the question, I would have been able to come to the correct answer. Besides, Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin were both not very religious people. I should have been able to use the process of elimination to find the right answer.

2.Write about any aspect of World War I, such as how the United States got involved, or how it ended.
On May 7, 1915 the British passenger liner Lusitania was torpedoed by a German submarine which brought the United States into the First World War. The ship was carrying not only passengers but war materials also. The torpedo hit the cargo hold where munitions were stored, causing an enormous explosion and as a result the loss of 1,198 lives, 124 of which were Americans. Due to the American public being unaware of the munitions being illegally transported, (in violation of America's neutrality) the casualty totals generated strong support in the United States for a declaration of war against Germany.

4.Who was the most influential person of the time period in this lecture? Explain.
I think Charles Darwin and his, “Social Darwinism,” unarguably was the most influential person during this time period. His theory of the survival of the fittest played a huge role in the ideas of the First World War. He left an enormous impact in education. This is of course still being taught in schools today. It has become such an accepted topic in society. None of Darwin's evolutionary theories have been successfully proven, but yet so many people are willing to believe it anyway without question. Charles Darwin not only influenced the people of the 20th century, but also the people of the 21st century.

5.Pick any debate or discussion topic or issue in this lecture, and answer it. “Was it discriminatory or not to include girls and women in the Selected Service Act?
No, I think it was not discriminatory to exclude women from the World War I draft. Women should not be forced to serve in the military. The traditional place of the woman was the home. If the draft had included women and girls, who would have stayed at home with the children? Who would have taken care of their families when their husbands were not there? If their husbands were out fighting in the War, how would they receive money to pay the bills? The women had to be there to take on some of the necessary jobs that their husbands could not do while at war. Thus, from a practical point of view, it was absolutely not discriminatory to include women in the draft.

6.Briefly explain Constitutional Amendments 16 through 19.
Amendment XVI states that Congress has the power to lay and collect taxes on income from whatever source derived. It made the income tax constitutional. Amendment XVII declared that state Senators could be elected directly by the people for a six year term. Amendment XVIII prohibited the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors in the United States. It started the period known as prohibition. And amendment XIX granted women the right to vote.
Honors (pick 3 out of 5)
H1.Discuss your view of the free speech decisions during World War I.
I do not think that Congress should have put such strict regulations on free speech. Every person is allowed to express their concerns, ideas and dislikes. If it states in the Constitution that we have free speech than why would our Congressmen attempt to take it away? The people have specific rights that should not be infringed upon by our government.

H3.Contrast the presidents in the era of this lecture.
Teddy Roosevelt was neither a liberal nor a conservative, he was a progressive. He was also a peacemaker when it came to foreign policy. He would help other nations reconcile their differences. William Taft was very conservative and he served not only as a President, but also as a leading Justice on the Supreme Court. Woodrow Wilson was similar to Roosevelt in that he also was a progressive. However, he did not like to get involved in the foreign affairs of other countries. He even tried to stay out of World War I.

H5.Do you think the ideas of Darwinism -- survival of the fittest -- made World War I so horrific?
I do believe that the ideas of Darwinism did contribute to the horrific outcome of WWI. Darwin's ideas that only the fittest human beings should be allowed to survive and expand the human race caused some of the theories that sparked WWI. This way of thinking explains the absolutely horrific slaughtering of human lives that occurred during WWI.

Alexa W